• entity [ENG31-00001740-n] (that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving))

  • physical entity [ENG31-00001930-n] (an entity that has physical existence)

    • thing [ENG31-00002452-n] (a separate and self-contained entity)

      • subject [ENG31-04354303-n] (something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation)
      • body of water [ENG31-09248053-n] (the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean))

        • backwater [ENG31-09235267-n] (a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam)
        • bay [ENG31-09238571-n] (an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf)

          • bight [ENG31-09243146-n] (a broad bay formed by an indentation in the shoreline)
          • Guantanamo Bay [ENG31-09318696-n] (an inlet of the Caribbean Sea)
        • channel [ENG31-09264153-n] (a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels)

          • canal [ENG31-09255224-n] ((astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels)
          • gut [ENG31-09323389-n] (a narrow channel or strait)
          • rill [ENG31-09433338-n] (a small channel (as one formed by soil erosion))
          • strait [ENG31-09469019-n] (a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water)

            • narrow [ENG31-09388760-n] (a narrow strait connecting two bodies of water)
          • tideway [ENG31-09481624-n] (a channel in which a tidal current runs)
          • watercourse [ENG31-09498309-n] (natural or artificial channel through which water flows)
        • drink [ENG31-09293414-n] (any large deep body of water)
        • estuary [ENG31-09297406-n] (the wide part of a river where it nears the sea)

          • firth [ENG31-09303286-n] (a long narrow estuary (especially in Scotland))
        • flowage [ENG31-09305440-n] (a body of water that has been created by deliberately flooding an area)
        • ford [ENG31-09306529-n] (a shallow area in a stream that can be forded)
        • gulf [ENG31-09319027-n] (an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land)
        • high sea [ENG31-09325710-n] (the open seas of the world outside the territorial waters of any nation)
        • inlet [ENG31-09336622-n] (an arm off of a larger body of water (often between rocky headlands))

          • cove [ENG31-09280667-n] (a small inlet)

            • lough [ENG31-09366566-n] (a long narrow (nearly landlocked) cove in Ireland)
          • fjord [ENG31-09304010-n] (a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs)
          • loch [ENG31-09364893-n] (a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked))
        • lake [ENG31-09351810-n] (a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land)

          • reservoir [ENG31-04085859-n] (lake used to store water for community use)
          • bayou [ENG31-09239993-n] (a swampy arm or slow-moving outlet of a lake (term used mainly in Mississippi and Louisiana))
          • lagoon [ENG31-09351652-n] (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand or coral)

            • liman [ENG31-09362320-n] (a long narrow lagoon near the mouth of a river)
          • loch [ENG31-09364780-n] (Scottish word for a lake)
          • lough [ENG31-09366493-n] (Irish word for a lake)
          • oxbow lake [ENG31-09405084-n] (a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel)
          • pond [ENG31-09420266-n] (a small lake)

            • fishpond [ENG31-09303819-n] (a freshwater pond with fish)
            • horsepond [ENG31-09328552-n] (a pond for watering horses)
            • mere [ENG31-09374444-n] (a small pond of standing water)
            • millpond [ENG31-09378158-n] (a pond formed by damming a stream to provide a head of water to turn a mill wheel)
            • swimming hole [ENG31-09475996-n] (a small body of water (usually in a creek) that is deep enough to use for swimming)
            • water hole [ENG31-09498957-n] (a natural hole or hollow containing water)
          • tarn [ENG31-09477772-n] (a mountain lake (especially one formed by glaciers))
        • main [ENG31-09368829-n] (any very large body of (salt) water)
        • mid-water [ENG31-09377505-n] (the water that is well below the surface but also well above the bottom)
        • ocean [ENG31-09399110-n] (a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere)

          • deep [ENG31-09286717-n] (literary term for an ocean)
        • offing [ENG31-09400037-n] (the part of the sea that can be seen from the shore and is beyond the anchoring area)
        • polynya [ENG31-09420143-n] (a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas))
        • pool [ENG31-09420482-n] (a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid)

          • billabong [ENG31-09243829-n] (a stagnant pool of water in the bed of a stream that flows intermittently)
          • mud puddle [ENG31-09385717-n] (a puddle of mud)

            • wallow [ENG31-09497687-n] (a puddle where animals go to wallow)
        • sea [ENG31-09449666-n] (a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land)

          • South Sea [ENG31-09464779-n] (any sea to the south of the equator (but especially the South Pacific))
        • seven seas [ENG31-09453519-n] (an informal expression for all of the oceans of the world)
        • shoal [ENG31-09456038-n] (a stretch of shallow water)
        • sound [ENG31-09463090-n] (a large ocean inlet or deep bay)
        • stream [ENG31-09471510-n] (a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth)

          • branch [ENG31-09251231-n] (a stream or river connected to a larger one)

            • billabong [ENG31-09243677-n] (a branch of a river made by water flowing from the main stream only when the water level is high)
            • distributary [ENG31-09290508-n] (a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it)
            • feeder [ENG31-09301903-n] (a branch that flows into the main stream)
          • brook [ENG31-09252316-n] (a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river))

            • brooklet [ENG31-09252548-n] (a small brook)
          • headstream [ENG31-09325033-n] (a stream that forms the source of a river)
          • river [ENG31-09434308-n] (a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek))
          • rivulet [ENG31-09438816-n] (a small stream)
          • tidal river [ENG31-09481209-n] (a stream in which the effects of the tide extend far upstream)
        • territorial waters [ENG31-09479744-n] (the waters surrounding a nation and its territories over which that nation exercises sovereign jurisdiction)
        • waterfall [ENG31-09498422-n] (a steep descent of the water of a river)

          • cascade [ENG31-09259863-n] (a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls)
          • cataract [ENG31-09260824-n] (a large waterfall)
        • waterway [ENG31-09499461-n] (a navigable body of water)

          • ditch [ENG31-09290664-n] (any small natural waterway)
          • mare clausum [ENG31-09369632-n] ((closed sea) a navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a single nation)
          • mare liberum [ENG31-09369771-n] ((free sea) a navigable body of water to which all nations have equal access)
          • rapid [ENG31-09428274-n] (a part of a river where the current is very fast)
      • inessential [ENG31-09335551-n] (anything that is not essential)

        • adjunct [ENG31-09211126-n] (something added to another thing but not an essential part of it)

          • complement [ENG31-05116811-n] (something added to complete or embellish or make perfect)
      • necessity [ENG31-09390100-n] (anything indispensable)

        • desideratum [ENG31-09288816-n] (something desired as a necessity)
        • must [ENG31-09386867-n] (a necessary or essential thing)
        • need [ENG31-09390888-n] (anything that is necessary but lacking)
      • part [ENG31-09408804-n] (a portion of a natural object)

        • body part [ENG31-05227735-n] (any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity)

          • saddle [ENG31-01897860-n] (posterior part of the back of a domestic fowl)
          • underpart [ENG31-01902008-n] (a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body)

            • belly [ENG31-02160067-n] (the underpart of the body of certain vertebrates such as snakes or fish)
          • horseback [ENG31-01904915-n] (the back of a horse)
          • dock [ENG31-02161624-n] (the solid bony part of the tail of an animal as distinguished from the hair)
          • ambulacrum [ENG31-02319677-n] (one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located)
          • withers [ENG31-02465233-n] (the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals)
          • cannon [ENG31-02465459-n] (lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals)
          • loin [ENG31-02466034-n] (either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupeds)
          • hindquarters [ENG31-02466242-n] (the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks)

            • haunch [ENG31-02466441-n] (the loin and leg of a quadruped)
          • gaskin [ENG31-02466544-n] (lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle)
          • flank [ENG31-02466854-n] (the side between ribs and hipbone)
          • thorax [ENG31-02668173-n] (part of an insect's body that bears the wings and legs)

            • prothorax [ENG31-02668317-n] (the anterior part of an insect's thorax)
          • apparatus [ENG31-05226173-n] ((anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function)

            • auditory apparatus [ENG31-05308174-n] (all of the components of the organ of hearing including the outer and middle and inner ears)
          • adnexa [ENG31-05228942-n] (accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo))
          • area [ENG31-05229188-n] (a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve)

            • erogenous zone [ENG31-05232259-n] (any area of the body especially sensitive to sexual stimulation)
            • pressure point [ENG31-05246369-n] (an area on the skin that is highly sensitive to pressure)
            • hypochondrium [ENG31-05392706-n] (the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on either side of the epigastrium)
            • area of cardiac dullness [ENG31-05398883-n] (a triangular area of the front of the chest (determined by percussion))
            • epigastrium [ENG31-05403414-n] (the region lying on or over the stomach (just below the sternum))
            • fovea [ENG31-05462951-n] (area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute)
            • parafovea [ENG31-05463139-n] (area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea)
            • macula [ENG31-05463266-n] (a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision)
            • cortical area [ENG31-05494572-n] (any of various regions of the cerebral cortex)

              • association area [ENG31-05494876-n] (cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information)
              • auditory area [ENG31-05495875-n] (the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body)
              • Brodmann's area [ENG31-05496267-n] (one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture)
              • language area [ENG31-05497046-n] (a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language)
              • motor area [ENG31-05497292-n] (the cortical area that influences motor movements)
              • sensorium [ENG31-05497462-n] (the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world)
              • sensorimotor area [ENG31-05497650-n] (an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions)
              • visual area [ENG31-05497856-n] (the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus)
              • striate cortex [ENG31-05502269-n] (the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision)
            • perineum [ENG31-05546127-n] (the general region between the anus and the genital organs)
            • side [ENG31-05558951-n] (either the left or right half of a body)
            • cleavage [ENG31-05561530-n] (the line formed by a groove between two parts (especially the separation between a woman's breasts))
            • areola [ENG31-05562437-n] (small circular area such as that around the human nipple or an inflamed area around a pimple or insect bite)
            • middle [ENG31-05563106-n] (the middle area of the human torso (usually in front))
            • waist [ENG31-05563321-n] (the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips)

              • wasp waist [ENG31-05563473-n] (a very slender waist)
            • pubes [ENG31-05566188-n] (the lower part of the abdomen just above the external genital organs)
            • palm [ENG31-05573329-n] (the inner surface of the hand from the wrist to the base of the fingers)
            • thenar [ENG31-05573570-n] (the fleshy area of the palm at the base of the thumb)
            • sole [ENG31-05584821-n] (the underside of the foot)
            • half-moon [ENG31-05589688-n] (the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail)
            • groin [ENG31-05605489-n] (the crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals)
            • quick [ENG31-05605735-n] (any area of the body that is highly sensitive to pain (as the flesh underneath the skin or a fingernail or toenail))
          • dilator [ENG31-05229760-n] (a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part)
          • groove [ENG31-05229884-n] ((anatomy) any furrow or channel on a bodily structure or part)

            • costal groove [ENG31-05230541-n] (groove between the ribs where the nerves and blood vessels are)
            • fissure [ENG31-05230663-n] ((anatomy) a long narrow slit or groove that divides an organ into lobes)

              • sulcus [ENG31-05230843-n] ((anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain)

                • fissure of Rolando [ENG31-05231116-n] (a brain fissure extending upward on the lateral surface of both hemispheres)
                • fissure of Sylvius [ENG31-05231373-n] (the deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures)
                • parieto-occipital sulcus [ENG31-05231651-n] (a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres)
                • calcarine sulcus [ENG31-05231878-n] (a sulcus in the mesial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum)
              • hilus [ENG31-05232048-n] ((anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ)
          • partition [ENG31-05230083-n] ((anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism)

            • septum [ENG31-05230233-n] ((anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities)

              • nasal septum [ENG31-05230403-n] (a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities)
          • external body part [ENG31-05232383-n] (any body part visible externally)

            • breast [ENG31-01517072-n] (the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest)
            • throat [ENG31-01517190-n] (the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's throat)
            • hood [ENG31-01750741-n] ((zoology) an expandable part or marking that resembles a hood on the head or neck of an animal)
            • arthromere [ENG31-05232732-n] (any of the segments in the body of a jointed animal like an arthropod)
            • lip [ENG31-05313305-n] (either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking)

              • overlip [ENG31-05313554-n] (the upper lip)
              • underlip [ENG31-05313621-n] (the lower lip)
            • labium [ENG31-05530107-n] (a liplike structure that bounds a bodily orifice (especially any of the four labiate folds of a woman's vulva))

              • labia majora [ENG31-05530325-n] (the two outer folds of the vulva)
              • labia minora [ENG31-05530649-n] (the two inner folds of the vulva)
            • head [ENG31-05546258-n] (the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals)

              • human head [ENG31-05546771-n] (the head of a human being)

                • bullethead [ENG31-05547003-n] (a head shaped like a bullet)
                • attic [ENG31-05547087-n] (informal terms for a human head)
            • neck [ENG31-05554173-n] (the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body)

              • bull neck [ENG31-05554946-n] (a thick short powerful neck)
            • frill [ENG31-05554630-n] (an external body part consisting of feathers or hair about the neck of a bird or other animal)
            • breast [ENG31-05560921-n] (the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen)

              • bosom [ENG31-05561119-n] (a person's breast or chest)
            • extremity [ENG31-05567541-n] (an external body part that projects from the body)

              • chelicera [ENG31-01771237-n] (either of the first pair of fang-like appendages near the mouth of an arachnid)
              • mouthpart [ENG31-01771449-n] (any part of the mouth of an insect or other arthropod especially one adapted to a specific way of feeding)
              • fang [ENG31-01787875-n] (an appendage of insects that is capable of injecting venom)

                • toxicognath [ENG31-01787733-n] (either of a pair of poison fangs in the modified front pair of legs of the centipede)
              • claw [ENG31-02159184-n] (a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods)
              • parapodium [ENG31-02467888-n] (one of a pair of fleshy appendages of a polychete annelid that functions in locomotion and breathing)
              • fin [ENG31-02468763-n] (organ of locomotion and balance in fishes and some other aquatic animals)

                • dorsal fin [ENG31-02469031-n] (unpaired median fin on the backs of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates that help to maintain balance)
                • pectoral fin [ENG31-02469195-n] (either of a pair of fins situated just behind the head in fishes that help control the direction of movement)
                • pelvic fin [ENG31-02469362-n] (either of a pair of fins attached to the pelvic girdle in fishes that help control the direction of movement)
                • tail fin [ENG31-02469588-n] (the tail of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates)

                  • heterocercal fin [ENG31-02469764-n] (a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe as in sharks)
                  • homocercal fin [ENG31-02469951-n] (symmetrical tail fin extending beyond the end of the vertebral column as in most bony fishes)
              • swimmeret [ENG31-02588077-n] (one of the paired abdominal appendages of certain aquatic crustaceans that function primarily for carrying the eggs in females and are usually adapted for swimming)
              • limb [ENG31-05567877-n] (one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm)

                • hind limb [ENG31-02467092-n] (a posterior appendage such as a leg or the homologous structure in other animals)

                  • hind leg [ENG31-02467257-n] (the back limb of a quadruped)
                • forelimb [ENG31-02467416-n] (the front limb (or the homologous structure in other animals, such as a flipper or wing))

                  • foreleg [ENG31-02467596-n] (the forelimb of a quadruped)
                • flipper [ENG31-02467715-n] (the flat broad limb of aquatic animals specialized for swimming)
                • leg [ENG31-05568420-n] (a human limb)

                  • pin [ENG31-05569340-n] (informal terms for the leg)
                  • bowleg [ENG31-05569467-n] (a leg bowed outward at the knee (or below the knee))
                  • shank's mare [ENG31-05569648-n] (you own legs)
                  • spindlelegs [ENG31-05569794-n] (long thin legs)
                • crus [ENG31-05569023-n] (the leg from the knee to foot)
                • leg [ENG31-05569140-n] (a structure in animals that is similar to a human leg and used for locomotion)

                  • prehensor [ENG31-01787566-n] (the anterior pair of legs of a centipede that are modified to seize prey and inject venom from the toxicognaths)
                  • animal leg [ENG31-02466958-n] (the leg of an animal)
                • thigh [ENG31-05569882-n] (the part of the leg between the hip and the knee)

                  • lap [ENG31-05570228-n] (the upper side of the thighs of a seated person)
                • arm [ENG31-05571403-n] (a human limb)
                • cubitus [ENG31-05571862-n] (the arm from the elbow to the fingertips)
                • forearm [ENG31-05571956-n] (the part of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist)
              • digit [ENG31-05573730-n] (a finger or toe in human beings or corresponding body part in other vertebrates)

                • minimus [ENG31-05573999-n] (the fifth digit)

                  • little finger [ENG31-05575360-n] (the finger farthest from the thumb)
                  • little toe [ENG31-05585600-n] (the fifth smallest outermost toe)
                • finger [ENG31-05574137-n] (any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb))

                  • thumb [ENG31-05574850-n] (the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb)
                  • index [ENG31-05575014-n] (the finger next to the thumb)
                  • ring finger [ENG31-05575122-n] (the third finger (especially of the left hand))
                  • middle finger [ENG31-05575237-n] (the second finger)
                • toe [ENG31-05585041-n] (one of the digits of the foot)

                  • big toe [ENG31-05585372-n] (the first largest innermost toe)
                  • hammertoe [ENG31-05585497-n] (a deformed toe which is bent in a clawlike arch)
            • extremity [ENG31-05574552-n] (that part of a limb that is farthest from the torso)

              • vertebrate foot [ENG31-05570667-n] (the extremity of the limb in vertebrates)

                • animal foot [ENG31-02156097-n] (the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings)

                  • fossorial foot [ENG31-02156364-n] (foot adapted for digging as in moles)
                  • hoof [ENG31-02156611-n] (the foot of an ungulate mammal)

                    • cloven foot [ENG31-02156916-n] (a hoof divided into two parts at its distal extremity (as of ruminants or swine))
                    • horse's foot [ENG31-02161769-n] (the hoof of a horse)
                  • bird's foot [ENG31-02157068-n] (the foot of a bird)

                    • claw [ENG31-02157394-n] (a bird's foot)
                    • zygodactyl foot [ENG31-02157476-n] (a bird's foot having the first and fourth toes of each foot directed backward and the second and third forward)
                    • heterodactyl foot [ENG31-02157666-n] (a bird's foot having the first and second toes of each foot directed backward and the third and fourth forward)
                    • webbed foot [ENG31-02157858-n] (a bird's foot with folds of skin between the toes)
                    • lobate foot [ENG31-02157965-n] (a bird's foot having separate toes each with membranous flaps along the sides)
                  • webfoot [ENG31-02157272-n] (a foot having the toes connected by folds of skin)
                  • trotter [ENG31-02442199-n] (foot of a pig or sheep especially one used as food)
                  • forefoot [ENG31-02442359-n] (a front foot of a quadruped)
                  • hindfoot [ENG31-02442460-n] (a rear foot of a quadruped)
                  • paw [ENG31-02442560-n] (a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped)

                    • forepaw [ENG31-02442752-n] (front paw)

                      • hand [ENG31-02442881-n] (terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos))
                • foot [ENG31-05570899-n] (the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint)

                  • flatfoot [ENG31-05584052-n] (a foot afflicted with a fallen arch)
              • hand [ENG31-05572223-n] (the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb)

                • fist [ENG31-05572697-n] (a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm (as for hitting))
                • hooks [ENG31-05572825-n] (large strong hand (as of a fighter))
                • right [ENG31-05572970-n] (the hand that is on the right side of the body)
                • left [ENG31-05573181-n] (the hand that is on the left side of the body)
            • face [ENG31-05608392-n] (the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear)

              • countenance [ENG31-05609112-n] (the human face (`kisser' and `smiler' and `mug' are informal terms for `face' and `phiz' is British))

                • pudding face [ENG31-05609417-n] (a large fat human face)
            • face [ENG31-05608953-n] (the part of an animal corresponding to the human face)

              • muzzle [ENG31-02455095-n] (forward projecting part of the head of certain animals)
          • structure [ENG31-05232895-n] (a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing and its construction and arrangement)

            • layer [ENG31-01465900-n] (thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells)

              • blastoderm [ENG31-01462121-n] (a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula)
              • hypodermis [ENG31-01898491-n] (layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods)
            • apodeme [ENG31-01907762-n] (ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles)
            • calyculus [ENG31-02158100-n] (a small cup-shaped structure (as a taste bud or optic cup or cavity of a coral containing a polyp))

              • optic cup [ENG31-02158330-n] ((embryology) a two-walled cuplike depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina)
            • tooth [ENG31-02158524-n] (toothlike structure in invertebrates found in the mouth or alimentary canal or on a shell)

              • denticle [ENG31-02158683-n] (small pointed ridge on the exoskeleton of an arthropod)
            • pad [ENG31-02443154-n] (the fleshy cushion-like underside of an animal's foot or of a human's finger)
            • gill slit [ENG31-02513738-n] (one of a series of slit openings in the pharynxes of fishes and aquatic amphibians through which water passes)
            • gill arch [ENG31-02513934-n] (one of the bony or cartilaginous arches on each side of the pharynx that support the gills of fishes and aquatic amphibians)
            • peristome [ENG31-02514141-n] (region around the mouth in various invertebrates)
            • syrinx [ENG31-02514264-n] (the vocal organ of a bird)
            • bulb [ENG31-05234409-n] (a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ)
            • carina [ENG31-05234539-n] (any of various keel-shaped structures or ridges such as that on the breastbone of a bird or that formed by the fused petals of a pea blossom)

              • carina fornicis [ENG31-05234768-n] (ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain)
              • keel [ENG31-05235704-n] (the median ridge on the breastbone of birds that fly)
            • cauda [ENG31-05235594-n] (any taillike structure)
            • chiasma [ENG31-05235826-n] (an intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X)

              • optic chiasma [ENG31-05236211-n] (the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain)
            • cingulum [ENG31-05236062-n] ((anatomy) an encircling structure (as the ridge around the base of a tooth))
            • concha [ENG31-05236528-n] ((anatomy) a structure that resembles a shell in shape)

              • nasal concha [ENG31-05236671-n] (one of several turbinate bones in the nasal cavity)
            • filament [ENG31-05236798-n] (a threadlike structure (as a chainlike series of cells))

              • hair [ENG31-05261857-n] (any of the cylindrical filaments characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal)

                • ingrown hair [ENG31-05262091-n] (a hair that does not emerge from the follicle but remains embedded in the skin (usually causing inflammation))
            • germ [ENG31-05237135-n] (a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism)
            • infundibulum [ENG31-05237320-n] (any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body (but especially the hypophyseal stalk))

              • hypophyseal stalk [ENG31-05491850-n] (the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus)
            • interstice [ENG31-05237501-n] (a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ)

              • areola [ENG31-05562650-n] (small space in a tissue or body part such as the area between veins on a leaf or an insect's wing)
            • landmark [ENG31-05237687-n] (an anatomical structure used as a point of origin in locating other anatomical structures (as in surgery) or as point from which measurements can be taken)

              • craniometric point [ENG31-05237933-n] (a landmark on the skull from which craniometric measurements can be taken)

                • acanthion [ENG31-05238594-n] (the craniometric point at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture)
                • asterion [ENG31-05238727-n] (the craniometric point at the junction of the lamboid suture and the occipitomastoid suture and the parietomastoid suture)
                • auriculare [ENG31-05238922-n] (the craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus)
                • bregma [ENG31-05239099-n] (the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures at the top of the cranium)
                • condylion [ENG31-05239270-n] (the craniometric point at the tip of the mandibular condyle)
                • coronion [ENG31-05239404-n] (the craniometric point at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible)
                • crotaphion [ENG31-05239551-n] (the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone)
                • dacryon [ENG31-05239675-n] (the craniometric point at the junction of the anterior border of the lacrimal bone with the frontal bone)
                • entomion [ENG31-05239833-n] (the craniometric point at the tip of the angular part of the parietal bone that articulates with the temporal bone)
                • glabella [ENG31-05240021-n] (a smooth prominence of the frontal bone between and above the eyebrows)
                • gnathion [ENG31-05240302-n] (the most inferior point of the mandible in the midline)
                • gonion [ENG31-05240430-n] (the craniometric point on either side at the apex of the lower jaw)
                • inion [ENG31-05240568-n] (the craniometric point that is the most prominent point at the back of the head (at the occipital protuberance))
                • jugale [ENG31-05240750-n] (the craniometric point at the union of the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone)
                • lambda [ENG31-05240931-n] (the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and lamboid sutures of the skull)
                • mastoidale [ENG31-05241205-n] (the craniometric point at the lowest point of the mastoid process)
                • metopion [ENG31-05241346-n] (the craniometric point midway between the frontal eminences of the skull)
                • nasion [ENG31-05241492-n] (the craniometric point at the bridge of the nose where the frontal and nasal bones of the skull meet)
                • obelion [ENG31-05241645-n] (the craniometric point on the sagittal suture near the lamboid suture)
                • ophryon [ENG31-05241768-n] (the craniometric point in the midline of the forehead immediately above the orbits)
                • orbitale [ENG31-05241923-n] (the craniometric point at the lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit)
                • pogonion [ENG31-05242067-n] (the craniometric point that is the most forward-projecting point on the anterior surface of the chin)
                • prosthion [ENG31-05242241-n] (craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla)
                • pterion [ENG31-05242430-n] (the craniometric point in the region of the sphenoid fontanelle)
                • rhinion [ENG31-05242547-n] (the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones)
                • sphenion [ENG31-05242680-n] (the anterior tip of the parietal bone)
                • stephanion [ENG31-05242791-n] (the craniometric point on the coronal suture above the acoustic meatus)
                • symphysion [ENG31-05242937-n] (the most forward point of the alveolar process of the mandible)
            • limbus [ENG31-05243075-n] (a border or edge of any of various body parts distinguished by color or structure)
            • rib [ENG31-05243209-n] (a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant)

              • quill [ENG31-02471248-n] (the hollow spine of a feather)
              • vein [ENG31-02471366-n] (one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect)
            • blade [ENG31-05243359-n] (a broad flat body part (as of the shoulder or tongue))

              • vane [ENG31-01900632-n] (the flattened weblike part of a feather consisting of a series of barbs on either side of the shaft)
            • radicle [ENG31-05243482-n] ((anatomy) a small structure resembling a rootlet (such as a fibril of a nerve))
            • plexus [ENG31-05243652-n] (a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels)

              • aortic plexus [ENG31-05243912-n] (a plexus of lymph nodes in the lower portion of the abdominal aorta)
              • nerve plexus [ENG31-05244178-n] (a network of intersecting nerves)

                • autonomic plexus [ENG31-05244039-n] (a plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers)
                • brachial plexus [ENG31-05513685-n] (a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder)
                • cardiac plexus [ENG31-05513880-n] (a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures)
                • carotid plexus [ENG31-05514020-n] (a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery)
                • cervical plexus [ENG31-05514158-n] (a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle)
                • coccygeal plexus [ENG31-05514483-n] (a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves)
                • hypogastric plexus [ENG31-05514627-n] (a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera)
                • lumbar plexus [ENG31-05514760-n] (a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves)
                • lumbosacral plexus [ENG31-05515078-n] (a nerve plexus formed by the ventral divisions of the coccygeal and sacral and lumbar nerves)
                • mesenteric plexus [ENG31-05515293-n] (a plexus of autonomic nerves)
                • myenteric plexus [ENG31-05515407-n] (a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines)
                • periarterial plexus [ENG31-05515628-n] (an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery)
                • plexus dentalis [ENG31-05515764-n] (a plexus of nerves serving the teeth)
                • pulmonary plexis [ENG31-05516054-n] (one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung)
                • sacral plexus [ENG31-05516185-n] (a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves)
                • solar plexus [ENG31-05516386-n] (a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach)
              • choroid plexus [ENG31-05514299-n] (a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure)
              • lumbar plexus [ENG31-05514919-n] (a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels)
              • pterygoid plexus [ENG31-05515862-n] (a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins)
              • rete testis [ENG31-05533458-n] (network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia)
            • tube [ENG31-05253854-n] ((anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure)

              • tubule [ENG31-05254139-n] (a small tube)

                • microtubule [ENG31-05254312-n] (a microscopically small tubule)
                • nephron [ENG31-05254521-n] (any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney)
                • uveoscleral pathway [ENG31-05325687-n] (a tubule that drains excess aqueous humor)
                • seminiferous tubule [ENG31-05531894-n] (any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature)
                • vasa efferentia [ENG31-05533621-n] (the several highly convoluted tubules that lead from the rete testis to the vas deferens and form the head of the epididymis)
                • trachea [ENG31-05539683-n] (one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids)
              • salpinx [ENG31-05254400-n] (a tube in the uterus or the ear)

                • Eustachian tube [ENG31-05332701-n] (either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx)
                • Fallopian tube [ENG31-05526521-n] (either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus)
              • cochlea [ENG31-05334172-n] (the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti)
              • vessel [ENG31-05404676-n] (a tube in which a body fluid circulates)

                • blood vessel [ENG31-05425319-n] (a vessel in which blood circulates)

                  • artery [ENG31-05341325-n] (a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body)

                    • alveolar artery [ENG31-05342858-n] (a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies the alveolar process)

                      • inferior alveolar artery [ENG31-05343063-n] (the alveolar artery that goes through the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth)
                      • superior alveolar artery [ENG31-05343248-n] (the alveolar artery that supplies the upper teeth)
                    • angular artery [ENG31-05343398-n] (the terminal branch of the facial artery)
                    • aorta [ENG31-05343519-n] (the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries)

                      • ascending aorta [ENG31-05343794-n] (the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle)
                      • aortic arch [ENG31-05343925-n] (the part of the aorta that arches and turns downward)
                      • descending aorta [ENG31-05344035-n] (the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae)
                      • abdominal aorta [ENG31-05344183-n] (a branch of the descending aorta)
                      • thoracic aorta [ENG31-05344296-n] (a branch of the descending aorta)
                    • appendicular artery [ENG31-05344441-n] (the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the vermiform appendix)
                    • arcuate artery [ENG31-05344603-n] (curved artery in the foot)
                    • arcuate artery of the kidney [ENG31-05344726-n] (curved arteries of the kidney)
                    • arteriole [ENG31-05344849-n] (one of the small thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries)
                    • artery of the penis bulb [ENG31-05345033-n] (a branch of the internal pudendal artery of males that supplies the bulb of the penis)
                    • artery of the vestibule bulb [ENG31-05345211-n] (a branch of the internal pudendal artery in females that supplies the bulb of the vestibule)
                    • ascending artery [ENG31-05345403-n] (the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the ascending colon)
                    • auricular artery [ENG31-05345573-n] (artery that supplies blood to the ear)
                    • axillary artery [ENG31-05345714-n] (the part of the main artery of the arm that lies in the armpit and is continuous with the subclavian artery above and the brachial artery below)
                    • basilar artery [ENG31-05345958-n] (an unpaired artery)
                    • brachial artery [ENG31-05346162-n] (the main artery of the upper arm)
                    • radial artery [ENG31-05346395-n] (branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm)
                    • bronchial artery [ENG31-05346595-n] (arteries that accompany the bronchioles)
                    • buccal artery [ENG31-05346716-n] (a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the buccinator muscle and the cheek)
                    • carotid artery [ENG31-05346905-n] (either of two major arteries of the neck and head)

                      • common carotid artery [ENG31-05347131-n] (runs upward in the neck and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries)
                      • external carotid artery [ENG31-05347299-n] (the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head)
                      • internal carotid artery [ENG31-05347494-n] (the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head)
                    • celiac trunk [ENG31-05347865-n] (an artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric artery and the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery)
                    • central artery of the retina [ENG31-05348147-n] (a branch of the ophthalmic artery)
                    • cerebellar artery [ENG31-05348343-n] (an artery that supplies the cerebellum)

                      • inferior cerebellar artery [ENG31-05348520-n] (the inferior branch of the cerebellar artery)
                      • superior cerebellar artery [ENG31-05348637-n] (the superior branch of the cerebellar artery)
                    • cerebral artery [ENG31-05348754-n] (any of the arteries supplying blood to the cerebral cortex)

                      • anterior cerebral artery [ENG31-05348964-n] (one of two branches of the internal carotid artery)
                      • middle cerebral artery [ENG31-05349189-n] (one of two branches of the internal carotid artery)
                      • posterior cerebral artery [ENG31-05349337-n] (arises from the basilar artery)
                      • temporal artery [ENG31-05362292-n] (any of the three arteries on either side of the brain supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe)

                        • anterior temporal artery [ENG31-05362503-n] (temporal artery that goes to the anterior part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe)
                        • intermediate temporal artery [ENG31-05362694-n] (temporal artery that goes to the middle part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe)
                        • posterior temporal artery [ENG31-05362889-n] (temporal artery that supplies the posterior part of the cortex of the temporal lobe)
                    • cervical artery [ENG31-05349468-n] (an artery that supplies the muscles of the neck)
                    • choroidal artery [ENG31-05349618-n] (an artery that supplies the choroid plexus)
                    • ciliary artery [ENG31-05349762-n] (one of several arteries supplying the choroid coat of the eye)
                    • circle of Willis [ENG31-05349922-n] (a ring of arteries at the base of the brain)
                    • circumflex artery [ENG31-05350047-n] (any of several paired curving arteries)

                      • circumflex artery of the thigh [ENG31-05350221-n] (an artery that supplies the hip joint and thigh muscles)
                      • circumflex humeral artery [ENG31-05350402-n] (an artery that supplies the shoulder joint and shoulder muscles)
                      • circumflex iliac artery [ENG31-05350585-n] (an artery that supplies the lower abdominal walls and skin and the sartorius muscle)
                      • circumflex scapular artery [ENG31-05350766-n] (an artery that serves the muscles of the shoulder and scapular area)
                    • colic artery [ENG31-05350956-n] (arteries that supply blood to the colon)
                    • communicating artery [ENG31-05351090-n] (any of three arteries in the brain that make up the circle of Willis)
                    • coronary artery [ENG31-05351266-n] (the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart)

                      • atrial artery [ENG31-05351489-n] (the branch of the coronary artery that supplies the muscles of the atria)
                      • right coronary artery [ENG31-05351621-n] (arises from the right aortic sinus)
                      • left coronary artery [ENG31-05351761-n] (arises from the left aortic sinus)
                    • cystic artery [ENG31-05351898-n] (a branch of the hepatic artery)
                    • digital arteries [ENG31-05352062-n] (arteries in the hand and foot that supply the fingers and toes)
                    • epigastric artery [ENG31-05352245-n] (one of three arteries supplying the anterior walls of the abdomen)
                    • ethmoidal artery [ENG31-05352396-n] (a branch of the ophthalmic artery supplying structures in and around the nasal capsule)
                    • femoral artery [ENG31-05352795-n] (the chief artery of the thigh)
                    • popliteal artery [ENG31-05352969-n] (a continuation of the femoral artery that branches to supply the legs and feet)
                    • gastric artery [ENG31-05353129-n] (the arteries that supply the walls of the stomach)

                      • right gastric artery [ENG31-05353331-n] (a branch of the hepatic artery that supplies the pyloric portion of the stomach on the lesser curvature)
                      • left gastric artery [ENG31-05353526-n] (a branch of the celiac artery that supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and the abdominal part of the esophagus)
                      • short gastric artery [ENG31-05353739-n] (several small arteries branching off of the splenic artery and going to the greater curvature of the stomach)
                    • gluteal artery [ENG31-05353954-n] (branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the hip joint and gluteal region)
                    • hepatic artery [ENG31-05354133-n] (arteries that supply the liver)
                    • ileal artery [ENG31-05354262-n] (branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the ileum)
                    • ileocolic artery [ENG31-05354440-n] (an artery that originates from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum and the vermiform appendix and the ascending colon)
                    • iliac artery [ENG31-05354694-n] (one of the large arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and legs)

                      • common iliac artery [ENG31-05354907-n] (terminal branches of the abdominal aorta)
                      • external iliac artery [ENG31-05355013-n] (the outer branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body)
                      • internal iliac artery [ENG31-05355179-n] (the inner branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body)
                    • iliolumbar artery [ENG31-05355419-n] (an artery that originates in the internal iliac artery and supplies the pelvic muscles and bones)
                    • infraorbital artery [ENG31-05355602-n] (an artery that originates from the maxillary artery and supplies structures below the orbit (from lower eyelid to upper lip))
                    • innominate artery [ENG31-05355817-n] (a large artery arising from the arch of the aorta and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery)
                    • intercostal artery [ENG31-05356088-n] (several arteries and supplying the intercostal spaces of the rib cage)
                    • jejunal artery [ENG31-05356246-n] (an artery that is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the jejunum)
                    • labial artery [ENG31-05356432-n] (an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lips of the mouth)

                      • inferior labial artery [ENG31-05356649-n] (an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lower lip)
                      • superior labial artery [ENG31-05356821-n] (an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the upper lip)
                    • labyrinthine artery [ENG31-05356993-n] (an artery that is a branch of the basilar artery that supplies the labyrinth)
                    • lacrimal artery [ENG31-05357207-n] (an artery that originates from the ophthalmic artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and rectal eye muscles and the upper eyelid and the forehead)
                    • laryngeal artery [ENG31-05357454-n] (either of two arteries that supply blood to the larynx)
                    • lienal artery [ENG31-05357609-n] (an artery that originates from the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the spleen)
                    • lingual artery [ENG31-05357804-n] (an artery originating from the external carotid artery and supplying the under side of the tongue)
                    • lumbar artery [ENG31-05358001-n] (one of four or five pairs of arteries that originate in the abdominal aorta and supply the lumbar vertebrae and the back muscles and abdominal wall)
                    • maxillary artery [ENG31-05358227-n] (either of two arteries branching from the external carotid artery and supplying structure of the face)

                      • facial artery [ENG31-05352586-n] (an artery that originates in the external carotid and gives off branches that supply the neck and face)
                      • internal maxillary artery [ENG31-05358448-n] (the maxillary artery that supplies deep structure of the face and some of the meninges)
                    • meningeal artery [ENG31-05358606-n] (any of three arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures)

                      • anterior meningeal artery [ENG31-05358826-n] (branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery that supplies meninges in the anterior cranial fossa)
                      • middle meningeal artery [ENG31-05358990-n] (branch of the maxillary artery)
                      • posterior meningeal artery [ENG31-05359120-n] (branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa)
                    • mesenteric artery [ENG31-05359294-n] (one of two branches of the aorta that pass between the two layers of the mesentery to the intestines)

                      • inferior mesenteric artery [ENG31-05359516-n] (arises near the lower end of the aorta and supplies the large intestine)
                      • superior mesenteric artery [ENG31-05359660-n] (originates from the upper part of the aorta that supplies the small intestines and the cecum and the colon)
                    • metacarpal artery [ENG31-05359839-n] (dorsal and palmar arteries of the hand)
                    • metatarsal artery [ENG31-05359981-n] (dorsal and plantar arteries to the metatarsal region of the foot)
                    • musculophrenic artery [ENG31-05360149-n] (an artery that supplies the abdomen and intercostal muscles)
                    • nutrient artery [ENG31-05360302-n] (an artery that supplies the medullary cavity of the long bone)
                    • ophthalmic artery [ENG31-05360444-n] (a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the eye and neighboring structures)
                    • ovarian artery [ENG31-05360618-n] (the artery that branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the ovaries)
                    • palatine artery [ENG31-05360789-n] (one of several arteries supplying the face)
                    • pancreatic artery [ENG31-05360912-n] (a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas)
                    • perineal artery [ENG31-05361055-n] (a branch of the internal pudendal artery that supplies superficial structures of the perineum)
                    • pudendal artery [ENG31-05361231-n] (arteries supplying the external genital organs of humans)
                    • pulmonary artery [ENG31-05361367-n] (one of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs)

                      • pulmonary trunk [ENG31-05361574-n] (the artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries)
                    • rectal artery [ENG31-05361786-n] (one of the arteries supplying the rectal area)
                    • renal artery [ENG31-05361929-n] (an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters)
                    • subclavian artery [ENG31-05362128-n] (either of two arteries that supply blood to the neck and arms)
                    • testicular artery [ENG31-05363075-n] (a branch of the aorta supplying the testicles)
                    • ulnar artery [ENG31-05363254-n] (large artery that branches from the brachial artery to supply the muscles of the forearm and wrist and hand)
                    • uterine artery [ENG31-05363438-n] (a branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina)
                    • vaginal artery [ENG31-05363631-n] (a branch of the internal iliac that provides blood for the vagina and the base of the bladder and the rectum)
                    • vertebral artery [ENG31-05363839-n] (the first branch of the subclavian artery)
                  • ductus arteriosus [ENG31-05425521-n] (a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta)

                    • patent ductus arteriosus [ENG31-05425776-n] (a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth)
                  • vasa vasorum [ENG31-05425929-n] (any small blood vessel ramifying on the outside of a major artery or vein)
                  • vein [ENG31-05426061-n] (a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart)

                    • accessory cephalic vein [ENG31-05363990-n] (a vein that passes along the radial edge of the forearm and joins the cephalic vein near the elbow)
                    • accessory hemiazygos vein [ENG31-05364205-n] (a vein formed by the union of the 4th to 7th posterior intercostal veins)
                    • accessory vertebral vein [ENG31-05364437-n] (a vein that accompanies the vertebral vein but passes through the foramen of the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra and empties into the brachiocephalic vein)
                    • accompanying vein [ENG31-05364708-n] (a vein accompanying another structure)
                    • anastomotic vein [ENG31-05364914-n] (either of two communicating veins serving the brain)
                    • angular vein [ENG31-05365048-n] (a short vein formed by the supraorbital vein and the supratrochlear vein and continuing as the facial vein)
                    • anterior vertebral vein [ENG31-05365230-n] (a vein that accompanies the ascending cervical artery and opens into the vertebral vein)
                    • appendicular vein [ENG31-05365415-n] (a vein that accompanies the appendicular artery and empties into the ileocolic vein)
                    • arcuate vein of the kidney [ENG31-05365584-n] (veins that receive blood from interlobular veins of kidney and rectal venules)
                    • auricular vein [ENG31-05365774-n] (one of two veins serving the ear region)
                    • axillary vein [ENG31-05365893-n] (a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein)
                    • azygos vein [ENG31-05366055-n] (one of a system of veins that drain the thoracic and abdominal walls)
                    • basal vein [ENG31-05366312-n] (a large vein passing along the medial surface of the temporal lobe and emptying into the great cerebral vein)
                    • basilic vein [ENG31-05366492-n] (a vein that drains the back of the hand and forearm and empties into the axillary vein)
                    • basivertebral vein [ENG31-05366672-n] (one of a number of veins draining the spongy substance of the vertebrae and emptying into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus)
                    • brachial vein [ENG31-05366895-n] (two veins in either arm that accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein)
                    • brachiocephalic vein [ENG31-05367064-n] (veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins)
                    • bronchial vein [ENG31-05367243-n] (veins serving the bronchi)
                    • cardinal vein [ENG31-05367376-n] (any of the major venous channels in primitive adult vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates)

                      • anterior cardinal vein [ENG31-05367590-n] (a major drainage channel from the cephalic part of the body)
                      • posterior cardinal vein [ENG31-05367718-n] (a major drainage channel from the caudal part of the body)
                      • common cardinal vein [ENG31-05367845-n] (the major return channels to the heart)
                    • central veins of liver [ENG31-05368018-n] (terminal branches of the hepatic veins that lie in the hepatic lobules and receive blood from the liver sinusoids)
                    • central vein of retina [ENG31-05368226-n] (vein formed by the union of the retinal veins)
                    • central vein of suprarenal gland [ENG31-05368428-n] (a single draining vein)
                    • cephalic vein [ENG31-05368671-n] (a large vein of the arm that empties into the axillary vein)
                    • cerebellar vein [ENG31-05368826-n] (the veins draining the cerebellum)
                    • cerebral vein [ENG31-05368939-n] (any of several veins serving the cerebral hemispheres of the brain)

                      • anterior cerebral vein [ENG31-05369188-n] (accompanies the anterior cerebral artery and empties into the basal vein)
                      • great cerebral vein [ENG31-05369564-n] (a cerebral vein formed by the two internal cerebral veins and continuing into the sinus rectus)
                      • inferior cerebral vein [ENG31-05369745-n] (veins that drain the undersurface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses)
                      • internal cerebral vein [ENG31-05369953-n] (two paired veins passing caudally near the midline and uniting to form the great cerebral vein)
                      • middle cerebral vein [ENG31-05370141-n] (either of two cerebral veins)

                        • deep middle cerebral vein [ENG31-05370293-n] (accompanies the middle cerebral artery deep in the Sylvian fissure)
                        • superficial middle cerebral vein [ENG31-05370460-n] (a large vein along the line of the Sylvian fissure to the cavernous sinus)
                      • superior cerebral vein [ENG31-05370612-n] (a cerebral vein that drains the dorsal convexity of the cerebral hemisphere and empties into the cavernous sinus)
                    • cervical vein [ENG31-05370818-n] (a vein that accompanies an artery of the same name)
                    • choroid vein [ENG31-05370976-n] (either of two veins serving the choroid coat of the eye)
                    • ciliary veins [ENG31-05371107-n] (small veins coming from the ciliary body)
                    • circumflex vein [ENG31-05371224-n] (any of several curved parallel veins accompanying arteries of the same name)

                      • circumflex iliac vein [ENG31-05371416-n] (accompanies the artery of the same name)
                      • circumflex femoral vein [ENG31-05371548-n] (either of two veins that accompany arteries of the same name serving the hip and thigh)
                    • clitoral vein [ENG31-05371732-n] (veins that serve the clitoris)

                      • venae profundae clitoridis [ENG31-05430663-n] (deep veins of the clitoris)
                      • vena dorsalis clitoridis profunda [ENG31-05430787-n] (deep dorsal vein of the clitoris)
                      • venae dorsales clitoridis superficiales [ENG31-05430939-n] (superficial dorsal veins of the clitoris)
                    • colic vein [ENG31-05371893-n] (vein serving the large intestine)
                    • common facial vein [ENG31-05371996-n] (vein formed by union of facial vein and the retromandibular vein and emptying into the jugular vein)
                    • conjunctival veins [ENG31-05372160-n] (veins draining the conjunctiva)
                    • costoaxillary vein [ENG31-05372278-n] (one of several veins connecting intercostal veins with the lateral thoracic vein or the thoracoepigastric vein)
                    • cutaneous vein [ENG31-05372453-n] (one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins)
                    • cystic vein [ENG31-05372607-n] (vein that drains the gallbladder)
                    • digital vein [ENG31-05372712-n] (one of the veins serving the fingers or toes)
                    • diploic vein [ENG31-05372832-n] (one of the veins serving the spongy part of the cranial bones)
                    • dorsal scapular vein [ENG31-05372968-n] (vein that is a tributary of the subclavian vein or external jugular vein and accompanies the descending scapular artery)
                    • emissary vein [ENG31-05373181-n] (one of several connecting veins in the scalp and head that drain blood from sinuses in the dura mater to veins outside the skull)
                    • epigastric vein [ENG31-05373386-n] (veins serving the anterior walls of the abdomen)

                      • inferior epigastric vein [ENG31-05373549-n] (empties into the external iliac vein)
                      • superficial epigastric vein [ENG31-05373684-n] (empties into the great saphenous vein)
                      • superior epigastric veins [ENG31-05373828-n] (veins that accompany the superior epigastric artery)
                    • esophageal veins [ENG31-05374155-n] (small veins from the esophagus emptying into the brachiocephalic vein or the azygos veins)
                    • ethmoidal vein [ENG31-05374346-n] (veins that drain the ethmoidal sinuses and empty into the superior ophthalmic vein)
                    • external nasal vein [ENG31-05374508-n] (one of the veins that drain the external nose and empty into the angular or facial vein)
                    • facial vein [ENG31-05374684-n] (any of several veins draining the face)

                      • anterior facial vein [ENG31-05369353-n] (a continuation of the angular vein)
                      • retromandibular vein [ENG31-05386781-n] (posterior branch of the facial vein)
                    • femoral vein [ENG31-05374851-n] (a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath)
                    • gastric vein [ENG31-05375078-n] (one of several veins draining the stomach walls)

                      • left gastric vein [ENG31-05380068-n] (arises from a union of veins from the gastric cardia)
                      • pyloric vein [ENG31-05386193-n] (receives veins from the upper surfaces of the stomach and empties into the portal vein)
                    • gastroomental vein [ENG31-05375255-n] (one of two veins serving the great curvature of the stomach)
                    • genicular vein [ENG31-05375443-n] (veins that drain blood from structures around the knee)
                    • gluteal vein [ENG31-05376082-n] (veins draining the gluteal muscles on either side of the body)
                    • hemizygos vein [ENG31-05376217-n] (a continuation of the left ascending lumbar vein)
                    • hemorrhoidal vein [ENG31-05376435-n] (any of several veins draining the walls of the anal canal and rectum)
                    • hepatic vein [ENG31-05376597-n] (a vein that drains the liver)
                    • ileocolic vein [ENG31-05376909-n] (a vein that drains the end of the ileum and the appendix and the cecum and the lower part of the ascending colon)
                    • iliac vein [ENG31-05377468-n] (one of three veins draining the pelvic area)

                      • hypogastric vein [ENG31-05376747-n] (a vein that unites with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein)
                      • external iliac vein [ENG31-05377100-n] (a continuation of the femoral vein)
                      • common iliac vein [ENG31-05377267-n] (formed by the internal and external iliac veins)
                    • iliolumbar vein [ENG31-05377636-n] (a branch of the internal iliac vein)
                    • intercapitular vein [ENG31-05377753-n] (veins connecting the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand or the dorsal and plantar veins of the foot)
                    • intercostal vein [ENG31-05377979-n] (several veins draining the intercostal spaces of the rib cage)
                    • intervertebral vein [ENG31-05378124-n] (one of several veins accompanying spinal nerves)
                    • jugular vein [ENG31-05378261-n] (veins in the neck that return blood from the head)

                      • anterior jugular vein [ENG31-05378487-n] (arises below the chin from veins draining the lower face)
                      • external jugular vein [ENG31-05378644-n] (formed by the junction of the posterior auricular and the retromandibular veins)
                      • internal jugular vein [ENG31-05378825-n] (a continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater)
                    • labial vein [ENG31-05379006-n] (a vein draining the lips of the mouth)

                      • inferior labial vein [ENG31-05379172-n] (a tributary of the facial vein that drains the lower lip)
                      • superior labial vein [ENG31-05379320-n] (a tributary of the facial vein that drains the upper lip)
                    • labial vein [ENG31-05379468-n] (veins draining the lips of the vulva)

                      • venae labiales anteriores [ENG31-05431695-n] (veins from the labia majora to the external pudendal vein)
                      • venae labiales posteriores [ENG31-05431848-n] (veins that pass posterior from the labia majora to the internal pudendal vein)
                    • labyrinthine vein [ENG31-05379633-n] (veins that drain the inner ear)
                    • lacrimal vein [ENG31-05379771-n] (drains the lacrimal gland)
                    • laryngeal vein [ENG31-05379936-n] (one of two veins draining the larynx)
                    • lingual vein [ENG31-05380267-n] (a vein that receives blood from the tongue and the floor of the mouth and empties into the internal jugular or the facial vein)
                    • lumbar vein [ENG31-05380488-n] (veins that drain the posterior body wall and the lumbar vertebral venous plexuses)
                    • maxillary vein [ENG31-05380643-n] (posterior continuation of the pterygoid plexus)
                    • meningeal veins [ENG31-05380838-n] (veins at accompany the meningeal arteries)
                    • mesenteric vein [ENG31-05380959-n] (a tributary of the portal vein passing from the intestine between the two layers of mesentery)
                    • metacarpal vein [ENG31-05381133-n] (dorsal and palmar veins of the hand)
                    • metatarsal vein [ENG31-05381267-n] (dorsal and plantar branches of veins serving the metatarsal region of the foot)
                    • musculophrenic vein [ENG31-05381444-n] (veins that drain the upper abdominal wall and the lower intercostal spaces and the abdomen)
                    • nasofrontal vein [ENG31-05381623-n] (a vein located in the anterior medial part of the orbit)
                    • oblique vein of the left atrium [ENG31-05381818-n] (a tributary of the coronary sinus)
                    • obturator vein [ENG31-05382001-n] (a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles)
                    • occipital vein [ENG31-05382204-n] (a vein that drains the occipital region)
                    • ophthalmic vein [ENG31-05382323-n] (either of two veins that serve the eye)

                      • inferior ophthalmic vein [ENG31-05382512-n] (a vein that drains a venous network in the floor and medial wall of the eye socket)
                      • superior ophthalmic vein [ENG31-05382665-n] (a vein that begins at the inner angle of the eye socket and passes through the superior orbital fissure to empty into the cavernous sinus)
                    • ovarian vein [ENG31-05382873-n] (one of the veins that drain the ovaries)
                    • palatine vein [ENG31-05383072-n] (a vein that drains the region of the palate and empties into the facial vein)
                    • pancreatic vein [ENG31-05383224-n] (veins draining the pancreas and emptying into the superior mesenteric and splenic veins)
                    • paraumbilical vein [ENG31-05383393-n] (small veins arising in skin around the navel)
                    • parotid vein [ENG31-05383562-n] (parotid branches of the facial vein)
                    • pectoral vein [ENG31-05383734-n] (veins that drain the pectoral muscles and empty into the subclavian vein)
                    • perforating vein [ENG31-05383884-n] (veins that accompany the perforating arteries)
                    • pericardial vein [ENG31-05384064-n] (several small veins from the pericardium)
                    • peroneal vein [ENG31-05384187-n] (accompany the peroneal arteries)
                    • pharyngeal vein [ENG31-05384441-n] (veins from the pharyngeal plexus that empty into the internal jugular vein)
                    • phrenic vein [ENG31-05384595-n] (either of two veins that drain the diaphragm)
                    • popliteal vein [ENG31-05384714-n] (a vein arising in the knee and ascending to become the femoral vein)
                    • portal vein [ENG31-05385008-n] (a short vein that carries blood into the liver)
                    • posterior vein of the left ventricle [ENG31-05385176-n] (arises near the apex of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus)
                    • prepyloric vein [ENG31-05385365-n] (a tributary of the right gastric vein)
                    • pudendal vein [ENG31-05385480-n] (vein of the pudendum)
                    • pulmonary vein [ENG31-05385577-n] (any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart)

                      • inferior pulmonary vein [ENG31-05385801-n] (either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the inferior lobes of the lungs)
                      • superior pulmonary vein [ENG31-05385997-n] (either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the superior lobes of the lungs)
                    • radial vein [ENG31-05386382-n] (superficial veins ascending the radial side of the forearm)
                    • renal vein [ENG31-05386590-n] (veins that accompany renal arteries)
                    • sacral vein [ENG31-05386978-n] (vein of the sacral region)
                    • saphenous vein [ENG31-05387077-n] (either of two chief superficial veins of the leg that drain blood from the foot)

                      • long saphenous vein [ENG31-05387287-n] (the longest vein in the body)
                      • short saphenous vein [ENG31-05387465-n] (a vein running from the foot up the back of the leg to the knee)
                    • scleral veins [ENG31-05387595-n] (tributaries of the anterior ciliary veins that drain the sclera of the eye)
                    • scrotal vein [ENG31-05387747-n] (veins passing from the scrotum to the pudendal veins)
                    • sigmoid vein [ENG31-05387875-n] (tributaries of the inferior mesenteric vein)
                    • spinal vein [ENG31-05388040-n] (veins that drain the spinal cord)
                    • splenic vein [ENG31-05388165-n] (a vein formed by several small veins on the surface of the spleen)
                    • sternocleidomastoid vein [ENG31-05388491-n] (drains the sternocleidomastoid muscle)
                    • stylomastoid vein [ENG31-05388668-n] (a vein that drains the tympanic cavity and empties into the retromandibular vein)
                    • subclavian vein [ENG31-05388834-n] (a continuation of the axillary vein)
                    • sublingual vein [ENG31-05389009-n] (a tributary of the lingual vein)
                    • supraorbital vein [ENG31-05389122-n] (drains the front of the scalp)
                    • supratrochlear vein [ENG31-05389299-n] (drains the front of the scalp)
                    • temporal vein [ENG31-05389478-n] (any of several veins draining the temporal region)

                      • deep temporal vein [ENG31-05389659-n] (temporal veins that empty into the pterygoid plexus)
                      • middle temporal vein [ENG31-05389775-n] (arises near the eye)
                      • superficial temporal vein [ENG31-05389932-n] (join the middle temporal vein to empty into the retromandibular vein)
                    • testicular vein [ENG31-05390072-n] (a vein from the testicles)
                    • thalamostriate vein [ENG31-05390198-n] (a vein serving the thalamus and corpus striatum)

                      • superior thalamostriate vein [ENG31-05390559-n] (a long vein that helps to form the internal cerebral vein)
                      • inferior thalamostriate vein [ENG31-05390691-n] (tributaries to the basal vein)
                    • thoracoepigastric vein [ENG31-05390347-n] (a vein arising from the region of the superficial epigastric vein and opening into the axillary vein or thoracic vein)
                    • thoracic vein [ENG31-05390810-n] (veins that drain the thoracic walls)
                    • thyroid vein [ENG31-05390941-n] (any of several small veins draining blood from the thyroid area)

                      • inferior thyroid vein [ENG31-05391134-n] (any of several veins on each side that drain the thyroid gland and empty into the innominate vein)
                      • middle thyroid vein [ENG31-05391299-n] (a vein on each side that drains the lateral part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein)
                      • superior thyroid vein [ENG31-05391471-n] (a vein on each side that drains the upper part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein)
                    • tibial vein [ENG31-05391643-n] (veins of the lower leg)
                    • tracheal vein [ENG31-05391789-n] (several small veins from the trachea)
                    • tympanic vein [ENG31-05391903-n] (veins from the tympanic cavity that empty into the retromandibular vein)
                    • ulnar vein [ENG31-05392034-n] (any of several veins of the forearm)
                    • umbilical vein [ENG31-05392160-n] (a vein in the umbilical cord)
                    • uterine vein [ENG31-05392342-n] (one of two veins on each side that arise from the uterine plexus and empty into the internal iliac vein)
                    • varicose vein [ENG31-05428930-n] (a vein that is permanently dilated)
                    • vena bulbi penis [ENG31-05429067-n] (vein of the head of the penis)
                    • vena canaliculi cochleae [ENG31-05429244-n] (vein of the cochlear canal)
                    • vein of penis [ENG31-05429341-n] (a vein serving the penis)

                      • venae dorsales penis superficiales [ENG31-05429479-n] (superficial dorsal veins of the penis)
                      • venae dorsales penis profunda [ENG31-05429661-n] (deep dorsal vein of the penis)
                      • vena profunda penis [ENG31-05429801-n] (deep vein of the penis)
                    • vena bulbi vestibuli [ENG31-05429918-n] (vein of the vestibular bulb)
                    • vena cava [ENG31-05430012-n] (either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart)

                      • inferior vena cava [ENG31-05430196-n] (receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart)
                      • superior vena cava [ENG31-05430439-n] (receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart)
                    • venae palpebrales [ENG31-05431123-n] (veins of the eyelids)
                    • venae interlobulares hepatis [ENG31-05431418-n] (interlobular veins of the liver)
                    • venae renis [ENG31-05431543-n] (veins of the kidney)

                      • venae interlobulares renis [ENG31-05431226-n] (interlobular veins of the kidney)
                    • vertebral vein [ENG31-05432784-n] (a vein that goes through the foramina of the cervical vertebrae and forms a plexus around the vertebral artery)
                    • vesical vein [ENG31-05433013-n] (veins that drain the vesical plexus and join the internal iliac veins)
                    • vestibular vein [ENG31-05433158-n] (veins that drain the saccule and utricle)
                    • vortex vein [ENG31-05433280-n] (a vein formed by branches from the back surface of the eye and the ciliary body)
                    • venule [ENG31-05433664-n] (a minute vein continuous with a capillary)

                      • episcleral veins [ENG31-05373983-n] (small veins in the sclera near the corneal margin)
                      • stellate venule [ENG31-05388379-n] (a star-shaped group of venules in the renal cortex)
                  • capillary [ENG31-05433487-n] (any of the minute blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules)

                    • glomerulus [ENG31-05255147-n] (a small intertwined group of capillaries in the malpighian body)
                    • tomentum [ENG31-05255349-n] (a network of tiny blood vessels between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cerebral cortex)
            • passage [ENG31-05255524-n] (a path or channel or duct through or along which something may pass)

              • birth canal [ENG31-05234267-n] (a passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth)
              • meatus [ENG31-05255896-n] (a natural body passageway)

                • auditory meatus [ENG31-05256010-n] (either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane)
                • nasal meatus [ENG31-05256437-n] (the passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projections of the nasal conchae)
              • orifice [ENG31-05257118-n] (an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity)

                • vent [ENG31-01326542-n] (external opening of urinary or genital system of a lower vertebrate)
                • blastopore [ENG31-01465756-n] (the opening into the archenteron)
                • aortic orifice [ENG31-05253432-n] (the orifice from the lower left chamber of the heart to the aorta)
                • stoma [ENG31-05253558-n] (a mouth or mouthlike opening (especially one created by surgery on the surface of the body to create an opening to an internal organ))
                • porta hepatis [ENG31-05257672-n] (opening for major blood vessels to enter and leave the liver)
                • spiracle [ENG31-05257792-n] (a breathing orifice)

                  • blowhole [ENG31-05257902-n] (the spiracle of a cetacean located far back on the skull)
                  • stigma [ENG31-05258032-n] (an external tracheal aperture in a terrestrial arthropod)
                • mouth [ENG31-05309407-n] (the externally visible part of the oral cavity on the face and the system of organs surrounding the opening)

                  • cytostome [ENG31-01460651-n] (mouth of a protozoan)
                  • beak [ENG31-01760949-n] (horny projecting mouth of a bird)

                    • cere [ENG31-01761278-n] (the fleshy, waxy covering at the base of the upper beak of some birds)
                  • beak [ENG31-01761151-n] (beaklike mouth of animals other than birds (e.g., turtles))
                • os [ENG31-05309921-n] (a mouth or mouthlike opening)
                • cervix [ENG31-05310731-n] (necklike opening to the uterus)

                  • incompetent cervix [ENG31-05310519-n] ((obstetrics) uterine cervix that becomes dilated before term and without labor often resulting in miscarriage or premature birth)
                • fenestra [ENG31-05332926-n] (a small opening covered with membrane (especially one in the bone between the middle and inner ear))

                  • fenestra ovalis [ENG31-05333154-n] (fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it)
                  • fenestra rotunda [ENG31-05333334-n] (fenestra leading into the cochlea)
                • cardia [ENG31-05403572-n] (the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus)
                • introitus [ENG31-05520156-n] (entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening))
                • urethral orifice [ENG31-05520321-n] (the orifice through which urine is discharged)
                • pylorus [ENG31-05542728-n] (a small circular opening between the stomach and the duodenum)
                • anus [ENG31-05545649-n] (the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal)

                  • arse [ENG31-05545848-n] (vulgar slang for anus)
                  • imperforate anus [ENG31-05545971-n] (a congenital defect of the anus)
                • fontanelle [ENG31-05552845-n] (any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus)

                  • anterior fontanelle [ENG31-05551058-n] (corresponds to the bregma when bones have ossified)
                  • sphenoid fontanelle [ENG31-05551174-n] (the irregularly shaped area on either side of the cranium where the frontal bone and the anterior tip of the parietal bone and the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone meet)
                • naris [ENG31-05608186-n] (any of the openings to the nasal cavities that allow air to flow through the cavities to the pharynx)

                  • nostril [ENG31-05607864-n] (either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose)
                  • posterior naris [ENG31-05608025-n] (either one of the two posterior openings at the back of the nasal cavity leading to the nasopharynx)
                • rima [ENG31-05617763-n] (a narrow elongated opening or fissure between two symmetrical parts)

                  • mouth [ENG31-05309998-n] (the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge)

                    • trap [ENG31-05309806-n] (informal terms for the mouth)
                  • pudendal cleft [ENG31-05530435-n] (the fissure between the labia majora)
                  • rima glottidis [ENG31-05617953-n] (the space between the two true vocal folds)
                  • rima vestibuli [ENG31-05618120-n] (the opening between the false vocal folds)
              • duct [ENG31-05258141-n] (a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance)

                • pore [ENG31-05253249-n] (any small opening in the skin or outer surface of an animal)

                  • ostiole [ENG31-12982909-n] (a small pore especially one in the reproductive bodies of certain algae and fungi through which spores pass)
                • spinal canal [ENG31-05256575-n] (the canal in successive vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes)
                • ductule [ENG31-05259001-n] (a very small duct)

                  • sweat duct [ENG31-05338066-n] (a small duct that conveys sweat from a sudoriferous gland to the surface of the skin)
                  • biliary ductule [ENG31-05394371-n] (excretory ducts of the liver)
                • canaliculus [ENG31-05259119-n] (a small canal or duct as in some bones and parts of plants)
                • canal of Schlemm [ENG31-05259253-n] (a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye into the anterior ciliary veins)
                • venous sinus [ENG31-05259480-n] (a wide channel containing blood)

                  • cavernous sinus [ENG31-05259723-n] (either of a pair of large venous sinuses in the cranial cavity)
                  • coronary sinus [ENG31-05259866-n] (a short sinus receiving most of the veins of the heart)
                  • sigmoid sinus [ENG31-05260031-n] (an S-shaped dural sinus on the temporal and occipital bones)
                  • straight sinus [ENG31-05260169-n] (an unpaired sinus of the dura mater)
                  • transverse sinus [ENG31-05260298-n] (a paired dural sinus)
                • lacrimal duct [ENG31-05339360-n] (any of several small ducts that carry tears from the lacrimal glands)
                • nasolacrimal duct [ENG31-05339986-n] (a duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity)
                • Haversian canal [ENG31-05393482-n] (any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone)
                • hepatic duct [ENG31-05393769-n] (the duct that drains bile from the liver)
                • inguinal canal [ENG31-05393887-n] (oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall)
                • common bile duct [ENG31-05394188-n] (a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts)
                • pancreatic duct [ENG31-05394738-n] (a duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine)
                • lymph vessel [ENG31-05404150-n] (a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation)

                  • thoracic duct [ENG31-05404033-n] (the major duct of the lymphatic system)
                  • lacteal [ENG31-05404375-n] (any of the lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestine to the thoracic duct)
                • salivary duct [ENG31-05423889-n] (a duct through which saliva passes from the salivary gland into the mouth)
                • cerebral aqueduct [ENG31-05511052-n] (a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles)
                • ureter [ENG31-05520486-n] (either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder)
                • urethra [ENG31-05520671-n] (duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct)
                • cervical canal [ENG31-05527210-n] (a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina)
                • umbilical cord [ENG31-05528130-n] (membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta)
                • vagina [ENG31-05528762-n] (the lower part of the female reproductive tract)
                • epididymis [ENG31-05533279-n] (a convoluted tubule in each testis)
                • vas deferens [ENG31-05533826-n] (a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct)
                • seminal duct [ENG31-05534849-n] (the efferent duct of the testis in man)
                • ejaculatory duct [ENG31-05535022-n] (a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens)
                • cartilaginous tube [ENG31-05539012-n] (a duct with cartilaginous walls)

                  • bronchus [ENG31-05539144-n] (either of the two main branches of the trachea)
                  • trachea [ENG31-05539447-n] (membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi)
                • bronchiole [ENG31-05539299-n] (any of the smallest bronchial ducts)
                • alimentary canal [ENG31-05539858-n] (tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus)

                  • enteron [ENG31-05540274-n] (the alimentary canal (especially of an embryo or a coelenterate))
                • lactiferous duct [ENG31-05561684-n] (ducts of the mammary gland that carry milk to the nipple)
              • sinusoid [ENG31-05261293-n] (tiny endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ)
              • carpal tunnel [ENG31-05279609-n] (a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass)
              • root canal [ENG31-05316006-n] (the passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity)
              • esophagus [ENG31-05541581-n] (the passage between the pharynx and the stomach)
              • epicardia [ENG31-05541807-n] (the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach)
              • fauces [ENG31-05555537-n] (the passage between the back of the mouth and the pharynx)
              • fistula [ENG31-05555665-n] (an abnormal passage leading from a suppurating cavity to the body surface)
              • shunt [ENG31-05556154-n] (a passage by which a bodily fluid (especially blood) is diverted from one channel to another)

                • bypass [ENG31-05555836-n] (a surgically created shunt (usually around a damaged part))
                • portacaval shunt [ENG31-05555947-n] (shunt that is created surgically between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that blood from the abdominal organs can bypass the liver)
            • fundus [ENG31-05272044-n] ((anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening)
            • funiculus [ENG31-05272255-n] (any of several body structure resembling a cord)

              • spinal cord [ENG31-05511356-n] (a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain)
              • spermatic cord [ENG31-05535481-n] (a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves)
            • head [ENG31-05298255-n] (that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves)
            • cavity [ENG31-05310901-n] ((anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body)

              • blastocoel [ENG31-01461883-n] (the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula)
              • archenteron [ENG31-01465586-n] (central cavity of the gastrula)
              • sinus [ENG31-05260434-n] (any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull)

                • ethmoid sinus [ENG31-05260629-n] (a sinus of the meatuses of the nasal cavity (behind the bridge of the nose))
                • frontal sinus [ENG31-05260802-n] (one of a pair of cavities in the frontal bone)
                • maxillary sinus [ENG31-05260907-n] (one of a pair of sinuses forming a cavity in the maxilla)
                • paranasal sinus [ENG31-05261025-n] (any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities)
              • locule [ENG31-05261415-n] (a small cavity or space within an organ or in a plant or animal)
              • lumen [ENG31-05261541-n] (a cavity or passage in a tubular organ)
              • socket [ENG31-05288330-n] (a bony hollow into which a structure fits)

                • hip socket [ENG31-05292600-n] (the socket part of the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the innominate bone)
                • tooth socket [ENG31-05292979-n] (a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth)
                • acetabulum [ENG31-05603979-n] (the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint)
              • pulp cavity [ENG31-05290825-n] (the central cavity of a tooth containing the pulp (including the root canal))
              • eye socket [ENG31-05292774-n] (the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball)
              • buccal cavity [ENG31-05310398-n] (the cavity between the jaws and the cheeks)
              • antrum [ENG31-05311751-n] (a natural cavity or hollow in a bone)
              • cloaca [ENG31-05311840-n] ((zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open)
              • vestibule [ENG31-05312102-n] (any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina))

                • vestibule of the ear [ENG31-05312294-n] (the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear)
                • vestibule of the vagina [ENG31-05530759-n] (the space between the labia minora containing the orifice of the urethra)
              • mediastinum [ENG31-05332239-n] (the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus)
              • middle ear [ENG31-05332436-n] (the main cavity of the ear)
              • pleural cavity [ENG31-05395870-n] (the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart)
              • chamber [ENG31-05400087-n] (an enclosed volume in the body)

                • ventricle [ENG31-05399106-n] (a chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries)

                  • left ventricle [ENG31-05399320-n] (the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta)
                  • right ventricle [ENG31-05399500-n] (the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk)
                • atrium [ENG31-05400366-n] (any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart))

                  • atrium cordis [ENG31-05400573-n] (the upper chamber of each half of the heart)

                    • right atrium [ENG31-05400772-n] (the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus)
                    • left atrium [ENG31-05400972-n] (the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins)
              • cranial cavity [ENG31-05400249-n] (the cavity enclosed by the cranium)
              • amniotic cavity [ENG31-05406829-n] (the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo)
              • peritoneal cavity [ENG31-05435523-n] (the interior of the peritoneum)
              • bursa omentalis [ENG31-05435713-n] (an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach)
              • pericardial cavity [ENG31-05436551-n] (the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement)
              • vacuole [ENG31-05454663-n] (a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell)
              • ventricle [ENG31-05510207-n] (one of four connected cavities in the brain)

                • fourth ventricle [ENG31-05510506-n] (an irregular ventricle between the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord)
                • third ventricle [ENG31-05510660-n] (a narrow ventricle in the midplane below the corpus callosum)
                • lateral ventricle [ENG31-05510847-n] (either of two horseshoe-shaped ventricles one in each cerebral hemisphere)
              • sac [ENG31-05523321-n] (a structure resembling a bag in an animal)

                • yolk sac [ENG31-01467687-n] (membranous structure enclosing the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, marsupials, and some fishes)
                • yolk sac [ENG31-01467884-n] (membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional)
                • amnion [ENG31-01475279-n] (thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals))
                • chorion [ENG31-01475580-n] (the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals))
                • coelenteron [ENG31-01908184-n] (the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate)
                • air bladder [ENG31-02470212-n] (an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy)
                • air sac [ENG31-02470377-n] (any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds)
                • air sac [ENG31-02470515-n] (any of the thin-walled extensions of the tracheae of insects)
                • saccule [ENG31-05330118-n] (a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth))
                • bladder [ENG31-05519790-n] (a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas))

                  • gallbladder [ENG31-05392504-n] (a muscular sac attached to the liver that stores bile (secreted by the liver) until it is needed for digestion)
                  • urinary bladder [ENG31-05519988-n] (a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine)
                • acinus [ENG31-05524017-n] (one of the small sacs or saclike dilations in a compound gland)
                • bursa [ENG31-05524205-n] (a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints)
                • cisterna [ENG31-05524362-n] (a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid)
                • pouch [ENG31-05524499-n] ((anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican))

                  • gizzard [ENG31-01976870-n] (thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food)
                  • utricle [ENG31-05329980-n] (a small pouch into which the semicircular canals open)
                  • auricle [ENG31-05399691-n] (a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart)
                  • auricula [ENG31-05399905-n] (a pouch projecting from the top front of each atrium of the heart)
                  • cheek pouch [ENG31-05524796-n] (a membranous pouch inside the mouth of many rodents (as a gopher))
                  • marsupium [ENG31-05524919-n] (an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled)
                  • scrotum [ENG31-05525057-n] (the external pouch that contains the testes)
                • vesicle [ENG31-05525229-n] (a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid))

                  • lacrimal sac [ENG31-05339536-n] (either of the two dilated ends of the lacrimal ducts at the nasal ends of the eyes that fill with tears secreted by the lacrimal glands)
                  • Golgi body [ENG31-05442133-n] (a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions))
                  • blister [ENG31-05525488-n] ((pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid)

                    • water blister [ENG31-14336203-n] (blister containing a nonpurulent clear watery content)
                    • blood blister [ENG31-14336316-n] (blister containing blood or bloody serum usually caused by an injury)
                    • pustule [ENG31-14357527-n] (a small inflamed elevation of skin containing pus)

                      • pock [ENG31-14357916-n] (a pustule in an eruptive disease)
                  • follicle [ENG31-05525745-n] (any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity)

                    • hair follicle [ENG31-05525908-n] (a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair)
                    • Graafian follicle [ENG31-05526100-n] (a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg)
                  • liposome [ENG31-05527943-n] (an artificially made microscopic vesicle into which nucleic acids can be packaged)
                • alveolus [ENG31-05536028-n] (a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs)
                • pericardial sac [ENG31-05612609-n] (the membrane surrounding the heart)
              • uterine cavity [ENG31-05527052-n] (the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes)
              • nasal cavity [ENG31-05536237-n] (either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx)
              • nasopharynx [ENG31-05536487-n] (cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx)
              • oropharynx [ENG31-05536645-n] (cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth)
              • laryngopharynx [ENG31-05536792-n] (the lower part of the pharynx)
              • cecum [ENG31-05544003-n] (the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens)
              • tubular cavity [ENG31-05556359-n] (a cavity having the shape of a tube)

                • throat [ENG31-05555141-n] (the passage to the stomach and lungs)
              • armpit [ENG31-05557209-n] (the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder)
              • chest cavity [ENG31-05560682-n] (the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart)
              • abdominal cavity [ENG31-05565978-n] (the cavity containing the major viscera)
              • pelvis [ENG31-05604197-n] (a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter)
              • pelvic cavity [ENG31-05604805-n] (the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera)
              • celom [ENG31-05614556-n] (a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity)
              • pit [ENG31-13894850-n] (a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression))

                • glenoid fossa [ENG31-05287452-n] (the concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint)
                • glenoid fossa [ENG31-05287653-n] (a deep concavity in the temporal bone at the root of the zygomatic arch that receives the condyle of the mandible)
                • pit of the stomach [ENG31-05516594-n] (a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus))
            • root [ENG31-05315809-n] (the embedded part of a bodily structure such as a tooth, nail, or hair)
            • capsule [ENG31-05324741-n] (a structure that encloses a body part)

              • malpighian body [ENG31-05254712-n] (the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron)
              • eyeball [ENG31-05323575-n] (the ball-shaped capsule containing the vertebrate eye)
              • lens capsule [ENG31-05333748-n] (a tenuous mesoblastic membrane surrounding the lens of the eye)
            • uvea [ENG31-05325510-n] (the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid)
            • lens nucleus [ENG31-05328312-n] (the central structure of the lens that is surrounded by the cortex)
            • membranous labyrinth [ENG31-05329212-n] (the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea)
            • bony labyrinth [ENG31-05329465-n] (cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone that contains the membranous labyrinth)
            • glans [ENG31-05375621-n] (a small rounded structure)

              • glans clitoridis [ENG31-05375787-n] (small mass of erectile tissue at the end of the body of the clitoris)
              • glans penis [ENG31-05375937-n] (the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis)
            • alveolar bed [ENG31-05395185-n] (lung tissue densely packed with alveoli)
            • valve [ENG31-05402629-n] (a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it)

              • heart valve [ENG31-05402441-n] (a valve to control one-way flow of blood)

                • atrioventricular valve [ENG31-05401620-n] (either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles)

                  • mitral valve [ENG31-05401156-n] (valve with two cusps)
                  • tricuspid valve [ENG31-05401339-n] (valve with three cusps)
                • semilunar valve [ENG31-05402247-n] (a heart valve with cusps shaped like half-moons)

                  • aortic valve [ENG31-05401869-n] (a semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta)
                  • pulmonary valve [ENG31-05402050-n] (a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery)
              • valvule [ENG31-05402891-n] (a small valve)
              • ileocecal valve [ENG31-05544271-n] (valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine)
            • vascular structure [ENG31-05404521-n] (a structure composed of or provided with blood vessels)

              • pulp [ENG31-05316475-n] (the soft inner part of a tooth)
              • placenta [ENG31-05528350-n] (the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus)

                • afterbirth [ENG31-05528616-n] (the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus after the baby is born)
            • lacrimal apparatus [ENG31-05412897-n] (the structures that secrete and drain tears from the eye)
            • cytoskeleton [ENG31-05441072-n] (a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence)
            • nucleolus organizer [ENG31-05443053-n] (the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division)
            • centromere [ENG31-05451900-n] (a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape)
            • aster [ENG31-05453582-n] (star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis)
            • neural structure [ENG31-05470250-n] (a structure that is part of the nervous system)

              • mamillary body [ENG31-05235350-n] (one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix)
              • ganglion [ENG31-05304467-n] (an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons)

                • autonomic ganglion [ENG31-05304662-n] (any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs)

                  • otic ganglion [ENG31-05304862-n] (an autonomic ganglion whose postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland)
                • basal ganglion [ENG31-05505014-n] (any of several masses of subcortical grey matter at the base of each cerebral hemisphere that seem to be involved in the regulation of voluntary movement)

                  • amygdala [ENG31-05503222-n] (an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum)
                  • caudate nucleus [ENG31-05505392-n] (a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain)
                  • claustrum [ENG31-05505573-n] (a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus)
                  • lenticular nucleus [ENG31-05505699-n] (a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum)
                  • pallidum [ENG31-05505951-n] (the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus)
                  • putamen [ENG31-05506111-n] (the outer reddish part of the lenticular nucleus)
                  • corpus striatum [ENG31-05507193-n] (a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere)
              • reflex arc [ENG31-05471025-n] (the neural path of a reflex)
              • center [ENG31-05471109-n] (a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process)

                • auditory center [ENG31-05471525-n] (the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve)
                • rhinencephalon [ENG31-05485338-n] (a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals)
                • Broca's area [ENG31-05496037-n] (the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people)
                • Wernicke's area [ENG31-05498022-n] (the auditory word center)
                • superior colliculus [ENG31-05507963-n] (an essential visual center between the retina and the striate cortex)
                • inferior colliculus [ENG31-05508116-n] (an essential auditory center in the midbrain)
                • respiratory center [ENG31-05612947-n] (the center in the medulla oblongata and pons that integrates sensory information about the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and determines the signals to be sent to the respiratory muscles)
              • hemisphere [ENG31-05484567-n] (either half of the cerebrum)

                • left hemisphere [ENG31-05484764-n] (the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body)
                • right hemisphere [ENG31-05485162-n] (the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body)
              • pyriform area [ENG31-05484957-n] (pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon)
              • olfactory bulb [ENG31-05485791-n] (one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities)
              • brain [ENG31-05488747-n] (that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers)
              • neencephalon [ENG31-05489201-n] (the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin)
              • paleencephalon [ENG31-05489781-n] (the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically)
              • cerebellum [ENG31-05493206-n] (a major division of the vertebrate brain)
              • cerebellar hemisphere [ENG31-05493508-n] (either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum)
              • vermis [ENG31-05493811-n] (the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres)
              • paleocerebellum [ENG31-05493971-n] (the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals)
              • cerebral cortex [ENG31-05494162-n] (the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum)

                • neopallium [ENG31-05489398-n] (the cortical part of the neencephalon)
                • archipallium [ENG31-05489522-n] (the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum)
              • geniculate body [ENG31-05495075-n] (one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex)

                • lateral geniculate body [ENG31-05495346-n] (a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex)
                • medial geniculate body [ENG31-05495593-n] (a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex)
              • cerebrum [ENG31-05499645-n] (anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres)
              • medulla oblongata [ENG31-05502823-n] (lower or hindmost part of the brain)
              • forebrain [ENG31-05503632-n] (the anterior portion of the brain)
              • hippocampus [ENG31-05503912-n] (a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle)
              • cingulate gyrus [ENG31-05504243-n] (a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres)
              • telencephalon [ENG31-05504453-n] (the anterior division of the forebrain)
              • diencephalon [ENG31-05504641-n] (the posterior division of the forebrain)
              • limbic system [ENG31-05506424-n] (a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior)
              • subthalamus [ENG31-05506695-n] (the ventral part of the thalamus)
              • thalamus [ENG31-05506823-n] (large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon)
              • hypothalamus [ENG31-05507030-n] (a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system)
              • midbrain [ENG31-05507479-n] (the middle portion of the brain)
              • substantia nigra [ENG31-05507657-n] (a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain)
              • hindbrain [ENG31-05508245-n] (the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem)

                • metencephalon [ENG31-05489649-n] (the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum)
              • myelencephalon [ENG31-05508463-n] (the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates)
              • pons [ENG31-05508643-n] (a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain)
              • brainstem [ENG31-05508836-n] (the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus)
              • nucleus [ENG31-05509583-n] (any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord)

                • dentate nucleus [ENG31-05493640-n] (a large laminar nucleus of grey matter within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere)
              • radiation [ENG31-05511206-n] (a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain)
              • autonomic nervous system [ENG31-05512183-n] (the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands)
            • fold [ENG31-05499911-n] (a folded part (as in skin or muscle))

              • epicanthus [ENG31-05321780-n] (a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus)
              • vocal cord [ENG31-05538062-n] (either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx)

                • false vocal cord [ENG31-05538290-n] (either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization)
                • true vocal cord [ENG31-05538504-n] (either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis)
              • ruga [ENG31-05615026-n] ((anatomy) a fold or wrinkle or crease)
              • tentorium [ENG31-05615157-n] ((anatomy) a fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebrum)
            • gyrus [ENG31-05500078-n] (a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain)

              • frontal gyrus [ENG31-05496402-n] (any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum)
              • temporal gyrus [ENG31-05496561-n] (any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum)
              • parietal gyrus [ENG31-05496722-n] (any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum)
              • occipital gyrus [ENG31-05496883-n] (any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum)
              • central gyrus [ENG31-05500307-n] (either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus)

                • precentral gyrus [ENG31-05500458-n] (the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area)
                • postcentral gyrus [ENG31-05500793-n] (the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus)
            • cartilaginous structure [ENG31-05538794-n] (body structure given shape by cartilage)

              • epiglottis [ENG31-05309251-n] (a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing)
              • auricle [ENG31-05331437-n] (the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear)

                • cauliflower ear [ENG31-05331824-n] (an auricle deformed by injury)
              • tragus [ENG31-05331682-n] (a small cartilaginous flap in front of the external opening of the ear)
              • larynx [ENG31-05537362-n] (a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea)
              • costal cartilage [ENG31-05600057-n] (the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs)
            • ball [ENG31-05583825-n] (a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass)
            • plate [ENG31-05588980-n] (any flat platelike body structure or part)

              • operculum [ENG31-01905009-n] (a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted)
              • comb [ENG31-01924081-n] (ciliated comb-like swimming plate of a ctenophore)
              • frill [ENG31-05554782-n] ((paleontology) a bony plate that curves upward behind the skull of many ceratopsian dinosaurs)
              • lamina [ENG31-05588560-n] (a thin plate or layer (especially of bone or mineral))

                • lamina arcus vertebrae [ENG31-05588792-n] (lamina of the vertebral arch)
            • horny structure [ENG31-05589145-n] (any rigid body structure composed primarily of keratin)

              • hoof [ENG31-02156785-n] (the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals)
              • claw [ENG31-02158792-n] (sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles)

                • bear claw [ENG31-02158972-n] (claw of a bear)
                • talon [ENG31-02159065-n] (a sharp hooked claw especially on a bird of prey)
              • nail [ENG31-05589324-n] (horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits)

                • fingernail [ENG31-05591915-n] (the nail at the end of a finger)

                  • thumbnail [ENG31-05592040-n] (the nail of the thumb)
                • toenail [ENG31-05592136-n] (the nail at the end of a toe)

                  • ingrown toenail [ENG31-05592255-n] (toenail having its free tip or edges embedded in the surrounding flesh)
            • skeletal structure [ENG31-05593315-n] (any structure created by the skeleton of an organism)

              • rib cage [ENG31-05561401-n] (the bony enclosing wall of the chest)
              • arch [ENG31-05584204-n] (a curved bony structure supporting or enclosing organs (especially the inner sides of the feet))

                • metatarsal arch [ENG31-05584458-n] (the short lateral arch formed by the heads of the metatarsals)
                • instep [ENG31-05584581-n] (the arch of the foot)

                  • sunken arch [ENG31-05584691-n] (an instep flattened so the entire sole rests on the ground)
                • shoulder girdle [ENG31-05593930-n] (the bony arch formed by the collarbones and shoulder blades in humans)
                • hemal arch [ENG31-05595464-n] (a structure arising ventrally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the caudal blood vessels)
                • neural arch [ENG31-05595647-n] (a structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord)
              • heel [ENG31-05585726-n] (the back part of the human foot)
              • girdle [ENG31-05586542-n] (an encircling or ringlike structure)

                • pectoral girdle [ENG31-05593761-n] (a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached)
                • pelvis [ENG31-05604406-n] (the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates)
              • column [ENG31-05593649-n] (any tubular or pillar-like supporting structure in the body)
              • appendicular skeleton [ENG31-05594684-n] (the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs)
              • axial skeleton [ENG31-05594938-n] (the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs)
              • spinal column [ENG31-05595824-n] (the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord)

                • notochord [ENG31-01469113-n] (a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates)

                  • urochord [ENG31-01469342-n] (a notochord of a larval tunicate typically confined to the caudal region)
                • chine [ENG31-01897769-n] (backbone of an animal)
              • metacarpus [ENG31-05601626-n] (the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges)
              • metatarsus [ENG31-05602323-n] (the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus)
              • tarsus [ENG31-05602577-n] (the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg)
            • costa [ENG31-05599881-n] (a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing))
            • head [ENG31-05603592-n] (the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint)
            • bridge [ENG31-05606958-n] (the hard ridge that forms the upper part of the nose)
            • rotator cuff [ENG31-05612705-n] (a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move)
            • cornu [ENG31-05614756-n] ((anatomy) any structure that resembles a horn in shape)
            • corona [ENG31-05614881-n] ((anatomy) any structure that resembles a crown in shape)
            • receptor [ENG31-05616623-n] (a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response)

              • alpha receptor [ENG31-05616866-n] (receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasoconstriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles and contraction of smooth muscles))
              • beta receptor [ENG31-05617279-n] (receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasodilation and increased heart beat))
            • zone [ENG31-05618817-n] ((anatomy) any encircling or beltlike structure)

              • zona pellucida [ENG31-05616370-n] (thick membrane around the mammalian ovum)
              • zonule [ENG31-05618976-n] (small beltlike zone)
          • fornix [ENG31-05235198-n] (generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space))
          • system [ENG31-05244557-n] (a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts)

            • articulatory system [ENG31-05304138-n] (the system of joints in the body)
            • digestive system [ENG31-05336763-n] (the system that makes food absorbable into the body)
            • endocrine system [ENG31-05337081-n] (the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity)
            • venation [ENG31-05428758-n] ((zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animal)
            • immune system [ENG31-05468446-n] (a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response)
            • integumentary system [ENG31-05468755-n] (the skin and its appendages)
            • reticuloendothelial system [ENG31-05468925-n] (a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells)
            • mononuclear phagocyte system [ENG31-05469186-n] (a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow)
            • muscular structure [ENG31-05469392-n] (the muscular system of an organism)

              • diaphragm [ENG31-05326156-n] ((anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities)
            • musculoskeletal system [ENG31-05469633-n] (the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form)
            • nervous system [ENG31-05469891-n] (the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells)

              • sympathetic nervous system [ENG31-05512782-n] (originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord)
              • parasympathetic nervous system [ENG31-05513330-n] (originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord)
            • central nervous system [ENG31-05488446-n] (the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord)
            • peripheral nervous system [ENG31-05511987-n] (the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord)
            • reproductive system [ENG31-05516797-n] (organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring)

              • female reproductive system [ENG31-05521180-n] (the reproductive system of females)
              • male reproductive system [ENG31-05521458-n] (the reproductive system of males)
            • urogenital system [ENG31-05517103-n] (the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine)
            • respiratory system [ENG31-05517540-n] (the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide)
            • sensory system [ENG31-05518353-n] (the body's system of sense organs)

              • auditory system [ENG31-05308006-n] (the sensory system for hearing)
              • visual system [ENG31-05308425-n] (the sensory system for vision)
              • vestibular apparatus [ENG31-05330584-n] (organs mediating the labyrinthine sense)
            • tract [ENG31-05518558-n] (a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose)

              • respiratory tract [ENG31-05517824-n] (the passages through which air enters and leaves the body)

                • lower respiratory tract [ENG31-05518009-n] (the bronchi and lungs)
                • upper respiratory tract [ENG31-05518157-n] (the nose and throat and trachea)
              • urinary tract [ENG31-05518712-n] (the organs and tubes involved in the production and excretion of urine)
            • vascular system [ENG31-05518937-n] (the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant)

              • water vascular system [ENG31-02154100-n] (system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration)
              • portal system [ENG31-05384858-n] (system of veins that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver)
              • lymphatic system [ENG31-05403709-n] (the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body)
              • circulatory system [ENG31-05519269-n] (the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body)

                • fetal circulation [ENG31-05519626-n] (the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus)
            • skeletal system [ENG31-05593033-n] (the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal)

              • endoskeleton [ENG31-05594096-n] (the internal skeleton)
              • exoskeleton [ENG31-05594409-n] (the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs)

                • plastron [ENG31-01906670-n] ((zoology) the part of a turtle's shell forming its underside)
          • ampulla [ENG31-05261661-n] (the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear)
          • tissue [ENG31-05274844-n] (part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function)

            • isthmus [ENG31-05274710-n] (a cord-like tissue connecting two larger parts of an anatomical structure)
            • animal tissue [ENG31-05275047-n] (the tissue in the bodies of animals)

              • chalaza [ENG31-01463604-n] (one of two spiral bands of tissue connecting the egg yolk to the enclosing membrane at either end of the shell)
              • embryonic tissue [ENG31-01466060-n] (tissue in an embryo)

                • germ layer [ENG31-01466160-n] ((embryology) any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation)

                  • ectoderm [ENG31-01466380-n] (the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue)

                    • neural tube [ENG31-01466574-n] (a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop)
                  • mesoderm [ENG31-01466718-n] (the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue)

                    • chordamesoderm [ENG31-01466959-n] (the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord)
                    • mesenchyme [ENG31-01467082-n] (mesodermal tissue that forms connective tissue and blood and smooth muscles)
                  • endoderm [ENG31-01467214-n] (the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems)
              • coronet [ENG31-02464844-n] (margin between the skin of the pastern and the horn of the hoof)
              • epithelium [ENG31-05247151-n] (membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body)

                • endothelium [ENG31-05247865-n] (an epithelium of mesoblastic origin)
                • mesothelium [ENG31-05248053-n] (epithelium originating in the embryonic mesoderm)
                • neuroepithelium [ENG31-05248193-n] (epithelium associated with special sense organs and containing sensory nerve endings)
                • decidua [ENG31-05527358-n] (the epithelial tissue of the endometrium)
              • flesh [ENG31-05275611-n] (the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat)
              • capillary bed [ENG31-05276009-n] (a layer of tissue densely packed with capillaries)
              • parenchyma [ENG31-05276118-n] (animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels)
              • interstitial tissue [ENG31-05276296-n] (tissue between the cells of a structure or part in plant or animal)

                • neuroglia [ENG31-05474706-n] (sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system)

                  • astroglia [ENG31-05475271-n] (tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells)
                  • microglia [ENG31-05475863-n] (neuroglial tissue of mesodermal origin that can become phagocytic)
                  • oligodendroglia [ENG31-05476175-n] (tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers)
              • adipose tissue [ENG31-05276464-n] (a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy)

                • flab [ENG31-05276900-n] (loose or flaccid body fat)
                • atheroma [ENG31-05276994-n] (a fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery)
                • cellulite [ENG31-05277167-n] (lumpy deposits of body fat especially on women's thighs etc.)
                • puppy fat [ENG31-05277283-n] (fat on the body of a baby or child)
                • mons [ENG31-05529934-n] (a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women)
                • belly [ENG31-05563550-n] (a protruding abdomen)

                  • pot [ENG31-05563704-n] (slang for a paunch)
                • spare tire [ENG31-05563837-n] (excess fat around the waistline)
              • connective tissue [ENG31-05294035-n] (tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells)

                • skin [ENG31-05245612-n] (a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch)

                  • investment [ENG31-01461257-n] (outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism)

                    • pellicle [ENG31-01461387-n] (thin protective membrane in some protozoa)
                  • thick skin [ENG31-02668043-n] (skin that is very thick (as an elephant or rhinoceros))
                  • skin graft [ENG31-05246767-n] (a piece of skin taken from a donor area and surgically grafted at the site of an injury or burn)
                  • buff [ENG31-05246919-n] (bare skin)
                  • dewlap [ENG31-05247023-n] (a hanging fold of loose skin on an elderly person's neck)
                  • prepuce [ENG31-05534590-n] (a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis)
                  • prepuce [ENG31-05534718-n] (a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris)
                  • scalp [ENG31-05547580-n] (the skin that covers the top of the head)
                  • cuticle [ENG31-05589582-n] (the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail)
                  • hangnail [ENG31-05592396-n] (a loose narrow strip of skin near the base of a fingernail)
                • areolar tissue [ENG31-05275754-n] (fibrous connective tissue with the fibers arranged in a mesh or net)
                • bone [ENG31-05277400-n] (rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates)

                  • furcula [ENG31-01897996-n] (a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds)

                    • wishbone [ENG31-01898152-n] (the furcula of a domestic fowl)
                  • splint bone [ENG31-02325469-n] (a rudimentary metacarpal or metatarsal bone on either side of the cannon bone in the leg of a horse or related animal)
                  • pastern [ENG31-02464697-n] (the part between the fetlock and the hoof)
                  • cannon bone [ENG31-02465655-n] (greatly developed metatarsal or metacarpal bone in the shank or cannon part of the leg in hoofed mammals)
                  • fishbone [ENG31-02470122-n] (a bone of a fish)
                  • anklebone [ENG31-05278882-n] (the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint)
                  • bare bone [ENG31-05279106-n] (bone stripped of flesh)
                  • cuboid bone [ENG31-05279184-n] (the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus)
                  • carpal bone [ENG31-05279313-n] (any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates)

                    • scaphoid bone [ENG31-05279775-n] (the largest wrist bone on the thumb side)
                    • lunate bone [ENG31-05279922-n] (one of the eight small wrist bones)
                    • triquetral [ENG31-05280044-n] (a wrist bone that articulates with the pisiform and hamate and lunate bones)
                    • pisiform [ENG31-05280244-n] (a small wrist bone that articulates only with the triquetral)
                    • trapezium [ENG31-05280390-n] (the wrist bone on the thumb side of the hand that articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals)
                    • trapezoid [ENG31-05280572-n] (the wrist bone between the trapezium and the capitate bones)
                    • capitate [ENG31-05280722-n] (the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metacarpus)
                    • hamate [ENG31-05280907-n] (the wrist bone in line with the 4th and 5th fingers)
                  • cartilage bone [ENG31-05281054-n] (any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue)
                  • centrum [ENG31-05281183-n] (the main body of a vertebra)
                  • cheekbone [ENG31-05281321-n] (the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek)
                  • clavicle [ENG31-05281604-n] (bone linking the scapula and sternum)
                  • coccyx [ENG31-05281746-n] (the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes)
                  • dentine [ENG31-05281945-n] (bone (calcified tissue) surrounding the pulp cavity of a tooth)
                  • ethmoid [ENG31-05282089-n] (one of the eight bones of the cranium)
                  • heelbone [ENG31-05282307-n] (the largest tarsal bone)
                  • hipbone [ENG31-05282458-n] (large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis)
                  • hyoid [ENG31-05282661-n] (a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles)
                  • ilium [ENG31-05282814-n] (the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone)
                  • ischium [ENG31-05282965-n] (one of the three sections of the hipbone)
                  • long bone [ENG31-05283150-n] (in limbs of vertebrate animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow)

                    • epiphysis [ENG31-05600259-n] (the end of a long bone)
                    • diaphysis [ENG31-05600488-n] (the main (mid) section of a long bone)
                    • arm bone [ENG31-05600772-n] (a bone in the arm)

                      • humerus [ENG31-05600936-n] (bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow)
                      • radius [ENG31-05601073-n] (the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm)
                      • ulna [ENG31-05601231-n] (the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm)
                    • leg bone [ENG31-05601792-n] (a bone of the leg)

                      • femur [ENG31-05581526-n] (the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton)
                      • fibula [ENG31-05601956-n] (the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle)
                      • tibia [ENG31-05602122-n] (the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle)
                  • ramus [ENG31-05283789-n] (the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical)
                  • membrane bone [ENG31-05284359-n] (any bone that develops within membranous tissue without previous cartilage formation)

                    • frontal bone [ENG31-05548864-n] (the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: includes the upper part of the orbits)
                    • parietal bone [ENG31-05549278-n] (either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium)
                    • occipital bone [ENG31-05549505-n] (a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull)
                  • metacarpal [ENG31-05284760-n] (any bone of the hand between the wrist and fingers)
                  • metatarsal [ENG31-05284904-n] (any bone of the foot between the ankle and the toes)
                  • nasal [ENG31-05285031-n] (an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose)
                  • ossicle [ENG31-05285227-n] (a small bone)

                    • auditory ossicle [ENG31-05285440-n] (ossicles of the middle ear that transmit acoustic vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear)

                      • malleus [ENG31-05333491-n] (the ossicle attached to the eardrum)
                      • incus [ENG31-05333888-n] (the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes)
                      • stapes [ENG31-05334013-n] (the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea)
                  • palatine [ENG31-05285651-n] (either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits)
                  • phalanx [ENG31-05286083-n] (any of the bones of the fingers or toes)
                  • pubis [ENG31-05286213-n] (one of the three sections of the hipbone)
                  • rib [ENG31-05286525-n] (any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates))

                    • true rib [ENG31-05599754-n] (one of the first seven ribs in a human being which attach to the sternum)
                  • round bone [ENG31-05286820-n] (bones that are round in shape)
                  • sacrum [ENG31-05286906-n] (wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis)
                  • scapula [ENG31-05287187-n] (either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings)
                  • sesamoid bone [ENG31-05288011-n] (any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint)

                    • patella [ENG31-05285894-n] (a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint)
                  • short bone [ENG31-05288197-n] (a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions)
                  • sphenoid bone [ENG31-05288497-n] (butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull)
                  • sternum [ENG31-05288688-n] (the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs)
                  • gladiolus [ENG31-05288951-n] (the large central part of the breastbone)
                  • manubrium [ENG31-05289083-n] (the upper part of the breastbone)
                  • xiphoid process [ENG31-05289190-n] (smallest of the three parts of the breastbone)
                  • tarsal [ENG31-05289373-n] (any bone of the tarsus)
                  • temporal bone [ENG31-05289499-n] (a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear)
                  • tooth [ENG31-05290245-n] (hard bonelike structures in the jaws of vertebrates)

                    • fang [ENG31-01468113-n] (hollow or grooved tooth of a venomous snake)
                    • tusk [ENG31-01468354-n] (a long pointed tooth specialized for fighting or digging)
                    • conodont [ENG31-01479337-n] (the tiny fossil cone-shaped tooth of a primitive vertebrate of order Conodonta)
                    • chopper [ENG31-05290997-n] (informal terms for a human `tooth')
                    • carnassial tooth [ENG31-05291148-n] (the last upper premolar and first lower molar teeth of a carnivore)
                    • front tooth [ENG31-05313689-n] (a tooth situated at the front of the mouth)

                      • bucktooth [ENG31-05313889-n] (a large projecting front tooth)
                    • back tooth [ENG31-05313975-n] (a tooth situated at the back of the mouth)
                    • malposed tooth [ENG31-05314103-n] (a tooth that has grown in a faulty position)
                    • permanent tooth [ENG31-05314207-n] (any of the 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth of early childhood and (with luck) can last until old age)
                    • primary tooth [ENG31-05314393-n] (one of the first temporary teeth of a young mammal (one of 20 in children))
                    • canine [ENG31-05314590-n] (one of the four pointed conical teeth (two in each jaw) located between the incisors and the premolars)

                      • fang [ENG31-01468234-n] (canine tooth of a carnivorous animal)
                    • premolar [ENG31-05314857-n] (a tooth having two cusps or points)
                    • incisor [ENG31-05315140-n] (a tooth for cutting or gnawing)
                    • molar [ENG31-05315272-n] (grinding tooth with a broad crown)

                      • wisdom tooth [ENG31-05315451-n] (any of the last 4 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw)
                  • turbinate bone [ENG31-05291315-n] (any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in man and other vertebrates)
                  • tympanic bone [ENG31-05291519-n] (the bone enclosing the middle ear)
                  • vertebra [ENG31-05291832-n] (one of the bony segments of the spinal column)

                    • cervical vertebra [ENG31-05596201-n] (one of 7 vertebrae in the human spine located in the neck region)

                      • atlas [ENG31-05596396-n] (the 1st cervical vertebra)
                      • axis [ENG31-05596490-n] (the 2nd cervical vertebra)
                    • thoracic vertebra [ENG31-05596782-n] (one of 12 vertebrae in the human vertebral column)
                    • lumbar vertebra [ENG31-05597028-n] (one of 5 vertebrae in the human vertebral column)
                    • sacral vertebra [ENG31-05597246-n] (one of 5 vertebrae in the human spine that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum)
                    • coccygeal vertebra [ENG31-05597406-n] (one of 4 vertebrae in the human coccyx)
                  • zygoma [ENG31-05292350-n] (the slender arch formed by the temporal process of the cheekbone that bridges to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone)
                  • modiolus [ENG31-05330283-n] (the central conical bony pillar of the cochlea)
                  • lacrimal bone [ENG31-05339773-n] (small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts)
                  • skull [ENG31-05547754-n] (the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates)
                  • calvaria [ENG31-05548040-n] (the dome of the skull)
                  • cranium [ENG31-05548146-n] (the part of the skull that encloses the brain)
                  • occiput [ENG31-05548609-n] (back part of the head or skull)
                  • sinciput [ENG31-05548730-n] (the front part of the head or skull (including the forehead))
                  • jaw [ENG31-05553673-n] (the part of the skull of a vertebrate that frames the mouth and holds the teeth)

                    • lower jaw [ENG31-05283404-n] (the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth)

                      • lantern jaw [ENG31-05607785-n] (a long thin lower jaw)
                    • upper jaw [ENG31-05291631-n] (the jaw in vertebrates that is fused to the cranium)
                    • chop [ENG31-05553931-n] (a jaw)
                  • vomer [ENG31-05618489-n] (thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum)
                  • Wormian bone [ENG31-05618674-n] (any of the tiny soft bones found in the sutures between cranial bones)
                  • marrowbone [ENG31-07888891-n] (a bone containing edible marrow)
                • marrow [ENG31-05293122-n] (the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones)

                  • red marrow [ENG31-05293334-n] (bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells)
                  • yellow marrow [ENG31-05293507-n] (bone marrow that is yellow with fat)
                • elastic tissue [ENG31-05294867-n] (connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments)
                • endoneurium [ENG31-05295106-n] (delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve)
                • ligament [ENG31-05302880-n] (a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs)

                  • falciform ligament [ENG31-05303092-n] (a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall)
                  • round ligament of the uterus [ENG31-05303239-n] (ligament attached to the uterus on either side in front of and below the opening of the Fallopian tube and passing through the inguinal canal to the labia majora)
                • perineurium [ENG31-05303500-n] (the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of nerve fibers)
                • perimysium [ENG31-05303626-n] (the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers)
                • tendon [ENG31-05303752-n] (a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment)

                  • hamstring [ENG31-05578335-n] (one of the tendons at the back of the knee)
                  • Achilles tendon [ENG31-05586371-n] (a large tendon that runs from the heel to the calf)
                • submucosa [ENG31-05437571-n] (the connective tissue beneath mucous membrane)
                • fascia [ENG31-05590163-n] (a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc)

                  • aponeurosis [ENG31-05590340-n] (any of the deeper and thicker fascia that attach muscles to bones)
                • scar tissue [ENG31-05591472-n] (the connective tissue that forms a scar)

                  • adhesion [ENG31-05591658-n] (a fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures)
                • granulation [ENG31-14261300-n] (new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process)

                  • proud flesh [ENG31-14342246-n] (the swollen tissue around a healing wound or ulcer)
              • lymphatic tissue [ENG31-05295381-n] (tissue making up the lymphatic system)

                • tonsil [ENG31-05316575-n] (either of two masses of lymphatic tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx)
                • spleen [ENG31-05341015-n] (a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm)
                • lymph node [ENG31-05437672-n] (the source of lymph and lymphocytes)

                  • axillary node [ENG31-05437877-n] (any of the lymph glands of the armpit)
                  • Peyer's patch [ENG31-05438031-n] (any of several lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon)
                  • bubo [ENG31-14339149-n] (a lymph node that is inflamed and swollen because of plague or gonorrhea or tuberculosis)
                • pharyngeal tonsil [ENG31-05536919-n] (a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx))
              • cartilage [ENG31-05295590-n] (tough elastic tissue)

                • meniscus [ENG31-05295895-n] ((anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint)
                • fibrocartilage [ENG31-05296092-n] (cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue)
                • hyaline cartilage [ENG31-05296238-n] (translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages)
                • arytenoid [ENG31-05537725-n] (either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached)
                • thyroid cartilage [ENG31-05537929-n] (the largest cartilage of the larynx)
              • erectile tissue [ENG31-05296411-n] (vascular tissue capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid)
              • muscle [ENG31-05296556-n] (animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells)

                • striated muscle tissue [ENG31-05297242-n] (muscle tissue characterized by transverse stripes)
                • cardiac muscle [ENG31-05397282-n] (the muscle tissue of the heart)

                  • pacemaker [ENG31-05396803-n] (a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat)
                  • papillary muscle [ENG31-05397576-n] (any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves)
                  • atrioventricular bundle [ENG31-05397822-n] (a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract)
                  • atrioventricular node [ENG31-05398104-n] (a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium)
                  • myocardium [ENG31-05398343-n] (the middle muscular layer of the heart wall)
                  • Purkinje fiber [ENG31-05398461-n] (a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that is part of the Purkinje network)
                  • Purkinje network [ENG31-05398612-n] (a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to contract)
                • smooth muscle [ENG31-05467867-n] (muscle tissue that does not appear striated under the microscope)
              • fibrous tissue [ENG31-05302494-n] (tissue consisting of or containing fibers in both animals and plants)

                • trabecula [ENG31-05302659-n] (rod-shaped structures of fibrous tissue that divide an organ into parts (as in the penis) or stabilize the structure of an organ (as in the spleen))
              • nervous tissue [ENG31-05304274-n] (tissue composed of neurons)

                • fiber bundle [ENG31-05483333-n] (a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers))

                  • fornix [ENG31-05234902-n] (an arched bundle of white fibers at the base of the brain by which the hippocampus of each hemisphere projects to the contralateral hippocampus and to the thalamus and mamillary bodies)
                  • nerve [ENG31-05481998-n] (any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body)

                    • motor nerve [ENG31-05482390-n] (a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands)

                      • ventral root [ENG31-05432307-n] (one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes ventrally from the spinal cord and that consists of motor fibers)
                      • pyramidal tract [ENG31-05499264-n] (any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord)
                    • sensory nerve [ENG31-05482786-n] (a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system)

                      • dorsal root [ENG31-05432547-n] (one of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally from the spinal cord and that consists of sensory fibers)
                      • lemniscus [ENG31-05483214-n] (a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus)
                    • cranial nerve [ENG31-05483908-n] (any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem)

                      • olfactory nerve [ENG31-05485598-n] (a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa)
                      • optic nerve [ENG31-05485988-n] (the cranial nerve that serves the retina)
                      • oculomotor [ENG31-05486178-n] (supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye)
                      • trochlear [ENG31-05486336-n] (either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes)
                      • trigeminal [ENG31-05486548-n] (the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication)
                      • abducent [ENG31-05486760-n] (a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye)
                      • facial [ENG31-05486966-n] (cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles)
                      • acoustic nerve [ENG31-05487155-n] (a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea)
                      • glossopharyngeal nerve [ENG31-05487438-n] (sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue)
                      • vagus [ENG31-05487728-n] (a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera)
                      • accessory nerve [ENG31-05488053-n] (arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve)
                      • hypoglossal [ENG31-05488259-n] (supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles)
                    • depressor [ENG31-05484244-n] (any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves)
                    • radial nerve [ENG31-05512458-n] (largest branch of the brachial plexus)
                    • splanchnic nerve [ENG31-05513130-n] (any of several nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels)
                    • sciatic nerve [ENG31-05575508-n] (arises from the sacral plexus and passes about halfway down the thigh where it divides into the common peroneal and tibial nerves)
                    • saphenous nerve [ENG31-05575982-n] (a branch of the femoral nerve that supplies cutaneous branches to the inner aspect of the leg and foot)
                    • ulnar nerve [ENG31-05576400-n] (a nerve running along the inner side of the arm and passing near the elbow)

                      • funny bone [ENG31-05588293-n] (a point on the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes near the surface)
                    • spinal nerve [ENG31-05576686-n] (any of the 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord (each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal))

                      • spinal nerve root [ENG31-05256763-n] (one of two roots of the spinal nerves)
                      • femoral nerve [ENG31-05575737-n] (one of a pair of nerves that originate from lumbar nerves and supply the muscles and skin of the anterior part of the thigh)
                      • phrenic nerve [ENG31-05576183-n] (one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing)
                      • cervical nerve [ENG31-05577058-n] (any of eight pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the cervical section of the spinal cord)
                      • coccygeal nerve [ENG31-05577208-n] (the lowest pair of spinal nerves)
                      • lumbar nerve [ENG31-05577321-n] (any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar section of the spinal cord)
                      • sacral nerve [ENG31-05577466-n] (any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the sacral region of the spinal cord)
                      • thoracic nerve [ENG31-05577610-n] (any of twelve pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic region of the spinal cord)
                      • spinal nerve roots [ENG31-05598016-n] (either of two roots of the spinal nerves)
                • neuropil [ENG31-05490774-n] (the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded)
                • grey matter [ENG31-05491040-n] (greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers)
                • white matter [ENG31-05491329-n] (whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths)

                  • nerve pathway [ENG31-05483530-n] (a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain)

                    • optic radiation [ENG31-05236379-n] (a nerve pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex)
                    • commissure [ENG31-05483746-n] (a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord)

                      • corpus callosum [ENG31-05499113-n] (a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres)
                    • peduncle [ENG31-05484406-n] (a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain)
              • gingiva [ENG31-05312431-n] (the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth)
              • lens cortex [ENG31-05328184-n] (the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus)
              • flap [ENG31-05397105-n] (a movable piece of tissue partly connected to the body)

                • uvula [ENG31-05316770-n] (a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate)
                • soft palate [ENG31-05316917-n] (a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking)
                • protective fold [ENG31-05321204-n] (a flap of tissue that protects what it covers)

                  • eyelid [ENG31-05321347-n] (either of two folds of skin that can be moved to cover or open the eye)
                  • nictitating membrane [ENG31-05322189-n] (a protective fold of skin in the eyes of reptiles and birds and some mammals)

                    • haw [ENG31-05322384-n] (the nictitating membrane of a horse)
                • cusp [ENG31-05396968-n] (a thin triangular flap of a heart valve)
              • membrane [ENG31-05433820-n] (a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants)

                • trophoblast [ENG31-01464850-n] (the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development)
                • chorioallantois [ENG31-01476261-n] (the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois)
                • web [ENG31-01900969-n] (membrane connecting the toes of some aquatic birds and mammals)
                • Bowman's capsule [ENG31-05254964-n] (thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron)
                • axolemma [ENG31-05293666-n] (outer membrane covering an axon)
                • basilar membrane [ENG31-05293771-n] (a membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti)
                • fetal membrane [ENG31-05318315-n] (any membrane that functions for the protection or nourishment or respiration or excretion of a developing fetus)

                  • allantois [ENG31-01476034-n] (the vascular fetal membrane that lies below the chorion and develops from the hindgut in many embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals))
                  • caul [ENG31-05318121-n] (the inner membrane of embryos in higher vertebrates (especially when covering the head at birth))
                • choroid [ENG31-05320640-n] (a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera)
                • ciliary body [ENG31-05320869-n] (the part of the tunic of the eye between the choroid coat and the iris)
                • cornea [ENG31-05324904-n] (the transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye)

                  • arcus [ENG31-05325365-n] (a whitish deposit in the shape of an arc that is sometimes seen in the cornea)
                • eardrum [ENG31-05326381-n] (the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound)

                  • perforated eardrum [ENG31-05331936-n] (an eardrum with a hole or tear in it)
                • endocranium [ENG31-05326578-n] (membrane lining the inside of the skull)
                • endosteum [ENG31-05326694-n] (vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones)
                • ependyma [ENG31-05326829-n] (thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal)
                • fertilization membrane [ENG31-05326969-n] (the membrane that forms around a fertilized ovum and prevents penetration by additional spermatozoon)
                • hyaloid membrane [ENG31-05327138-n] (the transparent membrane enveloping the vitreous humor of the eye and separating it from the retina)
                • intima [ENG31-05327310-n] (the innermost membrane of an organ (especially the inner lining of an artery or vein or lymphatic vessel))
                • iris [ENG31-05327486-n] (muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil which in turn controls the amount of light that enters the eye)
                • lamella [ENG31-05333608-n] (a thin membrane that is one of the calcified layers that form bones)
                • meninx [ENG31-05334448-n] (a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord)

                  • leptomeninges [ENG31-05489980-n] (the two innermost layers of the meninges)
                  • dura mater [ENG31-05490181-n] (the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges)
                  • arachnoid [ENG31-05490328-n] (the middle of the 3 meninges)
                  • pia mater [ENG31-05490452-n] (the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges)
                • mucous membrane [ENG31-05334682-n] (mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior)

                  • conjunctiva [ENG31-05322645-n] (a transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and the under surface of the eyelid)

                    • bulbar conjunctiva [ENG31-05322932-n] (the part of the conjunctiva covering the anterior face of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea)
                    • palpebra conjunctiva [ENG31-05323162-n] (the part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the eyelids)
                    • pinguecula [ENG31-05323405-n] (a slightly elevated elastic tissue deposit in the conjunctiva that may extend to the cornea but does not cover it)
                    • pterygium [ENG31-05325153-n] (either of two thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge of the eye to the cornea)
                  • endometrium [ENG31-05527471-n] ((pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus)
                  • hymen [ENG31-05529585-n] (a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin)

                    • imperforate hymen [ENG31-05529799-n] (hymen that is completely closed so that menstrual blood cannot flow out)
                • periosteum [ENG31-05334921-n] (a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles)
                • perithelium [ENG31-05335200-n] (tissue layer around small blood vessels)
                • retina [ENG31-05434566-n] (the innermost light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball)
                • sarcolemma [ENG31-05435147-n] (an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber)
                • semipermeable membrane [ENG31-05454999-n] (a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others)

                  • cell membrane [ENG31-05320307-n] (a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell)
                • serous membrane [ENG31-05613699-n] (a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body)

                  • pleura [ENG31-05395458-n] (the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest)

                    • parietal pleura [ENG31-05395654-n] (pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm)
                    • visceral pleura [ENG31-05395780-n] (pleura that covers the lungs)
                  • peritoneum [ENG31-05435316-n] (a transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in mammals and covers most of the viscera)

                    • mesentery [ENG31-05436772-n] (a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines)

                      • mesocolon [ENG31-05436981-n] (mesentery that holds the lower colon to the dorsal abdominal wall)
                    • omentum [ENG31-05437102-n] (a fold of peritoneum supporting the viscera)

                      • greater omentum [ENG31-05437235-n] (part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines)
                      • lesser omentum [ENG31-05437417-n] (a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels)
                  • endocardium [ENG31-05435908-n] (the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves)
                  • pericardium [ENG31-05436050-n] (a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart)
                  • epicardium [ENG31-05436222-n] (the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium)
                  • parietal pericardium [ENG31-05436371-n] (the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum)
                • synovial membrane [ENG31-05614002-n] (a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid)
                • tunic [ENG31-05614388-n] (an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue)

                  • albuginea [ENG31-05614283-n] (whitish tunic)

                    • sclera [ENG31-05454794-n] (the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball)
                    • tunica albuginea testes [ENG31-05614184-n] (whitish cover of the testicle)
              • cortex [ENG31-05498230-n] (the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal)

                • adrenal cortex [ENG31-05498635-n] (the cortex of the adrenal gland)
                • renal cortex [ENG31-05498806-n] (the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules)
              • medulla [ENG31-05498451-n] (the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal)

                • adrenal medulla [ENG31-05498960-n] (the medulla of the adrenal gland)
              • matrix [ENG31-05589841-n] (the formative tissue at the base of a nail)
              • graft [ENG31-05590509-n] ((surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient)

                • autograft [ENG31-05590808-n] (tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person)
                • homograft [ENG31-05591036-n] (tissue or organ transplanted from a donor of the same species but different genetic makeup)
                • heterograft [ENG31-05591274-n] (tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species)
              • stroma [ENG31-05591802-n] (the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma))
          • mentum [ENG31-05284599-n] (a projection below the mouth of certain mollusks that resembles a chin)
          • organ [ENG31-05305022-n] (a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function)

            • ovipositor [ENG31-01463454-n] (egg-laying tubular structure at the end of the abdomen in many female insects and some fishes)
            • siphon [ENG31-01471554-n] (a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled)
            • ctene [ENG31-01921226-n] (a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused)
            • wing [ENG31-02154277-n] (a movable organ for flying (one of a pair))

              • ala [ENG31-02154592-n] (a wing of an insect)
              • forewing [ENG31-02154716-n] (either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has four wings)
              • halter [ENG31-02154864-n] (either of the rudimentary hind wings of dipterous insects)
              • pennon [ENG31-02155098-n] (wing of a bird)
              • wing case [ENG31-02155211-n] (either of the horny front wings in beetles and some other insects which cover and protect the functional hind wings)
            • foot [ENG31-02324865-n] (any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates)

              • tube foot [ENG31-02325039-n] (tentacular tubular process of most echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins and holothurians) having a sucker at the end and used for e.g. locomotion and respiration)
            • sucker [ENG31-02468045-n] (an organ specialized for sucking nourishment or for adhering to objects by suction)

              • cupule [ENG31-02468216-n] (a sucker on the feet of certain flies)
            • stinger [ENG31-02468324-n] (a sharp organ of offense or defense (as of a wasp or stingray or scorpion) often connected with a poison gland)

              • aculeus [ENG31-01903732-n] (a sharp-pointed process especially a sting of a hymenopterous insect)
            • contractile organ [ENG31-05297100-n] (a bodily organ that contracts)

              • muscle [ENG31-05296796-n] (one of the contractile organs of the body)

                • skeletal muscle [ENG31-05297360-n] (a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton)

                  • voluntary muscle [ENG31-05298396-n] (striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily)
                  • abductor [ENG31-05298509-n] (a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line)

                    • musculus abductor digiti minimi manus [ENG31-05298729-n] (the abductor muscle of the little finger)
                    • musculus abductor digiti minimi pedis [ENG31-05298872-n] (the abductor muscles of the little toe)
                    • musculus abductor hallucis [ENG31-05298994-n] (the abductor muscle of the great toe)
                    • musculus abductor pollicis [ENG31-05299103-n] (the abductor muscle of the thumb)
                  • adductor [ENG31-05299227-n] (a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line)

                    • musculus adductor brevis [ENG31-05299444-n] (the short adductor muscle of the thigh)
                    • musculus adductor longus [ENG31-05299572-n] (the long adductor muscle of the thigh)
                    • musculus adductor magnus [ENG31-05299699-n] (the muscle that adducts and extends the thigh)
                    • musculus adductor hallucis [ENG31-05299858-n] (the adductor muscle of the great toe)
                  • anconeous muscle [ENG31-05300355-n] (the muscle that extends the forearm and abducts the ulna in pronation of the wrist)
                  • articular muscle [ENG31-05301096-n] (a muscle that inserts directly onto the capsule of a joint)

                    • musculus articularis cubiti [ENG31-05301272-n] (a small branch of the triceps that inserts into the capsule of the elbow joint)
                    • musculus articularis genus [ENG31-05301443-n] (the articular muscle of the knee)
                  • extensor muscle [ENG31-05302105-n] (a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part)

                    • quadriceps [ENG31-05302318-n] (a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg)
                  • flexor muscle [ENG31-05304002-n] (a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint)
                  • deltoid [ENG31-05556983-n] (a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm)
                  • serratus [ENG31-05557963-n] (any of several muscles of the trunk)

                    • anterior serratus muscle [ENG31-05558127-n] (muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage)
                    • posterior serratus muscle [ENG31-05558321-n] (skeletal muscle that draws the rib cage backward and downward)

                      • serratus posterior inferior [ENG31-05558541-n] (a thin quadrilateral muscle at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions)
                      • serratus posterior superior [ENG31-05558775-n] (a thin quadrilateral muscle of the upper and dorsal part of the thorax)
                  • pectoral [ENG31-05559344-n] (either of two large muscles of the chest)

                    • pectoralis major [ENG31-05559572-n] (a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm)
                    • pectoralis minor [ENG31-05559739-n] (a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs)
                  • intercostal [ENG31-05559920-n] (muscles between the ribs)
                  • depressor [ENG31-05560100-n] (any skeletal muscle that draws a body part down)
                  • abdominal [ENG31-05564972-n] (the muscles of the abdomen)

                    • external oblique muscle [ENG31-05565472-n] (a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso)
                    • transversus abdominis muscle [ENG31-05565711-n] (a flat muscle with transverse fibers that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity)
                  • latissimus dorsi [ENG31-05566755-n] (a broad flat muscle on either side of the back)
                  • gluteus [ENG31-05577760-n] (any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh)

                    • gluteus maximus [ENG31-05578027-n] (the outermost of the three gluteal muscles)
                    • gluteus medius [ENG31-05578131-n] (the middle of the three gluteal muscles)
                    • gluteus minimus [ENG31-05578231-n] (the innermost of the three gluteal muscles)
                  • musculus sphincter ani externus [ENG31-05579535-n] (an external ring of striated muscle surrounding the anus)
                  • calf [ENG31-05581963-n] (the muscular back part of the shank)

                    • mid-calf [ENG31-05582150-n] (the middle of the calf)
                  • gastrocnemius [ENG31-05582264-n] (the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf)
                  • psoas [ENG31-05582493-n] (either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh)
                  • rhomboid [ENG31-05582633-n] (any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade)

                    • rhomboideus major muscle [ENG31-05582816-n] (rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the spinal column)
                    • rhomboid minor muscle [ENG31-05583005-n] (rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the vertebral column and slightly upward)
                  • soleus [ENG31-05583213-n] (a broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg under the gastrocnemius muscle)
                  • splenius [ENG31-05583374-n] (either of two flat muscles that extend from the upper vertebrae to the base of the skull and serve to rotate or flex or extend the head and neck)
                  • peroneus [ENG31-05583591-n] (muscle of the lower leg that is involved in moving the foot)
                  • pterygoid muscle [ENG31-05583705-n] (muscle descending from the sphenoid bone to the lower jaw)
                  • biceps [ENG31-05586870-n] (any skeletal muscle having two origins (but especially the muscle that flexes the forearm))

                    • musculus biceps femoris [ENG31-05586684-n] (the biceps muscle of the thigh)
                    • biceps brachii [ENG31-05587067-n] (a muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm)
                  • triceps [ENG31-05587235-n] (any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii))

                    • triceps brachii [ENG31-05587384-n] (the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts)
                  • axial muscle [ENG31-05595181-n] (a skeletal muscle of the trunk or head)
                  • sartorius [ENG31-05597546-n] (a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor)
                  • scalenus [ENG31-05597794-n] (any of four pairs of muscles extending from the cervical vertebrae to the second rib)
                  • sternocleidomastoid [ENG31-05598121-n] (one of two thick muscles running from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid and occipital bone)
                  • teres [ENG31-05598495-n] (either of two muscles in the shoulder region that move the shoulders and arms)

                    • teres major [ENG31-05598694-n] (teres muscle that moves the arm and rotates it medially)
                    • teres minor [ENG31-05598851-n] (teres muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally)
                  • tibialis [ENG31-05599011-n] (either of two skeletal muscle in each leg arising from the tibia)

                    • tibialis anticus [ENG31-05599258-n] (a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones)
                    • tibialis posticus [ENG31-05599416-n] (a deep muscle of the leg)
                  • trapezius [ENG31-05599525-n] (either of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms)
                  • facial muscle [ENG31-05609887-n] (any of the skeletal muscles of the face)

                    • cheek muscle [ENG31-05301567-n] (a muscle that flattens the cheek and retracts the angle of the mouth)
                    • masseter [ENG31-05301755-n] (a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing)
                    • platysma [ENG31-05301873-n] (either of two broad muscles located on either side of the neck and innervated by the facial nerve)
                  • temporalis muscle [ENG31-05610059-n] (muscle extending from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible)
                • pronator [ENG31-05299967-n] (a muscle that produces or assists in pronation)
                • supinator [ENG31-05300086-n] (a muscle (especially in the forearm) that produces or assists in supination)
                • levator [ENG31-05300235-n] (a muscle that serves to lift some body part (as the eyelid or lip))
                • antagonistic muscle [ENG31-05300539-n] ((physiology) a muscle that opposes the action of another)

                  • agonist [ENG31-05300767-n] (a muscle that contracts while another relaxes)
                  • antagonist [ENG31-05300919-n] (a muscle that relaxes while another contracts)
                • ocular muscle [ENG31-05323725-n] (one of the small muscles of the eye that serve to rotate the eyeball)

                  • abducens muscle [ENG31-05323957-n] (the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball outward)
                  • inferior rectus muscle [ENG31-05324224-n] (the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball down and medially)
                  • medial rectus muscle [ENG31-05324400-n] (the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball medially)
                  • superior rectus muscle [ENG31-05324563-n] (the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball upward and medially)
                • rectus [ENG31-05324140-n] (any of various straight muscles)
                • smooth muscle [ENG31-05468049-n] (a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart))

                  • myometrium [ENG31-05527819-n] (the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus)
                  • musculus sphincter ani internus [ENG31-05579688-n] (an internal ring of smooth muscle formed by circular fibers of the rectum)
                • sphincter [ENG31-05578470-n] (a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening)

                  • physiological sphincter [ENG31-05579132-n] (a sphincter that is not recognizable at autopsy because its resting arrangement cannot be distinguished from adjacent tissue)

                    • cardiac sphincter [ENG31-05578763-n] (the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach)
                  • anal sphincter [ENG31-05579344-n] (the sphincter muscle of the anus)
                  • urethral sphincter [ENG31-05579858-n] (a striated sphincter muscle that constricts the urethra)
                  • bladder sphincter [ENG31-05580027-n] (the sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder)
                  • musculus sphincter ductus choledochi [ENG31-05580260-n] (the smooth muscle sphincter of the common bile duct)
                  • musculus sphincter ductus pancreatici [ENG31-05580413-n] (the smooth muscle sphincter of the main pancreatic duct)
                  • pupillary sphincter [ENG31-05580571-n] (a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the iris)
                  • pyloric sphincter [ENG31-05580730-n] (the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum)
                • tensor [ENG31-05580937-n] (any of several muscles that cause an attached structure to become tense or firm)

                  • tensor tympani [ENG31-05581105-n] (a small muscle in the middle ear that tenses to protect the eardrum)
            • primordium [ENG31-05305658-n] (an organ in its earliest stage of development)
            • vital organ [ENG31-05305812-n] (a bodily organ that is essential for life)
            • effector [ENG31-05305920-n] (an organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses)
            • external organ [ENG31-05306071-n] (an organ that is situated on or near the surface of the body)

              • external ear [ENG31-05331271-n] (the part of the ear visible externally)
              • precordium [ENG31-05500654-n] (the external surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach)
            • internal organ [ENG31-05306228-n] (a main organ that is situated inside the body)

              • viscera [ENG31-05306487-n] (internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity))
              • excretory organ [ENG31-05340807-n] (an organ that separates waste substances from the blood and discharges them)

                • flame cell [ENG31-01461150-n] (organ of excretion in flatworms)
                • kidney [ENG31-05340350-n] (either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine)
              • liver [ENG31-05392877-n] (large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity)
              • heart [ENG31-05396148-n] (the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs)

                • athlete's heart [ENG31-05396525-n] (enlarged heart commonly found among athletes trained for endurance)
                • biauriculate heart [ENG31-05396653-n] (a heart (as of mammals and birds and reptiles) having two auricles)
              • stomach [ENG31-05403033-n] (an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal)

                • craw [ENG31-01976696-n] (a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food)
                • rumen [ENG31-02402076-n] (the first compartment of the stomach of a ruminant)
                • reticulum [ENG31-02402300-n] (the second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant)
                • psalterium [ENG31-02402443-n] (the third compartment of the stomach of a ruminant)
                • abomasum [ENG31-02402594-n] (the fourth compartment of the stomach of a ruminant)
              • respiratory organ [ENG31-05535693-n] (any organ involved in the process of respiration)

                • gill [ENG31-02513400-n] (respiratory organ of aquatic animals that breathe oxygen dissolved in water)

                  • ctenidium [ENG31-01956518-n] (comb-like respiratory structure serving as the gill of certain mollusks)
                  • ceras [ENG31-01956645-n] (one of the often brightly colored and branching hornlike structures on the back of the nudibranch (and other related mollusks) that serve as gills)
                  • external gill [ENG31-02513609-n] (occurs in some mollusks and in tadpoles and other immature amphibians)
                • lung [ENG31-05394887-n] (either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates)
                • book lung [ENG31-05535878-n] (organ in many arachnids containing many thin folds of membrane resembling the leaves of a book)
              • intestine [ENG31-05541966-n] (the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus)

                • small intestine [ENG31-05542345-n] (the longest part of the alimentary canal)

                  • duodenum [ENG31-05542588-n] (the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum)
                  • jejunum [ENG31-05542880-n] (the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum)
                  • ileum [ENG31-05543000-n] (the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum)
                • large intestine [ENG31-05543117-n] (beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum)

                  • colon [ENG31-05543502-n] (the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum)

                    • megacolon [ENG31-05543811-n] (an abnormal enlargement of the colon)
                    • transverse colon [ENG31-05544491-n] (the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon)
                    • ascending colon [ENG31-05544693-n] (the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon)
                    • descending colon [ENG31-05544876-n] (the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon)
                    • sigmoid colon [ENG31-05545050-n] (the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum)
              • hindgut [ENG31-05542211-n] (the caudal part of the alimentary canal in vertebrate embryos)
            • sense organ [ENG31-05306677-n] (an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation)

              • lateral line [ENG31-02468560-n] (sense organs of fish and amphibians)
              • interoceptor [ENG31-05307186-n] (any receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body)
              • exteroceptor [ENG31-05307313-n] (any receptor that responds to stimuli outside the body)
              • third eye [ENG31-05307426-n] (a sensory structure capable of light reception located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon in various reptiles)
              • baroreceptor [ENG31-05307627-n] (a sensory receptor that responds to pressure)
              • chemoreceptor [ENG31-05307730-n] (a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli)

                • tastebud [ENG31-05312635-n] (an oval sensory end organ on the surface of the tongue)
                • carotid body [ENG31-05347669-n] (a chemoreceptor located near the bifurcations of the carotid arteries)
                • nose [ENG31-05605902-n] (the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract)

                  • snout [ENG31-02455268-n] (a long projecting or anterior elongation of an animal's head)

                    • proboscis [ENG31-02455598-n] (a long flexible snout as of an elephant)
                  • snout [ENG31-02455444-n] (beaklike projection of the anterior part of the head of certain insects such as e.g. weevils)
                  • beak [ENG31-05606462-n] (informal terms for the nose)
                  • conk [ENG31-05606623-n] (informal term for the nose)
                  • hawk nose [ENG31-05606737-n] (a nose curved downward like the beak of a hawk)
                  • proboscis [ENG31-05606839-n] (the human nose (especially when it is large))
                  • pug nose [ENG31-05607153-n] (a short nose)
                  • Roman nose [ENG31-05607256-n] (a nose with a prominent slightly aquiline bridge)
              • thermoreceptor [ENG31-05307896-n] (a sensory receptor that responds to heat and cold)
              • eye [ENG31-05318579-n] (the organ of sight)

                • naked eye [ENG31-05319320-n] (the eye unaided by any optical instrument that alters the power of vision or alters the apparent size or distance of objects)
                • peeper [ENG31-05319565-n] (an informal term referring to the eye)
                • oculus dexter [ENG31-05319674-n] (the right eye)
                • oculus sinister [ENG31-05319752-n] (the left eye)
                • simple eye [ENG31-05319831-n] (an eye having a single lens)

                  • ommatidium [ENG31-05320139-n] (any of the numerous small cone-shaped eyes that make up the compound eyes of some arthropods)
                • compound eye [ENG31-05319952-n] (in insects and some crustaceans: composed of many light-sensitive elements each forming a portion of an image)
              • ear [ENG31-05328447-n] (the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium)
              • organ of hearing [ENG31-05328692-n] (the part of the ear that is responsible for sensations of sound)

                • organ of Corti [ENG31-05330403-n] (the hearing organ of the inner ear)
              • inner ear [ENG31-05328855-n] (a complex system of interconnecting cavities)
              • semicircular canal [ENG31-05330776-n] (one of three tube loops filled with fluid and in planes nearly at right angles with one another)
              • stretch receptor [ENG31-05331002-n] (a receptor in a muscle that responds to stretching of the muscle tissue)
            • tongue [ENG31-05308571-n] (a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity)
            • speech organ [ENG31-05313113-n] (any of the organs involved in speech production)

              • articulator [ENG31-05308891-n] (a movable speech organ)
              • glottis [ENG31-05309025-n] (the vocal apparatus of the larynx)
            • lens [ENG31-05327912-n] (biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye)
            • gland [ENG31-05335315-n] (any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream)

              • green gland [ENG31-01977758-n] (one of a pair of glands (believed to have excretory functions) in some crustaceans near the base of the large antennae)
              • silk gland [ENG31-02470809-n] (silk-producing gland of insects (especially of a silkworm) or spiders)
              • exocrine gland [ENG31-05336415-n] (a gland that secretes externally through a duct)

                • oil gland [ENG31-05335663-n] (a gland that secretes oil)

                  • uropygial gland [ENG31-02470648-n] (oil-secreting gland situated at the base of the tail in most birds)
                  • sebaceous gland [ENG31-05335780-n] (a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle) for lubricating hair and skin)

                    • Meibomian gland [ENG31-05336056-n] (a long sebaceous gland that lubricates the eyelids)
                    • Montgomery's tubercle [ENG31-05336243-n] (one of the sebaceous glands on the areolae of the breast that lubricate the breast during breast-feeding)
                • sweat gland [ENG31-05338207-n] (any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration)

                  • apocrine gland [ENG31-05338396-n] (a large sweat gland that produces both a fluid and an apocrine secretion)
                  • eccrine gland [ENG31-05338583-n] (a small sweat gland that produces only a fluid)
                • lacrimal gland [ENG31-05339201-n] (any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears)
                • pancreas [ENG31-05394510-n] (a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach)
                • Cowper's gland [ENG31-05531280-n] (either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra)
                • cervical glands [ENG31-05531713-n] (mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix)
                • seminal vesicle [ENG31-05535230-n] (either of a pair of glands located on either side of the male urinary bladder that open into the vas deferens and that secrete many components of semen during ejaculation)
                • digestive gland [ENG31-05540428-n] (any gland having ducts that pour secretions into the digestive tract)
                • salivary gland [ENG31-05540577-n] (any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion)

                  • parotid gland [ENG31-05540845-n] (a large salivary gland that produces 50% of daytime saliva)
                  • sublingual gland [ENG31-05541025-n] (a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva))
                  • submaxillary gland [ENG31-05541268-n] (a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva)
                • mammary gland [ENG31-05561822-n] (milk-secreting organ of female mammals)

                  • dug [ENG31-02372917-n] (an udder or breast or teat)
                  • udder [ENG31-02373012-n] (mammary gland of bovids (cows and sheep and goats))
                  • breast [ENG31-05562038-n] (either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman)
                • nabothian gland [ENG31-05562800-n] (one of many small glands of the uterine cervix that secrete mucus)
                • vestibular gland [ENG31-05562927-n] (a gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina)

                  • Bartholin's gland [ENG31-05531510-n] (either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus)
              • endocrine gland [ENG31-05337283-n] (any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream)

                • thyroid gland [ENG31-05337792-n] (located near the base of the neck)
                • parathyroid gland [ENG31-05337913-n] (any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland)
                • adrenal gland [ENG31-05338719-n] (either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney)
                • prostate gland [ENG31-05338952-n] (a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra)
                • thymus gland [ENG31-05340117-n] (a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity)
                • pituitary [ENG31-05491542-n] (the master gland of the endocrine system)
                • anterior pituitary [ENG31-05492007-n] (the anterior lobe of the pituitary body)
                • pars distilis [ENG31-05492225-n] (the anterior part of the anterior pituitary)
                • pars intermedia [ENG31-05492363-n] (a thin piece of tissue that has become part of the posterior pituitary)
                • posterior pituitary [ENG31-05492514-n] (the posterior lobe of the pituitary body)
                • pineal gland [ENG31-05492750-n] (a small endocrine gland in the brain)
                • islands of Langerhans [ENG31-05492966-n] (cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ)
                • corpus luteum [ENG31-05526265-n] (yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum)
                • gonad [ENG31-05532081-n] (a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced)

                  • ovary [ENG31-05522938-n] ((vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone)
                  • ovotestis [ENG31-05523196-n] (hermaphroditic gonad that contains both testicular and ovarian tissue)
                  • testis [ENG31-05532266-n] (one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens)

                    • cobblers [ENG31-05532751-n] (a man's testicles (from Cockney rhyming slang: cobbler's awl rhymes with ball))
                    • undescended testis [ENG31-05533042-n] (a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops)
            • organelle [ENG31-05453244-n] (a specialized part of a cell)

              • cilium [ENG31-01460746-n] (a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell)
              • lysosome [ENG31-05441779-n] (an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells))
              • nucleus [ENG31-05442503-n] (a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction)

                • pronucleus [ENG31-05439338-n] (the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote)
                • subthalamic nucleus [ENG31-05506232-n] (an oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus)
              • nucleolus [ENG31-05442853-n] (a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus)
              • mitochondrion [ENG31-05452965-n] (an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy)

                • sarcosome [ENG31-05453122-n] (a large mitochondrion in a striated muscle fiber)
              • centriole [ENG31-05453757-n] (one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells)
              • ribosome [ENG31-05453970-n] (an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell)
            • end organ [ENG31-05473044-n] (a specialized structure at the peripheral end of some motor or sensory nerve fibers)

              • end-plate [ENG31-05474045-n] (the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle)
              • osmoreceptor [ENG31-05474227-n] (sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure)
            • reproductive organ [ENG31-05520953-n] (any organ involved in sexual reproduction)

              • genitalia [ENG31-05521732-n] (external sex organ)

                • pudendum [ENG31-05521923-n] (human external genital organs collectively especially of a female)
                • female genitalia [ENG31-05522061-n] (external female sex organs)

                  • minge [ENG31-05271231-n] (vulgar term for a woman's pubic hair or genitals)
                  • cunt [ENG31-05529165-n] (obscene terms for female genitals)
                  • vulva [ENG31-05529287-n] (external parts of the female genitalia)
                • male genitalia [ENG31-05522556-n] (external male sex organs)
              • female internal reproductive organ [ENG31-05522368-n] (the reproductive organs of a woman)

                • uterus [ENG31-05526736-n] (a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females)

                  • venter [ENG31-05432140-n] (the womb)
              • male internal reproductive organ [ENG31-05522808-n] (the reproductive organs of a man)
              • male reproductive gland [ENG31-05532903-n] (the reproductive organs of a man)
              • nipple [ENG31-05562286-n] (the small projection of a mammary gland)
            • target organ [ENG31-05523718-n] ((radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance)
            • taret organ [ENG31-05523881-n] ((endocrinology) organ most affected by a particular hormone)
            • erectile organ [ENG31-05530920-n] (an organ containing erectile tissue)

              • clitoris [ENG31-05531071-n] (a female sexual organ homologous to the penis)
              • penis [ENG31-05534035-n] (the male sex organ (`member' is a euphemism))

                • cock [ENG31-05534354-n] (obscene terms for penis)
                • micropenis [ENG31-05534493-n] (an abnormally small penis)
          • venter [ENG31-05432023-n] (a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle))
          • energid [ENG31-05439161-n] (a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts)
          • process [ENG31-05477841-n] (a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant)

            • horn [ENG31-01328058-n] (one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates)

              • antler [ENG31-01328299-n] (deciduous horn of a member of the deer family)
            • horn [ENG31-01328494-n] (any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn)
            • crest [ENG31-01328656-n] (a showy growth of e.g. feathers or skin on the head of a bird or other animal)

              • tuft [ENG31-01328416-n] (a bunch of feathers or hair)
              • topknot [ENG31-01328839-n] (showy crest or knot of hair or feathers)
              • comb [ENG31-01794896-n] (the fleshy red crest on the head of the domestic fowl and other gallinaceous birds)
            • pseudopod [ENG31-01430489-n] (temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion)
            • flagellum [ENG31-01460943-n] (a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa))
            • hair [ENG31-01902791-n] (a filamentous projection or process on an organism)

              • bristle [ENG31-01904251-n] (a stiff hair)
              • whisker [ENG31-01904469-n] (a long stiff hair growing from the snout or brow of most mammals as e.g. a cat)
              • seta [ENG31-01904663-n] (a stiff hair or bristle)

                • chaeta [ENG31-01904335-n] (a stiff chitinous seta or bristle especially of an annelid worm)
              • pilus [ENG31-01904773-n] (hairlike structure especially on the surface of a cell or microorganism)
            • cirrus [ENG31-01902982-n] (a slender flexible animal appendage as on barnacles or crinoids or many insects)
            • spine [ENG31-01903129-n] (a sharp rigid animal process or appendage)

              • ray [ENG31-01903360-n] (any of the stiff bony spines in the fin of a fish)
              • quill [ENG31-01903478-n] (a stiff hollow protective spine on a porcupine or hedgehog)
            • aculea [ENG31-01903626-n] (small spiny outgrowth on the wings of certain insects)
            • style [ENG31-01903854-n] (a slender bristlelike or tubular process)

              • stylet [ENG31-01903989-n] (small needlelike appendage)
            • villus [ENG31-01904133-n] (a minute hairlike projection on mucous membrane)

              • chorionic villus [ENG31-01475829-n] (one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mother's uterine tissue to form the placenta)
            • tail [ENG31-02160209-n] (the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body)

              • rattle [ENG31-01757378-n] (loosely connected horny sections at the end of a rattlesnake's tail)
              • brush [ENG31-02160606-n] (a bushy tail or part of a bushy tail (especially of the fox))
              • bobtail [ENG31-02160718-n] (a short or shortened tail of certain animals)
              • caudal appendage [ENG31-02160865-n] (tail especially of a mammal posterior to and above the anus)
              • uropygium [ENG31-02161006-n] (posterior part of a bird's body from which the tail feathers grow)
              • oxtail [ENG31-02161146-n] (the skinned tail of cattle)
              • fluke [ENG31-02161271-n] (either of the two lobes of the tail of a cetacean)
              • scut [ENG31-02161391-n] (a short erect tail)
              • flag [ENG31-02161498-n] (a conspicuously marked or shaped tail)
            • fetlock [ENG31-02464980-n] (projection behind and above a horse's hoof)
            • tentacle [ENG31-02587274-n] (any of various elongated tactile or prehensile flexible organs that occur on the head or near the mouth in many animals)

              • antenna [ENG31-02587546-n] (one of a pair of mobile appendages on the head of e.g. insects and crustaceans)
              • barbel [ENG31-02587916-n] (slender tactile process on the jaws of a fish)
            • arista [ENG31-02587799-n] (bristlelike process near the tip of the antenna of certain flies)
            • acromion [ENG31-05287864-n] (the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade)
            • ala [ENG31-05317490-n] (a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism)
            • alveolar arch [ENG31-05317731-n] (the part of the upper or lower jawbones in which the teeth are set)
            • alveolar ridge [ENG31-05317876-n] (a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth)
            • acrosome [ENG31-05465371-n] (a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg)
            • caruncle [ENG31-05478833-n] (an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds)

              • wattle [ENG31-05479079-n] (a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards)
            • condyle [ENG31-05479281-n] (a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone)

              • condylar process [ENG31-05479489-n] (the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull)
              • lateral condyle [ENG31-05480046-n] (a condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur)
              • medial condyle [ENG31-05480190-n] (a condyle on the inner side of the lower extremity of the femur)
            • coronoid process [ENG31-05479684-n] (a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone)

              • coronoid process of the mandible [ENG31-05479857-n] (the coronoid process that provides an attachment for the temporal muscle)
            • epicondyle [ENG31-05480333-n] (a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments)

              • lateral epicondyle [ENG31-05480498-n] (epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur)
            • fimbria [ENG31-05480611-n] (thin projections forming a fringe (especially around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube))
            • apophysis [ENG31-05480756-n] ((anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or body part such as the process of a vertebra)
            • spicule [ENG31-05480970-n] (small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals)
            • osteophyte [ENG31-05481159-n] (small abnormal bony outgrowth)
            • papilla [ENG31-05481245-n] (a small projection of tissue at the base of a hair or tooth or feather)
            • papilla [ENG31-05481387-n] (a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell)
            • appendix [ENG31-05545209-n] (a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch)
            • mastoid [ENG31-05549826-n] (process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull)
            • styloid process [ENG31-05550049-n] (extends from the base of the temporal bone)
            • pterygoid process [ENG31-05550172-n] (two bony processes descending from the body of the sphenoid bone)
            • tuberosity [ENG31-05550319-n] (a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament)

              • deltoid tuberosity [ENG31-05256264-n] (a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches)
            • zygomatic process [ENG31-05554016-n] (a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch)
            • trochanter [ENG31-05581782-n] (one of the bony prominences developed near the upper extremity of the femur to which muscles are attached)
            • transverse process [ENG31-05595278-n] (one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs)
            • odontoid process [ENG31-05596641-n] (a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck)
            • metaphysis [ENG31-05600625-n] (the growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis)
            • olecranon [ENG31-05601409-n] (process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended)
            • ridge [ENG31-05611097-n] (any long raised border or margin of a bone or tooth or membrane)

              • supraorbital ridge [ENG31-05611230-n] (a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket)
            • excrescence [ENG31-05611405-n] ((pathology) an abnormal outgrowth or enlargement of some part of the body)

              • vegetation [ENG31-05611609-n] (an abnormal growth or excrescence (especially a warty excrescence on the valves of the heart))
            • papilla [ENG31-11840660-n] ((botany) a tiny outgrowth on the surface of a petal or leaf)
            • plant process [ENG31-13108856-n] (a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ)

              • podetium [ENG31-11554612-n] (an organ or body resembling a stalk)

                • seta [ENG31-11554811-n] (stalk of a moss capsule)
              • peristome [ENG31-11706345-n] ((botany) fringe of toothlike appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule)
              • haustorium [ENG31-11706518-n] (a root-like attachment in parasitic plants that penetrates and obtains food from the host)
              • apophysis [ENG31-13109220-n] ((botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers)
              • callus [ENG31-13109448-n] ((botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid)
              • blister [ENG31-13109618-n] ((botany) a swelling on a plant similar to that on the skin)
              • nodule [ENG31-13109749-n] (small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant)
              • spur [ENG31-13109895-n] (tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers)
              • aculeus [ENG31-13110179-n] (a stiff sharp-pointed plant process)

                • spine [ENG31-13110391-n] (a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf)

                  • glochidium [ENG31-13110662-n] (a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti))
              • acumen [ENG31-13110286-n] (a tapering point)
              • hair [ENG31-13110851-n] (filamentous hairlike growth on a plant)

                • stinging hair [ENG31-13111008-n] (a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid)
                • beard [ENG31-13111354-n] (a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses)

                  • awn [ENG31-13111503-n] (slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses)
              • node [ENG31-13174985-n] ((botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge)
              • burl [ENG31-13186942-n] (a large rounded outgrowth on the trunk or branch of a tree)
          • lobe [ENG31-05500955-n] ((anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part)

            • earlobe [ENG31-05331136-n] (the fleshy pendulous part of the external human ear)
            • hepatic lobe [ENG31-05393652-n] (any of the five lobes forming the liver)
            • lobe of the lung [ENG31-05395302-n] (any of the three lobes of the right lung or the two lobes of the left lung)
            • lobule [ENG31-05501302-n] (a small lobe or subdivision of a lobe)
            • frontal lobe [ENG31-05501410-n] (that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead)
            • prefrontal lobe [ENG31-05501644-n] (the anterior part of the frontal lobe)
            • parietal lobe [ENG31-05501782-n] (that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head)
            • occipital lobe [ENG31-05502017-n] (that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head)
            • temporal lobe [ENG31-05502585-n] (that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head)
          • rectum [ENG31-05545439-n] (the terminal section of the alimentary canal)
          • shoulder [ENG31-05556473-n] (the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm)
          • torso [ENG31-05557463-n] (the body excluding the head and neck and limbs)
          • thorax [ENG31-05560240-n] (the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates)

            • female chest [ENG31-05559127-n] (the chest of a woman)
            • male chest [ENG31-05559250-n] (the chest of a man)
          • thorax [ENG31-05561251-n] (the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen)
          • hip [ENG31-05563958-n] (either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh)
          • haunch [ENG31-05564105-n] (the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings)
          • abdomen [ENG31-05564576-n] (the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis)

            • underbelly [ENG31-05565356-n] (the soft belly or underside of an animal's body)
          • dorsum [ENG31-05565133-n] (the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part))
          • back [ENG31-05566350-n] (the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine)
          • small [ENG31-05566656-n] (the slender part of the back)
          • buttocks [ENG31-05566889-n] (the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on)
          • buttock [ENG31-05567360-n] (either of the two large fleshy masses of muscular tissue that form the human rump)
          • stump [ENG31-05568264-n] (the part of a limb or tooth that remains after the rest is removed)
          • shank [ENG31-05570389-n] (the part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle)
          • shin [ENG31-05570535-n] (the front part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle)
          • toe [ENG31-05585285-n] (forepart of a hoof)
          • joint [ENG31-05602838-n] ((anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion))

            • fetlock [ENG31-02465095-n] (the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern)
            • hock [ENG31-02465836-n] (tarsal joint of the hind leg of hoofed mammals)
            • stifle [ENG31-02466696-n] (joint between the femur and tibia in a quadruped)
            • elbow [ENG31-02470999-n] (the joint of a mammal or bird that corresponds to the human elbow)
            • suture [ENG31-05550526-n] (an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull))

              • coronal suture [ENG31-05551550-n] (the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull)
              • frontal suture [ENG31-05551711-n] (the suture between two halves of the frontal bone (usually obliterated by the age of 6))
              • intermaxillary suture [ENG31-05551897-n] (the suture between the two maxillae of the upper jawbone)
              • internasal suture [ENG31-05552065-n] (the suture between the two nasal bones)
              • lamboid suture [ENG31-05552208-n] (the suture between the occipital and parietal bones)
              • occipitomastoid suture [ENG31-05552358-n] (the suture between the occipital and the temporal bones)
              • parietomastoid suture [ENG31-05552539-n] (the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones)
              • sagittal suture [ENG31-05552680-n] (the suture uniting the two parietal bones)
            • synovial joint [ENG31-05550810-n] (a joint so articulated as to move freely)

              • mandibular joint [ENG31-05284167-n] (the joint between the head of the lower jawbone and the temporal bone)
              • gliding joint [ENG31-05585882-n] (a freely moving joint in which the articulations allow only gliding motions)

                • ankle [ENG31-05586073-n] (a gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus)
                • wrist [ENG31-05592578-n] (a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones)
              • hinge joint [ENG31-05588047-n] (a freely moving joint in which the bones are so articulated as to allow extensive movement in one plane)

                • knee [ENG31-05581233-n] (hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella)
                • elbow [ENG31-05587575-n] (hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped)
                • interphalangeal joint [ENG31-05587917-n] (any of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers or toes)
              • knuckle [ENG31-05592855-n] (a joint of a finger when the fist is closed)
              • ball-and-socket joint [ENG31-05603286-n] (a freely moving joint in which a sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone)

                • shoulder [ENG31-05556694-n] (a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula)
                • hip [ENG31-05603759-n] (the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum)
              • pivot joint [ENG31-05604943-n] (a freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation)
          • loins [ENG31-05605349-n] (the region of the hips and groin and lower abdomen)
          • feature [ENG31-05609513-n] (the characteristic parts of a person's face: eyes and nose and mouth and chin)

            • chin [ENG31-05607372-n] (the protruding part of the lower jaw)

              • double chin [ENG31-05607524-n] (a fold of fatty tissue under the chin)
            • brow [ENG31-05610303-n] (the part of the face above the eyes)
            • temple [ENG31-05610438-n] (the flat area on either side of the forehead)
            • cheek [ENG31-05610590-n] (either side of the face below the eyes)
            • jowl [ENG31-05610737-n] (a fullness and looseness of the flesh of the lower cheek and jaw (characteristic of aging))
            • jaw [ENG31-05610915-n] (the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it)
          • rudiment [ENG31-05611777-n] (the remains of a body part that was functional at an earlier stage of life)
        • corpus [ENG31-05228819-n] (the main part of an organ or other bodily structure)
        • acicula [ENG31-09209933-n] (a needlelike part or structure of a plant or animal or crystal)
        • base [ENG31-09238222-n] (the bottom or lowest part)
        • corner [ENG31-09279917-n] (a projecting part where two sides or edges meet)
        • craton [ENG31-09282406-n] (the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent)
        • cutting [ENG31-09285277-n] (a piece cut off from the main part of something)

          • pruning [ENG31-09423360-n] (something that has been pruned off of a plant)
        • fragment [ENG31-09308160-n] (a piece broken off or cut off of something else)

          • bit [ENG31-09244958-n] (a small fragment of something broken off from the whole)

            • matchwood [ENG31-09371846-n] (fragments of wood)
            • scale [ENG31-09448485-n] (a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin)

              • dander [ENG31-09285704-n] (small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people)
              • dandruff [ENG31-09285861-n] (loose scales shed from the scalp)
            • scurf [ENG31-09449499-n] ((botany) a covering that resembles scales or bran that covers some plant parts)
            • splinter [ENG31-09465742-n] (a small thin sharp bit or wood or glass or metal)
          • brickbat [ENG31-09252065-n] (a fragment of brick used as a weapon)
          • cinder [ENG31-09268118-n] (a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire)
          • clast [ENG31-09269040-n] ((geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock)
          • ember [ENG31-09296036-n] (a hot fragment of wood or coal that is left from a fire and is glowing or smoldering)
          • filing [ENG31-09302251-n] (a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file)

            • metal filing [ENG31-09375618-n] (a fragment of metal rubbed off by the use of a file)

              • iron filing [ENG31-09338668-n] (a fragment of iron rubbed off by the use of a file)
          • paring [ENG31-09408030-n] (a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something)

            • splint [ENG31-09465627-n] (a thin sliver of wood)
            • turning [ENG31-09487228-n] (a shaving created when something is produced by turning it on a lathe)
          • restriction fragment [ENG31-09430983-n] (the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme)
          • scraping [ENG31-09449185-n] ((usually plural) a fragment scraped off of something and collected)
          • spall [ENG31-09465050-n] (a fragment broken off from the edge or face of stone or ore and having at least one thin edge)
          • spark [ENG31-09465245-n] (a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction)
        • hunk [ENG31-09330206-n] (a large piece of something without definite shape)

          • nodule [ENG31-09394852-n] ((mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment))

            • geode [ENG31-09310723-n] ((mineralogy) a hollow rock or nodule with the cavity usually lined with crystals)
          • nugget [ENG31-09398393-n] (a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth)
        • nub [ENG31-09397558-n] (a small piece)

          • nubbin [ENG31-09397685-n] (a small nub (especially an undeveloped fruit or ear of corn))
        • segment [ENG31-09452291-n] (one of the parts into which something naturally divides)

          • metamere [ENG31-02668442-n] (one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally)
          • sarcomere [ENG31-05467739-n] (one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided)
          • section [ENG31-07763431-n] (a segment of a citrus fruit)
          • internode [ENG31-13150585-n] (a segment of a stem between two nodes)
        • slice [ENG31-09460145-n] (a thin flat piece cut off of some object)

          • section [ENG31-09451645-n] (a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope)
        • strip [ENG31-09472659-n] (a relatively long narrow piece of something)

          • row [ENG31-09440243-n] (a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally))
        • world [ENG31-09503939-n] (a part of the earth that can be considered separately)
      • reservoir [ENG31-09430745-n] (anything (a person or animal or plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies)
      • unit [ENG31-09488589-n] (a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else)

        • chain [ENG31-09263527-n] ((chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule))

          • closed chain [ENG31-09269789-n] ((chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop)

            • heterocyclic ring [ENG31-09325306-n] (a ring of atoms of more than one kind)
          • long chain [ENG31-09366172-n] ((chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule)
          • open chain [ENG31-09401841-n] (a chain of atoms in a molecule whose ends are not joined to form a ring)

            • branched chain [ENG31-09251399-n] (an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it)
            • straight chain [ENG31-09468916-n] (an open chain of atoms with no side chains)
        • couple [ENG31-09280469-n] ((physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines)

          • dipole [ENG31-09289852-n] (a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance)

            • electric dipole [ENG31-09294680-n] (a dipole with equal and opposite electric charges)
            • magnetic dipole [ENG31-09368590-n] (a dipole with opposing magnetic poles)
        • unit cell [ENG31-09488925-n] (the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal)
        • group [ENG31-14645624-n] ((chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule)

          • acyl [ENG31-14618888-n] (any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group)

            • acetyl [ENG31-14618636-n] (the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-))
            • foryml [ENG31-14884606-n] ((chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes)
          • alcohol group [ENG31-14619256-n] (the chemical group -OH)
          • aldehyde group [ENG31-14619356-n] (the chemical group -CHO)
          • alkyl [ENG31-14641367-n] (any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons)

            • ethyl [ENG31-14734486-n] (the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom)
            • methyl [ENG31-14976261-n] (the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane)

              • aminomethane [ENG31-14641893-n] (a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical)
              • hydroxymethyl [ENG31-14939223-n] (a methyl with hydroxide replacing the hydrogen atoms)
          • allyl [ENG31-14641605-n] (the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5)
          • amino [ENG31-14641775-n] (the radical -NH2)

            • glucosamine [ENG31-14776502-n] (an amino derivative of glucose that is a component of many polysaccharides)
          • amyl [ENG31-14642012-n] (a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds)
          • azido group [ENG31-14645372-n] (the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid)
          • azo group [ENG31-14645497-n] (the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups)
          • benzyl [ENG31-14646801-n] (the univalent radical derived from toluene)
          • benzoyl group [ENG31-14646946-n] (the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid)
          • cacodyl [ENG31-14812884-n] (the univalent group derived from arsine)
          • carbonyl group [ENG31-14814863-n] (the bivalent radical CO)
          • carboxyl [ENG31-14814966-n] (the univalent radical -COOH)
          • chromophore [ENG31-14832317-n] (the chemical group that gives color to a molecule)
          • cyano group [ENG31-14851361-n] (the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound)
          • glyceryl [ENG31-14910594-n] (a trivalent radical derived from glycerol by removing the three hydroxyl radicals)
          • hydrazo group [ENG31-14938695-n] (the bivalent group -HNNH- derived from hydrazine)
          • hydroxyl [ENG31-14938926-n] (the monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols)
          • ketone group [ENG31-14951075-n] (a group having the characteristic properties of ketones)
          • methylene group [ENG31-14976122-n] (the bivalent radical CH2 derived from methane)
          • propyl [ENG31-15023532-n] (the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane)
          • butyl [ENG31-15032592-n] (a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9))
          • nitro group [ENG31-15040439-n] (the group -NO3)
          • nitrite [ENG31-15040530-n] (the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid))

            • sodium nitrite [ENG31-15040690-n] (nitrite used to preserve and color food especially in meat and fish products)
          • uranyl [ENG31-15109566-n] (the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids)
          • vinyl [ENG31-15112875-n] (a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene)
        • molecule [ENG31-14706294-n] ((physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound)

          • dipole molecule [ENG31-09290034-n] (a molecule that is a permanent dipole)
          • protein molecule [ENG31-09422774-n] (any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds)
          • coenzyme [ENG31-14824447-n] (a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes)

            • cocarboxylase [ENG31-14824308-n] (a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle)
            • coenzyme A [ENG31-14824709-n] (a coenzyme present in all living cells)
            • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [ENG31-14986751-n] (a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid)
            • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [ENG31-14986976-n] (a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes)
            • triphosphopyridine nucleotide [ENG31-15104844-n] (a coenzyme of several enzymes)
            • ubiquinone [ENG31-15107457-n] (any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration)
          • ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [ENG31-14875855-n] (a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning)
          • macromolecule [ENG31-14969026-n] (any very large complex molecule)

            • protein [ENG31-14752903-n] (any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells)

              • capsid [ENG31-01332435-n] (the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus)
              • gluten [ENG31-07585802-n] (a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains)

                • corn gluten [ENG31-07586012-n] (gluten prepared from corn)
                • wheat gluten [ENG31-07586200-n] (gluten prepared from wheat)
              • recombinant protein [ENG31-14753812-n] (a protein derived from recombinant DNA)
              • actomyosin [ENG31-14753916-n] (a protein complex in muscle fibers)
              • aleurone [ENG31-14754132-n] (granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains)
              • amyloid [ENG31-14754284-n] ((pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue)
              • apoenzyme [ENG31-14754480-n] (a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme)
              • conjugated protein [ENG31-14755314-n] (a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances)

                • glycoprotein [ENG31-14912461-n] (a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component)

                  • mucin [ENG31-14755134-n] (a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions)
                  • erythropoietin [ENG31-14874504-n] (a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells)
                  • cluster of differentiation 4 [ENG31-14912680-n] (a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells)
                  • cluster of differentiation 8 [ENG31-14912871-n] (a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells)
                  • lectin [ENG31-14913225-n] (any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus)
                  • mucoid [ENG31-14980166-n] (any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin)
                • hemoprotein [ENG31-14913035-n] (a conjugated protein linked to a compound of iron and porphyrin)

                  • hemoglobin [ENG31-15048807-n] (a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color)

                    • oxyhemoglobin [ENG31-15049340-n] (the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs)
                  • myoglobin [ENG31-15049173-n] (a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed)
                  • cytochrome [ENG31-15050138-n] ((biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration))

                    • cytochrome c [ENG31-15050382-n] (the most abundant and stable cytochrome)
                • lipoprotein [ENG31-14963368-n] (a conjugated protein having a lipid component)

                  • high-density lipoprotein [ENG31-14931500-n] (a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood)
                  • low-density lipoprotein [ENG31-14967147-n] (a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood)
                  • very low density lipoprotein [ENG31-15112199-n] (large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides)
              • enzyme [ENG31-14757125-n] (any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions)

                • adenosine deaminase [ENG31-14731522-n] (an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia)
                • amylase [ENG31-14759636-n] (any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants)

                  • ptyalin [ENG31-14762700-n] (an amylase secreted in saliva)
                • cholinesterase [ENG31-14760001-n] (an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid))
                • coagulase [ENG31-14760132-n] (an enzyme that induces coagulation)

                  • thrombin [ENG31-14761428-n] (an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot)
                  • rennin [ENG31-15028884-n] (an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice)
                • collagenase [ENG31-14760258-n] (any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin)
                • complement [ENG31-14760380-n] (one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response)
                • catalase [ENG31-14761818-n] (enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst)
                • cyclooxygenase [ENG31-14762026-n] (either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin)

                  • cyclooxygenase-1 [ENG31-14762231-n] (an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys)
                  • cyclooxygenase-2 [ENG31-14762474-n] (an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever)
                • decarboxylase [ENG31-14852985-n] (any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group)
                • de-iodinase [ENG31-14853243-n] (an enzyme that removes the iodine radical)
                • disaccharidase [ENG31-14860638-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides)

                  • invertase [ENG31-14945760-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose)
                  • lactase [ENG31-14953023-n] (any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose)
                • elastase [ENG31-14873710-n] (a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin)
                • enterokinase [ENG31-14874360-n] (enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin)
                • histaminase [ENG31-14932448-n] (enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine)
                • hyaluronidase [ENG31-14934316-n] (an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids)
                • isomerase [ENG31-14948497-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form)
                • kinase [ENG31-14952019-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme)
                • lipase [ENG31-14962825-n] (an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream)
                • lysozyme [ENG31-14968593-n] (an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria)
                • monoamine oxidase [ENG31-14978107-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin))
                • nitrogenase [ENG31-14987901-n] (an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia)
                • nuclease [ENG31-14988055-n] (general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units)

                  • endonuclease [ENG31-14629593-n] (a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes)

                    • restriction endonuclease [ENG31-15029638-n] (any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments)
                  • exonuclease [ENG31-14630315-n] (a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid)
                • oxidase [ENG31-14995793-n] (any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation)

                  • peroxidase [ENG31-15004289-n] (any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide)

                    • glutathione peroxidase [ENG31-14631017-n] (an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals)
                    • horseradish peroxidase [ENG31-14636796-n] (an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies)
                • oxidoreductase [ENG31-14996528-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction)

                  • oxygenase [ENG31-14997240-n] (an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen)
                • papain [ENG31-14998392-n] (a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya)
                • penicillinase [ENG31-15003103-n] (enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic)
                • pepsin [ENG31-15003288-n] (an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones)
                • pepsinogen [ENG31-15003446-n] (precursor of pepsin)
                • phosphatase [ENG31-15006542-n] (any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates)
                • plasmin [ENG31-15008333-n] (an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots)

                  • plasminogen [ENG31-15008470-n] (an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents)
                • polymerase [ENG31-15008937-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA)

                  • DNA polymerase [ENG31-15009143-n] (the enzyme responsible for DNA replication)
                  • transcriptase [ENG31-15009246-n] (the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA)
                  • reverse transcriptase [ENG31-15009358-n] (a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template)
                • protease [ENG31-15023673-n] (any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis)

                  • caspase [ENG31-14693984-n] (any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis)
                  • angiotensin converting enzyme [ENG31-14759821-n] (proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II)
                  • plasminogen activator [ENG31-15008625-n] (protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis)
                  • renin [ENG31-15028716-n] (a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys)
                • reductase [ENG31-15028212-n] (an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance)

                  • HMG-CoA reductase [ENG31-14636622-n] (a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol)
                • secretase [ENG31-15046127-n] (a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's))
                • streptodornase [ENG31-15085504-n] (an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections)
                • streptokinase [ENG31-15085738-n] (an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin)
                • superoxide dismutase [ENG31-15089592-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen)
                • telomerase [ENG31-15092849-n] (an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide)
                • transferase [ENG31-15102138-n] (any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound)

                  • ribonuclease [ENG31-14856216-n] (a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid)
                  • transaminase [ENG31-15101905-n] (a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound))

                    • glutamic oxalacetic transaminase [ENG31-14908820-n] (an enzyme involved in transamination)
                • trypsin [ENG31-15105619-n] (an enzyme of pancreatic origin)

                  • trypsinogen [ENG31-15105788-n] (inactive precursor of trypsin)
                • urease [ENG31-15108677-n] (an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia)
                • zymase [ENG31-15134153-n] (a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis)
              • fibrin [ENG31-14758120-n] (a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots)
              • filaggrin [ENG31-14758343-n] (the main protein of the keratohyalin granules)
              • growth factor [ENG31-14758527-n] (a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth)

                • nerve growth factor [ENG31-14758666-n] (a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells)
              • haptoglobin [ENG31-14758804-n] (a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds))
              • iodoprotein [ENG31-14758940-n] (a protein that contains iodine)

                • thyroprotein [ENG31-14946775-n] (a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine)
                • thyroglobulin [ENG31-14946917-n] (an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins)
              • nucleoprotein [ENG31-14759084-n] (any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells)
              • opsin [ENG31-14759256-n] (retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin)
              • phosphoprotein [ENG31-14759404-n] (containing chemically bound phosphoric acid)

                • casein [ENG31-14759526-n] (a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives)
              • plasma protein [ENG31-14760538-n] (any of the proteins in blood plasma)

                • gamma globulin [ENG31-15046956-n] (a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses)

                  • immunoglobulin [ENG31-15055048-n] (a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response)

                    • immunoglobulin A [ENG31-15055420-n] (one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins)
                    • immunoglobulin D [ENG31-15055640-n] (one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins)
                    • immunoglobulin E [ENG31-15055798-n] (one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins)

                      • reagin [ENG31-15055985-n] (an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen))
                    • immunoglobulin G [ENG31-15056272-n] (one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins)
                    • immunoglobulin M [ENG31-15056433-n] (one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins)
                    • tetanus immunoglobulin [ENG31-15056638-n] (sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus)
                • coagulation factor [ENG31-15047343-n] (any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation)

                  • fibrinogen [ENG31-15047723-n] (a protein present in blood plasma)
                  • prothrombin [ENG31-15095464-n] (a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin)
                  • thromboplastin [ENG31-15095602-n] (an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot)
                  • calcium ion [ENG31-15095796-n] (ion of calcium)
                  • proaccelerin [ENG31-15095933-n] (a coagulation factor)
                  • proconvertin [ENG31-15096070-n] (a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K)
                  • antihemophilic factor [ENG31-15096251-n] (a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A)
                  • Christmas factor [ENG31-15096527-n] (coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B)
                  • prothrombinase [ENG31-15096666-n] (coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors)
                  • plasma thromboplastin antecedent [ENG31-15096898-n] (coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency)
                  • Hageman factor [ENG31-15097058-n] (coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood)
                  • fibrinase [ENG31-15097224-n] (in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot)
              • prostate specific antigen [ENG31-14760689-n] (a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland)
              • proteome [ENG31-14761033-n] (the full complement of proteins produced by a particular genome)
              • simple protein [ENG31-14761151-n] (a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed)

                • actin [ENG31-14755513-n] (one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split)
                • albumin [ENG31-14755688-n] (a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids)

                  • ricin [ENG31-14720624-n] (a toxic protein extracted from castor beans)
                  • lactalbumin [ENG31-14755895-n] (albumin occurring in milk)
                  • serum albumin [ENG31-14755978-n] (albumin occurring in blood serum)
                • globulin [ENG31-15046738-n] (a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed)

                  • alpha globulin [ENG31-14756143-n] (a globulin in blood plasma or serum that is alkaline and has great electrophoretic mobility)
                  • serum globulin [ENG31-14756295-n] (globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood)

                    • C-reactive protein [ENG31-14756478-n] (a byproduct of inflammation)
                  • myosin [ENG31-15047184-n] (the commonest protein in muscle)
                  • transferrin [ENG31-15102484-n] (a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron)
                • globin [ENG31-15050509-n] (a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin)
                • glutelin [ENG31-15050722-n] (a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals)
                • histone [ENG31-15050823-n] (a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids)
                • prolamine [ENG31-15050987-n] (a simple protein found in plants)
                • protamine [ENG31-15051075-n] (a simple protein found in fish sperm)
                • scleroprotein [ENG31-15051283-n] (a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye)

                  • collagen [ENG31-05294589-n] (a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue)
                  • elastin [ENG31-05295230-n] (a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries)
                  • gelatin [ENG31-14754732-n] (a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin)
                  • chondrin [ENG31-14754981-n] (a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water)
                  • keratin [ENG31-14756651-n] (a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves)
              • cytokine [ENG31-14852363-n] (any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system)

                • tumor necrosis factor [ENG31-14761544-n] (a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages))
                • lymphokine [ENG31-14968088-n] (a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages))

                  • interleukin [ENG31-14945228-n] (any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system)
              • ferritin [ENG31-14890317-n] (a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen)
              • antibody [ENG31-15051756-n] (any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response)

                • autoantibody [ENG31-15052185-n] (an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it)

                  • rheumatoid factor [ENG31-14210711-n] (autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis)
                • precipitin [ENG31-15052329-n] (an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen)
                • ABO antibodies [ENG31-15052455-n] (blood type antibodies)
                • Rh antibody [ENG31-15052537-n] (rhesus factor antibody)
                • antitoxin [ENG31-15052617-n] (an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin)

                  • antivenin [ENG31-15052775-n] (an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal)
                  • tetanus antitoxin [ENG31-15052945-n] (antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus)
                • agglutinin [ENG31-15053251-n] (an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen)

                  • isoagglutinin [ENG31-15053385-n] (an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species)
                • heterophil antibody [ENG31-15053859-n] (an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis)
                • isoantibody [ENG31-15054049-n] (an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species)
                • monoclonal antibody [ENG31-15054348-n] (any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules)

                  • infliximab [ENG31-15054589-n] (a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis)
                • opsonin [ENG31-15054831-n] (an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes)
            • carbohydrate [ENG31-14816873-n] (an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals)

              • ribose [ENG31-14720492-n] (a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid)
              • beet sugar [ENG31-14798652-n] (sugar made from sugar beets)
              • cane sugar [ENG31-14815623-n] (sucrose obtained from sugar cane)

                • demerara [ENG31-14853640-n] (a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana)
              • deoxyribose [ENG31-14857684-n] (a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids)
              • invert sugar [ENG31-14945915-n] (a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose)
              • maple sugar [ENG31-14971840-n] (sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree)
              • monosaccharide [ENG31-14978423-n] (a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars)

                • triose [ENG31-14713978-n] (any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule)
                • tetrose [ENG31-14714101-n] (any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule)
                • pentose [ENG31-14714224-n] (any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule)
                • hexose [ENG31-14714347-n] (a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule)

                  • aldohexose [ENG31-14734662-n] (a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group)

                    • glucose [ENG31-14908271-n] (a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms)

                      • corn sugar [ENG31-14847860-n] (dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch)
                      • dextrose [ENG31-14908487-n] (an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits)
                      • blood sugar [ENG31-14908632-n] (glucose in the bloodstream)
                  • ketohexose [ENG31-14951725-n] (a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group)

                    • fructose [ENG31-14899083-n] (a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits)
                • aldose [ENG31-14734823-n] (a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal)
                • ketose [ENG31-14951877-n] (any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal)
              • oligosaccharide [ENG31-14993432-n] (any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis)

                • disaccharide [ENG31-14860812-n] (any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis)

                  • lactose [ENG31-14953600-n] (a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule)
                  • maltose [ENG31-14970756-n] (a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches)
                  • sucrose [ENG31-15087345-n] (a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent)

                    • galactose [ENG31-14900922-n] (a simple sugar found in lactose)
                • tetrasaccharide [ENG31-15093728-n] (any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis)

                  • stachyose [ENG31-15077419-n] (a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke)
                • trisaccharide [ENG31-15105138-n] (any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis)

                  • raffinose [ENG31-15027246-n] (a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals)
              • polysaccharide [ENG31-15018571-n] (any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules)

                • heparin [ENG31-03520118-n] (a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood)
                • chitin [ENG31-14756901-n] (a tough semitransparent horny substance)
                • cellulose [ENG31-14818091-n] (a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers)

                  • carboxymethyl cellulose [ENG31-14818373-n] (an acid derivative of cellulose)
                  • diethylaminoethyl cellulose [ENG31-14818474-n] (used for chromatography)
                  • pulp [ENG31-14818588-n] (a mixture of cellulose fibers)

                    • bagasse [ENG31-14796478-n] (the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants)
                    • wood pulp [ENG31-15128201-n] (wood that has been ground to a pulp)
                  • pectin [ENG31-15002791-n] (any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables)
                • glycogen [ENG31-14819919-n] (one form in which body fuel is stored)
                • inulin [ENG31-14820129-n] (used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function)
                • dextrin [ENG31-14858495-n] (any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch)
                • mucopolysaccharide [ENG31-14980282-n] (complex polysaccharides containing an amino group)

                  • hyaluronic acid [ENG31-14934046-n] (a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye)
                • starch [ENG31-15078434-n] (a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice)

                  • arum [ENG31-11800487-n] (starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root)
                  • cassava [ENG31-14785757-n] (a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant)
                  • arrowroot [ENG31-15078914-n] (a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant)
                  • cornstarch [ENG31-15079034-n] (starch prepared from the grains of corn)
                  • sago [ENG31-15079174-n] (powdery starch from certain sago palms)

                    • pearl sago [ENG31-15079337-n] (sago ground into small round grains)
                  • amyloid [ENG31-15079429-n] (a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch)
                  • Otaheite arrowroot [ENG31-15079613-n] (a starch obtained from the root of the pia)
              • jaggery [ENG31-15087522-n] (unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap)
              • wood sugar [ENG31-15128347-n] (a sugar extracted from wood or straw)
            • lipid [ENG31-14963045-n] (an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents)

              • fat [ENG31-14888511-n] (a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides))

                • edible fat [ENG31-07687880-n] (oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue)

                  • cracklings [ENG31-07687590-n] (the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered)
                  • lard [ENG31-07688166-n] (soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog)
                  • marbling [ENG31-07688328-n] (the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat)
                  • shortening [ENG31-07688432-n] (fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods)
                  • suet [ENG31-07688535-n] (hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and sheep)
                  • drippings [ENG31-07688994-n] (fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried)
                  • vegetable oil [ENG31-07689142-n] (any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants)

                    • cooking oil [ENG31-07688890-n] (any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking)
                    • sweet oil [ENG31-07689617-n] (mild vegetable oil when used as food)
                    • canola oil [ENG31-07689746-n] (vegetable oil made from rapeseed)
                    • coconut oil [ENG31-07689906-n] (oil from coconuts)
                    • corn oil [ENG31-07690012-n] (oil from the germs of corn grains)
                    • cottonseed oil [ENG31-07690138-n] (edible oil pressed from cottonseeds)
                    • olive oil [ENG31-07690253-n] (oil from olives)
                    • palm oil [ENG31-07690362-n] (oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm)
                    • peanut oil [ENG31-07690494-n] (an oil from peanuts)
                    • salad oil [ENG31-07690657-n] (any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings)
                    • safflower oil [ENG31-07690785-n] (oil from seeds of the safflower plant)
                    • sesame oil [ENG31-07690901-n] (oil obtained from sesame seeds)
                    • soybean oil [ENG31-07691007-n] (oil from soya beans)
                    • sunflower oil [ENG31-07691156-n] (oil from sunflower seeds)
                    • walnut oil [ENG31-07691280-n] (oil from walnuts)
                    • madia oil [ENG31-12015187-n] (used as a substitute for olive oil)
                    • drying oil [ENG31-14779820-n] (an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base)
                • animal fat [ENG31-14811690-n] (any fat obtained from animals)

                  • bone fat [ENG31-14807197-n] (fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming)
                  • butterfat [ENG31-14811877-n] (the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made)
                • cocoa butter [ENG31-14888882-n] (a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans)
                • leaf fat [ENG31-14888976-n] (fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard)
                • myelin [ENG31-14982032-n] (a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers)
                • polyunsaturated fat [ENG31-15019391-n] (a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms)
              • triglyceride [ENG31-14909520-n] (glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues)
              • oil [ENG31-14991055-n] (a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water)

                • sassafras oil [ENG31-11727980-n] (oil from root bark of sassafras trees)
                • calamus oil [ENG31-11801770-n] (carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume)
                • mustard oil [ENG31-11898989-n] (oil obtained from mustard seeds and used in making soap)
                • rape oil [ENG31-11900501-n] (edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant)
                • safflower oil [ENG31-11966902-n] (oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints)
                • hydnocarpus oil [ENG31-12400546-n] (oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia))
                • babassu oil [ENG31-12613732-n] (fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil)
                • cohune-nut oil [ENG31-12614269-n] (semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm)
                • almond oil [ENG31-12666515-n] (pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds)
                • pennyroyal oil [ENG31-12868972-n] (aromatic oil from American pennyroyal)
                • hyssop oil [ENG31-12869530-n] (used chiefly in liqueurs)
                • spike lavender oil [ENG31-12871291-n] (pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics)
                • pennyroyal oil [ENG31-12877628-n] (oil from European pennyroyal having an odor like mint)
                • croton oil [ENG31-12943693-n] (viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action)
                • fuel oil [ENG31-14710746-n] (a petroleum product used for fuel)

                  • gas oil [ENG31-14992118-n] (an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity)
                • animal oil [ENG31-14779256-n] (any oil obtained from animal substances)

                  • blubber [ENG31-14806148-n] (an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals)
                  • bone oil [ENG31-14807410-n] (dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone)
                  • bone oil [ENG31-14807595-n] (the liquid portion of bone fat)
                  • cod-liver oil [ENG31-14840037-n] (an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes)

                    • cod oil [ENG31-14840234-n] (an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing)
                  • lanolin [ENG31-14840351-n] (a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool)
                  • fish-liver oil [ENG31-14893186-n] (a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish)

                    • tuna oil [ENG31-15106162-n] (an oil obtained from tuna)
                  • glyceride [ENG31-14909239-n] (an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils)
                  • goose grease [ENG31-14914250-n] (grease derived from geese)
                  • halibut-liver oil [ENG31-14928377-n] (a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A)
                  • lard oil [ENG31-14954035-n] (oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant)
                  • menhaden oil [ENG31-14974268-n] (a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather)
                  • neat's-foot oil [ENG31-14984596-n] (a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle)
                  • oleo oil [ENG31-14993183-n] (obtained from beef fat)
                  • porpoise oil [ENG31-15021146-n] (a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant)
                  • dolphin oil [ENG31-15021276-n] (an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant)
                  • salmon oil [ENG31-15034844-n] (a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon)
                  • sardine oil [ENG31-15044411-n] (oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap)
                  • seal oil [ENG31-15045948-n] (a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber)
                  • shark oil [ENG31-15063554-n] (a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks)
                  • sperm oil [ENG31-15074469-n] (an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale)
                  • tallow [ENG31-15087035-n] (obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants)

                    • beef tallow [ENG31-14798558-n] (tallow obtained from a bovine animal)
                    • dubbin [ENG31-14863376-n] (tallow mixed with oil)
                    • mutton tallow [ENG31-14981934-n] (tallow from the body of a mature sheep)
                  • tallow oil [ENG31-15091473-n] (an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow)
                  • whale oil [ENG31-15121997-n] (a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber)
                  • wool oil [ENG31-15130205-n] (any oil used to oil wool before spinning)
                • camphor oil [ENG31-14815372-n] (oil distilled from camphor resin)
                • grease [ENG31-14915096-n] (a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery))

                  • axle grease [ENG31-14794307-n] (a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles)
                • essential oil [ENG31-14916806-n] (an oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes)

                  • ilang-ilang [ENG31-11716680-n] (oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree)
                  • bitter almond oil [ENG31-12666674-n] (pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal)
                  • attar [ENG31-14917140-n] (essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers)

                    • attar of roses [ENG31-14917279-n] (a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation)
                  • clove oil [ENG31-14917422-n] (essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines)
                  • costus oil [ENG31-14917557-n] (a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot)
                  • eucalyptus oil [ENG31-14917688-n] (an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts)
                  • turpentine [ENG31-14917803-n] (volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin)
                  • wormwood oil [ENG31-14918032-n] (a dark bitter oil obtained from wormwood leaves)
                  • linalool [ENG31-14918180-n] (a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils)
                • mineral oil [ENG31-14977230-n] (a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener))
                • motor oil [ENG31-14977580-n] (oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor)
                • fixed oil [ENG31-14991866-n] (nonvolatile animal or plant oil)
                • fusel oil [ENG31-14991965-n] (a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors)
                • stand oil [ENG31-14992281-n] (a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C)
                • neroli oil [ENG31-14992426-n] (an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring)
                • tall oil [ENG31-14992573-n] (an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants)
                • petroleum [ENG31-15005138-n] (a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons)

                  • residual oil [ENG31-15005343-n] (oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled)
                • shale oil [ENG31-15063459-n] (oil extracted from oil shale by heating)
                • linseed oil [ENG31-15110919-n] (a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints)
                • tung oil [ENG31-15111112-n] (a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree)
                • chaulmoogra oil [ENG31-15111239-n] (an oil from chaulmoogra trees)
                • lemongrass [ENG31-15126734-n] (an aromatic oil that smells like lemon and is widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumes and medicines)
              • phospholipid [ENG31-15007240-n] (any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base)

                • lecithin [ENG31-14704201-n] (a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats)
              • wax [ENG31-15118861-n] (any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin)

                • bayberry wax [ENG31-11762472-n] (a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles)
                • carnauba wax [ENG31-12609345-n] (hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes)
                • candelilla wax [ENG31-14815462-n] (a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs)
                • ceresin [ENG31-14829492-n] (a white wax extracted from ozokerite)
                • floor wax [ENG31-14895615-n] (a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors)
                • gondang wax [ENG31-14914124-n] (a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree)
                • Japan wax [ENG31-14948924-n] (a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries)
                • montan wax [ENG31-14978872-n] (a hard wax obtained from lignite)
                • pisang wax [ENG31-15016178-n] (a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain)
                • scale wax [ENG31-15045095-n] (partly refined paraffin wax)
                • ski wax [ENG31-15067339-n] (wax used on the bottom of skis)
                • beeswax [ENG31-15119391-n] (a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs)

                  • Ghedda wax [ENG31-15119581-n] (wax from Indian and African bees)
                • cerumen [ENG31-15119670-n] (a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal)
                • paraffin [ENG31-15119804-n] (from crude petroleum)
                • spermaceti [ENG31-15119956-n] (a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale)
                • vegetable wax [ENG31-15120063-n] (a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms))
                • shellac wax [ENG31-15120206-n] (a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol)
            • nucleic acid [ENG31-14988268-n] ((biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells)
      • variable [ENG31-09492089-n] (something that is likely to vary)
    • object [ENG31-00002684-n] (a tangible and visible entity)

      • whole [ENG31-00003553-n] (an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity)

        • congener [ENG31-00003993-n] (a whole (a thing or person) of the same kind or category as another)
        • living thing [ENG31-00004258-n] (a living (or once living) entity)

          • organism [ENG31-00004475-n] (a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently)

            • benthos [ENG31-00005787-n] (organisms (plants and animals) that live at or near the bottom of a sea)
            • dwarf [ENG31-00005930-n] (a plant or animal that is atypically small)
            • heterotroph [ENG31-00006024-n] (an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition)
            • parent [ENG31-00006150-n] (an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained)
            • person [ENG31-00007846-n] (a human being)

              • self [ENG31-09628155-n] (a person considered as a unique individual)

                • number one [ENG31-09628284-n] (a reference to yourself or myself etc.)
              • adult [ENG31-09628463-n] (a fully developed person from maturity onward)

                • brachycephalic [ENG31-09891930-n] (an adult with a short broad head)
                • caregiver [ENG31-09915013-n] (a person who is responsible for attending to the needs of a child or dependent adult)
                • catch [ENG31-09920434-n] (a person regarded as a good matrimonial prospect)
                • centrist [ENG31-09924290-n] (a person who takes a position in the political center)
                • character [ENG31-09928518-n] (a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities))
                • conservative [ENG31-09976635-n] (a person who is reluctant to accept changes and new ideas)

                  • capitalist [ENG31-09911714-n] (a conservative advocate of capitalism)
                  • conformist [ENG31-09977093-n] (someone who conforms to established standards of conduct (especially in religious matters))
                  • fuddy-duddy [ENG31-10134319-n] (a conservative who is old-fashioned or dull in attitude or appearance)
                  • hardliner [ENG31-10179781-n] (a conservative who is uncompromising)
                  • minimalist [ENG31-10340012-n] (a conservative who advocates only minor reforms in government or politics)
                  • mossback [ENG31-10351729-n] (an extremely old-fashioned conservative)
                  • neoconservative [ENG31-10372394-n] (a conservative who subscribes to neoconservatism)
                  • reactionary [ENG31-10528068-n] (an extreme conservative)

                    • Bourbon [ENG31-09889112-n] (a reactionary politician in the United States (usually from the South))
                    • Colonel Blimp [ENG31-09956947-n] (any elderly pompous reactionary ultranationalistic person (after the cartoon character created by Sir David Low))
                  • rightist [ENG31-10550802-n] (a member of a right wing political party)

                    • monarchist [ENG31-10347490-n] (an advocate of the principles of monarchy)

                      • Cavalier [ENG31-09921581-n] (a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War)
                      • Orleanist [ENG31-10403753-n] (a supporter of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons that was descended from a younger brother of Louis XIV)
                    • Tory [ENG31-10736347-n] (a supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of reform)
                  • square [ENG31-10662243-n] (a formal and conservative person with old-fashioned views)
                  • traditionalist [ENG31-10740773-n] (one who adheres to traditional views)

                    • Rip van Winkle [ENG31-10552036-n] (a person oblivious to social changes)
                • dolichocephalic [ENG31-10043750-n] (an adult with a long narrow head)
                • elder [ENG31-10068026-n] (a person who is older than you are)

                  • dean [ENG31-10016606-n] (a man who is the senior member of a group)
                  • doyenne [ENG31-10048266-n] (a woman who is the senior member of a group)
                • ex-spouse [ENG31-10094037-n] (a person who was formerly a spouse)
                • fascist [ENG31-10099673-n] (an adherent of fascism or other authoritarian views)

                  • Blackshirt [ENG31-09878444-n] (a member of the Italian fascist party before World War II)
                  • falangist [ENG31-10096263-n] (a Spanish member of General Franco's political party)
                  • fascista [ENG31-10099886-n] (an Italian fascist under Mussolini)
                  • Nazi [ENG31-10369951-n] (a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party)

                    • Brownshirt [ENG31-09896909-n] (a member of the Nazi SA which wore brown uniforms)
                    • storm trooper [ENG31-10679689-n] (a member of the Nazi SA)
                • host [ENG31-10206749-n] (a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there)

                  • hostess [ENG31-10207110-n] (a woman host)
                • important person [ENG31-10220400-n] (a person whose actions and opinions strongly influence the course of events)

                  • big shot [ENG31-09873287-n] (an important influential person)

                    • knocker [ENG31-10259625-n] ((Yiddish) a big shot who knows it and acts that way)
                    • supremo [ENG31-10698384-n] (the most important person in an organization)
                  • celebrity [ENG31-09922606-n] (a widely known person)

                    • immortal [ENG31-10219263-n] (a person (such as an author) of enduring fame)
                    • lion [ENG31-10284767-n] (a celebrity who is lionized (much sought after))
                    • luminary [ENG31-10295935-n] (a celebrity who is an inspiration to others)
                    • personality [ENG31-10437169-n] (a person of considerable prominence)
                    • toast [ENG31-10733016-n] (a celebrity who receives much acclaim and attention)
                  • colossus [ENG31-09958449-n] (a person of exceptional importance and reputation)
                  • elder statesman [ENG31-10068420-n] (any influential person whose advice is highly respected)
                  • eminence grise [ENG31-10072052-n] ((French) a person who exercises power or influence in certain areas without holding an official position)
                  • Excellency [ENG31-10088735-n] (a title used to address dignitaries (such as ambassadors or governors))
                  • fixer [ENG31-10113815-n] (someone who intervenes with authorities for a person in trouble (usually using underhand or illegal methods for a fee))
                  • heavy hitter [ENG31-10186495-n] (an influential person who works hard to promote the causes they are interested in)
                  • hierarch [ENG31-10189530-n] (a person who holds a high position in a hierarchy)
                  • high-muck-a-muck [ENG31-10194602-n] (an arrogant or conceited person of importance)
                  • kingmaker [ENG31-10252945-n] (an important person who can bring leaders to power through the exercise of political influence)
                  • kingpin [ENG31-10254839-n] (the most important person in a group or undertaking)
                  • magnifico [ENG31-10300873-n] (a person of distinguished rank or appearance)
                  • name [ENG31-10364174-n] (a well-known or notable person)
                  • nepotist [ENG31-10373174-n] (a powerful person who shows favoritism to relatives or close friends)
                  • policy maker [ENG31-10469419-n] (someone who sets the plan pursued by a government or business etc.)
                  • power broker [ENG31-10481783-n] (a person who is important by virtue of the people or votes they control)
                  • sacred cow [ENG31-10564744-n] (a person unreasonably held to be immune to criticism)
                  • sirdar [ENG31-10621052-n] (an important person in India)
                  • socialite [ENG31-10638925-n] (a socially prominent person)
                  • sun [ENG31-10694335-n] (a person considered as a source of warmth or energy or glory etc)
                  • very important person [ENG31-10768288-n] (an important or influential (and often overbearing) person)
                  • worthy [ENG31-10812146-n] (an important, honorable person (word is often used humorously))
                • Jack of all trades [ENG31-10237834-n] (a person able to do a variety of different jobs acceptably well)
                • liberal [ENG31-10276453-n] (a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties)

                  • armchair liberal [ENG31-09827889-n] (a person of liberal ideals who takes no action to realize them)
                  • latitudinarian [ENG31-10267895-n] (a person who is broad-minded and tolerant (especially in standards of religious belief and conduct))
                  • neoliberal [ENG31-10372513-n] (a liberal who subscribes to neoliberalism)
                  • pluralist [ENG31-10463056-n] (someone who believes that distinct ethnic or cultural or religious groups can exist together in society)
                  • Whig [ENG31-10795809-n] (a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England)
                • liberal [ENG31-10276781-n] (a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets)
                • man [ENG31-10306910-n] (an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman))

                  • white man [ENG31-09661981-n] (a man who is White)

                    • good old boy [ENG31-10157992-n] (a white male Southerner with an unpretentious convivial manner and conservative or intolerant attitudes and a strong sense of fellowship with and loyalty to other members of his peer group)
                    • squaw man [ENG31-10662895-n] (derogatory term for a white man married to a North American Indian woman)
                  • babu [ENG31-09846648-n] (used as a Hindi courtesy title)
                  • bachelor [ENG31-09849169-n] (a man who has never been married)
                  • bey [ENG31-09871697-n] ((formerly) a title of respect for a man in Turkey or Egypt)
                  • boy [ENG31-09890332-n] (a friendly informal reference to a grown man)

                    • broth of a boy [ENG31-09895774-n] (an outstanding person)
                    • one of the boys [ENG31-10397564-n] (a man who has been socially accepted into a group of other men)
                  • boyfriend [ENG31-09890770-n] (a man who is the lover of a man or woman)
                  • ex-boyfriend [ENG31-09891046-n] (a man who is no longer a woman's boyfriend)
                  • bull [ENG31-09898168-n] (a large and strong and heavyset man)
                  • dandy [ENG31-10010564-n] (a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearance)

                    • coxcomb [ENG31-09993020-n] (a conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments)
                    • macaroni [ENG31-10297960-n] (a British dandy in the 18th century who affected Continental mannerisms)
                  • ejaculator [ENG31-10067925-n] (a man who ejaculates semen)
                  • Esquire [ENG31-10083853-n] (a title of respect for a member of the English gentry ranking just below a knight)
                  • eunuch [ENG31-10086259-n] (a man who has been castrated and is incapable of reproduction)
                  • father figure [ENG31-10101439-n] (a man who takes over all the functions of the real father)

                    • foster-father [ENG31-10126156-n] (a man who is a foster parent)
                    • stepfather [ENG31-10674140-n] (the husband of your mother by a subsequent marriage)
                  • father-figure [ENG31-10101611-n] (a man (often a powerful or influential man) who arouses emotions usually felt for your real father and with whom you identify psychologically)
                  • fellow [ENG31-10103127-n] (an informal form of address for a man)
                  • galoot [ENG31-10137958-n] (a disreputable or clumsy man)
                  • geezer [ENG31-10143248-n] (a man who is (usually) old and/or eccentric)
                  • gentleman [ENG31-10146810-n] (a man of refinement)

                    • Don [ENG31-10044920-n] (a Spanish gentleman or nobleman)
                    • gent [ENG31-10146723-n] (informal abbreviation of `gentleman')
                    • gentleman-at-arms [ENG31-10146957-n] (one of 40 gentlemen who attend the British sovereign on state occasions)
                  • grass widower [ENG31-10163858-n] (a man who is divorced from (or separated from) his wife)
                  • guy [ENG31-10172934-n] (an informal term for a youth or man)
                  • Herr [ENG31-10193442-n] (a German man)
                  • Hooray Henry [ENG31-10204441-n] (a lively and ineffectual upper-class young man)
                  • housefather [ENG31-10207988-n] (a man in charge of children in an institution)
                  • hunk [ENG31-10212458-n] (a well-built sexually attractive man)
                  • ex-husband [ENG31-10213850-n] (a man who was formerly a certain woman's husband)
                  • inamorato [ENG31-10221844-n] (a man with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship)
                  • iron man [ENG31-10236230-n] (a strong man of exceptional physical endurance)
                  • ironside [ENG31-10236509-n] (a man of great strength or bravery)
                  • adonis [ENG31-10308625-n] (any handsome young man)
                  • middle-aged man [ENG31-10333712-n] (a man who is roughly between 45 and 65 years old)

                    • dirty old man [ENG31-10035537-n] (a middle-aged man with lecherous inclinations)
                  • Monsieur [ENG31-10349388-n] (used as a French courtesy title)
                  • old boy [ENG31-10394913-n] (a familiar term of address for a man)
                  • old man [ENG31-10395205-n] (a man who is very old)

                    • codger [ENG31-09953300-n] (used affectionately to refer to an eccentric but amusing old man)
                    • old-timer [ENG31-10396589-n] (an elderly man)
                    • patriarch [ENG31-10426011-n] (a man who is older and higher in rank than yourself)
                  • patriarch [ENG31-10426510-n] (the male head of family or tribe)
                  • Peter Pan [ENG31-10439530-n] (a boyish or immature man)
                  • ponce [ENG31-10472308-n] (a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dresses)
                  • posseman [ENG31-10475957-n] (an able-bodied man serving as a member of a posse)
                  • Senhor [ENG31-10598404-n] (a Portuguese title of respect)
                  • shaver [ENG31-10606311-n] (an adult male who shaves)
                  • signor [ENG31-10617153-n] (used as an Italian courtesy title)
                  • signore [ENG31-10617421-n] (an Italian title of respect for a man)
                  • sir [ENG31-10620859-n] (term of address for a man)
                  • stiff [ENG31-10675559-n] (an ordinary man)
                  • stud [ENG31-10685026-n] (a man who is virile and sexually active)
                  • Tarzan [ENG31-10711586-n] ((sometimes used ironically) a man of great strength and agility (after the hero of a series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs))
                  • widower [ENG31-10800182-n] (a man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarried)
                  • womanizer [ENG31-10808758-n] (a man who likes many women and has short sexual relationships with them)

                    • Casanova [ENG31-09918249-n] (any man noted for his amorous adventures)
                    • Don Juan [ENG31-10045212-n] (any successful womanizer (after the legendary profligate Spanish nobleman))
                    • Lothario [ENG31-10293870-n] (a successful womanizer)
                    • wolf [ENG31-10806873-n] (a man who is aggressive in making amorous advances to women)
                  • wonder boy [ENG31-10809055-n] (a man who is unusually successful at an early age)
                  • young buck [ENG31-10823891-n] (a teenager or a young adult male)
                • militarist [ENG31-10335671-n] (a person who advocates war or warlike policies)

                  • hawk [ENG31-10182237-n] (an advocate of an aggressive policy on foreign relations)
                • oldster [ENG31-10396222-n] (an elderly person)

                  • ancient [ENG31-09812689-n] (a very old person)
                  • centenarian [ENG31-09923661-n] (someone who is at least 100 years old)
                  • curmudgeon [ENG31-10003577-n] (a crusty irascible cantankerous old person full of stubborn ideas)
                  • dodderer [ENG31-10042370-n] (one who dodders from old age and weakness)
                  • dodo [ENG31-10042633-n] (someone whose style is out of fashion)
                  • dotard [ENG31-10046830-n] (an oldster in his dotage)
                  • has-been [ENG31-10181114-n] (someone who is no longer popular)
                  • nonagenarian [ENG31-10379952-n] (someone whose age is in the nineties)
                  • octogenarian [ENG31-10389985-n] (someone whose age is in the eighties)
                  • old boy [ENG31-10394751-n] (a vivacious elderly man)
                  • old woman [ENG31-10396720-n] (a woman who is old)

                    • beldam [ENG31-09866951-n] (a woman of advanced age)
                    • granny [ENG31-10163050-n] (an old woman)
                    • hag [ENG31-10175045-n] (an ugly evil-looking old woman)
                    • mother [ENG31-10352666-n] (a term of address for an elderly woman)
                  • septuagenarian [ENG31-10599889-n] (someone whose age is in the seventies)
                  • sexagenarian [ENG31-10604069-n] (someone whose age is in the sixties)
                • pacifist [ENG31-10409898-n] (someone opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes)

                  • dove [ENG31-10047848-n] (someone who prefers negotiations to armed conflict in the conduct of foreign relations)
                • patrician [ENG31-10426850-n] (a person of refined upbringing and manners)
                • pledgee [ENG31-10461108-n] (someone to whom a pledge is made or someone with whom something is deposited as a pledge)

                  • pawnbroker [ENG31-10429204-n] (a person who lends money at interest in exchange for personal property that is deposited as security)
                • pledger [ENG31-10461268-n] (someone who makes or gives a pledge)
                • professional [ENG31-10499838-n] (a person engaged in one of the learned professions)

                  • careerist [ENG31-09914674-n] (a professional who is intent on furthering his or her career by any possible means and often at the expense of their own integrity)

                    • career girl [ENG31-09914590-n] (a woman who is a careerist)
                    • career man [ENG31-09914932-n] (a man who is a careerist)
                  • craftsman [ENG31-09995160-n] (a professional whose work is consistently of high quality)
                  • critic [ENG31-09999119-n] (a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art)

                    • art critic [ENG31-09830272-n] (a critic of paintings)
                    • drama critic [ENG31-10049872-n] (a critic of theatrical performances)
                    • literary critic [ENG31-10285713-n] (a critic of literature)
                    • music critic [ENG31-10359569-n] (a critic of musical performances)
                    • newspaper critic [ENG31-10376448-n] (a critic who writes a column for the newspapers)
                  • educator [ENG31-10065521-n] (someone who educates young people)

                    • academician [ENG31-09778400-n] (an educator who works at a college or university)

                      • professor [ENG31-10500315-n] (someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university)

                        • assistant professor [ENG31-09836059-n] (a teacher or lower rank than an associate professor)
                        • associate professor [ENG31-09836791-n] (a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor)
                        • full professor [ENG31-10135405-n] (a professor of the highest rank)
                        • Regius professor [ENG31-10536876-n] (holder of a British professorship created by a royal patron)
                        • visiting professor [ENG31-10776718-n] (a professor visiting another college or university to teach for a limited time)
                    • lector [ENG31-10271919-n] (a public lecturer at certain universities)
                    • principal [ENG31-10494230-n] (the educator who has executive authority for a school)

                      • chancellor [ENG31-09926301-n] (the honorary or titular head of a university)
                      • headmaster [ENG31-10183826-n] (presiding officer of a school)

                        • housemaster [ENG31-10208475-n] (teacher in charge of a school boardinghouse)
                      • headmistress [ENG31-10183990-n] (a woman headmaster)
                    • schoolmaster [ENG31-10579424-n] (any person (or institution) who acts as an educator)
                    • teacher [ENG31-10713754-n] (a person whose occupation is teaching)

                      • art teacher [ENG31-09832846-n] (someone who teaches art)
                      • Bahai [ENG31-09852233-n] (a teacher of or believer in Bahaism)
                      • catechist [ENG31-09920790-n] (one who instructs catechumens in preparation for baptism (especially one using a catechism))
                      • coach [ENG31-09950876-n] (a person who gives private instruction (as in singing, acting, etc.))

                        • crammer [ENG31-09995336-n] (a teacher who is paid to cram students for examinations)
                      • dancing-master [ENG31-10010315-n] (a professional teacher of dancing)
                      • demonstrator [ENG31-10022782-n] (a teacher or teacher's assistant who demonstrates the principles that are being taught)
                      • docent [ENG31-10040532-n] (a teacher at some universities)
                      • English teacher [ENG31-10077726-n] (someone who teaches English)
                      • French teacher [ENG31-10131370-n] (someone who teaches French)
                      • governess [ENG31-10159689-n] (a woman entrusted with the care and supervision of a child (especially in a private home))
                      • instructress [ENG31-10229140-n] (a woman instructor)
                      • math teacher [ENG31-10322113-n] (someone who teaches mathematics)

                        • geometry teacher [ENG31-10147700-n] (someone who teaches geometry)
                      • missionary [ENG31-10342615-n] (someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program)

                        • Cyril [ENG31-10939638-n] (Greek missionary)
                      • music teacher [ENG31-10361074-n] (someone who teaches music)

                        • piano teacher [ENG31-10450988-n] (someone who teaches students to play the piano)
                      • preceptor [ENG31-10484108-n] (teacher at a university or college (especially at Cambridge or Oxford))
                      • reading teacher [ENG31-10528656-n] (someone who teaches students to read)
                      • riding master [ENG31-10549958-n] (someone who teaches horsemanship)
                      • schoolteacher [ENG31-10579780-n] (a teacher in a school below the college level)

                        • games-master [ENG31-10139148-n] (the teacher in charge of games at a school)
                        • schoolmarm [ENG31-10579268-n] (a woman schoolteacher (especially one regarded as strict))
                      • science teacher [ENG31-10579976-n] (someone who teaches science)
                      • section man [ENG31-10593869-n] (someone who teaches a section of a large college course)
                      • teaching fellow [ENG31-10714435-n] (a graduate student with teaching responsibilities)
                  • health professional [ENG31-10184702-n] (a person who helps in identifying or preventing or treating illness or disability)

                    • bonesetter [ENG31-09884953-n] (someone (not necessarily a licensed physician) who sets broken bones)
                    • electrologist [ENG31-10069456-n] (someone skilled in the use of electricity to remove moles or warts or hair roots)
                    • medical assistant [ENG31-10325190-n] (a person trained to assist medical professionals)
                    • medical practitioner [ENG31-10325469-n] (someone who practices medicine)

                      • dentist [ENG31-10023944-n] (a person qualified to practice dentistry)

                        • dental surgeon [ENG31-10023833-n] (a dentist qualified to perform surgical procedures)
                        • endodontist [ENG31-10076922-n] (a dentist specializing in diseases of the dental pulp and nerve)
                        • exodontist [ENG31-10091700-n] (a dentist specializing in the extraction of teeth)
                        • orthodontist [ENG31-10404309-n] (a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth)
                        • pedodontist [ENG31-10432299-n] (a dentist who specializes in the care of children's teeth)
                        • periodontist [ENG31-10436312-n] (a dentist specializing in diseases of the gums and other structure surrounding the teeth)
                        • prosthodontist [ENG31-10478262-n] (a dentist who is expert in prosthodontics)
                      • doctor [ENG31-10040615-n] (a licensed medical practitioner)

                        • abortionist [ENG31-09776506-n] (a person (who should be a doctor) who terminates pregnancies)
                        • allergist [ENG31-09803747-n] (a physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies)
                        • angiologist [ENG31-09813271-n] (a physician who specializes in angiology)
                        • extern [ENG31-10094366-n] (a nonresident doctor or medical student)
                        • gastroenterologist [ENG31-10141457-n] (a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract)
                        • general practitioner [ENG31-10145546-n] (a physician who is not a specialist but treats all illnesses)

                          • country doctor [ENG31-09990023-n] (a doctor who practices in the country (rather than in a city) usually remote from a modern hospital)
                          • family doctor [ENG31-10097058-n] (a general practitioner who treats all the family members)
                        • hakim [ENG31-10176189-n] (a Muslim physician)
                        • house physician [ENG31-10208897-n] (a physician (especially an intern) who lives in a hospital and cares for hospitalized patients under the supervision of the medical staff of the hospital)
                        • intern [ENG31-10230873-n] (an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman' is a British term))
                        • primary care physician [ENG31-10491533-n] (the physician who provides primary care)
                        • quack [ENG31-10516787-n] (an untrained person who pretends to be a physician and who dispenses medical advice)
                        • specialist [ENG31-10651974-n] (practices one branch of medicine)

                          • anesthesiologist [ENG31-09812936-n] (a specialist who administers an anesthetic to a patient before he is treated)
                          • baby doctor [ENG31-09848006-n] (a specialist in the care of babies)
                          • cardiologist [ENG31-09913897-n] (a specialist in cardiology)
                          • chiropodist [ENG31-09938755-n] (a specialist in care for the feet)
                          • dermatologist [ENG31-10025839-n] (a doctor who specializes in the physiology and pathology of the skin)
                          • diagnostician [ENG31-10030728-n] (a doctor who specializes in medical diagnosis)

                            • etiologist [ENG31-10085866-n] (a specialist in the etiology of diseases)
                          • diplomate [ENG31-10034516-n] (medical specialist whose competence has been certified by a diploma granted by an appropriate professional group)
                          • ear doctor [ENG31-10061003-n] (a physician who specializes in the ear and its diseases)
                          • embryologist [ENG31-10071569-n] (a physician who specializes in embryology)
                          • endocrinologist [ENG31-10076722-n] (physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the endocrine system)
                          • ENT man [ENG31-10079131-n] (a specialist in the disorders of the ear or nose or throat)
                          • gerontologist [ENG31-10147918-n] (a specialist in gerontology)
                          • gynecologist [ENG31-10173582-n] (a specialist in gynecology)
                          • hematologist [ENG31-10190353-n] (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs)
                          • hygienist [ENG31-10214588-n] (a medical specialist in hygiene)
                          • internist [ENG31-10231901-n] (a specialist in internal medicine)
                          • neurologist [ENG31-10373964-n] (a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it)
                          • obstetrician [ENG31-10389398-n] (a physician specializing in obstetrics)

                            • perinatologist [ENG31-10436189-n] (an obstetrician specializing in perinatology)
                          • oncologist [ENG31-10397332-n] (a specialist in oncology)
                          • ophthalmologist [ENG31-10398772-n] (a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye)
                          • orthopedist [ENG31-10404858-n] (a specialist in correcting deformities of the skeletal system (especially in children))
                          • orthoptist [ENG31-10405053-n] (a specialist in orthoptics)
                          • proctologist [ENG31-10498412-n] (a doctor specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus)
                          • psychiatrist [ENG31-10507601-n] (a physician who specializes in psychiatry)

                            • alienist [ENG31-09803094-n] (a psychiatrist and specialist in the legal aspects of mental illness)
                            • analyst [ENG31-09809719-n] (a licensed practitioner of psychoanalysis)
                          • radiographer [ENG31-10523558-n] (a person who makes radiographs)
                          • radiologist [ENG31-10523799-n] (a medical specialist who uses radioactive substances and X-rays in the treatment of disease)
                          • rheumatologist [ENG31-10547598-n] (a physician specializing in rheumatic diseases)
                          • urologist [ENG31-10761150-n] (a specialist in urology)
                        • surgeon [ENG31-10698621-n] (a physician who specializes in surgery)

                          • amputator [ENG31-09808890-n] (a surgeon who removes part or all of a limb)
                          • cosmetic surgeon [ENG31-09986800-n] (a surgeon who beautifies the body (especially the face))
                          • neurosurgeon [ENG31-10374453-n] (someone who does surgery on the nervous system (especially the brain))
                        • veterinarian [ENG31-10769383-n] (a doctor who practices veterinary medicine)

                          • horse doctor [ENG31-10205210-n] (a veterinarian who treats horses)
                      • inoculator [ENG31-10227133-n] (a medical practitioner who inoculates people against diseases)
                      • medical officer [ENG31-10325302-n] (a medical practitioner in the armed forces)

                        • flight surgeon [ENG31-10116277-n] (a medical officer specializing in aviation medicine)
                        • Surgeon General [ENG31-10698950-n] (the senior medical officer in an Army or Navy)
                    • nurse [ENG31-10386665-n] (one skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician))

                      • foster-nurse [ENG31-10126411-n] (a nurse who raises another woman's child as her own)
                      • graduate nurse [ENG31-10160449-n] (someone who has completed the course of study (including hospital practice) at a nurses training school)
                      • head nurse [ENG31-10184085-n] (the person in charge of nursing in a medical institution)
                      • licensed practical nurse [ENG31-10278001-n] (a nurse who has enough training to be licensed by a state to provide routine care for the sick)
                      • matron [ENG31-10322853-n] (a woman in charge of nursing in a medical institution)
                      • midwife [ENG31-10334494-n] (a woman skilled in aiding the delivery of babies)
                      • probationer [ENG31-10497298-n] (a nurse in training who is undergoing a trial period)
                      • registered nurse [ENG31-10536120-n] (a graduate nurse who has passed examinations for registration)

                        • nurse-midwife [ENG31-10387393-n] (a registered nurse who has received special training as a midwife)
                        • nurse practitioner [ENG31-10387518-n] (a registered nurse who has received special training and can perform many of the duties of a physician)
                      • scrub nurse [ENG31-10584625-n] (a nurse who helps a surgeon prepare for surgery)
                      • visiting nurse [ENG31-10776605-n] (a nurse who is paid to visit the sick in their homes)
                    • pharmacist [ENG31-10441215-n] (a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs)

                      • pharmacologist [ENG31-10441498-n] (someone trained in the science of drugs (their composition and uses and effects))
                  • lawyer [ENG31-10269647-n] (a professional person authorized to practice law)

                    • advocate [ENG31-09795104-n] (a lawyer who pleads cases in court)
                    • ambulance chaser [ENG31-09807396-n] (an unethical lawyer who incites accident victims to sue)
                    • barrister [ENG31-09860351-n] (a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution)

                      • Counsel to the Crown [ENG31-10255082-n] (a barrister selected to serve as counsel to the British ruler)

                        • King's Counsel [ENG31-10254966-n] (Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a king)
                        • Queen's Counsel [ENG31-10520409-n] (Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a queen)
                      • serjeant-at-law [ENG31-10601342-n] (an English barrister of the highest rank)
                    • conveyancer [ENG31-09982091-n] (a lawyer who specializes in the business of conveying properties)
                    • defense attorney [ENG31-10019678-n] (the lawyer representing the defendant)
                    • divorce lawyer [ENG31-10040395-n] (a lawyer specializing in actions for divorce or annulment)
                    • prosecutor [ENG31-10504443-n] (a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state)

                      • district attorney [ENG31-10038797-n] (an official prosecutor for a judicial district)
                      • state's attorney [ENG31-10669401-n] (a prosecuting attorney for a state)
                    • public defender [ENG31-10510142-n] (a lawyer who represents indigent defendants at public expense)
                    • referee [ENG31-10534236-n] (an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case)
                    • solicitor [ENG31-10642537-n] (a British lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents)

                      • law agent [ENG31-10268888-n] (a solicitor in Scotland)
                    • trial attorney [ENG31-10748013-n] (a lawyer who specializes in defending clients before a court of law)
                  • librarian [ENG31-10277645-n] (a professional person trained in library science and engaged in library services)

                    • cataloger [ENG31-09919951-n] (a librarian who classifies publications according to a categorial system)
                  • practitioner [ENG31-10482426-n] (someone who practices a learned profession)

                    • clinician [ENG31-09949035-n] (a practitioner (of medicine or psychology) who does clinical work instead of laboratory experiments)
                    • Gongorist [ENG31-10157634-n] (a practitioner of the affected elegant style of the Spanish poet Gongora)
                    • homeopath [ENG31-10202033-n] (a practitioner of homeopathy)
                  • publisher [ENG31-10510894-n] (a person engaged in publishing periodicals or books or music)
                  • yuppie [ENG31-10824527-n] (a young upwardly mobile professional individual)
                • sobersides [ENG31-10637662-n] (a serious and sedate individual)
                • sophisticate [ENG31-10644647-n] (a worldly-wise person)

                  • cosmopolitan [ENG31-09986936-n] (a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries)

                    • globetrotter [ENG31-10152295-n] (someone who travels widely and often)
                  • slicker [ENG31-10631385-n] (a person with good manners and stylish clothing)

                    • city slicker [ENG31-09943771-n] (a city dweller with sophisticated manners and clothing)
                • stay-at-home [ENG31-10672827-n] (a person who seldom goes anywhere)
                • stoic [ENG31-10678306-n] (someone who is seemingly indifferent to emotions)
                • thoroughbred [ENG31-10729007-n] (a well-bred person)
                • woman [ENG31-10807146-n] (an adult female person (as opposed to a man))

                  • white woman [ENG31-09662109-n] (a woman who is White)
                  • amazon [ENG31-09806734-n] (a large strong and aggressive woman)
                  • maenad [ENG31-09806831-n] ((Greek mythology) a woman participant in the orgiastic rites of Dionysus)
                  • bachelor girl [ENG31-09849326-n] (a young unmarried woman who lives alone)
                  • baggage [ENG31-09851816-n] (a worthless or immoral woman)
                  • ball-buster [ENG31-09853646-n] (a demanding woman who destroys men's confidence)
                  • B-girl [ENG31-09871838-n] (a woman employed by a bar to act as a companion to men customers)
                  • bluestocking [ENG31-09881005-n] (a woman having literary or intellectual interests)
                  • bridesmaid [ENG31-09894328-n] (an unmarried woman who attends the bride at a wedding)
                  • broad [ENG31-09895129-n] (slang term for a woman)
                  • cat [ENG31-09919605-n] (a spiteful woman gossip)
                  • Cinderella [ENG31-09942721-n] (a woman whose merits were not been recognized but who then achieves sudden success and recognition)
                  • coquette [ENG31-09984664-n] (a seductive woman who uses her sex appeal to exploit men)
                  • dame [ENG31-10008828-n] (a woman of refinement)

                    • grande dame [ENG31-10161686-n] (a middle-aged or elderly woman who is stylish and highly respected)
                    • madame [ENG31-10299475-n] (title used for a married Frenchwoman)
                  • debutante [ENG31-10017372-n] (a young woman making her debut into society)
                  • divorcee [ENG31-10040091-n] (a divorced woman or a woman who is separated from her husband)
                  • ex-wife [ENG31-10040258-n] (a woman who was formerly a particular man's wife)
                  • dominatrix [ENG31-10044509-n] (a dominating woman (especially one who plays that role in a sadomasochistic sexual relationship))
                  • donna [ENG31-10045360-n] (an Italian woman of rank)
                  • enchantress [ENG31-10075218-n] (a woman who is considered to be dangerously seductive)
                  • eyeful [ENG31-10094851-n] (a strikingly beautiful woman)
                  • geisha [ENG31-10142395-n] (a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing)
                  • girl [ENG31-10149362-n] (a young female)

                    • belle [ENG31-09868420-n] (a young woman who is the most charming and beautiful of several rivals)
                    • bimbo [ENG31-09874114-n] (a young woman indulged by rich and powerful older men)
                    • chachka [ENG31-09924983-n] ((Yiddish) an attractive, unconventional woman)
                    • chit [ENG31-09938909-n] (a dismissive term for a girl who is immature or who lacks respect)
                    • colleen [ENG31-09956283-n] (an Irish girl)
                    • dame [ENG31-10008583-n] (informal terms for a (young) woman)
                    • flapper [ENG31-10115189-n] (a young woman in the 1920s who flaunted her unconventional conduct and dress)
                    • gal [ENG31-10137508-n] (alliterative term for girl (or woman))
                    • gamine [ENG31-10139266-n] (a girl of impish appeal)
                    • Gibson girl [ENG31-10148875-n] (the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson)
                    • lass [ENG31-10267055-n] (a girl or young woman who is unmarried)

                      • bobbysoxer [ENG31-09882119-n] (an adolescent girl wearing bobby socks (common in the 1940s))
                      • Lolita [ENG31-10290080-n] (a sexually precocious young girl)
                    • maid [ENG31-10302179-n] (an unmarried girl (especially a virgin))

                      • damsel [ENG31-10008706-n] (a young unmarried woman)
                    • May queen [ENG31-10323827-n] (the girl chosen queen of a May Day festival)
                    • mill-girl [ENG31-10337851-n] (a girl who works in a mill)
                    • party girl [ENG31-10423111-n] (an attractive young woman hired to attend parties and entertain men)
                    • peri [ENG31-10436109-n] (a beautiful and graceful girl)
                    • ring girl [ENG31-10551251-n] (a young woman who holds up cards indicating the number of the next round at prize fights)
                    • rosebud [ENG31-10558717-n] ((a literary reference to) a pretty young girl)
                    • sex kitten [ENG31-10604181-n] (a young woman who is thought to have sex appeal)
                    • shop girl [ENG31-10611457-n] (a young female shop assistant)
                    • soubrette [ENG31-10646356-n] (a pert or flirtatious young girl)
                    • sweater girl [ENG31-10702046-n] (a girl with an attractive bust who wears tight sweaters)
                    • tomboy [ENG31-10734679-n] (a girl who behaves in a boyish manner)
                    • valley girl [ENG31-10765438-n] (a girl who grew up in the tract housing in the San Fernando Valley)
                    • working girl [ENG31-10810755-n] (a young woman who is employed)
                  • girl [ENG31-10149967-n] (a friendly informal reference to a grown woman)
                  • girlfriend [ENG31-10150206-n] (a girl or young woman with whom a man is romantically involved)
                  • girlfriend [ENG31-10150397-n] (any female friend)
                  • gold digger [ENG31-10155803-n] (a woman who associates with or marries a rich man in order to get valuables from him through gifts or a divorce settlement)
                  • gravida [ENG31-10164358-n] (a pregnant woman)

                    • primigravida [ENG31-10491714-n] ((obstetrics) a woman who is pregnant for the first time)
                    • secundigravida [ENG31-10594167-n] (a woman who is pregnant for the second time)
                    • tertigravida [ENG31-10722870-n] (a woman who is pregnant for the third time)
                  • heroine [ENG31-10193081-n] (a woman possessing heroic qualities or a woman who has performed heroic deeds)
                  • inamorata [ENG31-10221704-n] (a woman with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship)
                  • jezebel [ENG31-10241840-n] (a shameless impudent scheming woman)
                  • jilt [ENG31-10241929-n] (a woman who jilts a lover)
                  • lady [ENG31-10262834-n] (a polite name for any woman)

                    • begum [ENG31-09866833-n] (a Muslim woman of high rank in India or Pakistan)
                  • maenad [ENG31-10299731-n] (an unnaturally frenzied or distraught woman)
                  • matriarch [ENG31-10322243-n] (a female head of a family or tribe)
                  • matriarch [ENG31-10322367-n] (a feisty older woman with a big bosom (as drawn in cartoons))
                  • mestiza [ENG31-10331328-n] (a woman of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry))
                  • mistress [ENG31-10343410-n] (an adulterous woman)

                    • concubine [ENG31-09971872-n] (a woman who cohabits with an important man)

                      • odalisque [ENG31-10390302-n] (a woman slave in a harem)
                  • mother figure [ENG31-10352757-n] (a woman who evokes the feelings usually reserved for a mother)
                  • nanny [ENG31-10364831-n] (a woman who is the custodian of children)

                    • dry nurse [ENG31-10057844-n] (a nurse who cares for but does not suckle an infant)
                    • mammy [ENG31-10306779-n] (an offensive term for a Black nursemaid in the southern U.S.)
                    • wet nurse [ENG31-10794538-n] (a woman hired to suckle a child of someone else)
                  • nullipara [ENG31-10385844-n] ((obstetrics) a woman who has never give birth to a child)
                  • nymph [ENG31-10388227-n] (a voluptuously beautiful young woman)
                  • nymphet [ENG31-10388323-n] (a sexually attractive young woman)
                  • prostitute [ENG31-10505025-n] (a woman who engages in sexual intercourse for money)

                    • call girl [ENG31-09908517-n] (a female prostitute who can be hired by telephone)
                    • camp follower [ENG31-09909748-n] (a prostitute who provides service to military personnel)
                    • comfort woman [ENG31-09960630-n] (a woman forced into prostitution for Japanese servicemen during World War II)
                    • demimondaine [ENG31-10021475-n] (a female prostitute)
                    • streetwalker [ENG31-10682754-n] (a prostitute who attracts customers by walking the streets)
                    • white slave [ENG31-10799092-n] (a woman sold into prostitution)
                  • shiksa [ENG31-10608651-n] (a derogatory term used by Jews to refer to non-Jewish women)
                  • smasher [ENG31-10633512-n] (a very attractive or seductive looking woman)
                  • sylph [ENG31-10704881-n] (a slender graceful young woman)
                  • unmarried woman [ENG31-10759169-n] (a woman who is not married)

                    • signorina [ENG31-10617589-n] (an Italian courtesy title for an unmarried woman)
                    • spinster [ENG31-10655886-n] (an elderly unmarried woman)
                  • vestal [ENG31-10768472-n] (a chaste woman)
                  • Wac [ENG31-10781630-n] (a member of the Women's Army Corps)
                  • Wave [ENG31-10790734-n] (a member of the women's reserve of the United States Navy)
                  • widow [ENG31-10799960-n] (a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried)

                    • dowager [ENG31-10048014-n] (a widow holding property received from her deceased husband)
                    • war widow [ENG31-10788478-n] (a woman whose husband has died in war)
                  • wife [ENG31-10800308-n] (a married woman)

                    • battle-ax [ENG31-09863764-n] (a sharp-tongued domineering wife)
                    • crown princess [ENG31-10000808-n] (the wife of a crown prince)
                    • first lady [ENG31-10112563-n] (the wife of a chief executive)
                    • golf widow [ENG31-10157018-n] (a wife who is left alone much of the time because her husband is playing golf)
                    • honest woman [ENG31-10202966-n] (a wife who has married a man with whom she has been living for some time (especially if she is pregnant at the time))
                    • housewife [ENG31-10209395-n] (a wife who manages a household while her husband earns the family income)
                    • marchioness [ENG31-10313434-n] (the wife or widow of a marquis)
                    • matron [ENG31-10322704-n] (a married woman (usually middle-aged with children) who is staid and dignified)
                    • mayoress [ENG31-10323753-n] (the wife of a mayor)
                    • missus [ENG31-10343187-n] (informal term of address for someone's wife)
                    • old lady [ENG31-10395013-n] (your own wife)
                    • sheika [ENG31-10607927-n] (the wife of a sheik)
                    • signora [ENG31-10617297-n] (an Italian title of address equivalent to Mrs. when used before a name)
                    • trophy wife [ENG31-10750477-n] (a wife who is an attractive young woman)
                    • uxor [ENG31-10763598-n] ((legal terminology) the Latin word for wife)
                    • vicereine [ENG31-10771688-n] (wife of a viceroy)
                    • viscountess [ENG31-10775729-n] (a wife or widow of a viscount)
                  • wonder woman [ENG31-10809460-n] (a woman who can be a successful wife and have a professional career at the same time)
              • adventurer [ENG31-09629201-n] (a person who enjoys taking risks)

                • argonaut [ENG31-09630812-n] (someone engaged in a dangerous but potentially rewarding adventure)
                • adventuress [ENG31-09792592-n] (a woman adventurer)
                • cowboy [ENG31-09992476-n] (someone who is reckless or irresponsible (especially in driving vehicles))
                • daredevil [ENG31-10011068-n] (a reckless impetuous irresponsible person)

                  • tearaway [ENG31-10714946-n] (a reckless and impetuous person)
                • gambler [ENG31-10138857-n] (someone who risks loss or injury in the hope of gain or excitement)
                • hotspur [ENG31-10207765-n] (a rash or impetuous person)
                • mercenary [ENG31-10329281-n] (a person hired to fight for another country than their own)

                  • ninja [ENG31-10378588-n] (a member of the ninja who were trained in martial arts and hired for espionage or sabotage or assassinations)
                • mountaineer [ENG31-10354280-n] (someone who climbs mountains)

                  • alpinist [ENG31-09805100-n] (a mountain climber who specializes in difficult climbs)
                • speculator [ENG31-10653473-n] (someone who risks losses for the possibility of considerable gains)

                  • hedger [ENG31-10187431-n] (someone who counterbalances one transaction (as a bet) against another in order to protect against loss)
                  • operator [ENG31-10398651-n] (a speculator who trades aggressively on stock or commodity markets)
                  • scalper [ENG31-10574274-n] (someone who buys something and resells it at a price far above the initial cost)

                    • tout [ENG31-10738158-n] (someone who buys tickets to an event in order to resell them at a profit)
                  • venture capitalist [ENG31-10767633-n] (a speculator who makes money available for innovative projects (especially in high technology))
              • anomaly [ENG31-09629719-n] (a person who is unusual)

                • aberrant [ENG31-09775224-n] (one whose behavior departs substantially from the norm of a group)
                • giant [ENG31-10148446-n] (someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful)
                • Jekyll and Hyde [ENG31-10240594-n] (someone with two personalities - one good and one evil)
              • anachronism [ENG31-09629903-n] (a person who seems to be displaced in time)
              • applicant [ENG31-09630310-n] (a person who requests or seeks something such as assistance or employment or admission)

                • aspirant [ENG31-09820956-n] (an ambitious and aspiring young person)
                • bidder [ENG31-09872495-n] (someone who makes an offer)
                • claimant [ENG31-09945050-n] (someone who claims a benefit or right or title)

                  • Pretender [ENG31-10489564-n] (a claimant to the throne or to the office of ruler (usually without just title))
                • job candidate [ENG31-10242386-n] (an applicant who is being considered for a job)
                • material [ENG31-10320321-n] (a person judged suitable for admission or employment)
                • petitioner [ENG31-10439776-n] (one praying humbly for something)

                  • besieger [ENG31-09870495-n] (an energetic petitioner)
                  • postulant [ENG31-10479448-n] (one submitting a request or application especially one seeking admission into a religious order)
                  • solicitor [ENG31-10642716-n] (a petitioner who solicits contributions or trade or votes)

                    • fundraiser [ENG31-10136135-n] (someone who solicits financial contributions)
                • possible [ENG31-10476080-n] (an applicant who might be suitable)
                • probable [ENG31-10477590-n] (an applicant likely to be chosen)
                • submitter [ENG31-10688925-n] (someone who submits something (as an application for a job or a manuscript for publication etc.) for the judgment of others)
              • appointee [ENG31-09630660-n] (a person who is appointed to a job or position)
              • capitalist [ENG31-09632262-n] (a person who invests capital in a business (especially a large business))

                • businessperson [ENG31-09902168-n] (a capitalist who engages in industrial commercial enterprise)

                  • accountant [ENG31-09780826-n] (someone who maintains and audits business accounts)

                    • auditor [ENG31-09842357-n] (a qualified accountant who inspects the accounting records and practices of a business or other organization)

                      • internal auditor [ENG31-10231133-n] (an auditor who is an employee of the company whose records are audited and who provides information to the management and board of directors)
                    • bean counter [ENG31-09864424-n] (an accountant or bureaucrat who is believed to place undue emphasis on the control of expenditures)
                    • bookkeeper [ENG31-09885521-n] (someone who records the transactions of a business)
                    • certified public accountant [ENG31-09924638-n] (an accountant who has passed certain examinations and met all other statutory and licensing requirements of a United States state to be certified by that state)
                    • chartered accountant [ENG31-09930014-n] (a British or Canadian accountant who is a member of a professional body that has a royal charter)
                    • cost accountant [ENG31-09987346-n] (a specialist in the systematic recording and analysis of the costs incident to production)
                  • account executive [ENG31-09781176-n] (someone in charge of a client's account for an advertising agency or brokerage or other service business)
                  • agent [ENG31-09796453-n] (a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission)

                    • auctioneer [ENG31-09631407-n] (an agent who conducts an auction)
                    • insurance broker [ENG31-10229332-n] (an agent who sells insurance)
                    • investment banker [ENG31-10235623-n] (a banker who deals chiefly in underwriting new securities)

                      • killer bee [ENG31-10251058-n] (an investment banker who devises strategies to make a target company less attractive for takeover)
                    • real estate broker [ENG31-10529403-n] (a person who is authorized to act as an agent for the sale of land)

                      • Realtor [ENG31-10529671-n] (a real estate agent who is a member of the National Association of Realtors)
                    • ship broker [ENG31-10609193-n] (an agent for the ship owner)
                    • stockbroker [ENG31-10676883-n] (an agent in the buying and selling of stocks and bonds)
                    • syndic [ENG31-10706381-n] (one appointed to represent a city or university or corporation in business transactions)
                    • travel agent [ENG31-10746321-n] (someone who sells or arranges trips or tours for customers)
                  • businessman [ENG31-09901459-n] (a person engaged in commercial or industrial business (especially an owner or executive))

                    • amalgamator [ENG31-09806363-n] (a businessman who arranges an amalgamation of two or more commercial companies)
                    • arbitrageur [ENG31-09823223-n] (someone who engages in arbitrage (who purchases securities in one market for immediate resale in another in the hope of profiting from the price differential))
                    • baron [ENG31-09859605-n] (a very wealthy or powerful businessman)

                      • oil tycoon [ENG31-10394548-n] (a powerful person in the oil business)
                    • industrialist [ENG31-10223796-n] (someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise)
                    • oilman [ENG31-10394351-n] (a person who owns or operates oil wells)

                      • wildcatter [ENG31-10801223-n] (an oilman who drills exploratory wells in territory not known to be an oil field)
                    • operator [ENG31-10398479-n] (someone who owns or operates a business)

                      • supermarketer [ENG31-10695653-n] (an operator of a supermarket)
                    • owner [ENG31-10408623-n] ((law) someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business)

                      • bookseller [ENG31-09885879-n] (the proprietor of a bookstore)
                      • lessor [ENG31-10274793-n] (someone who grants a lease)
                      • letter [ENG31-10274904-n] (owner who lets another person use something (housing usually) for hire)
                      • patron [ENG31-10428069-n] (the proprietor of an inn)

                        • host [ENG31-10206393-n] (the owner or manager of an inn)

                          • hostess [ENG31-10206678-n] (a woman innkeeper)
                          • padrone [ENG31-10410506-n] (an owner or proprietor of an inn in Italy)
                          • victualer [ENG31-10772850-n] (an innkeeper (especially British))
                      • proprietress [ENG31-10478085-n] (a woman proprietor)
                      • publisher [ENG31-10511160-n] (the proprietor of a newspaper)

                        • press lord [ENG31-10489371-n] (a powerful newspaper proprietor)
                      • renter [ENG31-10540397-n] (an owner of property who receives payment for its use by another person)
                      • restaurateur [ENG31-10544462-n] (the proprietor of a restaurant)
                      • saloon keeper [ENG31-10568533-n] (the proprietor of a saloon)
                      • timberman [ENG31-10730902-n] (an owner or manager of a company that is engaged in lumbering)
                    • small businessman [ENG31-10632568-n] (a businessman who runs a business employing less than 100 people)

                      • concessionaire [ENG31-09971196-n] (someone who holds or operates a concession)
                    • suit [ENG31-10693385-n] ((slang) a businessman dressed in a business suit)
                    • syndicator [ENG31-10706521-n] (a businessman who forms a syndicate)
                    • transactor [ENG31-10743233-n] (someone who conducts or carries on business or negotiations)
                  • businesswoman [ENG31-09902067-n] (a female businessperson)

                    • madam [ENG31-10299366-n] (a woman who runs a house of prostitution)
                  • entrepreneur [ENG31-10080160-n] (someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it)
                  • exporter [ENG31-10093422-n] (a businessperson who transports goods abroad (for sale))
                  • importer [ENG31-10220985-n] (someone whose business involves importing goods from outside (especially from a foreign country))
                  • merchant [ENG31-10329563-n] (a businessperson engaged in retail trade)

                    • baker [ENG31-09853011-n] (someone who bakes commercially)
                    • bookdealer [ENG31-09885244-n] (a dealer in books)
                    • butcher [ENG31-09903843-n] (a retailer of meat)

                      • pork butcher [ENG31-10474538-n] (a vendor of pork and products made from pork)
                    • clothier [ENG31-09950230-n] (a merchant who sells men's clothing)
                    • grain merchant [ENG31-10160788-n] (a merchant who deals in food grains)
                    • grocer [ENG31-10167230-n] (a retail merchant who sells foodstuffs (and some household supplies))

                      • greengrocer [ENG31-10166079-n] (a grocer who sells fresh fruits and vegetables)
                    • hatmaker [ENG31-10181947-n] (someone who makes and sells hats)
                    • jeweler [ENG31-10241447-n] (someone in the business of selling jewelry)
                    • poultryman [ENG31-10480626-n] (a dealer in poultry and poultry products)
                    • retailer [ENG31-10545011-n] (a merchant who sells goods at retail)

                      • chandler [ENG31-09927262-n] (a retail dealer in provisions and supplies)

                        • ship's chandler [ENG31-10610046-n] (a dealer in sails and ropes and other supplies for sailing ships)
                      • licensee [ENG31-10278190-n] (someone to whom a license is granted)
                    • rug merchant [ENG31-10561611-n] (a merchant who sells rugs)
                    • salter [ENG31-10568619-n] (someone who makes or deals in salt)
                    • schlockmeister [ENG31-10576674-n] ((slang) a merchant who deals in shoddy or inferior merchandise)
                    • seller [ENG31-10596736-n] (someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money)

                      • ticket agent [ENG31-09652665-n] (someone who sells tickets (e.g., theater seats or travel accommodations))
                      • cosmetician [ENG31-09986593-n] (someone who sells or applies cosmetics)
                      • flower girl [ENG31-10117764-n] (a woman who sells flowers in the street)
                      • fruiterer [ENG31-10133766-n] (a person who sells fruit)
                      • huckster [ENG31-10210135-n] (a seller of shoddy goods)
                      • peddler [ENG31-10431296-n] (someone who travels about selling his wares (as on the streets or at carnivals))

                        • chapman [ENG31-09928136-n] (archaic term for an itinerant peddler)
                        • cheapjack [ENG31-09932056-n] (a peddler of inferior goods)
                        • crier [ENG31-09997050-n] (a peddler who shouts to advertise the goods he sells)
                        • muffin man [ENG31-10356617-n] (formerly an itinerant peddler of muffins)
                        • sandboy [ENG31-10569647-n] (a young peddler of sand)
                        • transmigrante [ENG31-10745074-n] (a Latin American who buys used goods in the United States and takes them to Latin America to sell)
                      • selling agent [ENG31-10597162-n] (someone who sells goods (on commission) for others)
                      • dealer [ENG31-10741119-n] (a seller of illicit goods)

                        • pusher [ENG31-10515140-n] (an unlicensed dealer in illegal drugs)
                      • underseller [ENG31-10756583-n] (a seller that sells at a lower price than others do)
                    • shopkeeper [ENG31-10611560-n] (a merchant who owns or manages a shop)

                      • cleaner [ENG31-09946763-n] (the operator of dry-cleaning establishment)
                      • florist [ENG31-10117474-n] (someone who grows and deals in flowers)
                      • hosier [ENG31-10206197-n] (a tradesman who sells hosiery and (in England) knitwear)
                      • newsagent [ENG31-10375912-n] (someone who sells newspapers)
                      • tobacconist [ENG31-10733572-n] (a retail dealer in tobacco and tobacco-related articles)
                    • stationer [ENG31-10672142-n] (a merchant who sells writing materials and office supplies)
                    • trader [ENG31-10740102-n] (someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold)

                      • art dealer [ENG31-09830388-n] (a dealer in works of art requiring esthetic evaluation)

                        • print seller [ENG31-10495420-n] (someone who sells etchings and engravings etc.)
                      • barterer [ENG31-09860788-n] (a trader who exchanges goods and not money)
                      • bibliopole [ENG31-09872234-n] (a dealer in secondhand books (especially rare or curious books))
                      • cheesemonger [ENG31-09933199-n] (someone who sells cheese)
                      • costermonger [ENG31-09987658-n] (a hawker of fruit and vegetables from a barrow)
                      • cutler [ENG31-10004737-n] (a dealer in cutlery)
                      • draper [ENG31-10051915-n] (a dealer in fabrics and sewing materials (and sometimes in clothing and drygoods))

                        • linendraper [ENG31-10283381-n] (a retail dealer in yard goods)
                      • fence [ENG31-10104870-n] (a dealer in stolen property)
                      • fishmonger [ENG31-10113587-n] (someone who sells fish)
                      • horse trader [ENG31-10205687-n] (a hard bargainer)
                      • ironmonger [ENG31-10236360-n] (someone who sells hardware)
                      • mercer [ENG31-10329452-n] (a dealer in textiles (especially silks))
                      • seedsman [ENG31-10595149-n] (a dealer in seeds)
                      • slopseller [ENG31-10632034-n] (a dealer in cheap ready-made clothing)
                      • stamp dealer [ENG31-10666798-n] (a dealer in stamps (whose customers are stamp collectors))
                      • stock trader [ENG31-10677274-n] (someone who buys and sells stock shares)

                        • profit taker [ENG31-10500752-n] (someone who sells stock shares at a profit)
                        • stockjobber [ENG31-10676995-n] (one who deals only with brokers or other jobbers)
                    • venturer [ENG31-10767810-n] (a merchant who undertakes a trading venture (especially a venture that sends goods overseas))
                    • vintner [ENG31-10773857-n] (someone who sells wine)
                  • shipper [ENG31-10609747-n] (someone who ships goods)

                    • consigner [ENG31-09978048-n] (the person who delivers over or commits merchandise)
                  • supplier [ENG31-10696710-n] (someone whose business is to supply a particular service or commodity)

                    • black marketeer [ENG31-09877966-n] (someone who engages illegally in trade in scarce or controlled commodities)
                    • caterer [ENG31-09921095-n] (someone who provides food and service (as for a party))
                    • connection [ENG31-09975514-n] (a supplier (especially of narcotics))
                    • dispenser [ENG31-10037519-n] (a person who dispenses)
                    • distributor [ENG31-10038586-n] (someone who markets merchandise)

                      • jobber [ENG31-10242167-n] (someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants rather than to the ultimate customers)

                        • meat packer [ENG31-10324172-n] (a wholesaler in the meat-packing business)
                      • ship chandler [ENG31-10609450-n] (a dealer in equipment and supplies for ships)
                      • wool stapler [ENG31-10810236-n] (a dealer in wool)
                    • purveyor [ENG31-10514884-n] (someone who supplies provisions (especially food))
                    • recruiter [ENG31-10532301-n] (someone who supplies members or employees)

                      • headhunter [ENG31-10183186-n] (a recruiter of personnel (especially for corporations))
                      • scout [ENG31-10582396-n] (someone employed to discover and recruit talented persons (especially in the worlds of entertainment or sports))
                    • stockist [ENG31-10677743-n] (one (as a retailer or distributor) that stocks goods)
                    • sutler [ENG31-10701004-n] (a supplier of victuals or supplies to an army)
                • financier [ENG31-10109789-n] (a person skilled in large scale financial transactions)

                  • banker [ENG31-09857212-n] (a financier who owns or is an executive in a bank)

                    • teller [ENG31-10718466-n] (an employee of a bank who receives and pays out money)
                  • city man [ENG31-09943653-n] (a financier who works in one of the banks in the City of London)
                  • principal [ENG31-10494031-n] (the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange)

                    • broker-dealer [ENG31-09895618-n] (a financial specialist who trades for his own account and so acts both as a broker and principal)
                • holder [ENG31-10199542-n] (the person who is in possession of a check or note or bond or document of title that is endorsed to him or to whoever holds it)
                • investor [ENG31-10235776-n] (someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns)

                  • contrarian [ENG31-09635730-n] (an investor who deliberately decides to go against the prevailing wisdom of other investors)
                  • bear [ENG31-09864599-n] (an investor with a pessimistic market outlook)
                  • bondholder [ENG31-09884167-n] (a holder of bonds issued by a government or corporation)
                  • bull [ENG31-09898387-n] (an investor with an optimistic market outlook)
                  • caller [ENG31-09908430-n] (an investor who buys a call option)
                  • depositor [ENG31-10024668-n] (a person who has deposited money in a bank or similar institution)

                    • withdrawer [ENG31-10804471-n] (a depositor who withdraws funds previously deposited)
                  • lender [ENG31-10274089-n] (someone who lends money or gives credit in business matters)

                    • usurer [ENG31-10762041-n] (someone who lends money at excessive rates of interest)
                  • rentier [ENG31-10540557-n] (someone whose income is from property rents or bond interest and other investments)
                  • stockholder [ENG31-10677408-n] (someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation)

                    • stockholder of record [ENG31-10677561-n] (the stockholder whose name is registered on the books of the corporation as owning the shares at a particular time)
                • materialist [ENG31-10320630-n] (someone with great regard for material possessions)
                • moneymaker [ENG31-10348103-n] (someone who is successful in accumulating wealth)

                  • moneygrubber [ENG31-10347994-n] (someone whose main interest in life is moneymaking)
                • profiteer [ENG31-10500588-n] (someone who makes excessive profit (especially on goods in short supply))
              • captor [ENG31-09632591-n] (a person who captures and holds people or animals)

                • kidnapper [ENG31-10250498-n] (someone who unlawfully seizes and detains a victim (usually for ransom))

                  • crimp [ENG31-09998096-n] (someone who tricks or coerces men into service as sailors or soldiers)
                  • shanghaier [ENG31-10605673-n] (a kidnapper who drugs men and takes them for compulsory service aboard a ship)
                • surpriser [ENG31-10699170-n] (a captor who uses surprise to capture the victim)
              • changer [ENG31-09632901-n] (a person who changes something)

                • adulterator [ENG31-09792029-n] (a changer who lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance)
                • normalizer [ENG31-10382127-n] (a person who normalizes)
                • standardizer [ENG31-10667021-n] (a person who sets a standard for things to conform to)
              • color-blind person [ENG31-09633285-n] (a person unable to distinguish differences in hue)

                • monochromat [ENG31-09648383-n] (a person who is completely color-blind)
                • dichromat [ENG31-10031313-n] (a person with any of the various forms of dichromacy)

                  • uniocular dichromat [ENG31-10757978-n] (a person who has normal vision in one eye and dichromacy in the other)
              • commoner [ENG31-09633435-n] (a person who holds no title)

                • bourgeois [ENG31-09889236-n] (a member of the middle class)

                  • petit bourgeois [ENG31-10439661-n] (a member of the lower middle class)
                • cipher [ENG31-09942876-n] (a person of no influence)

                  • pip-squeak [ENG31-10455018-n] (someone who is small and insignificant)
                  • whippersnapper [ENG31-10796655-n] (someone who is unimportant but cheeky and presumptuous)
                • everyman [ENG31-10087600-n] (the ordinary person)
                • John Doe [ENG31-10243414-n] (a hypothetical average man)
                • layman [ENG31-10270224-n] (someone who is not a clergyman or a professional person)

                  • lay reader [ENG31-10270409-n] (a layman who is authorized by the bishop to read parts of the service in an Anglican or Episcopal church)
                • plebeian [ENG31-10460825-n] (one of the common people)

                  • philistine [ENG31-10442776-n] (a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits)
                • proletarian [ENG31-10501296-n] (a member of the working class (not necessarily employed))

                  • dogsbody [ENG31-10043610-n] (a worker who has to do all the unpleasant or boring jobs that no one else wants to do)
                • rustic [ENG31-10563789-n] (an unsophisticated country person)

                  • coon [ENG31-09636589-n] (an eccentric or undignified rustic)
                  • countryman [ENG31-09990665-n] (a man who lives in the country and has country ways)
                  • countrywoman [ENG31-09990803-n] (a woman who lives in the country and has country ways)
                  • hillbilly [ENG31-10195988-n] (a disparaging term for an unsophisticated person)
                  • peasant [ENG31-10430413-n] (a country person)

                    • cotter [ENG31-09988271-n] (a peasant farmer in the Scottish Highlands)
                    • muzhik [ENG31-10362501-n] (a Russian peasant (especially prior to 1917))
                  • redneck [ENG31-10533531-n] (a poor White person in the southern United States)
                  • woodsman [ENG31-10810024-n] (someone who lives in the woods)
                  • yokel [ENG31-10823706-n] (a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture)
              • communicator [ENG31-09633690-n] (a person who communicates with others)

                • alarmist [ENG31-09800945-n] (a person who alarms others needlessly)

                  • scaremonger [ENG31-10575107-n] (a person who spreads frightening rumors and stirs up trouble)
                • allegorizer [ENG31-09803601-n] (someone who communicates in allegories)
                • announcer [ENG31-09814775-n] (someone who proclaims a message publicly)

                  • caller [ENG31-09907881-n] (someone who proclaims or summons in a loud voice)
                  • caller [ENG31-09908087-n] (a person who announces the changes of steps during a dance)
                  • muezzin [ENG31-10356443-n] (the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day)
                  • town crier [ENG31-10738781-n] ((formerly) an official who made public announcements)
                • articulator [ENG31-09831117-n] (someone who pronounces words)

                  • speaker [ENG31-10649550-n] (someone who expresses in language)

                    • alliterator [ENG31-09804005-n] (a speaker or writer who makes use of alliteration)
                    • caller [ENG31-09907469-n] (the person initiating a telephone call)
                    • chatterer [ENG31-09931028-n] (an obnoxious and foolish and loquacious talker)
                    • conversationalist [ENG31-09981478-n] (someone skilled at conversation)

                      • deipnosophist [ENG31-10015367-n] (someone skilled at informal chitchat)
                      • interlocutor [ENG31-10230581-n] (a person who takes part in a conversation)
                    • dictator [ENG31-10031898-n] (a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine)
                    • drawler [ENG31-10052609-n] (someone who speaks with a drawl)
                    • driveller [ENG31-10054510-n] (someone whose talk is trivial drivel)
                    • ejaculator [ENG31-10067809-n] (a speaker who utters a sudden exclamation)
                    • growler [ENG31-10168648-n] (a speaker whose voice sounds like a growl)
                    • inquirer [ENG31-10227450-n] (someone who asks a question)

                      • cross-examiner [ENG31-09999988-n] (someone who questions a witness carefully (especially about testimony given earlier))
                      • examiner [ENG31-10088041-n] (someone who administers a test to determine your qualifications)
                      • inquisitor [ENG31-10227888-n] (a questioner who is excessively harsh)
                      • interviewer [ENG31-10232989-n] (a person who conducts an interview)
                      • pollster [ENG31-10471164-n] (someone who conducts surveys of public opinion)
                    • lecturer [ENG31-10272244-n] (someone who lectures professionally)
                    • lisper [ENG31-10285498-n] (a speaker who lisps)
                    • mentioner [ENG31-10329014-n] (a speaker who refers to something briefly or incidentally)
                    • motormouth [ENG31-10354048-n] (someone who talks incessantly)
                    • mutterer [ENG31-10362274-n] (a person who speaks softly and indistinctly)
                    • narrator [ENG31-10365535-n] (someone who tells a story)

                      • anecdotist [ENG31-09812793-n] (a person skilled in telling anecdotes)
                      • fabulist [ENG31-10095317-n] (a person who tells or invents fables)
                      • griot [ENG31-10166872-n] (a storyteller in West Africa)
                    • orator [ENG31-10400371-n] (a person who delivers a speech or oration)

                      • eulogist [ENG31-09640191-n] (an orator who delivers eulogies or panegyrics)
                      • elocutionist [ENG31-10070688-n] (a public speaker trained in voice production and gesture and delivery)
                      • haranguer [ENG31-10179307-n] (a public speaker who delivers a loud or forceful or angry speech)
                      • spellbinder [ENG31-10654388-n] (an orator who can hold his listeners spellbound)
                      • tub-thumper [ENG31-10752301-n] (a noisy and vigorous or ranting public speaker)
                    • prattler [ENG31-10483509-n] (someone who speaks in a childish way)
                    • ranter [ENG31-10526663-n] (someone who rants and raves)
                    • reciter [ENG31-10531364-n] (someone who recites from memory)
                    • native speaker [ENG31-10650493-n] (a speaker of a particular language who has spoken that language since earliest childhood)
                    • stammerer [ENG31-10666219-n] (someone who speaks with involuntary pauses and repetitions)
                    • stentor [ENG31-10673650-n] (a speaker with an unusually loud voice)
                    • talking head [ENG31-10709591-n] (a talker on television who talks directly into the cameras and whose upper body is all that is shown on the screen)
                    • venter [ENG31-10767340-n] (a speaker who expresses or gives vent to a personal opinion or grievance)
                    • vociferator [ENG31-10778257-n] (a loud and vehement speaker (usually in protest))
                    • voicer [ENG31-10778515-n] (a speaker who voices an opinion)
                    • wailer [ENG31-10782913-n] (a mourner who utters long loud high-pitched cries)
                    • whisperer [ENG31-10796967-n] (one who speaks in a whisper)
                    • witness [ENG31-10805709-n] (someone who sees an event and reports what happened)

                      • attester [ENG31-09842042-n] (someone who affirms or vouches for the correctness or truth or genuineness of something)
                      • testifier [ENG31-10723554-n] (a person who testifies or gives a deposition)
                  • subvocalizer [ENG31-10690906-n] (someone who articulates speech without uttering sounds)
                • asserter [ENG31-09834065-n] (someone who claims to speak the truth)

                  • postulator [ENG31-10477010-n] (someone who assumes or takes something for granted as the basis of an argument)
                • avower [ENG31-09846100-n] (someone who admits or acknowledges openly and boldly)
                • broadcaster [ENG31-09895252-n] (someone who broadcasts on radio or television)

                  • announcer [ENG31-09814565-n] (reads news, commercials on radio or television)

                    • newscaster [ENG31-10376043-n] (someone who broadcasts the news)

                      • newsreader [ENG31-10376576-n] (someone who reads out broadcast news bulletin)
                    • radio announcer [ENG31-10523303-n] (an announcer whose voice is broadcast on radio)
                    • sports announcer [ENG31-10659035-n] (an announcer who reads sports news or describes sporting events)
                    • tv announcer [ENG31-10753548-n] (an announcer on television)
                  • broadcast journalist [ENG31-09895445-n] (a journalist who broadcasts on radio or television)
                  • disk jockey [ENG31-10036990-n] (a person who announces and plays popular recorded music)
                  • telecaster [ENG31-10716916-n] (a television broadcaster)
                • conferee [ENG31-09973444-n] (a member of a conference)
                • conferrer [ENG31-09973725-n] (someone who converses or confers (as in a conference))
                • confessor [ENG31-09973958-n] (someone who confesses (discloses information damaging to themselves))
                • correspondent [ENG31-09986084-n] (someone who communicates by means of letters)

                  • pen pal [ENG31-10434124-n] (a person you come to know by frequent friendly correspondence)
                • gossip [ENG31-10158867-n] (a person given to gossiping and divulging personal information about others)

                  • scandalmonger [ENG31-10574487-n] (a person who spreads malicious gossip)
                  • tattletale [ENG31-10712192-n] (someone who gossips indiscreetly)
                  • yenta [ENG31-10822886-n] ((Yiddish) a woman who talks too much)
                • hisser [ENG31-10196645-n] (someone who communicates disapproval by hissing)
                • informant [ENG31-10225604-n] (a person who supplies information)

                  • informer [ENG31-10225792-n] (one who reveals confidential information in return for money)

                    • fink [ENG31-10110781-n] (someone acting as an informer or decoy for the police)
                    • nark [ENG31-10365390-n] (an informer or spy working for the police)
                    • supergrass [ENG31-10694920-n] (a police informer who implicates many people)
                  • leaker [ENG31-10271309-n] (a surreptitious informant)
                  • passive source [ENG31-10424555-n] (an informant who is not assigned to obtain specific intelligence but who routinely passes on whatever information he or she has)
                  • whistle blower [ENG31-10797068-n] (an informant who exposes wrongdoing within an organization in the hope of stopping it)
                • laudator [ENG31-10268408-n] (someone who communicates high praise)

                  • clapper [ENG31-09945546-n] (someone who applauds)
                • negotiator [ENG31-10371605-n] (someone who negotiates (confers with others in order to reach a settlement))

                  • mediator [ENG31-09647729-n] (a negotiator who acts as a link between parties)

                    • mediatrix [ENG31-09648069-n] (a woman who is a mediator)
                    • conciliator [ENG31-09971642-n] (someone who tries to bring peace)

                      • appeaser [ENG31-09819672-n] (someone who tries to bring peace by acceding to demands)
                    • diplomat [ENG31-10034403-n] (a person who deals tactfully with others)
                    • harmonizer [ENG31-10180005-n] (a mediator who brings one thing into harmonious agreement with another)
                    • interpreter [ENG31-10232171-n] (someone who mediates between speakers of different languages)

                      • dragoman [ENG31-10049154-n] (an interpreter and guide in the Near East)
                      • symbolist [ENG31-10705336-n] (someone skilled in the interpretation or representation of symbols)
                    • matchmaker [ENG31-10319542-n] (someone who arranges (or tries to arrange) marriages for others)
                    • moderator [ENG31-10345753-n] (someone who mediates disputes and attempts to avoid violence)

                      • modifier [ENG31-10346442-n] (a moderator who makes less extreme or uncompromising)
                    • second hand [ENG31-10588198-n] (an intermediate person)
                  • bargainer [ENG31-09858555-n] (negotiator of the terms of a transaction)

                    • haggler [ENG31-10175160-n] (an intense bargainer)
                  • compromiser [ENG31-09990352-n] (a negotiator willing to compromise)
                  • holdout [ENG31-10200211-n] (a negotiator who hopes to gain concessions by refusing to come to terms)
                  • negotiatress [ENG31-10371939-n] (a woman negotiator)
                  • representative [ENG31-10541628-n] (a person who represents others)

                    • agent [ENG31-09796794-n] (a representative who acts on behalf of other persons or organizations)

                      • business agent [ENG31-09797416-n] (an agent who handles business affairs for another)

                        • actor's agent [ENG31-09787015-n] (a business agent for an actor)
                      • literary agent [ENG31-09797585-n] (an agent who represents an author in dealings with publishers)
                      • bailee [ENG31-09852338-n] (the agent to whom property involved in a bailment is delivered)
                      • booker [ENG31-09885360-n] (someone who engages a person or company for performances)

                        • showman [ENG31-10613153-n] (a sponsor who books and stages public entertainments)

                          • exhibitor [ENG31-10090370-n] (someone who organizes an exhibit for others to see)
                          • organ-grinder [ENG31-10402409-n] (a street musician who plays a hand organ or hurdy-gurdy)
                          • pornographer [ENG31-10474660-n] (someone who presents shows or sells writing or pictures that are sexually explicit in violation of the community mores)
                      • deputy [ENG31-10025383-n] (a person appointed to represent or act on behalf of others)

                        • vicegerent [ENG31-10770820-n] (someone appointed by a ruler as an administrative deputy)
                      • employment agent [ENG31-10074683-n] (someone who runs an employment agency)
                      • freight agent [ENG31-10131232-n] (an employee of a freight carrier who directs the receipt and delivery of goods)
                      • government agent [ENG31-10153164-n] (a representative or official of a government or administrative department of a government)

                        • G-man [ENG31-10153370-n] (a special law-enforcement agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation)
                        • revenuer [ENG31-10546208-n] (a government agent responsible for collecting revenue (especially one responsible for stopping bootlegging))
                        • T-man [ENG31-10732903-n] (a special law-enforcement agent of the United States Treasury)
                      • handler [ENG31-10178201-n] (an agent who handles something or someone)
                      • mill agent [ENG31-10337621-n] (the responsible official at a mill that is under absentee ownership)
                      • next friend [ENG31-10376906-n] ((law) a person who acts on behalf of an infant or disabled person)
                      • parliamentary agent [ENG31-10420317-n] (a person who is employed to look after the affairs of businesses that are affected by legislation of the British Parliament)
                      • proxy [ENG31-10506494-n] (a person authorized to act for another)
                      • purchasing agent [ENG31-10513507-n] (an agent who purchases goods or services for another)
                      • secret agent [ENG31-10588855-n] (a person secretly employed in espionage for a government)

                        • agent-in-place [ENG31-09797707-n] (an operative serving as a penetration into an intelligence target)
                        • agent provocateur [ENG31-09797833-n] (a secret agent who incites suspected persons to commit illegal acts)
                        • bridge agent [ENG31-09894491-n] (an operative who acts as a courier or go-between from a case officer to a secret agent in a hostile area)
                        • case officer [ENG31-09918586-n] (an operative who also serves as an official staffer of an intelligence service)

                          • action officer [ENG31-09784155-n] (the case officer designated to perform an act during a clandestine operation (especially in a hostile area))
                        • codetalker [ENG31-09953071-n] (a secret agent who was one of the Navajos who devised and used a code based on their native language)
                        • foot [ENG31-10120847-n] (a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger)
                        • NOC [ENG31-10379358-n] (an undercover agent who is given no official cover)
                        • spy [ENG31-10661153-n] ((military) a secret agent hired by a state to obtain information about its enemies or by a business to obtain industrial secrets from competitors)

                          • counterspy [ENG31-09989722-n] (a spy who works against enemy espionage)
                          • double agent [ENG31-10047201-n] (a spy who works for two mutually antagonistic countries)
                          • espionage agent [ENG31-10083726-n] (someone employed to spy on another country or business competitor)
                          • foreign agent [ENG31-10122997-n] (a spy for a foreign country)
                          • infiltrator [ENG31-10225452-n] (someone who takes up a position surreptitiously for the purpose of espionage)
                          • sleeper [ENG31-10630366-n] (a spy or saboteur or terrorist planted in an enemy country who lives there as a law-abiding citizen until activated by a prearranged signal)
                        • walk-in [ENG31-10783796-n] (an operative who initiates his own defection (usually to a hostile country) for political asylum)
                      • shipping agent [ENG31-10609860-n] (the agent of a shipowner)
                      • shopper [ENG31-10612003-n] (a commercial agent who shops at the competitor's store in order to compare their prices and merchandise with those of the store that employs her)
                      • special agent [ENG31-10651127-n] (someone whose authority is limited to the special undertaking they have been instructed to perform)
                      • talent agent [ENG31-10709498-n] (an agent who represents performers)
                      • universal agent [ENG31-10758625-n] (someone authorized to transact every kind of business for the principal)
                    • alderman [ENG31-09801838-n] (a member of a municipal legislative body (as a city council))
                    • assemblyman [ENG31-09833786-n] (someone who is a member of a legislative assembly)
                    • assemblywoman [ENG31-09833893-n] (a woman assemblyman)
                    • contact [ENG31-09979596-n] (a person who is in a position to give you special assistance)
                    • delegate [ENG31-10020380-n] (a person appointed or elected to represent others)

                      • apostolic delegate [ENG31-09819030-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a representative of the Holy See in a country that has no formal diplomatic relations with it)
                    • emissary [ENG31-10072502-n] (someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else)

                      • legate [ENG31-10273176-n] (a member of a legation)
                    • head of state [ENG31-10184340-n] (the chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government)

                      • chancellor [ENG31-09926439-n] (the person who is head of government (in several countries))

                        • taoiseach [ENG31-10710548-n] (the prime minister of the Irish Republic)
                      • Prime Minister [ENG31-09926654-n] (the person who holds the position of head of the government in the United Kingdom)
                      • president [ENG31-10486745-n] (the chief executive of a republic)

                        • ex-president [ENG31-09641910-n] (a former president)
                      • President of the United States [ENG31-10486961-n] (the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government)
                      • sovereign [ENG31-10648006-n] (a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right)

                        • Capetian [ENG31-09911608-n] (a member of the Capetian dynasty)
                        • Carolingian [ENG31-09915972-n] (a member of the Carolingian dynasty)
                        • czar [ENG31-10006777-n] (a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917))
                        • emperor [ENG31-10072812-n] (the male ruler of an empire)

                          • empress [ENG31-10073247-n] (a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor)
                          • Holy Roman Emperor [ENG31-10200768-n] (sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire)
                          • Kaiser [ENG31-10249008-n] (the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918)
                          • mikado [ENG31-10334875-n] (the emperor of Japan)
                          • Roman Emperor [ENG31-10556797-n] (sovereign of the Roman Empire)
                          • Romanov [ENG31-10557265-n] (a member of the imperial family that ruled Russia)
                        • king [ENG31-10251212-n] (a male sovereign)

                          • King of England [ENG31-10253142-n] (the sovereign ruler of England)
                          • King of France [ENG31-10254037-n] (the sovereign ruler of France)
                          • King of the Germans [ENG31-10254564-n] (the sovereign ruler of the Germans)
                        • Merovingian [ENG31-10330071-n] (a member of the Merovingian dynasty)
                        • Shah [ENG31-10604948-n] (title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran)
                    • personal representative [ENG31-10437296-n] (a person who manages the affairs of another)

                      • legal representative [ENG31-10272993-n] (a personal representative with legal standing (as by power of attorney or the executor of a will))
                    • resident commissioner [ENG31-10543669-n] (the representative of Puerto Rico in the United States House of Representatives)
                    • union representative [ENG31-10758172-n] (a representative for a labor union)

                      • organizer [ENG31-10403204-n] (someone who enlists workers to join a union)
                      • shop steward [ENG31-10612219-n] (a union member who is elected to represent fellow workers in negotiating with management)
                      • walking delegate [ENG31-10784133-n] (a union representative who visits workers at their jobs to see whether agreements are observed)
                  • settler [ENG31-10603368-n] (a negotiator who settles disputes)
                • persuader [ENG31-10438586-n] (someone who tries to persuade or induce or lead on)

                  • lobbyist [ENG31-10288326-n] (someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employer)
                  • Svengali [ENG31-10701338-n] (someone (usually maleficent) who tries to persuade or force another person to do his bidding)
                  • wheedler [ENG31-10795047-n] (someone who tries to persuade by blandishment and coaxing)
                • popularizer [ENG31-10474308-n] (someone who makes something attractive to the general public)
                • presenter [ENG31-10485953-n] (someone who presents a message of some sort (as a petition or an address or a check or a memorial etc.))
                • promisee [ENG31-10501514-n] (a person to whom a promise is made)
                • promiser [ENG31-10501639-n] (a person who makes a promise)

                  • vower [ENG31-10780619-n] (someone who makes a solemn promise to do something or behave in a certain way)
                • propagandist [ENG31-10502506-n] (a person who disseminates messages calculated to assist some cause or some government)

                  • sloganeer [ENG31-10631889-n] (someone who coins and uses slogans to promote a cause)
                • propagator [ENG31-10502723-n] (someone who spreads the news)
                • publicist [ENG31-10510284-n] (someone who publicizes)

                  • advertiser [ENG31-09793385-n] (someone whose business is advertising)

                    • huckster [ENG31-10210263-n] (a person who writes radio or tv advertisements)
                    • promoter [ENG31-10501805-n] (someone who is an active supporter and advocate)

                      • barker [ENG31-09858903-n] (someone who stands in front of a show (as at a carnival) and gives a loud colorful sales talk to potential customers)
                    • tout [ENG31-10737998-n] (someone who advertises for customers in an especially brazen way)
                  • press agent [ENG31-10489196-n] (someone employed to arrange publicity (for a firm or a public figure))
                  • sensationalist [ENG31-10599287-n] (someone who uses exaggerated or lurid material in order to gain public attention)
                • quoter [ENG31-10521789-n] (a communicator (speaker or writer) who uses quotations)
                • rambler [ENG31-10525687-n] (a person whose speech or writing is not well organized)
                • reporter [ENG31-10541255-n] (a person who investigates and reports or edits news stories)

                  • newswoman [ENG31-10541446-n] (a female newsperson)
                  • television reporter [ENG31-10717864-n] (someone who reports news stories via television)

                    • anchor [ENG31-09812410-n] (a television reporter who coordinates a broadcast to which several correspondents contribute)
                • respondent [ENG31-10544006-n] (someone who responds)

                  • assenter [ENG31-09833972-n] (a person who assents)
                  • hedger [ENG31-10187605-n] (a respondent who avoids giving a clear direct answer)
                  • interviewee [ENG31-10232850-n] (a person who is interviewed)

                    • don't-know [ENG31-10046092-n] (a person who responds `I don't know' in a public opinion poll)
                  • testee [ENG31-10723341-n] (someone who is tested (as by an intelligence test or an academic examination))

                    • passer [ENG31-10424171-n] (a student who passes an examination)
                • roarer [ENG31-10553540-n] (someone who communicates vocally in a very loud voice)
                • sender [ENG31-10598214-n] (someone who transmits a message)

                  • spammer [ENG31-10648907-n] (someone who sends unwanted email (often in bulk))
                • signaler [ENG31-10616307-n] (someone who communicates by signals)

                  • signalman [ENG31-10616499-n] (a railroad employee in charge of signals and point in a railroad yard)
                  • toller [ENG31-10734500-n] (a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation))
                  • whistler [ENG31-10797436-n] (someone who makes a loud high sound)
                • signer [ENG31-10616913-n] (someone who can use sign language to communicate)
                • swearer [ENG31-10701827-n] (someone who takes a solemn oath)
                • sympathizer [ENG31-10705796-n] (a person who commiserates with someone who has had misfortune)

                  • Job's comforter [ENG31-10242739-n] (someone whose comfort is actually discouraging)
                • telepathist [ENG31-10717375-n] (someone with the power of communicating thoughts directly)
                • twaddler [ENG31-10753656-n] (someone who twaddles)
                • waffler [ENG31-10781880-n] (someone who speaks or writes in a vague and evasive manner)
                • warner [ENG31-10787690-n] (someone who gives a warning to others)
                • waver [ENG31-10790938-n] (someone who communicates by waving)
                • wirer [ENG31-10803691-n] (someone who sends a telegram)
                • writer [ENG31-10813654-n] (writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay))

                  • abstractor [ENG31-09774417-n] (one who makes abstracts or summarizes information)
                  • authoress [ENG31-09843467-n] (a woman author)
                  • biographer [ENG31-09874839-n] (someone who writes an account of a person's life)

                    • autobiographer [ENG31-09844698-n] (someone who writes their own biography)
                    • hagiographer [ENG31-10175252-n] (the author of a worshipful or idealizing biography)
                  • coauthor [ENG31-09952350-n] (a writer who collaborates with others in writing something)
                  • commentator [ENG31-09961910-n] (a writer who reports and analyzes events of the day)
                  • compiler [ENG31-09966436-n] (a person who compiles information (as for reference purposes))

                    • encyclopedist [ENG31-10075374-n] (a person who compiles information for encyclopedias)
                    • lexicographer [ENG31-10275777-n] (a compiler or writer of a dictionary)

                      • etymologist [ENG31-10086121-n] (a lexicographer who specializes in etymology)
                      • neologist [ENG31-10372629-n] (a lexicographer of new words and expressions)
                      • synonymist [ENG31-10706631-n] (a student of synonyms)
                  • contributor [ENG31-09980810-n] (a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book)
                  • cyberpunk [ENG31-10005339-n] (a writer of science fiction set in a lawless subculture of an oppressive society dominated by computer technology)
                  • drafter [ENG31-10048702-n] (a writer of a draft)
                  • dramatist [ENG31-10050002-n] (someone who writes plays)
                  • essayist [ENG31-10084212-n] (a writer of literary works)
                  • folk writer [ENG31-10119047-n] (a writer of folktales)

                    • folk poet [ENG31-10118771-n] (a folk writer who composes in verse)
                  • framer [ENG31-10128233-n] (someone who writes a new law or plan)
                  • gagman [ENG31-10136924-n] (someone who writes comic material for public performers)
                  • ghostwriter [ENG31-10148285-n] (a writer who gives the credit of authorship to someone else)
                  • Gothic romancer [ENG31-10159464-n] (a writer of Gothic romances)
                  • hack [ENG31-10174309-n] (a mediocre and disdained writer)
                  • journalist [ENG31-10244248-n] (a writer for newspapers and magazines)

                    • columnist [ENG31-09958612-n] (a journalist who writes editorials)

                      • newspaper columnist [ENG31-10376291-n] (a columnist who writes for newspapers)

                        • agony aunt [ENG31-09798902-n] (a newspaper columnist who answers questions and offers advice on personal problems to people who write in)
                        • gossip columnist [ENG31-10159171-n] (a journalist who writes a column of gossip about celebrities)
                    • correspondent [ENG31-09986240-n] (a journalist employed to provide news stories for newspapers or broadcast media)

                      • foreign correspondent [ENG31-10123084-n] (a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a foreign country for publication or broadcast)
                      • war correspondent [ENG31-10786386-n] (a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a combat zone or place of battle for publication or broadcast)
                    • gazetteer [ENG31-10142302-n] (a journalist who writes for a gazette)
                    • photojournalist [ENG31-10446987-n] (a journalist who presents a story primarily through the use of photographs)
                    • scribe [ENG31-10584088-n] (informal terms for journalists)
                    • sob sister [ENG31-10637750-n] (a journalist who specializes in sentimental stories)
                    • sports writer [ENG31-10659482-n] (a journalist who writes about sports)
                  • librettist [ENG31-10277849-n] (author of words to be set to music in an opera or operetta)
                  • lyricist [ENG31-10297609-n] (a person who writes the words for songs)
                  • novelist [ENG31-10383272-n] (one who writes novels)
                  • pamphleteer [ENG31-10415304-n] (a writer of pamphlets (usually taking a partisan stand on public issues))
                  • paragrapher [ENG31-10417393-n] (a writer of paragraphs (as for publication on the editorial page of a newspaper))
                  • poet [ENG31-10463768-n] (a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry))

                    • bard [ENG31-09858410-n] (a lyric poet)
                    • elegist [ENG31-10069851-n] (the author of a mournful poem lamenting the dead)
                    • odist [ENG31-10390580-n] (a poet who writes odes)
                    • poetess [ENG31-10466829-n] (a woman poet)
                    • poet laureate [ENG31-10466933-n] (the poet officially appointed to the royal household in Great Britain)
                    • poet laureate [ENG31-10467159-n] (a poet who is unofficially regarded as holding an honorary position in a particular group or region)
                    • sonneteer [ENG31-10644362-n] (a poet who writes sonnets)
                  • polemicist [ENG31-10468244-n] (a writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology))
                  • rhymer [ENG31-10548068-n] (a writer who composes rhymes)
                  • scenarist [ENG31-10575364-n] (a writer of screenplays)
                  • scriptwriter [ENG31-10584333-n] (someone who writes scripts for plays or movies or broadcast dramas)

                    • screenwriter [ENG31-10583828-n] (someone who writes screenplays)
                  • space writer [ENG31-10648811-n] (a writer paid by the area of the copy)
                  • speechwriter [ENG31-10651016-n] (a writer who composes speeches for others to deliver)
                  • tragedian [ENG31-10741357-n] (a writer (especially a playwright) who writes tragedies)
                  • wordmonger [ENG31-10810311-n] (a writer who uses language carelessly or pretentiously with little regard for meaning)
                  • word-painter [ENG31-10810453-n] (a writer of vivid or graphic descriptive power)
                  • wordsmith [ENG31-10810558-n] (a fluent and prolific writer)
              • contestant [ENG31-09636221-n] (a person who participates in competitions)

                • agonist [ENG31-09798721-n] (someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon))
                • athlete [ENG31-09839665-n] (a person trained to compete in sports)

                  • acrobat [ENG31-09783804-n] (an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility and coordination)

                    • aerialist [ENG31-09784021-n] (an acrobat who performs in the air (as on a rope or trapeze))

                      • ropewalker [ENG31-10558572-n] (an acrobat who performs on a rope stretched at some height above the ground)
                    • balancer [ENG31-09853111-n] (an acrobat who balances himself in difficult positions)
                    • circus acrobat [ENG31-09943019-n] (an acrobat who performs acrobatic feats in a circus)
                    • contortionist [ENG31-09980024-n] (an acrobat able to twist into unusual positions)
                    • funambulist [ENG31-10135603-n] (an acrobat who performs on a tightrope or slack rope)
                  • amateur [ENG31-09806201-n] (an athlete who does not play for pay)

                    • sporting man [ENG31-10658757-n] (someone who enjoys outdoor activities)
                  • ball hawk [ENG31-09854618-n] (a team athlete who is skilled at stealing or catching the ball)
                  • ballplayer [ENG31-09854894-n] (an athlete who plays baseball)

                    • base runner [ENG31-09861084-n] (a baseball player on the team at bat who is on base (or attempting to reach a base))
                    • batter [ENG31-09863364-n] ((baseball) a ballplayer who is batting)

                      • bunter [ENG31-09899804-n] (a batter who bunts)
                      • designated hitter [ENG31-10027338-n] (a ballplayer who is designated to bat in place of the pitcher)
                      • pinch hitter [ENG31-10453924-n] ((baseball) a substitute for the regular batter)
                      • switch-hitter [ENG31-10703794-n] (a baseball player who can bat either right or left handed)
                      • whiffer [ENG31-10795439-n] (a batter who strikes out by swinging at and missing the third strike)
                    • fielder [ENG31-10106337-n] (a member of the baseball team that is in the field instead of at bat)

                      • infielder [ENG31-10225076-n] ((baseball) a person who plays a position in the infield)

                        • catcher [ENG31-09920596-n] ((baseball) the person who plays the position of catcher)
                        • first baseman [ENG31-10112257-n] ((baseball) the person who plays first base)
                        • second baseman [ENG31-10587628-n] ((baseball) the person who plays second base)
                        • shortstop [ENG31-10612394-n] ((baseball) the person who plays the shortstop position)
                        • third baseman [ENG31-10728625-n] ((baseball) the person who plays third base)
                      • outfielder [ENG31-10406683-n] ((baseball) a person who plays in the outfield)

                        • right fielder [ENG31-10406895-n] (the person who plays right field)
                        • center fielder [ENG31-10407175-n] (the person who plays center field)
                        • left fielder [ENG31-10407285-n] (the person who plays left field)
                    • little leaguer [ENG31-10287258-n] (a player between 8 and 12 years of age who is a member of a little-league team)
                    • major leaguer [ENG31-10303628-n] (a member of a major-league baseball team)
                    • minor leaguer [ENG31-10340998-n] (a player on a minor-league baseball team)
                    • pitcher [ENG31-10455755-n] ((baseball) the person who does the pitching)

                      • left-handed pitcher [ENG31-10272618-n] (a baseball pitcher who throws the ball with the left hand)
                      • right-handed pitcher [ENG31-10407023-n] ((baseball) a pitcher who throws with the right hand)
                      • reliever [ENG31-10537787-n] (a pitcher who does not start the game)

                        • closer [ENG31-09949715-n] ((baseball) a relief pitcher who can protect a lead in the last inning or two of the game)

                          • slammer [ENG31-10628174-n] (a person who closes things violently)
                      • screwballer [ENG31-10583969-n] ((baseball) a pitcher who throws screwballs)
                      • starting pitcher [ENG31-10669013-n] ((baseball) a pitcher who starts in a baseball game)
                    • utility man [ENG31-10762654-n] (a baseball player valued for the ability to play at several positions)
                  • basketball player [ENG31-09861435-n] (an athlete who plays basketball)

                    • center [ENG31-09924009-n] ((basketball) the person who plays center on a basketball team)
                    • dribbler [ENG31-10053613-n] (a basketball player who is dribbling the ball to advance it)
                    • dunker [ENG31-10059743-n] (a basketball player who is able to make dunk shots)
                    • forward [ENG31-10125502-n] (the person who plays the position of forward in certain games, such as basketball, soccer, or hockey)
                    • guard [ENG31-10169801-n] (the person who plays the position of guard on a basketball team)
                  • climber [ENG31-09948756-n] (someone who climbs as a sport)

                    • escalader [ENG31-10082592-n] (someone who gains access by the use of ladders)
                    • rock climber [ENG31-10555161-n] (a climber of vertical rock faces)
                  • cricketer [ENG31-09996856-n] (an athlete who plays cricket)

                    • bowler [ENG31-09889502-n] (a cricketer who delivers the ball to the batsman in cricket)
                    • fielder [ENG31-10106152-n] (a member of the cricket team that is fielding rather than batting)

                      • outfielder [ENG31-10406573-n] (a fielder in cricket who is stationed in the outfield)
                    • wicket-keeper [ENG31-10799861-n] (stands behind the wicket to catch balls)
                  • football player [ENG31-10121403-n] (an athlete who plays American football)

                    • back [ENG31-09849440-n] ((football) a person who plays in the backfield)

                      • flanker back [ENG31-10115034-n] (a back stationed wide of the scrimmage line)
                      • quarterback [ENG31-10518401-n] ((football) the person who plays quarterback)
                      • running back [ENG31-10562718-n] ((football) a back on the offensive team (a fullback or halfback) who tries to advance the ball by carrying it on plays from the line of scrimmage)

                        • fullback [ENG31-10135087-n] ((football) the running back who plays the fullback position on the offensive team)
                        • halfback [ENG31-10176688-n] ((football) the running back who plays the offensive halfback position)
                      • tailback [ENG31-10708802-n] ((American football) the person who plays tailback)
                      • wingback [ENG31-10801924-n] ((football) the person who plays wingback)
                    • ball carrier [ENG31-09853766-n] ((football) the player who is carrying (and trying to advance) the ball on an offensive play)

                      • passer [ENG31-10423987-n] ((football) a ball carrier who tries to gain ground by throwing a forward pass)
                      • rusher [ENG31-10563624-n] ((football) a ball carrier who tries to gain ground by running with the ball)
                    • blocker [ENG31-09879654-n] (a football player whose responsibility is to block players attempting to stop an offensive play)
                    • cornerback [ENG31-09985317-n] (a defensive football player stationed outside the linebackers)
                    • football hero [ENG31-10121077-n] (a football player who has achieved a reputation for success)
                    • kicker [ENG31-10250250-n] (a player who kicks the football)

                      • dropkicker [ENG31-10055380-n] (a football kicker who drops the ball and kicks it just as it reaches the ground)
                      • place-kicker [ENG31-10456618-n] ((football) a kicker who makes a place kick for a goal)
                      • punter [ENG31-10512784-n] ((football) a person who kicks the football by dropping it from the hands and contacting it with the foot before it hits the ground)
                    • linebacker [ENG31-10282699-n] (a defensive football player who takes a position close behind the linemen)
                    • lineman [ENG31-10283108-n] (one of the players on the line of scrimmage)

                      • center [ENG31-09923774-n] ((football) the person who plays center on the line of scrimmage and snaps the ball to the quarterback)
                      • end [ENG31-10076206-n] ((football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage)

                        • split end [ENG31-10656881-n] ((football) an offensive end who lines up at a distance from the other linemen)
                        • tight end [ENG31-10730427-n] ((football) an offensive end who lines up close to the tackle)
                      • guard [ENG31-10169240-n] (the person who plays that position on a football team)
                      • tackle [ENG31-10707566-n] (the person who plays that position on a football team)
                    • receiver [ENG31-10530411-n] (a football player who catches (or is supposed to catch) a forward pass)
                    • tackler [ENG31-10707734-n] (a football player who tackles the ball carrier)
                  • gymnast [ENG31-10173163-n] (an athlete who is skilled in gymnastics)

                    • tumbler [ENG31-10752624-n] (a gymnast who performs rolls and somersaults and twists etc.)

                      • turner [ENG31-10753231-n] (a tumbler who is a member of a turnverein)
                  • hockey player [ENG31-10198922-n] (an athlete who plays hockey)

                    • center [ENG31-09924161-n] ((ice hockey) the person who plays center on a hockey team)
                    • goalkeeper [ENG31-10153521-n] (the soccer or hockey player assigned to protect the goal)
                    • wing [ENG31-10801811-n] (a hockey player stationed in a forward position on either side)
                  • hooker [ENG31-10204124-n] ((rugby) the player in the middle of the front row of the scrum who tries to capture the ball with the foot)
                  • hurdler [ENG31-10213483-n] (an athlete who runs the hurdles)
                  • jumper [ENG31-10246473-n] (an athlete who competes at jumping)

                    • bounder [ENG31-09888577-n] (someone who bounds or leaps (as in competition))
                    • hopper [ENG31-10204946-n] (someone who hops)
                    • ski jumper [ENG31-10624783-n] (a skier who leaps through the air (especially on a ski jump))
                  • lacrosse player [ENG31-10262379-n] (an athlete who plays lacrosse)
                  • letterman [ENG31-10275156-n] (an athlete who has earned a letter in a school sport)
                  • Olympian [ENG31-10396990-n] (an athlete who participates in the Olympic games)
                  • pentathlete [ENG31-10434513-n] (an athlete who competes in a pentathlon)
                  • professional [ENG31-10500168-n] (an athlete who plays for pay)

                    • free agent [ENG31-10129595-n] ((sports) a professional athlete who is free to sign a contract to play for any team)
                    • semiprofessional [ENG31-10597801-n] (an athlete who plays for pay on a part-time basis)
                  • runner [ENG31-10562445-n] (a trained athlete who competes in foot races)

                    • marathoner [ENG31-10312630-n] (someone who participates in long-distance races (especially in marathons))
                    • miler [ENG31-10335219-n] (a runner in a one-mile race)

                      • four-minute man [ENG31-10127858-n] (someone who has run the mile in less that 4 minutes)
                    • sprinter [ENG31-10660811-n] (someone who runs a short distance at top speed)
                  • sharpshooter [ENG31-10606201-n] (an athlete noted for accurate aim)
                  • shot putter [ENG31-10612929-n] (an athlete who competes in the shot put)
                  • skater [ENG31-10623899-n] (someone who skates)

                    • ice-skater [ENG31-10216109-n] (someone who engages in ice skating)

                      • speedskater [ENG31-10654247-n] (an ice-skater who races competitively)
                    • roller-skater [ENG31-10556664-n] (someone who engages in roller skating)

                      • rollerblader [ENG31-10556575-n] (a skater who uses Rollerblades)
                    • skateboarder [ENG31-10623788-n] (someone who skates on a skateboard)
                  • skier [ENG31-10624661-n] (someone who skis)

                    • langlaufer [ENG31-10266014-n] (a cross-country skier)
                  • sledder [ENG31-10629849-n] (someone who rides a sled)

                    • luger [ENG31-10295637-n] (someone who races the luge)
                    • tobogganist [ENG31-10733844-n] (someone who rides a toboggan)
                  • soccer player [ENG31-10637858-n] (an athlete who plays soccer)
                  • sport [ENG31-10658320-n] (someone who engages in sports)
                  • striker [ENG31-10683435-n] (a forward on a soccer team)
                  • substitute [ENG31-10690481-n] (an athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced)

                    • bench warmer [ENG31-09869282-n] ((sports) a substitute who seldom plays)
                  • swimmer [ENG31-10702832-n] (a trained athlete who participates in swimming meets)

                    • backstroker [ENG31-09850549-n] (someone who swims the backstroke)
                    • breaststroker [ENG31-09893235-n] (someone who swims the breaststroke)
                    • diver [ENG31-10039131-n] (someone who dives (into water))
                    • skinny-dipper [ENG31-10625145-n] (a naked swimmer)
                  • swinger [ENG31-10703284-n] (someone who swings sports implements)
                  • tennis player [ENG31-10720829-n] (an athlete who plays tennis)

                    • receiver [ENG31-10530567-n] (the tennis player who receives the serve)
                    • tennis pro [ENG31-10721293-n] (someone who earns a living playing or teaching tennis)
                  • vaulter [ENG31-10766599-n] (an athlete who jumps over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole)
                  • weightlifter [ENG31-10793062-n] (an athlete who lifts barbells)
                  • winger [ENG31-10802147-n] ((sports) player in wing position)
                • defaulter [ENG31-10018963-n] (a contestant who forfeits a match)
                • entrant [ENG31-10079883-n] (one who enters a competition)
                • long shot [ENG31-10290821-n] (a contestant that is unlikely to win)
                • loser [ENG31-10292610-n] (a contestant who loses the contest)

                  • old maid [ENG31-10293049-n] (the loser in a game of old maid)
                • opposition [ENG31-10399319-n] (a contestant that you are matched against)
                • outsider [ENG31-10407891-n] (a contestant (human or animal) not considered to have a good chance to win)
                • player [ENG31-10459618-n] (a person who participates in or is skilled at some game)

                  • billiard player [ENG31-09873827-n] (someone who plays billiards)
                  • bowler [ENG31-09889367-n] (a player who rolls balls down an alley at pins)
                  • card player [ENG31-09914106-n] (someone who plays (or knows how to play) card games)

                    • bridge player [ENG31-09894819-n] (a card player in a game of bridge)

                      • bidder [ENG31-09872592-n] (someone who makes a bid at cards)

                        • preemptor [ENG31-10484436-n] (a bidder in bridge who makes a preemptive bid)
                      • bridge partner [ENG31-09894654-n] (one of a pair of bridge players who are on the same side of the game)

                        • raiser [ENG31-10525206-n] (a bridge partner who increases the partner's bid)
                      • contractor [ENG31-09980491-n] (the bridge player in contract bridge who wins the bidding and can declare which suit is to be trumps)
                    • cardholder [ENG31-09913368-n] (a player who holds a card or cards in a card game)
                    • cardsharp [ENG31-09914361-n] (a professional card player who makes a living by cheating at card games)
                    • dealer [ENG31-10016174-n] (the person who distributes the playing cards in a card game)
                    • eldest hand [ENG31-10068537-n] (the card player on the dealer's left)
                    • shuffler [ENG31-10613931-n] (the card player who shuffles the cards)
                  • chess player [ENG31-09935292-n] (someone who plays the game of chess)

                    • chess master [ENG31-09935109-n] (a chess player of great skill)
                    • patzer [ENG31-10428684-n] (a poor chess player)
                  • dart player [ENG31-10011776-n] (someone who plays the game of darts)
                  • golfer [ENG31-10156479-n] (someone who plays the game of golf)

                    • driver [ENG31-10055039-n] (a golfer who hits the golf ball with a driver)
                    • golf pro [ENG31-10156887-n] (someone who earns a living by playing or teaching golf)
                    • hacker [ENG31-10174709-n] (someone who plays golf poorly)
                    • hooker [ENG31-10204302-n] (a golfer whose shots typically curve left (for right-handed golfers))
                    • medalist [ENG31-10324581-n] ((golf) the winner at medal play of a tournament)
                    • putter [ENG31-10515666-n] (a golfer who is putting)
                    • slicer [ENG31-10631245-n] (a golfer whose shots typically curve right (for right-handed golfers))
                  • grandmaster [ENG31-10162466-n] (a player of exceptional or world class skill in chess or bridge)

                    • International Grandmaster [ENG31-10231336-n] (a chess player who has been awarded the highest title by an international chess organization)
                  • most valuable player [ENG31-10351970-n] (the player judged to be the most important to the sport)
                  • playmaker [ENG31-10460460-n] (a player in a team sport who leads attacks or maneuvers in such a way that a teammate can score)
                  • pool player [ENG31-10472740-n] (someone who shoots pool)
                  • scorer [ENG31-10581819-n] (a player who makes a score in a game or contest)
                  • seeded player [ENG31-10594907-n] (one of the outstanding players in a tournament)
                  • server [ENG31-10602056-n] ((court games) the player who serves to start a point)
                  • shooter [ENG31-10610889-n] ((sports) a player who drives or kicks a ball at the goal (or a basketball player who shoots at the basket))
                  • stringer [ENG31-10681601-n] (a member of a squad on a team)
                  • volleyball player [ENG31-10778715-n] (someone who plays the game of volleyball)
                • pothunter [ENG31-10480165-n] (someone who participates in contests in order to collect trophies)
                • qualifier [ENG31-10517781-n] (a contestant who meets certain requirements and so qualifies to take part in the next stage of competition)
                • rival [ENG31-10552570-n] (the contestant you hope to defeat)

                  • champion [ENG31-09926157-n] (someone who has won first place in a competition)

                    • record-breaker [ENG31-10531449-n] (someone who breaks a record)
                  • comer [ENG31-09960547-n] (someone with a promising future)
                  • finalist [ENG31-10109548-n] (a contestant who reaches the final stages of a competition)
                  • foe [ENG31-10118479-n] (a personal enemy)

                    • mortal enemy [ENG31-10350971-n] (an enemy who wants to kill you)
                  • front-runner [ENG31-10133522-n] (a competitor thought likely to win)
                  • king [ENG31-10254721-n] (a competitor who holds a preeminent position)
                  • runner-up [ENG31-10562614-n] (the competitor who finishes second)
                  • scratch [ENG31-10583038-n] (a competitor who has withdrawn from competition)
                  • semifinalist [ENG31-10597473-n] (one of four competitors remaining in a tournament by elimination)
                  • street fighter [ENG31-10682258-n] (a contestant who is very aggressive and willing to use underhand methods)
                  • tier [ENG31-10730158-n] (any one of two or more competitors who tie one another)
                  • tilter [ENG31-10730793-n] (someone who engages in a tilt or joust)
                • starter [ENG31-10668877-n] (a contestant in a team sport who is in the game at the beginning)
                • winner [ENG31-10802616-n] (the contestant who wins the contest)

                  • contestee [ENG31-09635161-n] (a winner (of a race or an election etc.) whose victory is contested)
                  • medalist [ENG31-10324729-n] (someone who has won a medal)
                  • upsetter [ENG31-10760251-n] (an unexpected winner)
                  • walloper [ENG31-10784668-n] (a winner by a wide margin)
                • withdrawer [ENG31-10804761-n] (a contestant who withdraws from competition)
              • coward [ENG31-09637077-n] (a person who shows fear or timidity)

                • cur [ENG31-10002744-n] (a cowardly and despicable person)

                  • caitiff [ENG31-09906363-n] (a cowardly and despicable person)
                • dastard [ENG31-10011967-n] (a despicable coward)
                • poltroon [ENG31-10471580-n] (an abject coward)
                • quaker [ENG31-10517631-n] (one who quakes and trembles with (or as with) fear)
                • shy person [ENG31-10614123-n] (someone who shrinks from familiarity with others)

                  • wallflower [ENG31-10784575-n] (remains on sidelines at social event)
                • sissy [ENG31-10622786-n] (a timid man or boy considered childish or unassertive)
                • waverer [ENG31-10622936-n] (one who hesitates (usually out of fear))
              • creator [ENG31-09637345-n] (a person who grows or makes or invents things)

                • architect [ENG31-09824898-n] (someone who creates plans to be used in making something (such as buildings))

                  • landscape architect [ENG31-10265560-n] (someone who arranges features of the landscape or garden attractively)
                  • Town [ENG31-11366705-n] (United States architect who was noted for his design and construction of truss bridges (1784-1844))
                • artist [ENG31-09831743-n] (a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination)

                  • illustrator [ENG31-09831473-n] (an artist who makes illustrations (for books or magazines or advertisements etc.))

                    • commercial artist [ENG31-09962066-n] (an illustrator who is supported by advertising)
                  • classic [ENG31-09945884-n] (an artist who has created classic works)
                  • classicist [ENG31-09945977-n] (an artistic person who adheres to classicism)
                  • constructivist [ENG31-09979137-n] (an artist of the school of constructivism)
                  • decorator [ENG31-10018427-n] (someone who decorates)
                  • draftsman [ENG31-10048793-n] (an artist skilled at drawing)

                    • cartoonist [ENG31-09917798-n] (a person who draws cartoons)

                      • lampoon artist [ENG31-10264200-n] (a cartoonist who draws parodies or satirical renditions of cultural or social or political situations)
                    • pavement artist [ENG31-10428906-n] (someone who draws on the pavement with colored chalks (hoping that passers-by will give them money))
                    • sketcher [ENG31-10624288-n] (someone who draws sketches)
                  • etcher [ENG31-10084784-n] (someone who etches)
                  • expressionist [ENG31-10093639-n] (an artist who is an adherent of expressionism)
                  • maestro [ENG31-10299827-n] (an artist of consummate skill)

                    • old master [ENG31-10395493-n] (a great European painter prior to 19th century)
                  • minimalist [ENG31-10339888-n] (a practitioner or advocate of artistic minimalism)
                  • modernist [ENG31-10346309-n] (an artist who makes a deliberate break with previous styles)
                  • musician [ENG31-10359679-n] (artist who composes or conducts music as a profession)

                    • arranger [ENG31-09829330-n] (a musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance)

                      • orchestrator [ENG31-10400799-n] (an arranger who writes for orchestras)
                    • choirmaster [ENG31-09939229-n] (the musical director of a choir)
                    • composer [ENG31-09966711-n] (someone who composes music as a profession)

                      • contrapuntist [ENG31-09635610-n] (a composer who specializes in counterpoint)
                      • psalmist [ENG31-10506948-n] (a composer of sacred songs)
                      • songwriter [ENG31-10643902-n] (a composer of words or music for popular songs)
                      • symphonist [ENG31-10706013-n] (a composer of symphonies)
                    • conductor [ENG31-09972018-n] (the person who leads a musical group)

                      • bandleader [ENG31-09856589-n] (the leader of a dance band)
                      • bandmaster [ENG31-09856748-n] (the conductor of a band)
                      • drum major [ENG31-10056299-n] (the leader of a marching band or drum corps)
                      • drum majorette [ENG31-10056417-n] (a female drum major)
                    • virtuoso [ENG31-10775180-n] (a musician who is a consummate master of technique and artistry)
                  • painter [ENG31-10411352-n] (an artist who paints)

                    • abstractionist [ENG31-09777755-n] (a painter of abstract pictures)

                      • suprematist [ENG31-10698288-n] (an artist of the school of suprematism)
                    • colorist [ENG31-09958130-n] (a painter able to achieve special effects with color)
                    • cubist [ENG31-10001543-n] (an artist who adheres to the principles of cubism)
                    • dauber [ENG31-10012284-n] (an unskilled painter)
                    • distortionist [ENG31-10038472-n] (a painter who introduces distortions)
                    • Fauve [ENG31-10102192-n] (a member of a group of French painters who followed fauvism)
                    • genre painter [ENG31-10143054-n] (a painter of scenes from everyday life)
                    • impressionist [ENG31-10221575-n] (a painter who follows the theories of Impressionism)
                    • landscapist [ENG31-10265873-n] (someone who paints landscapes)
                    • miniaturist [ENG31-10339764-n] (someone who paints tiny pictures in great detail)
                    • muralist [ENG31-10358211-n] (a painter of murals)
                    • oil painter [ENG31-10394461-n] (a painter who uses oil paints)
                    • pointillist [ENG31-10467498-n] (a painter who uses the technique of pointillism)
                    • portraitist [ENG31-10475185-n] (a painter or drawer of portraits)
                    • Postimpressionist [ENG31-10478980-n] (an artist of the Postimpressionist school who revolted against Impressionism)
                    • realist [ENG31-10528982-n] (a painter who represents the world realistically and not in an idealized or romantic style)
                    • scenic artist [ENG31-10575829-n] (an artist specializing in scenic subjects)
                    • watercolorist [ENG31-10790213-n] (a painter who paints with watercolors)
                  • photographer [ENG31-10446513-n] (someone who takes photographs professionally)

                    • cameraman [ENG31-09908991-n] (a photographer who operates a movie camera)
                    • paparazzo [ENG31-10416426-n] (a freelance photographer who pursues celebrities trying to take candid photographs of them to sell to newspapers or magazines)
                    • press photographer [ENG31-10489459-n] (a photographer who works for a newspaper)
                  • Pre-Raphaelite [ENG31-10484814-n] (a painter or writer dedicated to restoring early Renaissance ideals)
                  • printmaker [ENG31-10495272-n] (an artist who designs and makes prints)

                    • engraver [ENG31-10077835-n] (a printmaker who prints from an engraved printing plate)
                    • lithographer [ENG31-10286183-n] (a printmaker who uses lithography)
                  • pyrographer [ENG31-10516300-n] (an artist who practices pyrography)
                  • romanticist [ENG31-10557463-n] (an artist of the Romantic Movement or someone influenced by Romanticism)
                  • sculptor [ENG31-10585500-n] (an artist who creates sculptures)

                    • sculptress [ENG31-10586321-n] (a woman sculptor)
                  • stylist [ENG31-10686916-n] (an artist who is a master of a particular style)
                  • surrealist [ENG31-10699292-n] (an artist who is a member of the movement called surrealism)
                  • symbolist [ENG31-10705168-n] (a member of an artistic movement that expressed ideas indirectly via symbols)
                  • Indiana [ENG31-11091457-n] (United States pop artist (born 1928))
                • builder [ENG31-09898025-n] (a person who creates a business or who organizes and develops a country)
                • choreographer [ENG31-09939741-n] (someone who creates new dances)
                • couturier [ENG31-09991687-n] (someone who designs clothing)

                  • costumier [ENG31-09987789-n] (someone who designs or supplies costumes (as for a play or masquerade))
                • craftsman [ENG31-09994955-n] (a creator of great skill in the manual arts)
                • developer [ENG31-10029716-n] (someone who develops real estate (especially someone who prepares a site for residential or commercial use))
                • fantasist [ENG31-10098195-n] (a creator of fantasies)
                • farmer [ENG31-10098586-n] (a person who operates a farm)

                  • contadino [ENG31-09636148-n] (an Italian farmer)
                  • agriculturist [ENG31-09799231-n] (someone concerned with the science or art or business of cultivating the soil)

                    • fruit grower [ENG31-10133883-n] (someone who grows fruit commercially)
                    • viticulturist [ENG31-10777789-n] (a cultivator of grape vine)
                  • beekeeper [ENG31-09866163-n] (a farmer who keeps bees for their honey)
                  • dairyman [ENG31-10007930-n] (the owner or manager of a dairy)
                  • forester [ENG31-10124525-n] (someone trained in forestry)
                  • planter [ENG31-10458386-n] (the owner or manager of a plantation)
                  • rancher [ENG31-10526010-n] (a person who owns or operates a ranch)

                    • grazier [ENG31-10164482-n] (a rancher who grazes cattle or sheep for market)
                  • smallholder [ENG31-10632903-n] (a person owning or renting a smallholding)
                  • small farmer [ENG31-10633254-n] (a farmer on a small farm)

                    • crofter [ENG31-09999515-n] (an owner or tenant of a small farm in Great Britain)
                  • sower [ENG31-10648382-n] (someone who sows)
                  • stockman [ENG31-10677940-n] (farmer who breed or raises livestock)

                    • breeder [ENG31-09893365-n] (a person who breeds animals)
                    • cattleman [ENG31-09921470-n] (a man who raises (or tends) cattle)
                    • sheepman [ENG31-10607214-n] (a man who raises (or tends) sheep)
                  • tenant farmer [ENG31-10720489-n] (a farmer who works land owned by someone else)
                  • tiller [ENG31-10730654-n] (someone who tills land (prepares the soil for the planting of crops))
                • inventor [ENG31-10234307-n] (someone who is the first to think of or make something)

                  • patentee [ENG31-10425155-n] (the inventor to whom a patent is issued)
                • maker [ENG31-10303761-n] (a person who makes things)

                  • basketweaver [ENG31-09861676-n] (someone skilled in weaving baskets)
                  • belt maker [ENG31-09869209-n] (a maker of belts)
                  • bookmaker [ENG31-09885760-n] (a maker of books)
                  • brewer [ENG31-09893584-n] (someone who brews beer or ale from malt and hops and water)
                  • chandler [ENG31-09927024-n] (a maker (and seller) of candles and soap and oils and paints)

                    • candlemaker [ENG31-09910346-n] (a person who makes or sells candles)
                    • wax-chandler [ENG31-09927175-n] (one who deals in wax candles)
                  • cobbler [ENG31-09952556-n] (a person who makes or repairs shoes)

                    • bootmaker [ENG31-09886475-n] (a maker of boots)
                  • confectioner [ENG31-09972829-n] (someone who makes candies and other sweets)
                  • generator [ENG31-10145714-n] (someone who originates or causes or initiates something)

                    • coiner [ENG31-09954565-n] (someone who is a source of new words or new expressions)
                  • glassmaker [ENG31-10151942-n] (someone who makes glass)
                  • ironworker [ENG31-10236598-n] (a person who makes articles of iron)

                    • puddler [ENG31-10511454-n] (a worker who turns pig iron into wrought iron by puddling)
                  • jewelry maker [ENG31-10241626-n] (someone who makes jewelry)

                    • goldsmith [ENG31-10156135-n] (an artisan who makes jewelry and other objects out of gold)
                    • silversmith [ENG31-10618157-n] (someone who makes or repairs articles of silver)
                  • maltster [ENG31-10306552-n] (a maker of malt)
                  • manufacturer [ENG31-10311977-n] (someone who manufactures something)

                    • arms manufacturer [ENG31-09828557-n] (someone who manufactures arms and munitions)
                    • brewer [ENG31-09893480-n] (the owner or manager of a brewery)
                    • distiller [ENG31-10038378-n] (someone who distills alcoholic liquors)
                    • food manufacturer [ENG31-10120389-n] (a person who manufactures food products)
                    • sericulturist [ENG31-10601224-n] (a producer of raw silk)
                  • needleworker [ENG31-10371012-n] (someone who does work (as sewing or embroidery) with a needle)

                    • edger [ENG31-10064571-n] (a person who puts finishing edges on a garment)
                    • embroiderer [ENG31-10071360-n] (someone who ornaments with needlework)

                      • embroideress [ENG31-10071491-n] (a woman embroiderer)
                    • garmentmaker [ENG31-10140473-n] (a person who makes garments)

                      • cloakmaker [ENG31-09949319-n] (someone whose occupation is making or repairing fur garments)
                      • dressmaker [ENG31-10053137-n] (someone who makes or mends dresses)
                      • outfitter [ENG31-10407411-n] (someone who sells men's clothes)
                      • stitcher [ENG31-10676745-n] (a garmentmaker who performs the finishing steps)
                      • tailor [ENG31-10709060-n] (a person whose occupation is making and altering garments)

                        • fitter [ENG31-10113677-n] (someone who fits a garment to a particular person)
                    • knitter [ENG31-10259316-n] (someone who makes garments (or fabrics) by intertwining yarn or thread)
                    • sewer [ENG31-10603770-n] (someone who sews)

                      • baster [ENG31-09862436-n] (a sewer who fastens a garment with long loose stitches)
                      • sewing-machine operator [ENG31-10603953-n] (someone who sews by operating a sewing machine)
                      • tucker [ENG31-10752405-n] (a sewer who tucks)
                  • patternmaker [ENG31-10428554-n] (someone who makes patterns (as for sewing or carpentry or metalworking))
                  • perfumer [ENG31-10436015-n] (a person who makes (and sells) perfumes)
                  • piano maker [ENG31-10450886-n] (a person who makes pianos)
                  • saddler [ENG31-10564972-n] (a maker and repairer and seller of equipment for horses)
                  • sailmaker [ENG31-10566118-n] (a maker of sails)
                  • shirtmaker [ENG31-10610311-n] (a maker of shirts)
                  • spinner [ENG31-10655738-n] (someone who spins (who twists fibers into threads))
                  • steelmaker [ENG31-10673118-n] (a worker engaged in making steel)
                  • tentmaker [ENG31-10721726-n] (someone who makes or repairs tents)
                  • toolmaker [ENG31-10734996-n] (someone skilled in making or repairing tools)
                  • vintner [ENG31-10773756-n] (someone who makes wine)
                  • violin maker [ENG31-10774588-n] (someone who makes violins)
                  • watchmaker [ENG31-10789573-n] (someone who makes or repairs watches)
                  • wigmaker [ENG31-10801136-n] (someone who makes and sells wigs)
                • modeler [ENG31-10345440-n] (a person who creates models)
                • originator [ENG31-10403515-n] (someone who creates new things)

                  • founder [ENG31-10127072-n] (a person who founds or establishes some institution)

                    • cofounder [ENG31-09633203-n] (one of a group of founders)
                    • colonizer [ENG31-09957361-n] (someone who helps to found a colony)
                    • foundress [ENG31-10127787-n] (a woman founder)
                  • pioneer [ENG31-10454492-n] (someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art)
                  • proposer [ENG31-10504111-n] ((parliamentary procedure) someone who makes a formal motion)

                    • nominator [ENG31-10379800-n] (someone who proposes a candidate for appointment or election)
                  • suggester [ENG31-10692890-n] (someone who advances a suggestion or proposal)
                • producer [ENG31-10499603-n] (someone who finds financing for and supervises the making and presentation of a show (play or film or program or similar work))

                  • film maker [ENG31-10108159-n] (a producer of motion pictures)

                    • auteur [ENG31-09843329-n] (a filmmaker who has a personal style and keeps creative control over his or her works)
                    • film director [ENG31-10107969-n] (the person who directs the making of a film)
                    • New Waver [ENG31-10376811-n] (a film maker who follows New Wave ideas)
                  • theatrical producer [ENG31-10725097-n] (someone who produces theatrical performances)
              • disputant [ENG31-09638495-n] (a person who disputes)

                • contester [ENG31-09635321-n] (someone who contests an outcome (of a race or an election etc.))
                • accuser [ENG31-09781808-n] (someone who imputes guilt or blame)
                • debater [ENG31-10016942-n] (someone who engages in debate)

                  • devil's advocate [ENG31-10030054-n] (someone who takes the worse side just for the sake of argument)
                  • rebutter [ENG31-10530139-n] (a debater who refutes or disproves by offering contrary evidence or argument)
                  • wrangler [ENG31-10812386-n] (someone who argues noisily or angrily)
                • denier [ENG31-10022945-n] (one who denies)
                • hairsplitter [ENG31-10175733-n] (a disputant who makes unreasonably fine distinctions)
                • logomach [ENG31-10289806-n] (someone given to disputes over words)
                • obstructionist [ENG31-10368974-n] (someone who systematically obstructs some action that others want to take)

                  • naysayer [ENG31-10369282-n] (someone with an aggressively negative attitude)

                    • technophobe [ENG31-10716509-n] (a person who dislikes or avoids new technology)
                  • stonewaller [ENG31-10679010-n] (one who stonewalls or refuses to answer or cooperate)
                • quarreler [ENG31-10518007-n] (a disputant who quarrels)
                • reformer [ENG31-10534787-n] (a disputant who advocates reform)

                  • abolitionist [ENG31-09775968-n] (a reformer who favors abolishing slavery)
                  • birth-control campaigner [ENG31-09876233-n] (a social reformer who advocates birth control and family planning)
                  • Chartist [ENG31-09930509-n] (a 19th century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people)
                  • civil rights leader [ENG31-09944454-n] (a leader of the political movement dedicated to securing equal opportunity for members of minority groups)

                    • freedom rider [ENG31-10129862-n] (one of an interracial group of civil rights activists who rode buses through parts of the South in order to protest racial segregation)
                  • demonstrator [ENG31-10022422-n] (someone who participates in a public display of group feeling)

                    • counterdemonstrator [ENG31-09989119-n] (someone who demonstrates in opposition to another demonstration)
                    • picket [ENG31-10451534-n] (a protester posted by a labor organization outside a place of work)
                  • dry [ENG31-10057647-n] (a reformer who opposes the use of intoxicating beverages)
                  • environmentalist [ENG31-10080429-n] (someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution)

                    • Green [ENG31-10080712-n] (an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party)
                    • tree hugger [ENG31-10747275-n] (derogatory term for environmentalists who support restrictions on the logging industry and the preservation of forests)
                  • feminist [ENG31-10104404-n] (a supporter of feminism)

                    • suffragette [ENG31-10692101-n] (a woman advocate of women's right to vote (especially a militant advocate in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century))
                  • hippie [ENG31-10196106-n] (someone who rejects the established culture)
                  • insurgent [ENG31-10229738-n] (a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions))

                    • mutineer [ENG31-10361911-n] (someone who is openly rebellious and refuses to obey authorities (especially seamen or soldiers))
                    • Young Turk [ENG31-10824336-n] (a member of one or more of the insurgent groups in Turkey in the late 19th century who rebelled against the absolutism of Ottoman rule)
                  • militant [ENG31-10335495-n] (a militant reformer)

                    • Black Muslim [ENG31-09878139-n] (an activist member of a largely American group of Blacks called the Nation of Islam)
                    • Black Panther [ENG31-09878319-n] (a member of the Black Panthers political party)
                  • non-resistant [ENG31-10381894-n] (a reformer who believes in passive resistance)
                  • preservationist [ENG31-10486325-n] (someone who advocates the preservation of historical sites or endangered species or natural areas)
                  • Utopian [ENG31-10763013-n] (an idealistic (but usually impractical) social reformer)
              • engineer [ENG31-09638837-n] (a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problems)

                • aeronautical engineer [ENG31-09795348-n] (an engineer concerned with the design and construction of aircraft)
                • aerospace engineer [ENG31-09795520-n] (an engineer of aircraft and space vehicles)
                • army engineer [ENG31-09828961-n] (a member of the military who is trained in engineering and construction work)

                  • sapper [ENG31-10571133-n] (a military engineer who does sapping (digging trenches or undermining fortifications))
                • automotive engineer [ENG31-09845341-n] (an engineer concerned with the design and construction of automobiles)
                • civil engineer [ENG31-09943998-n] (an engineer trained to design and construct and maintain public works (roads or bridges or harbors etc.))

                  • highway engineer [ENG31-10195594-n] (a civil engineer who specializes in the design and construction of roads and highways)
                • electrical engineer [ENG31-10068825-n] (a person trained in practical applications of the theory of electricity)
                • marine engineer [ENG31-10314082-n] (a naval officer responsible for the operation and maintenance of the ship's engines)
                • mechanical engineer [ENG31-10324317-n] (a person trained to design and construct machines)

                  • tribologist [ENG31-10748379-n] (a specialist in tribology)
                • metallurgist [ENG31-10331735-n] (an engineer trained in the extraction and refining and alloying and fabrication of metals)
                • mining engineer [ENG31-10340142-n] (an engineer concerned with the construction and operation of mines)
                • programmer [ENG31-10500853-n] (a person who designs and writes and tests computer programs)

                  • cracker [ENG31-09993808-n] (a programmer who cracks (gains unauthorized access to) computers, typically to do malicious things)
                  • hacker [ENG31-10174440-n] (a programmer for whom computing is its own reward)
                  • cyber-terrorist [ENG31-10174791-n] (a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism)
                • rocket engineer [ENG31-10555691-n] (an engineer who builds and tests rockets)
                • surveyor [ENG31-10700056-n] (an engineer who determines the boundaries and elevations of land or structures)

                  • lineman [ENG31-10283277-n] (the surveyor who marks positions with a range pole)
                  • locator [ENG31-10288627-n] (a person who fixes the boundaries of land claims)
              • entertainer [ENG31-09639952-n] (a person who tries to please or amuse)

                • bombshell [ENG31-09884038-n] (an entertainer who has a sensational effect)
                • busker [ENG31-09902626-n] (a person who entertains people for money in public places (as by singing or dancing), usually while asking for money)
                • drawing card [ENG31-10052401-n] (an entertainer who attracts large audiences)
                • humorist [ENG31-10211562-n] (someone who acts speaks or writes in an amusing way)

                  • parodist [ENG31-10420697-n] (mimics literary or musical style for comic effect)

                    • caricaturist [ENG31-09915622-n] (someone who parodies in an exaggerated manner)
                  • punster [ENG31-10512678-n] (someone overly fond of making puns)
                  • satirist [ENG31-10572170-n] (a humorist who uses ridicule and irony and sarcasm)
                  • wag [ENG31-10782010-n] (a witty amusing person who makes jokes)
                • master of ceremonies [ENG31-10318917-n] (a person who acts as host at formal occasions (makes an introductory speech and introduces other speakers))

                  • compere [ENG31-09966293-n] (British term for someone who introduces television acts or cabarets etc)
                  • Lord of Misrule [ENG31-10292072-n] (a person appointed master of revels at a Christmas celebration)
                  • question master [ENG31-10520527-n] (the host or chairman of a radio or tv quiz show or panel game)
                  • ringmaster [ENG31-10551505-n] (the person in charge of performances in a circus ring)
                  • toastmaster [ENG31-10733335-n] (the person who proposes toasts and introduces speakers at a banquet)

                    • toast mistress [ENG31-10733492-n] (a woman toastmaster)
                • performer [ENG31-10435383-n] (an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience)

                  • actor [ENG31-09784701-n] (a theatrical performer)

                    • actress [ENG31-09787123-n] (a female actor)

                      • leading lady [ENG31-10271114-n] (actress who plays the leading female role)
                      • starlet [ENG31-10668636-n] (a young (film) actress who is publicized as a future star)
                      • tragedienne [ENG31-10741468-n] (an actress who specializes in tragic roles)
                    • barnstormer [ENG31-09859438-n] (an actor who travels around the country presenting plays)
                    • character actor [ENG31-09928821-n] (an actor who specializes in playing supporting roles)
                    • comedian [ENG31-09960183-n] (an actor in a comedy)

                      • comedienne [ENG31-09960445-n] (a female actor in a comedy)
                    • ham [ENG31-10177603-n] (an unskilled actor who overacts)
                    • heavy [ENG31-10186954-n] (an actor who plays villainous roles)
                    • ingenue [ENG31-10226248-n] (an actress who specializes in playing the role of an artless innocent young girl)
                    • leading man [ENG31-10271214-n] (actor who plays the leading male role)
                    • mime [ENG31-10338550-n] (an actor who communicates entirely by gesture and facial expression)
                    • plant [ENG31-10458237-n] (an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience)
                    • reenactor [ENG31-10533714-n] (a person who enacts a role in an event that occurred earlier)
                    • scene-stealer [ENG31-10575663-n] (an actor who draws more attention than other actors in the same scene)
                    • screen actor [ENG31-10583526-n] (an actor who plays a role in a film)

                      • film star [ENG31-10109253-n] (a star who plays leading roles in the cinema)
                    • star [ENG31-10668135-n] (an actor who plays a principal role)

                      • co-star [ENG31-09987497-n] (one of two actors who are given equal status as stars in a play or film)
                      • idol [ENG31-10218056-n] (someone who is adored blindly and excessively)

                        • heartthrob [ENG31-10185906-n] (an object of infatuation)
                      • television star [ENG31-10718046-n] (a star in a television show)
                    • supernumerary [ENG31-10696008-n] (a minor actor in crowd scenes)
                    • tragedian [ENG31-10741261-n] (an actor who specializes in tragic roles)
                    • understudy [ENG31-10756760-n] (an actor able to replace a regular performer when required)
                    • upstager [ENG31-10760389-n] (a selfish actor who upstages the other actors)
                    • walk-on [ENG31-10784290-n] (plays a small part in a dramatic production)
                  • artiste [ENG31-09832531-n] (a public performer (a dancer or singer))
                  • baton twirler [ENG31-09863232-n] (someone who twirls a baton)

                    • drum majorette [ENG31-10056527-n] (a female baton twirler who accompanies a marching band)
                  • comedian [ENG31-09959604-n] (a professional performer who tells jokes and performs comical acts)

                    • clown [ENG31-09950334-n] (a person who amuses others by ridiculous behavior)

                      • harlequin [ENG31-10179873-n] (a clown or buffoon (after the Harlequin character in the commedia dell'arte))
                      • jester [ENG31-10240982-n] (a professional clown employed to entertain a king or nobleman in the Middle Ages)
                      • whiteface [ENG31-10797712-n] (a clown whose face is covered with white make-up)
                      • zany [ENG31-10824717-n] (a buffoon in one of the old comedies)
                    • comedienne [ENG31-09960276-n] (a female comedian)
                    • gagman [ENG31-10137072-n] (a comedian who uses gags)
                    • joker [ENG31-10243768-n] (a person who enjoys telling or playing jokes)
                    • top banana [ENG31-10735096-n] (the leading comedian in a burlesque show)
                  • cowboy [ENG31-09992602-n] (a performer who gives exhibitions of riding and roping and bulldogging)
                  • dancer [ENG31-10009040-n] (a performer who dances professionally)

                    • ballet dancer [ENG31-09854087-n] (a trained dancer who is a member of a ballet company)

                      • ballerina [ENG31-09853980-n] (a female ballet dancer)

                        • prima ballerina [ENG31-10491225-n] (a leading female ballet dancer)
                      • danseur [ENG31-10010944-n] (a male ballet dancer who is the partner of a ballerina)
                    • ballet master [ENG31-09854273-n] (a man who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company)
                    • ballet mistress [ENG31-09854405-n] (a woman who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company)
                    • belly dancer [ENG31-09868870-n] (a woman who performs a solo belly dance)
                    • chorus girl [ENG31-09940359-n] (a woman who dances in a chorus line)
                    • hoofer [ENG31-10204022-n] (a professional dancer)
                    • kachina [ENG31-10248382-n] (a masked dancer during a Pueblo religious ceremony who is thought to embody some particular spirit)
                    • nautch girl [ENG31-10366935-n] (a professional dancing girl in India)
                    • tap dancer [ENG31-10710644-n] (a dancer who sounds out rhythms by using metal taps on the toes and heels of the shoes)
                    • taxi dancer [ENG31-10712830-n] (a woman employed to dance with patrons who pay a fee for each dance)
                  • executant [ENG31-10089103-n] (a performer (usually of musical works))
                  • fire-eater [ENG31-10111219-n] (a performer who pretends to swallow fire)
                  • fire walker [ENG31-10111766-n] (someone who walks barefoot on burning coals)
                  • geek [ENG31-10143152-n] (a carnival performer who does disgusting acts)
                  • headliner [ENG31-10183316-n] (a performer who receives prominent billing)
                  • juggler [ENG31-10246083-n] (a performer who juggles objects and performs tricks of manual dexterity)
                  • magician [ENG31-10300371-n] (someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience)

                    • escapologist [ENG31-10082984-n] (an entertainer who is expert in the art of escaping)
                    • mind reader [ENG31-10339238-n] (a magician who seems to discern the thoughts of another person (usually by clever signals from an accomplice))
                  • minstrel [ENG31-10341132-n] (a performer in a minstrel show)

                    • end man [ENG31-10076527-n] (a man at one end of line of performers in a minstrel show)
                    • interlocutor [ENG31-10230706-n] (the performer in the middle of a minstrel line who engages the others in talk)
                  • monologist [ENG31-10348748-n] (an entertainer who performs alone)
                  • musician [ENG31-10360025-n] (someone who plays a musical instrument (as a profession))

                    • accompanist [ENG31-09780244-n] (a person who provides musical accompaniment (usually on a piano))
                    • accordionist [ENG31-09780641-n] (a musician who plays the accordion)
                    • concertinist [ENG31-09780734-n] (a person who plays the concertina)
                    • bandsman [ENG31-09856847-n] (a player in a band (especially a military band))
                    • bassist [ENG31-09862017-n] (a musician who play the bass viol)
                    • bassoonist [ENG31-09862104-n] (a musician who plays the bassoon)
                    • bell ringer [ENG31-09868664-n] (someone who plays musical handbells)
                    • carillonneur [ENG31-09915763-n] (a musician who plays a carillon)
                    • cellist [ENG31-09922954-n] (someone who plays a violoncello)
                    • clarinetist [ENG31-09945704-n] (a musician who plays the clarinet)
                    • flutist [ENG31-10118014-n] (someone who plays the flute)
                    • gambist [ENG31-10138400-n] (a musician who performs upon the viola da gamba)
                    • guitarist [ENG31-10171280-n] (a musician who plays the guitar)
                    • harmonizer [ENG31-10180217-n] (a musician who sings or plays in harmony)
                    • harpist [ENG31-10180363-n] (someone who plays the harp)
                    • harpsichordist [ENG31-10180640-n] (someone who plays the harpsichord)
                    • hornist [ENG31-10205102-n] (a musician who plays a horn (especially a French horn))
                    • jazz musician [ENG31-10240156-n] (a musician who plays or composes jazz music)

                      • syncopator [ENG31-10706190-n] (a musician who plays syncopated jazz music (usually in a dance band))
                    • keyboardist [ENG31-10249553-n] (a musician who plays a keyboard instrument)
                    • koto player [ENG31-10260412-n] (a musician who plays the koto)
                    • lutist [ENG31-10297335-n] (a musician who plays the lute)
                    • oboist [ENG31-10389016-n] (a musician who plays the oboe)
                    • organist [ENG31-10402524-n] (a person who plays an organ)
                    • percussionist [ENG31-10434782-n] (a musician who plays percussion instruments)

                      • cymbalist [ENG31-10005988-n] (a performer on the cymbals)
                      • drummer [ENG31-10056654-n] (someone who plays a drum)

                        • tympanist [ENG31-10754620-n] (a person who plays the kettledrums)
                      • xylophonist [ENG31-10821301-n] (someone who plays a xylophone)
                    • pianist [ENG31-10450429-n] (a person who plays the piano)
                    • piper [ENG31-10454808-n] (someone who plays the bagpipe)

                      • pipe major [ENG31-10454714-n] (the chief piper in a band of bagpipes)
                    • recorder player [ENG31-10531702-n] (someone who plays the recorder)
                    • rhythm and blues musician [ENG31-10548391-n] (a performer (and sometimes composer) of rhythm and blues music)
                    • rocker [ENG31-10555438-n] (a performer or composer or fan of rock music)

                      • rock star [ENG31-10555973-n] (a famous singer of rock music)
                    • saxophonist [ENG31-10573671-n] (a musician who plays the saxophone)

                      • alto saxophonist [ENG31-09805667-n] (a musician who plays the alto saxophone)
                      • tenor saxophonist [ENG31-10721611-n] (a musician who plays the tenor saxophone)
                    • singer [ENG31-10619214-n] (a person who sings)

                      • alto [ENG31-09805556-n] (a singer whose voice lies in the alto clef)

                        • countertenor [ENG31-09989825-n] (a male singer with a voice above that of a tenor)
                      • baritone [ENG31-09858824-n] (a male singer)
                      • bass [ENG31-09861916-n] (an adult male singer with the lowest voice)
                      • canary [ENG31-09910114-n] (a female singer)
                      • caroler [ENG31-09915853-n] (a singer of carols)
                      • castrato [ENG31-09918986-n] (a male singer who was castrated before puberty and retains a soprano or alto voice)
                      • chorister [ENG31-09940229-n] (a singer in a choir)

                        • choirboy [ENG31-09939148-n] (a boy who sings in a choir)
                      • contralto [ENG31-09980677-n] (a woman singer having a contralto voice)
                      • crooner [ENG31-09999620-n] (a singer of popular ballads)
                      • folk singer [ENG31-10118862-n] (a singer of folk songs)
                      • hummer [ENG31-10211421-n] (a singer who produces a tune without opening the lips or forming words)
                      • lieder singer [ENG31-10278713-n] (a singer of lieder)
                      • madrigalist [ENG31-10299564-n] (a singer of madrigals)
                      • opera star [ENG31-10397989-n] (singer of lead role in an opera)

                        • prima donna [ENG31-10491317-n] (a distinguished female operatic singer)
                      • rapper [ENG31-10527075-n] (someone who performs rap music)
                      • songster [ENG31-10643672-n] (a person who sings)

                        • songstress [ENG31-10643799-n] (a woman songster (especially of popular songs))
                      • soprano [ENG31-10644908-n] (a female singer)

                        • coloratura [ENG31-09957538-n] (a lyric soprano who specializes in coloratura vocal music)
                        • mezzo-soprano [ENG31-10333099-n] (a soprano with a voice between soprano and contralto)
                      • tenor [ENG31-10721432-n] (an adult male with a tenor voice)
                      • thrush [ENG31-10729525-n] (a woman who sings popular songs)
                      • torch singer [ENG31-10735530-n] (a singer (usually a woman) who specializes in singing torch songs)
                      • voice [ENG31-10778381-n] ((metonymy) a singer)
                      • warbler [ENG31-10786160-n] (a singer)
                      • yodeller [ENG31-10823442-n] (a singer who changes register rapidly (popular is Swiss folk songs))
                    • sitar player [ENG31-10623259-n] (a musician who plays the sitar)
                    • soloist [ENG31-10643012-n] (a musician who performs a solo)

                      • recitalist [ENG31-10531242-n] (a musician who gives recitals)
                    • trombonist [ENG31-10750068-n] (a musician who plays the trombone)
                    • trumpeter [ENG31-10751667-n] (a musician who plays the trumpet or cornet)

                      • bugler [ENG31-09897645-n] (someone who plays a bugle)
                    • vibist [ENG31-10769596-n] (a musician who plays the vibraphone)
                    • violinist [ENG31-10774246-n] (a musician who plays the violin)
                    • violist [ENG31-10774748-n] (a musician who plays the viola)
                  • puppeteer [ENG31-10513270-n] (one who operates puppets or marionettes)
                  • Savoyard [ENG31-10573452-n] (a person who performs in the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan)
                  • sightreader [ENG31-10615925-n] (a performer who reads without preparation or prior acquaintance (as in music))
                  • snake charmer [ENG31-10635100-n] (a performer who uses movements and music to control snakes)
                  • straight man [ENG31-10680322-n] (a performer who acts as stooge to a comedian)
                  • stripper [ENG31-10683779-n] (a performer who provides erotic entertainment by undressing to music)
                  • strongman [ENG31-10684629-n] (a man who performs feats of strength at a fair or circus)
                  • vaudevillian [ENG31-10766467-n] (a performer who works in vaudeville)
                  • ventriloquist [ENG31-10767483-n] (a performer who projects the voice into a wooden dummy)
                • pleaser [ENG31-10460698-n] (a pleasing entertainer)
              • experimenter [ENG31-09640726-n] (a person who enjoys testing innovative ideas)

                • tinker [ENG31-10731704-n] (a person who enjoys fixing and experimenting with machines and their parts)
              • expert [ENG31-09640897-n] (a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully)

                • ace [ENG31-09781932-n] (someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field)

                  • track star [ENG31-10739846-n] (a star runner)
                • agronomist [ENG31-09799561-n] (an expert in soil management and field-crop production)
                • all-rounder [ENG31-09804311-n] (a versatile person who is expert at many things)
                • analyst [ENG31-09809923-n] (someone who is skilled at analyzing data)

                  • assayer [ENG31-09833657-n] (an analyst who assays (performs chemical tests on) metals)
                  • intelligence analyst [ENG31-10230113-n] (a government analyst of information about an enemy or potential enemy)
                  • systems analyst [ENG31-10707224-n] (a person skilled at systems analysis)
                • analyst [ENG31-09810971-n] (an expert who studies financial data (on credit or securities or sales or financial patterns etc.) and recommends appropriate business actions)

                  • credit analyst [ENG31-09810107-n] (an analyst who studies the financial statements and financial history of applicants for credit in order to evaluate their creditworthiness)
                  • financial analyst [ENG31-09810306-n] (an analyst who studies the financial performance of corporations)
                  • industry analyst [ENG31-09810455-n] (an analyst of conditions affecting a particular industry)

                    • oil-industry analyst [ENG31-09810592-n] (an analyst of the oil industry)
                  • market analyst [ENG31-09810689-n] (an analyst of conditions affecting a market (especially the stock market))

                    • chartist [ENG31-09930298-n] (a stock market analyst who tries to predict market trends from graphs of recent prices of securities)
                • anatomist [ENG31-09811678-n] (an expert in anatomy)

                  • comparative anatomist [ENG31-09966151-n] (anatomist who compares the anatomy of different animals)
                  • histologist [ENG31-10189952-n] (anatomist who specializes in the microscopic study of animal tissues)
                  • osteologist [ENG31-10405154-n] (an anatomist who is skilled is osteology)
                • antiquary [ENG31-09817047-n] (an expert or collector of antiquities)
                • arbiter [ENG31-09823476-n] (someone with the power to settle matters at will)
                • archer [ENG31-09824747-n] (a person who is expert in the use of a bow and arrow)

                  • longbowman [ENG31-10290474-n] (a medieval English archer who used a longbow)
                • authority [ENG31-09843763-n] (an expert whose views are taken as definitive)

                  • adviser [ENG31-09793689-n] (an expert who gives advice)

                    • amicus curiae [ENG31-09807678-n] (an adviser to the court on some matter of law who is not a party to the case)
                    • backroom boy [ENG31-09850005-n] (an expert adviser involved in making important decisions but usually lacking official status)
                    • beauty consultant [ENG31-09865550-n] (someone who gives you advice about your personal appearance)
                    • counselor [ENG31-09988375-n] (someone who gives advice about problems)

                      • Dutch uncle [ENG31-10060037-n] (a counselor who admonishes frankly and sternly)
                    • county agent [ENG31-09990915-n] (an advisor employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics)
                    • fashion consultant [ENG31-10099975-n] (someone who advises you about fashionable clothing)
                    • investment adviser [ENG31-10235485-n] (someone who advises others how to invest their money)
                    • management consultant [ENG31-10308999-n] (adviser to business about efficient management practices)
                    • media consultant [ENG31-10325058-n] (someone who advises about the use of communication media)
                    • military adviser [ENG31-10335822-n] (a military officer who serves as an adviser to the troops of an allied nation)
                    • security consultant [ENG31-10594284-n] (an adviser about alarm systems to prevent burglaries)
                    • starets [ENG31-10668486-n] (a religious adviser (not necessarily a priest) in the Eastern Orthodox Church)
                    • tipster [ENG31-10732484-n] (one who sells advice about gambling or speculation (especially at the racetrack))

                      • racetrack tout [ENG31-10522347-n] (someone who offers advice about betting on horses (either to influence the odds or in the hope of sharing some of the winnings))
                  • connoisseur [ENG31-09975866-n] (an expert able to appreciate a field)

                    • esthete [ENG31-10084344-n] (one who professes great sensitivity to the beauty of art and nature)
                    • wine lover [ENG31-10390654-n] (a connoisseur of fine wines)
                  • evaluator [ENG31-10086539-n] (an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality)

                    • appraiser [ENG31-09821473-n] (one who estimates officially the worth or value or quality of things)

                      • valuer [ENG31-10765562-n] (someone who assesses the monetary worth of possessions)
                    • arbiter [ENG31-09822852-n] (someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed issue)

                      • third party [ENG31-10728780-n] (someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction)
                    • critic [ENG31-09998851-n] (anyone who expresses a reasoned judgment of something)

                      • appraiser [ENG31-09821662-n] (one who determines authenticity (as of works of art) or who guarantees validity)
                      • grader [ENG31-10160303-n] (a judge who assigns grades to something)

                        • wool stapler [ENG31-10810119-n] (a person who sorts wool into different grades)
                      • panelist [ENG31-10415805-n] (a member of a panel)

                        • juror [ENG31-10247948-n] (someone who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury)

                          • foreperson [ENG31-10124361-n] (the presiding member of the jury and the one who speaks on their behalf)

                            • foreman [ENG31-10124256-n] (a man who is foreperson of a jury)
                            • forewoman [ENG31-10124752-n] (a woman who is foreperson of a jury)
                          • petit juror [ENG31-10440022-n] (a member of a petit jury)
                      • reviewer [ENG31-10546502-n] (someone who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication)

                        • scanner [ENG31-10574584-n] (someone who scans verse to determine the number and prosodic value of the syllables)
                      • taster [ENG31-10711978-n] (someone who samples food or drink for its quality)

                        • wine taster [ENG31-10803114-n] (a taster who evaluates the quality of wines)
                  • high priest [ENG31-10194879-n] (a preeminent authority or major proponent of a movement or doctrine)
                  • liturgist [ENG31-10287638-n] (an authority on liturgies)
                  • master [ENG31-10318149-n] (an authority qualified to teach apprentices)

                    • past master [ENG31-10424974-n] (someone who was formerly a master)
                • black belt [ENG31-09877571-n] (a person who attained the rank of expert in the martial arts (judo or karate))
                • cabalist [ENG31-09904986-n] (an expert who is highly skilled in obscure or difficult or esoteric matters)
                • calculator [ENG31-09906486-n] (an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines))

                  • adder [ENG31-09788176-n] (a person who adds numbers)
                  • number cruncher [ENG31-09906830-n] (someone able to perform complex and lengthy calculations)
                  • statistician [ENG31-10672393-n] (someone versed in the collection and interpretation of numerical data (especially someone who uses statistics to calculate insurance premiums))

                    • surveyor [ENG31-10700243-n] (someone who conducts a statistical survey)
                  • subtracter [ENG31-10690739-n] (a person who subtracts numbers)
                • climatologist [ENG31-09948660-n] (someone who is expert in climatology)
                • computer expert [ENG31-09970396-n] (an authority on computers and computing)

                  • UNIX guru [ENG31-10758954-n] (an expert on the UNIX operating system)
                • cosmetologist [ENG31-09986689-n] (an expert in the use of cosmetics)
                • efficiency expert [ENG31-10066525-n] (an expert in increasing the efficient use of machines and personnel)
                • exegete [ENG31-10090256-n] (a person skilled in exegesis (especially of religious texts))
                • genealogist [ENG31-10142751-n] (an expert in genealogy)
                • geographer [ENG31-10147092-n] (an expert on geography)

                  • cartographer [ENG31-09917667-n] (a person who makes maps)
                • horticulturist [ENG31-10205969-n] (an expert in the science of cultivating plants (fruit or flowers or vegetables or ornamental plants))

                  • gardener [ENG31-10140190-n] (someone who takes care of a garden)

                    • transplanter [ENG31-10745249-n] (a gardener who moves plants to new locations)
                • investigator [ENG31-10235293-n] (someone who investigates)

                  • adjuster [ENG31-09789352-n] (one who investigates insurance claims or claims for damages and recommends an effective settlement)
                  • coroner [ENG31-09985515-n] (a public official who investigates by inquest any death not due to natural causes)
                  • detective [ENG31-10029138-n] (an investigator engaged or employed in obtaining information not easily available to the public)

                    • private detective [ENG31-10496256-n] (someone who can be employed as a detective to collect information)

                      • hotel detective [ENG31-10207461-n] (a private detective employed by a hotel or retail store)
                      • inquiry agent [ENG31-10227790-n] (a private detective)
                      • store detective [ENG31-10679567-n] (a private detective employed by a merchant to stop pilferage)
                    • sleuth [ENG31-10631129-n] (a detective who follows a trail)
                  • examiner [ENG31-10087775-n] (an investigator who observes carefully)

                    • bank examiner [ENG31-09857369-n] (an examiner appointed to audit the accounts of banks in a given jurisdiction)
                    • checker [ENG31-09932453-n] (one who checks the correctness of something)
                    • scrutinizer [ENG31-10584730-n] (a careful examiner)
                    • scrutineer [ENG31-10584930-n] (someone who examines votes at an election)
                  • ombudsman [ENG31-10397093-n] (a government appointee who investigates complaints by private persons against the government)
                • jurist [ENG31-10247655-n] (a legal scholar versed in civil law or the law of nations)

                  • mufti [ENG31-10356733-n] (a jurist who interprets Muslim religious law)

                    • grand mufti [ENG31-10162605-n] (the chief mufti of a district)
                • lapidary [ENG31-10266400-n] (an expert on precious stones and the art of cutting and engraving them)
                • logician [ENG31-10289482-n] (a person skilled at symbolic logic)

                  • dialectician [ENG31-10031014-n] (a logician skilled in dialectic)
                  • syllogist [ENG31-10704606-n] (logician skilled in syllogistic reasoning)
                  • symbolic logician [ENG31-10705070-n] (a person skilled at symbolic logic)
                • mnemonist [ENG31-10343867-n] (an expert in the use of mnemonics)
                • mythologist [ENG31-10363600-n] (an expert on mythology)
                • nerd [ENG31-10373297-n] (an intelligent but single-minded expert in a particular technical field or profession)
                • observer [ENG31-10389227-n] (an expert who observes and comments on something)

                  • annotator [ENG31-09814451-n] (a commentator who writes notes to a text)
                • out-and-outer [ENG31-10405895-n] (someone who is excellent at something)
                • parliamentarian [ENG31-10420008-n] (an expert in parliamentary rules and procedures)
                • past master [ENG31-10424852-n] (someone who has long and thorough experience in a given activity)
                • prosthetist [ENG31-10478162-n] (an expert in prosthetics)
                • pteridologist [ENG31-10509915-n] (an expert in the study of ferns)
                • scout [ENG31-10582177-n] (someone who can find paths through unexplored territory)

                  • hunting guide [ENG31-10213162-n] (guide to people hunting in unfamiliar territory)
                  • trailblazer [ENG31-10741568-n] (someone who marks a trail by leaving blazes on trees)
                • shark [ENG31-10605965-n] (a person who is unusually skilled in certain ways)
                • shot [ENG31-10612523-n] (a person who shoots (usually with respect to their ability to shoot))

                  • marksman [ENG31-10314614-n] (someone skilled in shooting)

                    • deadeye [ENG31-10014416-n] (a dead shot)
                    • franc-tireur [ENG31-10128706-n] (a sharpshooter (in the French army))
                    • rifleman [ENG31-10550252-n] (someone skilled in the use of a rifle)
                    • sniper [ENG31-10636415-n] (a marksman who shoots at people from a concealed place)
                  • gunman [ENG31-10612800-n] (a person who shoots a gun (as regards their ability))
                  • trapshooter [ENG31-10746176-n] (a person who engages in shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled into the air by a trap)
                • specialist [ENG31-10651303-n] (an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning)

                  • enologist [ENG31-09639603-n] (a specialist in wine making)
                  • attache [ENG31-09840488-n] (a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission)

                    • cultural attache [ENG31-10002290-n] (an attache who is a specialist in cultural matters)
                    • military attache [ENG31-10336018-n] (an attache who is a specialist in military matters)

                      • air attache [ENG31-09799836-n] (a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an air force)
                      • army attache [ENG31-09828702-n] (a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an army)
                      • naval attache [ENG31-10367029-n] (a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in a navy)
                  • canonist [ENG31-09911182-n] (a specialist in canon law)
                  • criminologist [ENG31-09997972-n] (a specialist in criminology)
                  • crystallographer [ENG31-10001270-n] (a specialist in crystallography)
                  • nutritionist [ENG31-10032138-n] (a specialist in the study of nutrition)
                  • dietician [ENG31-10032289-n] (a specialist in the study of diet and nutrition)
                  • educationist [ENG31-10065262-n] (a specialist in the theory of education)
                  • fingerprint expert [ENG31-10110633-n] (a specialist in identifying fingerprints)
                  • Germanist [ENG31-10147791-n] (a specialist in the study of Germanic language or culture or literature)
                  • graphic designer [ENG31-10163575-n] (someone who specializes in graphic design)
                  • graphologist [ENG31-10163708-n] (a specialist in inferring character from handwriting)
                  • interior designer [ENG31-10230249-n] (a person who specializes in interior design)
                  • interior decorator [ENG31-10230422-n] (a person who specializes in interior decoration)
                  • limnologist [ENG31-10282843-n] (a specialist in the study of freshwater ponds and lakes)
                  • meteorologist [ENG31-10331945-n] (a specialist who studies processes in the earth's atmosphere that cause weather conditions)

                    • weatherman [ENG31-10791760-n] (predicts the weather)
                  • optometrist [ENG31-10400004-n] (a person skilled in testing for defects of vision in order to prescribe corrective glasses)
                  • orientalist [ENG31-10403388-n] (a specialist in oriental subjects)
                  • Teutonist [ENG31-10724165-n] (a specialist in the history of the Teutonic people or language (especially with respect to the Teutonic influence on the history of England))
                  • tree surgeon [ENG31-10747470-n] (a specialist in treating damaged trees)
                • talent [ENG31-10709374-n] (a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity)
                • technician [ENG31-10716004-n] (someone known for high skill in some intellectual or artistic technique)
                • technocrat [ENG31-10716251-n] (an expert who is a member of a highly skilled elite group)
                • therapist [ENG31-10726882-n] (a person skilled in a particular type of therapy)

                  • naprapath [ENG31-09648479-n] (a therapist who practices naprapathy)
                  • alleviator [ENG31-09803884-n] (a therapist who makes suffering more endurable)
                  • chiropractor [ENG31-09938658-n] (a therapist who practices chiropractic)
                  • curandera [ENG31-10002844-n] (a Mexican woman who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans)
                  • curandero [ENG31-10002974-n] (a Mexican man who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans)
                  • electrotherapist [ENG31-10069704-n] (someone who specializes in the treatment of disease by electricity)
                  • herbalist [ENG31-10191128-n] (a therapist who heals by the use of herbs)
                  • naturopath [ENG31-10366841-n] (a therapist who practices naturopathy)
                  • osteopath [ENG31-10405265-n] (a therapist who manipulates the skeleton and muscles)
                  • physical therapist [ENG31-10447528-n] (therapist who treats injury or dysfunction with exercises and other physical treatments of the disorder)

                    • massager [ENG31-10317650-n] (someone who rubs or kneads parts of the body to stimulate circulation and promote relaxation)

                      • masseur [ENG31-10317869-n] (a male massager)
                      • masseuse [ENG31-10317938-n] (a female massager)
                  • psychotherapist [ENG31-10509529-n] (a therapist who deals with mental and emotional disorders)

                    • Coue [ENG31-10932378-n] (French psychotherapist who claimed that if one imagined one was getting better, one would get better (1857-1926))
                  • sangoma [ENG31-10569926-n] (a traditional Zulu healer and respected elder)
                  • speech therapist [ENG31-10653862-n] (a therapist who treats speech defects and disorders)
                • veteran [ENG31-10768791-n] (an experienced person who has been through many battles)
              • face [ENG31-09641987-n] (a part of a person that is used to refer to a person)
              • female [ENG31-09642198-n] (a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies)

                • female offspring [ENG31-10103812-n] (a child who is female)

                  • daughter [ENG31-10012375-n] (a female human offspring)

                    • mother's daughter [ENG31-10353314-n] (a daughter who is favored by and similar to her mother)
                • female child [ENG31-10104064-n] (a youthful female person)

                  • Campfire Girl [ENG31-09909524-n] (a girl who is a member of Campfire Girls)
                  • farm girl [ENG31-10099090-n] (a girl who has grown up on a farm)
                  • flower girl [ENG31-10117611-n] (a young girl who carries flowers in a (wedding) procession)
                  • moppet [ENG31-10350548-n] (a little girl (usually one you are fond of))
                  • schoolgirl [ENG31-10579031-n] (a girl attending school)
                  • Scout [ENG31-10582611-n] (a Boy Scout or Girl Scout)

                    • Boy Scout [ENG31-09891147-n] (a boy who is a member of the Boy Scouts)

                      • Cub Scout [ENG31-10001469-n] (a junior Boy Scout)
                      • Eagle Scout [ENG31-10060901-n] (a Boy Scout who has earned many merit badges)
                      • rover [ENG31-10560541-n] (an adult member of the Boy Scouts movement)
                      • Sea Scout [ENG31-10587041-n] (a Boy Scout enrolled in programs for water activities)
                    • Girl Scout [ENG31-10150536-n] (a girl who is a member of the Girl Scouts)

                      • Brownie [ENG31-09896836-n] (a junior Girl Scout)
                • foster-sister [ENG31-10126764-n] (your foster sister is a female who is not a daughter of your parents but who is raised by your parents)
                • girl wonder [ENG31-10150671-n] (an extremely talented young female person)
                • woman [ENG31-10808492-n] (a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man)
              • gypsy [ENG31-09642482-n] (a person who resembles a Gypsy in leading an unconventional, nomadic way of life)
              • individualist [ENG31-09642994-n] (a person who pursues independent thought or action)

                • dropout [ENG31-10015577-n] (someone who withdraws from a social group or environment)
                • loner [ENG31-10290325-n] (a person who avoids the company or assistance of others)

                  • hermit [ENG31-10192120-n] (one who lives in solitude)
                • mugwump [ENG31-10357201-n] (a neutral or uncommitted person (especially in politics))
                • night owl [ENG31-10377606-n] (a person who likes to be active late at night)
                • nudist [ENG31-10385400-n] (a person who practices nudity for reasons of health or religion)
                • withdrawer [ENG31-10805009-n] (an individualist who withdraws from social interaction)
              • inhabitant [ENG31-09643248-n] (a person who inhabits a particular place)

                • Asian [ENG31-09662736-n] (a native or inhabitant of Asia)

                  • coolie [ENG31-09663914-n] ((ethnic slur) an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer)
                  • Evenki [ENG31-09664075-n] (a member of the people inhabiting an area of northern Mongolia and eastern Siberia)
                  • Mongol [ENG31-09664219-n] (a member of the nomadic peoples of Mongolia)

                    • Tatar [ENG31-09664724-n] (a member of the Mongolian people of central Asia who invaded Russia in the 13th century)
                    • Khalkha [ENG31-09757184-n] (the Mongol people living in the central and eastern parts of Outer Mongolia)
                  • Indian [ENG31-09693046-n] (a native or inhabitant of India)

                    • Assamese [ENG31-09693311-n] (native or inhabitant of the state of Assam in northeastern India)
                    • Dravidian [ENG31-09693448-n] (a member of one of the aboriginal inhabitants of India)

                      • Badaga [ENG31-09693792-n] (a member of an agricultural people of southern India)
                      • Gadaba [ENG31-09693897-n] (a member of an agricultural people in southeastern India)
                      • Gond [ENG31-09694006-n] (a member of a formerly tribal people in south central India)
                      • Kanarese [ENG31-09694116-n] (a member of a Kannada-speaking group of people living chiefly in Kanara in southern India)
                      • Kolam [ENG31-09694271-n] (a member of a formerly tribal people now living in south central India)
                      • Kota [ENG31-09694393-n] (a member of the Dravidian people living in the Nilgiri Hills in southern India)
                      • Kui [ENG31-09694530-n] (a member of the Dravidian people living in southeastern India)
                      • Malto [ENG31-09694641-n] (a member of the Dravidian people living in northern Bengal in eastern India)
                      • Savara [ENG31-09694768-n] (a member of the Dravidian people living in southern India)
                      • Tamil [ENG31-09694878-n] (a member of the mixed Dravidian and Caucasian people of southern India and Sri Lanka)
                      • Telugu [ENG31-09695014-n] (a member of the people in southeastern India (Andhra Pradesh) who speak the Telugu language)
                      • Toda [ENG31-09695158-n] (a member of a pastoral people living in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India)
                      • Tulu [ENG31-09695284-n] (a member of a Dravidian people living on the southwestern coast of India)
                    • Gujarati [ENG31-09695407-n] (a member of the people of Gujarat)
                    • Kashmiri [ENG31-09695506-n] (a member of the people of Kashmir)
                    • Oriya [ENG31-09695612-n] (a member of a people in India living in Orissa and neighboring areas)
                    • Punjabi [ENG31-09695732-n] (a member of the people of Pakistan and Punjab)
                    • Maratha [ENG31-09695841-n] (a member of a people of India living in Maharashtra)
                    • Gypsy [ENG31-10173755-n] (a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling)

                      • gitana [ENG31-10151035-n] (a Spanish female Gypsy)
                      • gitano [ENG31-10151110-n] (a Spanish male Gypsy)
                    • jawan [ENG31-10239898-n] ((India) a private soldier or male constable)
                  • Eurasian [ENG31-09705779-n] (a person of mixed European and Asian descent)
                  • Afghan [ENG31-09708831-n] (a native or inhabitant of Afghanistan)

                    • Kafir [ENG31-09709027-n] (a member of the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan)
                    • Pathan [ENG31-09709135-n] (a member of the mountain people living in the eastern regions of Afghanistan)
                  • Altaic [ENG31-09709604-n] (any member of the peoples speaking a language in the Altaic language group)

                    • Tungusic [ENG31-09756682-n] (any member of a people speaking a language in the Tungusic family)

                      • Tungus [ENG31-09756838-n] (a member of the Tungus speaking people who are a nomadic people widely spread over eastern Siberia)
                      • Manchu [ENG31-09757020-n] (a member of the Manchu speaking people of Manchuria)
                  • Armenian [ENG31-09709767-n] (a native or inhabitant of Armenia)
                  • Bangladeshi [ENG31-09711390-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bangladesh)
                  • Bengali [ENG31-09711826-n] ((Hinduism) a member of a people living in Bangladesh and West Bengal (mainly Hindus))
                  • Bhutanese [ENG31-09713925-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bhutan)
                  • Burmese [ENG31-09715143-n] (a native or inhabitant of Myanmar)
                  • Byzantine [ENG31-09715520-n] (a native or inhabitant of Byzantium or of the Byzantine Empire)
                  • Cambodian [ENG31-09715676-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cambodia)

                    • Khmer [ENG31-09753139-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cambodia)
                  • Chinese [ENG31-09717504-n] (a native or inhabitant of Communist China or of Nationalist China)

                    • chink [ENG31-09717733-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Chinese descent)
                    • Boxer [ENG31-09890152-n] (a member of a nationalistic Chinese secret society that led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1900 against foreign interests in China)
                    • Hakka [ENG31-10176391-n] (a member of a people of southeastern China (especially Hong Kong, Canton, and Taiwan) who migrated from the north in the 12th century)
                    • mandarin [ENG31-10309332-n] (a high public official of imperial China)
                  • East Indian [ENG31-09719649-n] (a native or inhabitant of the East Indies)
                  • Malay [ENG31-09732092-n] (a member of a people inhabiting the northern Malay Peninsula and Malaysia and parts of the western Malay Archipelago)
                  • Hindu [ENG31-09732897-n] (a native or inhabitant of Hindustan or India)

                    • brahman [ENG31-09892023-n] (a member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas)

                      • smarta [ENG31-10633355-n] (one of a group of brahmans who uphold nonsectarian orthodoxy according to the Vedanta school of Hinduism)
                    • Kshatriya [ENG31-10260518-n] (a member of the royal or warrior Hindu caste)
                    • Rajput [ENG31-10525409-n] (a member of the dominant Hindu military caste in northern India)
                    • Shudra [ENG31-10613692-n] (a member of the lowest or worker Hindu caste)
                    • Vaisya [ENG31-10764512-n] (a member of the mercantile and professional Hindu caste)
                  • Hmong [ENG31-09733160-n] (a people living traditionally in mountain villages in southern China and adjacent areas of Vietnam and Laos and Thailand)
                  • Indonesian [ENG31-09733660-n] (a native or inhabitant of Indonesia)

                    • Sumatran [ENG31-09769488-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sumatra)
                    • Papuan [ENG31-09769613-n] (a native or inhabitant of Papua New Guinea or New Guinea)
                    • Javanese [ENG31-10239750-n] (a native or inhabitant of Java)
                  • Irani [ENG31-09733825-n] (a native or inhabitant of Iran)

                    • Farsi [ENG31-10099549-n] (a person of Iranian descent)
                  • Iraqi [ENG31-09734090-n] (a native or inhabitant of Iraq)

                    • hajji [ENG31-10175985-n] (a general term used by foreign soldiers to refer to the Iraqi people)
                  • Israelite [ENG31-09735081-n] (a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel)

                    • Samaritan [ENG31-10569205-n] (a member of the people inhabiting Samaria in biblical times)
                  • Israeli [ENG31-09735229-n] (a native or inhabitant of Israel)

                    • sabra [ENG31-09735370-n] (a native-born Israeli)
                  • Japanese [ENG31-09737613-n] (a native or inhabitant of Japan)

                    • Ryukyuan [ENG31-09737914-n] (a member of the Japanese people living on the Ryukyu Islands southwest of Japan)
                    • Jap [ENG31-09738048-n] ((offensive slang) offensive term for a person of Japanese descent)
                    • shogun [ENG31-10610480-n] (a hereditary military dictator of Japan)
                  • Jordanian [ENG31-09738207-n] (a native or inhabitant of Jordan)
                  • Korean [ENG31-09738332-n] (a native or inhabitant of Korea who speaks the Korean language)

                    • North Korean [ENG31-09738501-n] (a Korean from North Korea)
                    • South Korean [ENG31-09738603-n] (a Korean from South Korea)
                  • Kurd [ENG31-09738826-n] (a member of a largely pastoral Islamic people who live in Kurdistan)

                    • peshmerga [ENG31-10437033-n] (a member of a Kurdish guerilla organization that fights for a free Kurdish state)
                  • Kuwaiti [ENG31-09739049-n] (a native or inhabitant of Kuwait)
                  • Lao [ENG31-09739190-n] (a member of a Buddhist people inhabiting the area of the Mekong River in Laos and Thailand and speaking the Lao language)
                  • Lebanese [ENG31-09739991-n] (a native or inhabitant of Lebanon)
                  • Malaysian [ENG31-09741279-n] (a native or inhabitant of Malaysia)

                    • Bornean [ENG31-09714167-n] (a native or inhabitant of Borneo)

                      • Bruneian [ENG31-09714910-n] (a native or inhabitant of Brunei)
                    • Sabahan [ENG31-09741460-n] (a Malaysian from Sabah)
                    • Sarawakian [ENG31-09749419-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sarawak)
                  • Maldivian [ENG31-09741555-n] (a native or inhabitant of Maldives)
                  • Nepalese [ENG31-09743480-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nepal)

                    • Gurkha [ENG31-09743648-n] (a member of Hindu people descended from brahmins and Rajputs who live in Nepal)
                  • Pakistani [ENG31-09745186-n] (a native or inhabitant of Pakistan)

                    • Brahui [ENG31-09745349-n] (a member of a Dravidian people living in Pakistan)
                    • Sindhi [ENG31-09745451-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sind)
                  • Parthian [ENG31-09745788-n] (a native or inhabitant of Parthia)
                  • Sinhalese [ENG31-09751461-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka)
                  • Sherpa [ENG31-09752442-n] (a member of the Himalayan people living in Nepal and Tibet who are famous for their skill as mountaineers)
                  • Syrian [ENG31-09752891-n] (a native or inhabitant of Syria)

                    • Damascene [ENG31-09753012-n] (a native or inhabitant of Damascus)
                  • Taiwanese [ENG31-09753331-n] (a native or inhabitant of Taiwan)
                  • Tajik [ENG31-09753438-n] (a native or inhabitant of Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China)
                  • Thai [ENG31-09753726-n] (a native or inhabitant of Thailand)
                  • Tibetan [ENG31-09753882-n] (a native or inhabitant of Tibet)
                  • Turki [ENG31-09754690-n] (any member of the peoples speaking a Turkic language)

                    • Turk [ENG31-09754317-n] (a native or inhabitant of Turkey)

                      • Ottoman [ENG31-09754545-n] (a Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I))
                      • effendi [ENG31-09755222-n] (a former Turkish term of respect)
                    • Azerbaijani [ENG31-09754974-n] (a native or inhabitant of Azerbaijan)
                    • Chuvash [ENG31-09755086-n] (a member of a people of Turkic speech living in the Volga region in eastern Russia)
                    • Karakalpak [ENG31-09755345-n] (a member of a Turkic people living near Lake Aral in central Asia)
                    • Kazak [ENG31-09755467-n] (a Muslim who is a member of a Turkic people of western Asia (especially in Kazakstan))
                    • Kirghiz [ENG31-09755744-n] (a member of a people vast regions of central Siberia)
                    • Turkoman [ENG31-09755870-n] (a member of a Turkic people living in Turkmenistan and neighboring areas)
                    • Uighur [ENG31-09756018-n] (a member of a people who speak Uighur and live in Xinjiang and adjacent areas)
                    • Uzbek [ENG31-09756183-n] (a member of a Turkic people of Uzbekistan and neighboring areas)
                    • Yakut [ENG31-09756546-n] (a member of a Turkic people of northeastern Siberia (mainly in the Lena river basin))
                  • Kazakhstani [ENG31-09755613-n] (a native or inhabitant of Kazakhstan)
                  • Vietnamese [ENG31-09766522-n] (a native or inhabitant of Vietnam)
                  • Singaporean [ENG31-09768945-n] (an inhabitant of Singapore)
                  • Sri Lankan [ENG31-09769377-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka)
                  • Trojan [ENG31-09769855-n] (a native of ancient Troy)
                  • Iberian [ENG31-10215902-n] (a native or inhabitant of Iberia in the Caucasus)
                  • Mongoloid [ENG31-10348407-n] (a member of the Mongoloid family)
                  • Timorese [ENG31-10731415-n] (a native or inhabitant of Timor)
                • European [ENG31-09705914-n] (a native or inhabitant of Europe)

                  • Slav [ENG31-09696262-n] (any member of the people of eastern Europe or Asian Russia who speak a Slavonic language)

                    • Serbian [ENG31-09770407-n] (a member of a Slavic people who settled in Serbia and neighboring areas in the 6th and 7th centuries)
                    • Croatian [ENG31-09770587-n] (a member of the Slavic people living in Croatia)
                    • Sorbian [ENG31-09770734-n] (a speaker of Sorbian)
                    • Cossack [ENG31-09987085-n] (a member of a Slavic people living in southern European Russia and Ukraine and adjacent parts of Asia and noted for their horsemanship and military skill)
                  • Eurafrican [ENG31-09705640-n] (a person of mixed European and African descent)
                  • sahib [ENG31-09707171-n] (formerly a term of respect for important white Europeans in colonial India)

                    • memsahib [ENG31-09707336-n] (a woman sahib)
                  • Celt [ENG31-09707404-n] (a member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times)

                    • Gael [ENG31-09707629-n] (a Gaelic-speaking Celt in Ireland or Scotland or the Isle of Man)
                    • Briton [ENG31-09707762-n] (an inhabitant of southern Britain prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasions)
                    • Gaul [ENG31-09707883-n] (a Celt of ancient Gaul)

                      • Galatian [ENG31-09707992-n] (a native or inhabitant of Galatia in Asia Minor (especially a member of a people believed to have been Gauls who conquered Galatia in the 3rd century BC))
                  • Frank [ENG31-09708200-n] (a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century)

                    • Salian Frank [ENG31-09708396-n] (a member of the tribe of Franks who settled in the Netherlands in the 4th century AD)
                  • Teuton [ENG31-09708548-n] (a member of the ancient Germanic people who migrated from Jutland to southern Gaul and were annihilated by the Romans)

                    • Goth [ENG31-10159294-n] (one of the Teutonic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the 3rd to 5th centuries)

                      • Ostrogoth [ENG31-10405622-n] (a member of the eastern group of Goths who created a kingdom in northern Italy around 500 AD)
                      • Visigoth [ENG31-10775929-n] (a member of the western group of Goths who sacked Rome and created a kingdom in present-day Spain and southern France)
                  • Albanian [ENG31-09709354-n] (a native or inhabitant of Albania)
                  • Andorran [ENG31-09709892-n] (a native or inhabitant of Andorra)
                  • Austrian [ENG31-09711000-n] (a native or inhabitant of Austria)
                  • Basque [ENG31-09711646-n] (a member of a people of unknown origin living in the western Pyrenees in France and Spain)
                  • Belgian [ENG31-09713505-n] (a native or inhabitant of Belgium)

                    • Fleming [ENG31-09725528-n] (a native of Flanders or a Flemish-speaking Belgian)
                    • Walloon [ENG31-09769972-n] (a member of the French-speaking people living in Belgium)
                  • Bulgarian [ENG31-09715016-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bulgaria)
                  • Byelorussian [ENG31-09715375-n] (a native or inhabitant of Byelorussia)
                  • Cypriot [ENG31-09718416-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cyprus)
                  • Czechoslovakian [ENG31-09718596-n] (a native or inhabitant of the former republic of Czechoslovakia)
                  • Czech [ENG31-09718799-n] (a native of inhabitant of the Czech Republic)
                  • Slovak [ENG31-09718932-n] (a native or inhabitant of Slovakia)
                  • Dane [ENG31-09719038-n] (a native or inhabitant of Denmark)

                    • Zealander [ENG31-09719413-n] (a native or inhabitant of Zealand)
                  • Britisher [ENG31-09720360-n] (a native or inhabitant of Great Britain)

                    • English person [ENG31-09720544-n] (a native or inhabitant of England)

                      • Englishman [ENG31-09720999-n] (a man who is a native or inhabitant of England)

                        • limey [ENG31-09722881-n] (a man of English descent)
                        • Cornishman [ENG31-09723205-n] (a man who is a native or inhabitant of Cornwall)
                        • burgess [ENG31-09900112-n] (a citizen of an English borough)
                        • Jacobean [ENG31-10238362-n] (any distinguished personage during the reign of James I)
                        • Tory [ENG31-10736513-n] (a member of political party in Great Britain that has been known as the Conservative Party since 1832)
                      • Englishwoman [ENG31-09721229-n] (a woman who is a native or inhabitant of England)

                        • Cornishwoman [ENG31-09723328-n] (a woman who is a native or resident of Cornwall)
                      • Anglo-Saxon [ENG31-09721373-n] (a native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman Conquest)
                      • Anglo-Saxon [ENG31-09721530-n] (a person of Anglo-Saxon (especially British) descent whose native tongue is English and whose culture is strongly influenced by English culture as in WASP for `White Anglo-Saxon Protestant')
                      • Anglo-Indian [ENG31-09721937-n] (a person of English citizenship born or living in India)
                      • pommy [ENG31-09722969-n] (a disparaging term for a British person)
                      • Cantabrigian [ENG31-09723104-n] (a resident of Cambridge)
                      • Lancastrian [ENG31-09723453-n] (a resident of Lancaster)
                      • Lancastrian [ENG31-09723553-n] (a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster)
                      • Geordie [ENG31-09723679-n] (a native of Newcastle-upon-Tyne)
                      • Hanoverian [ENG31-09723764-n] (a member (or supporter) of the house of Hanover)
                      • Liverpudlian [ENG31-09723905-n] (a native or resident of Liverpool)
                      • Londoner [ENG31-09724026-n] (a native or resident of London)

                        • Cockney [ENG31-09724166-n] (a native of the east end of London)
                      • Mancunian [ENG31-09724272-n] (a native or resident of Manchester)
                      • Oxonian [ENG31-09724399-n] (a native or resident of Oxford)
                      • Brummie [ENG31-09897216-n] (a native or resident of Birmingham, England)
                      • Mackem [ENG31-10299014-n] (a native of Sunderland)
                      • Sassenach [ENG31-10571821-n] (the Scots' term for an English person)
                      • Tyke [ENG31-10754548-n] (a native of Yorkshire)
                    • patrial [ENG31-10425817-n] (a person who has the right to be considered legally a British citizen (by virtue of the birth of a parent or grandparent))
                  • Angle [ENG31-09722069-n] (a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Saxons and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons)
                  • Saxon [ENG31-09722232-n] (a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons)

                    • West Saxon [ENG31-09722497-n] (an inhabitant of Wessex)
                  • Jute [ENG31-09722577-n] (a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Saxons to become Anglo-Saxons)
                  • Lombard [ENG31-09722740-n] (a member of a Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century)
                  • Finn [ENG31-09725425-n] (a native or inhabitant of Finland)
                  • Latvian [ENG31-09726562-n] (a native or inhabitant of Latvia)

                    • Livonian [ENG31-09726457-n] (a member of the Livonian-speaking people of Latvia)
                  • Lithuanian [ENG31-09726685-n] (a native or inhabitant of Lithuania)
                  • Frenchman [ENG31-09727801-n] (a person of French nationality)

                    • frog [ENG31-09728044-n] (a person of French descent)
                    • Parisian [ENG31-09728146-n] (a native or resident of Paris)

                      • Parisienne [ENG31-09728285-n] (a female native or resident of Paris)
                    • Breton [ENG31-09728397-n] (a native or inhabitant of Brittany (especially one who speaks the Breton language))
                    • Savoyard [ENG31-09728551-n] (a resident of Savoy)
                    • Angevin [ENG31-09728625-n] (a resident of Anjou)
                    • Norman [ENG31-09732656-n] (an inhabitant of Normandy)
                  • Balkan [ENG31-09728728-n] (an inhabitant of the Balkan Peninsula)
                  • Cretan [ENG31-09729191-n] (a native or inhabitant of Crete)

                    • Minoan [ENG31-09729312-n] (a Cretan who lived in the bronze-age culture of Crete about 3000-1100 BC)
                  • Greek [ENG31-09729560-n] (a native or inhabitant of Greece)

                    • Achaean [ENG31-09730015-n] (a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks)
                    • Aeolian [ENG31-09730149-n] (a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks)
                    • Dorian [ENG31-09730282-n] (a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks)
                    • Ionian [ENG31-09730405-n] (a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks)
                    • Athenian [ENG31-09730528-n] (a resident of Athens)
                    • Corinthian [ENG31-09730716-n] (a resident of Corinth)
                    • Laconian [ENG31-09730831-n] (a resident of Laconia)
                    • Lesbian [ENG31-09730926-n] (a resident of Lesbos)
                    • Spartan [ENG31-09731057-n] (a resident of Sparta)
                    • Arcadian [ENG31-09731150-n] (an inhabitant of Arcadia)
                    • Theban [ENG31-09731266-n] (a Greek inhabitant of ancient Thebes)
                    • Argive [ENG31-09826918-n] (a native or inhabitant of the city of Argos)
                    • Ephesian [ENG31-10081362-n] (a resident of the ancient Greek city of Ephesus)
                    • Mycenaen [ENG31-10362723-n] (a native or inhabitant of ancient Mycenae)
                    • Thessalian [ENG31-10727265-n] (a native or inhabitant of Thessaly)
                    • Thessalonian [ENG31-10727356-n] (a native or inhabitant of Thessalonica)
                  • Thracian [ENG31-09731486-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Thrace)
                  • Netherlander [ENG31-09732504-n] (a native or inhabitant of Holland)
                  • Hungarian [ENG31-09733381-n] (a native or inhabitant of Hungary)
                  • Icelander [ENG31-09733516-n] (a native or inhabitant of Iceland)
                  • Irish person [ENG31-09734348-n] (a native or inhabitant of Ireland)

                    • Irishman [ENG31-09734561-n] (a man who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland)

                      • Paddy [ENG31-09734917-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Irish descent)
                    • Irishwoman [ENG31-09734699-n] (a woman who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland)
                    • Dubliner [ENG31-09734823-n] (a resident of Dublin)
                  • Italian [ENG31-09735443-n] (a native or inhabitant of Italy)

                    • wop [ENG31-09735835-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Italian descent)
                    • Etruscan [ENG31-09736039-n] (a native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria)
                    • Neopolitan [ENG31-09736233-n] (a resident of Naples)
                    • Roman [ENG31-09736329-n] (a resident of modern Rome)
                    • Sabine [ENG31-09736629-n] (a member of an ancient Oscan-speaking people of the central Apennines north of Rome who were conquered and assimilated into the Roman state in 290 BC)
                    • Venetian [ENG31-09736850-n] (a resident of Venice)
                    • Sicilian [ENG31-09736962-n] (a resident of Sicily)

                      • mafioso [ENG31-10300192-n] (a member of the Sicilian Mafia)
                    • Tuscan [ENG31-09737092-n] (a resident of Tuscany)
                    • Oscan [ENG31-09737185-n] (an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania)
                    • Samnite [ENG31-09737313-n] (an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania who clashed repeatedly with the early Romans)
                    • Florentine [ENG31-10117359-n] (a native or resident of Florence, Italy)
                    • Genoese [ENG31-10142952-n] (a native or resident of Genoa)
                    • Milanese [ENG31-10335114-n] (a native or inhabitant of Milan)
                    • Neapolitan [ENG31-10370397-n] (a native or inhabitant of Naples)
                    • Sardinian [ENG31-10571713-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sardinia)
                  • Roman [ENG31-09736443-n] (an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire)

                    • palatine [ENG31-10414028-n] (any of various important officials in ancient Rome)
                  • Lapp [ENG31-09739429-n] (a member of an indigenous nomadic people living in northern Scandinavia and herding reindeer)
                  • Liechtensteiner [ENG31-09740484-n] (a native or inhabitant of Liechtenstein)
                  • Luxemburger [ENG31-09740640-n] (a native or inhabitant of Luxembourg)
                  • Macedonian [ENG31-09740840-n] (a native or inhabitant of Macedon)

                    • Philippian [ENG31-10442504-n] (a native or inhabitant of Philippi in ancient Macedonia)
                  • Norwegian [ENG31-09744816-n] (a native or inhabitant of Norway)
                  • Pole [ENG31-09746969-n] (a native or inhabitant of Poland)

                    • polack [ENG31-09747089-n] (a person of Polish descent)
                  • Portuguese [ENG31-09747351-n] (a native or inhabitant of Portugal)
                  • Romanian [ENG31-09747627-n] (a native or inhabitant of Romania)
                  • San Marinese [ENG31-09749287-n] (a native or inhabitant of San Marino)
                  • Scandinavian [ENG31-09749546-n] (an inhabitant of Scandinavia)

                    • Viking [ENG31-09749725-n] (any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries)
                    • berserker [ENG31-09870168-n] (one of the ancient Norse warriors legendary for working themselves into a frenzy before a battle and fighting with reckless savagery and insane fury)
                  • Scot [ENG31-09749875-n] (a native or inhabitant of Scotland)

                    • Scotswoman [ENG31-09750074-n] (a woman who is a Scot)
                    • Glaswegian [ENG31-09768473-n] (an inhabitant of Glasgow)
                    • Highlander [ENG31-10194326-n] (a native of the Highlands of Scotland)
                    • Lowlander [ENG31-10294946-n] (a native of the Lowlands of Scotland)
                  • Slovene [ENG31-09750685-n] (a native of Slovenia)
                  • Spaniard [ENG31-09751320-n] (a native or inhabitant of Spain)

                    • Castillian [ENG31-09728837-n] (a native or inhabitant of Castile)
                    • Catalan [ENG31-09919736-n] (a native or inhabitant of Catalonia)
                  • Swede [ENG31-09751855-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sweden)
                  • Tyrolean [ENG31-09754455-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Tyrol)
                  • Ukranian [ENG31-09756435-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Ukraine)
                  • Welshman [ENG31-09766660-n] (a native or resident of Wales)
                  • Maltese [ENG31-09766949-n] (a native or inhabitant of Malta)
                  • German [ENG31-09767053-n] (a person of German nationality)

                    • Teuton [ENG31-09767300-n] (someone (especially a German) who speaks a Germanic language)
                    • East German [ENG31-09767432-n] (a native or inhabitant of the former republic of East Germany)
                    • Kraut [ENG31-09767570-n] (offensive term for a person of German descent)
                    • Berliner [ENG31-09767739-n] (an inhabitant of Berlin)

                      • West Berliner [ENG31-09767872-n] (an inhabitant of West Berlin)
                    • Prussian [ENG31-09767979-n] (a German inhabitant of Prussia)

                      • Junker [ENG31-09768101-n] (member of the Prussian aristocracy noted especially for militarism)
                    • Bavarian [ENG31-09863865-n] (a native or an inhabitant of Bavaria)
                  • Gibraltarian [ENG31-09768342-n] (a native or inhabitant of Gibraltar)
                  • Slovenian [ENG31-09769084-n] (a native or inhabitant of Slovenia)
                  • Yugoslav [ENG31-09770222-n] (a native or inhabitant of Yugoslavia)
                  • Bohemian [ENG31-09883026-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bohemia in the Czech Republic)
                  • Dalmatian [ENG31-10008456-n] (a native or inhabitant of Dalmatia)
                  • Grecian [ENG31-10165833-n] (a native or resident of Greece)
                  • Iberian [ENG31-10215752-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Iberian Peninsula (especially in ancient times))
                  • Monegasque [ENG31-10347653-n] (a native or inhabitant of Monaco)
                • Australian [ENG31-09710675-n] (a native or inhabitant of Australia)

                  • Aborigine [ENG31-09695957-n] (a member of the people living in Australia when Europeans arrived)
                • Austronesian [ENG31-09710831-n] (a native or inhabitant of Austronesia)

                  • Nauruan [ENG31-09743358-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nauru)
                  • Polynesian [ENG31-09747168-n] (a native or inhabitant of Polynesia)

                    • Fijian [ENG31-09725305-n] (a native or inhabitant of Fiji)
                    • Samoan [ENG31-09748613-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Samoan Islands)
                    • Tahitian [ENG31-09753225-n] (a native or inhabitant of Tahiti)
                    • Tongan [ENG31-09769741-n] (a Polynesian native or inhabitant of Tonga)
                • New Zealander [ENG31-09743947-n] (a native or inhabitant of New Zealand)
                • American [ENG31-09757749-n] (a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country)

                  • Creole [ENG31-09729069-n] (a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America)
                  • Latin American [ENG31-09739652-n] (a native of Latin America)

                    • spic [ENG31-09739802-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for persons of Latin American descent)
                  • North American [ENG31-09744643-n] (a native or inhabitant of North America)

                    • Bermudan [ENG31-09713788-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bermuda)
                    • Canadian [ENG31-09715981-n] (a native or inhabitant of Canada)

                      • French Canadian [ENG31-09716159-n] (a Canadian descended from early French settlers and whose native language is French)

                        • Acadian [ENG31-09696564-n] (an early French settler in the Maritimes)

                          • Cajun [ENG31-09696676-n] (a Louisianian descended from Acadian immigrants from Nova Scotia (`Cajun' comes from `Acadian'))
                        • Canuck [ENG31-09716340-n] (informal term for Canadians in general and French Canadians in particular)
                      • Nova Scotian [ENG31-09744960-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nova Scotia)
                      • Quebecois [ENG31-10518817-n] (a native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French))
                    • Central American [ENG31-09716797-n] (a native or inhabitant of Central America)

                      • Costa Rican [ENG31-09718184-n] (a native or inhabitant of Costa Rica)
                      • Guatemalan [ENG31-09731591-n] (a native or inhabitant of Guatemala)
                      • Honduran [ENG31-09731966-n] (a native or inhabitant of Honduras)
                      • Mexican [ENG31-09742054-n] (a native or inhabitant of Mexico)

                        • Taracahitian [ENG31-09689985-n] (a member of a group of peoples of Mexico)

                          • Cahita [ENG31-09690120-n] (a member of the Taracahitian people of central Mexico)
                          • Tarahumara [ENG31-09690226-n] (a member of the Taracahitian people of north central Mexico)
                        • Chicano [ENG31-09742231-n] (a person of Mexican descent)
                        • greaser [ENG31-09742312-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Mexican descent)
                        • Mexican-American [ENG31-09742481-n] (a Mexican (or person of Mexican descent) living in the United States)
                      • Nicaraguan [ENG31-09744070-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nicaragua)

                        • Contra [ENG31-09635477-n] (a member of the guerrilla force that opposed a left-wing government in Nicaragua)
                      • Panamanian [ENG31-09745534-n] (a native or inhabitant of Panama)
                  • South American [ENG31-09750913-n] (a native or inhabitant of South America)

                    • Argentinian [ENG31-09710545-n] (a native or inhabitant of Argentina)
                    • Bolivian [ENG31-09714060-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bolivia)
                    • Brazilian [ENG31-09714290-n] (a native or inhabitant of Brazil)

                      • Carioca [ENG31-09714415-n] (a native or inhabitant of Rio de Janeiro)
                    • Tupi [ENG31-09714528-n] (a member of the South American Indian people living in Brazil and Paraguay)
                    • Guarani [ENG31-09714653-n] (a member of the South American people living in Paraguay and Bolivia)
                    • Maraco [ENG31-09714775-n] (a member of the South American people living in Argentina and Bolivia and Paraguay)
                    • Chilean [ENG31-09717382-n] (a native or inhabitant of Chile)
                    • Colombian [ENG31-09717913-n] (a native or inhabitant of Colombia)
                    • Ecuadorian [ENG31-09719767-n] (a native or inhabitant of Ecuador)
                    • Salvadoran [ENG31-09720219-n] (a native or inhabitant of El Salvador)
                    • Guyanese [ENG31-09731720-n] (a native or inhabitant of Guyana)
                    • Paraguayan [ENG31-09745660-n] (a native or inhabitant of Paraguay)
                    • Peruvian [ENG31-09745913-n] (a native or inhabitant of Peru)
                    • Quechua [ENG31-09746312-n] (a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire)

                      • Inca [ENG31-09746533-n] (a member of the Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru)
                    • Uruguayan [ENG31-09766267-n] (a native or inhabitant of Uruguay)
                    • Venezuelan [ENG31-09766393-n] (a native or inhabitant of Venezuela)
                  • Mesoamerican [ENG31-10330450-n] (a member of one of the various peoples inhabiting Mesoamerica)
                  • West Indian [ENG31-10794108-n] (a native or inhabitant of the West Indies)

                    • Anguillan [ENG31-09710260-n] (a native or inhabitant of the island of Anguilla in the West Indies)
                    • Antiguan [ENG31-09710420-n] (a native or inhabitant of Antigua)
                    • Bahamian [ENG31-09711125-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Bahamas)
                    • Barbadian [ENG31-09713378-n] (a native or inhabitant of Barbados)
                    • Cuban [ENG31-09718297-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cuba)
                    • Haitian [ENG31-09731844-n] (a native or inhabitant of Haiti)
                    • Jamaican [ENG31-09737488-n] (a native or inhabitant of Jamaica)
                    • Montserratian [ENG31-09742642-n] (a native or inhabitant of Montserrat)
                    • Grenadian [ENG31-09768591-n] (a native or inhabitant of Grenada)
                    • Dominican [ENG31-10044662-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Dominican Republic)
                    • Tobagonian [ENG31-10733703-n] (a native or inhabitant of the island of Tobago in the West Indies)
                • American [ENG31-09758057-n] (a native or inhabitant of the United States)

                  • Asian American [ENG31-09663818-n] (an American who is of Asian descent)
                  • Creole [ENG31-09728927-n] (a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana))
                  • Anglo-American [ENG31-09760055-n] (an American who was born in Britain or one whose ancestors were British)
                  • Alabaman [ENG31-09760187-n] (a native or resident of Alabama)
                  • Alaskan [ENG31-09760285-n] (a native or resident of Alaska)

                    • Alaska Native [ENG31-09760405-n] (a member or descendant of any of the aboriginal peoples of Alaska)
                  • Arizonan [ENG31-09760564-n] (a native or resident of Arizona)
                  • Arkansan [ENG31-09760662-n] (a native or resident of Arkansas)
                  • Bay Stater [ENG31-09760763-n] (a native or resident of Massachusetts)
                  • Bostonian [ENG31-09760857-n] (a native or resident of Boston)
                  • Californian [ENG31-09760943-n] (a native or resident of California)
                  • Carolinian [ENG31-09761053-n] (a native or resident of the Carolinas)
                  • Coloradan [ENG31-09761147-n] (a native or resident of Colorado)
                  • Connecticuter [ENG31-09761235-n] (a native or resident of Connecticut)
                  • Delawarean [ENG31-09761330-n] (a native or resident of Delaware)
                  • Floridian [ENG31-09761432-n] (a native or resident of Florida)
                  • Franco-American [ENG31-09761519-n] (an American who was born in France or whose ancestors were French)
                  • German American [ENG31-09761646-n] (an American who was born in Germany or whose ancestors were German)
                  • Georgian [ENG31-09761774-n] (a native or resident of the American state of Georgia)
                  • Hawaiian [ENG31-09761900-n] (a native or resident of Hawaii)

                    • Native Hawaiian [ENG31-09762021-n] (a member or descendant of the indigenous Polynesian people who lived in the Hawaiian Islands)
                  • Idahoan [ENG31-09762175-n] (a native or resident of Idaho)
                  • Illinoisan [ENG31-09762258-n] (a native or resident of Illinois)
                  • Indianan [ENG31-09762347-n] (a native or resident of Indiana)
                  • Iowan [ENG31-09762443-n] (a native or resident of Iowa)
                  • Kansan [ENG31-09762523-n] (a native or resident of Kansas)
                  • Kentuckian [ENG31-09762606-n] (a native or resident of Kentucky)
                  • Louisianan [ENG31-09762714-n] (a native or resident of Louisiana)
                  • Mainer [ENG31-09762818-n] (a native or resident of Maine)
                  • Marylander [ENG31-09762932-n] (a native or resident of Maryland)
                  • Michigander [ENG31-09763021-n] (a native or resident of Michigan)
                  • Minnesotan [ENG31-09763123-n] (a native or resident of Minnesota)
                  • Mississippian [ENG31-09763222-n] (a native or resident of Mississippi)
                  • Missourian [ENG31-09763317-n] (a native or resident of Missouri)
                  • Montanan [ENG31-09763406-n] (a native or resident of Montana)
                  • Nebraskan [ENG31-09763492-n] (a native or resident of Nebraska)
                  • Nevadan [ENG31-09763593-n] (a native or resident of Nevada)
                  • New Hampshirite [ENG31-09763677-n] (a native or resident of New Hampshire)
                  • New Jerseyan [ENG31-09763793-n] (a native of resident of New Jersey)
                  • New Mexican [ENG31-09763918-n] (a native or resident of New Mexico)
                  • New Yorker [ENG31-09764010-n] (a native or resident of New York (especially of New York City))

                    • East-sider [ENG31-10061994-n] (a resident of the east side of Manhattan in New York City)
                    • West-sider [ENG31-10794424-n] (a resident of the west side of Manhattan in New York City)
                  • North Carolinian [ENG31-09764165-n] (a native or resident of North Carolina)
                  • North Dakotan [ENG31-09764276-n] (a native or resident of North Dakota)
                  • Ohioan [ENG31-09764372-n] (a native or resident of Ohio)
                  • Oklahoman [ENG31-09764463-n] (a native or resident of Oklahoma)
                  • Oregonian [ENG31-09764560-n] (a native or resident of Oregon)
                  • Pennsylvanian [ENG31-09764655-n] (a native or resident of Pennsylvania)
                  • Rhode Islander [ENG31-09764769-n] (a native or resident of Rhode Island)
                  • South Carolinian [ENG31-09764866-n] (a native or resident of South Carolina)
                  • South Dakotan [ENG31-09764967-n] (a native or resident of South Dakota)
                  • Tennessean [ENG31-09765063-n] (a native or resident of Tennessee)
                  • Texan [ENG31-09765165-n] (a native or resident of Texas)
                  • Utahan [ENG31-09765264-n] (a native or resident of Utah)
                  • Vermonter [ENG31-09765345-n] (a native or resident of Vermont)
                  • Virginian [ENG31-09765432-n] (a native or resident of Virginia)
                  • Washingtonian [ENG31-09765520-n] (a native or resident of the state of Washington)
                  • Washingtonian [ENG31-09765645-n] (a native or resident of the city of Washington)
                  • West Virginian [ENG31-09765769-n] (a native or resident of West Virginia)
                  • Wisconsinite [ENG31-09765867-n] (a native or resident of Wisconsin)
                  • Wyomingite [ENG31-09765968-n] (a native or resident of Wyoming)
                  • Puerto Rican [ENG31-09766056-n] (a native or resident of Puerto Rico)
                  • Yankee [ENG31-09766150-n] (an American (especially to non-Americans))
                  • Appalachian [ENG31-09819231-n] (a native or inhabitant of Appalachia)
                  • New Englander [ENG31-10375641-n] (an American who lives in New England)
                  • Nisei [ENG31-10378999-n] (a person born in the United States of parents who emigrated from Japan)
                  • Southerner [ENG31-10647584-n] (an American who lives in the South)

                    • Confederate [ENG31-09973094-n] (a supporter of the Confederate States of America)

                      • Confederate soldier [ENG31-09973254-n] (a soldier in the Army of the Confederacy during the American Civil War)

                        • bushwhacker [ENG31-09901200-n] (a Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War)
                        • Rebel [ENG31-10647730-n] (`Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War)
                  • Spanish American [ENG31-10649009-n] (an American whose first language is Spanish)

                    • criollo [ENG31-09998227-n] (a Spanish American of pure European stock (usually Spanish))
                  • Tory [ENG31-10736225-n] (an American who favored the British side during the American Revolution)
                  • Yankee [ENG31-10821887-n] (an American who lives in the North (especially during the American Civil War))

                    • Federal [ENG31-10393338-n] (a member of the Union Army during the American Civil War)
                • Alsatian [ENG31-09805227-n] (a native or inhabitant of Alsace)
                • borderer [ENG31-09886560-n] (an inhabitant of a border area (especially the border between Scotland and England))
                • cottager [ENG31-09988079-n] (someone who lives in a cottage)
                • easterner [ENG31-10061882-n] (an inhabitant of an eastern area)
                • Galilean [ENG31-10137614-n] (an inhabitant of Galilee (an epithet of Jesus Christ))
                • Hittite [ENG31-10198095-n] (a member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC)
                • islander [ENG31-10237106-n] (an inhabitant of an island)
                • landlubber [ENG31-10265204-n] (a person who lives and works on land)
                • Latin [ENG31-10267705-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Latium)
                • liver [ENG31-10287877-n] (someone who lives in a place)
                • marcher [ENG31-10313163-n] (an inhabitant of a border district)
                • Nazarene [ENG31-10369401-n] (an inhabitant of Nazareth)
                • Northerner [ENG31-10382381-n] (an inhabitant of the North)
                • Numidian [ENG31-10386391-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Numidia)
                • Occidental [ENG31-10389544-n] (a native inhabitant of the Occident)
                • Philistine [ENG31-10442616-n] (a member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC)
                • Phrygian [ENG31-10447422-n] (a native or inhabitant of Phrygia)

                  • Colossian [ENG31-09958309-n] (a native or inhabitant of the city of Colossae in ancient Phrygia)
                • plainsman [ENG31-10457465-n] (an inhabitant of a plains region (especially the Great Plains of North America))
                • resident [ENG31-10543112-n] (someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there)

                  • Alexandrian [ENG31-09802171-n] (a resident or native of Alexandria (especially Alexandria in Egypt))
                  • coaster [ENG31-09952164-n] (a resident of a coastal area)
                  • colonial [ENG31-09957146-n] (a resident of a colony)
                  • dalesman [ENG31-10008135-n] (a person who lives in the dales of northern England)
                  • housemate [ENG31-10208576-n] (someone who resides in the same house with you)
                  • inmate [ENG31-10226989-n] (one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital))
                  • metropolitan [ENG31-10332804-n] (a person who lives in a metropolis)
                  • outlier [ENG31-10407535-n] (a person who lives away from his place of work)
                  • owner-occupier [ENG31-10409564-n] (an occupant who owns the home that he/she lives in)
                  • sojourner [ENG31-10641209-n] (a temporary resident)
                  • stater [ENG31-10669262-n] (a resident of a particular state or group of states)
                  • suburbanite [ENG31-10690826-n] (a resident of a suburb)
                  • tenant [ENG31-10720166-n] (any occupant who dwells in a place)
                  • townsman [ENG31-10738916-n] (a resident of a town or city)

                    • townee [ENG31-10739044-n] (townsman unacquainted with country life especially a slick and flashy male city dweller)
                    • townie [ENG31-10739222-n] (resident of a college town not affiliated with the college)
                • tellurian [ENG31-10718758-n] (an inhabitant of the earth)
                • Trinidadian [ENG31-10749363-n] (inhabitant or native of Trinidad)
                • villager [ENG31-10773110-n] (one who has lived in a village most of their life)
                • westerner [ENG31-10793997-n] (an inhabitant of a western area)
              • native [ENG31-09643964-n] (an indigenous person who was born in a particular place)

                • Levantine [ENG31-09740098-n] ((formerly) a native or inhabitant of the Levant)
                • Mauritian [ENG31-09741926-n] (a native or inhabitant of Mauritius)
                • Filipino [ENG31-09746782-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Philippines)

                  • Moro [ENG31-09732363-n] (a member of the predominantly Muslim people in the southern Philippines)
                  • Tagalog [ENG31-10707987-n] (a member of a people native to the Philippines chiefly inhabiting central Luzon around and including Manila)
                  • Visayan [ENG31-10775316-n] (a member of the most numerous indigenous people of the Philippines)

                    • Cebuan [ENG31-09716642-n] (inhabitant of the island of Cebu)
                • Russian [ENG31-09747745-n] (a native or inhabitant of Russia)

                  • Tatar [ENG31-09664399-n] (a member of the Turkic-speaking people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains (the name has been attributed to many other groups))
                  • Udmurt [ENG31-09664585-n] (a member of the Finno-Ugric-speaking people living in eastern European Russia)
                  • Komi [ENG31-09725651-n] (a member of a Finnish people living in the northwestern Urals in Russia)
                  • Cheremis [ENG31-09725792-n] (a member of a rural Finnish people living in eastern Russia)
                  • Ingrian [ENG31-09725944-n] (a member of western Finnish people formerly living in the Baltic province where Saint Petersburg was built)
                  • Karelian [ENG31-09726142-n] (a member of the Finnish people living in Karelia in northwestern European Russia)
                  • Ostyak [ENG31-09726307-n] (a member of the nomadic Ugrian people living in northwestern Siberia (east of the Urals))
                  • Mordva [ENG31-09726796-n] (a member of the agricultural people living in the central Volga provinces of European Russia)
                  • Nganasan [ENG31-09726983-n] (a member of the Samoyedic people living on the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia)
                  • Selkup [ENG31-09727131-n] (one of the people of mixed Ostyak and Samoyed origin in Siberia)
                  • Samoyed [ENG31-09727283-n] (a Samoyedic-speaking person in northwestern Siberia)
                  • Veps [ENG31-09727388-n] (a member of a Finnish people of Russia)
                  • Vogul [ENG31-09727514-n] (a member of a nomadic people of the northern Urals)
                  • Yeniseian [ENG31-09727643-n] (a member of one of the groups living in the Yenisei river valley in western Siberia)
                  • Great Russian [ENG31-09748192-n] (a member of the chief stock of Russian people living in European Russia)
                  • Muscovite [ENG31-09748404-n] (a resident of Moscow)
                  • Georgian [ENG31-09748498-n] (a native or inhabitant of Georgia in Asia)
                  • Siberian [ENG31-09750424-n] (a native or inhabitant of Siberia)

                    • Chukchi [ENG31-09940749-n] (a member of an indigenous people living on the Chukchi Peninsula)
                  • Chechen [ENG31-09932365-n] (a native or inhabitant of Chechnya)
                • Seychellois [ENG31-09750293-n] (a native or inhabitant of Seychelles)
              • native [ENG31-09644402-n] (a person born in a particular place or country)
              • innocent [ENG31-09644529-n] (a person who lacks knowledge of evil)

                • boy scout [ENG31-09891333-n] (a man who is considered naive)
                • lamb [ENG31-10263569-n] (a sweet innocent mild-mannered person (especially a child))
                • naif [ENG31-10363852-n] (a naive or inexperienced person)
                • virgin [ENG31-10774925-n] (a person who has never had sex)
              • intellectual [ENG31-09644715-n] (a person who uses the mind creatively)

                • anomalist [ENG31-09629572-n] (someone who has a special interest in exceptional cases)
                • exponent [ENG31-09641790-n] (someone who expounds and interprets or explains)
                • alchemist [ENG31-09801362-n] (one who was versed in the practice of alchemy and who sought an elixir of life and a panacea and an alkahest and the philosopher's stone)
                • aphorist [ENG31-09817845-n] (someone who formulates aphorisms or who repeats aphorisms)
                • bel esprit [ENG31-09867037-n] (a witty or clever person with a fine mind)
                • clever Dick [ENG31-09948303-n] (an intellectual who is ostentatiously and irritatingly knowledgeable)
                • decoder [ENG31-10014936-n] (the kind of intellectual who converts messages from a code to plain text)

                  • cryptanalyst [ENG31-10001070-n] (decoder skilled in the analysis of codes and cryptograms)
                • egghead [ENG31-10066838-n] (an intellectual)
                • expositor [ENG31-10093550-n] (a person who explains)
                • genius [ENG31-10146463-n] (someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality)

                  • prodigy [ENG31-10499368-n] (an unusually gifted or intelligent (young) person)

                    • boy wonder [ENG31-09891418-n] (an extremely talented young male person)
                    • child prodigy [ENG31-09938325-n] (a prodigy whose talents are recognized at an early age)
                • highbrow [ENG31-10193961-n] (a person of intellectual or erudite tastes)
                • mentor [ENG31-10329163-n] (a wise and trusted guide and advisor)

                  • sage [ENG31-10565759-n] (a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom)

                    • Hakham [ENG31-06352347-n] (a Hebrew title of respect for a wise and highly educated man)
                    • mahatma [ENG31-10301593-n] ((Hinduism) term of respect for a brahmin sage)
                • scholar [ENG31-10577282-n] (a learned person (especially in the humanities))

                  • academician [ENG31-09778642-n] (a scholar who is skilled in academic disputation)
                  • alumnus [ENG31-09805779-n] (a person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university))

                    • Ivy Leaguer [ENG31-10237713-n] (a student or graduate at an Ivy League school)
                    • old boy [ENG31-10394828-n] (a former male pupil of a school)
                  • Arabist [ENG31-09822374-n] (a scholar who specializes in Arab languages and culture)
                  • bibliographer [ENG31-09871966-n] (someone trained in compiling bibliographies)
                  • bibliophile [ENG31-09872087-n] (someone who loves (and usually collects) books)
                  • Cabalist [ENG31-09904868-n] (a student of the Jewish Kabbalah)
                  • doctor [ENG31-10041617-n] (a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution)
                  • goliard [ENG31-10157152-n] (a wandering scholar in medieval Europe)
                  • historian [ENG31-10196781-n] (a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it)

                    • annalist [ENG31-09814238-n] (a historian who writes annals)
                    • art historian [ENG31-09830819-n] (a historian of art)
                    • chronicler [ENG31-09940626-n] (someone who writes chronicles)
                  • humanist [ENG31-10210811-n] (a classical scholar or student of the liberal arts)

                    • classicist [ENG31-09946114-n] (a student of ancient Greek and Latin)

                      • Latinist [ENG31-10267788-n] (a specialist in the Latin language)
                    • man of letters [ENG31-10311603-n] (a man devoted to literary or scholarly activities)
                    • philologist [ENG31-10442970-n] (a humanist specializing in classical scholarship)
                  • initiate [ENG31-10226506-n] (someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field)

                    • polymath [ENG31-10226696-n] (a person of great and varied learning)
                  • Islamist [ENG31-10237005-n] (a scholar who knowledgeable in Islamic studies)
                  • licentiate [ENG31-10278483-n] (holds a license (degree) from a (European) university)
                  • Masorete [ENG31-10317322-n] (a scholar who is expert on the Masorah (especially one of the Jewish scribes who contributed to the Masorah))
                  • master [ENG31-10318465-n] (someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution)
                  • mujtihad [ENG31-10357626-n] (an Islamic scholar who engages in ijtihad, the effort to derive rules of divine law from Muslim sacred texts)
                  • musicologist [ENG31-10360974-n] (a student of musicology)
                  • pedant [ENG31-10431101-n] (a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit)

                    • purist [ENG31-10513622-n] (someone who insists on great precision and correctness (especially in the use of words))
                  • philomath [ENG31-10443259-n] (a lover of learning)
                  • philosopher [ENG31-10443334-n] (a specialist in philosophy)

                    • nativist [ENG31-09648846-n] (a philosopher who subscribes to nativism)
                    • Cynic [ENG31-10006238-n] (a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control)
                    • eclectic [ENG31-10062832-n] (someone who selects according to the eclectic method)
                    • empiricist [ENG31-10073399-n] (a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism)
                    • epistemologist [ENG31-10082192-n] (a specialist in epistemology)
                    • esthetician [ENG31-10084476-n] (a philosopher who specializes in the nature of beauty)
                    • ethicist [ENG31-10084873-n] (a philosopher who specializes in ethics)
                    • existentialist [ENG31-10091345-n] (a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable)
                    • gymnosophist [ENG31-10173293-n] (member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism))
                    • libertarian [ENG31-10277099-n] (someone who believes the doctrine of free will)
                    • mechanist [ENG31-10324450-n] (a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism)
                    • moralist [ENG31-10350644-n] (a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems)

                      • egalitarian [ENG31-10066678-n] (a person who believes in the equality of all people)
                      • elitist [ENG31-10070366-n] (someone who believes in rule by an elite group)

                        • mandarin [ENG31-10309524-n] (a member of an elite intellectual or cultural group)
                      • utilitarian [ENG31-10762393-n] (someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility)
                    • naturalist [ENG31-10366686-n] (an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms)
                    • necessitarian [ENG31-10370627-n] (someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will)

                      • Calvinist [ENG31-09908798-n] (an adherent of the theological doctrines of John Calvin)

                        • Huguenot [ENG31-10210708-n] (a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries)
                      • fatalist [ENG31-10100277-n] (anyone who submits to the belief that they are powerless to change their destiny)
                    • nominalist [ENG31-10379687-n] (a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism)
                    • pluralist [ENG31-10463233-n] (a philosopher who believes that no single explanation can account for all the phenomena of nature)
                    • pre-Socratic [ENG31-10489096-n] (any philosopher who lived before Socrates)
                    • realist [ENG31-10528754-n] (a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them)

                      • pragmatist [ENG31-10483148-n] (an adherent of philosophical pragmatism)
                    • Scholastic [ENG31-10578324-n] (a Scholastic philosopher or theologian)
                    • Sophist [ENG31-10644461-n] (any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects)
                    • Stoic [ENG31-10678115-n] (a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno)
                    • transcendentalist [ENG31-10743509-n] (advocate of transcendentalism)
                    • yogi [ENG31-10823582-n] (one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight)
                    • Popper [ENG31-11262839-n] (British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994))
                  • postdoc [ENG31-10476262-n] (a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree)
                  • reader [ENG31-10528303-n] (a person who enjoys reading)

                    • bookworm [ENG31-09885965-n] (someone who spends a great deal of time reading)
                  • Renaissance man [ENG31-10539702-n] (a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics)
                  • Renaissance man [ENG31-10539879-n] (a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests)
                  • salutatorian [ENG31-10568872-n] (a graduating student with the second highest academic rank)
                  • scholiast [ENG31-10578437-n] (a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author))

                    • glossarist [ENG31-10152407-n] (a scholiast who writes glosses or glossaries)
                  • Schoolman [ENG31-10579111-n] (a scholar in one of the universities of the Middle Ages)
                  • Shakespearian [ENG31-10605574-n] (a Shakespearean scholar)
                  • Sinologist [ENG31-10620642-n] (a student of Chinese history and language and culture)
                  • theologian [ENG31-10725264-n] (someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology)

                    • Church Father [ENG31-09941250-n] ((Christianity) any of about 70 theologians in the period from the 2nd to the 7th century whose writing established and confirmed official church doctrine)
                    • Doctor of the Church [ENG31-10041836-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching)
                    • eschatologist [ENG31-10083147-n] (a theologian who specializes in eschatology)
                    • futurist [ENG31-10136359-n] (a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) will be fulfilled in the future)
                    • presentist [ENG31-10486130-n] (a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) are being fulfilled at the present time)
                    • preterist [ENG31-10489717-n] (a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) have already been fulfilled)
                  • valedictorian [ENG31-10764674-n] (the student with the best grades who usually delivers the valedictory address at commencement)
                  • Vedist [ENG31-10766962-n] (a scholar of or an authority on the Vedas)
                • skeptic [ENG31-10624042-n] (someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs)

                  • doubting Thomas [ENG31-10047678-n] (someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place))
                  • pessimist [ENG31-10439217-n] (a person who expects the worst)

                    • defeatist [ENG31-10019315-n] (someone who is resigned to defeat without offering positive suggestions)
                • specifier [ENG31-10652696-n] (someone who draws up specifications giving details (as for obtaining a patent))
                • subjectivist [ENG31-10688448-n] (a person who subscribes to subjectivism)
                • synthesist [ENG31-10706727-n] (an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods)
                • theorist [ENG31-10726461-n] (someone who theorizes (especially in science or art))
                • thinker [ENG31-10727941-n] (an important intellectual)
                • thinker [ENG31-10728103-n] (someone who exercises the mind (usually in an effort to reach a decision))

                  • brainworker [ENG31-09892462-n] (someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems)
                  • classifier [ENG31-09946320-n] (a person who creates classifications)
                  • divergent thinker [ENG31-10039458-n] (a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions)
                  • excogitator [ENG31-10088611-n] (a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly)
                  • muser [ENG31-10359217-n] (a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation)
                  • organizer [ENG31-10402936-n] (a person who brings order and organization to an enterprise)

                    • coordinator [ENG31-09983393-n] (someone whose task is to see that work goes harmoniously)
                    • orderer [ENG31-10401068-n] (an organizer who puts things in order)
                  • philosophizer [ENG31-10445948-n] (someone who considers situations from a philosophical point of view)
                  • problem solver [ENG31-10477677-n] (a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution)
                  • reasoner [ENG31-10529932-n] (someone who reasons logically)

                    • analogist [ENG31-09809339-n] (someone who looks for analogies or who reasons by analogy)
                    • casuist [ENG31-09919381-n] (someone whose reasoning is subtle and often specious)
                  • rocket scientist [ENG31-10555831-n] (a clever thinker)
                  • speculator [ENG31-10653714-n] (someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts)
                • visionary [ENG31-10776101-n] (a person with unusual powers of foresight)

                  • anticipator [ENG31-09816554-n] (one who anticipates)
                  • diviner [ENG31-10039756-n] (someone who claims to discover hidden knowledge with the aid of supernatural powers)

                    • geomancer [ENG31-10147453-n] (one who practices geomancy)
                    • hydromancer [ENG31-10214484-n] (one who practices hydromancy)
                    • lithomancer [ENG31-10286441-n] (one who practices lithomancy)
                    • necromancer [ENG31-10370883-n] (one who practices divination by conjuring up the dead)
                    • oneiromancer [ENG31-10397431-n] (someone who divines through the interpretation of dreams)
                    • onomancer [ENG31-10397812-n] (one who practices onomancy)
                    • prophet [ENG31-10503115-n] (an authoritative person who divines the future)

                      • augur [ENG31-09842689-n] ((ancient Rome) a religious official who interpreted omens to guide public policy)
                      • prophetess [ENG31-10503384-n] (a woman prophet)
                      • sibyl [ENG31-10614769-n] ((ancient Rome) a woman who was regarded as an oracle or prophet)
                    • pyromancer [ENG31-10516410-n] (one who practices pyromancy)
                    • water witch [ENG31-10790559-n] (someone who uses a divining rod to find underground water)
                  • fantast [ENG31-10098309-n] (someone who predicts the future)
                  • forecaster [ENG31-10122275-n] (someone who makes predictions of the future (usually on the basis of special knowledge))

                    • astrologer [ENG31-09837221-n] (someone who predicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and Moon)
                    • fortuneteller [ENG31-10125231-n] (a person who foretells your personal future)

                      • palmist [ENG31-10414908-n] (fortuneteller who predicts your future by the lines on your palms)
                      • sibyl [ENG31-10614959-n] (a woman who tells fortunes)
                • wonderer [ENG31-10809349-n] (someone who is curious about something)
              • juvenile [ENG31-09645219-n] (a young person, not fully developed)

                • preteen [ENG31-09650451-n] (a preadolescent boy or girl (usually between 9 and 12 years of age))
                • adolescent [ENG31-09791452-n] (a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity)

                  • chebab [ENG31-09932223-n] (a Palestinian juvenile 10-15 years old who fights against the Israelis)
                  • mod [ENG31-10344023-n] (a British teenager or young adult in the 1960s)
                  • pachuco [ENG31-10409749-n] (a Mexican-American teenager who belongs to a neighborhood gang and who dresses in showy clothes)
                  • punk rocker [ENG31-10512479-n] (a teenager or young adult who is a performer (or enthusiast) of punk rock and a member of the punk youth subculture)
                  • rocker [ENG31-10555263-n] (a teenager or young adult in the 1960s who wore leather jackets and rode motorcycles)
                • child [ENG31-09937051-n] (a young person of either sex)

                  • bairn [ENG31-09852801-n] (a child: son or daughter)
                  • buster [ENG31-09903192-n] (a robust child)
                  • changeling [ENG31-09927377-n] (a child secretly exchanged for another in infancy)
                  • foster-child [ENG31-10125849-n] (a child who is raised by foster parents)

                    • foster-daughter [ENG31-10126011-n] (someone who is raised as a daughter although not related by birth)
                    • foster-son [ENG31-10126942-n] (someone who is raised as a son although not related by birth)
                  • imp [ENG31-10219666-n] (one who is playfully mischievous)

                    • terror [ENG31-10722132-n] (a very troublesome child)
                  • kiddy [ENG31-10250406-n] (informal term for a young child)
                  • orphan [ENG31-10404091-n] (a child who has lost both parents)
                  • peanut [ENG31-10430185-n] (a young child who is small for his age)
                  • pickaninny [ENG31-10451094-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a Black child)
                  • poster child [ENG31-10476516-n] (a child afflicted by some disease or deformity whose picture is used on posters to raise money for charitable purposes)

                    • poster boy [ENG31-10476440-n] (a male poster child)
                    • poster girl [ENG31-10476780-n] (a female poster child)
                  • preschooler [ENG31-10485626-n] (a child who attends a preschool or kindergarten)
                  • silly [ENG31-10618049-n] (a word used for misbehaving children)
                  • sprog [ENG31-10660621-n] (a child)
                  • toddler [ENG31-10734114-n] (a young child)
                  • urchin [ENG31-10761024-n] (poor and often mischievous city child)

                    • ragamuffin [ENG31-10524257-n] (a dirty shabbily clothed urchin)
                    • street urchin [ENG31-10682391-n] (a child who spends most of his time in the streets especially in slum areas)

                      • gamine [ENG31-10139342-n] (a homeless girl who roams the streets)
                      • street arab [ENG31-10682576-n] ((sometimes offensive) a homeless boy who has been abandoned and roams the streets)
                  • waif [ENG31-10782743-n] (a homeless child especially one forsaken or orphaned)
                • ingenue [ENG31-10226125-n] (an artless innocent young girl (especially as portrayed on the stage))
                • young person [ENG31-10824010-n] (a young person (especially a young man or boy))

                  • blade [ENG31-09878691-n] (a dashing young man)
                  • hobbledehoy [ENG31-10198452-n] (an awkward bad-mannered adolescent boy)
                  • puppy [ENG31-10513420-n] (an inexperienced young person)
                  • schoolchild [ENG31-10578716-n] (a young person attending school (up through senior high school))

                    • boarder [ENG31-09881751-n] (a pupil who lives at school during term time)
                    • day boarder [ENG31-10013189-n] (a schoolchild at a boarding school who has meals at school but sleeps at home)

                      • dayboy [ENG31-10013360-n] (a day boarder who is a boy)
                      • daygirl [ENG31-10013857-n] (a day boarder who is a girl)
                    • latchkey child [ENG31-10267216-n] (a school-age child who is home without adult supervision for part of the day (especially after school until a parent returns home from work))
                    • schoolboy [ENG31-10578620-n] (a boy attending school)
                  • slip [ENG31-10631620-n] (a young and slender person)
              • lover [ENG31-09645472-n] (a person who loves someone or is loved by someone)

                • admirer [ENG31-09790858-n] (someone who admires a young woman)

                  • fancier [ENG31-10097911-n] (a person having a strong liking for something)

                    • animal fancier [ENG31-09813867-n] (a person who breeds animals)

                      • cat fancier [ENG31-09921374-n] (a person who breeds and cares for cats)
                      • horseman [ENG31-10205301-n] (a person who breeds and cares for horses)
                    • bird fancier [ENG31-09875807-n] (a person with a strong interest in birds)
                    • maniac [ENG31-10310202-n] (a person who has an obsession with or excessive enthusiasm for something)
                    • technophile [ENG31-10716384-n] (a person who is enthusiastic about new technology)
                  • suitor [ENG31-10693569-n] (a man who courts a woman)

                    • prince charming [ENG31-10493038-n] (a suitor who fulfills the dreams of his beloved)
                  • worshiper [ENG31-10811975-n] (someone who admires too much to recognize faults)

                    • hero worshiper [ENG31-10193336-n] (someone who worships heroes)
                • beloved [ENG31-09869006-n] (a beloved person)
                • betrothed [ENG31-09870983-n] (the person to whom you are engaged)

                  • fiance [ENG31-10105638-n] (a man who is engaged to be married)
                  • fiancee [ENG31-10105739-n] (a woman who is engaged to be married)
                • darling [ENG31-10011405-n] (a special loved one)

                  • chosen [ENG31-09940492-n] (one who is the object of choice)
                  • macushla [ENG31-10299237-n] ((an Irish term of address expressing affection) darling)
                  • mollycoddle [ENG31-10347249-n] (a pampered darling)
                  • teacher's pet [ENG31-10714345-n] (the teacher's favorite student)
                • idolizer [ENG31-10218451-n] (a lover blind with admiration and devotion)
                • kisser [ENG31-10256893-n] (someone who kisses)
                • necker [ENG31-10370795-n] (a lover who necks)
                • petter [ENG31-10440394-n] (a lover who gently fondles and caresses the loved one)
                • Romeo [ENG31-10557639-n] (an ardent male lover)
                • soul mate [ENG31-10646614-n] (someone for whom you have a deep affinity)
                • squeeze [ENG31-10663023-n] ((slang) a person's girlfriend or boyfriend)
                • sweetheart [ENG31-10702400-n] (a person loved by another person)

                  • ladylove [ENG31-10263081-n] (a woman who is a man's sweetheart)
                  • sugar daddy [ENG31-10692735-n] (a wealthy older man who gives a young person expensive gifts in return for friendship or intimacy)
                  • valentine [ENG31-10764849-n] (a sweetheart chosen to receive a greeting on Saint Valentine's Day)
              • loved one [ENG31-09646098-n] (a person who you love, usually a member of your family)
              • leader [ENG31-09646208-n] (a person who rules or guides or inspires others)

                • spiritual leader [ENG31-09528285-n] (a leader in religious or sacred affairs)

                  • cantor [ENG31-09911316-n] (the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos)
                  • Catholicos [ENG31-09921239-n] (the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches)
                  • clergyman [ENG31-09946909-n] (a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church)

                    • acolyte [ENG31-09782772-n] (someone who assists a priest or minister in a liturgical service)

                      • altar boy [ENG31-09805332-n] (a boy serving as an acolyte)
                      • thurifer [ENG31-10729820-n] (an acolyte who carries a thurible)
                    • anagnost [ENG31-09809109-n] (a cleric in the minor orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church who reads the lessons aloud in the liturgy (analogous to the lector in the Roman Catholic Church))
                    • archdeacon [ENG31-09823766-n] ((Anglican Church) an ecclesiastical dignitary usually ranking just below a bishop)
                    • chaplain [ENG31-09927966-n] (a clergyman ministering to some institution)

                      • prison chaplain [ENG31-09928227-n] (a chaplain in a prison)
                      • hospital chaplain [ENG31-10206305-n] (a chaplain in a hospital)
                      • military chaplain [ENG31-10336185-n] (a chaplain in one of the military services)
                    • cleric [ENG31-09947594-n] (a clergyman or other person in religious orders)

                      • ordainer [ENG31-10400913-n] (a cleric who ordains)
                      • pardoner [ENG31-10418829-n] (a medieval cleric who raised money for the church by selling papal indulgences)

                        • absolver [ENG31-09774886-n] (someone who grants absolution)
                      • pluralist [ENG31-10463404-n] (a cleric who holds more than one benefice at a time)
                    • curate [ENG31-10003102-n] (a person authorized to conduct religious worship)

                      • ministrant [ENG31-10340784-n] (someone who serves as a minister)
                    • deacon [ENG31-10014058-n] (a cleric ranking just below a priest in Christian churches)
                    • dominus [ENG31-10044785-n] (a clergyman)
                    • doorkeeper [ENG31-10046488-n] (the lowest of the minor Holy Orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church)
                    • lector [ENG31-10272051-n] (someone who reads the lessons in a church service)
                    • officiant [ENG31-10393089-n] (a clergyman who officiates at a religious ceremony or service)
                    • ordinand [ENG31-10402001-n] (a person being ordained)
                    • ordinary [ENG31-10402179-n] (a clergyman appointed to prepare condemned prisoners for death)
                    • postulator [ENG31-10477163-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) someone who proposes or pleads for a candidate for beatification or canonization)
                    • preacher [ENG31-10483744-n] (someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel)

                      • evangelist [ENG31-10086818-n] (a preacher of the Christian gospel)

                        • televangelist [ENG31-10717737-n] (an evangelist who conducts services on television)
                    • priest [ENG31-10490364-n] (a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites)

                      • archpriest [ENG31-09826498-n] (a senior clergyman and dignitary)
                      • bishop [ENG31-09876606-n] (a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority)

                        • archbishop [ENG31-09824574-n] (a bishop of highest rank)

                          • metropolitan [ENG31-10332897-n] (in the Eastern Orthodox Church this title is given to a position between bishop and patriarch)
                        • cardinal [ENG31-09913595-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) one of a group of more than 100 prominent bishops in the Sacred College who advise the Pope and elect new Popes)

                          • dean [ENG31-10016458-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the head of the College of Cardinals)
                        • diocesan [ENG31-10033556-n] (a bishop having jurisdiction over a diocese)
                        • eparch [ENG31-10081239-n] (a bishop or metropolitan in charge of an eparchy in the Eastern Church)
                        • exarch [ENG31-10088344-n] (a bishop in eastern Christendom who holds a place below a patriarch but above a metropolitan)
                        • exarch [ENG31-10088489-n] (a bishop in one of several Eastern Orthodox Churches in North America)
                        • primus [ENG31-10492275-n] (the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church of Scotland)
                        • suffragan [ENG31-10691979-n] (an assistant or subordinate bishop of a diocese)
                        • vicar apostolic [ENG31-10770192-n] (a titular Roman Catholic bishop in a non-Catholic area)
                      • canon [ENG31-09911065-n] (a priest who is a member of a cathedral chapter)

                        • prebendary [ENG31-10483998-n] (a canon who receives a prebend for serving the church)
                      • celebrant [ENG31-09922304-n] (an officiating priest celebrating the Eucharist)
                      • confessor [ENG31-09973834-n] (a priest who hears confession and gives absolution)
                      • domestic prelate [ENG31-10044346-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a priest who is an honorary member of the papal household)
                      • Father [ENG31-10100973-n] (`Father' is a term of address for priests in some churches (especially the Roman Catholic Church or the Orthodox Catholic Church))
                      • Monsignor [ENG31-10349502-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) an ecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on some priests)
                      • pontifex [ENG31-10472448-n] (a member of the highest council of priests in ancient Rome)
                      • priestess [ENG31-10491155-n] (a woman priest)
                      • vicar [ENG31-10769699-n] (a Roman Catholic priest who acts for another higher-ranking clergyman)
                    • shepherd [ENG31-10608373-n] (a clergyman who watches over a group of people)
                    • subdeacon [ENG31-10687463-n] (a clergyman an order below deacon)
                    • vicar [ENG31-10769856-n] ((Church of England) a clergyman appointed to act as priest of a parish)
                    • vicar [ENG31-10770033-n] ((Episcopal Church) a clergyman in charge of a chapel)
                  • Evangelist [ENG31-10087112-n] ((when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John)
                  • patriarch [ENG31-10426650-n] (title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem))
                  • pope [ENG31-10473089-n] (the head of the Roman Catholic Church)

                    • antipope [ENG31-09816816-n] (someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected)
                  • priest [ENG31-10490835-n] (a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion)

                    • Druid [ENG31-10056169-n] (a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland)
                    • flamen [ENG31-10114723-n] (a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome)
                    • hoodoo [ENG31-10203909-n] (a practitioner of voodoo)
                    • lama [ENG31-10263361-n] (a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism)

                      • Dalai Lama [ENG31-10008031-n] (chief lama and once ruler of Tibet)
                      • Panchen Lama [ENG31-10415527-n] (the lama next in rank to the Dalai Lama)
                    • magus [ENG31-10301129-n] (a member of the Zoroastrian priesthood of the ancient Persians)
                    • shaman [ENG31-10645556-n] (in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds)

                      • medicine man [ENG31-10645801-n] (a Native American shaman)

                        • rainmaker [ENG31-10524940-n] (American Indian medicine man who attempt to make it rain)
                    • votary [ENG31-10779650-n] (a priest or priestess (or consecrated worshipper) in a non-Christian religion or cult)

                      • vestal virgin [ENG31-09598494-n] ((Roman mythology) one of the virgin priestesses consecrated to the Roman goddess Vesta and to maintaining the sacred fire in her temple)

                        • Rhea Silvia [ENG31-09579250-n] ((Roman mythology) a vestal virgin who became the mother by Mars of the twins Romulus and Remus)
                      • bacchant [ENG31-09848752-n] ((classical mythology) a priest or votary of Bacchus)
                      • bacchante [ENG31-09848896-n] ((classical mythology) a priestess or votary of Bacchus)
                  • rabbi [ENG31-10521914-n] (spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation)

                    • amora [ENG31-09808202-n] (one of a group of rabbis (active AD 250-500) who discussed the Mishnaic law in the law schools of Palestine and Mesopotamia where they explained and applied earlier teachings and whose discussions are recorded in the Talmud)
                • aristocrat [ENG31-09827177-n] (a member of the aristocracy)

                  • baronet [ENG31-09860027-n] (a member of the British order of honor)
                  • brahman [ENG31-09892248-n] (a member of a social and cultural elite (especially a descendant of an old New England family))
                  • female aristocrat [ENG31-10103592-n] (a woman who is an aristocrat)

                    • czarina [ENG31-10007111-n] (the wife or widow of a czar)
                    • Lady [ENG31-10262488-n] (a woman of the peerage in Britain)

                      • baroness [ENG31-09862697-n] (a noblewoman who holds the rank of baron or who is the wife or widow of a baron)
                      • countess [ENG31-09989932-n] (female equivalent of a count or earl)
                      • duchess [ENG31-10058134-n] (the wife of a duke or a woman holding ducal title in her own right)

                        • grand duchess [ENG31-10161450-n] (the wife of a grand duke or a woman holding that rank in her own right)
                      • lady-in-waiting [ENG31-10262970-n] (a lady appointed to attend to a queen or princess)
                      • marchioness [ENG31-10313251-n] (a noblewoman ranking below a duchess and above a countess)
                      • Milady [ENG31-10335040-n] (an English noblewoman)
                    • queen [ENG31-10518940-n] (a female sovereign ruler)

                      • Queen of England [ENG31-10519216-n] (the sovereign ruler of England)
                    • queen [ENG31-10519442-n] (the wife or widow of a king)

                      • queen consort [ENG31-10520004-n] (the wife of a reigning king)
                      • queen dowager [ENG31-10520091-n] (the widow of a king)

                        • queen mother [ENG31-10520188-n] (a queen dowager who is mother of the reigning sovereign)
                      • queen regent [ENG31-10520302-n] (a queen who serves as ruler when the king cannot)
                  • Highness [ENG31-10194721-n] ((Your Highness or His Highness or Her Highness) title used to address a royal person)
                  • male aristocrat [ENG31-10304832-n] (a man who is an aristocrat)

                    • cavalier [ENG31-09921709-n] (a gallant or courtly gentleman)
                    • knight [ENG31-10258072-n] (originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry)

                      • carpet knight [ENG31-09916622-n] (a knight who spends his time in luxury and idleness (knighted on the carpet at court rather than on the field of battle))
                      • knight bachelor [ENG31-10258446-n] (a knight of the lowest order)
                      • knight banneret [ENG31-10258595-n] (a knight honored for valor)
                      • Knight of the Round Table [ENG31-10258786-n] (in the Arthurian legend, a knight of King Arthur's court)
                      • knight-errant [ENG31-10258914-n] (a wandering knight travelling in search of adventure)
                      • Knight Templar [ENG31-10259026-n] (a knight of a religious military order established in 1118 to protect pilgrims and the Holy Sepulcher)
                    • Lord [ENG31-10291374-n] (a titled peer of the realm)

                      • armiger [ENG31-09828014-n] (a nobleman entitled to bear heraldic arms)
                      • baron [ENG31-09859908-n] (a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank)
                      • burgrave [ENG31-09900599-n] (a nobleman ruling a German castle and surrounding grounds by hereditary right)
                      • count [ENG31-09988748-n] (a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl)

                        • count palatine [ENG31-09988905-n] (a count who exercised royal authority in his own domain)
                        • landgrave [ENG31-10264726-n] (a count who had jurisdiction over a large territory in medieval Germany)
                      • duke [ENG31-10058503-n] (a nobleman (in various countries) of high rank)
                      • grandee [ENG31-10161810-n] (a nobleman of highest rank in Spain or Portugal)
                      • margrave [ENG31-10313522-n] (a German nobleman ranking above a count (corresponding in rank to a British marquess))
                      • marquis [ENG31-10315140-n] (nobleman (in various countries) ranking above a count)
                      • mesne lord [ENG31-10330314-n] (a feudal lord who was lord to his own tenants on land held from a superior lord)
                      • milord [ENG31-10338460-n] (a term of address for an English lord)
                      • palatine [ENG31-10413840-n] ((Middle Ages) the lord of a palatinate who exercised sovereign powers over his lands)
                      • peer [ENG31-10432655-n] (a nobleman (duke or marquis or earl or viscount or baron) who is a member of the British peerage)

                        • baron [ENG31-09859823-n] (a British peer of the lowest rank)
                        • duke [ENG31-10058345-n] (a British peer of the highest rank)
                        • earl [ENG31-10061181-n] (a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount)
                        • Earl Marshal [ENG31-10061347-n] (an officer of the English peerage who organizes royal processions and other ceremonies)
                        • life peer [ENG31-10280640-n] (a British peer whose title lapses at death)
                        • marquess [ENG31-10315032-n] (a British peer ranking below a duke and above an earl)
                        • peer of the realm [ENG31-10433021-n] (a peer who is entitled to sit in the House of Lords)
                        • viscount [ENG31-10775483-n] (a British peer who ranks below an earl and above a baron)
                        • viscountess [ENG31-10775594-n] (a noblewoman holding the rank of viscount in her own right)
                      • sire [ENG31-10621133-n] (a title of address formerly used for a man of rank and authority)
                      • thane [ENG31-10724749-n] (a feudal lord or baron)
                      • viscount [ENG31-10775816-n] ((in various countries) a son or younger brother or a count)
                    • Sir [ENG31-10620934-n] (a title used before the name of knight or baronet)
                  • prince [ENG31-10492384-n] (a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign))

                    • archduke [ENG31-09824081-n] (a sovereign prince of the former ruling house of Austria)
                    • crown prince [ENG31-10000622-n] (a male heir apparent to a throne)
                    • dauphin [ENG31-10012660-n] (formerly, the eldest son of the King of France and direct heir to the throne)
                    • grand duke [ENG31-10161580-n] (a prince who rules a territory)
                    • maharaja [ENG31-10301334-n] (a great raja)
                    • Elector [ENG31-10492858-n] (any of the German princes who were entitled to vote in the election of new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)
                    • prince consort [ENG31-10493147-n] (a prince who is the husband of a reigning female sovereign)
                    • princeling [ENG31-10493303-n] (a young prince)
                    • princeling [ENG31-10493374-n] (a petty or insignificant prince who rules some unimportant principality)
                    • Prince of Wales [ENG31-10493502-n] (the male heir apparent of the British sovereign)
                  • princess [ENG31-10493649-n] (a female member of a royal family other than the queen (especially the daughter of a sovereign))

                    • archduchess [ENG31-09823941-n] (a wife or widow of an archduke or a princess of the former ruling house of Austria)
                    • crown princess [ENG31-10000713-n] (a female heir apparent to a throne)
                    • maharani [ENG31-10301467-n] (a great rani)
                    • princess royal [ENG31-10493928-n] (the eldest daughter of a British sovereign)
                  • raja [ENG31-10525325-n] (a prince or king in India)
                  • rani [ENG31-10526235-n] ((the feminine of raja) a Hindu princess or the wife of a raja)
                • bellwether [ENG31-09868757-n] (someone who assumes leadership of a movement or activity)
                • caller [ENG31-09907721-n] (the person who convenes a meeting)

                  • convener [ENG31-09981218-n] (the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings)
                • captain [ENG31-09912796-n] (the leader of a group of people)
                • cheerleader [ENG31-09932913-n] (someone who leads the cheers by spectators at a sporting event)
                • choragus [ENG31-09939564-n] ((ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival)
                • civic leader [ENG31-09943895-n] (a leader in municipal affairs)
                • commander [ENG31-09960841-n] (someone in an official position of authority who can command or control others)
                • demigod [ENG31-10021357-n] (a person with great powers and abilities)
                • duce [ENG31-10058045-n] (leader)
                • employer [ENG31-10074465-n] (a person or firm that employs workers)

                  • boss [ENG31-09887362-n] (a person responsible for hiring workers)

                    • guvnor [ENG31-10172675-n] ((British slang) boss)
                    • old man [ENG31-10395389-n] ((slang) boss)
                  • master [ENG31-10318314-n] (directs the work of others)

                    • postmaster [ENG31-10479141-n] (the person in charge of a post office)

                      • postmistress [ENG31-10479253-n] (a woman postmaster)
                    • spymaster [ENG31-10661786-n] (someone who directs clandestine intelligence activities)
                    • stationmaster [ENG31-10672276-n] (the person in charge of a railway station)
                  • mistress [ENG31-10343292-n] (a woman master who directs the work of others)

                    • chatelaine [ENG31-09930923-n] (the mistress of a chateau or large country house)
                  • padrone [ENG31-10410397-n] (an employer who exploits Italian immigrants in the U.S.)
                  • slave driver [ENG31-10629476-n] (a cruel employer who demands excessive work from the employees)
                • father [ENG31-10101225-n] (a person who holds an important or distinguished position in some organization)
                • boss [ENG31-10123833-n] (a person who exercises control and makes decisions)

                  • drug baron [ENG31-10055860-n] (a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs)
                • fugleman [ENG31-10134928-n] (a leader and organizer and spokesman (especially a political leader))
                • galvanizer [ENG31-10138039-n] (a leader who stimulates and excites people to action)
                • guide [ENG31-10171090-n] (someone who shows the way by leading or advising)

                  • cicerone [ENG31-09942461-n] (a guide who conducts and informs sightseers)
                  • tour guide [ENG31-10737689-n] (a guide who leads others on a tour)
                • guru [ENG31-10172283-n] (a recognized leader in some field or of some movement)
                • head [ENG31-10182584-n] (a person who is in charge)

                  • administrator [ENG31-09789895-n] (someone who manages a government agency or department)

                    • commissioner [ENG31-09963290-n] (a government administrator)

                      • bank commissioner [ENG31-09856968-n] (a commissioner appointed to supervise banks)
                      • housing commissioner [ENG31-10209741-n] (a commissioner in charge of public housing)
                      • park commissioner [ENG31-10419904-n] (a commissioner in charge of public parks)
                      • police commissioner [ENG31-10468408-n] (a civil commissioner appointed to supervise the duties and discipline of the police)
                    • Director of Central Intelligence [ENG31-10035352-n] (the head of the United States Intelligence Community and director of the Central Intelligence Agency)
                    • prefect [ENG31-10484694-n] (a chief officer or chief magistrate)
                    • Secretary General [ENG31-10593273-n] (a person who is a chief administrator (as of the United Nations))
                    • triumvir [ENG31-10749914-n] (one of a group of three sharing public administration or civil authority especially in ancient Rome)
                  • administrator [ENG31-09790372-n] (someone who administers a business)

                    • academic administrator [ENG31-09778216-n] (an administrator in a college or university)

                      • dean [ENG31-10016322-n] (an administrator in charge of a division of a university or college)
                      • president [ENG31-10488335-n] (the head administrative officer of a college or university)
                      • provost [ENG31-10506053-n] (a high-ranking university administrator)
                      • registrar [ENG31-10536625-n] (the administrator responsible for student records)
                    • director [ENG31-10034684-n] (someone who controls resources and expenditures)

                      • bank manager [ENG31-09857588-n] (manager of a branch office of a bank)
                      • district manager [ENG31-10038912-n] (a manager who supervises the sales activity for a district)
                      • manageress [ENG31-10309123-n] (a woman manager)
                    • executive [ENG31-10089452-n] (a person responsible for the administration of a business)

                      • corporate executive [ENG31-09985785-n] (an executive in a business corporation)

                        • chairman of the board [ENG31-09925295-n] (the chairman of the board of directors of a corporation)
                        • chief executive officer [ENG31-09935806-n] (the corporate executive responsible for the operations of the firm)
                        • chief financial officer [ENG31-09936059-n] (the corporate executive having financial authority to make appropriations and authorize expenditures for a firm)
                        • insider [ENG31-10228184-n] (an officer of a corporation or others who have access to private information about the corporation's operations)
                        • president [ENG31-10488144-n] (an executive officer of a firm or corporation)
                      • minister [ENG31-10340521-n] (a person appointed to a high office in the government)

                        • cabinet minister [ENG31-09905462-n] (a person who is a member of the cabinet)

                          • Chancellor of the Exchequer [ENG31-09926866-n] (the British cabinet minister responsible for finance)
                          • Chief Secretary [ENG31-09936939-n] (a member of the British Cabinet)
                          • Home Secretary [ENG31-10202259-n] (the British cabinet minister who is head of the Home Office)
                          • Lord Chancellor [ENG31-10291868-n] (the highest officer of the Crown who is head of the judiciary and who presides in the House of Lords)
                          • Lord Privy Seal [ENG31-10292196-n] (the senior cabinet minister in the British Cabinet who has no official duties)
                          • Treasury [ENG31-10747110-n] (the British cabinet minister responsible for economic strategy)
                        • finance minister [ENG31-10109661-n] (the minister responsible for state finances)
                        • foreign minister [ENG31-10123563-n] (a government minister for foreign relations)
                      • rainmaker [ENG31-10525052-n] (executive who is very successful in bringing in business to his company or firm)
                      • Surgeon General [ENG31-10699057-n] (the head of the United States Public Health Service)
                      • vice president [ENG31-10770933-n] (an executive officer ranking immediately below a president)

                        • executive vice president [ENG31-10089915-n] (a vice president holding executive power)
                        • senior vice president [ENG31-10599001-n] (the ranking vice president in a firm that has more than one)
                        • Vice President of the United States [ENG31-10771195-n] (the vice president of the United States who presides over the United States Senate)
                    • hotelier [ENG31-10207609-n] (an owner or manager of hotels)
                    • land agent [ENG31-10264610-n] (a person who administers a landed estate)
                    • security director [ENG31-10594402-n] (head of a private security force working for a business or industry)
                    • vice chancellor [ENG31-10770694-n] (a deputy or assistant to someone bearing the title of chancellor)
                  • capo [ENG31-09911862-n] (the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate)
                  • department head [ENG31-10024380-n] (the head of a department)
                  • don [ENG31-10045020-n] (the head of an organized crime family)
                  • general [ENG31-10145098-n] (the head of a religious order or congregation)
                  • general manager [ENG31-10145234-n] (the highest ranking manager)
                  • grand dragon [ENG31-10161331-n] (a high ranking person in the Ku Klux Klan)
                  • head of household [ENG31-10184198-n] (the head of a household or family or tribe)
                  • secretary [ENG31-10589463-n] (a person who is head of an administrative department of government)

                    • Attorney General [ENG31-10589873-n] (the person who holds the position of secretary of the Justice Department)
                    • Secretary of Agriculture [ENG31-10590148-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Agriculture)
                    • Secretary of Commerce [ENG31-10590405-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Commerce)
                    • Secretary of Defense [ENG31-10590646-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Defense Department)
                    • Secretary of Education [ENG31-10590879-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Education)
                    • Secretary of Energy [ENG31-10591114-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Energy)
                    • Secretary of Health and Human Services [ENG31-10591351-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Health and Human Services)
                    • Secretary of Housing and Urban Development [ENG31-10591629-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development)
                    • Secretary of Labor [ENG31-10591913-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Labor)
                    • Secretary of State [ENG31-10592150-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of State)
                    • Secretary of the Interior [ENG31-10592333-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Interior Department)
                    • Secretary of the Treasury [ENG31-10592573-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Treasury Department)
                    • Secretary of Transportation [ENG31-10592793-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Transportation)
                    • Secretary of Veterans Affairs [ENG31-10593040-n] (the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Veterans Affairs)
                    • undersecretary [ENG31-10756445-n] (a secretary immediately subordinate to the head of a department of government)
                • headman [ENG31-10183618-n] (the head of a tribe or clan)

                  • Indian chief [ENG31-10222917-n] (the leader of a group of Native Americans)

                    • sachem [ENG31-10564497-n] (a chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief))
                  • pendragon [ENG31-10433333-n] (the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons)
                • imam [ENG31-10218870-n] ((Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque)
                • instigator [ENG31-10228683-n] (a person who initiates a course of action)

                  • aggressor [ENG31-09798117-n] (a confident assertive person who acts as instigator)
                • labor leader [ENG31-10261729-n] (a leader of a labor movement)
                • lawgiver [ENG31-10268967-n] (a maker of laws)

                  • legislator [ENG31-10273692-n] (someone who makes or enacts laws)

                    • backbencher [ENG31-09849646-n] (a member of the House of Commons who is not a party leader)
                    • congressman [ENG31-09975260-n] (a member of the United States House of Representatives)

                      • rep [ENG31-09975423-n] (informal abbreviation of `representative')
                    • crossbencher [ENG31-09999805-n] (a member of the House of Commons who does not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition)
                    • deputy [ENG31-10025596-n] (a member of the lower chamber of a legislative assembly (such as in France))
                    • filibuster [ENG31-10107637-n] (a legislator who gives long speeches in an effort to delay or obstruct legislation that he (or she) opposes)
                    • floor leader [ENG31-10116923-n] (the legislator who organizes his party's strategy)
                    • frontbencher [ENG31-10133131-n] (a member of the House of Commons who is a minister in the government or who holds an official position in an opposition party)
                    • majority leader [ENG31-10303521-n] (leader of the majority party in a legislature)
                    • minority leader [ENG31-10340891-n] (leader of the minority party in a legislature)
                    • Parliamentarian [ENG31-10420136-n] (an elected member of the British Parliament: a member of the House of Commons)
                    • senator [ENG31-10597923-n] (a member of a senate)

                      • state senator [ENG31-10669515-n] (a member of a state senate)
                    • whip [ENG31-10796434-n] (a legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline)
                  • promulgator [ENG31-10502172-n] ((law) one who promulgates laws (announces a law as a way of putting it into execution))
                • malik [ENG31-10305979-n] (the leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent)
                • military leader [ENG31-10336520-n] (a leader of military forces)

                  • warlord [ENG31-10787505-n] (supreme military leader exercising civil power in a region especially one accountable to nobody when the central government is weak)
                • misleader [ENG31-10342049-n] (someone who leads astray (often deliberately))
                • model [ENG31-10344517-n] (someone worthy of imitation)

                  • ideal [ENG31-10344909-n] (model of excellence or perfection of a kind)

                    • jimdandy [ENG31-10242023-n] (someone excellent of their kind)
                    • class act [ENG31-10345215-n] (someone who shows impressive and stylish excellence)
                    • humdinger [ENG31-10345322-n] (someone of remarkable excellence)
                  • trend-setter [ENG31-10747885-n] (someone who popularizes a new fashion)
                • hero [ENG31-10344679-n] (a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength)
                • nationalist leader [ENG31-10365929-n] (the leader of a nationalist movement)

                  • American Revolutionary leader [ENG31-09759416-n] (a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States)
                • pied piper [ENG31-10452084-n] (a leader who entices people to follow (especially to their doom))
                • point man [ENG31-10467731-n] (someone who is the forefront of an important enterprise)
                • point woman [ENG31-10468029-n] (a woman who is the forefront of an important enterprise)
                • politician [ENG31-10469877-n] (a person active in party politics)

                  • campaigner [ENG31-09909143-n] (a politician who is running for public office)

                    • dark horse [ENG31-10011278-n] (a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly)
                    • favorite son [ENG31-10102331-n] (a United States politician favored mainly in his or her home state)
                    • running mate [ENG31-10562977-n] (a nominee for the lesser of two closely related political offices)
                    • spoiler [ENG31-10657359-n] (a candidate with no chance of winning but who may draw enough votes to prevent one of the leading candidates from winning)
                    • stalking-horse [ENG31-10666080-n] (a candidate put forward to divide the Opposition or to mask the true candidate)
                    • write-in candidate [ENG31-10813439-n] (a candidate for public office whose name does not appear on the ballot and so must be written on the ballot by the voters)
                  • Communist [ENG31-09965082-n] (a member of the communist party)
                  • demagogue [ENG31-10021074-n] (a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices)
                  • Democrat [ENG31-10021813-n] (a member of the Democratic Party)
                  • Federalist [ENG31-10102866-n] (a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government)
                  • Labourite [ENG31-10262025-n] (a member of the British Labour Party)
                  • machine politician [ENG31-10298502-n] (a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends)
                  • Mugwump [ENG31-10357358-n] (someone who bolted from the Republican Party during the U.S. presidential election of 1884)
                  • noncandidate [ENG31-10380065-n] (someone who has announced they are not a candidate)
                  • party boss [ENG31-10422907-n] (a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments)
                  • party man [ENG31-10423378-n] (a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line)
                  • Republican [ENG31-10542226-n] (a member of the Republican Party)
                  • sachem [ENG31-10564644-n] (a political leader (especially of Tammany Hall))
                  • socialist [ENG31-10638364-n] (a political advocate of socialism)

                    • communist [ENG31-09964798-n] (a socialist who advocates communism)

                      • apparatchik [ENG31-09819343-n] (a communist who was a member of the administrative system of a communist party)
                      • Bolshevik [ENG31-09883342-n] (a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party)
                      • Comrade [ENG31-09971003-n] (a fellow member of the Communist Party)
                      • revisionist [ENG31-10546722-n] (a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position)
                    • Fabian [ENG31-10095204-n] (a member of the Fabian Society in Britain)
                    • internationalist [ENG31-10231500-n] (a member of a socialist or communist international)
                    • Menshevik [ENG31-10328814-n] (a Russian member of the liberal minority group that advocated gradual reform and opposed the Bolsheviks before and during the Russian Revolution)
                    • collectivist [ENG31-10638692-n] (a person who belongs to the political left)

                      • pinko [ENG31-10454085-n] (a person with mildly leftist political views)
                  • standard-bearer [ENG31-10666914-n] (an outstanding leader of a political movement)
                  • statesman [ENG31-10669601-n] (a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs)

                    • elder statesman [ENG31-10068293-n] (an elderly statesman whose advice is sought be government leaders)
                    • Founding Father [ENG31-10127373-n] (a member of the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787)
                    • stateswoman [ENG31-10671950-n] (a woman statesman)
                  • technocrat [ENG31-10716168-n] (an advocate of technocracy)
                  • Whig [ENG31-10795579-n] (a member of the Whig Party that existed in the United States before the American Civil War)
                  • Potemkin [ENG31-11264051-n] (a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power)
                • politician [ENG31-10470837-n] (a leader engaged in civil administration)

                  • governor [ENG31-10159834-n] (the head of a state government)

                    • bey [ENG31-09871587-n] (the governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire)
                    • eparch [ENG31-10081131-n] (the governor or prefect of an eparchy in ancient Greece)
                    • governor general [ENG31-10160117-n] (a governor of high rank)
                    • military governor [ENG31-10336341-n] (the head of a government established by the military (as in a defeated country))

                      • burgrave [ENG31-09900475-n] (the military governor of a German town in the 12th and 13th centuries)
                      • margrave [ENG31-10313681-n] (the military governor of a frontier province in medieval Germany)
                    • nawab [ENG31-10368483-n] (a governor in India during the Mogul empire)
                    • proconsul [ENG31-10497878-n] (a provincial governor of consular rank in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire)
                    • satrap [ENG31-10572568-n] (a governor of a province in ancient Persia)
                    • viceroy [ENG31-10771453-n] (governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign)

                      • exarch [ENG31-10088232-n] (a viceroy who governed a large province in the Roman Empire)
                      • Khedive [ENG31-10249886-n] (one of the Turkish viceroys who ruled Egypt between 1867 and 1914)
                  • mayor [ENG31-10323481-n] (the head of a city government)

                    • ex-mayor [ENG31-09640538-n] (a former mayor)
                    • alcalde [ENG31-09801245-n] (a mayor or chief magistrate of a Spanish town)
                    • burgomaster [ENG31-09900347-n] (a mayor of a municipality in Germany or Holland or Flanders or Austria)
                    • mayoress [ENG31-10323685-n] (a woman mayor)
                • presiding officer [ENG31-10488931-n] (the leader of a group meeting)

                  • moderator [ENG31-10345923-n] (someone who presides over a forum or debate)
                  • moderator [ENG31-10346058-n] (in the Presbyterian church, the officer who presides over a synod or general assembly)
                  • president [ENG31-10488547-n] (the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization)

                    • Kalon Tripa [ENG31-10248704-n] (the chairman of the Kashag and essentially head of the Tibetan government-in-exile)
                    • vice chairman [ENG31-10770579-n] (one ranking below or serving in the place of a chairman)
                  • Speaker [ENG31-10650671-n] (the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly)
                • puppet ruler [ENG31-10513113-n] (a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government)
                • religious leader [ENG31-10539087-n] (leader of a religious order)

                  • ayatollah [ENG31-09846347-n] (a high-ranking Shiite religious leader who is regarded as an authority on religious law and its interpretation and who has political power as well)
                  • guru [ENG31-10172136-n] (a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher)
                  • Guru [ENG31-10172409-n] (each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion)
                • scoutmaster [ENG31-10582742-n] (the leader of a troop of Scouts)
                • spearhead [ENG31-10650874-n] (someone who leads or initiates an activity (attack or campaign etc.))
                • strike leader [ENG31-10683098-n] (someone who leads a strike)
                • superior [ENG31-10695457-n] (one of greater rank or station or quality)

                  • better [ENG31-09871127-n] (a superior person having claim to precedence)
                  • god [ENG31-10152827-n] (a man of such superior qualities that he seems like a deity to other people)
                  • supervisor [ENG31-10696316-n] (one who supervises or has charge and direction of)

                    • bell captain [ENG31-09868324-n] (the supervisor of bellboys in a hotel)
                    • counselor [ENG31-09988592-n] (someone who has supervisory duties at a summer camp)
                    • den mother [ENG31-10023237-n] (someone who plays the role of a den mother)
                    • director [ENG31-10034960-n] (someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show)

                      • stage director [ENG31-10664662-n] (someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a stage show)

                        • art director [ENG31-09830517-n] (the director in charge of the artistic features of a theatrical production (costumes and scenery and lighting))
                    • foreman [ENG31-10123978-n] (a person who exercises control over workers)

                      • baas [ENG31-09846568-n] (South African term for `boss')
                      • ganger [ENG31-10139531-n] (the foreman of a work gang)
                      • straw boss [ENG31-10681171-n] (a member of a work gang who supervises the other workers)
                    • forewoman [ENG31-10124657-n] (a woman in charge of a group of workers)
                    • overseer [ENG31-10408431-n] (a person who directs and manages an organization)

                      • ramrod [ENG31-10525929-n] (a harshly demanding overseer)
                      • school superintendent [ENG31-10579675-n] (the superintendent of a school system)
                    • oyabun [ENG31-10409675-n] (a Japanese supervisor)
                    • proctor [ENG31-10498545-n] (someone who supervises (an examination))

                      • invigilator [ENG31-10236073-n] (someone who watches examination candidates to prevent cheating)
                    • research director [ENG31-10542549-n] (a supervisor in a research center)
                    • stage manager [ENG31-10665050-n] (someone who supervises the physical aspects in the production of a show and who is in charge of the stage when the show is being performed)
                    • system administrator [ENG31-10707012-n] (a person in charge of managing and maintaining a computer system of telecommunication system (as for a business or institution))
                    • taskmaster [ENG31-10711765-n] (someone who imposes hard or continuous work)

                      • slave driver [ENG31-10629387-n] (a supervisor of slaves at work)
                      • taskmistress [ENG31-10711901-n] (a woman taskmaster)
                    • trail boss [ENG31-10741678-n] (the person responsible for driving a herd of cattle)
                • torchbearer [ENG31-10735438-n] (a leader in a campaign or movement)
                • trainer [ENG31-10742224-n] (one who trains other persons or animals)

                  • coach [ENG31-09951098-n] ((sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team)

                    • baseball coach [ENG31-09860903-n] (a coach of baseball players)

                      • batting coach [ENG31-09863629-n] ((baseball) someone who teaches batters how to bat better)
                      • pitching coach [ENG31-09951556-n] (an assistant baseball coach in charge of pitchers)
                    • basketball coach [ENG31-09861343-n] (a coach of basketball players)
                    • conditioner [ENG31-09972657-n] (a trainer of athletes)
                    • football coach [ENG31-10120971-n] (a coach of football players)

                      • line coach [ENG31-09951447-n] (an assistant football coach in charge of the linemen)
                    • hockey coach [ENG31-10198838-n] (a coach of hockey players)
                    • tennis coach [ENG31-10720745-n] (a coach of tennis players)
                  • animal trainer [ENG31-10178638-n] (one who trains or exhibits animals)

                    • tamer [ENG31-10710034-n] (an animal trainer who tames wild animals)
              • male [ENG31-09647338-n] (a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies)

                • chap [ENG31-09927483-n] (a boy or man)

                  • dog [ENG31-10042764-n] (informal term for a man)
                • foster-brother [ENG31-10125675-n] (your foster brother is a male who is not a son of your parents but who is raised by your parents)
                • macho [ENG31-10298916-n] (a male exhibiting or characterized by machismo)
                • male child [ENG31-10305010-n] (a youthful male person)

                  • ball boy [ENG31-09853547-n] (a boy who retrieves balls for tennis players)
                  • bat boy [ENG31-09862831-n] ((baseball) a boy who takes care of bats and other baseball equipment)
                  • cub [ENG31-09890635-n] (a male child (a familiar term of address to a boy))
                  • catamite [ENG31-09920326-n] (a boy who submits to a sexual relationship with a man)
                  • farm boy [ENG31-10098499-n] (a boy who has grown up on a farm)
                  • Fauntleroy [ENG31-10102068-n] (an excessively polite and well-dressed boy)
                  • plowboy [ENG31-10462279-n] (a boy who leads the animals that draw a plow)
                  • shop boy [ENG31-10611357-n] (a young male shop assistant)
                • male offspring [ENG31-10305635-n] (a child who is male)

                  • son [ENG31-10643436-n] (a male human offspring)

                    • Junior [ENG31-10247160-n] (a son who has the same first name as his father)
                    • mother's boy [ENG31-10353152-n] (a boy excessively attached to his mother)
                • man [ENG31-10308177-n] (a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman)
                • man [ENG31-10308424-n] (an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent))
                • mother's son [ENG31-10353432-n] (a male person)
                • sirrah [ENG31-10621527-n] (formerly a contemptuous term of address to an inferior man or boy)
              • money handler [ENG31-09648150-n] (a person who receives or invests or pays out money)

                • banker [ENG31-09857108-n] (the person in charge of the bank in a gambling game)
                • drawer [ENG31-10052249-n] (the person who writes a check or draft instructing the drawee to pay someone else)
                • exchanger [ENG31-10088927-n] (one whose business is to exchange the money of one country for that of another country)
                • payer [ENG31-10429497-n] (a person who pays money for something)

                  • drawee [ENG31-10052067-n] (the person (or bank) who is expected to pay a check or draft when it is presented for payment)

                    • acceptor [ENG31-09779015-n] (the person (or institution) who accepts a check or draft and becomes responsible for paying the party named in the draft when it matures)
                  • paymaster [ENG31-10429780-n] (a person in charge of paying wages)
                  • taxpayer [ENG31-10713659-n] (someone who pays taxes)

                    • ratepayer [ENG31-10527734-n] (a person who pays local rates (especially a householder))
                  • tenant [ENG31-10719850-n] (someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else)

                    • leaseholder [ENG31-10271772-n] (a tenant who holds a lease)
                    • lodger [ENG31-10289155-n] (a tenant in someone's house)
                  • tither [ENG31-10732661-n] (someone who pays tithes)
                • redeemer [ENG31-10533216-n] (someone who redeems or buys back (promissory notes or merchandise or commercial paper etc.))
                • treasurer [ENG31-10746908-n] (an officer charged with receiving and disbursing funds)

                  • bursar [ENG31-09900731-n] (the treasurer at a college or university)
                  • chamberlain [ENG31-09925648-n] (the treasurer of a municipal corporation)
                  • state treasurer [ENG31-10672044-n] (the treasurer for a state government)
              • national [ENG31-09648571-n] (a person who owes allegiance to that nation)

                • citizen [ENG31-09943131-n] (a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community)

                  • active citizen [ENG31-09784541-n] (a citizen who takes an active role in the community (as in crime prevention and neighborhood watch))
                  • civilian [ENG31-09944200-n] (a nonmilitary citizen)
                  • freeman [ENG31-10130792-n] (a person who is not a serf or a slave)

                    • freedman [ENG31-10129754-n] (a person who has been freed from slavery)
                  • private citizen [ENG31-10477469-n] (a citizen who does not hold any official or public position)
                  • repatriate [ENG31-10540881-n] (a person who has returned to the country of origin or whose citizenship has been restored)
                  • thane [ENG31-10724535-n] (a man ranking above an ordinary freeman and below a noble in Anglo-Saxon England (especially one who gave military service in exchange for land))
                  • voter [ENG31-10780008-n] (a citizen who has a legal right to vote)

                    • constituent [ENG31-09634914-n] (a member of a constituency)
                    • crossover voter [ENG31-10000335-n] (a voter who is registered as a member of one political party but who votes in the primary of another party)
                    • floater [ENG31-10116494-n] (a voter who votes illegally at different polling places in the same election)
                    • swing voter [ENG31-10703410-n] (a voter who has no allegiance to any political party and whose unpredictable decisions can swing the outcome of an election one way or the other)
                • compatriot [ENG31-09990229-n] (a person from your own country)

                  • countryman [ENG31-09990493-n] (a man from your own country)
                  • countrywoman [ENG31-09990577-n] (a woman from your own country)
                • patriot [ENG31-10427055-n] (one who loves and defends his or her country)

                  • chauvinist [ENG31-09931307-n] (an extreme bellicose nationalist)
              • nonreligious person [ENG31-09648959-n] (a person who does not manifest devotion to a deity)

                • blasphemer [ENG31-09878818-n] (a person who speaks disrespectfully of sacred things)

                  • swearer [ENG31-10701948-n] (someone who uses profanity)
                • deist [ENG31-10019979-n] (a person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it)
                • freethinker [ENG31-10020122-n] (a person who rejects religion)
                • nonbeliever [ENG31-10035642-n] (someone who refuses to believe (as in a divinity))

                  • atheist [ENG31-09839449-n] (someone who does not believe in the existence of a god)
                  • irreligionist [ENG31-10236878-n] (someone who is indifferent or hostile to religion)
                  • materialist [ENG31-10320496-n] (someone who thinks that nothing exists but physical matter)
                • heathen [ENG31-10185987-n] (a person who does not acknowledge your god)

                  • paynim [ENG31-10186219-n] (a heathen)
                  • idolater [ENG31-10218221-n] (a person who worships idols)

                    • idolatress [ENG31-10218378-n] (a woman idolater)
                • nihilist [ENG31-10378119-n] (someone who rejects all theories of morality or religious belief)
                • positivist [ENG31-10475704-n] (someone who emphasizes observable facts and excludes metaphysical speculation about origins or ultimate causes)

                  • logical positivist [ENG31-10289308-n] (someone who maintains that any statement that cannot be verified empirically is meaningless)
              • nonworker [ENG31-09649219-n] (a person who does nothing)

                • deadhead [ENG31-10015842-n] (a nonenterprising person who is not paying his way)
                • idler [ENG31-10217586-n] (person who does no work)

                  • clock watcher [ENG31-09949446-n] (a worker preoccupied with the arrival of quitting time)
                  • couch potato [ENG31-09964008-n] (an idler who spends much time on a couch (usually watching television))
                  • dallier [ENG31-10008241-n] (someone who wastes time)
                  • dawdler [ENG31-10012790-n] (someone who takes more time than necessary)

                    • loiterer [ENG31-10289929-n] (someone who lingers aimlessly in or about a place)
                    • plodder [ENG31-10461806-n] (someone who moves slowly)
                    • putterer [ENG31-10515778-n] (a person who putters about)
                    • straggler [ENG31-10680168-n] (someone who strays or falls behind)
                  • daydreamer [ENG31-10013439-n] (someone who indulges in idle or absentminded daydreaming)

                    • lotus-eater [ENG31-10013657-n] (someone indifferent to the busy world)
                    • escapist [ENG31-10082803-n] (a person who escapes into a world of fantasy)
                  • goldbrick [ENG31-10155473-n] (an idle worthless person)
                  • lazybones [ENG31-10271026-n] (a lazy person)
                  • lie-abed [ENG31-10278593-n] (a person who stays in bed until a relatively late hour)
                  • loon [ENG31-10291148-n] (a worthless lazy fellow)
                  • slacker [ENG31-10627901-n] (a person who shirks his work or duty (especially one who tries to evade military service in wartime))

                    • goldbrick [ENG31-10155666-n] (a soldier who performs his duties without proper care or effort)
                    • malingerer [ENG31-10306236-n] (someone shirking their duty by feigning illness or incapacity)
                    • scrimshanker [ENG31-10584228-n] (a shirker)
                  • sluggard [ENG31-10632447-n] (an idle slothful person)
                  • spiv [ENG31-10656436-n] (a person without employment who makes money by various dubious schemes)
                  • sunbather [ENG31-10694449-n] (someone who basks in the sunshine in order to get a suntan)
                  • trifler [ENG31-10748982-n] (one who behaves lightly or not seriously)
                  • whittler [ENG31-10799451-n] (someone who whittles (usually as an idle pastime))
                • retiree [ENG31-10545192-n] (someone who has retired from active working)

                  • emeritus [ENG31-10071669-n] (a professor or minister who is retired from assigned duties)
                • striker [ENG31-10683184-n] (an employee on strike against an employer)
                • unemployed person [ENG31-10757517-n] (someone who is jobless)

                  • hunger marcher [ENG31-10212323-n] (an unemployed person who participates in a hunger march)
                • vacationer [ENG31-10763821-n] (someone on vacation)

                  • camper [ENG31-09909393-n] (someone living temporarily in a tent or lodge for recreation)
                  • sport [ENG31-10658636-n] ((Maine colloquial) a temporary summer resident of Maine)
                  • summercaters [ENG31-10694031-n] ((Maine colloquial) temporary summer residents of coastal Maine)
                  • weekender [ENG31-10792140-n] (someone who vacations on a weekend)
              • peer [ENG31-09649426-n] (a person who is of equal standing with another in a group)

                • associate [ENG31-09836176-n] (a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor)

                  • adjunct [ENG31-09789226-n] (a person who is an assistant or subordinate to another)
                  • affiliate [ENG31-09795787-n] (a subordinate or subsidiary associate)
                  • ally [ENG31-09804483-n] (an associate who provides cooperation or assistance)

                    • blood brother [ENG31-09880059-n] (a male sworn (usually by a ceremony involving the mingling of blood) to treat another as his brother)
                  • bedfellow [ENG31-09865763-n] (a temporary associate)
                  • collaborator [ENG31-09954892-n] (an associate in an activity or endeavor or sphere of common interest)

                    • dancing partner [ENG31-10010442-n] (one of a pair of people who dance together)
                  • colleague [ENG31-09955448-n] (a person who is member of one's class or profession)
                  • colleague [ENG31-09955673-n] (an associate that one works with)
                  • member [ENG31-10326901-n] (one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization))

                    • Areopagite [ENG31-09826802-n] (a member of the council of the Areopagus)
                    • brother [ENG31-09896358-n] (a male person who is a fellow member (of a fraternity or religion or other group))

                      • Freemason [ENG31-10130913-n] (a member of a widespread secret fraternal order pledged to mutual assistance and brotherly love)

                        • Knight Templar [ENG31-10259198-n] (a man who belongs to a Masonic order in the United States)
                    • cabalist [ENG31-09905128-n] (a member of a cabal)
                    • charter member [ENG31-09930177-n] (one of the original members when an organization was founded)
                    • commissioner [ENG31-09963501-n] (a member of a commission)
                    • committee member [ENG31-09963639-n] (a member of a committee)

                      • committeeman [ENG31-09963816-n] (a man who is a member of committee)
                      • committeewoman [ENG31-09963909-n] (a woman who is a member of a committee)
                      • director [ENG31-10035230-n] (member of a board of directors)
                      • regent [ENG31-10535887-n] (members of a governing board)
                    • council member [ENG31-09964242-n] (a member of a council)

                      • councilman [ENG31-09964156-n] (a man who is a council member)
                      • councilwoman [ENG31-09964410-n] (a woman who is a council member)
                    • Conservative [ENG31-09977002-n] (a member of a Conservative Party)
                    • fellow [ENG31-10103295-n] (a member of a learned society)
                    • homeboy [ENG31-10201178-n] (a fellow male member of a youth gang)
                    • homegirl [ENG31-10201509-n] (a fellow female member of a youth gang)
                    • huddler [ENG31-10210490-n] (a member of a huddle)
                    • inductee [ENG31-10223568-n] (a person inducted into an organization or social group)
                    • joiner [ENG31-10243664-n] (a person who likes to join groups)
                    • kibbutznik [ENG31-10250005-n] (a member of a kibbutz)
                    • kolkhoznik [ENG31-10260114-n] (a member of a kolkhoz)
                    • board member [ENG31-10327835-n] (a member of a governing board)
                    • clansman [ENG31-10327942-n] (a member of a clan)
                    • club member [ENG31-10328061-n] (someone who is a member of a club)
                    • pledge [ENG31-10460984-n] (someone accepted for membership but not yet fully admitted to the group)
                    • Rosicrucian [ENG31-10558835-n] (a member of a secret 17th-century society of philosophers and scholars versed in mystical and metaphysical and alchemical lore)
                    • Rosicrucian [ENG31-10559019-n] (a member of any of various organizations that subsequently derived from the 17th-century society)
                    • Rotarian [ENG31-10559173-n] (a member of a Rotary Club)
                    • sister [ENG31-10621666-n] (a female person who is a fellow member of a sorority or labor union or other group)

                      • Beguine [ENG31-10622103-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a member of a lay sisterhood (one of several founded in the Netherlands in the 12th and 13th centuries))
                    • sodalist [ENG31-10640762-n] (a member of a sodality)
                    • tribesman [ENG31-10748276-n] (someone who lives in a tribe)
                  • participant [ENG31-10421528-n] (someone who takes part in an activity)

                    • attendant [ENG31-09631032-n] (a person who is present and participates in a meeting)

                      • conventioneer [ENG31-09981368-n] (someone who attends a convention)
                      • partygoer [ENG31-10423235-n] (someone who is attending a party)
                      • symposiast [ENG31-10706094-n] (someone who participates in a symposium)
                    • discussant [ENG31-09638366-n] (a participant in a formal discussion)

                      • adducer [ENG31-09788948-n] (a discussant who offers an example or a reason or a proof)
                    • bride [ENG31-09894191-n] (a woman participant in her own marriage ceremony)
                    • groom [ENG31-10167555-n] (a man participant in his own marriage ceremony)
                    • masquerader [ENG31-10317508-n] (a participant in a masquerade)
                    • partaker [ENG31-10421338-n] (someone who has or gives or receives a part or a share)

                      • pooler [ENG31-10472617-n] (someone who shares in and contributes to a general fund for use by all)
                    • retreatant [ENG31-10545360-n] (a participant in a religious retreat)
                  • shipmate [ENG31-10609554-n] (an associate on the same ship with you)
                  • teammate [ENG31-10714546-n] (a fellow member of a team)
                • contemporary [ENG31-09979896-n] (a person of nearly the same age as another)
                • gangsta [ENG31-10139610-n] ((Black English) a member of a youth gang)
                • stand-in [ENG31-10667676-n] (someone who takes the place of another (as when things get dangerous or difficult))

                  • locum tenens [ENG31-10288986-n] (someone (physician or clergyman) who substitutes temporarily for another member of the same profession)
                  • double [ENG31-10686285-n] (a stand-in for movie stars to perform dangerous stunts)
                  • surrogate [ENG31-10699600-n] (someone who takes the place of another person)
                • successor [ENG31-10691175-n] (a person who follows next in order)
                • townsman [ENG31-10739341-n] (a person from the same town as yourself)
              • perceiver [ENG31-09649777-n] (a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses)

                • eyeglass wearer [ENG31-10094973-n] (a person who wears spectacles in order to see better)
                • finder [ENG31-10110267-n] (someone who is the first to observe something)

                  • co-discoverer [ENG31-09953543-n] (someone who is the first of two or more people to discover something)
                • hearer [ENG31-10185041-n] (someone who listens attentively)

                  • eavesdropper [ENG31-10062498-n] (a secret listener to private conversations)

                    • tapper [ENG31-10710814-n] (someone who wiretaps a telephone or telegraph wire)
                • audile [ENG31-10185266-n] (one whose mental imagery is auditory rather than visual or motor)
                • motile [ENG31-10185401-n] (one whose prevailing mental imagery takes the form of inner feelings of action)
                • noticer [ENG31-10383144-n] (someone who takes notice)
                • seer [ENG31-10595515-n] (an observer who perceives visually)
                • spectator [ENG31-10652848-n] (a close observer)

                  • browser [ENG31-09897053-n] (a viewer who looks around casually without seeking anything in particular)
                  • bystander [ENG31-09904786-n] (a nonparticipant spectator)
                  • cheerer [ENG31-09932787-n] (a spectator who shouts encouragement)
                  • eyewitness [ENG31-10095087-n] (a spectator who can describe what happened)
                  • gawker [ENG31-10142188-n] (a spectator who stares stupidly without intelligent awareness)
                  • moviegoer [ENG31-10356124-n] (someone who goes to see movies)
                  • ogler [ENG31-10393981-n] (a viewer who gives a flirtatious or lewd look at another person)
                  • onlooker [ENG31-10397725-n] (someone who looks on)
                  • playgoer [ENG31-10460291-n] (someone who attends the theater)

                    • first-nighter [ENG31-10113033-n] (someone habitually a spectator at the openings of theatrical productions)
                    • groundling [ENG31-10168062-n] (in Elizabethan theater: a playgoer in the cheap standing section)
                  • rubberneck [ENG31-10560663-n] (a person who stares inquisitively)
                  • spy [ENG31-10661549-n] (a secret watcher)

                    • snoop [ENG31-10636709-n] (a spy who makes uninvited inquiries into the private affairs of others)
                    • tail [ENG31-10708600-n] (a spy employed to follow someone and report their movements)
                  • starer [ENG31-10668348-n] (a viewer who gazes fixedly (often with hostility))
                  • voyeur [ENG31-10780994-n] (a viewer who enjoys seeing the sex acts or sex organs of others)
                • visualizer [ENG31-10777160-n] (one whose prevailing mental imagery is visual)
              • percher [ENG31-09650205-n] (a person situated on a perch)
              • precursor [ENG31-09650305-n] (a person who goes before or announces the coming of another)

                • predecessor [ENG31-10484277-n] (one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office))

                  • forefather [ENG31-10122738-n] (person from an earlier time who contributed to the tradition shared by some group)
              • primitive [ENG31-09650650-n] (a person who belongs to an early stage of civilization)

                • Aryan [ENG31-09659011-n] (a member of the prehistoric people who spoke Proto-Indo European)
                • autochthon [ENG31-09776407-n] (the earliest known inhabitants of a region)
                • Basket Maker [ENG31-09861783-n] (early Amerindians related to the Pueblo)
                • caveman [ENG31-09922184-n] (someone who lives in a cave)
                • Heidelberg man [ENG31-10188050-n] (a type of primitive man who lived in Europe)
                • missing link [ENG31-10342459-n] (hypothetical organism formerly thought to be intermediate between apes and human beings)
                • Mound Builder [ENG31-10354174-n] (prehistoric Amerindians who built altar mounds)
                • Piltdown man [ENG31-10453374-n] (a supposedly primitive man later proven to be a hoax)
                • savage [ENG31-10572830-n] (a member of an uncivilized people)

                  • cannibal [ENG31-09910531-n] (a person who eats human flesh)
                  • headhunter [ENG31-10183045-n] (a savage who cuts off and preserves the heads of enemies as trophies)
                  • hunter-gatherer [ENG31-10213038-n] (a member of a hunting and gathering society)
                  • Vandal [ENG31-10765863-n] (a member of the Germanic people who overran Gaul and Spain and North Africa and sacked Rome in 455)
                • wild man [ENG31-10801360-n] (a person who is not socialized)

                  • ape-man [ENG31-09817439-n] (a person assumed to have been raised by apes)
                  • wolf boy [ENG31-10807040-n] (a male person assumed to have been raised by wolves)
              • religious person [ENG31-09651570-n] (a person who manifests devotion to a deity)

                • religionist [ENG31-09652253-n] (a person addicted to religion or a religious zealot)
                • Christian [ENG31-09697405-n] (a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination)

                  • Adventist [ENG31-09698143-n] (a member of Christian denomination that expects the imminent advent of Christ)
                  • gentile [ENG31-09698313-n] (a Christian)
                  • gentile [ENG31-09698424-n] (a Christian as contrasted with a Jew)

                    • shegetz [ENG31-10607590-n] (an offensive term for non-Jewish young man)
                  • Protestant [ENG31-09698712-n] (an adherent of Protestantism)

                    • WASP [ENG31-09662557-n] (a white person of Anglo-Saxon ancestry who belongs to a Protestant denomination)
                    • Anabaptist [ENG31-09696823-n] (adherent of Anabaptism)

                      • Mennonite [ENG31-09696957-n] (a member of an Anabaptist movement in Holland noted for its simplicity of life)

                        • Amish [ENG31-09697109-n] (an American follower of the Mennonite religion)
                    • Christian Scientist [ENG31-09697977-n] (a member of the Protestant church founded in the United States by Mary Baker Eddy)
                    • Baptist [ENG31-09858089-n] (follower of Baptistic doctrines)

                      • Dunker [ENG31-09697226-n] (an adherent of Baptistic doctrines (who practice baptism by immersion))
                      • Northern Baptist [ENG31-10382256-n] (a member of the American Baptist Convention)
                      • Southern Baptist [ENG31-10647459-n] (a member of the Southern Baptist Convention)
                    • Congregationalist [ENG31-09975122-n] (a member of the Congregational Church)
                    • Nonconformist [ENG31-09977612-n] (a Protestant in England who is not a member of the Church of England)
                    • Anglican [ENG31-09977771-n] (a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism)
                    • Episcopalian [ENG31-10082082-n] (a member of the Episcopal church)
                    • fundamentalist [ENG31-10136027-n] (a supporter of fundamentalism)
                    • Jehovah's Witness [ENG31-10268074-n] (believer in imminent approach of the millennium)
                    • Latter-Day Saint [ENG31-10268239-n] (a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
                    • Methodist [ENG31-10332258-n] (a follower of Wesleyanism as practiced by the Methodist Church)

                      • Wesleyan [ENG31-10332431-n] (a follower of Wesleyanism)
                    • Orangeman [ENG31-10400198-n] (a member of a society founded in Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestantism and the British sovereign)
                    • Pentecostal [ENG31-10434610-n] (any member of a Pentecostal religious body)
                    • Presbyterian [ENG31-10485488-n] (a follower of Calvinism as taught in the Presbyterian Church)
                    • Puritan [ENG31-10513958-n] (a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship)
                  • Friend [ENG31-09699104-n] (a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers))
                  • Catholic [ENG31-09699321-n] (a member of a Catholic church)

                    • Anglican Catholic [ENG31-09699631-n] (a member of the Anglican Church who emphasizes its Catholic character)
                    • Greek Catholic [ENG31-09699783-n] (a member of the Greek Orthodox Church)
                    • Roman Catholic [ENG31-09699900-n] (a member of the Roman Catholic Church)

                      • papist [ENG31-09700053-n] (an offensive term for Roman Catholics)
                      • ultramontane [ENG31-11376013-n] (a Roman Catholic who advocates ultramontanism (supreme papal authority in matters of faith and discipline))
                    • Uniat [ENG31-09700503-n] (a member of the Uniat Church)
                  • Old Catholic [ENG31-09700304-n] (a member of the church formed in the 19th century by German Catholics who refused to accept the infallibility of the Pope)
                  • Copt [ENG31-09700630-n] (a member of the Coptic Church)
                  • Apostle [ENG31-09818234-n] ((New Testament) one of the original 12 disciples chosen by Christ to preach his gospel)
                  • Apostle [ENG31-09818636-n] (any important early teacher of Christianity or a Christian missionary to a people)
                  • arianist [ENG31-09827032-n] (an adherent of Arianism (the belief that Jesus Christ was not truly God))
                  • born-again Christian [ENG31-09887224-n] (a Christian who has experienced a dramatic conversion to faith in Jesus)
                  • communicant [ENG31-09964702-n] (a person entitled to receive Communion)
                  • Melkite [ENG31-10326383-n] (an Orthodox Christian or Uniate Christian belonging to the patriarchate of Alexandria or Antioch or Jerusalem)
                  • Melkite [ENG31-10326557-n] (an eastern Christian in Egypt or Syria who adheres to the Orthodox faith as defined by the council of Chalcedon in 451 and as accepted by the Byzantine emperor)
                  • Nazarene [ENG31-10369481-n] (an early name for any Christian)
                  • Shaker [ENG31-10605181-n] (a member of Christian group practicing celibacy and communal living and common possession of property and separation from the world)
                  • Tractarian [ENG31-10739916-n] (a follower of Tractarianism and supporter of the Oxford movement (which was expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times'))
                • non-Catholic [ENG31-09699532-n] (a religious person who is not a Catholic)
                • Muslim [ENG31-09701687-n] (a believer in or follower of Islam)

                  • Islamist [ENG31-09702199-n] (an orthodox Muslim)
                  • Jihadist [ENG31-09702576-n] (a Muslim who is involved in a jihad)
                  • Shiite [ENG31-09702684-n] (a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs)
                  • Sunnite [ENG31-09702937-n] (a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad)
                  • Moor [ENG31-09742775-n] (one of the Muslim people of north Africa)
                  • assassin [ENG31-09833489-n] (a member of a secret order of Muslims (founded in the 12th century) who terrorized and killed Christian Crusaders)
                  • caliph [ENG31-09906948-n] (the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth)
                  • fakir [ENG31-10096087-n] (a Muslim or Hindu mendicant monk who is regarded as a holy man)

                    • dervish [ENG31-10025999-n] (an ascetic Muslim monk)

                      • whirling dervish [ENG31-10796815-n] (a dervish whose actions include ecstatic dancing and whirling)
                  • hakim [ENG31-10176286-n] (a Muslim ruler or governor or judge)
                  • mujahid [ENG31-10357502-n] (a Muslim engaged in what he considers to be a jihad)
                  • Mullah [ENG31-10357944-n] (a Muslim trained in the doctrine and law of Islam)
                  • Muslimah [ENG31-10361304-n] (a Muslim woman)

                    • niqaabi [ENG31-10378816-n] (an observant Muslim woman who covers her face and hands when in public or in the presence of any man outside her immediate family)
                  • Saracen [ENG31-10571326-n] ((historically) a Muslim who opposed the Crusades)
                  • Sufi [ENG31-10691810-n] (a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam)
                  • Wahhabi [ENG31-10782460-n] (a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia)
                • Buddhist [ENG31-09703135-n] (one who follows the teachings of Buddha)

                  • Mon [ENG31-10347362-n] (a member of a Buddhist people living in Myanmar and adjacent parts of Thailand)
                • Hindu [ENG31-09703987-n] (a person who adheres to Hinduism)

                  • swami [ENG31-09704279-n] (a Hindu religious teacher)
                  • chela [ENG31-09704384-n] (a Hindu disciple of a swami)
                  • Hare Krishna [ENG31-09704611-n] (worshipper of Krishna and member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness)
                  • Shaktist [ENG31-09704776-n] (worshipper of Shakti)
                  • Shivaist [ENG31-09704942-n] (worshipper of Shiva)
                  • Vaishnava [ENG31-09705089-n] (worshipper of Vishnu)
                  • sadhu [ENG31-10565239-n] ((Hinduism) an ascetic holy man)
                  • sannyasi [ENG31-10570108-n] (a Hindu religious mendicant)
                • abstainer [ENG31-09777504-n] (someone who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline)

                  • puritan [ENG31-10513780-n] (someone who adheres to strict religious principles)
                  • stylite [ENG31-10687035-n] (an early Christian ascetic who lived on top of high pillars)
                • agnostic [ENG31-09798368-n] (a person who claims that they cannot have true knowledge about the existence of God (but does not deny that God might exist))
                • anointer [ENG31-09815080-n] (one who anoints as a religious ceremony)
                • believer [ENG31-09867135-n] (a person who has religious faith)

                  • theist [ENG31-09867518-n] (one who believes in the existence of a god or gods)

                    • polytheist [ENG31-10472091-n] (one who believes in a plurality of gods)
                  • devil worshiper [ENG31-10030179-n] (someone who worships devils)

                    • Satanist [ENG31-10571914-n] (an adherent of Satan or Satanism)
                  • monotheist [ENG31-10349292-n] (a believer in one god)
                  • mystic [ENG31-10363285-n] (someone who believes in the existence of realities beyond human comprehension)

                    • quietist [ENG31-10521220-n] (a religious mystic who follows quietism)
                  • numerologist [ENG31-10386082-n] (a believer in numerology)
                  • pantheist [ENG31-10416293-n] (someone who believes that God and the universe are the same)
                  • pilgrim [ENG31-10452296-n] (someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion)

                    • hajji [ENG31-10175844-n] (an Arabic term of respect for someone who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca)
                  • sun worshiper [ENG31-10694697-n] (someone who worships the sun)
                  • theosophist [ENG31-10726783-n] (a believer in theosophy)
                • celibate [ENG31-09922820-n] (an unmarried person who has taken a religious vow of chastity)
                • churchgoer [ENG31-09941943-n] (a religious person who goes to church regularly)

                  • congregant [ENG31-09974996-n] (a member of a congregation (especially that of a church or synagogue))
                  • Holy Roller [ENG31-10200657-n] (a member of a religion that expresses ecstatic fervor)
                  • parishioner [ENG31-10419807-n] (a member of a parish)
                • coreligionist [ENG31-09985045-n] (someone having the same religion as another person)
                • Mandaean [ENG31-10309884-n] (a member of a small Gnostic sect that originated in Jordan and survives in Iraq and who believes that John the Baptist was the Messiah)
                • missionary [ENG31-10342840-n] (someone sent on a mission--especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country)
                • Moonie [ENG31-10350152-n] (an often derogatory term for a member of the Unification Church)
                • oblate [ENG31-10368605-n] (a lay person dedicated to religious work or the religious life)
                • Nazarene [ENG31-10369567-n] (a member of a group of Jews who (during the early history of the Christian Church) accepted Jesus as the Messiah)
                • novitiate [ENG31-10383897-n] (someone who has entered a religious order but has not taken final vows)
                • pagan [ENG31-10410601-n] (a person who follows a polytheistic or pre-Christian religion (not a Christian or Muslim or Jew))

                  • Wiccan [ENG31-10799781-n] (a believer in Wicca)
                • Parsee [ENG31-10421167-n] (a member of a monotheistic sect of Zoroastrian origin)
                • penitent [ENG31-10433579-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a person who repents for wrongdoing (a Roman Catholic may be admitted to penance under the direction of a confessor))

                  • flagellant [ENG31-10114089-n] (a person who whips himself as a religious penance)
                • prayer [ENG31-10483618-n] (someone who prays to God)

                  • beadsman [ENG31-09864306-n] (a person who is paid to pray for the soul of another)
                • prophet [ENG31-10503475-n] (someone who speaks by divine inspiration)
                • religious [ENG31-10538195-n] (a member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience)

                  • friar [ENG31-10131672-n] (a male member of a religious order that originally relied solely on alms)

                    • Carmelite [ENG31-10797816-n] (a Roman Catholic friar wearing the white cloak of the Carmelite order)
                    • Dominican [ENG31-10798013-n] (a Roman Catholic friar wearing the black mantle of the Dominican order)
                    • Franciscan [ENG31-10798221-n] (a Roman Catholic friar wearing the grey habit of the Franciscan order)
                    • Augustinian [ENG31-10798379-n] (a Roman Catholic friar or monk belonging to one of the Augustinian monastic orders)

                      • Austin Friar [ENG31-10798556-n] (one of the Roman Catholic hermits of Saint Augustine)
                  • monk [ENG31-10131898-n] (a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work)

                    • Brother [ENG31-09896167-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a monk and used as form of address)
                    • Carthusian [ENG31-09917559-n] (a member of the Carthusian order)
                    • Trappist [ENG31-10746040-n] (member of an order of monks noted for austerity and a vow of silence)
                  • Benedictine [ENG31-10132203-n] (a monk or nun belonging to the order founded by Saint Benedict)
                  • Jesuit [ENG31-10241190-n] (a member of the Jesuit order)
                  • nun [ENG31-10387708-n] (a woman religious)

                    • Sister [ENG31-10621878-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a nun (and used as a form of address))
                  • eremite [ENG31-10538538-n] (a Christian recluse)

                    • anchorite [ENG31-10538719-n] (one retired from society for religious reasons)
                  • cenobite [ENG31-10538884-n] (a member of a religious order living in common)
                  • superior [ENG31-10695315-n] (the head of a religious community)

                    • abbess [ENG31-09773548-n] (the superior of a group of nuns)

                      • mother [ENG31-10352574-n] (a term of address for a mother superior)
                    • abbot [ENG31-09773735-n] (the superior of an abbey of monks)

                      • abbe [ENG31-09773483-n] (a French abbot)
                    • prior [ENG31-10495525-n] (the head of a religious order)
                  • votary [ENG31-10779867-n] (one bound by vows to a religion or life of worship or service)
                • Sabbatarian [ENG31-10564172-n] (one who observes Saturday as the Sabbath (as in Judaism))
                • sacrificer [ENG31-10564853-n] (a religious person who offers up a sacrifice)
                • tritheist [ENG31-10749729-n] (someone (not an orthodox Christian) who believes that the Father and Son and Holy Ghost are three separate gods)
              • sensualist [ENG31-09652434-n] (a person who enjoys sensuality)

                • bisexual [ENG31-09876413-n] (a person who is sexually attracted to both sexes)

                  • hermaphrodite [ENG31-10191752-n] (one having both male and female sexual characteristics and organs)
                  • pseudohermaphrodite [ENG31-10507295-n] (someone having external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex)
                  • switch-hitter [ENG31-10703929-n] (slang term for a bisexual person)
                • cocksucker [ENG31-09952782-n] (a person who performs fellatio)
                • epicure [ENG31-10081464-n] (a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink))
                • erotic [ENG31-10082523-n] (an erotic person)
                • hedonist [ENG31-10187776-n] (someone motivated by desires for sensual pleasures)

                  • playboy [ENG31-10459494-n] (a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure)
                • voluptuary [ENG31-10779211-n] (a person addicted to luxury and pleasures of the senses)
                • wanton [ENG31-10785928-n] (lewd or lascivious woman)

                  • light-o'-love [ENG31-10282040-n] (a woman inconstant in love)
              • traveler [ENG31-09652940-n] (a person who changes location)

                • absentee [ENG31-09776984-n] (one that is absent or not in residence)

                  • AWOL [ENG31-09777167-n] (one who is away or absent without leave)
                  • defaulter [ENG31-10019203-n] (someone who fails to make a required appearance in court)
                  • exile [ENG31-10091139-n] (a person who is voluntarily absent from home or country)

                    • refugee [ENG31-10535609-n] (an exile who flees for safety)

                      • displaced person [ENG31-10037615-n] (a person forced to flee from home or country)
                    • remittance man [ENG31-10539477-n] (an exile living on money sent from home)
                  • truant [ENG31-10751389-n] (one who is absent from school without permission)
                • air traveler [ENG31-09800839-n] (someone who travels by airplane)
                • arrival [ENG31-09829571-n] (someone who arrives (or has arrived))

                  • early bird [ENG31-10061595-n] (a person who arrives early before others do)
                  • latecomer [ENG31-10267417-n] (someone who arrives late)
                  • newcomer [ENG31-10375387-n] (a recent arrival)

                    • malahini [ENG31-10304568-n] (a newcomer to Hawaii)
                • astronaut [ENG31-09837427-n] (a person trained to travel in a spacecraft)

                  • spacewalker [ENG31-10648691-n] (an astronaut who is active outside a spacecraft in outer space)
                • business traveler [ENG31-09902499-n] (a traveler whose expenses are paid by the business he works for)
                • carrier [ENG31-09917148-n] (someone whose employment involves carrying something)
                • companion [ENG31-09965757-n] (a traveler who accompanies you)
                • entrant [ENG31-10079983-n] (someone who enters)

                  • intruder [ENG31-10233322-n] (someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission)

                    • boarder [ENG31-09881885-n] (someone who forces their way aboard ship)
                    • gatecrasher [ENG31-10141609-n] (someone who gets in (to a party) without an invitation or without paying)
                    • infiltrator [ENG31-10225333-n] (an intruder (as troops) with hostile intent)
                    • invader [ENG31-10233732-n] (someone who enters by force in order to conquer)
                    • penetrator [ENG31-10433433-n] (an intruder who passes into or through (often by overcoming resistance))
                    • prowler [ENG31-10506264-n] (someone who prowls or sneaks about)
                    • pusher [ENG31-10515341-n] (one who intrudes or pushes himself forward)
                    • squatter [ENG31-10662493-n] (someone who settles on land without right or title)
                    • stranger [ENG31-10680441-n] (anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found)

                      • foreigner [ENG31-10123690-n] (someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group)

                        • transalpine [ENG31-10743367-n] (one living on or coming from the other side of the Alps from Italy)
                • flier [ENG31-10115986-n] (someone who travels by air)
                • follower [ENG31-10119893-n] (someone who travels behind or pursues another)

                  • pursuer [ENG31-10514520-n] (a person who is pursuing and trying to overtake or capture)

                    • bounty hunter [ENG31-09888853-n] (someone who pursues fugitives or criminals for whom a reward is offered)
                  • shadow [ENG31-10604811-n] (an inseparable companion)
                • foreigner [ENG31-10123254-n] (a person who comes from a foreign country)

                  • au pair [ENG31-09843085-n] (a young foreigner who lives with a family in return for doing light housework)

                    • au pair girl [ENG31-09843234-n] (a foreign girl serving as an au pair)
                  • exile [ENG31-10090946-n] (a person who is expelled from home or country by authority)
                  • gringo [ENG31-10166641-n] (a Latin American (disparaging) term for foreigners (especially Americans and Englishmen))
                  • import [ENG31-10220150-n] (an imported person brought from a foreign country)
                  • metic [ENG31-10332548-n] (an alien who paid a fee to reside in an ancient Greek city)
                • hosteller [ENG31-10206569-n] (a traveler who lodges in hostels)
                • messenger [ENG31-10330688-n] (a person who carries a message)

                  • conveyer [ENG31-09982268-n] (a person who conveys (carries or transmits))
                  • dispatch rider [ENG31-10037389-n] (a messenger who carries military dispatches (usually on a motorcycle))
                  • herald [ENG31-10190891-n] ((formal) a person who announces important news)
                  • bearer [ENG31-10330910-n] (a messenger who bears or presents)
                  • messenger boy [ENG31-10331042-n] (a boy who earns money by running errands)

                    • page [ENG31-10411115-n] (a boy who is employed to run errands)
                  • process-server [ENG31-10497703-n] (someone who personally delivers a process (a writ compelling attendance in court) or court papers to the defendant)
                  • runner [ENG31-10562165-n] (a person who is employed to deliver messages or documents)
                • migrant [ENG31-10334610-n] (traveler who moves from one region or country to another)

                  • departer [ENG31-10024201-n] (someone who leaves)
                  • emigrant [ENG31-10071783-n] (someone who leaves one country to settle in another)
                  • evacuee [ENG31-10086431-n] (a person who has been evacuated from a dangerous place)
                  • immigrant [ENG31-10219108-n] (a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there)
                  • rusher [ENG31-10563494-n] (someone who migrates as part of a rush to a new gold field or a new territory)
                  • settler [ENG31-10602839-n] (a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country)

                    • Pilgrim [ENG31-10452438-n] (one of the colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620)
                    • pioneer [ENG31-10454188-n] (one of the first colonists or settlers in a new territory)

                      • bushman [ENG31-09900985-n] (a dweller in the Australian bush country)
                      • frontiersman [ENG31-10132841-n] (a man who lives on the frontier)
                      • frontierswoman [ENG31-10133018-n] (a woman who lives on the frontier)
                    • sourdough [ENG31-10647076-n] (a settler or prospector (especially in western United States or northwest Canada and Alaska))
                    • squatter [ENG31-10662616-n] (someone who settles lawfully on government land with the intent to acquire title to it)
                • motorcyclist [ENG31-10353722-n] (a traveler who rides a motorcycle)
                • mover [ENG31-10355644-n] (someone who moves)

                  • advancer [ENG31-09792499-n] (someone who advances)
                  • ascender [ENG31-09832927-n] (someone who ascends)

                    • mounter [ENG31-10354670-n] (someone who ascends on foot)
                  • coaster [ENG31-09952074-n] (someone who coasts)
                  • descender [ENG31-10026402-n] (someone who descends)

                    • abseiler [ENG31-09776780-n] (a person who descends down a nearly vertical face by using a doubled rope that is wrapped around the body and attached to some high point)
                  • hitter [ENG31-10197847-n] (someone who hits)

                    • slapper [ENG31-10628319-n] (a hitter who slaps (usually another person) with an open hand)
                    • walloper [ENG31-10784766-n] (a very hard hitter)
                  • lunger [ENG31-10296928-n] (someone who moves forward suddenly (as in fencing))
                  • puller [ENG31-10512032-n] (someone who applies force so as to cause motion toward herself or himself)

                    • wrester [ENG31-10812659-n] (someone who obtains something by pulling it violently with twisting movements)
                    • yanker [ENG31-10821751-n] (someone who gives a strong sudden pull)
                  • pusher [ENG31-10515006-n] (someone who pushes)

                    • nudger [ENG31-10385213-n] (someone who nudges)
                  • scrambler [ENG31-10582831-n] (a rapid mover)
                  • transferer [ENG31-10744335-n] (someone who transfers something)

                    • transferor [ENG31-10744635-n] ((law) someone who conveys a title or property to another)
                  • traverser [ENG31-10746668-n] (someone who moves or passes across)
                • musher [ENG31-10359430-n] (a traveler who drives (or travels with) a dog team)
                • passenger [ENG31-10423621-n] (a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it)

                  • commuter [ENG31-09965224-n] (someone who travels regularly from home in a suburb to work in a city)

                    • straphanger [ENG31-10680903-n] (a commuter who uses public transportation)
                  • fare [ENG31-10098423-n] (a paying (taxi) passenger)
                  • hitchhiker [ENG31-10197708-n] (a person who travels by getting free rides from passing vehicles)
                  • stowaway [ENG31-10679910-n] (a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage)
                  • straphanger [ENG31-10680773-n] (a standing subway or bus passenger who grips a hanging strap for support)
                • pedestrian [ENG31-10431800-n] (a person who travels by foot)

                  • hiker [ENG31-10195742-n] (a foot traveler)

                    • backpacker [ENG31-09849875-n] (a hiker who wears a backpack)
                  • hobbler [ENG31-10198548-n] (someone who has a limp and walks with a hobbling gait)
                  • jaywalker [ENG31-10240030-n] (a reckless pedestrian who crosses a street illegally)
                  • marcher [ENG31-10312993-n] (walks with regular or stately step)

                    • pivot [ENG31-10456474-n] (the person in a rank around whom the others wheel and maneuver)
                    • wheeler [ENG31-10795204-n] (the man at the outermost end of the rank in wheeling)
                  • nondriver [ENG31-10380893-n] (a person who is not a driver)
                  • passerby [ENG31-10424417-n] (a person who passes by casually or by chance)
                  • peripatetic [ENG31-10436477-n] (a person who walks from place to place)
                  • rambler [ENG31-10525813-n] (a person who takes long walks in the country)
                  • saunterer [ENG31-10572663-n] (someone who walks at a leisurely pace)
                  • shuffler [ENG31-10613816-n] (someone who walks without raising the feet)
                  • staggerer [ENG31-10665293-n] (someone who walks unsteadily as if about to fall)
                  • stalker [ENG31-10665967-n] (someone who walks with long stiff strides)
                  • stamper [ENG31-10666381-n] (someone who walks with a heavy noisy gait or who stamps on the ground)
                  • strider [ENG31-10681304-n] (a person who walks rapidly with long steps)
                  • stumbler [ENG31-10686480-n] (a walker or runner who trips and almost falls)
                  • swaggerer [ENG31-10701485-n] (someone who walks in an arrogant manner)
                  • trudger [ENG31-10751505-n] (someone who walks in a laborious heavy-footed manner)
                  • waddler [ENG31-10781732-n] (someone who walks with a waddling gait)
                  • wayfarer [ENG31-10791207-n] (a pedestrian who walks from place to place)
                • raftsman [ENG31-10524138-n] (someone who travels by raft)
                • rider [ENG31-10549540-n] (a traveler who actively rides an animal (as a horse or camel))

                  • hang glider [ENG31-10179126-n] (a rider of a hang glider)
                  • horseman [ENG31-10205412-n] (a man skilled in equitation)

                    • picador [ENG31-09856174-n] (the horseman who pricks the bull with a lance early in the bullfight to goad the bull and to make it keep its head low)
                    • buster [ENG31-09903082-n] (a person who breaks horses)
                    • fox hunter [ENG31-10128117-n] (a mounted hunter who follows the hounds in pursuit of a fox)
                    • horsewoman [ENG31-10205762-n] (a woman horseman)
                    • jockey [ENG31-10242847-n] (someone employed to ride horses in horse races)
                    • postilion [ENG31-10478778-n] (someone who rides the near horse of a pair in order to guide the horses pulling a carriage (especially a carriage without a coachman))
                    • roughrider [ENG31-10559970-n] (a horseman skilled at breaking wild horses to the saddle)
                  • pedaler [ENG31-10430908-n] (a person who rides a pedal-driven vehicle (as a bicycle))

                    • cyclist [ENG31-10005719-n] (a person who rides a bicycle)
                    • unicyclist [ENG31-10757768-n] (a person who rides a unicycle)
                • rider [ENG31-10549725-n] (a traveler who actively rides a vehicle (as a bicycle or motorcycle))
                • runner [ENG31-10562318-n] (someone who travels on foot by running)

                  • jogger [ENG31-10243129-n] (someone who runs a steady slow pace (usually for exercise))
                • scourer [ENG31-10581937-n] (someone who travels widely and energetically)
                • swimmer [ENG31-10702573-n] (a person who travels through the water by swimming)

                  • floater [ENG31-10116389-n] (a swimmer who floats in the water)
                  • skin-diver [ENG31-10626699-n] (an underwater swimmer equipped with a face mask and foot fins and either a snorkel or an air cylinder)
                  • surfer [ENG31-10698501-n] (someone who engages in surfboarding)
                • tourist [ENG31-10737780-n] (someone who travels for pleasure)

                  • sightseer [ENG31-10616097-n] (a tourist who is visiting sights of interest)
                • transient [ENG31-10744785-n] (one who stays for only a short time)
                • trekker [ENG31-10747596-n] (a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking through mountainous country))
                • visitor [ENG31-10776861-n] (someone who visits)

                  • boulevardier [ENG31-09888305-n] (a visitor of a city boulevard (especially in Paris))
                  • caller [ENG31-09907302-n] (a social or business visitor)
                  • guest [ENG31-10170460-n] (a visitor to whom hospitality is extended)

                    • guest of honor [ENG31-10170781-n] (the person in whose honor a gathering is held)
                    • house guest [ENG31-10208091-n] (a guest entertained in your house)
                    • wedding guest [ENG31-10792060-n] (a guest at a wedding)
                  • visiting fireman [ENG31-10776505-n] (an important or distinguished visitor)
                • voyager [ENG31-10780858-n] (a traveler to a distant land (especially one who travels by sea))
                • wanderer [ENG31-10785347-n] (someone who leads a wandering unsettled life)

                  • nomad [ENG31-10379458-n] (a member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons)

                    • Bedouin [ENG31-09865877-n] (a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs)
                    • Bushman [ENG31-09901079-n] (nomadic hunters and gatherers who live in southern Africa)
                    • Hun [ENG31-10212207-n] (a member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century)
                    • Saracen [ENG31-10571447-n] ((historically) a member of the nomadic people of the Syrian and Arabian deserts at the time of the Roman Empire)
                    • Scythian [ENG31-10586394-n] (a member of the ancient nomadic people inhabiting Scythia)
                  • vagrant [ENG31-10764201-n] (a wanderer who has no established residence or visible means of support)

                    • beachcomber [ENG31-09864093-n] (a vagrant living on a beach)
                    • sundowner [ENG31-10694581-n] (a tramp who habitually arrives at sundown)
                    • tramp [ENG31-10742949-n] (a vagrant)

                      • dosser [ENG31-10046701-n] (someone who sleeps in any convenient place)
                • wayfarer [ENG31-10791060-n] (a traveler going on a trip)

                  • pilgrim [ENG31-10452205-n] (someone who journeys in foreign lands)
              • unfortunate [ENG31-09653829-n] (a person who suffers misfortune)

                • abandoned person [ENG31-09773261-n] (someone for whom hope has been abandoned)

                  • castaway [ENG31-09918890-n] (a shipwrecked person)
                • amputee [ENG31-09809007-n] (someone who has had a limb removed by amputation)
                • choker [ENG31-09939357-n] (an unfortunate person who is unable to perform effectively because of nervous tension or agitation)
                • desperate [ENG31-10028189-n] (a person who is frightened and in need of help)

                  • goner [ENG31-10157456-n] (a person in desperate straits)
                • homeless [ENG31-10201821-n] (someone unfortunate without housing)

                  • bag lady [ENG31-09851993-n] (a homeless woman who carries all her possessions with her in shopping bags)
                • Job [ENG31-10242619-n] (any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing)
                • jonah [ENG31-10244116-n] (a person believed to bring bad luck to those around him)
                • languisher [ENG31-10266092-n] (a person who languishes)
                • failure [ENG31-10292761-n] (a person with a record of failing)

                  • bankrupt [ENG31-09857758-n] (someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts)
                  • flash in the pan [ENG31-10115319-n] (someone who enjoys transient success but then fails)
                  • flop [ENG31-10117246-n] (someone who is unsuccessful)
                  • underdog [ENG31-10293269-n] (one at a disadvantage and expected to lose)
                • maroon [ENG31-10314851-n] (a person who is stranded (as on an island))
                • mourner [ENG31-10354959-n] (a person who is feeling grief (as grieving over someone who has died))

                  • pallbearer [ENG31-10414772-n] (one of the mourners carrying the coffin at a funeral)
                  • weeper [ENG31-10792708-n] (a hired mourner)
                • nympholept [ENG31-10388410-n] (a person seized by nympholepsy)
                • outcast [ENG31-10406011-n] (a person who is rejected (from society or home))

                  • heretic [ENG31-10191427-n] (a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church)
                  • leper [ENG31-10274282-n] (a pariah who is avoided by others)
                  • untouchable [ENG31-10759538-n] (belongs to lowest social and ritual class in India)
                • poor person [ENG31-10472913-n] (a person with few or no possessions)

                  • white trash [ENG31-09662205-n] ((slang) an offensive term for White people who are impoverished)
                  • down-and-out [ENG31-10048127-n] (a person who is destitute)
                  • pauper [ENG31-10428756-n] (a person who is very poor)

                    • beggar [ENG31-09866418-n] (a pauper who lives by begging)

                      • beggarman [ENG31-09866675-n] (a man who is a beggar)
                      • beggarwoman [ENG31-09866752-n] (a woman who is a beggar)
                      • moocher [ENG31-10349902-n] (someone who mooches or cadges (tries to get something free))

                        • schnorrer [ENG31-10577127-n] ((Yiddish) a scrounger who takes advantage of the generosity of others)
                      • panhandler [ENG31-10416036-n] (a beggar who approaches strangers asking for money)
                    • derelict [ENG31-10025743-n] (a person without a home, job, or property)
                    • starveling [ENG31-10669163-n] (someone who is starving (or being starved))
                • prisoner [ENG31-10495671-n] (a person who is confined)

                  • convict [ENG31-09982445-n] (a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison)

                    • lifer [ENG31-10280738-n] (a prisoner serving a term of life imprisonment)
                    • trusty [ENG31-10752178-n] (a convict who is considered trustworthy and granted special privileges)
                  • detainee [ENG31-10028816-n] (some held in custody)
                  • hostage [ENG31-10207176-n] (a prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms)
                  • internee [ENG31-10231744-n] (a person who is interned)
                  • political prisoner [ENG31-10469612-n] (someone who is imprisoned because of their political views)
                  • prisoner of war [ENG31-10495916-n] (a person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war)
                • schlimazel [ENG31-10576522-n] ((Yiddish) a very unlucky or inept person who fails at everything)
                • sick person [ENG31-10615055-n] (a person suffering from an illness)

                  • anorexic [ENG31-09815192-n] (a person suffering from anorexia nervosa)
                  • bulimic [ENG31-09855445-n] (a person suffering from bulimia)
                  • consumptive [ENG31-09979480-n] (a person with pulmonary tuberculosis)
                  • convalescent [ENG31-09981084-n] (a person who is recovering from illness)
                  • depressive [ENG31-10024825-n] (someone suffering psychological depression)

                    • melancholic [ENG31-10326262-n] (someone subject to melancholia)
                  • diabetic [ENG31-10030631-n] (someone who has diabetes)
                  • dyspeptic [ENG31-10060506-n] (a person suffering from indigestion)
                  • epileptic [ENG31-10081983-n] (a person who has epilepsy)
                  • hemophiliac [ENG31-10190661-n] (someone who has hemophilia and is subject to uncontrollable bleeding)
                  • incurable [ENG31-10222382-n] (a person whose disease is incurable)
                  • insomniac [ENG31-10228349-n] (someone who cannot sleep)
                  • invalid [ENG31-10233900-n] (someone who is incapacitated by a chronic illness or injury)
                  • leper [ENG31-10274367-n] (a person afflicted with leprosy)
                  • lunatic [ENG31-10296461-n] (an insane person)

                    • crazy [ENG31-09995813-n] (someone deranged and possibly dangerous)
                    • bedlamite [ENG31-10296639-n] (an archaic term for a lunatic)
                    • pyromaniac [ENG31-10296724-n] (a person with a mania for setting things on fire)
                    • madwoman [ENG31-10299661-n] (a woman lunatic)
                  • manic-depressive [ENG31-10310345-n] (a person afflicted with manic-depressive illness)
                  • monomaniac [ENG31-10348856-n] (a person suffering from monomania)
                  • narcoleptic [ENG31-10365287-n] (a person who has narcolepsy)
                  • neurasthenic [ENG31-10373512-n] (a person suffering a nervous breakdown)
                  • neurotic [ENG31-10374597-n] (a person suffering from neurosis)

                    • claustrophobe [ENG31-09946449-n] (a person suffering from claustrophobia)
                    • hysteric [ENG31-10215665-n] (a person suffering from hysteria)
                    • obsessive [ENG31-10368720-n] (a person who has obsessions)
                    • obsessive-compulsive [ENG31-10368821-n] (a person with obsessive-compulsive characteristics)
                    • sociopath [ENG31-10509149-n] (someone with a sociopathic personality)
                  • patient [ENG31-10425439-n] (a person who requires medical care)

                    • alexic [ENG31-09802296-n] (a person with alexia)
                    • analysand [ENG31-09809629-n] (a person undergoing psychoanalysis)
                    • arthritic [ENG31-09830973-n] (a person afflicted with arthritis)
                    • hypertensive [ENG31-10214774-n] (a person who has abnormally high blood pressure)
                    • hypochondriac [ENG31-10215106-n] (a patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments)
                    • hypotensive [ENG31-10215561-n] (a person who has abnormally low blood pressure)
                    • index case [ENG31-10222473-n] (the earliest documented case of a disease that is included in an epidemiological study)
                    • inpatient [ENG31-10227300-n] (a patient who is residing in the hospital where he is being treated)
                    • outpatient [ENG31-10407635-n] (a patient who does not reside in the hospital where he is being treated)
                    • vaccinee [ENG31-10764113-n] (a patient who has been vaccinated)
                  • psychotic [ENG31-10509726-n] (a person afflicted with psychosis)

                    • cataleptic [ENG31-09919843-n] (a person suffering from catalepsy)
                    • paranoid [ENG31-10418069-n] (a person afflicted with paranoia)
                    • schizophrenic [ENG31-10576132-n] (someone who is afflicted with schizophrenia)
                  • rheumatic [ENG31-10547490-n] (a person suffering with rheumatism)
                  • syphilitic [ENG31-10706923-n] (a person suffering from syphilis)
                  • valetudinarian [ENG31-10765281-n] (weak or sickly person especially one morbidly concerned with his or her health)
                  • vomiter [ENG31-10779370-n] (a person who vomits)
                • survivor [ENG31-10700641-n] (one who lives through affliction)
                • victim [ENG31-10771761-n] (an unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstance)

                  • casualty [ENG31-09919123-n] (someone injured or killed in an accident)
                  • casualty [ENG31-09919234-n] (someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement)
                  • hunted person [ENG31-10212545-n] (a person who is hunted)

                    • pursued [ENG31-10514363-n] (a person who is being chased)
                  • martyr [ENG31-10316279-n] (one who suffers for the sake of principle)

                    • shaheed [ENG31-10605080-n] (Arabic term for holy martyrs)
                  • martyr [ENG31-10316493-n] (one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion)

                    • Polycarp [ENG31-11261445-n] (Greek bishop of Smyrna who refused to recant his Christian faith and was burned to death by pagans (circa 69-155))
                  • muggee [ENG31-10356847-n] (a victim of a mugging)
                  • murderee [ENG31-10358341-n] (a victim who is murdered)
                  • poor devil [ENG31-10472821-n] (someone you feel sorry for)
                  • prey [ENG31-10490045-n] (a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence)
                  • punching bag [ENG31-10512312-n] (a person on whom another person vents their anger)
                  • scapegoat [ENG31-10574739-n] (someone who is punished for the errors of others)
                • weeper [ENG31-10792794-n] (a person who weeps)

                  • bawler [ENG31-09863974-n] (a loud weeper)
                  • blubberer [ENG31-09880346-n] (someone who sniffles and weeps with loud sobs)
              • unwelcome person [ENG31-09654317-n] (a person who for some reason is not wanted or welcome)

                • unpleasant person [ENG31-09654651-n] (a person who is not pleasant or agreeable)

                  • aggravator [ENG31-09797978-n] (an unpleasant person who is annoying or exasperating)
                  • alienator [ENG31-09802810-n] (an unpleasant person who causes friendly people to become indifferent or unfriendly or hostile)
                  • anathema [ENG31-09811566-n] (a detested person)
                  • asshole [ENG31-09834593-n] (insulting terms of address for people who are stupid or irritating or ridiculous)
                  • bore [ENG31-09886843-n] (a person who evokes boredom)

                    • gasbag [ENG31-10141124-n] (a boring person who talks a great deal about uninteresting topics)
                    • nudnik [ENG31-10385545-n] ((Yiddish) someone who is a boring pest)
                    • platitudinarian [ENG31-10459290-n] (a bore who makes excessive use of platitudes)
                    • stuffed shirt [ENG31-10686054-n] (a bore who is extremely formal, pompous, and old-fashioned)
                  • cold fish [ENG31-09954809-n] (an aloof unemotional person)
                  • creep [ENG31-09996447-n] (someone unpleasantly strange or eccentric)
                  • critic [ENG31-09998602-n] (someone who frequently finds fault or makes harsh and unfair judgments)

                    • carper [ENG31-09916278-n] (someone who constantly criticizes in a petty way)
                    • nitpicker [ENG31-10379121-n] (someone who makes small and unjustified criticisms)
                    • roaster [ENG31-10553946-n] (a harsh or humorous critic (sometimes intended as a facetious compliment))
                  • cunt [ENG31-10002403-n] (a person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked)
                  • cynic [ENG31-10006070-n] (someone who is critical of the motives of others)

                    • detractor [ENG31-10029325-n] (one who disparages or belittles the worth of something)

                      • defamer [ENG31-10018655-n] (one who attacks the reputation of another by slander or libel)
                      • hatemonger [ENG31-10181697-n] (one who arouses hatred for others)
                      • muckraker [ENG31-10356250-n] (one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage))
                  • egotist [ENG31-10067267-n] (a conceited and self-centered person)

                    • bragger [ENG31-09891532-n] (a very boastful and talkative person)
                    • egomaniac [ENG31-10067179-n] (an abnormally egotistical person)
                    • exhibitionist [ENG31-10090518-n] (someone who deliberately behaves in such a way as to attract attention)

                      • grandstander [ENG31-10162891-n] (someone who performs with an eye to the applause from spectators in the grandstand)
                      • hotdog [ENG31-10207329-n] (someone who performs dangerous stunts to attract attention to himself)
                      • poseur [ENG31-10475481-n] (a person who habitually pretends to be something he is not)

                        • poseuse [ENG31-10475636-n] (a woman poseur)
                    • know-it-all [ENG31-10259932-n] (someone who thinks he knows everything and refuses to accept advice or information from others)
                    • megalomaniac [ENG31-10326163-n] (a pathological egotist)
                    • miles gloriosus [ENG31-10335388-n] (a braggart soldier (a stock figure in comedy))
                    • popinjay [ENG31-10474201-n] (a vain and talkative person (chatters like a parrot))
                  • grabber [ENG31-10160203-n] (an unpleasant person who grabs inconsiderately)
                  • grouch [ENG31-10167825-n] (a bad-tempered person)

                    • crab [ENG31-09993584-n] (a quarrelsome grouch)
                    • fire-eater [ENG31-10111333-n] (a belligerent grouch)
                    • misanthrope [ENG31-10341540-n] (someone who dislikes people in general)

                      • misogynist [ENG31-10342306-n] (a misanthrope who dislikes women in particular)
                  • incubus [ENG31-10222150-n] (someone who depresses or worries others)
                  • joker [ENG31-10243965-n] (a person who does something thoughtless or annoying)
                  • monster [ENG31-10349658-n] (a cruel wicked and inhuman person)

                    • demoniac [ENG31-10022306-n] (someone who acts as if possessed by a demon)
                  • oppressor [ENG31-10399457-n] (a person of authority who subjects others to undue pressures)

                    • authoritarian [ENG31-09843537-n] (a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner)

                      • Big Brother [ENG31-09872949-n] (a totalitarian leader and invader of privacy)
                      • martinet [ENG31-10316105-n] (someone who demands exact conformity to rules and forms)

                        • stickler [ENG31-10675425-n] (someone who insists on something)
                    • meanie [ENG31-10323945-n] (a person of mean disposition)
                    • switcher [ENG31-10703629-n] (a person who administers punishment by wielding a switch or whip)
                    • tormentor [ENG31-10735654-n] (someone who torments)

                      • harasser [ENG31-10180771-n] (a persistent tormentor)
                      • pest [ENG31-10439375-n] (a persistently annoying person)
                      • tantalizer [ENG31-10710345-n] (someone who tantalizes)
                      • witch-hunter [ENG31-10804351-n] (someone who identifies and punishes people for their opinions)
                    • torturer [ENG31-10736038-n] (someone who inflicts severe physical pain (usually for punishment or coercion))

                      • flogger [ENG31-10116733-n] (a torturer who flogs or scourges (especially an official whose duty is to whip offenders))
                  • pain [ENG31-10411212-n] (a bothersome annoying person)
                  • pawer [ENG31-10429067-n] (a person who handles or caresses in a clumsy or overfamiliar manner)
                  • peasant [ENG31-10430560-n] (a crude uncouth ill-bred person lacking culture or refinement)
                  • pharisee [ENG31-10441084-n] (a self-righteous or sanctimonious person)
                  • pill [ENG31-10452639-n] (a unpleasant or tiresome person)
                  • prima donna [ENG31-10491444-n] (a vain and temperamental person)
                  • prude [ENG31-10506611-n] (a person excessively concerned about propriety and decorum)
                  • rotter [ENG31-10559272-n] (a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible)
                  • scoffer [ENG31-10580748-n] (someone who jeers or mocks or treats something with contempt or calls out in derision)
                  • scold [ENG31-10581289-n] (someone (especially a woman) who annoys people by constantly finding fault)

                    • harridan [ENG31-10180866-n] (a scolding (even vicious) old woman)
                  • selfish person [ENG31-10596414-n] (a person who is unusually selfish)

                    • dog in the manger [ENG31-10043231-n] (someone who prevents you from enjoying something that they themselves have no need for)
                    • egocentric [ENG31-10067007-n] (a self-centered person with little regard for others)
                    • exploiter [ENG31-10092334-n] (a person who uses something or someone selfishly or unethically)
                    • hog [ENG31-10199280-n] (a person regarded as greedy and pig-like)
                    • monopolist [ENG31-10349050-n] (someone who monopolizes the means of producing or selling something)
                    • narcissist [ENG31-10365153-n] (someone in love with themselves)
                    • opportunist [ENG31-10399075-n] (a person who places expediency above principle)

                      • backscratcher [ENG31-09850172-n] (someone who is willing to trade favors or services for mutual advantage)
                      • bottom feeder [ENG31-09888188-n] (an opportunist who profits from the misfortunes of others)
                      • carpetbagger [ENG31-09916425-n] (an outsider who seeks power or success presumptuously)
                      • hustler [ENG31-10214185-n] (a shrewd or unscrupulous person who knows how to circumvent difficulties)

                        • wire-puller [ENG31-10803557-n] (one who uses secret influence (i.e. pulls wires or strings) for his own ends)
                      • timeserver [ENG31-10731290-n] (one who conforms to current ways and opinions for personal advantage)
                  • sneak [ENG31-10635564-n] (a person who is regarded as underhanded and furtive and contemptible)
                  • sneerer [ENG31-10635895-n] (a person who expresses contempt by remarks or facial expression)
                  • snob [ENG31-10636540-n] (a person regarded as arrogant and annoying)
                  • snorter [ENG31-10637017-n] (someone who expresses contempt or indignation by uttering a snorting sound)
                  • unpleasant woman [ENG31-10759293-n] (a woman who is an unpleasant person)

                    • bag [ENG31-09851681-n] (an ugly or ill-tempered woman)
                    • cow [ENG31-09992117-n] (a large unpleasant woman)
                    • dragon [ENG31-10049454-n] (a fiercely vigilant and unpleasant woman)
                    • frump [ENG31-10133978-n] (a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman)
                    • she-devil [ENG31-10606944-n] (a cruel woman)
                    • shrew [ENG31-10613555-n] (a scolding nagging bad-tempered woman)

                      • virago [ENG31-10774832-n] (a noisy or scolding or domineering woman)
                      • yenta [ENG31-10823067-n] ((Yiddish) a vulgar shrew)
                    • vixen [ENG31-10778005-n] (a malicious woman with a fierce temper)
                  • upstart [ENG31-10760525-n] (a person who has suddenly risen to a higher economic status but has not gained social acceptance of others in that class)

                    • social climber [ENG31-10638201-n] (someone seeking social prominence by obsequious behavior)

                      • lion-hunter [ENG31-10284978-n] (someone who tries to attract social lions as guests)
                    • junior [ENG31-10803957-n] (term of address for a disrespectful and annoying male)
                  • upstart [ENG31-10760809-n] (an arrogant or presumptuous person)

                    • wise guy [ENG31-10803789-n] (an upstart who makes conceited, sardonic, insolent comments)
                  • vulgarian [ENG31-10781361-n] (a vulgar person (especially someone who makes a vulgar display of wealth))

                    • ribald [ENG31-10548544-n] (a ribald person)
                    • slob [ENG31-10631726-n] (a coarse obnoxious person)

                      • litterer [ENG31-10286863-n] (a person who litters public places with refuse)
                      • slattern [ENG31-10628714-n] (a dirty untidy woman)
                  • whiner [ENG31-10796007-n] (a person given to excessive complaints and crying and whining)

                    • kvetch [ENG31-10260618-n] ((Yiddish) a constant complainer)
                  • worm [ENG31-10811668-n] (a person who has a nasty or unethical character undeserving of respect)
                • ingrate [ENG31-10226382-n] (a person who shows no gratitude)
                • meddler [ENG31-10324859-n] (an officious annoying person who interferes with others)

                  • backseat driver [ENG31-09850303-n] (a meddler who insists on giving unwanted advice)
                  • busybody [ENG31-09903259-n] (a person who meddles in the affairs of others)
                  • buttinsky [ENG31-09904511-n] (a meddler who tends to butt in)
                  • kibitzer [ENG31-10250102-n] ((Yiddish) a meddler who offers unwanted advice to others)
                • disreputable person [ENG31-10549863-n] (someone lacking public esteem)
                • sourpuss [ENG31-10647261-n] (someone with a habitually sullen or gloomy expression)
                • spoilsport [ENG31-10657534-n] (someone who spoils the pleasure of others)

                  • worrier [ENG31-10811818-n] (thinks about unfortunate things that might happen)
                • tease [ENG31-10715051-n] (someone given to teasing (as by mocking or stirring curiosity))
                • troublemaker [ENG31-10750901-n] (someone who deliberately stirs up trouble)

                  • agitator [ENG31-09798224-n] (one who agitates)
                  • disturber [ENG31-10038098-n] (a troubler who interrupts or interferes with peace and quiet)
                  • heckler [ENG31-10187158-n] (someone who tries to embarrass you with gibes and questions and objections)
                  • hellion [ENG31-10189012-n] (a rowdy or mischievous person (usually a young man))
                  • hellhound [ENG31-10189200-n] (a very evil man)
                  • instigator [ENG31-10228847-n] (someone who deliberately foments trouble)

                    • ringleader [ENG31-10551395-n] (a person who leads (especially in illicit activities))
                  • loudmouth [ENG31-10294015-n] (a person who causes trouble by speaking indiscreetly)
                  • prankster [ENG31-10483280-n] (someone who plays practical jokes on others)
                  • rioter [ENG31-10551615-n] (troublemaker who participates in a violent disturbance of the peace)
                • undesirable [ENG31-10756921-n] (one whose presence is undesirable)
                • villain [ENG31-10773214-n] (a wicked or evil person)

                  • cad [ENG31-09905672-n] (someone who is morally reprehensible)

                    • perisher [ENG31-10436573-n] (bounder)
                  • gallows bird [ENG31-10137865-n] (a person who deserves to be hanged)
                  • rogue [ENG31-10556285-n] (a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel)
                  • villainess [ENG31-10773585-n] (a woman villain)
              • unskilled person [ENG31-09655462-n] (a person who lacks technical training)

                • bootblack [ENG31-09886223-n] (a person who polishes shoes and boots)
                • grunt [ENG31-10168761-n] (an unskilled or low-ranking soldier or other worker)
                • hack [ENG31-10174170-n] (one who works hard at boring tasks)

                  • plodder [ENG31-10461991-n] (someone who works slowly and monotonously for long hours)
                • ignoramus [ENG31-10218577-n] (an ignorant person)

                  • aliterate [ENG31-09803325-n] (a person who can read but is disinclined to derive information from literary sources)
                  • illiterate [ENG31-10218722-n] (a person unable to read)

                    • analphabet [ENG31-09809488-n] (an illiterate person who does not know the alphabet)
                    • functional illiterate [ENG31-10135750-n] (a person with some ability to read and write but not enough for daily practical needs)
                • incompetent [ENG31-10221982-n] (someone who is not competent to take effective action)

                  • bungler [ENG31-09899210-n] (someone who makes mistakes because of incompetence)
                  • slouch [ENG31-10632161-n] (an incompetent person)
                • novice [ENG31-10383612-n] (someone new to a field or activity)

                  • abecedarian [ENG31-09775119-n] (a novice learning the rudiments of some subject)
                  • apprentice [ENG31-09821287-n] (works for an expert to learn a trade)

                    • printer's devil [ENG31-10495169-n] (an apprentice in a printing establishment)
                  • cub [ENG31-10001364-n] (an awkward and inexperienced youth)
                  • landlubber [ENG31-10265038-n] (an inexperienced sailor)
                  • newcomer [ENG31-10375148-n] (any new participant in some activity)

                    • recruit [ENG31-10531794-n] (any new member or supporter (as in the armed forces))
                  • tenderfoot [ENG31-10720612-n] (an inexperienced person (especially someone inexperienced in outdoor living))
                  • trainee [ENG31-10742034-n] (someone who is being trained)

                    • cadet [ENG31-09905992-n] (a military trainee (as at a military academy))

                      • midshipman [ENG31-10334361-n] (a temporary rank held by young naval officers in training)
                • ragpicker [ENG31-10524398-n] (an unskilled person who picks up rags from trash cans and public dumps as a means of livelihood)
                • tinkerer [ENG31-10731878-n] (an unskilled person who tries to fix or mend)
              • worker [ENG31-09655706-n] (a person who works at a specific occupation)

                • caster [ENG31-09632776-n] (a worker who casts molten metal into finished products)
                • finisher [ENG31-09642622-n] (a worker who performs the last step in a manufacturing process)
                • assistant [ENG31-09835195-n] (a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose)

                  • coadjutor [ENG31-09633123-n] (an assistant to a bishop)
                  • accomplice [ENG31-09780399-n] (a person who joins with another in carrying out some plan (especially an unethical or illegal plan))

                    • decoy [ENG31-10015111-n] (a beguiler who leads someone into danger (usually as part of a plot))

                      • roper [ENG31-10558410-n] (a decoy who lures customers into a gambling establishment (especially one with a fixed game))
                      • shill [ENG31-10608810-n] (a decoy who acts as an enthusiastic customer in order to stimulate the participation of others)
                  • aide [ENG31-09799690-n] (someone who acts as assistant)

                    • nursing aide [ENG31-10387247-n] (someone who assists a nurse in tasks that require little formal training)
                  • attendant [ENG31-09841233-n] (someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another)

                    • companion [ENG31-09779940-n] (one paid to accompany or assist or live with another)
                    • baggageman [ENG31-09851898-n] (an attendant who takes care of baggage)
                    • batman [ENG31-09863124-n] (an orderly assigned to serve a British military officer)
                    • bellboy [ENG31-09868183-n] (someone employed as an errand boy and luggage carrier around hotels)
                    • caddie [ENG31-09905855-n] (an attendant who carries the golf clubs for a player)
                    • checker [ENG31-09932568-n] (an attendant who checks coats or baggage)

                      • check girl [ENG31-09932698-n] (a female checker)
                    • courtier [ENG31-09991369-n] (an attendant at the court of a sovereign)
                    • cupbearer [ENG31-10002583-n] (the attendant (usually an officer of a nobleman's household) whose duty is to fill and serve cups of wine)
                    • equerry [ENG31-10082299-n] (a personal attendant of the British royal family)
                    • escort [ENG31-10083268-n] (an attendant who is employed to accompany someone)

                      • color guard [ENG31-09957907-n] (a ceremonial escort for the (regimental) colors)
                      • honor guard [ENG31-10203550-n] (an escort for a distinguished guest or for the casket at a military funeral)
                      • minder [ENG31-10338971-n] (someone (usually in totalitarian countries) who is assigned to watch over foreign visitors)
                      • usher [ENG31-10761478-n] (someone employed to conduct others)

                        • usherette [ENG31-10761662-n] (a female usher)
                    • esquire [ENG31-10084036-n] ((Middle Ages) an attendant and shield bearer to a knight)
                    • famulus [ENG31-10097284-n] (a close attendant (as to a scholar))
                    • gillie [ENG31-10149256-n] (a young male attendant on a Scottish Highlander chief)
                    • groomsman [ENG31-10167685-n] (a male attendant of the bridegroom at a wedding)

                      • best man [ENG31-09870873-n] (the principal groomsman at a wedding)
                    • lifeguard [ENG31-10280497-n] (an attendant employed at a beach or pool to protect swimmers from accidents)
                    • linkboy [ENG31-10284625-n] ((formerly) an attendant hired to carry a torch for pedestrians in dark streets)
                    • loader [ENG31-10288202-n] (an attendant who loads guns for someone shooting game)
                    • matron of honor [ENG31-10323052-n] (a married woman serving as the attendant to the bride at a wedding)
                    • orderly [ENG31-10401503-n] (a male hospital attendant who has general duties that do not involve the medical treatment of patients)
                    • orderly [ENG31-10401680-n] (a soldier who serves as an attendant to a superior officer)
                    • page [ENG31-10410785-n] (in medieval times a youth acting as a knight's attendant as the first stage in training for knighthood)
                    • page [ENG31-10410947-n] (a youthful attendant at official functions or ceremonies such as legislative functions and weddings)
                    • racker [ENG31-10522731-n] (an attendant who puts pool or billiard balls into a rack)
                    • rocker [ENG31-10555578-n] (an attendant who rocks a child in a cradle)
                    • second [ENG31-10587511-n] (the official attendant of a contestant in a duel or boxing match)
                    • servitor [ENG31-10602702-n] (someone who performs the duties of an attendant for someone else)
                    • squire [ENG31-10663376-n] (young nobleman attendant on a knight)

                      • armiger [ENG31-09828109-n] (a squire carrying the armor of a knight)
                    • squire [ENG31-10663501-n] (a man who attends or escorts a woman)
                    • steward [ENG31-10675033-n] (an attendant on an airplane)

                      • stewardess [ENG31-10675314-n] (a woman steward on an airplane)
                    • stretcher-bearer [ENG31-10682988-n] (one who helps carry a stretcher)
                    • trainbearer [ENG31-10741888-n] (one who holds up the train of a gown or robe on a ceremonial occasion)
                    • waker [ENG31-10783653-n] (someone who rouses others from sleep)
                  • dental assistant [ENG31-10023444-n] (an assistant to a dentist)
                  • deputy [ENG31-10024942-n] (an assistant with power to act when his superior is absent)

                    • second-in-command [ENG31-10588359-n] (someone who relieves a commander)
                    • vicar-general [ENG31-10770308-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) an administrative deputy who assists a bishop)
                    • vice-regent [ENG31-10771378-n] (a regent's deputy)
                  • dresser [ENG31-10052807-n] (a wardrobe assistant for an actor)
                  • event planner [ENG31-10087407-n] (someone who plans social events as a profession (usually for government or corporate officials))
                  • facilitator [ENG31-10095481-n] (someone who makes progress easier)
                  • girl Friday [ENG31-10150104-n] (a female assistant who has a range of duties)
                  • hatchet man [ENG31-10181460-n] (one whose job it is to execute unpleasant tasks for a superior)
                  • instrument [ENG31-10229217-n] (a person used by another to gain an end)
                  • labor coach [ENG31-10260721-n] (an assistant (often the father of the soon-to-be-born child) who provides support for a woman in labor by encouraging her to use techniques learned in childbirth-preparation classes)
                  • underboss [ENG31-10293135-n] (an assistant or second-in-command to a chief (especially in a crime syndicate))
                  • mannequin [ENG31-10310901-n] (a woman who wears clothes to display fashions)

                    • supermodel [ENG31-10695758-n] (a fashion model who has attained the status of a celebrity)
                  • model [ENG31-10344226-n] (a person who poses for a photographer or painter or sculptor)

                    • artist's model [ENG31-09832624-n] (a person who poses for a painter or sculptor)
                    • dressmaker's model [ENG31-10053297-n] (someone who models dresses)
                    • photographer's model [ENG31-10446867-n] (a model who poses for photographers)

                      • cover girl [ENG31-09991988-n] (a very pretty girl who works as a photographer's model)
                  • paraprofessional [ENG31-10418323-n] (a trained worker who is not a member of a profession but who assists a professional)

                    • paralegal [ENG31-10417585-n] (a person with specialized training who assists lawyers)
                    • paramedic [ENG31-10417875-n] (a person trained to assist medical professionals and to give emergency medical treatment)
                  • powder monkey [ENG31-10480846-n] (someone who carries explosives (as from the magazine to the guns on board a warship))
                  • prompter [ENG31-10501999-n] (someone who assists a performer by providing the next words of a forgotten speech)
                  • right-hand man [ENG31-10550684-n] (the most helpful assistant)
                  • secretary [ENG31-10589188-n] (an assistant who handles correspondence and clerical work for a boss or an organization)

                    • executive secretary [ENG31-10089788-n] (a secretary having administrative duties and responsibilities)
                    • receptionist [ENG31-10530662-n] (a secretary whose main duty is to answer the telephone and receive visitors)
                    • social secretary [ENG31-10639404-n] (a personal secretary who handles your social correspondence and appointments)
                    • stenographer [ENG31-10673454-n] (someone skilled in the transcription of speech (especially dictation))
                  • sidesman [ENG31-10615756-n] ((Church of England) an assistant to the churchwarden)
                  • subordinate [ENG31-10689430-n] (an assistant subject to the authority or control of another)

                    • associate [ENG31-09836579-n] (a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise)
                    • bottom dog [ENG31-09888109-n] (a person of low status)
                    • cog [ENG31-09953795-n] (a subordinate who performs an important but routine function)
                    • man [ENG31-10308837-n] (a male subordinate)
                    • second fiddle [ENG31-10588052-n] (someone who serves in a subordinate capacity or plays a secondary role)
                  • water boy [ENG31-10789977-n] (an assistant who supplies drinking water)
                  • whipper-in [ENG31-10796555-n] (huntsman's assistant in managing the hounds)
                • beater [ENG31-09865145-n] (a worker who rouses wild game from under cover for a hunter)
                • bill poster [ENG31-09873916-n] (someone who pastes up bills or placards on walls or billboards)
                • bleacher [ENG31-09879090-n] (a worker who bleaches (cloth or flour etc.))
                • boatman [ENG31-09881352-n] (someone who drives or rides in a boat)

                  • canoeist [ENG31-09910922-n] (someone paddling a canoe)
                  • ferryman [ENG31-10105218-n] (a man who operates a ferry)

                    • Charon [ENG31-09516505-n] ((Greek mythology) the ferryman who brought the souls of the dead across the river Styx or the river Acheron to Hades)
                  • gondolier [ENG31-10157345-n] (a (Venetian) boatman who propels a gondola)
                  • oarsman [ENG31-10388619-n] (someone who rows a boat)

                    • oarswoman [ENG31-10388794-n] (a woman oarsman)
                    • sculler [ENG31-10585192-n] (someone who sculls (moves a long oar pivoted on the back of the boat to propel the boat forward))
                    • stroke [ENG31-10684289-n] (the oarsman nearest the stern of the shell who sets the pace for the rest of the crew)
                  • punter [ENG31-10513004-n] (someone who propels a boat with a pole)
                • carter [ENG31-09917366-n] (someone whose work is driving carts)
                • charcoal burner [ENG31-09929118-n] (a worker whose job is to make charcoal)
                • collector [ENG31-09955820-n] (a person who is employed to collect payments (as for rent or taxes))

                  • conductor [ENG31-09972531-n] (the person who collects fares on a public conveyance)

                    • conductress [ENG31-09972754-n] (a woman conductor)
                  • gleaner [ENG31-10152022-n] (someone who gathers something in small pieces (e.g. information) slowly and carefully)
                  • rent collector [ENG31-10540268-n] (a person who goes from house to house collecting rents for the owner)
                • comber [ENG31-09959484-n] (a person who separates and straightens the fibers of cotton or wool)
                • cornhusker [ENG31-09985435-n] (a worker who husks corn)
                • driver [ENG31-10055155-n] (someone who drives animals that pull a vehicle)

                  • charioteer [ENG31-09929680-n] (the driver of a chariot)
                  • coachman [ENG31-09951794-n] (a man who drives a coach (or carriage))
                  • lasher [ENG31-10266947-n] (a driver who urges the animals on with lashes of a whip)
                  • mahout [ENG31-10302071-n] (the driver and keeper of an elephant)
                  • teamster [ENG31-10714829-n] (the driver of a team of horses doing hauling)
                  • wagoner [ENG31-10782275-n] (the driver of a wagon)
                • employable [ENG31-10073516-n] (a person who is qualified and ready to work)
                • employee [ENG31-10073616-n] (a worker who is hired to perform a job)

                  • bartender [ENG31-09860576-n] (an employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar)

                    • barmaid [ENG31-09859090-n] (a female bartender)
                    • publican [ENG31-10510006-n] (the keeper of a public house)

                      • tapster [ENG31-10711260-n] (a tavern keeper who taps kegs or casks)
                  • clerk [ENG31-09947909-n] (an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts))

                    • desk clerk [ENG31-10027649-n] (a hotel receptionist)

                      • room clerk [ENG31-10557955-n] (a hotel clerk who is responsible for room assignments to guests)
                    • file clerk [ENG31-10107343-n] (a clerk who is employed to maintain the files of an organization)
                    • paper-pusher [ENG31-10416974-n] (a clerk or bureaucrat who does paperwork)
                    • penpusher [ENG31-10434252-n] (a clerk who does boring paperwork)
                    • plotter [ENG31-10462147-n] (a clerk who marks data on a chart)
                    • postal clerk [ENG31-10478682-n] (a clerk in a post office)
                    • settler [ENG31-10603242-n] (a clerk in a betting shop who calculates the winnings)
                    • shipping clerk [ENG31-10609945-n] (an employee who ships and receives goods)
                    • sorter [ENG31-10646229-n] (a clerk who sorts things (as letters at the post office))
                    • tallyman [ENG31-10709764-n] (one who keeps a tally of quantity or weight of goods produced or shipped or received)
                    • timekeeper [ENG31-10731019-n] (a clerk who keeps track of the hours worked by employees)
                  • company man [ENG31-09965916-n] (an employee whose first loyalty is to the company rather than to fellow workers)
                  • copyist [ENG31-09984335-n] (someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts)
                  • copywriter [ENG31-09984551-n] (a person employed to write advertising or publicity copy)
                  • crewman [ENG31-09996612-n] (a member of a work crew)
                  • deliveryman [ENG31-10020810-n] (someone employed to make deliveries)

                    • carrier [ENG31-09917055-n] (a boy who delivers newspapers)
                    • coalman [ENG31-09951887-n] (someone who delivers coal)
                    • grocery boy [ENG31-10167369-n] (a delivery boy for groceries)
                    • iceman [ENG31-10216023-n] (someone who cuts and delivers ice)
                    • mailman [ENG31-10302734-n] (a man who delivers the mail)
                    • milkman [ENG31-10337542-n] (someone who delivers milk)
                    • paperboy [ENG31-10416607-n] (a boy who sells or delivers newspapers)
                  • dining-room attendant [ENG31-10033359-n] (someone employed to provide service in a dining room)

                    • busboy [ENG31-09900824-n] (a restaurant attendant who sets tables and assists waiters and clears away dirty dishes)
                    • captain [ENG31-09911965-n] (a dining-room attendant who is in charge of the waiters and the seating of customers)
                    • waiter [ENG31-10783051-n] (a person whose occupation is to serve at table (as in a restaurant))

                      • carhop [ENG31-09915536-n] (a waiter at a drive-in restaurant)
                      • counterperson [ENG31-09989248-n] (someone who attends a counter (as in a diner))

                        • soda jerk [ENG31-10640656-n] (someone who works at a soda fountain)
                      • sommelier [ENG31-10643168-n] (a waiter who manages wine service in a hotel or restaurant)
                      • waitress [ENG31-10783288-n] (a woman waiter)

                        • bunny [ENG31-09899655-n] (a young waitress in a nightclub whose costume includes the tail and ears of a rabbit)
                  • dispatcher [ENG31-10037147-n] (employee of a transportation company who controls the departures of vehicles according to weather conditions and in the interest of efficient service)

                    • yardmaster [ENG31-10822635-n] (a railroad employer who is in charge of a railway yard)
                  • dog catcher [ENG31-10042854-n] (an employee of a municipal pound who is hired to round up stray dogs and cats)
                  • floater [ENG31-10116624-n] (an employee who is reassigned from job to job as needed)
                  • floorwalker [ENG31-10117031-n] (an employee of a retail store who supervises sales personnel and helps with customer problems)
                  • gardener [ENG31-10140328-n] (someone employed to work in a garden)

                    • groundsman [ENG31-10168183-n] (someone who maintains the grounds (of an estate or park or athletic field))
                    • hedger [ENG31-10187333-n] (a gardener who takes care of and trims hedges)
                  • gasman [ENG31-10141371-n] (someone employed by a gas company)
                  • gofer [ENG31-10154717-n] (an employee whose duties include running errands)
                  • hire [ENG31-10189653-n] (a newly hired employee)
                  • hired help [ENG31-10189765-n] (employee hired for domestic or farm work (often used in the singular to refer to several employees collectively))

                    • kitchen help [ENG31-10257161-n] (help hired to work in the kitchen)
                  • hireling [ENG31-10196544-n] (a person who works only for money)
                  • jobholder [ENG31-10242492-n] (an employee who holds a regular job)

                    • earner [ENG31-10061695-n] (someone who earn wages in return for their labor)

                      • breadwinner [ENG31-09892939-n] (one whose earnings are the primary source of support for their dependents)
                      • double dipper [ENG31-10047523-n] (someone who draws two incomes from the government (usually by combining a salary and a pension))
                      • garnishee [ENG31-10140801-n] (a wage earner who is served with a garnishment)
                  • line worker [ENG31-10283817-n] (an employee who works on an assembly line)
                  • liveryman [ENG31-10288119-n] (a worker in a livery stable)
                  • office boy [ENG31-10391029-n] (a young man who is employed to do odd jobs in a business office)
                  • organization man [ENG31-10402793-n] (an employee who sacrifices his own individuality for the good of an organization)
                  • porter [ENG31-10474871-n] (a railroad employee who assists passengers (especially on sleeping cars))
                  • potboy [ENG31-10479599-n] (a worker in an inn or public house who serves customers and does various chores)
                  • public servant [ENG31-10510721-n] (someone who holds a government position (either by election or appointment))

                    • social worker [ENG31-10639543-n] (someone employed to provide social services (especially to the disadvantaged))

                      • almoner [ENG31-09804677-n] (an official in a British hospital who looks after the social and material needs of the patients)
                  • registrar [ENG31-10536730-n] (a person employed to keep a record of the owners of stocks and bonds issued by the company)
                  • salesperson [ENG31-10568238-n] (a person employed to represent a business and to sell its merchandise (as to customers in a store or to customers who are visited))

                    • demonstrator [ENG31-10022644-n] (someone who demonstrates an article to a prospective buyer)
                    • salesclerk [ENG31-10567784-n] (a salesperson in a store)
                    • salesgirl [ENG31-10567976-n] (a woman salesperson)

                      • midinette [ENG31-10334285-n] (a Parisian salesgirl)
                    • salesman [ENG31-10568094-n] (a man salesperson)

                      • book agent [ENG31-09885078-n] (a book salesman)
                      • pitchman [ENG31-10456101-n] (an aggressive salesman who uses a fast line of talk to sell something)
                      • traveling salesman [ENG31-10746438-n] (a salesman who travels to call on customers)

                        • tallyman [ENG31-10709917-n] (one who sells goods on the installment plan)
                  • sandwichman [ENG31-10569809-n] (a person with advertising boards hanging from the shoulders)
                  • spotter [ENG31-10659593-n] (a worker employed to apply spots (as markers or identifiers))
                  • spotter [ENG31-10659725-n] (a worker employed at a dry-cleaning establishment to remove spots)
                  • staff member [ENG31-10664037-n] (an employee who is a member of a staff of workers (especially a member of the staff that works for the President of the United States))
                  • stagehand [ENG31-10664831-n] (an employee of a theater who performs work involved in putting on a theatrical production)

                    • property man [ENG31-10502980-n] (member of the stage crew in charge of properties)
                    • sceneshifter [ENG31-10575552-n] (a stagehand responsible for moving scenery)
                  • stocktaker [ENG31-10677120-n] (an employee whose job is to take inventory)
                  • sweeper [ENG31-10702160-n] (an employee who sweeps (floors or streets etc.))
                  • tollkeeper [ENG31-10734333-n] (someone employed to collect tolls)
                  • trainman [ENG31-10742407-n] (an employee of a railroad)

                    • brakeman [ENG31-09892601-n] (a railroad employee responsible for a train's brakes)
                    • yardman [ENG31-10822557-n] (worker in a railway yard)
                  • turncock [ENG31-10752882-n] (one employed to control water supply by turning water mains on and off)
                  • typist [ENG31-10754830-n] (someone paid to operate a typewriter)

                    • touch-typist [ENG31-10737421-n] (a skilled typist who can type a document without looking at the keyboard)
                  • workman [ENG31-10810861-n] (an employee who performs manual or industrial labor)

                    • excavator [ENG31-09640322-n] (a workman who excavates for foundations of buildings or for quarrying)
                    • blaster [ENG31-09878963-n] (a workman employed to blast with explosives)
                    • fuller [ENG31-10135260-n] (a workman who fulls (cleans and thickens) freshly woven cloth for a living)
                    • gas fitter [ENG31-10141252-n] (a workman who installs and repairs gas fixtures and appliances)
                    • guest worker [ENG31-10170887-n] (a person with temporary permission to work in another country)
                    • heaver [ENG31-10186355-n] (a workman who heaves freight or bulk goods (especially at a dockyard))
                    • laborer [ENG31-10260997-n] (someone who works with their hands)

                      • agricultural laborer [ENG31-09799064-n] (a person who tills the soil for a living)

                        • peasant [ENG31-10430741-n] (one of a (chiefly European) class of agricultural laborers)

                          • fellah [ENG31-10103033-n] (an agricultural laborer in Arab countries)
                        • sharecropper [ENG31-10605852-n] (small farmers and tenants)
                      • bracero [ENG31-09891751-n] (a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II)
                      • cleaner [ENG31-09946547-n] (someone whose occupation is cleaning)

                        • charwoman [ENG31-09930684-n] (a human female employed to do housework)
                        • chimneysweeper [ENG31-09938519-n] (someone who cleans soot from chimneys)
                        • scourer [ENG31-10582073-n] (someone who cleanses by scouring)
                        • street cleaner [ENG31-10681913-n] (a worker employed to clean streets (especially one employed by a municipal sanitation department))
                        • window cleaner [ENG31-10802821-n] (someone who cleans windows for pay)
                      • day laborer [ENG31-10013938-n] (a laborer who works by the day)
                      • digger [ENG31-10032734-n] (a laborer who digs)

                        • ditch digger [ENG31-10039033-n] (a laborer who digs ditches)
                        • trencher [ENG31-10747769-n] (someone who digs trenches)
                      • dishwasher [ENG31-10036908-n] (someone who washes dishes)
                      • drudge [ENG31-10055534-n] (a laborer who is obliged to do menial work)
                      • gandy dancer [ENG31-10139432-n] (a laborer in a railroad maintenance gang)
                      • gravedigger [ENG31-10163988-n] (a person who earns a living by digging graves)
                      • hewer [ENG31-10193779-n] (a person who hews)
                      • hired hand [ENG31-10196310-n] (a hired laborer on a farm or ranch)

                        • farmhand [ENG31-10099179-n] (a hired hand on a farm)

                          • dairymaid [ENG31-10007754-n] (a woman who works in a dairy)
                          • dairyman [ENG31-10007849-n] (a man who works in a dairy)
                          • farmerette [ENG31-10098990-n] (a woman working on a farm)
                          • gleaner [ENG31-10152161-n] (someone who picks up grain left in the field by the harvesters)
                          • harvester [ENG31-10180956-n] (someone who helps to gather the harvest)

                            • vintager [ENG31-10773657-n] (a person who harvests grapes for making wine)
                          • picker [ENG31-10451278-n] (someone who gathers crops or fruits etc.)
                          • plowman [ENG31-10462389-n] (a man who plows)
                          • waterer [ENG31-10790435-n] (someone who waters plants or crops)
                          • weeder [ENG31-10792605-n] (a farmhand hired to remove weeds)
                        • herder [ENG31-10191239-n] (someone who drives a herd)

                          • goat herder [ENG31-10153698-n] (a person who tends a flock of goats)
                          • sheepherder [ENG31-10607013-n] (a herder of sheep (on an open range))

                            • shepherdess [ENG31-10608474-n] (a woman shepherd)
                          • swineherd [ENG31-10703076-n] (a herder or swine)
                        • ranch hand [ENG31-10526137-n] (a hired hand on a ranch)

                          • cowboy [ENG31-09992191-n] (a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback)

                            • vaquero [ENG31-09992739-n] (local names for a cowboy (`vaquero' is used especially in southwestern and central Texas and `buckaroo' is used especially in California))
                            • cowgirl [ENG31-09992952-n] (a woman cowboy)
                            • gaucho [ENG31-10142098-n] (a cowboy of the South American pampas)
                            • horse wrangler [ENG31-10205835-n] (a cowboy who takes care of the saddle horses)
                            • roper [ENG31-10558290-n] (a cowboy who uses a lasso to rope cattle or horses)
                        • stableman [ENG31-10663740-n] (someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses)
                      • hod carrier [ENG31-10199158-n] (a laborer who carries supplies to masons or bricklayers)
                      • itinerant [ENG31-10237501-n] (a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment)

                        • swagman [ENG31-10701616-n] (an itinerant Australian laborer who carries his personal belongings in a bundle as he travels around in search of work)
                        • tinker [ENG31-10731501-n] (formerly a person (traditionally a Gypsy) who traveled from place to place mending pots and kettles and other metal utensils as a way to earn a living)
                      • lumberman [ENG31-10295742-n] (a person who fells trees)

                        • scorer [ENG31-10581711-n] (a logger who marks trees to be felled)
                      • miner [ENG31-10339454-n] (laborer who works in a mine)

                        • coal miner [ENG31-09951966-n] (someone who works in a coal mine)
                        • gold miner [ENG31-10155983-n] (a miner who digs or pans for gold in a gold field)

                          • forty-niner [ENG31-10125387-n] (a miner who took part in the California gold rush in 1849)
                        • placer miner [ENG31-10456904-n] (a miner who extracts minerals from a placer by washing or dredging)
                        • prospector [ENG31-10504883-n] (someone who explores an area for mineral deposits)
                        • strip miner [ENG31-10683674-n] (a miner who does strip mining)
                      • muleteer [ENG31-10357807-n] (a worker who drives mules)
                      • platelayer [ENG31-10458854-n] (a workman who lays and repairs railroad tracks)
                      • porter [ENG31-10475013-n] (a person employed to carry luggage and supplies)

                        • redcap [ENG31-10532979-n] (a porter who helps passengers with their baggage at a railroad station)
                        • skycap [ENG31-10627589-n] (a porter who helps passengers with their baggage at an airport)
                      • rail-splitter [ENG31-10524799-n] (a laborer who splits logs to build split-rail fences)
                      • sawyer [ENG31-10573569-n] (one who is employed to saw wood)
                      • section hand [ENG31-10593755-n] (a laborer assigned to a section gang)
                      • sprayer [ENG31-10660510-n] (a worker who applies spray to a surface)
                      • stacker [ENG31-10663908-n] (a laborer who builds up a stack or pile)
                      • steeplejack [ENG31-10673232-n] (someone who builds or maintains very tall structures)
                      • stevedore [ENG31-10674608-n] (a laborer who loads and unloads vessels in a port)
                      • stoker [ENG31-10678481-n] (a laborer who tends fires (as on a coal-fired train or steamship))
                      • woodcutter [ENG31-10809717-n] (cuts down trees and chops wood as a job)
                      • wrecker [ENG31-10812496-n] (someone who demolishes or dismantles buildings as a job)

                        • housewrecker [ENG31-10209594-n] (a wrecker of houses)
                        • knacker [ENG31-10257824-n] (someone who buys old buildings or ships and breaks them up to recover the materials in them)
                      • yardman [ENG31-10822446-n] (a laborer hired to do outdoor work (such as mowing lawns))
                    • lacer [ENG31-10262136-n] (a workman who laces shoes or footballs or books (during binding))
                    • lather [ENG31-10267497-n] (a workman who puts up laths)
                    • Luddite [ENG31-10295373-n] (one of the 19th century English workmen who destroyed laborsaving machinery that they thought would cause unemployment)
                    • mill-hand [ENG31-10337951-n] (a workman in a mill or factory)
                    • mover [ENG31-10355947-n] (workman employed by a moving company)

                      • remover [ENG31-10539577-n] (someone who works for a company that moves furniture)
                    • packer [ENG31-10410126-n] (a workman employed to pack things into containers)
                    • paster [ENG31-10424743-n] (a workman who pastes)
                    • rat-catcher [ENG31-10527601-n] (a workman employed to destroy or drive away vermin)
                    • roadman [ENG31-10553431-n] (a workman who is employed to repair roads)
                    • roundsman [ENG31-10560292-n] (a workman employed to make rounds (to deliver goods or make inspections or so on))
                    • scratcher [ENG31-10583254-n] (a workman who uses a tool for scratching)
                    • shearer [ENG31-10606635-n] (a workman who uses shears to cut leather or metal or textiles)
                    • sponger [ENG31-10658211-n] (a workman employed to collect sponges)
                    • stamper [ENG31-10666607-n] (a workman whose job is to form or cut out by applying a mold or die (either by hand or by operating a stamping machine))
                    • utility man [ENG31-10762538-n] (a workman expected to serve in any capacity when called on)
                    • warehouser [ENG31-10787187-n] (a workman who manages or works in a warehouse)
                    • wetter [ENG31-10794671-n] (a workman who wets the work in a manufacturing process)
                • freelancer [ENG31-10130190-n] (a writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them)
                • gutter [ENG31-10172529-n] (a worker who guts things (fish or buildings or cars etc.))
                • hanger [ENG31-10179027-n] (a worker who hangs something)
                • lamplighter [ENG31-10264056-n] ((when gas was used for streetlights) a person who lights and extinguishes streetlights)
                • melter [ENG31-10326781-n] (a worker who melts substances (metal or wax etc.))
                • moonlighter [ENG31-10350306-n] (a person who holds a second job (usually after hours))
                • mopper [ENG31-10350435-n] (a worker who uses a mop to clean a surface)
                • muzzler [ENG31-10362624-n] (someone who muzzles animals)
                • nailer [ENG31-10363934-n] (a worker who attaches something by nailing it)
                • oiler [ENG31-10394114-n] (a worker who oils engines or machinery)
                • part-timer [ENG31-10422454-n] (someone who works less than the customary or standard time)
                • peeler [ENG31-10432529-n] (a worker who peels the skins from fruits and vegetables)
                • planter [ENG31-10458495-n] (a worker who puts or sets seeds or seedlings into the ground)
                • plier [ENG31-10461667-n] (someone who plies a trade)
                • processor [ENG31-10497540-n] (someone who processes things (foods or photographs or applicants etc.))
                • pruner [ENG31-10506767-n] (a worker who thins out and trims trees and shrubs)
                • puller [ENG31-10511787-n] (someone who pulls or tugs or drags in an effort to move something)
                • quarryman [ENG31-10518136-n] (a man who works in a quarry)

                  • breaker [ENG31-09893070-n] (a quarry worker who splits off blocks of stone)

                    • stone breaker [ENG31-10678627-n] (someone who breaks up stone)
                  • stonecutter [ENG31-10678733-n] (someone who cuts or carves stone)
                • ragsorter [ENG31-10524549-n] (a worker who sorts rags and old clothing for new uses (as in papermaking))
                • scab [ENG31-10573883-n] (someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike)
                • scrubber [ENG31-10584476-n] (a worker who uses a scrub brush to clean a surface (usually a floor or deck))
                • seasonal worker [ENG31-10587150-n] (a worker who finds employment only in certain seasons)
                • servant [ENG31-10601606-n] (a person working in the service of another (especially in the household))

                  • body servant [ENG31-09882644-n] (a valet or personal maid)

                    • valet [ENG31-10765000-n] (a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer)
                  • cabin boy [ENG31-09905221-n] (a young man acting as a servant on a ship)
                  • domestic [ENG31-10043844-n] (a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household)

                    • ayah [ENG31-09846223-n] ((in India) a native nursemaid who looks after children)
                    • home help [ENG31-10201621-n] (a person hired to help in another's home (especially one employed by a local authority to help the infirm with domestic work))
                    • housekeeper [ENG31-10208334-n] (a servant who is employed to perform domestic task in a household)
                    • maid [ENG31-10302369-n] (a female domestic)

                      • chambermaid [ENG31-09925746-n] (a maid who is employed to clean and care for bedrooms (now primarily in hotels))
                      • handmaid [ENG31-10178779-n] (a personal maid or female attendant)
                      • lady's maid [ENG31-10263180-n] (a maid who is a lady's personal attendant)
                      • parlormaid [ENG31-10420525-n] (a maid in a private home whose duties are to care for the parlor and the table and to answer the door)
                    • skivvy [ENG31-10627449-n] (a female domestic servant who does all kinds of menial work)
                  • factotum [ENG31-10095590-n] (a servant employed to do a variety of jobs)
                  • familiar [ENG31-10096886-n] (a person attached to the household of a high official (as a pope or bishop) who renders service in return for support)
                  • lackey [ENG31-10262270-n] (a male servant (especially a footman))
                  • major-domo [ENG31-10303243-n] (the chief steward or butler of a great household)
                  • manservant [ENG31-10311853-n] (a man servant)

                    • butler [ENG31-09903961-n] (a manservant (usually the head servant of a household) who has charge of wines and the table)
                    • footman [ENG31-10121750-n] (a man employed as a servant in a large establishment (as a palace) to run errands and do chores)
                  • menial [ENG31-10328605-n] (a domestic servant)
                  • scullion [ENG31-10585379-n] (a kitchen servant employed to do menial tasks (especially washing))
                  • servant girl [ENG31-10601959-n] (a girl who is a servant)
                • sheller [ENG31-10608009-n] (a worker who removes shells (as of peas or oysters))
                • shelver [ENG31-10608132-n] (a worker who puts things (as books) on shelves)
                • shingler [ENG31-10608974-n] (a worker who shingles roofs)
                • shoveler [ENG31-10613026-n] (a worker who shovels)
                • skidder [ENG31-10624387-n] (a worker who uses a skid to move logs)
                • skilled worker [ENG31-10625393-n] (a worker who has acquired special skills)

                  • aquanaut [ENG31-09820794-n] (a skilled worker who can live in underwater installations and participate in scientific research)
                  • armorer [ENG31-09828372-n] (a worker skilled in making armor or arms)
                  • aviator [ENG31-09845606-n] (someone who operates an aircraft)

                    • aviatrix [ENG31-09846007-n] (a woman aviator)
                    • pilot [ENG31-10452928-n] (someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight)

                      • barnstormer [ENG31-09859248-n] (a pilot who travels around the country giving exhibits of stunt flying and parachuting)
                      • captain [ENG31-09912145-n] (the pilot in charge of an airship)

                        • group captain [ENG31-10168345-n] (a commissioned officer (especially one in the Royal Air Force) equivalent in rank to a colonel in the army)
                      • combat pilot [ENG31-09959285-n] (airplane pilot who fights in an action between two military forces)

                        • fighter pilot [ENG31-10107203-n] (a military or naval pilot of fighter planes)

                          • dogfighter [ENG31-10043106-n] (a fighter pilot who engages in an aerial dogfights)
                        • strafer [ENG31-10680060-n] (a combat pilot who strafes the enemy)
                      • copilot [ENG31-09983732-n] (a relief pilot on an airplane)
                      • kamikaze [ENG31-10248863-n] (a pilot trained and willing to cause a suicidal crash)
                      • test pilot [ENG31-10723747-n] (a pilot hired to fly experimental airplanes through maneuvers designed to test them)
                      • wingman [ENG31-10802308-n] (the pilot who positions his aircraft outside and behind (on the wing of) the leader of a flying formation)
                  • baker [ENG31-09852896-n] (someone who bakes bread or cake)
                  • balloonist [ENG31-09854736-n] (someone who flies a balloon)
                  • butcher [ENG31-09903585-n] (a person who slaughters or dresses meat for market)

                    • knacker [ENG31-10257726-n] (someone who buys up old horses for slaughter)
                  • calligrapher [ENG31-09908622-n] (someone skilled in penmanship)
                  • coiner [ENG31-09954379-n] (a skilled worker who coins or stamps money)
                  • cook [ENG31-09982799-n] (someone who cooks food)

                    • chef [ENG31-09983053-n] (a professional cook)

                      • cordon bleu [ENG31-09984954-n] (a chef famous for his great skill)
                      • pastry cook [ENG31-10425065-n] (a chef who specializes in pastry)
                    • cookie [ENG31-09983159-n] (the cook on a ranch or at a camp)
                    • fry cook [ENG31-10134153-n] (a cook who specializes in fried foods)
                    • preserver [ENG31-10486618-n] (a cook who preserves fruits or meat)

                      • salter [ENG31-10568722-n] (someone who uses salt to preserve meat or fish or other foods)
                    • roaster [ENG31-10553834-n] (a cook who roasts food)

                      • baster [ENG31-09862588-n] (a cook who bastes roasting meat with melted fat or gravy)
                    • seasoner [ENG31-10587276-n] (a cook who uses seasonings)
                  • craftsman [ENG31-09994178-n] (a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft)

                    • beautician [ENG31-09865407-n] (someone who works in a beauty parlor)

                      • manicurist [ENG31-10310580-n] (a beautician who cleans and trims and polishes the fingernails)

                        • parer [ENG31-10419594-n] (a manicurist who trims the fingernails)
                    • bookbinder [ENG31-09885150-n] (a worker whose trade is binding books)
                    • bricklayer [ENG31-09893984-n] (a craftsman skilled in building with bricks)
                    • clocksmith [ENG31-09949560-n] (someone whose occupation is making or repairing clocks and watches)
                    • coachbuilder [ENG31-09951685-n] (a craftsman who makes the bodies of motor vehicles)
                    • construction worker [ENG31-09979006-n] (a worker skilled in building offices or dwellings etc.)
                    • cooper [ENG31-09983252-n] (a craftsman who makes or repairs wooden barrels or tubs)
                    • coppersmith [ENG31-09983845-n] (someone who makes articles from copper)
                    • currier [ENG31-10003717-n] (a craftsman who curries leather for use)
                    • diemaker [ENG31-10032458-n] (someone who makes dies)
                    • glassblower [ENG31-10151555-n] (someone skilled in blowing bottles from molten glass)
                    • glass cutter [ENG31-10151665-n] (someone who cuts flat glass to size)
                    • goldbeater [ENG31-10155362-n] (an artisan who beats gold into gold leaf)
                    • hairdresser [ENG31-10175409-n] (someone who cuts or beautifies hair)

                      • barber [ENG31-09858283-n] (a hairdresser who cuts hair and shaves beards as a trade)
                      • coiffeur [ENG31-09954232-n] (a man hairdresser)
                      • coiffeuse [ENG31-09954304-n] (a woman hairdresser)
                      • tinter [ENG31-10732123-n] (a hairdresser who tints hair)
                    • luthier [ENG31-10297206-n] (a craftsman who makes stringed instruments (as lutes or guitars or violins))
                    • machinist [ENG31-10298715-n] (a craftsman skilled in operating machine tools)
                    • mason [ENG31-10317198-n] (a craftsman who works with stone or brick)
                    • miller [ENG31-10337745-n] (someone who works in a mill (especially a grain mill))
                    • paperhanger [ENG31-10416700-n] (one whose occupation is decorating walls with wallpaper)
                    • plumber [ENG31-10462606-n] (a craftsman who installs and repairs pipes and fixtures and appliances)
                    • potter [ENG31-10480372-n] (a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln)
                    • rigger [ENG31-10550344-n] (someone who rigs ships)
                    • roofer [ENG31-10557829-n] (a craftsman who lays or repairs roofs)

                      • thatcher [ENG31-10724860-n] (someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks or foliage)
                    • ropemaker [ENG31-10558186-n] (a craftsman who makes ropes)
                    • steamfitter [ENG31-10672968-n] (a craftsman who installs and maintains equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating)
                    • tanner [ENG31-10710238-n] (a craftsman who tans skins and hides)
                    • taxidermist [ENG31-10712955-n] (a craftsman who stuffs and mounts the skins of animals for display)
                    • upholsterer [ENG31-10760139-n] (a craftsman who upholsters furniture)
                    • weaver [ENG31-10791858-n] (a craftsman who weaves cloth)
                    • welder [ENG31-10793333-n] (joins pieces of metal by welding them together)

                      • spot-welder [ENG31-10659844-n] (a welder who does spot welding)
                    • window dresser [ENG31-10802916-n] (someone who decorates shop windows)
                    • woodworker [ENG31-10809832-n] (makes things out of wood)

                      • cabinetmaker [ENG31-09905318-n] (a woodworker who specializes in making furniture)
                      • carpenter [ENG31-09916137-n] (a woodworker who makes or repairs wooden objects)
                      • joiner [ENG31-10243539-n] (a woodworker whose work involves making things by joining pieces of wood)
                      • splicer [ENG31-10656758-n] (a woodworker who joins pieces of wood with a splice)
                      • woodcarver [ENG31-10809603-n] (makes decorative wooden panels)
                    • wright [ENG31-10813210-n] (someone who makes or repairs something (usually used in combination))

                      • cartwright [ENG31-09918144-n] (a workman who makes and repairs carts and wagons)
                      • millwright [ENG31-10338344-n] (a workman who designs or erects mills and milling machinery)
                      • plowwright [ENG31-10462497-n] (a workman who makes and repairs plows)
                      • shipwright [ENG31-10610172-n] (a carpenter who helps build and launch wooden vessels)
                      • wagonwright [ENG31-10782361-n] (a wagon maker)
                      • wheelwright [ENG31-10795328-n] (someone who makes and repairs wooden wheels)
                  • crewman [ENG31-09996708-n] (a member of a flight crew)

                    • aircrewman [ENG31-09800117-n] (a member of an aircrew)

                      • bombardier [ENG31-09883658-n] (the member of a bomber crew responsible for using the bombsight and releasing the bombs on the target)
                      • flight engineer [ENG31-10116144-n] (the flight crewman responsible for mechanical operation while in flight)
                      • navigator [ENG31-10368096-n] (the member of an aircrew who is responsible for the aircraft's course)

                        • astrogator [ENG31-09837099-n] (the navigator of a spacecraft)
                    • privateer [ENG31-10496513-n] (an officer or crew member of a privateer)
                  • cutter [ENG31-10004809-n] (someone whose work is cutting (as e.g. cutting cloth for garments))

                    • garment cutter [ENG31-10140683-n] (someone who cuts cloth etc. to measure in making garments)
                    • gem cutter [ENG31-10142563-n] (one who cuts and shapes precious stones)
                    • glass cutter [ENG31-10151825-n] (someone who cuts or grinds designs on glass)
                  • dental hygienist [ENG31-10023532-n] (someone trained to provide preventive dental service (cleaning teeth or taking x-rays))
                  • draftsman [ENG31-10048994-n] (a skilled worker who draws plans of buildings or machines)
                  • dyer [ENG31-10060312-n] (someone whose job is to dye cloth)
                  • editor [ENG31-10064687-n] (a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication)

                    • anthologist [ENG31-09815503-n] (an editor who makes selections for an anthology)
                    • art editor [ENG31-09830686-n] (an editor who is responsible for illustrations and layouts in printed matter)
                    • copy editor [ENG31-09984189-n] (an editor who prepares text for publication)
                    • subeditor [ENG31-10065169-n] (an assistant editor)
                    • expurgator [ENG31-10093780-n] (a person who edits a text by removing obscene or offensive words or passages)
                    • managing editor [ENG31-10309195-n] (the editor in charge of all editorial activities of a newspaper or magazine)
                    • newspaper editor [ENG31-10376149-n] (the editor of a newspaper)

                      • business editor [ENG31-09901347-n] (the newspaper editor responsible for business news)
                      • city editor [ENG31-09943454-n] (the newspaper editor in charge of editing local news)
                      • sports editor [ENG31-10659215-n] (the newspaper editor responsible for sports news)
                    • redact [ENG31-10532713-n] (someone who puts text into appropriate form for publication)

                      • abridger [ENG31-09774238-n] (one who shortens or abridges or condenses a written work)
                  • electrician [ENG31-10069171-n] (a person who installs or repairs electrical or telephone lines)

                    • gaffer [ENG31-10136811-n] (an electrician responsible for lighting on a movie or tv set)
                  • engraver [ENG31-10077963-n] (a skilled worker who can inscribe designs or writing onto a surface by carving or etching)

                    • lapidary [ENG31-10266208-n] (a skilled worker who cuts and engraves precious stones)
                  • esthetician [ENG31-10084638-n] (a worker skilled in giving beauty treatments (manicures and facials etc.))
                  • fisherman [ENG31-10113427-n] (someone whose occupation is catching fish)

                    • angler [ENG31-09813387-n] (a fisherman who uses a hook and line)
                    • trawler [ENG31-10746823-n] (a fisherman who use a trawl net)
                  • founder [ENG31-10127547-n] (a worker who makes metal castings)

                    • bell founder [ENG31-09868575-n] (a person who casts metal bells)
                  • framer [ENG31-10128375-n] (someone who makes frames (as for pictures))
                  • fumigator [ENG31-10135497-n] (someone whose job is to fumigate)
                  • galvanizer [ENG31-10138244-n] (a skilled worker who coats iron or steel with zinc)
                  • gilder [ENG31-10149122-n] (someone whose occupation is to apply an overlay of gold or gilt)
                  • grip [ENG31-10167008-n] (worker who moves the camera around while a film or television show is being made)
                  • harpooner [ENG31-10180506-n] (someone who launches harpoons)
                  • hunter [ENG31-10212645-n] (someone who hunts game)

                    • bounty hunter [ENG31-09888723-n] (a hunter who kills predatory wild animals in order to collect a bounty)
                    • courser [ENG31-09991212-n] (a huntsman who hunts small animals with fast dogs that use sight rather than scent to follow their prey)
                    • deer hunter [ENG31-10015295-n] (hunter of deer)
                    • duck hunter [ENG31-10058272-n] (hunter of ducks)
                    • falconer [ENG31-10096384-n] (a person who breeds and trains hawks and who follows the sport of falconry)
                    • fowler [ENG31-10128009-n] (someone who hunts wild birds for food)
                    • huntress [ENG31-10213269-n] (a woman hunter)
                    • lion-hunter [ENG31-10284897-n] (someone who hunts lions)
                    • pothunter [ENG31-10480067-n] (someone who hunts for food (not for sport))
                    • snarer [ENG31-10635324-n] (someone who sets snares for birds or small animals)
                    • stalker [ENG31-10665872-n] (someone who stalks game)
                    • tracker [ENG31-10739746-n] (someone who tracks down game)
                    • trapper [ENG31-10745885-n] (someone who sets traps for animals (usually to obtain their furs))

                      • coureur de bois [ENG31-09991125-n] (a French Canadian trapper)
                  • indexer [ENG31-10222635-n] (someone who provides an index)
                  • laminator [ENG31-10263923-n] (a person who makes laminates (especially plastic laminates))
                  • lobsterman [ENG31-10288524-n] (a person whose occupation is catching lobsters)
                  • lockmaster [ENG31-10288775-n] (a worker in charge of a lock (on a canal))
                  • mender [ENG31-10328399-n] (a skilled worker who mends or repairs things)

                    • darner [ENG31-10011676-n] (a person who mends by darning)
                    • repairman [ENG31-10540693-n] (a skilled worker whose job is to repair things)

                      • automobile mechanic [ENG31-09845152-n] (someone whose occupation is repairing and maintaining automobiles)
                      • handyman [ENG31-10178882-n] (a man skilled in various odd jobs and other small tasks)
                      • troubleshooter [ENG31-10751217-n] (a worker whose job is to locate and fix sources of trouble (especially in mechanical devices))
                  • mortician [ENG31-10351554-n] (one whose business is the management of funerals)

                    • embalmer [ENG31-10071023-n] (a mortician who treats corpses with preservatives)
                  • mounter [ENG31-10354836-n] (a skilled worker who mounts pictures or jewels etc.)
                  • official [ENG31-10392072-n] (a worker who holds or is invested with an office)

                    • apparatchik [ENG31-09819479-n] (a humorous but derogatory term for an official of a large organization (especially a political organization))
                    • appointee [ENG31-09820387-n] (an official who is appointed)

                      • placeman [ENG31-10456781-n] (a disparaging term for an appointee)
                    • bailiff [ENG31-09852471-n] (an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests etc.)
                    • beadle [ENG31-09864178-n] (a minor parish official who serves a ceremonial function)
                    • bureaucrat [ENG31-09899893-n] (an official of a bureaucracy)

                      • procurator [ENG31-10498720-n] ((ancient Rome) someone employed by the Roman Emperor to manage finance and taxes)

                        • Pilate [ENG31-11255102-n] (the Roman procurator of Judea who ordered that Jesus be crucified (died in AD 36))
                      • tax assessor [ENG31-10712379-n] (an official who evaluates property for the purpose of taxing it)

                        • lister [ENG31-10285588-n] (assessor who makes out the tax lists)
                      • tax collector [ENG31-10712548-n] (someone who collects taxes for the government)
                      • taxer [ENG31-10712731-n] (a bureaucrat who levies taxes)
                    • caretaker [ENG31-09915354-n] (an official who performs the duties of an office temporarily)
                    • censor [ENG31-09923092-n] (a person who is authorized to read publications or correspondence or to watch theatrical performances and suppress in whole or in part anything considered obscene or politically unacceptable)
                    • census taker [ENG31-09923510-n] (someone who collects census data by visiting individual homes)
                    • church officer [ENG31-09942257-n] (a church official)

                      • churchwarden [ENG31-09942117-n] (an officer in the Episcopal church who helps a parish priest with secular matters)
                      • deacon [ENG31-10014211-n] (a Protestant layman who assists the minister)

                        • deaconess [ENG31-10014346-n] (a woman deacon)
                      • elder [ENG31-10068175-n] (any of various church officers)

                        • presbyter [ENG31-10485397-n] (an elder in the Presbyterian Church)
                      • sexton [ENG31-10604669-n] (an officer of the church who is in charge of sacred objects)
                      • verger [ENG31-10767977-n] (a church officer who takes care of the interior of the building and acts as an attendant (carries the verge) during ceremonies)
                      • vestryman [ENG31-10768557-n] (a man who is a member of a church vestry)
                      • vestrywoman [ENG31-10768672-n] (a woman who is a member of a church vestry)
                    • city father [ENG31-09943564-n] (an important municipal official)
                    • civil servant [ENG31-09944917-n] (a public official who is a member of the civil service)
                    • commissar [ENG31-09962176-n] (an official of the Communist Party who was assigned to teach party principles to a military unit)
                    • Comptroller General [ENG31-09969629-n] (a United States federal official who supervises expenditures and settles claims against the government)
                    • Comptroller of the Currency [ENG31-09969797-n] (a United States federal official who regulates the national banks)
                    • diplomat [ENG31-10033672-n] (an official engaged in international negotiations)

                      • ambassador [ENG31-09806975-n] (a diplomat of the highest rank)

                        • ambassadress [ENG31-09807319-n] (a woman ambassador)
                      • charge d'affaires [ENG31-09929387-n] (the official temporarily in charge of a diplomatic mission in the absence of the ambassador)
                      • consul [ENG31-09979276-n] (a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country)
                      • envoy [ENG31-10080851-n] (a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador)
                      • high commissioner [ENG31-10194076-n] (a senior diplomat from one country to another who is assigned ambassadorial rank)
                      • internuncio [ENG31-10232008-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope ranking below a nuncio)
                      • minister [ENG31-10340353-n] (a diplomat representing one government to another)
                      • nuncio [ENG31-10387812-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope having ambassadorial status)
                      • persona grata [ENG31-10437588-n] (a diplomat who is acceptable to the government to which he is sent)
                      • persona non grata [ENG31-10437714-n] (a diplomat who is unacceptable to the government to which he is sent)
                      • plenipotentiary [ENG31-10461536-n] (a diplomat who is fully authorized to represent his or her government)
                      • Kennan [ENG31-11120788-n] (United States diplomat who recommended a policy of containment in dealing with Soviet aggression (1904-2005))
                    • elected official [ENG31-10068644-n] (official who won the office in a free election)

                      • lame duck [ENG31-10263805-n] (an elected official still in office but not slated to continue)
                      • lieutenant governor [ENG31-10280019-n] (an elected official serving as deputy to the governor of a state of the United States)
                      • selectman [ENG31-10596128-n] (an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns)
                      • selectwoman [ENG31-10596270-n] (an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns)
                    • equerry [ENG31-10082401-n] (an official charged with the care of the horses of princes or nobles)
                    • fire marshall [ENG31-10111630-n] (an official who is responsible for the prevention and investigation of fires)
                    • fire warden [ENG31-10111867-n] (an official who is responsible for managing and protecting an area of forest)

                      • coyote [ENG31-09993279-n] (a forest fire fighter who is sent to battle remote and severe forest fires (often for days at a time))
                    • hearing examiner [ENG31-10185550-n] (an official appointed by a government agency to conduct an investigation or administrative hearing so that the agency can exercise its statutory powers)
                    • holdover [ENG31-10200422-n] (an official who remains in office after his term)
                    • incumbent [ENG31-10222243-n] (the official who holds an office)

                      • office-bearer [ENG31-10390920-n] (the person who holds an office)
                    • Inquisitor [ENG31-10228033-n] (an official of the ecclesiastical court of the Inquisition)

                      • Grand Inquisitor [ENG31-10162057-n] (director of the court of Inquisition (especially in Spain and Portugal))
                    • invalidator [ENG31-10234060-n] (an official who can invalidate or nullify)
                    • judge [ENG31-10244889-n] (a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice)

                      • chief justice [ENG31-09936246-n] (the judge who presides over a supreme court)
                      • Daniel [ENG31-10010823-n] (a wise and upright judge)
                      • doge [ENG31-10042989-n] (formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa)
                      • justiciar [ENG31-10248262-n] (formerly a high judicial officer)
                      • magistrate [ENG31-10300642-n] (a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses))

                        • justice of the peace [ENG31-10248138-n] (a local magistrate with limited powers)
                        • stipendiary [ENG31-10676408-n] ((United Kingdom) a paid magistrate (appointed by the Home Secretary) dealing with police cases)
                      • ordinary [ENG31-10402079-n] (a judge of a probate court)
                      • praetor [ENG31-10482594-n] (an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic)
                      • qadi [ENG31-10516720-n] (an Islamic judge)
                      • recorder [ENG31-10531553-n] (a barrister or solicitor who serves as part-time judge in towns or boroughs)
                      • trial judge [ENG31-10748175-n] (a judge in a trial court)
                      • trier [ENG31-10748827-n] (one (as a judge) who examines and settles a case)
                    • licenser [ENG31-10278299-n] (an official who can issue a license or give authoritative permission (especially one who licenses publications))
                    • macebearer [ENG31-10298153-n] (an official who carries a mace of office)
                    • mandarin [ENG31-10309427-n] (any high government official or bureaucrat)
                    • notary [ENG31-10382848-n] (someone legally empowered to witness signatures and certify a document's validity and to take depositions)
                    • noticer [ENG31-10383059-n] (someone who gives formal notice)
                    • officeholder [ENG31-10391149-n] (someone who is appointed or elected to an office and who holds a position of trust)

                      • probation officer [ENG31-10497424-n] (the officer of the court who supervises probationers)
                      • sergeant at arms [ENG31-10600546-n] (an officer (as of a legislature or court) who maintains order and executes commands)
                    • agent [ENG31-10393500-n] (any agent or representative of a federal agency or bureau)

                      • Indian agent [ENG31-10222754-n] (a representative of the federal government to American Indian tribes (especially on Indian reservations))
                      • Federal [ENG31-10393224-n] (any federal law-enforcement officer)
                      • trustbuster [ENG31-10751869-n] (a federal agent who engages in trust busting)
                    • provincial [ENG31-10478400-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) an official in charge of an ecclesiastical province acting under the superior general of a religious order)
                    • postmaster general [ENG31-10479330-n] (the official in charge of the national postal service)
                    • proconsul [ENG31-10498047-n] (an official in a modern colony who has considerable administrative power)
                    • quaestor [ENG31-10517360-n] (any of several public officials of ancient Rome (usually in charge of finance and administration))
                    • recruiter [ENG31-10532155-n] (an official who enlists personnel for military service)

                      • recruiting-sergeant [ENG31-10532452-n] (a sergeant deputized to enlist recruits)
                    • registrar [ENG31-10536467-n] (someone responsible for keeping records)

                      • rapporteur [ENG31-10527158-n] (a recorder appointed by a committee to prepare reports of the meetings)
                    • regulator [ENG31-10537419-n] (an official responsible for control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest)
                    • returning officer [ENG31-10545453-n] (the official in each electorate who holds the election and returns the results)
                    • sealer [ENG31-10586696-n] (an official who affixes a seal to a document)
                    • searcher [ENG31-10586829-n] (a customs official whose job is to search baggage or goods or vehicles for contraband or dutiable items)
                    • teller [ENG31-10718595-n] (an official appointed to count the votes (especially in legislative assembly))

                      • canvasser [ENG31-09911518-n] (a person who takes or counts votes)
                    • town clerk [ENG31-10738685-n] (the official who keeps a town's records)
                    • usher [ENG31-10761768-n] (an official stationed at the entrance of a courtroom or legislative chamber)
                    • vizier [ENG31-10778113-n] (a high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire))
                    • weigher [ENG31-10792945-n] (an official who weighs and records the weight)
                  • oilman [ENG31-10394240-n] (a worker who produces or sells petroleum)

                    • rigger [ENG31-10550437-n] (someone who works on an oil rig)
                  • optician [ENG31-10399699-n] (a worker who makes glasses for remedying defects of vision)
                  • painter [ENG31-10413608-n] (a worker who is employed to cover objects with paint)

                    • finisher [ENG31-09642775-n] (a painter who applies a finishing coat)

                      • varnisher [ENG31-10766128-n] (someone who applies a finishing coat of varnish)
                    • house painter [ENG31-10208798-n] (a painter of houses a similar buildings)
                    • letterer [ENG31-10275045-n] (a painter of letters)
                    • scene painter [ENG31-10575461-n] (a painter of theatrical scenery)
                    • sign painter [ENG31-10617050-n] (someone who paints signs and billboards etc.)
                    • stippler [ENG31-10676604-n] (a painter who stipples (creates a stippled effect))
                  • perfecter [ENG31-10435184-n] (a skilled worker who perfects something)
                  • phlebotomist [ENG31-10446127-n] (someone who practices phlebotomy)
                  • plaiter [ENG31-10457809-n] (someone who plaits (hair or fabric etc.))
                  • plasterer [ENG31-10458609-n] (a worker skilled in applying plaster)
                  • plater [ENG31-10458970-n] (a skilled worker who coats articles with a film of metal (usually silver or gold))

                    • electroplater [ENG31-10069596-n] (a plater who uses electrolysis)
                  • power worker [ENG31-10482317-n] (a worker at a power station)
                  • printer [ENG31-10494882-n] (someone whose occupation is printing)

                    • compositor [ENG31-09969425-n] (one who sets written material into type)
                    • proofreader [ENG31-10502353-n] (someone who reads proof in order to find errors and mark corrections)
                  • projectionist [ENG31-10501146-n] (the person who operates the projector in a movie house)
                  • refiner [ENG31-10534377-n] (one whose work is to refine a specific thing)
                  • refinisher [ENG31-10534555-n] (a skilled worker who is employed to restore or refinish buildings or antique furniture)
                  • riveter [ENG31-10553098-n] (a worker who inserts and hammers rivets)
                  • router [ENG31-10560429-n] (a worker who routes shipments for distribution and delivery)
                  • sailor [ENG31-10566190-n] (any member of a ship's crew)

                    • hand [ENG31-10178099-n] (a member of the crew of a ship)
                    • lascar [ENG31-10266873-n] (an East Indian sailor)
                    • mariner [ENG31-10314263-n] (a man who serves as a sailor)

                      • able seaman [ENG31-09775831-n] (a seaman in the merchant marine)
                      • boatswain [ENG31-09881589-n] (a petty officer on a merchant ship who controls the work of other seamen)
                      • deckhand [ENG31-10018308-n] (a member of a ship's crew who performs manual labor)
                      • helmsman [ENG31-10189389-n] (the person who steers a ship)

                        • coxswain [ENG31-09993154-n] (the helmsman of a ship's boat or a racing crew)
                      • lighterman [ENG31-10281085-n] (someone who operates a barge)
                      • officer [ENG31-10391440-n] (a person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel)

                        • master [ENG31-10318579-n] (an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship)
                        • mate [ENG31-10319708-n] (the officer below the master on a commercial ship)
                        • purser [ENG31-10514228-n] (an officer aboard a ship who keeps accounts and attends to the passengers' welfare)
                        • sailing master [ENG31-10565985-n] (the ship's officer in charge of navigation)
                        • steward [ENG31-10675169-n] (the ship's officer who is in charge of provisions and dining arrangements)
                        • supercargo [ENG31-10694785-n] (an officer on a merchant ship in charge of the cargo and its sale and purchase)
                      • pilot [ENG31-10453216-n] (a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor)
                      • sea lawyer [ENG31-10586600-n] (an argumentative and contentious seaman)
                      • whaler [ENG31-10794796-n] (a seaman who works on a ship that hunts whales)
                    • water dog [ENG31-10790101-n] (a person who enjoys being in or on the water)
                    • yachtsman [ENG31-10821647-n] (a person who owns or sails a yacht)
                  • serviceman [ENG31-10602198-n] (someone who serves in the armed forces)

                    • air force officer [ENG31-09800269-n] (an officer in the airforce)
                    • artilleryman [ENG31-09831257-n] (a serviceman in the artillery)
                    • bluejacket [ENG31-09880801-n] (a serviceman in the navy)

                      • coastguardsman [ENG31-09952246-n] (a member of a coastguard)
                      • Navy SEAL [ENG31-10368257-n] (a member of a Naval Special Warfare unit who is trained for unconventional warfare)
                      • striker [ENG31-10683297-n] (someone receiving intensive training for a naval technical rating)
                      • submariner [ENG31-10688796-n] (a member of the crew of a submarine)
                    • commando [ENG31-09961754-n] (a member of a military unit trained as shock troops for hit-and-run raids)
                    • draftee [ENG31-10048490-n] (someone who is drafted into military service)
                    • enlisted person [ENG31-10078585-n] (a serviceman who ranks below a commissioned officer)

                      • enlisted man [ENG31-10078393-n] (a male enlisted person in the armed forces)

                        • armorer [ENG31-09828217-n] (an enlisted man responsible for the upkeep of small arms and machine guns etc.)
                        • charge of quarters [ENG31-09929542-n] (an enlisted man who handles his unit's administrative matters after hours)
                        • private [ENG31-10496052-n] (an enlisted man of the lowest rank in the Army or Marines)
                        • recruit [ENG31-10531965-n] (a recently enlisted soldier)

                          • Black and Tan [ENG31-09877363-n] (an English recruit (who wore a uniform that was black and tan) serving in the Irish constabulary to suppress the Sinn Fein rebellion of 1919 to 1921)
                          • raw recruit [ENG31-10527972-n] (an inexperienced and untrained recruit)
                          • sprog [ENG31-10660699-n] (a new military recruit)
                          • yard bird [ENG31-10822111-n] (a military recruit who is assigned menial tasks)
                      • enlisted woman [ENG31-10078770-n] (a female enlisted person in the armed forces)
                      • kitchen police [ENG31-10257253-n] (an enlisted person who is assigned to assist the cooks)
                      • soldier [ENG31-10641415-n] (an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army)

                        • Gurkha [ENG31-09743779-n] (a member of the Nepalese force that has been part of the British army for 200 years)
                        • Anzac [ENG31-09817314-n] (a soldier in the Australian and New Zealand army corps during World War I)
                        • cannon fodder [ENG31-09910752-n] (soldiers who are regarded as expendable in the face of artillery fire)
                        • cavalryman [ENG31-09921806-n] (a soldier mounted on horseback)

                          • cuirassier [ENG31-10001807-n] (a cavalryman equipped with a cuirass)
                          • dragoon [ENG31-10049556-n] (a member of a European military unit formerly composed of heavily armed cavalrymen)
                          • hussar [ENG31-10213960-n] (a member of a European light cavalry unit)
                          • lancer [ENG31-10264515-n] ((formerly) a cavalryman armed with a lance)
                          • Rough Rider [ENG31-10559809-n] (a member of the volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War (1898))
                        • cavalryman [ENG31-09922064-n] (a soldier in a motorized army unit)
                        • color bearer [ENG31-09957730-n] (the soldier who carries the standard of the unit in military parades or in battle)
                        • redcoat [ENG31-10049710-n] (British soldier)
                        • flanker [ENG31-10114830-n] (a soldier who is a member of a detachment assigned to guard the flanks of a military formation)
                        • Green Beret [ENG31-10165936-n] (a soldier who is a member of the United States Army Special Forces)
                        • guardsman [ENG31-10169935-n] (a soldier who is a member of a unit called `the guard' or `guards')
                        • Highlander [ENG31-10194476-n] (a soldier in a Scottish regiment from the Highlands)
                        • infantryman [ENG31-10224540-n] (fights on foot with small arms)

                          • fusilier [ENG31-10136236-n] ((formerly) a British infantryman armed with a light flintlock musket)
                          • grenadier [ENG31-10166336-n] (an infantryman equipped with grenades)
                          • doughboy [ENG31-10224757-n] (an American infantryman in World War I)
                          • musketeer [ENG31-10361177-n] (a foot soldier armed with a musket)
                        • Janissary [ENG31-10239050-n] (a Turkish soldier)
                        • legionnaire [ENG31-10273400-n] (a soldier who is a member of a legion (especially the French Foreign Legion))
                        • man-at-arms [ENG31-10311130-n] (a heavily armed and mounted soldier in medieval times)
                        • marine [ENG31-10313979-n] (a soldier who serves both on shipboard and on land)
                        • militiaman [ENG31-10337375-n] (a member of the militia)

                          • Minuteman [ENG31-10341290-n] (an American militiaman prior to and during the American Revolution)
                          • trainbandsman [ENG31-10741786-n] (a member of a trainband)
                        • paratrooper [ENG31-10418718-n] (a soldier in the paratroops)
                        • peacekeeper [ENG31-10429991-n] (a member of a military force that is assigned (often with international sanction) to preserve peace in a trouble area)
                        • pistoleer [ENG31-10455622-n] (someone armed with a pistol (especially a soldier so armed))
                        • poilu [ENG31-10467402-n] (a French soldier (especially in World War I))
                        • point man [ENG31-10467639-n] (a soldier who goes ahead of a patrol)
                        • ranker [ENG31-10526355-n] (an enlisted soldier who serves in the ranks of the armed forces)
                        • regular [ENG31-10537336-n] (a soldier in the regular army)
                        • reservist [ENG31-10542934-n] (a member of a military reserve)

                          • weekend warrior [ENG31-10792248-n] (a reservist who fulfills the military obligation on weekends)
                        • rifleman [ENG31-10550146-n] (a soldier whose weapon is a rifle)

                          • carbineer [ENG31-09913198-n] (a soldier (historically a mounted soldier) who is armed with a carbine)
                        • Section Eight [ENG31-10593598-n] (a soldier who received a Section Eight discharge as unfit for military service)
                        • tanker [ENG31-10710144-n] (a soldier who drives a tank)
                        • territorial [ENG31-10721956-n] (nonprofessional soldier member of a territorial military unit)
                        • Unknown Soldier [ENG31-10759048-n] (an unidentified soldier whose body is honored as a memorial)
                        • Uriah [ENG31-11377655-n] ((Old Testament) the husband of Bathsheba and a soldier who was sent to die in battle so that king David could marry his wife (circa 10th century BC))
                    • Marine [ENG31-10313800-n] (a member of the United States Marine Corps)
                    • military officer [ENG31-10336665-n] (any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command)

                      • adjutant [ENG31-09789602-n] (an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer)

                        • adjutant general [ENG31-09789782-n] (a general's adjutant)
                      • army officer [ENG31-09829154-n] (an officer in the armed forces)

                        • quartermaster [ENG31-10518571-n] (an army officer who provides clothing and subsistence for troops)
                      • brass hat [ENG31-09892708-n] (a high-ranking military officer)
                      • chief of staff [ENG31-09936672-n] (the senior officer of a service of the armed forces)
                      • commanding officer [ENG31-09961443-n] (an officer in command of a military unit)

                        • Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic [ENG31-08192132-n] (commanding officer of ACLANT)
                        • Supreme Allied Commander Europe [ENG31-08192599-n] (commanding officer of ACE)
                        • commander in chief [ENG31-09961245-n] (the officer who holds the supreme command)
                        • wing commander [ENG31-10802038-n] ((RAF rank) one who is next below a group captain)
                      • commissioned officer [ENG31-09962449-n] (a military officer holding a commission)

                        • commissioned military officer [ENG31-09962718-n] (a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps)

                          • captain [ENG31-09912643-n] (an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant)
                          • colonel [ENG31-09956708-n] (a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines who ranks above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general)

                            • lieutenant colonel [ENG31-10279477-n] (a commissioned officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines holding a rank above major and below colonel)
                          • field-grade officer [ENG31-10106849-n] (an officer holding the rank of major or lieutenant colonel or colonel)
                          • general officer [ENG31-10145323-n] (officers in the Army or Air Force or Marines above the rank of colonel)

                            • brigadier [ENG31-09895006-n] (a general officer ranking below a major general)
                            • general [ENG31-10143381-n] (a general officer of the highest rank)

                              • Blucher [ENG31-10873528-n] (Prussian general who is remembered for his leadership in the wars against Napoleon (1742-1819))
                            • lieutenant general [ENG31-10279863-n] (a general officer ranking above a major general and below a full general)
                            • major-general [ENG31-10303360-n] (a general officer ranking above a brigadier general and below a lieutenant general)
                          • lieutenant [ENG31-10279045-n] (a commissioned military officer)

                            • first lieutenant [ENG31-10112747-n] (a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a 2nd lieutenant and below a captain)
                            • second lieutenant [ENG31-10588455-n] (a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps holding the lowest rank)
                            • sublieutenant [ENG31-10688675-n] (an officer ranking next below a lieutenant)
                          • major [ENG31-10302867-n] (a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines)
                          • marshal [ENG31-10315837-n] ((in some countries) a military officer of highest rank)

                            • field marshal [ENG31-10106590-n] (an officer holding the highest rank in the army)
                          • subaltern [ENG31-10687148-n] (a British commissioned army officer below the rank of captain)
                        • commissioned naval officer [ENG31-09963020-n] (a commissioned officer in the navy)

                          • ensign [ENG31-09639752-n] (a person who holds a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard)
                          • captain [ENG31-09912283-n] (the naval officer in command of a military ship)

                            • flag captain [ENG31-10114005-n] (the captain of a flagship)
                          • commander [ENG31-09961029-n] (a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a lieutenant commander and below a captain)
                          • commodore [ENG31-09964500-n] (a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a captain and below a rear admiral)
                          • flag officer [ENG31-10114353-n] (a senior naval officer above the rank of captain)

                            • admiral [ENG31-09790627-n] (the supreme commander of a fleet)
                            • fleet admiral [ENG31-10115785-n] (an admiral of the highest rank)
                            • rear admiral [ENG31-10529838-n] (an admiral junior to a vice admiral)
                            • vice admiral [ENG31-10770456-n] (an admiral ranking below a full admiral and above a rear admiral)
                          • lieutenant [ENG31-10279224-n] (an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard)
                          • lieutenant commander [ENG31-10279694-n] (a commissioned officer in the Navy ranking above a lieutenant and below a commander)
                          • lieutenant junior grade [ENG31-10280170-n] (an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard)
                        • judge advocate [ENG31-10245601-n] (an officer assigned to the judge advocate general)
                        • judge advocate general [ENG31-10245730-n] (the senior legal advisor to a branch of the military)
                        • line officer [ENG31-10283487-n] (a commissioned officer with combat units (not a staff officer or a supply officer))
                        • ranker [ENG31-10526508-n] (a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status)
                        • staff officer [ENG31-10664278-n] (a commissioned officer assigned to a military commander's staff)

                          • judge advocate [ENG31-10245457-n] (a staff officer serving as legal adviser to a military commander)
                          • quartermaster general [ENG31-10518695-n] (a staff officer in charge of supplies for a whole army)
                        • supply officer [ENG31-10697043-n] (a commissioned officer responsible for logistics)
                      • desk officer [ENG31-10027777-n] (a military officer who is not assigned to active duty)
                      • executive officer [ENG31-10089676-n] (the officer second in command)
                      • inspector general [ENG31-10228551-n] (a military officer responsible for investigations)
                      • naval officer [ENG31-10367324-n] (an officer in the navy)

                        • naval commander [ENG31-10367177-n] (naval officer in command of a fleet of warships)
                      • noncommissioned officer [ENG31-10380446-n] (a military officer appointed from enlisted personnel)

                        • aircraftsman [ENG31-09799988-n] (a noncommissioned officer in the British Royal Air Force)
                        • bombardier [ENG31-09883835-n] (a noncommissioned officer in the British artillery)
                        • chief petty officer [ENG31-09936803-n] (a person with the senior noncommissioned naval rank)
                        • corporal [ENG31-09985669-n] (a noncommissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines)
                        • drill master [ENG31-10053745-n] (a noncommissioned officer who instructs recruits in military marching and discipline)
                        • lance corporal [ENG31-10264362-n] (an enlisted man in the marine corps ranking above a private first class and below a corporal)
                        • petty officer [ENG31-10440554-n] (a noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to sergeant in the Army)

                          • master-at-arms [ENG31-10318792-n] (the senior petty officer)
                          • senior chief petty officer [ENG31-10598628-n] (a senior noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army)
                        • sergeant [ENG31-10600224-n] (any of several noncommissioned officer ranks in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a corporal)

                          • color sergeant [ENG31-09958012-n] (a sergeant in a color guard who carries one of the colors)
                          • first sergeant [ENG31-10113244-n] (a sergeant in the Army above the rank of staff sergeant and below master sergeant)

                            • orderly sergeant [ENG31-10401856-n] (the first sergeant of a company)
                          • gunnery sergeant [ENG31-10171826-n] (a noncommissioned officer ranking above a staff sergeant in the marines)
                          • master sergeant [ENG31-10319250-n] (a senior noncommissioned officer in the Army or Marines)
                          • senior master sergeant [ENG31-10598821-n] (a senior noncommissioned officer in the Air Force with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army)
                          • sergeant major [ENG31-10600730-n] (a noncommissioned officer serving as chief administrative officer of a headquarters unit of the Army)
                          • staff sergeant [ENG31-10664456-n] (a noncommissioned officer ranking above corporal and below sergeant first class in the Army or Marines or above airman 1st class in the Air Force)
                          • technical sergeant [ENG31-10715597-n] (a noncommissioned officer ranking below a master sergeant in the air force or marines)
                      • warrant officer [ENG31-10788059-n] (holds rank by virtue of a warrant)
                    • noncombatant [ENG31-10380277-n] (a member of the armed forces who does not participate in combat (e.g. a chaplain or surgeon))
                    • occupier [ENG31-10389654-n] (a member of a military force who is residing in a conquered foreign country)
                    • striper [ENG31-10683515-n] (a serviceman who wears stripes on the uniform to indicate rank or years of service)
                    • veteran [ENG31-10769021-n] (a person who has served in the armed forces)

                      • Legionnaire [ENG31-10273584-n] (a member of the American Legion)
                    • veteran [ENG31-10769196-n] (a serviceman who has seen considerable active service)
                    • volunteer [ENG31-10778999-n] ((military) a person who freely enlists for service)
                  • shearer [ENG31-10606497-n] (a skilled worker who shears the wool off of sheep or other animals)
                  • skinner [ENG31-10627222-n] (a person who prepares or deals in animal skins)
                  • smith [ENG31-10634145-n] (someone who works metal (especially by hammering it when it is hot and malleable))

                    • blacksmith [ENG31-09878558-n] (a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil)

                      • farrier [ENG31-10099457-n] (a person who shoes horses)
                    • forger [ENG31-10125029-n] (someone who operates a forge)
                  • smith [ENG31-10634328-n] (someone who works at something specified)

                    • arrowsmith [ENG31-09830038-n] (a maker of arrows)
                    • gunsmith [ENG31-10172048-n] (someone who makes or repairs guns)
                    • locksmith [ENG31-10288896-n] (someone who makes or repairs locks)
                    • tinsmith [ENG31-10732023-n] (someone who makes or repairs tinware)
                  • technician [ENG31-10715747-n] (someone whose occupation involves training in a specific technical process)

                    • animator [ENG31-09813991-n] (the technician who produces animated cartoons)
                    • dental technician [ENG31-10023681-n] (someone who makes dental appliances (bridges and dentures))
                    • soundman [ENG31-10646919-n] (a technician in charge of amplifying sound or producing sound effects (as for a TV or radio broadcast))
                    • techie [ENG31-10715413-n] (a technician who is highly proficient and enthusiastic about some technical field (especially computing))
                    • webmaster [ENG31-10791957-n] (a technician who designs or maintains a website)
                  • tuner [ENG31-10752774-n] (someone who tunes pianos)
                  • turner [ENG31-10753144-n] (a lathe operator)
                  • turtler [ENG31-10753362-n] (someone whose occupation is hunting turtles)
                  • voicer [ENG31-10778617-n] (someone who regulates the tone of organ pipes)
                  • vulcanizer [ENG31-10781187-n] (someone who vulcanizes rubber to improve its strength and resiliency)
                  • wallpaperer [ENG31-10784857-n] (a worker who papers walls)
                  • wireman [ENG31-10803410-n] (a worker who installs and repairs electric wiring)
                • slave [ENG31-10629072-n] (someone who works as hard as a slave)
                • solderer [ENG31-10641303-n] (a worker who joins or mends with solder)
                • splicer [ENG31-10656627-n] (a worker who splices ropes together by interweaving strands)
                • splitter [ENG31-10657237-n] (a worker who splits fish and removes the backbone)
                • stainer [ENG31-10665471-n] (a worker who stains (wood or fabric))
                • stemmer [ENG31-10673342-n] (a worker who makes or applies stems for artificial flowers)
                • stringer [ENG31-10681485-n] (a worker who strings)
                • stripper [ENG31-10684095-n] (a worker who strips the stems from moistened tobacco leaves and binds the leaves together into books)
                • tacker [ENG31-10707418-n] (a worker who fastens things by tacking them (as with tacks or by spotwelding))
                • tapper [ENG31-10710981-n] (a worker who uses a tap to cut screw threads)
                • teaser [ENG31-10715318-n] (a worker who teases wool)
                • temp [ENG31-10718911-n] (a worker (especially in an office) hired on a temporary basis)

                  • hobo [ENG31-10719072-n] (a worker who moves around and works temporarily in different places)
                • toiler [ENG31-10719754-n] (one who works strenuously)
                • throwster [ENG31-10729394-n] (a person who twists silk or rayon filaments into a thread or yarn)
                • tier [ENG31-10730052-n] (a worker who ties something)
                • tiler [ENG31-10730562-n] (a worker who lays tile)
                • topper [ENG31-10735193-n] (a worker who cuts tops off (of trees or vegetables etc.))
                • topper [ENG31-10735320-n] (a worker who makes or adds the top to something)
                • trade unionist [ENG31-10740613-n] (a worker who belongs to a trade union)
                • twiner [ENG31-10754225-n] (someone who intertwines (e.g. threads) or forms something by twisting or interlacing)
                • volunteer [ENG31-10778819-n] (a person who performs voluntary work)

                  • candy striper [ENG31-09910439-n] (a volunteer worker in a hospital)
                  • pledge taker [ENG31-10461393-n] (a volunteer who records (usually by telephone) contributions pledged in a fund drive)
                  • vigilante [ENG31-10773007-n] (member of a vigilance committee)
                • wallah [ENG31-10784387-n] (usually in combination: person in charge of or employed at a particular thing)
                • washer [ENG31-10788571-n] (someone who washes things for a living)

                  • washerman [ENG31-10788752-n] (operates industrial washing machine)
                  • washwoman [ENG31-10788856-n] (a working woman who takes in washing)
                  • window washer [ENG31-10803028-n] (someone who washes windows)
                • winder [ENG31-10801660-n] (a worker who winds (e.g., a winch or clock or other mechanism))
                • wiper [ENG31-10803322-n] (a worker who wipes)
                • workmate [ENG31-10811460-n] (a fellow worker)
              • African [ENG31-09657682-n] (a native or inhabitant of Africa)

                • Black African [ENG31-09658722-n] (an African who is Black)

                  • kaffir [ENG31-10248534-n] (an offensive and insulting term for any Black African)
                • Algerian [ENG31-09709479-n] (a native or inhabitant of Algeria)
                • Angolan [ENG31-09710017-n] (a native or inhabitant of Angola)

                  • Angolese [ENG31-09710158-n] (a member of the Bantu tribes resident in Angola)
                • Basotho [ENG31-09711521-n] (a member of a subgroup of people who inhabit Lesotho)
                • Bantu [ENG31-09712020-n] (a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of Central and South Africa)

                  • Herero [ENG31-09712311-n] (a member of a pastoral Bantu people living in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola)
                  • Hutu [ENG31-09712496-n] (a member of a Bantu people living in Rwanda and Burundi)
                  • Luba [ENG31-09712640-n] (a member of a Bantu people in southeastern Congo)
                  • Sotho [ENG31-09712768-n] (a member of the Bantu people who inhabit Botswana, Lesotho, and northern South Africa and who speak the Sotho languages)
                  • Tswana [ENG31-09713014-n] (a member of a Bantu people living chiefly in Botswana and western South Africa)
                  • Tutsi [ENG31-09713205-n] (a member of a Bantu speaking people living in Rwanda and Burundi)
                  • Shona [ENG31-10610647-n] (a member of a Bantu tribe living in present-day Zimbabwe)
                • Beninese [ENG31-09713665-n] (a native or inhabitant of Benin)
                • Burundian [ENG31-09715267-n] (a native or inhabitant of Burundi)
                • Cameroonian [ENG31-09715852-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cameroon)
                • Carthaginian [ENG31-09716466-n] (a native or inhabitant of ancient Carthage)
                • Chadian [ENG31-09717046-n] (a native or inhabitant of Chad)
                • Chewa [ENG31-09717167-n] (a member of the Bantu-speaking people of Malawi and eastern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe)
                • Congolese [ENG31-09718040-n] (a native or inhabitant of the Republic of the Congo)
                • Djiboutian [ENG31-09719521-n] (a native or inhabitant of Djibouti)
                • Egyptian [ENG31-09719888-n] (a native or inhabitant of Egypt)

                  • Copt [ENG31-09720102-n] (an Egyptian descended from the ancient Egyptians)
                  • Theban [ENG31-09731374-n] (an Egyptian inhabitant of ancient Thebes)
                  • Cairene [ENG31-09906259-n] (a native or inhabitant of Cairo)
                  • Nubian [ENG31-10384032-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nubia)
                • Ethiopian [ENG31-09724520-n] (a native or inhabitant of Ethiopia)

                  • Amhara [ENG31-09725067-n] (a member of the Semitic speaking people of northern Ethiopia)
                  • Eritrean [ENG31-09725180-n] (a native or inhabitant of Eritrea)
                • Ewe [ENG31-09724683-n] (a member of a people living in southern Benin and Togo and southeastern Ghana)
                • Fulani [ENG31-09724867-n] (a member of a pastoral and nomadic people of western Africa)
                • Gabonese [ENG31-09729437-n] (a native or inhabitant of Gabon)
                • Kenyan [ENG31-09738705-n] (a native or inhabitant of Kenya)
                • Liberian [ENG31-09740238-n] (a native or inhabitant of Liberia)
                • Libyan [ENG31-09740363-n] (a native or inhabitant of Libya)
                • Madagascan [ENG31-09741043-n] (a native or inhabitant of Madagascar)
                • Malawian [ENG31-09741155-n] (a native or inhabitant of Malawi)
                • Malian [ENG31-09741675-n] (a native or inhabitant of Mali)
                • Mauritanian [ENG31-09741795-n] (a native or inhabitant of Mauritania)
                • Moroccan [ENG31-09742978-n] (a native or inhabitant of Morocco)
                • Mozambican [ENG31-09743103-n] (a native or inhabitant of Mozambique)
                • Namibian [ENG31-09743233-n] (a native or inhabitant of Namibia)
                • Nigerian [ENG31-09744199-n] (a native or inhabitant of Nigeria)

                  • Hausa [ENG31-09744414-n] (a member of a Negroid people living chiefly in northern Nigeria)
                  • Edo [ENG31-09757330-n] (a member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria)
                  • Igbo [ENG31-09757470-n] (a member of the largest ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria)
                  • Yoruba [ENG31-09757624-n] (a member of a West African people living chiefly in southwestern Nigeria)
                • Nigerien [ENG31-09744538-n] (a native or inhabitant of Niger)
                • Senegalese [ENG31-09750166-n] (a native or inhabitant of Senegal)
                • Sierra Leonean [ENG31-09750567-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sierra Leone)
                • South African [ENG31-09750778-n] (a native or inhabitant of South Africa)

                  • Afrikaner [ENG31-09658823-n] (a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans)
                • Sudanese [ENG31-09751584-n] (a native or inhabitant of Sudan)
                • Swazi [ENG31-09751707-n] (a member of a southeast African people living in Swaziland and adjacent areas)
                • Tanzanian [ENG31-09753617-n] (a native or inhabitant of Tanzania)
                • Togolese [ENG31-09753967-n] (a native or inhabitant of Togo)
                • Tuareg [ENG31-09754071-n] (a member of a nomadic Berber people of the Sahara)
                • Tunisian [ENG31-09754192-n] (a native or inhabitant of Tunisia)
                • Ugandan [ENG31-09756330-n] (a native or inhabitant of Uganda)
                • Gambian [ENG31-09766826-n] (a native or inhabitant of Gambia)
                • Ghanian [ENG31-09768220-n] (a native or inhabitant of Ghana)
                • Guinean [ENG31-09768717-n] (a native or inhabitant of Guinea)
                • Rwandan [ENG31-09768840-n] (a native or inhabitant of Rwanda)
                • Somalian [ENG31-09769211-n] (a member of a tall dark (mostly Muslim) people inhabiting Somalia)
                • Xhosa [ENG31-09770827-n] (a member of the Negroid people of southern South Africa)
                • Zairese [ENG31-09770953-n] (a native or inhabitant of Zaire)
                • Zambian [ENG31-09771103-n] (a native or inhabitant of Zambia)
                • Zimbabwean [ENG31-09771226-n] (a native or inhabitant of Zimbabwe)
                • Zulu [ENG31-09771354-n] (a member of the tall Negroid people of eastern South Africa)
                • Berber [ENG31-09869725-n] (a member of an indigenous people of northern Africa)

                  • Almoravid [ENG31-09702363-n] (a member of a Muslim dynasty of Berber warriors that flourished from 1049 to 1145 and that established political dominance over northwestern Africa and Spain)
                  • Riff [ENG31-10550050-n] (a Berber living in northern Morocco)
              • person of color [ENG31-09659294-n] ((formal) any non-European non-white person)

                • Amerindian [ENG31-09664887-n] (any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived)

                  • Algonquian [ENG31-09666446-n] (a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Algonquian language and originally living in the subarctic regions of eastern Canada)

                    • Abnaki [ENG31-09665709-n] (a member of the Algonquian people of Maine and southern Quebec)
                    • Algonkian [ENG31-09666270-n] (a member of a North American Indian people in the Ottawa river valley of Ontario and Quebec)
                    • Arapaho [ENG31-09669955-n] (a member of a tribe of Plains Indians formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and Wyoming (now living in Oklahoma and Wyoming))
                    • Blackfoot [ENG31-09670544-n] (a member of a warlike group of Algonquians living in the northwestern plains)
                    • Cheyenne [ENG31-09671673-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living on the western plains (now living in Oklahoma and Montana))
                    • Conoy [ENG31-09673321-n] (a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in Maryland between Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac river)
                    • Cree [ENG31-09673676-n] (a member of an Algonquian people living in central Canada)
                    • Delaware [ENG31-09674223-n] (a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in New Jersey and New York and parts of Delaware and Pennsylvania)
                    • Fox [ENG31-09675274-n] (a member of an Algonquian people formerly living west of Lake Michigan along the Fox River)
                    • Illinois [ENG31-09677320-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Illinois and regions to the west)
                    • Kickapoo [ENG31-09678744-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly inhabiting southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois)
                    • Malecite [ENG31-09679715-n] (a member of the Algonquian people of northeastern Maine and New Brunswick)
                    • Massachuset [ENG31-09680078-n] (a member of the Algonquian people who formerly lived around Massachusetts Bay)
                    • Menomini [ENG31-09680350-n] (a member of the federally recognized tribe of Algonquian people living on a reservation in central Wisconsin)
                    • Miami [ENG31-09680812-n] (a member of the extinct Algonquian people formerly living in northern Indiana and southern Michigan)
                    • Micmac [ENG31-09680963-n] (a member of the Algonquian people inhabiting the Maritime Provinces of Canada)
                    • Mohican [ENG31-09681578-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in the Hudson valley and eastward to the Housatonic)
                    • Nanticoke [ENG31-09682235-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Maryland and eastern Delaware)
                    • Ojibwa [ENG31-09683177-n] (a member of an Algonquian people who lived west of Lake Superior)
                    • Ottawa [ENG31-09684155-n] (a member of the Algonquian people of southern Ontario)
                    • Pamlico [ENG31-09684471-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly of the Pamlico river valley in North Carolina)
                    • Passamaquody [ENG31-09684613-n] (a member of the Algonquian people related to the Malecite and living in northeastern Maine and New Brunswick)
                    • Penobscot [ENG31-09685072-n] (a member of the Algonquian people belonging to the Abnaki confederacy and living in the Penobscot valley in northern Maine)
                    • Potawatomi [ENG31-09686054-n] (a member of the Algonquian people originally of Michigan and Wisconsin)
                    • Powhatan [ENG31-09686181-n] (a member of the Algonquian people who formerly lived in eastern Virginia)
                    • Sauk [ENG31-09687420-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in Wisconsin in the Fox River valley and on the shores of Green Bay)
                    • Shawnee [ENG31-09688267-n] (a member of the Algonquian people formerly living along the Tennessee river)
                    • Wampanoag [ENG31-09691346-n] (a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims)
                  • Anasazi [ENG31-09667311-n] (a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings)

                    • cliff dweller [ENG31-09948463-n] (a member of the Anasazi people living in the southwestern United States who built rock or adobe dwellings on ledges in the sides of caves)
                  • Athapaskan [ENG31-09667672-n] (a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Athapaskan language and living in the subarctic regions of western Canada and central Alaska)

                    • Apache [ENG31-09669631-n] (any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico))
                    • Chipewyan [ENG31-09672451-n] (a member of the Athapaskan people living in western Canada between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay)
                    • Hupa [ENG31-09677194-n] (a member of the Athapaskan people of the Trinity River valley in California)
                    • Mattole [ENG31-09680229-n] (a member of the Athapaskan people living in northwestern California)
                    • Navaho [ENG31-09682366-n] (a member of an Athapaskan people that migrated to Arizona and New Mexico and Utah)
                  • Mayan [ENG31-09668014-n] (a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy)

                    • Cakchiquel [ENG31-09671123-n] (a member of the Mayan people living in south central Guatemala)
                    • Kekchi [ENG31-09678520-n] (a member of a Mayan people of north central Guatemala)
                    • Mam [ENG31-09679843-n] (a member of a Mayan people of southwestern Guatemala)
                    • Quiche [ENG31-09686802-n] (a member of the Mayan people of south central Guatemala)
                    • Yucatec [ENG31-09692668-n] (a member of the Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico)
                  • Nahuatl [ENG31-09668448-n] (a member of any of various Indian peoples of central Mexico)

                    • Aztec [ENG31-09668616-n] (a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519)
                    • Toltec [ENG31-09668954-n] (a member of the Nahuatl speaking people of central and southern Mexico)
                  • Olmec [ENG31-09668772-n] (a member of an early Mesoamerican civilization centered around Veracruz that flourished between 1300 and 400 BC)
                  • Zapotec [ENG31-09669077-n] (a member of a large tribe of Mesoamericans living in southern Mexico whose civilization flourished around 300 to 900)
                  • Plains Indian [ENG31-09669259-n] (a member of one of the tribes of American Indians who lived a nomadic life following the buffalo in the Great Plains of North America)

                    • Atakapa [ENG31-09667518-n] (a member of an Indian people formerly living along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas)
                    • Caddo [ENG31-09670828-n] (a group of Plains Indians formerly living in what is now North and South Dakota and Nebraska and Kansas and Arkansas and Louisiana and Oklahoma and Texas)

                      • Arikara [ENG31-09670161-n] (a member of the Caddo people who formerly lived in the Dakotas west of the Missouri river)
                      • Eyeish [ENG31-09675171-n] (a member of the Caddo people of northeastern Texas)
                      • Kichai [ENG31-09678626-n] (a member of a Caddo people formerly living in north central Texas)
                      • Pawnee [ENG31-09684923-n] (a member of the Pawnee nation formerly living in Nebraska and Kansas but now largely in Oklahoma)
                      • Wichita [ENG31-09691679-n] (a member of the Caddo people formerly living between Kansas and central Texas)
                    • Kiowa [ENG31-09679032-n] (a member of a Tanoan people living in the southwestern United States)
                    • Pima [ENG31-09685602-n] (a member of the North American Indian people living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico)
                    • Sioux [ENG31-09688830-n] (a member of a group of North American Indian peoples who spoke a Siouan language and who ranged from Lake Michigan to the Rocky Mountains)

                      • Biloxi [ENG31-09670434-n] (a member of the Siouan people of southeastern Mississippi)
                      • Catawba [ENG31-09671242-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Carolinas)
                      • Crow [ENG31-09673964-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly living in eastern Montana)
                      • Dakota [ENG31-09674079-n] (a member of the Siouan people of the northern Mississippi valley)
                      • Dhegiha [ENG31-09674392-n] (any member of a Siouan people speaking one of the Dhegiha languages)

                        • Kansa [ENG31-09678248-n] (a member of the Siouan people of the Kansas river valley in Kansas)
                        • Omaha [ENG31-09683333-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska)
                        • Osage [ENG31-09683491-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Missouri in the valleys of the Missouri and Osage rivers)
                        • Ponca [ENG31-09685911-n] (a member of the Siouan people of the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska)
                        • Quapaw [ENG31-09686679-n] (a member of the Siouan people of the Arkansas river valley in Arkansas)
                      • Hidatsa [ENG31-09675910-n] (a member of the Sioux people formerly inhabiting an area along the Missouri river in western North Dakota)
                      • Iowa [ENG31-09677453-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Iowa and Minnesota and Missouri)
                      • Missouri [ENG31-09680663-n] (a member of the Siouan people formerly inhabiting the valley of the Missouri river in Missouri)
                      • Ofo [ENG31-09682826-n] (a member of the Siouan people living in the Yazoo river valley in Mississippi)
                      • Oto [ENG31-09684000-n] (a member of the Siouan people inhabiting the valleys of the Platte and Missouri rivers in Nebraska)
                      • Santee [ENG31-09687277-n] (a member of the eastern branch of the Sioux)
                      • Teton [ENG31-09689336-n] (a member of the large western branch of Sioux people which was made up of several groups that lived on the plains)

                        • Brule [ENG31-09670694-n] (a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux)
                        • Hunkpapa [ENG31-09676911-n] (a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly lived in the western Dakotas)
                        • Miniconju [ENG31-09680525-n] (a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux)
                        • Oglala [ENG31-09682953-n] (a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly inhabited the Black Hills of western South Dakota)
                        • Sihasapa [ENG31-09688693-n] (a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux)
                        • Two Kettle [ENG31-09690907-n] (a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux)
                      • Tutelo [ENG31-09690794-n] (a member of the Siouan people of Virginia and North Carolina)
                      • Winnebago [ENG31-09691810-n] (a member of the Siouan-speaking people formerly living in eastern Wisconsin south of Green Bay)
                  • Chickasaw [ENG31-09671854-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Mississippi)
                  • Coeur d'Alene [ENG31-09673000-n] (a member of an Amerindian people living in northern Idaho around Coeur d'Alene Lake)
                  • Creek [ENG31-09673784-n] (any member of the Creek Confederacy (especially the Muskogee) formerly living in Georgia and Alabama but now chiefly in Oklahoma)
                  • Haida [ENG31-09675414-n] (a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians who lived on the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southwestern Alaska)
                  • Hokan [ENG31-09676378-n] (a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Hokan languages)

                    • Achomawi [ENG31-09665834-n] (a member of the Achomawi community of northeastern California)
                    • Akwa'ala [ENG31-09665950-n] (a member of the Akwa'ala community in Baja California)
                    • Atsugewi [ENG31-09670314-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of northern California)
                    • Chimariko [ENG31-09672103-n] (a member of an extinct North American Indian people formerly living in California)
                    • Cochimi [ENG31-09672719-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living in central Baja California)
                    • Cocopa [ENG31-09672849-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living around the mouth of the Colorado River)
                    • Diegueno [ENG31-09674603-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of southern California)
                    • Esselen [ENG31-09674918-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living on the California coast near Monterey)
                    • Halchidhoma [ENG31-09675596-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of the Colorado river valley near the mouth of the Gila river)
                    • Havasupai [ENG31-09675782-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of Cataract Canyon in Arizona)
                    • Kamia [ENG31-09678103-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of southeastern California and northwestern Mexico)
                    • Karok [ENG31-09678375-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of the Klamath river valley in northern California)
                    • Kiliwa [ENG31-09678893-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living in northern Baja California)
                    • Maricopa [ENG31-09679945-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of the Gila river valley in Arizona)
                    • Mohave [ENG31-09681248-n] (a member of the North American Indian people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona and Nevada and California)
                    • Pomo [ENG31-09685744-n] (a member of an Indian people of northern California living along the Russian River valley and adjacent Pacific coast)
                    • Shasta [ENG31-09688142-n] (a member of the Indian people of northern California and southern Oregon)
                    • Walapai [ENG31-09691513-n] (a member of a North American people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona)
                    • Yahi [ENG31-09692160-n] (a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California)
                    • Yana [ENG31-09692295-n] (a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California)
                    • Yavapai [ENG31-09692430-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of central Arizona)
                    • Yuma [ENG31-09692796-n] (a member of the North American Indian people of Arizona and adjacent Mexico and California)
                  • Iroquois [ENG31-09677592-n] (any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York State)

                    • Cayuga [ENG31-09671358-n] (a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living around Cayuga Lake in New York State)
                    • Cherokee [ENG31-09671495-n] (a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma)
                    • Erie [ENG31-09674723-n] (a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living on the south shore of Lake Erie in northern Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania and western New York)
                    • Mohawk [ENG31-09681436-n] (a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living along the Mohawk River in New York State)
                    • Oneida [ENG31-09683704-n] (a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living east of Lake Ontario)
                    • Onondaga [ENG31-09683826-n] (a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living between Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence River)
                    • Seneca [ENG31-09687763-n] (a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living in New York State south of Lake Ontario)
                    • Tuscarora [ENG31-09690614-n] (a member of an Iroquois people who formerly lived in North Carolina and then moved to New York State and joined the Iroquois)
                  • Muskhogean [ENG31-09681743-n] (a member of any of the peoples formerly living in southeastern United States and speaking Muskhogean languages)

                    • Alabama [ENG31-09666058-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in what is now the state of Alabama)
                    • Choctaw [ENG31-09672605-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Alabama)
                    • Hitchiti [ENG31-09676083-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia)
                    • Koasati [ENG31-09679152-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Alabama)
                    • Muskogee [ENG31-09682030-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia and eastern Alabama and constituting the core of the Creek Confederacy)
                    • Seminole [ENG31-09687632-n] (a member of the Muskhogean people who moved into Florida in the 18th century)
                  • Penutian [ENG31-09685250-n] (a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Penutian languages)

                    • Chinook [ENG31-09672240-n] (a member of an important North American Indian people who controlled the mouth of the Columbia river)
                    • Costanoan [ENG31-09673510-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living in coastal California between Monterey and San Francisco Bay)
                    • Kalapooia [ENG31-09677959-n] (a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon)
                    • Kusan [ENG31-09679310-n] (a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon)
                    • Maidu [ENG31-09679571-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living east of the Sacramento river in California)
                    • Miwok [ENG31-09681102-n] (a member of the North American Indian people living in the central Sierra Nevada in California)
                    • Patwin [ENG31-09684780-n] (a member of the North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California)
                    • Shahaptian [ENG31-09687904-n] (a member of a North American Indian people who lived in Oregon along the Columbia river and its tributaries in Washington and northern Idaho)

                      • Nez Perce [ENG31-09682509-n] (a member of a tribe of the Shahaptian people living on the pacific coast)
                    • Takelma [ENG31-09689756-n] (a member of a North American Indian people of southwestern Oregon)
                    • Tsimshian [ENG31-09690477-n] (a member of a Penutian people who lived on rivers and a sound in British Columbia)
                    • Wintun [ENG31-09692019-n] (a member of a North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California)
                    • Yokuts [ENG31-09692545-n] (a member of the North American Indian people of the San Joaquin Valley)
                  • Pueblo [ENG31-09686327-n] (a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called `Pueblos' by the Spanish because they live in pueblos (villages built of adobe and rock))

                    • Hopi [ENG31-09676252-n] (a member of the Shoshonean people of northeastern Arizona)
                    • Taos [ENG31-09689875-n] (a member of the Pueblo people living in northern New Mexico)
                    • Zuni [ENG31-09692937-n] (a member of the Pueblo people living in western New Mexico)
                  • Redskin [ENG31-09686910-n] ((slang) offensive term for Native Americans)
                  • Salish [ENG31-09687063-n] (a member of a group of North American Indians speaking a Salishan language and living on the northwest coast of North America)

                    • Chimakum [ENG31-09671983-n] (a member of the Salishan people living in northwestern Washington)
                    • Skagit [ENG31-09689647-n] (a member of the Salish people in northwestern Washington)
                  • Shoshone [ENG31-09688434-n] (a member of the North American Indian people (related to the Aztecs) of the southwestern United States)

                    • Comanche [ENG31-09673143-n] (a member of the Shoshonean people who formerly lived between Wyoming and the Mexican border but are now chiefly in Oklahoma)
                    • Paiute [ENG31-09684261-n] (a member of either of two Shoshonean peoples (northern Paiute and southern Paiute) related to the Aztecs and living in the southwestern United States)
                    • Ute [ENG31-09691039-n] (a member of the Shoshonean people of Utah and Colorado and New Mexico)
                  • Tlingit [ENG31-09690342-n] (a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians living in southern Alaska)
                  • Wakashan [ENG31-09691158-n] (a member of one of the peoples in British Columbia and Washington who speak the Wakashan language)

                    • Kwakiutl [ENG31-09679416-n] (a member of the Wakashan people living around Queen Charlotte Sound and on northern Vancouver Island)
                    • Nootka [ENG31-09682656-n] (a member of the Wakashan people living on Vancouver Island and in the Cape Flattery region of northwestern Washington)
                  • South American Indian [ENG31-09746035-n] (a member of a native Indian group in South America)
                  • Carib [ENG31-09746153-n] (a member of an American Indian peoples of northeastern South America and the Lesser Antilles)
                  • Aleut [ENG31-09802030-n] (a member of the people inhabiting the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska)
                  • Arawak [ENG31-09822670-n] (a member of a widespread group of Amerindians living in northeastern South America)
                  • Eskimo [ENG31-10083442-n] (a member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia))
                  • Paleo-American [ENG31-10414133-n] (a member of the Paleo-American peoples who were the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America during the late Pleistocene epoch)
                  • sannup [ENG31-10570025-n] (a married male American Indian)
                  • squaw [ENG31-10662798-n] (derogatory terms for an American Indian woman)
                • wog [ENG31-10806668-n] ((offensive British slang) term used by the British to refer to people of color from Africa or Asia)
              • Black [ENG31-09659490-n] (a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today)

                • soul brother [ENG31-09659757-n] (a fellow Black man)
              • White [ENG31-09660255-n] (a Caucasian)

                • Aryan [ENG31-09659161-n] ((according to Nazi doctrine) a Caucasian person of Nordic descent (and not a Jew))
                • Circassian [ENG31-09660561-n] (a member of the Sunni Muslim people living in northwestern Caucasia)

                  • Abkhaz [ENG31-09660722-n] (a member of the Circassian people who live to the east of the Black Sea)
                • Semite [ENG31-09660898-n] (a member of a group of Semitic-speaking peoples of the Middle East and northern Africa)

                  • Babylonian [ENG31-09661199-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Babylon)

                    • Sumerian [ENG31-10693910-n] (a member of a people who inhabited ancient Sumer)
                  • Chaldean [ENG31-09661306-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Chaldea)
                  • Assyrian [ENG31-09661469-n] (an inhabitant of ancient Assyria)
                  • Phoenician [ENG31-09661838-n] (a member of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the first millennium B.C.)
                  • Arab [ENG31-09748872-n] (a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa)

                    • Bahraini [ENG31-09711254-n] (a native or inhabitant of Bahrain)
                    • Palestinian [ENG31-09732753-n] (a descendant of the Arabs who inhabited Palestine)
                    • Omani [ENG31-09745067-n] (a native or inhabitant of Oman)
                    • Qatari [ENG31-09747479-n] (a native or inhabitant of Qatar)
                    • Saudi [ENG31-09748729-n] (a native or inhabitant of Saudi Arabia)
                    • Yemeni [ENG31-09770101-n] (a native or inhabitant of Yemen)
                    • Saracen [ENG31-10571631-n] ((when used broadly) any Arab)
                  • Aramean [ENG31-09822483-n] (a member of one of a group of Semitic peoples inhabiting Aram and parts of Mesopotamia from the 11th to the 8th century BC)
                  • Canaanite [ENG31-09909959-n] (a member of an ancient Semitic people who occupied Canaan before it was conquered by the Israelites)
                • Kassite [ENG31-09661556-n] (a member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC)
                • Elamite [ENG31-09661694-n] (a member of an ancient warlike people living in Elam east of Babylonia as early as 3000 BC)
                • whitey [ENG31-09662401-n] ((slang) offensive names for a White man)
              • gentile [ENG31-09698566-n] (a person who is not a member of one's own religion)
              • Jew [ENG31-09700747-n] (a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties)

                • Ashkenazi [ENG31-09630933-n] (a Jew of eastern European or German descent)
                • Conservative Jew [ENG31-09634578-n] (Jew who keeps some requirements of Mosaic law but adapts others to suit modern circumstances)
                • Essene [ENG31-09675059-n] (a member of an ascetic Jewish sect around the time of Jesus)
                • Jewess [ENG31-09701369-n] (a woman who is a Jew)
                • kike [ENG31-09701518-n] ((ethnic slur) offensive term for a Jew)
                • Levite [ENG31-10275612-n] (a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi (especially the branch that provided male assistants to the temple priests))
                • Orthodox Jew [ENG31-10404471-n] (Jew who practices strict observance of Mosaic law)

                  • Hasid [ENG31-10181288-n] (a member of a Jewish sect that observes a form of strict Orthodox Judaism)
                  • Lubavitcher [ENG31-10295231-n] (a member of the Lubavitch movement)
                • Pharisee [ENG31-10440928-n] (a member of an ancient Jewish sect noted for strict obedience to Jewish traditions)
                • Reform Jew [ENG31-10535456-n] (liberal Jew who tries to adapt all aspects of Judaism to modern circumstances)
                • Sadducee [ENG31-10565081-n] (a member of an ancient Jewish sect around the time of Jesus)
                • Sephardi [ENG31-10599756-n] (a Jew who is of Spanish or Portuguese or North African descent)
                • Wandering Jew [ENG31-10785553-n] (a legendary Jew condemned to roam the world for mocking Jesus at the Crucifixion)
                • Zealot [ENG31-10824878-n] (a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans)
                • Zionist [ENG31-10825105-n] (a Jewish supporter of Zionism)
              • Aries [ENG31-09771577-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aries)
              • Taurus [ENG31-09771712-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Taurus)
              • Gemini [ENG31-09771850-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Gemini)
              • Cancer [ENG31-09771988-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer)
              • Leo [ENG31-09772126-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Leo)
              • Virgo [ENG31-09772258-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Virgo)
              • Libra [ENG31-09772396-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Libra)
              • Scorpio [ENG31-09772535-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Scorpio)
              • Sagittarius [ENG31-09772679-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Sagittarius)
              • Capricorn [ENG31-09772829-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Capricorn)
              • Aquarius [ENG31-09772973-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aquarius)
              • Pisces [ENG31-09773123-n] ((astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Pisces)
              • abator [ENG31-09773382-n] (a person who abates a nuisance)
              • abjurer [ENG31-09773872-n] (a person who abjures)
              • abomination [ENG31-09776292-n] (a person who is loathsome or disgusting)
              • abstainer [ENG31-09777275-n] (a person who refrains from drinking intoxicating beverages)

                • teetotaler [ENG31-10716778-n] (a total abstainer)
              • achiever [ENG31-09782244-n] (a person with a record of successes)

                • first lady [ENG31-10112649-n] (the leading woman in an art or profession)
                • great [ENG31-10164601-n] (a person who has achieved distinction and honor in some field)
                • highflier [ENG31-10194220-n] (a person of great ability and ambition)
                • natural [ENG31-10366123-n] (someone regarded as certain to succeed)
                • sleeper [ENG31-10630215-n] (an unexpected achiever of success)
              • acquaintance [ENG31-09783207-n] (a person with whom you are acquainted)

                • bunkmate [ENG31-09899541-n] (someone who occupies the same sleeping quarters as yourself)
                • campmate [ENG31-09909863-n] (someone who lives in the same camp you do)
                • connection [ENG31-09975626-n] ((usually plural) a person who is influential and to whom you are connected in some way (as by family or friendship))
                • end man [ENG31-10076419-n] (a man at one end of a row of people)
                • homeboy [ENG31-10201076-n] (a male friend from your neighborhood or hometown)
                • messmate [ENG31-10331173-n] ((nautical) an associate with whom you share meals in the same mess (as on a ship))
                • pickup [ENG31-10451817-n] (a casual acquaintance)
                • schoolmate [ENG31-10579534-n] (an acquaintance that you go to school with)
              • acquirer [ENG31-09783624-n] (a person who acquires something (usually permanently))

                • recipient [ENG31-09651094-n] (a person who receives something)

                  • addressee [ENG31-09788768-n] (one to whom something is addressed)
                  • alienee [ENG31-09802978-n] (someone to whom the title of property is transferred)
                  • annuitant [ENG31-09814997-n] (the recipient of an annuity)
                  • assignee [ENG31-09834860-n] ((law) the party to whom something is assigned (e.g., someone to whom a right or property is legally transferred))
                  • beneficiary [ENG31-09869529-n] (the recipient of funds or other benefits)

                    • co-beneficiary [ENG31-09953430-n] (one of two or more beneficiaries of the same benefit)
                    • devisee [ENG31-10030286-n] (someone to whom property (especially realty) is devised by will)
                    • legatee [ENG31-10273308-n] (someone to whom a legacy is bequeathed)
                    • pensioner [ENG31-10434357-n] (the beneficiary of a pension fund)

                      • old-age pensioner [ENG31-10394642-n] (an old person who receives an old-age pension)
                  • borrower [ENG31-09887039-n] (someone who receives something on the promise to return it or its equivalent)

                    • freeloader [ENG31-10130662-n] (someone who takes advantage of the generosity of others)
                  • conferee [ENG31-09973560-n] (a person on whom something is bestowed)
                  • consignee [ENG31-09977926-n] (the person to whom merchandise is delivered over)
                  • dependant [ENG31-10024466-n] (a person who relies on another person for support (especially financial support))

                    • charge [ENG31-09929218-n] (a person committed to your care)
                    • minion [ENG31-10340270-n] (a servile or fawning dependant)
                  • grantee [ENG31-10163115-n] (a recipient of a grant)
                  • heir [ENG31-10188177-n] (a person who is entitled by law or by the terms of a will to inherit the estate of another)

                    • heir apparent [ENG31-10188430-n] (an heir whose right to an inheritance cannot be defeated if that person outlives the ancestor)
                    • heir-at-law [ENG31-10188601-n] (the person legally entitled to inherit the property of someone who dies intestate)
                    • heiress [ENG31-10188740-n] (a female heir)
                    • heir presumptive [ENG31-10188834-n] (a person who expects to inherit but whose right can be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative)
                  • honoree [ENG31-10203376-n] (a recipient of honors in recognition of noteworthy accomplishments)

                    • academician [ENG31-09778832-n] (someone elected to honorary membership in an academy)
                    • laureate [ENG31-10268708-n] (someone honored for great achievements)

                      • Nobelist [ENG31-10379245-n] (winner of a Nobel prize)
                  • host [ENG31-10206975-n] ((medicine) recipient of transplanted tissue or organ from a donor)
                  • mandatary [ENG31-10309630-n] (the recipient of a mandate)
                  • payee [ENG31-10429379-n] (a person to whom money is paid)
                  • protege [ENG31-10505574-n] (a person who receives support and protection from an influential patron who furthers the protege's career)

                    • protegee [ENG31-10505751-n] (a woman protege)
                  • sendee [ENG31-10598108-n] (the intended recipient of a message)
                  • transferee [ENG31-10744206-n] ((law) someone to whom a title or property is conveyed)
                  • warrantee [ENG31-10787940-n] (a recipient of a warrant issued by a court in the United States)
                • appropriator [ENG31-09822064-n] (someone who takes for his or her own use (especially without permission))

                  • kleptomaniac [ENG31-10257496-n] (someone with an irrational urge to steal in the absence of an economic motive)
                  • poacher [ENG31-10463632-n] (someone who hunts or fishes illegally on the property of another)
                  • preemptor [ENG31-10484568-n] (someone who acquires land by preemption)
                • procurer [ENG31-10498913-n] (someone who obtains or acquires)
              • active [ENG31-09784323-n] (a person who is a participating member of an organization)
              • actor [ENG31-09786620-n] (a person who acts and gets things done)

                • demon [ENG31-10022139-n] (someone extremely diligent or skillful)
                • eager beaver [ENG31-10060753-n] (an alert and energetic person)

                  • goffer [ENG31-10154817-n] (a zealously energetic person (especially a salesman))
                • energizer [ENG31-10075911-n] (someone who imparts energy and vitality and spirit to other people)
                • go-getter [ENG31-10155229-n] (someone whose career progresses rapidly)
                • man of action [ENG31-10311483-n] (someone inclined to act first and think later)
                • powerhouse [ENG31-10481995-n] (a highly energetic and indefatigable person)

                  • self-starter [ENG31-10596634-n] (an energetic person with unusual initiative)
              • adjudicator [ENG31-09789059-n] (a person who studies and settles conflicts and disputes)

                • official [ENG31-10391775-n] (someone who administers the rules of a game or sport)

                  • football official [ENG31-10121196-n] (an official who enforces the rules at a football game)

                    • back judge [ENG31-09849799-n] (a football official)
                    • field judge [ENG31-10106513-n] (a football official)
                    • head linesman [ENG31-10183493-n] (a football official in charge of recording yardage gained or lost)
                    • line judge [ENG31-10282956-n] (football official who assists the referee by keeping track of the official time during the game)
                    • side judge [ENG31-10615680-n] (a football official)
                  • linesman [ENG31-10283628-n] (official (in tennis, soccer, football, etc.) who assists the referee in some way (especially by watching for out of bounds or offside))
                  • referee [ENG31-10534022-n] ((sports) the chief official (as in boxing or American football) who is expected to ensure fair play)
                  • scorekeeper [ENG31-10581563-n] (an official who records the score during the progress of a game)
                  • starter [ENG31-10668747-n] (the official who signals the beginning of a race or competition)
                  • timekeeper [ENG31-10731132-n] ((sports) an official who keeps track of the time elapsed)
                  • umpire [ENG31-10755641-n] (an official at a baseball game)
              • admirer [ENG31-09791087-n] (a person who admires)

                • venerator [ENG31-10767216-n] (someone who regards with deep respect or reverence)
                • wonderer [ENG31-10809174-n] (someone filled with admiration and awe)
              • adoptee [ENG31-09791753-n] (someone (such as a child) who has been adopted)
              • adversary [ENG31-09792668-n] (someone who offers opposition)

                • dueler [ENG31-10058654-n] (a person who fights duels)
                • enemy [ENG31-10075655-n] (an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force))

                  • besieger [ENG31-09870382-n] (an enemy who lays siege to your position)
                • Luddite [ENG31-10295545-n] (any opponent of technological progress)
                • withstander [ENG31-10805545-n] (an opponent who resists with force or resolution)
              • advisee [ENG31-09793590-n] (someone who receives advice)
              • advocate [ENG31-09794206-n] (a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea)

                • apologist [ENG31-09817975-n] (a person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution)
                • constitutionalist [ENG31-09978866-n] (an advocate of constitutional government)
                • Darwinian [ENG31-10011869-n] (an advocate of Darwinism)
                • democrat [ENG31-10021572-n] (an advocate of democratic principles)
                • populist [ENG31-10021663-n] (someone who advocates the rights of the common people over those of the elite)
                • federalist [ENG31-10102766-n] (an advocate of federalism)
                • Gnostic [ENG31-10152730-n] (an advocate of Gnosticism)
                • humanist [ENG31-10211007-n] (an advocate of the principles of humanism)
                • ideologist [ENG31-10217011-n] (an advocate of some ideology)
                • internationalist [ENG31-10231632-n] (an advocate of internationalism)
                • irredentist [ENG31-10236708-n] (an advocate of irredentism)
                • isolationist [ENG31-10237354-n] (an advocate of isolationism in international affairs)
                • Jansenist [ENG31-10239350-n] (an advocate of Jansenism)
                • libertarian [ENG31-10277221-n] (an advocate of libertarianism)

                  • civil libertarian [ENG31-09944312-n] (a libertarian who is actively concerned with the protection of civil liberties)
                  • economic libertarian [ENG31-10063139-n] (a libertarian who advocates maximizing individual rights and minimizing the role of the state)
                • Maoist [ENG31-10312283-n] (an advocate of Maoism)
                • Marxist [ENG31-10316801-n] (an advocate of Marxism)
                • nationalist [ENG31-10365746-n] (an advocate of national independence of or a strong national government)
                • neoclassicist [ENG31-10372288-n] (an advocate of neoclassicism)
                • neutralist [ENG31-10375005-n] (an advocate of neutrality in international affairs)
                • nullifier [ENG31-10385683-n] (an advocate of nullification)
                • partisan [ENG31-10421831-n] (a fervent and even militant proponent of something)

                  • bigot [ENG31-09873051-n] (a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own)

                    • chauvinist [ENG31-09931533-n] (a person with a prejudiced belief in the superiority of his or her own kind)
                    • antifeminist [ENG31-09931701-n] (someone who does not believe in the social or economic or political equality of men and women)

                      • male chauvinist [ENG31-09931889-n] (a man with a chauvinistic belief in the inferiority of women)
                    • homophobe [ENG31-10202443-n] (a person who hates or fears homosexual people)
                    • racist [ENG31-10522535-n] (a person with a prejudiced belief that one racial group is superior to others)
                    • sectarian [ENG31-10593401-n] (a member of a sect)
                    • segregator [ENG31-10595760-n] (someone who believes the racial groups should be kept apart)
                  • dogmatist [ENG31-10043381-n] (a stubborn person of arbitrary or arrogant opinions)
                • partitionist [ENG31-10422030-n] (an advocate of partitioning a country)
                • Platonist [ENG31-10459396-n] (an advocate of Platonism)
                • pro-lifer [ENG31-10477922-n] (an advocate of full legal protection for embryos and fetuses)
                • presenter [ENG31-10485764-n] (an advocate who presents a person (as for an award or a degree or an introduction etc.))
                • protectionist [ENG31-10505468-n] (an advocate of protectionism)
                • republican [ENG31-10542088-n] (an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy))
                • ritualist [ENG31-10552443-n] (an advocate of strict observance of ritualistic forms)
                • ruralist [ENG31-10563270-n] (an advocate of rural living)
                • secessionist [ENG31-10587407-n] (an advocate of secessionism)
                • secularist [ENG31-10593982-n] (an advocate of secularism)
                • separatist [ENG31-10599482-n] (an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group (such as an established church or a national union))

                  • white separatist [ENG31-10798906-n] (someone who advocates a society in which white people live separately from members of other racial groups)
                • spokesperson [ENG31-10657783-n] (an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose)

                  • ambassador [ENG31-09807206-n] (an informal representative)
                  • flak catcher [ENG31-10114551-n] (a slick spokesperson who can turn any criticism to the advantage of their employer)
                  • mouthpiece [ENG31-10355514-n] (a spokesperson (as a lawyer))
                  • spokesman [ENG31-10657708-n] (a male spokesperson)
                  • spokeswoman [ENG31-10658132-n] (a female spokesperson)
                • suffragist [ENG31-10692347-n] (an advocate of the extension of voting rights (especially to women))
                • supporter [ENG31-10697152-n] (a person who backs a politician or a team etc.)

                  • anglophile [ENG31-09813652-n] (an admirer of England and things English)
                  • believer [ENG31-09867897-n] (a supporter who accepts something as true)

                    • abiogenist [ENG31-09775731-n] (a believer in abiogenesis)
                    • apostle [ENG31-09818884-n] (an ardent early supporter of a cause or reform)
                    • colonialist [ENG31-09957260-n] (a believer in colonialism)
                    • Confucian [ENG31-09974885-n] (a believer in the teachings of Confucius)
                    • evolutionist [ENG31-10087674-n] (a person who believes in organic evolution)
                    • imperialist [ENG31-10219865-n] (a believer in imperialism)
                    • Malthusian [ENG31-10306446-n] (a believer in Malthusian theory)
                    • vitalist [ENG31-10777485-n] (one who believes in vitalism)
                  • Boswell [ENG31-09887563-n] (a devoted admirer and recorder of another's words and deeds)
                  • cheerleader [ENG31-09933051-n] (an enthusiastic and vocal supporter)
                  • corporatist [ENG31-09986000-n] (a supporter of corporatism)
                  • enthusiast [ENG31-10079390-n] (an ardent and enthusiastic supporter of some person or activity)

                    • addict [ENG31-09788499-n] (someone who is so ardently devoted to something that it resembles an addiction)

                      • gym rat [ENG31-10173434-n] (someone who spends all leisure time playing sports or working out in a gymnasium or health spa)
                    • backslapper [ENG31-09850412-n] (someone who demonstrates enthusiastic or excessive cordiality)
                    • balletomane [ENG31-09854541-n] (a ballet enthusiast)
                    • fanatic [ENG31-10097659-n] (a person motivated by irrational enthusiasm (as for a cause))
                    • gadgeteer [ENG31-10136674-n] (a person who delights in designing or building or using gadgets)
                    • shutterbug [ENG31-10614042-n] (a photography enthusiast)
                    • sports fan [ENG31-10659323-n] (an enthusiastic devotee of sports)

                      • aficionado [ENG31-09796374-n] (a fan of bull fighting)
                      • railbird [ENG31-10524678-n] (a fan of racing who watches races from the outer rail of the track)
                  • Francophile [ENG31-10128488-n] (an admirer of France and everything French)
                  • free trader [ENG31-10131127-n] (an advocate of unrestricted international trade)
                  • functionalist [ENG31-10135903-n] (an adherent of functionalism)
                  • Jacobite [ENG31-10238659-n] (a supporter of James II after he was overthrown or a supporter of the Stuarts)
                  • loyalist [ENG31-10295092-n] (a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt))
                  • New Dealer [ENG31-10375505-n] (a supporter of the economic policies in the United States known as the New Deal)
                  • philhellene [ENG31-10442285-n] (an admirer of Greece and everything Greek)
                  • pillar [ENG31-10452721-n] (a prominent supporter)
                  • Roundhead [ENG31-10560083-n] (a supporter of parliament and Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War)
                  • seconder [ENG31-10587887-n] (someone who endorses a motion or petition as a necessary preliminary to a discussion or vote)
                  • Shavian [ENG31-10606406-n] (an admirer of G. B. Shaw or his works)
                  • subscriber [ENG31-10690107-n] (someone who expresses strong approval)
                  • sympathizer [ENG31-10705556-n] (someone who shares your feelings or opinions and hopes that you will be successful)

                    • bleeding heart [ENG31-09879224-n] (someone who is excessively sympathetic toward those who claim to be exploited or underprivileged)
                    • fellow traveler [ENG31-10103446-n] (a communist sympathizer (but not a member of the Communist Party))
                  • toaster [ENG31-10733151-n] (someone who proposes a toast)
                  • upholder [ENG31-10759876-n] (someone who upholds or maintains)
                  • voucher [ENG31-10780431-n] (someone who vouches for another or for the correctness of a statement)
                  • Whig [ENG31-10795720-n] (a supporter of the American Revolution)
                • supremacist [ENG31-10698101-n] (a person who advocates the supremacy of some particular group or racial group over all others)

                  • white supremacist [ENG31-10799286-n] (a person who believes that the white race is or should be supreme)

                    • Klansman [ENG31-10257373-n] (a member of the Ku Klux Klan)
                • teleologist [ENG31-10717278-n] (advocate of teleology)
                • Thatcherite [ENG31-10724994-n] (an advocate of Thatcherism)
                • unilateralist [ENG31-10757872-n] (an advocate of unilateralism)
              • affiant [ENG31-09795702-n] (a person who makes an affidavit)
              • agnostic [ENG31-09798565-n] (someone who is doubtful or noncommittal about something)
              • albino [ENG31-09801091-n] (a person with congenital albinism: white hair and milky skin)
              • amateur [ENG31-09806026-n] (someone who pursues a study or sport as a pastime)

                • bird watcher [ENG31-09875906-n] (a person who identifies and studies birds in their natural habitats)
                • dabbler [ENG31-10007234-n] (an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge)
                • hobbyist [ENG31-10198700-n] (a person who pursues an activity in their spare time for pleasure)
              • ancient [ENG31-09812582-n] (a person who lived in ancient times)
              • anti [ENG31-09816250-n] (a person who is opposed (to an action or policy or practice etc.))
              • anti-American [ENG31-09816415-n] (a person who is opposed to the United States and its policies)
              • apprehender [ENG31-09820525-n] (a person who seizes or arrests (especially a person who seizes or arrests in the name of justice))
              • appreciator [ENG31-09821868-n] (a person who is fully aware of something and understands it)

                • enophile [ENG31-10078875-n] (someone who appreciates wine)
              • archaist [ENG31-09823653-n] (a person who archaizes)
              • arrogator [ENG31-09829769-n] (a person who through conceit makes pretentious claims to rights or advantages that he or she is not entitled to or to qualities that he or she does not possess)
              • assessee [ENG31-09834481-n] (a person (or property) that is assessed)
              • asthmatic [ENG31-09836941-n] (a person suffering from asthma)
              • authority [ENG31-09844011-n] ((usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others)

                • abrogator [ENG31-09776642-n] (an authority or official empowered to abolish or annul or repeal)
                • allocator [ENG31-09804148-n] (a person with authority to allot or deal out or apportion)
                • approver [ENG31-09822267-n] (an authority with power to approve)
                • authority figure [ENG31-09844380-n] (someone who is regarded as an authority by someone else)
                • authorizer [ENG31-09844498-n] (an authority who authorizes (people or actions))
                • mandator [ENG31-10309760-n] (an authority who issues a mandate)
                • pasha [ENG31-10423513-n] (a civil or military authority in Turkey or Egypt)
                • civil authority [ENG31-10561390-n] (a person who exercises authority over civilian affairs)
                • upbraider [ENG31-10759674-n] (someone who finds fault or imputes blame)
                • withdrawer [ENG31-10805156-n] (an authority who withdraws permission)
              • autodidact [ENG31-09844815-n] (a person who has taught himself)
              • automaton [ENG31-09844921-n] (someone who acts or responds in a mechanical or apathetic way)
              • baby boomer [ENG31-09847649-n] (a member of the baby boom generation in the 1950s)
              • baby buster [ENG31-09847846-n] (a person born in the generation following the baby boom when the birth rate fell dramatically)
              • bad guy [ENG31-09851102-n] (any person who is not on your side)
              • bad person [ENG31-09851208-n] (a person who does harm to others)

                • wrongdoer [ENG31-09657157-n] (a person who transgresses moral or civil law)

                  • abuser [ENG31-09777974-n] (someone who abuses)
                  • attacker [ENG31-09840655-n] (someone who attacks)

                    • ambusher [ENG31-09807514-n] (an attacker who waits in a concealed position to launch a surprise attack)
                    • avenger [ENG31-09845476-n] (someone who takes vengeance)
                    • beast [ENG31-09864997-n] (a cruelly rapacious person)
                    • bludgeoner [ENG31-09880465-n] (an assailant who uses a bludgeon)
                    • bully [ENG31-09898763-n] (a cruel and brutal fellow)

                      • bullyboy [ENG31-09899082-n] (a swaggering tough)
                      • muscleman [ENG31-10359063-n] (a bully employed as a thug or bodyguard)
                      • skinhead [ENG31-10626886-n] (a member of any of several British or American groups consisting predominantly of young people who shave their heads)
                      • tough guy [ENG31-10737570-n] (someone who bullies weaker people)

                        • Ted [ENG31-10716631-n] (a tough youth of 1950's and 1960's wearing Edwardian style clothes)
                    • harasser [ENG31-10179605-n] (a persistent attacker)
                    • iconoclast [ENG31-10216344-n] (someone who attacks cherished ideas or traditional institutions)
                    • marauder [ENG31-10312833-n] (someone who attacks in search of booty)

                      • moss-trooper [ENG31-10351823-n] (a marauder and plunderer (originally operating in the bogs between England and Scotland))
                    • night rider [ENG31-10377823-n] (member of a secret mounted band in United States South after the American Civil War)
                    • raper [ENG31-10526823-n] (someone who forces another to have sexual intercourse)
                    • shedder [ENG31-10606786-n] (an attacker who sheds or spills blood)
                    • slasher [ENG31-10628608-n] (someone who slashes another person)
                    • stabber [ENG31-10663618-n] (someone who stabs another person)
                    • stoner [ENG31-10678832-n] (an attacker who pelts the victim with stones (especially with intent to kill))
                  • barrator [ENG31-09860259-n] (someone guilty of barratry)
                  • convict [ENG31-09982638-n] (a person who has been convicted of a criminal offense)

                    • first offender [ENG31-10112936-n] (someone convicted for the first time)
                    • sex offender [ENG31-10604425-n] (someone who has been convicted of a sex crime)
                  • deceiver [ENG31-10017621-n] (someone who leads you to believe something that is not true)

                    • bluffer [ENG31-09881124-n] (a person who tries to bluff other people)
                    • swindler [ENG31-09974494-n] (a person who swindles you by means of deception or fraud)

                      • clip artist [ENG31-09949228-n] (a swindler who fleeces the victim)
                      • confidence man [ENG31-09974358-n] (a swindler who exploits the confidence of his victim)
                      • welcher [ENG31-10793195-n] (someone who swindles you by not repaying a debt or wager)
                    • dodger [ENG31-10042484-n] (a shifty deceptive person)
                    • double-crosser [ENG31-10047315-n] (a person who says one thing and does another)

                      • Judas [ENG31-10244788-n] (someone who betrays under the guise of friendship)
                    • embezzler [ENG31-10071145-n] (someone who violates a trust by taking (money) for his own use)
                    • falsifier [ENG31-10096737-n] (someone who falsifies)
                    • finagler [ENG31-10109384-n] (a deceiver who uses crafty misleading methods)
                    • forger [ENG31-10124854-n] (someone who makes copies illegally)

                      • coiner [ENG31-09954691-n] (a maker of counterfeit coins)
                      • paperhanger [ENG31-10416841-n] (someone who passes bad checks or counterfeit paper money)
                    • fortune hunter [ENG31-10125128-n] (a person who seeks wealth through marriage)
                    • front man [ENG31-10133352-n] (a person used as a cover for some questionable activity)
                    • hypocrite [ENG31-10215212-n] (a person who professes beliefs and opinions that he or she does not hold in order to conceal his or her real feelings or motives)

                      • smoothie [ENG31-10634695-n] (someone with an assured and ingratiating manner)
                      • Tartuffe [ENG31-10711433-n] (a hypocrite who pretends to religious piety (after the protagonist in a play by Moliere))
                      • whited sepulcher [ENG31-10797562-n] (a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous)
                    • impersonator [ENG31-10219984-n] (someone who (fraudulently) assumes the appearance of another)

                      • mimic [ENG31-10338821-n] (someone who mimics (especially an actor or actress))
                    • imposter [ENG31-10221154-n] (a person who makes deceitful pretenses)

                      • name dropper [ENG31-10364387-n] (someone who pretends that famous people are his/her friends)
                      • ringer [ENG31-10551002-n] (a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses)
                    • liar [ENG31-10276234-n] (a person who has lied or who lies repeatedly)

                      • perjurer [ENG31-10436654-n] (a person who deliberately gives false testimony)
                      • storyteller [ENG31-10679772-n] (someone who tells lies)
                    • mountebank [ENG31-10354495-n] (a flamboyant deceiver)

                      • phrenologist [ENG31-10447231-n] (someone who claims to be able to read your character from the shape of your skull)
                    • obscurantist [ENG31-10389116-n] (a person who is deliberately vague)
                    • sandbagger [ENG31-10569482-n] (someone who deceives you about his true nature or intent in order to take advantage of you)
                    • two-timer [ENG31-10754398-n] (someone who deceives a lover or spouse by carrying on a sexual relationship with somebody else)
                    • utterer [ENG31-10763200-n] (someone who circulates forged banknotes or counterfeit coins)
                  • delinquent [ENG31-10020538-n] (a young offender)
                  • deserter [ENG31-10026496-n] (a person who abandons their duty (as on a military post))

                    • deviationist [ENG31-10029897-n] (an ideological defector from the party line (especially from orthodox communism))
                    • draft dodger [ENG31-10048363-n] (someone who is drafted and illegally refuses to serve)
                    • renegade [ENG31-10540137-n] (someone who rebels and becomes an outlaw)
                  • gonif [ENG31-10152978-n] ((Yiddish) a thief or dishonest person or scoundrel (often used as a general term of abuse))
                  • transgressor [ENG31-10305459-n] (someone who transgresses)
                  • malfeasant [ENG31-10305897-n] (one guilty of malfeasance)
                  • molester [ENG31-10346999-n] (someone who subjects others to unwanted or improper sexual activities)

                    • fondler [ENG31-10120083-n] (a molester who touches the intimate parts of the victim)
                  • no-show [ENG31-10382616-n] (someone who shirks duty)
                  • perpetrator [ENG31-10436913-n] (someone who perpetrates wrongdoing)
                  • pimp [ENG31-10453501-n] (someone who procures customers for whores (in England they call a pimp a ponce))

                    • procuress [ENG31-10499078-n] (a woman pimp)
                    • whoremaster [ENG31-10799573-n] (a pimp who procures whores)
                  • principal [ENG31-10494535-n] ((criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement)

                    • criminal [ENG31-09997190-n] (someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime)

                      • accessory [ENG31-09779206-n] (someone who helps another person commit a crime)

                        • abettor [ENG31-09775380-n] (one who helps or encourages or incites another)
                        • accessory after the fact [ENG31-09779411-n] (a person who gives assistance or comfort to someone known to be a felon or known to be sought in connection with the commission of a felony)
                        • accessory before the fact [ENG31-09779621-n] (a person who procures or advises or commands the commission of a felony but who is not present at its perpetration)
                        • accessory during the fact [ENG31-09779807-n] (a person who witnesses a crime but does not try to prevent it)
                        • confederate [ENG31-09972962-n] (someone who assists in a plot)
                      • arsonist [ENG31-09830112-n] (a criminal who illegally sets fire to property)

                        • barnburner [ENG31-09859162-n] (someone who burns down a barn)
                      • blackmailer [ENG31-09877705-n] (a criminal who extorts money from someone by threatening to expose embarrassing information about them)
                      • bootlegger [ENG31-09886328-n] (someone who makes or sells illegal liquor)
                      • briber [ENG31-09893726-n] (someone who pays (or otherwise incites) you to commit a wrongful act)
                      • conspirator [ENG31-09978371-n] (a member of a conspiracy)
                      • desperado [ENG31-10028042-n] (a bold outlaw (especially on the American frontier))
                      • fugitive [ENG31-10134554-n] (someone who is sought by law officers)

                        • absconder [ENG31-09774572-n] (a fugitive who runs away and hides to avoid arrest or prosecution)

                          • alien absconder [ENG31-09802571-n] (a fugitive remaining in the United States after an immigration judge has ordered them deported)
                        • escapee [ENG31-10082712-n] (someone who escapes)
                      • gangster [ENG31-10139742-n] (a criminal who is a member of gang)

                        • apache [ENG31-09630238-n] (a Parisian gangster)
                        • yakuza [ENG31-10821406-n] (a Japanese gangster)
                        • yardie [ENG31-10822225-n] (member of an international gang of Jamaican criminals who sell drugs and violence)
                      • highbinder [ENG31-10193884-n] (a corrupt politician)
                      • highjacker [ENG31-10195356-n] (someone who uses force to take over a vehicle (especially an airplane) in order to reach an alternative destination)
                      • hood [ENG31-10203700-n] (an aggressive and violent young criminal)

                        • bully [ENG31-09899018-n] (a hired thug)
                      • jail bird [ENG31-10238791-n] (a criminal who has been jailed repeatedly)
                      • mafioso [ENG31-10300061-n] (a member of the Mafia crime syndicate in the United States)
                      • moll [ENG31-10347141-n] (the girlfriend of a gangster)
                      • murderer [ENG31-10358420-n] (a criminal who commits homicide (who performs the unlawful premeditated killing of another human being))

                        • assassin [ENG31-09833101-n] (a murderer (especially one who kills a prominent political figure) who kills by a surprise attack and often is hired to do the deed)
                        • butcher [ENG31-09903757-n] (a brutal indiscriminate murderer)
                        • cutthroat [ENG31-10005107-n] (someone who murders by cutting the victim's throat)
                        • fratricide [ENG31-10129111-n] (a person who murders their brother or sister)
                        • gunman [ENG31-10171603-n] (a professional killer who uses a gun)
                        • hatchet man [ENG31-10181609-n] (a professional killer)
                        • infanticide [ENG31-10224452-n] (a person who murders an infant)
                        • mass murderer [ENG31-10318010-n] (a person who is responsible for the deaths of many victims in a single incident)
                        • murderess [ENG31-10358892-n] (a woman murderer)
                        • parricide [ENG31-10420903-n] (someone who kills his or her parent)

                          • matricide [ENG31-10322483-n] (a person who murders their mother)
                          • patricide [ENG31-10426966-n] (a person who murders their father)
                        • ripper [ENG31-10551809-n] (a murderer who slashes the victims with a knife)
                        • serial killer [ENG31-10600916-n] (someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval)

                          • spree killer [ENG31-10601100-n] (a serial killer whose murders occur within a brief period of time)
                      • probationer [ENG31-10497170-n] (someone released on probation or on parole)
                      • racketeer [ENG31-10522840-n] (someone who commits crimes for profit (especially one who obtains money by fraud or extortion))

                        • bagman [ENG31-09852122-n] (a racketeer assigned to collect or distribute payoff money)
                      • recidivist [ENG31-10531018-n] (someone who is repeatedly arrested for criminal behavior (especially for the same criminal behavior))
                      • scofflaw [ENG31-10581164-n] (one who habitually ignores the law and does not answer court summonses)
                      • smuggler [ENG31-10634850-n] (someone who imports or exports without paying duties)

                        • coyote [ENG31-09993433-n] (someone who smuggles illegal immigrants into the United States (usually across the Mexican border))
                        • gunrunner [ENG31-10171960-n] (a smuggler of guns)
                        • rumrunner [ENG31-10562056-n] (someone who illegally smuggles liquor across a border)
                      • thief [ENG31-10727453-n] (a criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it)

                        • bandit [ENG31-09856476-n] (an armed thief who is (usually) a member of a band)
                        • booster [ENG31-09886067-n] (a thief who steals goods that are in a store)
                        • burglar [ENG31-09900207-n] (a thief who enters a building with intent to steal)

                          • housebreaker [ENG31-10207845-n] (a burglar who unlawfully breaks into and enters another person's house)
                        • dacoit [ENG31-10007465-n] (a member of an armed gang of robbers)
                        • graverobber [ENG31-10164091-n] (someone who takes bodies from graves and sells them for anatomical dissection)
                        • graverobber [ENG31-10164250-n] (someone who steals valuables from graves or crypts)
                        • holdup man [ENG31-10200554-n] (an armed thief)

                          • highjacker [ENG31-10195138-n] (a holdup man who stops a vehicle and steals from it)

                            • footpad [ENG31-10121899-n] (a highwayman who robs on foot)
                        • larcenist [ENG31-10266610-n] (a person who commits larceny)
                        • pickpocket [ENG31-10451671-n] (a thief who steals from the pockets or purses of others in public places)
                        • plagiarist [ENG31-10457029-n] (someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own)
                        • plunderer [ENG31-10462744-n] (someone who takes spoils or plunder (as in war))

                          • pirate [ENG31-10455134-n] (someone who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea without having a commission from any sovereign nation)

                            • corsair [ENG31-09986471-n] (a pirate along the Barbary Coast)
                            • sea king [ENG31-10586524-n] (a Viking pirate chief)
                        • robber [ENG31-10554143-n] (a thief who steals from someone by threatening violence)

                          • bank robber [ENG31-09857683-n] (a robber of banks)
                          • mugger [ENG31-10357013-n] (a robber who takes property by threatening or performing violence on the person who is robbed (usually on the street))
                        • rustler [ENG31-10564037-n] (someone who steals livestock (especially cattle))
                        • safebreaker [ENG31-10565619-n] (a thief who breaks open safes to steal valuable contents)
                        • snatcher [ENG31-10635445-n] (a thief who grabs and runs)
                        • sneak thief [ENG31-10635720-n] (a thief who steals without using violence)

                          • wharf rat [ENG31-10794913-n] (someone who lives near wharves and lives by pilfering from ships or warehouses)
                      • traitor [ENG31-10742614-n] (someone who betrays his country by committing treason)

                        • collaborator [ENG31-09955251-n] (someone who collaborates with an enemy occupying force)
                        • fifth columnist [ENG31-10107024-n] (a member of a clandestine subversive organization who tries to help a potential invader)
                        • traitress [ENG31-10742879-n] (female traitor)
                      • violator [ENG31-10774117-n] (someone who violates the law)
                  • recidivist [ENG31-10530832-n] (someone who lapses into previous undesirable patterns of behavior)
                  • reprobate [ENG31-10541917-n] (a person without moral scruples)

                    • pervert [ENG31-10438792-n] (a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior)

                      • fetishist [ENG31-10105317-n] (one who engages in fetishism (especially of a sexual nature))
                      • masochist [ENG31-10317034-n] (someone who obtains pleasure from receiving punishment)

                        • flagellant [ENG31-10114213-n] (a person who is whipped or whips himself for sexual gratification)
                      • nymphomaniac [ENG31-10388497-n] (a woman with abnormal sexual desires)
                      • pederast [ENG31-10431612-n] (a man who has sex (usually sodomy) with a boy as the passive partner)
                      • pedophile [ENG31-10432414-n] (an adult who is sexually attracted to children)
                      • sadist [ENG31-10565349-n] (someone who obtains pleasure from inflicting pain on others)
                      • sadomasochist [ENG31-10565497-n] (someone who enjoys both sadism and masochism)
                      • satyr [ENG31-10572408-n] (man with strong sexual desires)
                      • sodomite [ENG31-10640876-n] (someone who engages in anal copulation (especially a male who engages in anal copulation with another male))
                    • scapegrace [ENG31-10574858-n] (a reckless and unprincipled reprobate)
                    • wretch [ENG31-10813132-n] (performs some wicked deed)
                  • shark [ENG31-10606082-n] (a person who is ruthless and greedy and dishonest)
                  • shyster [ENG31-10614265-n] (a person (especially a lawyer or politician) who uses unscrupulous or unethical methods)
                  • sinner [ENG31-10620486-n] (a person who sins (without repenting))

                    • magdalen [ENG31-10300295-n] (a reformed prostitute)
                  • usurper [ENG31-10762203-n] (one who wrongfully or illegally seizes and holds the place of another)

                    • claim jumper [ENG31-09945282-n] (one who illegally occupies property to which another has a legal claim)
                  • war criminal [ENG31-10786567-n] (an offender who violates international law during times of war)
                • bad egg [ENG31-09850977-n] ((old-fashioned slang) a bad person)
                • sellout [ENG31-09851585-n] (someone who has sold out)
                • decadent [ENG31-10017477-n] (a person who has fallen into a decadent state (morally or artistically))
                • destroyer [ENG31-10028370-n] (a person who destroys or ruins or lays waste to)

                  • annihilator [ENG31-09814358-n] (a total destroyer)
                  • iconoclast [ENG31-10216464-n] (a destroyer of images used in religious worship)
                  • saboteur [ENG31-10564305-n] (someone who commits sabotage or deliberately causes wrecks)
                  • vandal [ENG31-10765724-n] (someone who willfully destroys or defaces property)
                • libertine [ENG31-10277344-n] (a dissolute person)

                  • adulterer [ENG31-09792169-n] (someone who commits adultery or fornication)

                    • adulteress [ENG31-09792353-n] (a woman adulterer)
                    • wencher [ENG31-10793891-n] (someone who patronizes prostitutes)
                  • gigolo [ENG31-10149001-n] (a man who has sex with and is supported by a woman)

                    • lounge lizard [ENG31-10294171-n] (a man who idles about in the lounges of hotels and bars in search of women who would support him)
                  • rake [ENG31-10525535-n] (a dissolute man in fashionable society)
                  • seducer [ENG31-10594533-n] (a man who takes advantage of women)

                    • undoer [ENG31-10757374-n] (a seducer who ruins a woman)
                  • swinger [ENG31-10703158-n] (a person who engages freely in promiscuous sex)
                  • violator [ENG31-10773949-n] (someone who assaults others sexually)
                • panderer [ENG31-10415625-n] (a person who serves or caters to the vulgar passions or plans of others (especially in order to make money))
                • polluter [ENG31-10471414-n] (a person or organization that causes pollution of the environment)
                • scalawag [ENG31-10574094-n] (a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War (usually for self-interest))
                • seducer [ENG31-10594685-n] (a bad person who entices others into error or wrongdoing)

                  • seductress [ENG31-10594831-n] (a woman who seduces)
                • shocker [ENG31-10610385-n] (a shockingly bad person)
                • snake [ENG31-10635218-n] (a deceitful or treacherous person)
                • trampler [ENG31-10743110-n] (someone who injures by trampling)
                • vermin [ENG31-10768174-n] (an irritating or obnoxious person)
                • victimizer [ENG31-10772387-n] (a person who victimizes others)

                  • slaver [ENG31-10629717-n] (a person engaged in slave trade)

                    • white slaver [ENG31-10799180-n] (a person who forces women to become prostitutes)
              • baldhead [ENG31-09853256-n] (a person whose head is bald or shaved)
              • balker [ENG31-09853385-n] (a person who refuses to comply)

                • negativist [ENG31-10371222-n] (someone who refuses to do what is asked or does the opposite of what is asked)
              • bullfighter [ENG31-09855548-n] (someone who fights bulls)

                • banderillero [ENG31-09855731-n] (the bullfighter who implants decorated darts (banderillas) into the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight)
                • matador [ENG31-09855907-n] (the principal bullfighter who is appointed to make the final passes and kill the bull)
                • novillero [ENG31-09856046-n] (a bullfighter who is required to fight bulls less than four years of age)
                • torero [ENG31-09856364-n] (a matador or one of the supporting team during a bull fight)
              • bather [ENG31-09862990-n] (a person who takes a bath)
              • beard [ENG31-09864809-n] (a person who diverts suspicion from someone (especially a woman who accompanies a male homosexual in order to conceal his homosexuality))
              • bedfellow [ENG31-09865673-n] (a person with whom you share a bed)
              • bereaved [ENG31-09869865-n] (a person who has suffered the death of someone they loved)
              • best [ENG31-09870573-n] (the person who is most outstanding or excellent)
              • birth [ENG31-09876077-n] (a baby born)
              • biter [ENG31-09877258-n] (someone who bites)

                • nibbler [ENG31-10377183-n] (a biter who takes dainty repeated bites)
              • blogger [ENG31-09879821-n] (a person who keeps and updates a blog)
              • blond [ENG31-09879912-n] (a person with fair skin and hair)

                • peroxide blond [ENG31-10436790-n] (a blond whose hair is bleached with peroxide)
                • platinum blond [ENG31-10459140-n] (a blond whose hair is a pale silvery (often artificially colored) blond)
                • towhead [ENG31-10738601-n] (a person with light blond hair)
              • bluecoat [ENG31-09880693-n] (a person dressed all in blue (as a soldier or sailor))
              • bodybuilder [ENG31-09882251-n] (someone who does special exercises to develop a brawny musculature)
              • bomber [ENG31-09883942-n] (a person who plants bombs)
              • brunet [ENG31-09897322-n] (a person with dark (brown) hair)
              • buster [ENG31-09902904-n] (a person (or thing) that breaks up or overpowers something)
              • candidate [ENG31-09910201-n] (someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.))
              • case [ENG31-09918344-n] (a person requiring professional services)

                • client [ENG31-10004605-n] (a person who seeks the advice of a lawyer)
                • referral [ENG31-10533848-n] (a person whose case has been referred to a specialist or professional group)
                • welfare case [ENG31-10793468-n] (a case for a welfare worker)
              • cashier [ENG31-09918741-n] (a person responsible for receiving payments for goods and services (as in a shop or restaurant))
              • celebrant [ENG31-09922407-n] (a person who is celebrating)

                • reveler [ENG31-10545671-n] (a celebrant who shares in a noisy party)

                  • roisterer [ENG31-10556454-n] (an especially noisy and unrestrained merrymaker)
              • censor [ENG31-09923389-n] (someone who censures or condemns)
              • chameleon [ENG31-09925902-n] (a changeable or inconstant person)
              • charmer [ENG31-09929832-n] (a person who charms others (usually by personal attractiveness))

                • heartbreaker [ENG31-10185782-n] (a charming person who is irresponsible in emotional relationships)
              • child [ENG31-09938012-n] (an immature childish person)
              • chutzpanik [ENG31-09941131-n] ((Yiddish) a person characterized by chutzpa)
              • closer [ENG31-09949922-n] (a person who closes something)
              • clumsy person [ENG31-09950725-n] (a person with poor motor coordination)

                • butterfingers [ENG31-09904386-n] (someone who drops things (especially one who cannot catch a ball))
                • duffer [ENG31-10058996-n] (an incompetent or clumsy person)
                • lout [ENG31-10294336-n] (an awkward stupid person)
              • collector [ENG31-09956078-n] (a person who collects things)

                • archivist [ENG31-09826367-n] (a person in charge of collecting and cataloguing archives)
                • conchologist [ENG31-09971314-n] (a collector and student of mollusc shells)
                • numismatist [ENG31-10386478-n] (a collector and student of money (and coins in particular))
                • packrat [ENG31-10410299-n] (a collector of miscellaneous useless objects)
                • philatelist [ENG31-10442150-n] (a collector and student of postage stamps)
              • combatant [ENG31-09958771-n] (someone who fights (or is fighting))

                • defender [ENG31-09638241-n] (a fighter who holds out against attack)
                • boxer [ENG31-09889614-n] (someone who fights with his fists for sport)

                  • bantamweight [ENG31-09857899-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 119 pounds)
                  • slugger [ENG31-09890501-n] (a boxer noted for an ability to deliver hard punches)
                  • featherweight [ENG31-10102655-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 126 pounds)
                  • flyweight [ENG31-10118286-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 112 pounds)
                  • heavyweight [ENG31-10186845-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 201 pounds)
                  • junior featherweight [ENG31-10247271-n] (weighs no more than 122 pounds)
                  • junior lightweight [ENG31-10247368-n] (weighs no more than 130 pounds)
                  • junior middleweight [ENG31-10247463-n] (weighs no more than 154 pounds)
                  • junior welterweight [ENG31-10247559-n] (weighs no more than 140 pounds)
                  • light flyweight [ENG31-10281208-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 106 pounds)
                  • light heavyweight [ENG31-10281559-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 179 pounds)
                  • light middleweight [ENG31-10281674-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 156 pounds)
                  • lightweight [ENG31-10282352-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 132 pounds)
                  • light welterweight [ENG31-10282461-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 140 pounds)
                  • middleweight [ENG31-10334175-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 165 pounds)
                  • prizefighter [ENG31-10496662-n] (a professional boxer)

                    • featherweight [ENG31-10102456-n] (a professional boxer who weighs between 123 and 126 pounds)
                    • heavyweight [ENG31-10186635-n] (a professional boxer who weighs more than 190 pounds)
                    • light heavyweight [ENG31-10281321-n] (a professional boxer who weighs between 169 and 175 pounds)
                    • lightweight [ENG31-10282142-n] (a professional boxer who weighs between 131 and 135 pounds)
                    • middleweight [ENG31-10333963-n] (a professional boxer who weighs between 155 and 160 pounds)
                    • welterweight [ENG31-10793569-n] (a professional boxer who weighs between 141 and 147 pounds)
                  • puncher [ENG31-10512212-n] (someone who delivers punches)
                  • sparring partner [ENG31-10649301-n] (a boxer who spars with another boxer who is training for an important fight)
                  • stumblebum [ENG31-10686191-n] (a second-rate prize fighter)
                  • super heavyweight [ENG31-10695048-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs more than 201 pounds)
                  • welterweight [ENG31-10793781-n] (an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 148 pounds)
                • brawler [ENG31-09892814-n] (a fighter (especially one who participates in brawls))
                • butter [ENG31-09904267-n] (a fighter who strikes the opponent with his head)
                • fencer [ENG31-10104986-n] (someone skilled at fencing)
                • gladiator [ENG31-10151335-n] ((ancient Rome) a professional combatant or a captive who entertained the public by engaging in mortal combat)
                • gouger [ENG31-10159571-n] (an attacker who gouges out the antagonist's eye)
                • hell-kite [ENG31-10189271-n] (someone who is a very fierce fighter)
                • mauler [ENG31-10323180-n] (a fighter who batters the opponent)
                • skirmisher [ENG31-10625256-n] (someone who skirmishes (e.g., as a member of a scouting party))
                • street fighter [ENG31-10682088-n] (someone who learned to fight in the streets rather than being formally trained in the sport of boxing)
                • victor [ENG31-10772598-n] (a combatant who is able to defeat rivals)

                  • conqueror [ENG31-09976057-n] (someone who is victorious by force of arms)

                    • subjugator [ENG31-10688564-n] (a conqueror who defeats and enslaves)
                • wrestler [ENG31-10812808-n] (combatant who tries to throw opponent to the ground)

                  • bantamweight [ENG31-09858009-n] (weighs 115-126 pounds)
                  • featherweight [ENG31-10102574-n] (weighs 126-139 pounds)
                  • flyweight [ENG31-10118393-n] (weighs no more than 115 pounds)
                  • heavyweight [ENG31-10186745-n] (a wrestler who weighs more than 214 pounds)
                  • light heavyweight [ENG31-10281459-n] (a wrestler who weighs 192-214 pounds)
                  • lightweight [ENG31-10282258-n] (a wrestler who weighs 139-154 pounds)
                  • middleweight [ENG31-10334080-n] (a wrestler who weighs 172-192 pounds)
                  • sumo wrestler [ENG31-10694152-n] (a wrestler who participates in sumo (a Japanese form of wrestling))
                  • welterweight [ENG31-10793686-n] (a wrestler who weighs 154-172 pounds)
              • complexifier [ENG31-09966606-n] (someone makes things complex)
              • compulsive [ENG31-09969936-n] (a person with a compulsive disposition)

                • control freak [ENG31-09980948-n] (someone with a compulsive desire to exert control over situations and people)
                • exhibitionist [ENG31-10090749-n] (someone with a compulsive desire to expose the genitals)

                  • streaker [ENG31-10681745-n] (someone who takes off all their clothes and runs naked through a public place)
                • perfectionist [ENG31-10434975-n] (a person who is displeased by anything that does not meet very high standards)
                • workaholic [ENG31-10810642-n] (person with a compulsive need to work)
              • computer user [ENG31-09970753-n] (a person who uses computers for work or entertainment or communication or business)

                • computer scientist [ENG31-09970549-n] (a scientist who specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computers)

                  • computational linguist [ENG31-09970207-n] (someone trained in computer science and linguistics who uses computers for natural language processing)
                • cybernaut [ENG31-10005213-n] (a computer user who uses the internet)
                • power user [ENG31-10482154-n] ((computing) a computer user who needs the fastest and most powerful computers available)
              • contemplative [ENG31-09979794-n] (a person devoted to the contemplative life)
              • convert [ENG31-09981893-n] (a person who has been converted to another religious or political belief)

                • Converso [ENG31-09981693-n] ((medieval Spain and Portugal) a Jew or Moor who professed to convert to Christianity in order to avoid persecution or expulsion)

                  • Marrano [ENG31-10315258-n] ((medieval Spain and Portugal) a disparaging term for a Jew who converted to Christianity in order to avoid persecution but continued to practice their religion secretly)
                • proselyte [ENG31-10504753-n] (a new convert)
              • copycat [ENG31-09983941-n] (someone who copies the words or behavior of another)

                • epigone [ENG31-10081850-n] (an inferior imitator of some distinguished writer, artist, or musician)
                • parrot [ENG31-10421030-n] (a copycat who does not understand the words or acts being imitated)
              • counter [ENG31-09989021-n] (a person who counts things)
              • counterterrorist [ENG31-09989618-n] (someone who attempts to prevent terrorism)
              • crawler [ENG31-09995649-n] (a person who crawls or creeps along the ground)
              • creature [ENG31-09995959-n] (a human being)
              • creditor [ENG31-09996258-n] (a person to whom money is owed by a debtor)

                • mortgagee [ENG31-10351060-n] (the person who accepts a mortgage)
              • cripple [ENG31-09998419-n] (someone who is unable to walk normally because of an injury or disability to the legs or back)

                • humpback [ENG31-10212031-n] (a person whose back is hunched because of abnormal curvature of the upper spine)
              • dancer [ENG31-10009953-n] (a person who participates in a social gathering arranged for dancing (as a ball))

                • clog dancer [ENG31-10010228-n] (someone who does clog dancing)
                • folk dancer [ENG31-10118631-n] (someone who does folk dances)

                  • morris dancer [ENG31-10350880-n] (someone who does a morris dance)
                  • reeler [ENG31-10533644-n] (a dancer of reels)
                  • square dancer [ENG31-10661994-n] (someone who does square dancing)
                • raver [ENG31-10527865-n] (a participant in a rave dancing party)
                • waltzer [ENG31-10785255-n] (a dancer who waltzes)
              • dead person [ENG31-10014481-n] (someone who is no longer alive)

                • infernal [ENG31-10224963-n] (an inhabitant of Hell)
                • zombi [ENG31-10825242-n] (a dead body that has been brought back to life by a supernatural force)
              • deaf person [ENG31-10016019-n] (a person with a severe auditory impairment)

                • lip reader [ENG31-10285087-n] (someone who can understand spoken words by watching the movements of a speaker's lips)
                • mute [ENG31-10362098-n] (a deaf person who is unable to speak)

                  • dummy [ENG31-10059294-n] (a person who does not talk)
              • debaser [ENG31-10016750-n] (a person who lowers the quality or character or value (as by adding cheaper metal to coins))

                • vulgarizer [ENG31-10781526-n] (someone who makes something vulgar)
              • debtor [ENG31-10017160-n] (a person who owes a creditor)

                • defaulter [ENG31-10019052-n] (someone who fails to meet a financial obligation)

                  • deadbeat dad [ENG31-10015687-n] (a father who willfully defaults on his obligation to provide financial support for his offspring)
                • fly-by-night [ENG31-10118157-n] (a debtor who flees to avoid paying)
                • mortgagor [ENG31-10351282-n] (the person who gives a mortgage in return for money to be repaid)
              • defecator [ENG31-10019527-n] (a person who defecates)
              • delayer [ENG31-10020209-n] (a person who delays)

                • procrastinator [ENG31-10498211-n] (someone who postpones work (especially out of laziness or habitual carelessness))
                • temporizer [ENG31-10719207-n] (someone who temporizes)
              • deliverer [ENG31-10020651-n] (a person who gives up or transfers money or goods)

                • bailor [ENG31-09852635-n] (the person who delivers personal property (goods or money) in trust to the bailee in a bailment)
              • demander [ENG31-10021240-n] (a person who makes demands)
              • dieter [ENG31-10032031-n] (a person who diets)
              • differentiator [ENG31-10032560-n] (a person who (or that which) differentiates)
              • disentangler [ENG31-10036672-n] (a person who removes tangles)
              • dissenter [ENG31-10037746-n] (a person who dissents from some established policy)

                • conscientious objector [ENG31-09976492-n] (one who refuses to serve in the armed forces on grounds of conscience)
                • nonconformist [ENG31-09977313-n] (someone who refuses to conform to established standards of conduct)

                  • beatnik [ENG31-09865257-n] (a member of the beat generation)
                  • bohemian [ENG31-09882906-n] (a nonconformist writer or artist who lives an unconventional life)
                  • enfant terrible [ENG31-10077403-n] (a person whose unconventional behavior embarrasses others)
                  • heretic [ENG31-10191625-n] (a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field (not merely religion))
                  • maverick [ENG31-10323321-n] (someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action)
                • political dissident [ENG31-10038257-n] (a dissenter from political orthodoxy)
                • NIMBY [ENG31-10378274-n] (someone who objects to siting something in their own neighborhood but does not object to it being sited elsewhere)
              • divider [ENG31-10039613-n] (a person who separates something into parts or groups)

                • subdivider [ENG31-10687719-n] (someone who divides parts into smaller parts (especially a divider of land into building sites))
              • domestic partner [ENG31-10044087-n] (a person (not necessarily a spouse) with whom you cohabit and share a long-term sexual relationship)

                • lover [ENG31-09645915-n] (a significant other to whom you are not related by marriage)

                  • fancy man [ENG31-10098113-n] (a woman's lover)
                • spouse [ENG31-10660018-n] (a person's partner in marriage)

                  • bigamist [ENG31-09872713-n] (someone who marries one person while already legally married to another)
                  • consort [ENG31-09978203-n] (the husband or wife of a reigning monarch)
                  • helpmate [ENG31-10190191-n] (a helpful partner)
                  • husband [ENG31-10213586-n] (a married man)

                    • benedick [ENG31-09869398-n] (a newly married man (especially one who has long been a bachelor))
                    • cuckold [ENG31-10001682-n] (a man whose wife committed adultery)

                      • wittol [ENG31-10806431-n] (an archaic term for a cuckold who knows about his wife's infidelity but tolerates it)
                    • family man [ENG31-10097174-n] (a man whose family is of major importance in his life)
                    • house husband [ENG31-10208195-n] (a husband who keeps house while his wife earns the family income)
                    • uxoricide [ENG31-10763735-n] (a husband who murders his wife)
                  • monogamist [ENG31-10348495-n] (someone who practices monogamy (one spouse at a time))
                  • newlywed [ENG31-10375765-n] (someone recently married)

                    • bride [ENG31-09894084-n] (a woman who has recently been married)

                      • war bride [ENG31-10786294-n] (bride of a serviceman during wartime)
                    • groom [ENG31-10167455-n] (a man who has recently been married)
                  • polygamist [ENG31-10471816-n] (someone who is married to two or more people at the same time)

                    • polyandrist [ENG31-10471707-n] (a woman with two or more husbands)
                    • polygynist [ENG31-10471988-n] (a man with two or more wives)
              • double [ENG31-10046971-n] (someone who closely resembles a famous person (especially an actor))

                • ringer [ENG31-10551114-n] (a person who is almost identical to another)
              • dresser [ENG31-10052950-n] (a person who dresses in a particular way)

                • chichi [ENG31-09935567-n] (someone who dresses in a trendy fashionable way)
              • dribbler [ENG31-10053388-n] (a person who dribbles)
              • drug user [ENG31-10055991-n] (a person who takes drugs)

                • addict [ENG31-09788253-n] (someone who is physiologically dependent on a substance)

                  • caffeine addict [ENG31-09906152-n] (someone addicted to caffeine)
                  • drug addict [ENG31-10055677-n] (a narcotics addict)

                    • cocaine addict [ENG31-09952693-n] (a person addicted to cocaine)
                    • crack addict [ENG31-09993707-n] (someone addicted to crack cocaine)
                    • heroin addict [ENG31-10193250-n] (someone addicted to heroin)
                    • opium addict [ENG31-10398977-n] (someone addicted to opium)
                    • withdrawer [ENG31-10804879-n] (a drug addict who is discontinuing the use of narcotics)
                  • speed freak [ENG31-10654121-n] (addict who habitually uses stimulant drugs (especially amphetamines))
                • head [ENG31-10182373-n] (a user of (usually soft) drugs)

                  • acid head [ENG31-09782695-n] (someone who takes LSD)
                  • hash head [ENG31-10181215-n] (a user of hashish)
                  • pill head [ENG31-10452841-n] (a consumer of amphetamine pills)
                  • pothead [ENG31-10479759-n] (someone who smokes marijuana habitually)
                • tripper [ENG31-10749575-n] ((slang) someone who has taken a psychedelic drug and is undergoing hallucinations)
              • dyslectic [ENG31-10060414-n] (a person who has dyslexia)
              • eccentric [ENG31-10062653-n] (a person with an unusual or odd personality)

                • crackpot [ENG31-09994026-n] (a whimsically eccentric person)
                • nutter [ENG31-10388113-n] (a person who is regarded as eccentric or mad)
              • ectomorph [ENG31-10064490-n] (a person with a thin body)
              • effecter [ENG31-10066335-n] (one who brings about a result or event)
              • Elizabethan [ENG31-10070520-n] (a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I)
              • emotional person [ENG31-10072651-n] (a person subject to strong states of emotion)

                • captive [ENG31-09913052-n] (a person held in the grip of a strong emotion or passion)
                • spitfire [ENG31-10656144-n] (a highly emotional and quick-tempered person (especially a girl or woman))
              • endomorph [ENG31-10075538-n] (a heavy person with a soft and rounded body)

                • pudge [ENG31-10511583-n] (a short fat person)
              • enjoyer [ENG31-10078219-n] (a person who delights in having or using or experiencing something)
              • enrollee [ENG31-10078970-n] (a person who enrolls in (or is enrolled in) a class or course of study)

                • student [ENG31-10685137-n] (a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution)

                  • art student [ENG31-09832756-n] (someone studying to be an artist)
                  • auditor [ENG31-09842555-n] (a student who attends a course but does not take it for credit)
                  • catechumen [ENG31-09920955-n] (a new convert being taught the principles of Christianity by a catechist)
                  • collegian [ENG31-09956514-n] (a student (or former student) at a college or university)

                    • college student [ENG31-09956350-n] (a student enrolled in a college or university)

                      • matriculate [ENG31-10322572-n] (someone who has been admitted to a college or university)
                      • student teacher [ENG31-10685698-n] (a college student who is teaching under the supervision of a certified teacher in order to qualify for a degree in education)
                    • graduate student [ENG31-10160629-n] (a student who continues studies after graduation)
                    • undergraduate [ENG31-10756259-n] (a university student who has not yet received a first degree)

                      • co-ed [ENG31-09953671-n] (a female student at a coeducational college or university)
                      • lowerclassman [ENG31-10294512-n] (an undergraduate who is not yet a senior)

                        • freshman [ENG31-10131457-n] (a first-year undergraduate)
                        • junior [ENG31-10247063-n] (a third-year undergraduate)
                        • sophomore [ENG31-10644800-n] (a second-year undergraduate)
                      • senior [ENG31-10598514-n] (an undergraduate student during the year preceding graduation)
                  • crammer [ENG31-09995463-n] (a student who crams)
                  • Etonian [ENG31-10086013-n] (a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Eton College)
                  • law student [ENG31-10269566-n] (a student in law school)
                  • major [ENG31-10303063-n] (a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject)
                  • medical student [ENG31-10325848-n] (a student in medical school)
                  • nonreader [ENG31-10381600-n] (a student who is very slow in learning to read)
                  • overachiever [ENG31-10408020-n] (a student who attains higher standards than the IQ indicated)
                  • scholar [ENG31-10578201-n] (a student who holds a scholarship)

                    • Rhodes scholar [ENG31-10547870-n] (a student who holds one of the scholarships endowed by the will of Cecil J. Rhodes that enables the student to study at Oxford University)
                  • seminarian [ENG31-10597614-n] (a student at a seminary (especially a Roman Catholic seminary))
                  • sixth-former [ENG31-10623683-n] (a student in the sixth form)
                  • skipper [ENG31-10627340-n] (a student who fails to attend classes)
                  • underachiever [ENG31-10756051-n] (a student who does not perform as well as expected or as well as the IQ indicates)
                  • withdrawer [ENG31-10804598-n] (a student who withdraws from the educational institution in which he or she was enrolled)
                  • Wykehamist [ENG31-10821165-n] (a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Winchester College)
              • ethnic [ENG31-10085354-n] (a person who is a member of an ethnic group)
              • explorer [ENG31-10092496-n] (someone who travels into little known regions (especially for some scientific purpose))

                • conquistador [ENG31-09976259-n] (an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century))
                • diver [ENG31-10039277-n] (someone who works underwater)

                  • deep-sea diver [ENG31-10018556-n] (a diver in the deeper parts of the sea)
                  • pearl diver [ENG31-10430276-n] (a diver who searches for molluscs containing pearls)
                  • scuba diver [ENG31-10585095-n] (an underwater diver who uses scuba gear)
                • navigator [ENG31-10367614-n] (in earlier times, a person who explored by ship)

                  • Ponce de Leon [ENG31-11262067-n] (Spanish explorer who accompanied Columbus on his second trip in 1493)
                • potholer [ENG31-10479852-n] (a person who explores caves)
              • extrovert [ENG31-10094629-n] ((psychology) a person concerned more with practical realities than with inner thoughts and feelings)
              • faddist [ENG31-10095687-n] (a person who subscribes to a variety of fads)

                • food faddist [ENG31-10120283-n] (a person who adheres briefly to different diets)
              • faller [ENG31-10096558-n] (a person who falls)
              • fastener [ENG31-10100106-n] (a person who fastens or makes fast)
              • fiduciary [ENG31-10105843-n] (a person who holds assets in trust for a beneficiary)

                • conservator [ENG31-09634752-n] (someone appointed by a court to assume responsibility for the interests of a minor or incompetent person)
                • administrator [ENG31-09790166-n] (the party appointed by a probate court to distribute the estate of someone who dies without a will or without naming an executor)
                • executor [ENG31-10090026-n] (a person appointed by a testator to carry out the terms of the will)

                  • executrix [ENG31-10090184-n] (a woman executor)
                • liquidator [ENG31-10285229-n] ((law) a person (usually appointed by a court of law) who liquidates assets or preserves them for the benefit of affected parties)
                • steward [ENG31-10674881-n] (someone who manages property or other affairs for someone else)

                  • chamberlain [ENG31-09925532-n] (an officer who manages the household of a king or nobleman)
                • trustee [ENG31-10751971-n] (a person (or institution) to whom legal title to property is entrusted to use for another's benefit)
              • first-rater [ENG31-10113165-n] (one who is first-rate)
              • follower [ENG31-10119144-n] (a person who accepts the leadership of another)

                • camp follower [ENG31-09909644-n] (a follower who is not a member of an ingroup)
                • Cartesian [ENG31-09917472-n] (a follower of Cartesian thought)
                • cultist [ENG31-10001900-n] (a member of a religious cult)
                • cultist [ENG31-10002055-n] (a member of an unorthodox cult who generally lives outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader)
                • disciple [ENG31-10035803-n] (someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another)

                  • Zen Buddhist [ENG31-09703302-n] (an adherent of the doctrines of Zen Buddhism)
                  • Mahayanist [ENG31-09703460-n] (an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism)
                  • Hinayanist [ENG31-09703604-n] (an adherent of Hinayana Buddhism)
                  • Lamaist [ENG31-09703730-n] ((Buddhism) an adherent of Lamaism)
                  • Tantrist [ENG31-09703854-n] (an adherent of Tantrism)
                  • Jainist [ENG31-09704463-n] (a believer in Jainism)
                  • Shintoist [ENG31-09705184-n] (a believer in Shintoism)
                  • Rastafarian [ENG31-09705300-n] (follower of Rastafarianism)
                  • Mithraist [ENG31-09705429-n] (adherent of Mithraism)
                  • Zoroastrian [ENG31-09705524-n] (follower of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism)
                  • absolutist [ENG31-09774729-n] (one who advocates absolutism)
                  • amoralist [ENG31-09808591-n] (someone who adheres to the doctrine that ordinary moral distinctions are invalid)
                  • animist [ENG31-09814109-n] (one who accepts the doctrine of animism)
                  • antinomian [ENG31-09816698-n] (a follower of the doctrine of antinomianism)
                  • Aristotelian [ENG31-09827503-n] (a follower of Aristotle or an adherent of Aristotelianism)
                  • Taoist [ENG31-09867693-n] (an adherent of any branch of Taoism)
                  • clericalist [ENG31-09947822-n] (one who advocates clericalism)
                  • Donatist [ENG31-10045116-n] (an adherent of Donatism)
                  • Druze [ENG31-10057313-n] (an adherent of an esoteric monotheistic religious sect living in the relative security of the mountains of Syria and Lebanon who believes that Al-hakim was an incarnation of God)
                  • dualist [ENG31-10057951-n] (an adherent of dualism)
                  • Hussite [ENG31-10214082-n] (an adherent of the religious reforms of John Huss)
                  • Ismaili [ENG31-10237222-n] (an adherent of Ismailism)
                  • Lutheran [ENG31-10297512-n] (follower of Lutheranism)
                  • Mahdist [ENG31-10301959-n] (an adherent of Mahdism)
                  • Manichaean [ENG31-10310474-n] (an adherent of Manichaeism)
                  • Monophysite [ENG31-10348964-n] (an adherent of Monophysitism)
                  • Neoplatonist [ENG31-10372968-n] (an adherent of Neoplatonism)
                  • Sikh [ENG31-10617757-n] (an adherent of Sikhism)
                  • Socinian [ENG31-10639728-n] (an adherent of the teachings of Socinus)
                  • totalitarian [ENG31-10736986-n] (an adherent of totalitarian principles or totalitarian government)
                  • Unitarian [ENG31-10758327-n] (adherent of Unitarianism)
                  • Trinitarian [ENG31-10758444-n] (adherent of Trinitarianism)
                  • Arminian [ENG31-10758528-n] (adherent of Arminianism)
                  • votary [ENG31-10779488-n] (a devoted (almost religiously so) adherent of a cause or person or activity)
                  • fundamentalist [ENG31-11428554-n] (an adherent of fundamentalist principles)
                • fan [ENG31-10097373-n] (an ardent follower and admirer)

                  • aerophile [ENG31-09795627-n] (a lover of aviation)
                  • aficionado [ENG31-09796248-n] (a serious devotee of some particular music genre or musical performer)
                  • amorist [ENG31-09808745-n] (one dedicated to love and lovemaking especially one who writes about love)
                  • bacchant [ENG31-09849044-n] (a drunken reveller)
                  • groupie [ENG31-10168511-n] (an enthusiastic young fan (especially a young woman who follows rock groups around))
                  • metalhead [ENG31-10331653-n] (a fan of heavy metal music)
                • flatterer [ENG31-10115638-n] (a person who uses flattery)

                  • sycophant [ENG31-10704310-n] (a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage)

                    • apple polisher [ENG31-09820054-n] (someone who humbles himself as a sign of respect)
                    • goody-goody [ENG31-10158726-n] (a person who behaves extremely well in order to please a superior)
                • flunky [ENG31-10117861-n] (a person of unquestioning obedience)

                  • pushover [ENG31-10515465-n] (someone who is easily taken advantage of)
                • Freudian [ENG31-10131548-n] (a person who follows the basic theories or practices of Sigmund Freud)
                • Hegelian [ENG31-10187961-n] (a follower of the thought of Hegel)
                • inferior [ENG31-10224850-n] (one of lesser rank or station or quality)
                • Jacksonian [ENG31-10237962-n] (a follower of Andrew Jackson or his ideas)
                • janissary [ENG31-10239123-n] (a loyal supporter)
                • Jeffersonian [ENG31-10240477-n] (a follower of Thomas Jefferson or his ideas and principles)
                • Jungian [ENG31-10246836-n] (a follower or advocate of Carl Jung's theories)
                • Keynesian [ENG31-10249653-n] (a follower of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes)
                • Lamarckian [ENG31-10263488-n] (a believer in Lamarckism)
                • leech [ENG31-10272371-n] (a follower who hangs around a host (without benefit to the host) in hope of gain or advantage)
                • Machiavellian [ENG31-10298265-n] (a follower of Machiavelli's principles)
                • Mendelian [ENG31-10328320-n] (a follower of Mendelism)
                • Mohammedan [ENG31-10346668-n] (a follower of Mohammed)
                • myrmidon [ENG31-10363180-n] (a follower who carries out orders without question)
                • Nestorian [ENG31-10373433-n] (a follower of Nestorius)
                • Newtonian [ENG31-10376711-n] (a follower of Isaac Newton)
                • regular [ENG31-10537176-n] (a dependable follower (especially in party politics))
                • respecter [ENG31-10543816-n] (a person who respects someone or something)
                • satellite [ENG31-10572067-n] (a person who follows or serves another)
                • sheep [ENG31-10607302-n] (a docile and vulnerable person who would rather follow than make an independent decision)
                • Skinnerian [ENG31-10625016-n] (a follower of the theories or methods of B. F. Skinner)
                • Stalinist [ENG31-10665764-n] (a follower of Stalin and Stalinism)
                • submitter [ENG31-10689166-n] (someone who yields to the will of another person or force)
                • tagalong [ENG31-10708167-n] (someone who persistently (and annoyingly) follows along)
                • vassal [ENG31-10766249-n] (a person holding a fief)
                • Wagnerian [ENG31-10782148-n] (a follower of the theories or an admirer of the music of Richard Wagner)
              • free agent [ENG31-10129431-n] (someone acting freely or even irresponsibly)

                • free-liver [ENG31-10130500-n] (someone who gratifies physical appetites (especially for food and drink) with more than the usual freedom)
              • friend [ENG31-10132360-n] (a person you know well and regard with affection and trust)

                • alter ego [ENG31-09805433-n] (a very close and trusted friend who seems almost a part of yourself)
                • amigo [ENG31-09807962-n] (a friend or comrade)
                • best friend [ENG31-09870779-n] (the one friend who is closest to you)
                • brother [ENG31-09896590-n] (used as a term of address for those male persons engaged in the same movement)
                • buddy [ENG31-09897417-n] (a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities)

                  • cobber [ENG31-09952478-n] (Australian term for a pal)
                • companion [ENG31-09965384-n] (a friend who is frequently in the company of another)

                  • date [ENG31-10012076-n] (a participant in a date)

                    • blind date [ENG31-09879381-n] (a participant in a blind date (someone you meet for the first time when you have a date with them))
                  • playmate [ENG31-10460611-n] (a companion at play)
                  • tovarich [ENG31-10738314-n] (a comrade (especially in Russian communism))
                • confidant [ENG31-09974118-n] (someone to whom private matters are confided)

                  • confidante [ENG31-09974283-n] (a female confidant)
                  • repository [ENG31-10541521-n] (a person to whom a secret is entrusted)
                • flatmate [ENG31-10115538-n] (an associate who shares an apartment with you)
                • light [ENG31-10296356-n] (a person regarded very fondly)
                • mate [ENG31-10319821-n] (informal term for a friend of the same sex)
                • roommate [ENG31-10558075-n] (an associate who shares a room with you)
                • schoolfriend [ENG31-10578936-n] (a friend who attends the same school)
              • fugitive [ENG31-10134739-n] (someone who flees from an uncongenial situation)
              • gainer [ENG31-10137168-n] (a person who gains (gains an advantage or gains profits))
              • gainer [ENG31-10137396-n] (a person who gains weight)
              • gambler [ENG31-10138501-n] (a person who wagers money on the outcome of games or sporting events)

                • ex-gambler [ENG31-09640465-n] (a former gambler)
                • bettor [ENG31-09871284-n] (someone who bets)

                  • taker [ENG31-09871489-n] (one who takes a bet or wager)
                  • caller [ENG31-09908284-n] (the bettor in a card game who matches the bet and calls for a show of hands)
                • bookmaker [ENG31-09885628-n] (a gambler who accepts and pays off bets (especially on horse races))
                • crapshooter [ENG31-09995554-n] (a gambler who plays the game of craps)
                • croupier [ENG31-10000515-n] (someone who collects and pays bets at a gaming table)
                • high roller [ENG31-10195049-n] (a gambler who wagers large sums)
                • loser [ENG31-10292479-n] (a gambler who loses a bet)
                • odds-maker [ENG31-10390382-n] (someone who sets the betting odds based on calculations of the outcome of a contest (especially a horse race))
                • shooter [ENG31-10611086-n] (a gambler who throws dice in the game of craps)
                • sporting man [ENG31-10658867-n] (someone who leads a merry existence)

                  • Edwardian [ENG31-10066195-n] (someone belonging to (or as if belonging to) the era of Edward VII)
                • winner [ENG31-10802467-n] (a gambler who wins a bet)

                  • prize winner [ENG31-09650995-n] (the winner of a lottery)
              • gatekeeper [ENG31-10141785-n] (someone who controls access to something)
              • gatherer [ENG31-10141957-n] (a person who gathers)
              • good guy [ENG31-10157889-n] (any person who is on your side)
              • good person [ENG31-10158287-n] (a person who is good to other people)

                • benefactor [ENG31-09631739-n] (a person who helps people or institutions (especially with financial help))

                  • benefactress [ENG31-09632185-n] (a woman benefactor)
                  • bondsman [ENG31-09884685-n] (someone who signs a bond as surety for someone else)
                  • donor [ENG31-10045455-n] (person who makes a gift of property)

                    • abnegator [ENG31-09773964-n] (one who gives up or relinquishes or renounces something)
                    • almsgiver [ENG31-09805021-n] (a person who gives alms)
                    • Indian giver [ENG31-10223301-n] (an offensive term for someone who asks you to return a present he has given you)
                    • philanthropist [ENG31-10441701-n] (someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being)
                    • settlor [ENG31-10603473-n] ((law) a person who creates a trust by giving real or personal property in trust to a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary)
                    • subscriber [ENG31-10689749-n] (someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money)
                    • subsidizer [ENG31-10690324-n] (someone who assists or supports by giving a subsidy)
                    • tipper [ENG31-10732222-n] (a person who leaves a tip)
                  • donor [ENG31-10045783-n] ((medicine) someone who gives blood or tissue or an organ to be used in another person (the host))

                    • blood donor [ENG31-09880219-n] (someone who gives blood to be used for transfusions)

                      • universal donor [ENG31-10758792-n] (a person whose type O Rh-negative blood may be safely transfused into persons with other blood types)
                    • organ donor [ENG31-10402296-n] (someone from whom an organ is taken for transplantation)
                  • fairy godmother [ENG31-10096004-n] (a generous benefactor)
                  • good Samaritan [ENG31-10158597-n] (a person who voluntarily offers help or sympathy in times of trouble)
                  • humanitarian [ENG31-10211232-n] (someone devoted to the promotion of human welfare and to social reforms)
                  • liberator [ENG31-10276918-n] (someone who releases people from captivity or bondage)

                    • emancipator [ENG31-10070834-n] (someone who frees others from bondage)
                  • obliger [ENG31-10388865-n] (someone who performs a service or does a favor)
                  • offerer [ENG31-10390751-n] (someone who presents something to another for acceptance or rejection)
                  • patron [ENG31-10427699-n] (someone who supports or champions something)

                    • angel [ENG31-09813158-n] (invests in a theatrical production)
                    • godfather [ENG31-10154147-n] (someone having a relation analogous to that of a male sponsor to his godchild)
                    • godparent [ENG31-10154502-n] (a person who sponsors someone (the godchild) at baptism)

                      • godfather [ENG31-10154280-n] (any man who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism)
                      • godmother [ENG31-10154390-n] (any woman who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism)
                    • guarantor [ENG31-10169047-n] (one who provides a warrant or guarantee to another)
                    • patroness [ENG31-10428183-n] (a woman who is a patron or the wife of a patron)
                    • tower of strength [ENG31-10738443-n] (a person who can be relied on to give a great deal of support and comfort)
                  • provider [ENG31-10505934-n] (someone who provides the means for subsistence)
                  • savior [ENG31-10573233-n] (a person who rescues you from harm or danger)

                    • messiah [ENG31-09560771-n] (any expected deliverer)
                  • sparer [ENG31-10649182-n] (someone who refrains from injuring or destroying)
                  • uncle [ENG31-10755916-n] (a source of help and advice and encouragement)
                • brick [ENG31-09893894-n] (a good fellow)
                • giver [ENG31-10151183-n] (someone who devotes himself completely)
                • good egg [ENG31-10157762-n] ((old-fashioned slang) a good person)
                • mensch [ENG31-10328676-n] (a decent responsible person with admirable characteristics)
                • plaster saint [ENG31-10458719-n] (a person (considered to be) without human failings)
                • rock [ENG31-10554923-n] ((figurative) someone who is strong and stable and dependable)
                • saint [ENG31-10566407-n] (person of exceptional holiness)

                  • Buddha [ENG31-09556053-n] (one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment)
                • square shooter [ENG31-10662103-n] (a frank and honest person)
                • sweetheart [ENG31-10702297-n] (any well-liked individual)
                • trouper [ENG31-10750272-n] (a person who is reliable and uncomplaining and hard working)
              • granter [ENG31-10163245-n] (a person who grants or gives something)

                • grantor [ENG31-10163409-n] (a person who makes a grant in legal form)

                  • alienor [ENG31-09803217-n] (someone from whom the title of property is transferred)
              • greeter [ENG31-10166447-n] (a person who greets)
              • grinner [ENG31-10166782-n] (a person who grins)
              • groaner [ENG31-10167139-n] (a person who groans)
              • grunter [ENG31-10168956-n] (a person who grunts)
              • guesser [ENG31-10170314-n] (a person who guesses)
              • handicapped person [ENG31-10178349-n] (a person who has some condition that markedly restricts their ability to function physically or mentally or socially)

                • amnesic [ENG31-09808052-n] (a person suffering from amnesia)
                • aphasic [ENG31-09817685-n] (someone affected by aphasia or inability to use or understand language)
                • hemiplegic [ENG31-10190538-n] (a person who has hemiplegia (is paralyzed on one side of the body))
                • paralytic [ENG31-10417732-n] (a person suffering from paralysis)

                  • paretic [ENG31-10419702-n] (a person afflicted with paresis (partial paralysis))
                  • spastic [ENG31-10649455-n] (a person suffering from spastic paralysis)
                • paraplegic [ENG31-10418186-n] (a person who has paraplegia (is paralyzed from the waist down))
                • quadriplegic [ENG31-10517119-n] (a person who is paralyzed in both arms and both legs)
              • hater [ENG31-10181787-n] (a person who hates)

                • abominator [ENG31-09774111-n] (one who hates or loathes)
                • anglophobe [ENG31-09813761-n] (a person who hates England and everything English)
                • anti-Semite [ENG31-09817183-n] (someone who hates and would persecute Jews)
                • Francophobe [ENG31-10128601-n] (a person who hates France and everything French)
              • heterosexual [ENG31-10193566-n] (a person having a sexual orientation to persons of the opposite sex)
              • homosexual [ENG31-10202544-n] (someone who is sexually attracted to persons of the same sex)

                • closet queen [ENG31-09950086-n] (a negative term for a homosexual man who chooses not to reveal his sexual orientation)
                • fagot [ENG31-10095821-n] (offensive term for a homosexual man)
                • lesbian [ENG31-10274662-n] (a female homosexual)

                  • butch [ENG31-09903399-n] ((slang) offensive term for a lesbian who is noticeably masculine)
              • homunculus [ENG31-10202776-n] (a tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell)
              • hope [ENG31-10204565-n] (someone (or something) on which expectations are centered)

                • white hope [ENG31-10798667-n] (someone (or something) expected to achieve great success in a given field)
              • hoper [ENG31-10204767-n] (a person who hopes)
              • huddler [ENG31-10210364-n] (a person who crouches)
              • hugger [ENG31-10210620-n] (a person who hugs)
              • immune [ENG31-10219402-n] (a person who is immune to a particular infection)

                • carrier [ENG31-09916802-n] ((medicine) a person (or animal) who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others)
              • insured [ENG31-10229489-n] (a person whose interests are protected by an insurance policy)
              • interpreter [ENG31-10232450-n] (someone who uses art to represent something)
              • introvert [ENG31-10233099-n] ((psychology) a person who tends to shrink from social contacts and to become preoccupied with their own thoughts)
              • Jat [ENG31-10239549-n] (a member of an Indo-European people widely scattered throughout the northwest of the Indian subcontinent and consisting of Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs)
              • jewel [ENG31-10241326-n] (a person who is as brilliant and precious as a piece of jewelry)
              • jumper [ENG31-10246663-n] (a person who jumps)

                • parachutist [ENG31-10417181-n] (a person who jumps from aircraft using a parachute)

                  • skydiver [ENG31-10627704-n] (a person who jumps from a plane and performs various gymnastic maneuvers before pulling the parachute cord)
              • junior [ENG31-10246936-n] (the younger of two persons)
              • killer [ENG31-10250784-n] (someone who causes the death of a person or animal)

                • executioner [ENG31-10089234-n] (an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant)

                  • electrocutioner [ENG31-10069330-n] (an executioner who uses electricity to kill the condemned person)
                  • hangman [ENG31-10179208-n] (an executioner who hangs the condemned person)
                  • headsman [ENG31-10184590-n] (an executioner who beheads the condemned person)
                • exterminator [ENG31-10094127-n] (someone who exterminates (especially someone whose occupation is the extermination of troublesome rodents and insects))
                • garroter [ENG31-10140903-n] (someone who kills by strangling)
                • poisoner [ENG31-10468142-n] (someone who kills with poison)
                • regicide [ENG31-10536015-n] (someone who commits regicide)
                • suicide [ENG31-10693108-n] (a person who kills himself intentionally)
              • relative [ENG31-10255246-n] (a person related by blood or marriage)

                • ancestor [ENG31-09811996-n] (someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent))

                  • ancestress [ENG31-09812337-n] (a woman ancestor)
                  • forebear [ENG31-10122138-n] (a person from whom you are descended)

                    • grandparent [ENG31-10162692-n] (a parent of your father or mother)

                      • grandfather [ENG31-10161911-n] (the father of your father or mother)
                      • grandma [ENG31-10162267-n] (the mother of your father or mother)

                        • nan [ENG31-10364746-n] (your grandmother)
                    • great grandparent [ENG31-10165294-n] (a parent of your grandparent)

                      • great grandmother [ENG31-10165110-n] (a mother of your grandparent)
                      • great grandfather [ENG31-10165202-n] (a father of your grandparent)
                  • forefather [ENG31-10122569-n] (the founder of a family)

                    • patriarch [ENG31-10426136-n] (any of the early biblical characters regarded as fathers of the human race)

                      • antediluvian [ENG31-09815335-n] (any of the early patriarchs who lived prior to the Noachian deluge)
                      • Jacob [ENG31-10238060-n] ((Old Testament) son of Isaac)
                      • Simeon [ENG31-10618476-n] ((Old Testament) the 2nd son of Jacob and one of the 12 patriarchs of Israel)
                  • foremother [ENG31-10122924-n] (a woman ancestor)
                  • progenitor [ENG31-10146343-n] (an ancestor in the direct line)

                    • genitor [ENG31-10146245-n] (a natural father or mother)

                      • parent [ENG31-10419190-n] (a father or mother)

                        • adoptive parent [ENG31-09791871-n] (a person who adopts a child of other parents as his or her own child)
                        • empty nester [ENG31-10074783-n] (a parent whose children have grown up and left home)
                        • father [ENG31-10100638-n] (a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father))

                          • dad [ENG31-10007601-n] (an informal term for a father)
                          • father-in-law [ENG31-10101812-n] (the father of your spouse)
                          • old man [ENG31-10395101-n] (an informal term for your father)
                          • pater [ENG31-10425285-n] (an informal use of the Latin word for father)
                        • filicide [ENG31-10107870-n] (a parent who murders his own son or daughter)
                        • mother [ENG31-10352098-n] (a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother))

                          • ma [ENG31-10297825-n] (informal terms for a mother)
                          • mater [ENG31-10320167-n] (an informal use of the Latin word for mother)
                          • mother-in-law [ENG31-10353030-n] (the mother of your spouse)
                          • primipara [ENG31-10491859-n] ((obstetrics) woman who has been delivered of a child for the first time)
                          • puerpera [ENG31-10511671-n] (a woman in childbirth or shortly thereafter)
                          • quadripara [ENG31-10516958-n] ((obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of four pregnancies)
                          • quintipara [ENG31-10521332-n] ((obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of five pregnancies)
                          • supermom [ENG31-10695873-n] (an informal term for a mother who can combine childcare and full-time employment)
                          • surrogate mother [ENG31-10699817-n] (a woman who bears a child for a couple where the wife is unable to do so)
                        • stepparent [ENG31-10674371-n] (the spouse of your parent by a subsequent marriage)

                          • stepmother [ENG31-10674266-n] (the wife of your father by a subsequent marriage)
                • cousin [ENG31-09991540-n] (the child of your aunt or uncle)
                • descendant [ENG31-10026173-n] (a person considered as descended from some ancestor)

                  • child [ENG31-09938220-n] (a member of a clan or tribe)
                  • scion [ENG31-10580650-n] (a descendent or heir)
                • in-law [ENG31-10226788-n] (a relative by marriage)

                  • brother-in-law [ENG31-09896754-n] (a brother by marriage)
                  • daughter-in-law [ENG31-10012578-n] (the wife of your son)
                  • sister-in-law [ENG31-10623174-n] (the sister of your spouse)
                  • son-in-law [ENG31-10644277-n] (the husband of your daughter)
                • blood relation [ENG31-10255811-n] (one related by blood or origin)
                • kin [ENG31-10256001-n] (a person having kinship with another or others)

                  • affine [ENG31-09795963-n] ((anthropology) kin by marriage)
                • enate [ENG31-10256218-n] (one related on the mother's side)
                • agnate [ENG31-10256360-n] (one related on the father's side)
                • kinsman [ENG31-10256643-n] (a male relative)

                  • male sibling [ENG31-10305781-n] (a sibling who is male)

                    • brother [ENG31-09895920-n] (a male with the same parents as someone else)

                      • big brother [ENG31-09872875-n] (an older brother)
                      • little brother [ENG31-10287008-n] (a younger brother)
                      • stepbrother [ENG31-10673760-n] (a brother who has only one parent in common with you)
                  • nephew [ENG31-10373054-n] (a son of your brother or sister)

                    • great-nephew [ENG31-10165522-n] (a son of your niece or nephew)
                  • uncle [ENG31-10755748-n] (the brother of your father or mother)

                    • great-uncle [ENG31-10165729-n] (an uncle of your father or mother)
                • kinswoman [ENG31-10256766-n] (a female relative)

                  • aunt [ENG31-09842904-n] (the sister of your father or mother)

                    • great-aunt [ENG31-10164759-n] (an aunt of your father or mother)
                    • maiden aunt [ENG31-10302542-n] (an unmarried aunt)
                  • female sibling [ENG31-10103950-n] (a person's sister)

                    • sister [ENG31-10622393-n] (a female person who has the same parents as another person)

                      • big sister [ENG31-09873624-n] (an older sister)
                      • little sister [ENG31-10287562-n] (a younger sister)
                      • half sister [ENG31-10622650-n] (a sister who has only one parent in common with you)
                  • niece [ENG31-10377312-n] (a daughter of your brother or sister)

                    • great-niece [ENG31-10165624-n] (a daughter of your niece or nephew)
                • kissing cousin [ENG31-10257012-n] (a more or less distant relative)
                • next of kin [ENG31-10377048-n] (the person who is (or persons who are) most closely related to a given person)
                • offspring [ENG31-10393697-n] (the immediate descendants of a person)

                  • baby [ENG31-09846765-n] (the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young))
                  • bastard [ENG31-09862211-n] (the illegitimate offspring of unmarried parents)
                  • child [ENG31-09937706-n] (a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age)

                    • army brat [ENG31-09828850-n] (the child of a career officer of the United States Army)
                    • baby [ENG31-09846929-n] (a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk)

                      • blue baby [ENG31-09880572-n] (an infant born with a bluish color)
                      • cherub [ENG31-09935035-n] (a sweet innocent baby)
                      • foundling [ENG31-10127652-n] (a child who has been abandoned and whose parents are unknown)
                      • godchild [ENG31-10153916-n] (an infant who is sponsored by an adult (the godparent) at baptism)

                        • goddaughter [ENG31-10154072-n] (a female godchild)
                        • godson [ENG31-10154649-n] (a male godchild)
                      • neonate [ENG31-10372747-n] (a baby from birth to four weeks)

                        • liveborn infant [ENG31-10287755-n] (infant who shows signs of life after birth)
                        • low-birth-weight baby [ENG31-10294682-n] (an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) regardless of gestational age)
                        • postmature infant [ENG31-10476859-n] (infant born after 42 weeks of gestation)
                        • premature baby [ENG31-10485017-n] (an infant that is born prior to 37 weeks of gestation)
                        • small-for-gestational-age infant [ENG31-10632714-n] (an infant whose size and weight are considerably less than the average for babies of the same age)
                        • stillborn infant [ENG31-10676145-n] (infant who shows no signs of life after birth)
                        • term infant [ENG31-10719630-n] (infant born at a gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks)
                      • nursling [ENG31-10387990-n] (an infant considered in relation to its nurse)
                      • papoose [ENG31-10417091-n] (an American Indian infant)
                      • test-tube baby [ENG31-10723887-n] (a baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother's body)
                      • war baby [ENG31-10786077-n] (conceived or born during war)
                    • stepchild [ENG31-10673900-n] (a child of your spouse by a former marriage)

                      • stepdaughter [ENG31-10674035-n] (a daughter of your spouse by a former marriage)
                      • stepson [ENG31-10674514-n] (the son your spouse by a former marriage)
                  • firstborn [ENG31-10112412-n] (the offspring who came first in the order of birth)
                  • grandchild [ENG31-10161110-n] (a child of your son or daughter)

                    • granddaughter [ENG31-10161252-n] (a female grandchild)
                    • grandson [ENG31-10162819-n] (a male grandchild)
                    • great grandchild [ENG31-10164860-n] (a child of your grandson or granddaughter)

                      • great granddaughter [ENG31-10165000-n] (a daughter of your grandson or granddaughter)
                      • great grandson [ENG31-10165422-n] (a son of your grandson or granddaughter)
                  • successor [ENG31-10691052-n] (a person who inherits some title or office)
                • second cousin [ENG31-10587786-n] (a child of a first cousin of one's parent)
                • sibling [ENG31-10614572-n] (a person's brother or sister)

                  • half blood [ENG31-10176831-n] (one of siblings who have only one parent in common)
                  • quadruplet [ENG31-10517230-n] (one of four children born at the same time from the same pregnancy)
                  • quintuplet [ENG31-10521493-n] (one of five children born at the same time from the same pregnancy)
                  • triplet [ENG31-10749453-n] (one of three offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy)
                  • twin [ENG31-10754051-n] (either of two offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy)

                    • fraternal twin [ENG31-10128966-n] (either of two twins who developed from two separate fertilized eggs)
                    • identical twin [ENG31-10216801-n] (either of two twins developed from the same fertilized ovum (having the same genetic material))

                      • Siamese twin [ENG31-10614420-n] (one of a pair of identical twins born with their bodies joined at some point)
              • kink [ENG31-10256539-n] (a person with unusual sexual tastes)
              • kneeler [ENG31-10257969-n] (a person in a kneeling position)
              • knocker [ENG31-10259458-n] (a person who knocks (as seeking to gain admittance))
              • knower [ENG31-10259779-n] (a person who knows or apprehends)
              • kook [ENG31-10260211-n] (someone regarded as eccentric or crazy and standing out from a group)
              • large person [ENG31-10266741-n] (a person of greater than average size)

                • fatso [ENG31-10101915-n] (a rotund individual)
                • giant [ENG31-10148670-n] (a very large person)
              • Latin [ENG31-10267577-n] (a person who is a member of those peoples whose languages derived from Latin)
              • laugher [ENG31-10268573-n] (a person who is laughing or who laughs easily)

                • titterer [ENG31-10732773-n] (a person who laughs nervously)
              • learner [ENG31-10271476-n] (someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs)

                • memorizer [ENG31-10328171-n] (a person who learns by rote)

                  • study [ENG31-10685903-n] (someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play))
                • quick study [ENG31-10521038-n] (someone able to acquire new knowledge and skills rapidly and easily)
                • swot [ENG31-10704113-n] (an insignificant student who is ridiculed as being affected or boringly studious)
                • tutee [ENG31-10753477-n] (learns from a tutor)
              • left-hander [ENG31-10272819-n] (a person who uses the left hand with greater skill than the right)
              • life [ENG31-10280403-n] (a living person)
              • lightning rod [ENG31-10281880-n] (someone who is a frequent target of negative reactions and serves to distract attention from another)
              • linguist [ENG31-10283916-n] (a person who speaks more than one language)

                • bilingual [ENG31-09873696-n] (a person who speaks two languages fluently)
                • translator [ENG31-10744916-n] (a person who translates written messages from one language to another)
              • literate [ENG31-10286025-n] (a person who can read and write)

                • alphabetizer [ENG31-09804850-n] (a literate person who can arrange items in alphabetical order)
                • reader [ENG31-10528455-n] (a person who can read)

                  • decipherer [ENG31-10014791-n] (a reader capable of reading and interpreting illegible or obscure text)
                  • map-reader [ENG31-10312375-n] (a person who can read maps)
                  • skimmer [ENG31-10624918-n] (a rapid superficial reader)
                • writer [ENG31-10820913-n] (a person who is able to write and has written something)

                  • diarist [ENG31-10031140-n] (someone who keeps a diary or journal)
                  • scrawler [ENG31-10583368-n] (a writer whose handwriting is careless and hard to read)
                  • speller [ENG31-10654547-n] (someone who spells words)
                  • transcriber [ENG31-10743620-n] (someone who makes a written version of spoken material)
                  • transcriber [ENG31-10743908-n] (someone who rewrites in a different script)
              • liver [ENG31-10287996-n] (a person who has a special life style)
              • longer [ENG31-10290575-n] (a person with a strong desire for something)
              • loose cannon [ENG31-10291222-n] (a person who is expected to perform a particular task but who is out of control and dangerous)
              • machine [ENG31-10298363-n] (an efficient person)

                • cyborg [ENG31-10005508-n] (a human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices)
              • mailer [ENG31-10302617-n] (a person who mails something)
              • malcontent [ENG31-10304662-n] (a person who is discontented or disgusted)

                • quibbler [ENG31-10520788-n] (a disputant who quibbles)
                • sorehead [ENG31-10645992-n] (someone who is peevish or disgruntled)
                • squabbler [ENG31-10661897-n] (someone who quarrels about a small matter)
              • man [ENG31-10308700-n] (the generic use of the word to refer to any human being)
              • manipulator [ENG31-10310771-n] (a person who handles things manually)

                • twiddler [ENG31-10753892-n] (someone who manipulates in a nervous or unconscious manner)
              • man jack [ENG31-10311391-n] (a single individual)
              • married [ENG31-10315480-n] (a person who is married)
              • masturbator [ENG31-10319367-n] (a person who practices masturbation)

                • frotteur [ENG31-10133638-n] (someone who masturbates by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd))
                • tosser [ENG31-10736845-n] (terms of abuse for a masturbator)
              • measurer [ENG31-10324050-n] (a person who makes measurements)

                • photometrist [ENG31-10447123-n] (someone who practices photometry)
              • nonmember [ENG31-10327733-n] (a person who is not a member)
              • mesomorph [ENG31-10330570-n] (a person with a well-developed muscular body)
              • mestizo [ENG31-10331490-n] (a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry))
              • middlebrow [ENG31-10333840-n] (someone who is neither a highbrow nor a lowbrow)
              • miracle man [ENG31-10341412-n] (a person who claims or is alleged to perform miracles)
              • misfit [ENG31-10341896-n] (someone unable to adapt to their circumstances)

                • anthropoid [ENG31-09815626-n] (person who resembles a nonhuman primate)
                • jerk [ENG31-10240710-n] (a dull stupid fatuous person)

                  • schmuck [ENG31-10576832-n] ((Yiddish) a jerk)
                • addle-head [ENG31-10618312-n] (a person with confused ideas)
              • misogamist [ENG31-10342204-n] (a person who hates marriage)
              • mixed-blood [ENG31-10343657-n] (a person whose ancestors belonged to two or more racial groups)

                • mulatto [ENG31-09659834-n] (an offspring of a black and a white parent)
                • quadroon [ENG31-09659949-n] (an offspring of a mulatto and a white parent)
                • octoroon [ENG31-09660102-n] (an offspring of a quadroon and a white parent)
                • half-caste [ENG31-10176938-n] (an offensive term for the offspring of parents of different racial groups or cultures)

                  • half-breed [ENG31-10177117-n] (an offensive term for an offspring of parents of different racial group (especially of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry))
                • Metis [ENG31-10332658-n] (a person in western Canada who is of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry)
              • modern [ENG31-10346217-n] (a contemporary person)
              • monolingual [ENG31-10348654-n] (a person who knows only one language)
              • mother hen [ENG31-10352878-n] (a person who cares for the needs of others (especially in an overprotective or interfering way))
              • mouse [ENG31-10355276-n] (person who is quiet or timid)
              • mutilator [ENG31-10361686-n] (a person who mutilates or destroys or disfigures or cripples)
              • namer [ENG31-10364505-n] (a person who gives a name or names)
              • namesake [ENG31-10364653-n] (a person with the same name as another)
              • neglecter [ENG31-10371356-n] (a person who is neglectful and gives little attention or respect to people or responsibilities)
              • neighbor [ENG31-10372030-n] (a person who lives (or is located) near another)
              • neutral [ENG31-10374841-n] (one who does not side with any party in a war or dispute)

                • fence-sitter [ENG31-10105113-n] (a person who won't take sides in a controversy)
                • stakeholder [ENG31-10665579-n] (someone entrusted to hold the stakes for two or more persons betting against one another)
              • nondescript [ENG31-10380759-n] (a person is not easily classified and not very interesting)
              • nonparticipant [ENG31-10380995-n] (a person who does not participate)
              • nonpartisan [ENG31-10381089-n] (a person who is nonpartisan)
              • nonperson [ENG31-10381224-n] (a person regarded as nonexistent and having no rights)
              • nonresident [ENG31-10381702-n] (someone who does not live in a particular place)
              • nonsmoker [ENG31-10382018-n] (a person who does not smoke tobacco)
              • nude [ENG31-10385098-n] (a naked person)
              • nurser [ENG31-10387108-n] (a person who treats something carefully)
              • occultist [ENG31-10390080-n] (a believer in occultism)

                • Chaldean [ENG31-09925418-n] (a wise man skilled in occult learning)
                • enchantress [ENG31-10075105-n] (a female sorcerer or magician)
                • psychic [ENG31-10507894-n] (a person apparently sensitive to things beyond the natural range of perception)

                  • clairvoyant [ENG31-09945411-n] (someone who has the power of clairvoyance)
                  • medium [ENG31-10325946-n] (someone who serves as an intermediary between the living and the dead)
                  • spirit rapper [ENG31-10508098-n] (someone who claims to receive messages from the dead in the form of raps on a table)
                • sorcerer [ENG31-10645222-n] (one who practices magic or sorcery)

                  • enchanter [ENG31-10074893-n] (a sorcerer or magician)
                  • exorcist [ENG31-10091842-n] (someone who practices exorcism)
                  • magus [ENG31-10301243-n] (a magician or sorcerer of ancient times)
                  • sorceress [ENG31-10645902-n] (a woman sorcerer)

                    • Circe [ENG31-09517114-n] ((Greek mythology) a sorceress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine)
                  • witch doctor [ENG31-10804220-n] (someone who is believed to heal through magical powers)

                    • conjurer [ENG31-10074989-n] (a witch doctor who practices conjury)
              • optimist [ENG31-10399825-n] (a person disposed to take a favorable view of things)

                • millenarian [ENG31-10338072-n] (a person who believes in the coming of the millennium (a time of great peace and prosperity))
              • orphan [ENG31-10404195-n] (someone or something who lacks support or care or supervision)
              • ostrich [ENG31-10405406-n] (a person who refuses to face reality or recognize the truth (a reference to the popular notion that the ostrich hides from danger by burying its head in the sand))
              • ouster [ENG31-10405770-n] (a person who ousts or supplants someone else)
              • outcaste [ENG31-10406214-n] (a person belonging to no caste)
              • outdoorsman [ENG31-10406317-n] (a person who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting or fishing))

                • outdoorswoman [ENG31-10406453-n] (a woman who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting and fishing))
              • owner [ENG31-10409097-n] (a person who owns something)

                • holder [ENG31-10199809-n] (a person who holds something)

                  • ticket holder [ENG31-09652831-n] (holder of a ticket (for admission or for passage))
                  • cardholder [ENG31-09913492-n] (a person who holds a credit card or debit card)
                  • landowner [ENG31-10265336-n] (a holder or proprietor of land)

                    • abutter [ENG31-09778112-n] (the owner of contiguous property)
                    • franklin [ENG31-10128819-n] (a landowner (14th and 15th centuries) who was free but not of noble birth)
                    • freeholder [ENG31-10130056-n] (the owner of a freehold)

                      • yeoman [ENG31-10823190-n] (in former times was free and cultivated his own land)
                    • laird [ENG31-10263279-n] (a landowner)
                    • landlord [ENG31-10264933-n] (a landowner who leases to others)

                      • landlady [ENG31-10264853-n] (a landlord who is a woman)
                    • squire [ENG31-10663276-n] (an English country landowner)
                  • policyholder [ENG31-10469238-n] (a person who holds an insurance policy)
                  • slaveholder [ENG31-10629612-n] (someone who holds slaves)
                  • tenant [ENG31-10720289-n] (a holder of buildings or lands by any kind of title (as ownership or lease))

                    • cotenant [ENG31-09987963-n] (one of two or more tenants holding title to the same property)
                    • life tenant [ENG31-10280908-n] (a tenant whose legal right to retain possession of buildings or lands lasts as long as they (or some other person) live)
                • homeowner [ENG31-10202130-n] (someone who owns a home)

                  • weekend warrior [ENG31-10792389-n] (a homeowner who acts as a contractor and tries to do major improvement projects on weekends (often without understanding the scope of the work to be done))
                • part-owner [ENG31-10422348-n] (a person who owns something in common with others)
                • saver [ENG31-10573055-n] (someone who saves (especially money))

                  • economizer [ENG31-10064278-n] (a frugal person who limits spending and avoids waste)

                    • stinter [ENG31-10676271-n] (an economizer who stints someone with something)
                  • hoarder [ENG31-10198242-n] (a person who accumulates things and hides them away for future use)

                    • magpie [ENG31-10300973-n] (someone who collects things that have been discarded by others)
                    • miser [ENG31-10341742-n] (a stingy hoarder of money and possessions (often living miserably))

                      • cheapskate [ENG31-09932139-n] (a miserly person)
                    • niggard [ENG31-10377436-n] (a selfish person who is unwilling to give or spend)

                      • pinchgut [ENG31-10453818-n] (a niggardly person who starves himself (and others))
                    • penny pincher [ENG31-10433829-n] (someone who is excessively careful with money (who pinches every penny before letting go of it))
                • shipowner [ENG31-10609647-n] (someone who owns a ship or a share in a ship)
              • pamperer [ENG31-10415089-n] (someone who pampers or spoils by excessive indulgence)
              • pansexual [ENG31-10416161-n] (a person who participates in (or is open to) sexual activities of many kinds)
              • pardoner [ENG31-10418998-n] (a person who pardons or forgives or excuses a fault or offense)
              • partner [ENG31-10422162-n] (a person who is a member of a partnership)

                • copartner [ENG31-09983594-n] (a joint partner (as in a business enterprise))
                • silent partner [ENG31-10617867-n] (a partner (who usually provides capital) whose association with the enterprise is not public knowledge)
              • party [ENG31-10422569-n] (a person involved in legal proceedings)

                • assignor [ENG31-09835082-n] ((law) the party who makes an assignment)
                • contractor [ENG31-09980370-n] ((law) a party to a contract)

                  • builder [ENG31-09897741-n] (someone who contracts for and supervises construction (as of a building))

                    • boatbuilder [ENG31-09881269-n] (a person who builds boats)
                    • contractor [ENG31-09980167-n] (someone (a person or firm) who contracts to build things)

                      • defense contractor [ENG31-10019814-n] (a contractor concerned with the development and manufacture of systems of defense)
                      • hauler [ENG31-10182100-n] (a haulage contractor)

                        • garbage man [ENG31-10139987-n] (someone employed to collect and dispose of refuse)
                      • ship-breaker [ENG31-10609074-n] (a contractor who buys old ships and breaks them up for scrap)
                      • subcontractor [ENG31-10687302-n] (someone who enters into a subcontract with the primary contractor)
                    • homebuilder [ENG31-10201287-n] (someone who builds houses as a business)
                    • jerry-builder [ENG31-10240832-n] (someone who builds cheap buildings out of poor materials on speculation for a quick profit)
                    • road builder [ENG31-10553238-n] (someone whose business is to build roads)
                    • shipbuilder [ENG31-10609338-n] (a person who builds ships as a business)
                • intervenor [ENG31-10232704-n] ((law) a party who interposes in a pending proceeding)
                • Jane Doe [ENG31-10238910-n] (an unknown or fictitious woman who is a party to legal proceedings)
                • John Doe [ENG31-10243276-n] (an unknown or fictitious man who is a party to legal proceedings)
                • litigant [ENG31-10286545-n] ((law) a party to a lawsuit)

                  • defendant [ENG31-09781524-n] (a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law)

                    • accused [ENG31-09781434-n] (a defendant in a criminal proceeding)
                    • codefendant [ENG31-09952869-n] (a defendant who has been joined together with one or more other defendants in a single action)

                      • corespondent [ENG31-09985155-n] (the codefendant charged with adultery with the estranged spouse in a divorce proceeding)
                      • respondent [ENG31-10544304-n] (the codefendant (especially in a divorce proceeding) who is accused of adultery with the corespondent)
                  • appellant [ENG31-09819892-n] (the party who appeals a decision of a lower court)
                  • filer [ENG31-10107505-n] (a party who files a notice with a law court)
                  • plaintiff [ENG31-10457619-n] (a person who brings an action in a court of law)

                    • suer [ENG31-10691631-n] (someone who petitions a court for redress of a grievance or recovery of a right)
                  • prevailing party [ENG31-10489899-n] (the party in a lawsuit who obtains a judgment in their own favor)
                • reversioner [ENG31-10546370-n] ((law) a party who is entitled to an estate in reversion)
                • Richard Roe [ENG31-10548678-n] (an unknown or fictitious party to legal proceedings)
                • tort-feasor [ENG31-10735935-n] (a party who has committed a tort)
                • vouchee [ENG31-10780290-n] ((law) a person called into court to defend a title)
              • passer [ENG31-10424295-n] (a person who passes as a member of a different ethnic or racial group)
              • personage [ENG31-10437427-n] (another word for person)
              • personification [ENG31-10437846-n] (a person who represents an abstract quality)

                • embodiment [ENG31-10438047-n] (a new personification of a familiar idea)

                  • deification [ENG31-10438322-n] (an embodiment of the qualities of a god)
                  • reincarnation [ENG31-10537596-n] (embodiment in a new form (especially the reappearance or a person in another form))
                • queen [ENG31-10519802-n] (something personified as a woman who is considered the best or most important of her kind)
              • perspirer [ENG31-10438480-n] (a person who perspires)
              • philosopher [ENG31-10445710-n] (a wise person who is calm and rational)
              • picker [ENG31-10451389-n] (a person who chooses or selects out)
              • pisser [ENG31-10455483-n] (a person who urinates)

                • bedwetter [ENG31-09865994-n] (someone suffering from enuresis)
              • planner [ENG31-10457939-n] (a person who makes plans)

                • designer [ENG31-10027463-n] (a person who devises plots or intrigues)
                • maneuverer [ENG31-10310083-n] (a person skilled in maneuvering)
                • schemer [ENG31-10575946-n] (a planner who draws up a personal scheme of action)

                  • angler [ENG31-09813522-n] (a scheming person)
                  • politician [ENG31-10471024-n] (a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways)
                • strategist [ENG31-10681002-n] (an expert in strategy (especially in warfare))

                  • market strategist [ENG31-09810860-n] (someone skilled in planning marketing campaigns)
                • tactician [ENG31-10707852-n] (a person who is skilled at planning tactics)
              • player [ENG31-10460154-n] (a person who pursues a number of different social and sexual partners simultaneously)
              • posturer [ENG31-10477343-n] (someone who behaves in a manner calculated to impress or mislead others)
              • powderer [ENG31-10480735-n] (someone who applies or scatters powder)
              • preserver [ENG31-10486484-n] (someone who keeps safe from harm or danger)

                • defender [ENG31-09637714-n] (a person who cares for persons or property)

                  • admonisher [ENG31-09791278-n] (someone who gives a warning so that a mistake can be avoided)
                  • bodyguard [ENG31-09882437-n] (someone who escorts and protects a prominent person)

                    • outrider [ENG31-10407781-n] (an escort who rides ahead (as a member of the vanguard))
                    • Praetorian Guard [ENG31-10482825-n] (a member of the Praetorian Guard)
                    • yeoman [ENG31-10823295-n] (officer in the (ceremonial) bodyguard of the British monarch)
                  • champion [ENG31-09925991-n] (someone who fights for a cause)
                  • chaperon [ENG31-09927731-n] (one who accompanies and supervises a young woman or gatherings of young people)

                    • den mother [ENG31-10023138-n] (a woman who supervises a den of Cub Scouts)
                    • duenna [ENG31-10058889-n] (a woman chaperon)
                    • housemother [ENG31-10208678-n] (a woman employed as a chaperon in a residence for young people)
                  • custodian [ENG31-10003828-n] (one having charge of buildings or grounds or animals)

                    • caretaker [ENG31-09915153-n] (a custodian who is hired to take care of something (property or a person))

                      • concierge [ENG31-09971432-n] (a French caretaker of apartments or a hotel)
                      • superintendent [ENG31-10695160-n] (a caretaker for an apartment house)
                    • curator [ENG31-10003419-n] (the custodian of a collection (as a museum or library))
                    • gamekeeper [ENG31-10139008-n] (a person employed to take care of game and wildlife)

                      • warrener [ENG31-10788173-n] (maintains a rabbit warren)
                    • greenskeeper [ENG31-10166202-n] (someone responsible for the maintenance of a golf course)
                    • house sitter [ENG31-10209216-n] (a custodian who lives in and cares for a house while the regular occupant is away (usually without an exchange of money))
                    • janitor [ENG31-10239247-n] (someone employed to clean and maintain a building)
                    • lighthouse keeper [ENG31-10281790-n] (the keeper of a lighthouse)
                    • pet sitter [ENG31-10440252-n] (someone left in charge of pets while their owners are away from home)
                    • zoo keeper [ENG31-10825717-n] (the chief person responsible for a zoological garden)
                  • fireman [ENG31-10111420-n] (a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires)

                    • fire chief [ENG31-10111118-n] (the head of a fire department)
                  • foster-parent [ENG31-10126521-n] (a person who acts as parent and guardian for a child in place of the child's natural parents but without legally adopting the child)

                    • foster-mother [ENG31-10126278-n] (a woman who is a foster parent and raises another's child)
                  • guard [ENG31-10169591-n] (a person who keeps watch over something or someone)

                    • bouncer [ENG31-09888415-n] (a person whose duty is to throw troublemakers out of a bar or public meeting)
                    • doorkeeper [ENG31-10046278-n] (someone who guards an entrance)

                      • commissionaire [ENG31-09962350-n] (a uniformed doorman)
                      • night porter [ENG31-10377731-n] (a porter on duty during the night)
                      • ticket collector [ENG31-10729908-n] (someone who is paid to admit only those who have purchased tickets)
                    • halberdier [ENG31-10176576-n] (a guard who carries a halberd (as a symbol of his duty))
                    • screener [ENG31-10583652-n] (a guard at an airport who checks passengers or their luggage at a security checkpoint)
                    • watchman [ENG31-10789727-n] (a guard who keeps watch)

                      • bank guard [ENG31-09857505-n] (a security guard at a bank)
                      • fire watcher [ENG31-10112068-n] ((during World War II in Britain) someone whose duty was to watch for fires caused by bombs dropped from the air)
                      • lookout [ENG31-10290913-n] (a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event)
                      • night watchman [ENG31-10378021-n] (a watchman who works during the night)
                      • patroller [ENG31-10427297-n] (someone on patrol duty)
                      • portwatcher [ENG31-10475387-n] (a watchman on a wharf)
                  • keeper [ENG31-10249168-n] (someone in charge of other people)

                    • baby farmer [ENG31-09848234-n] (someone who runs an establishment that houses and cares for babies for a fee)
                    • babyminder [ENG31-09848368-n] (a person who looks after babies (usually in the person's own home) while the babys' parents are working)
                    • babysitter [ENG31-09848551-n] (a person engaged to care for children when the parents are not home)
                    • prison guard [ENG31-10169387-n] (someone who guards prisoners)
                  • lawman [ENG31-10269156-n] (an officer of the law)

                    • attorney general [ENG31-09842232-n] (the chief law officer of a country or state)
                    • border patrolman [ENG31-09886717-n] (someone who patrols the borders of a country)
                    • constable [ENG31-09978621-n] (a lawman with less authority and jurisdiction than a sheriff)
                    • deputy [ENG31-10025210-n] (someone authorized to exercise the powers of sheriff in emergencies)
                    • flatfoot [ENG31-10115433-n] (a policeman who patrols a given region)
                    • lieutenant [ENG31-10278922-n] (an officer in a police force)
                    • marshal [ENG31-10315612-n] (a law officer having duties similar to those of a sheriff in carrying out the judgments of a court of law)

                      • air marshal [ENG31-09800612-n] (a person trained by the government in hijacking and terrorist tactics who (for security reasons) is a passenger aboard an airline flight)
                    • military policeman [ENG31-10337158-n] (a member of the military police who polices soldiers and guards prisoners)

                      • provost marshal [ENG31-10506146-n] (the supervisor of the military police)
                      • redcap [ENG31-10533102-n] (a member of the military police in Britain)
                    • narc [ENG31-10365033-n] (a lawman concerned with narcotics violations)
                    • policeman [ENG31-10468557-n] (a member of a police force)

                      • bobby [ENG31-09882027-n] (an informal term for a British policeman)
                      • bull [ENG31-09898610-n] (uncomplimentary terms for a policeman)
                      • captain [ENG31-09912467-n] (a policeman in charge of a precinct)

                        • Chief Constable [ENG31-09935667-n] (the head of the police force in a county (or similar area))
                      • constable [ENG31-09978737-n] (a police officer of the lowest rank)
                      • detective [ENG31-10028930-n] (a police officer who investigates crimes)

                        • dick [ENG31-10031439-n] (someone who is a detective)
                        • plainclothesman [ENG31-10457357-n] (a detective who wears civilian clothes on duty)
                        • tracer [ENG31-10739621-n] (an investigator who is employed to find missing persons or missing goods)
                      • gendarme [ENG31-10142659-n] (a French policeman)
                      • inspector [ENG31-10228448-n] (a high ranking police officer)
                      • motorcycle cop [ENG31-10353551-n] (a policeman who rides a motorcycle (and who checks the speeds of motorists))
                      • police matron [ENG31-10468986-n] (a woman policeman)

                        • meter maid [ENG31-10332149-n] (policewoman who is assigned to write parking tickets)
                      • Mountie [ENG31-10559671-n] (colloquial term for a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police)
                      • shoofly [ENG31-10610755-n] (an undercover police officer who investigates other policemen)
                      • traffic cop [ENG31-10740970-n] (a policeman who controls the flow of automobile traffic)

                        • crossing guard [ENG31-10000188-n] (someone who helps people (especially children) at a traffic crossing)

                          • lollipop lady [ENG31-10290165-n] (a woman hired to help children cross a road safely near a school)
                        • pointsman [ENG31-10467896-n] (a policeman stationed at an intersection to direct traffic)
                      • trooper [ENG31-10750194-n] (a mounted police officer)
                      • trooper [ENG31-10750385-n] (a state police officer)
                    • police sergeant [ENG31-10469095-n] (a lawman with the rank of sergeant)

                      • buck sergeant [ENG31-09797311-n] (a sergeant of the lowest rank in the military)
                      • desk sergeant [ENG31-10027908-n] (the police sergeant on duty in a police station)
                    • sheriff [ENG31-10608548-n] (the principal law-enforcement officer in a county)
                    • solicitor general [ENG31-10642895-n] (a law officer appointed to assist an attorney general)
                    • Texas Ranger [ENG31-10724361-n] (a member of the Texas state highway patrol)
                    • warden [ENG31-10786822-n] (the chief official in charge of a prison)
                    • warder [ENG31-10786933-n] (a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners)

                      • wardress [ENG31-10787100-n] (a woman warder)

                        • matron [ENG31-10322977-n] (a wardress in a prison)
                  • patron saint [ENG31-10428297-n] (a saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation)
                  • peacekeeper [ENG31-10429870-n] (someone who keeps peace)
                  • tribune [ENG31-10748480-n] ((ancient Rome) an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interests)
                  • watchdog [ENG31-10789275-n] (a guardian or defender against theft or illegal practices or waste)
              • propositus [ENG31-10504324-n] (the person immediately affected by or concerned with an action)
              • public relations person [ENG31-10510550-n] (a person employed to establish and promote a favorable relationship with the public)

                • spin doctor [ENG31-10655412-n] (a public relations person who tries to forestall negative publicity by publicizing a favorable interpretation of the words or actions of a company or political party or famous person)
              • pursuer [ENG31-10514752-n] (a person who pursues some plan or goal)
              • pussycat [ENG31-10515560-n] (a person who is regarded as easygoing and agreeable)
              • quarter [ENG31-10518284-n] (an unspecified person)
              • quitter [ENG31-10521631-n] (a person who gives up too easily)

                • abdicator [ENG31-09774988-n] (one who formally relinquishes an office or responsibility)
                • dropout [ENG31-10015463-n] (someone who quits school before graduation)
                • deserter [ENG31-10026763-n] (a disloyal person who betrays or deserts his cause or religion or political party or friend etc.)
              • radical [ENG31-10523045-n] (a person who has radical ideas or opinions)

                • anarchist [ENG31-09811257-n] (an advocate of anarchism)
                • Bolshevik [ENG31-09883155-n] (emotionally charged terms used to refer to extreme radicals or revolutionaries)
                • extremist [ENG31-10094523-n] (a person who holds extreme views)
                • leveler [ENG31-10275264-n] (a radical who advocates the abolition of social distinctions)
                • revolutionist [ENG31-10546909-n] (a radical supporter of political or social revolution)

                  • counterrevolutionist [ENG31-09989399-n] (a revolutionary whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by an earlier revolution)
                  • dynamiter [ENG31-10060597-n] (a person who uses dynamite in a revolutionary cause)
                  • Girondist [ENG31-10150788-n] (a member of the moderate republican party that was in power during the French Revolution)
                • terrorist [ENG31-10722430-n] (a radical who employs terror as a political weapon)

                  • Jacobin [ENG31-10238472-n] (a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution)
                  • suicide bomber [ENG31-10693215-n] (a terrorist who blows himself up in order to kill or injure other people)
                • Trotskyite [ENG31-10750670-n] (radicals who support Trotsky's theory that socialism must be established throughout the world by continuing revolution)
                • Wobbly [ENG31-10806568-n] (a member of the Industrial Workers of the World)
                • young Turk [ENG31-10824240-n] (a young radical who agitates for reform)
              • rare bird [ENG31-10527285-n] (a rare or unique person)
              • realist [ENG31-10529198-n] (a person who accepts the world as it literally is and deals with it accordingly)

                • pragmatist [ENG31-10482952-n] (a person who takes a practical approach to problems and is concerned primarily with the success or failure of her actions)
              • rectifier [ENG31-10532575-n] (a person who corrects or sets right)
              • redhead [ENG31-10533416-n] (someone who has red hair)
              • registrant [ENG31-10536285-n] (a person who is formally entered (along with others) in a register (and who obtains certain rights thereby))
              • reliever [ENG31-10537942-n] (a person who reduces the intensity (e.g., of fears) and calms and pacifies)
              • repeater [ENG31-10541063-n] (a person who repeats)
              • rescuer [ENG31-10542352-n] (someone who saves something from danger or violence)

                • salvager [ENG31-10569067-n] (someone who salvages)

                  • stooper [ENG31-10679400-n] (a person at a racetrack who searches for winning parimutuel tickets that have been carelessly discarded by others)
                • succorer [ENG31-10691337-n] (someone who gives help in times of need or distress or difficulty)
              • rester [ENG31-10544566-n] (a person who rests)

                • sleeper [ENG31-10629981-n] (a rester who is sleeping)

                  • dreamer [ENG31-10052712-n] (someone who is dreaming)
                  • Rip van Winkle [ENG31-10551950-n] (a person who sleeps a lot)
                  • sleeping beauty [ENG31-10630783-n] (a person who is sleeping soundly)
                  • sleepwalker [ENG31-10630877-n] (someone who walks about in their sleep)
                  • snorer [ENG31-10636913-n] (someone who snores while sleeping)
                  • somniloquist [ENG31-10643311-n] (someone who talks while asleep)
              • restrainer [ENG31-10544727-n] (a person who directs and restrains)

                • nazi [ENG31-10370215-n] (derogatory term for a person who is fanatically dedicated to, or seeks to control, some activity, practice, etc.)
                • subduer [ENG31-10687889-n] (someone who overcomes and establishes ascendancy and control by force or persuasion)
                • suppressor [ENG31-10697911-n] (someone who suppresses)
                • withholder [ENG31-10805250-n] (a person who restrains or checks or holds back)
              • revenant [ENG31-10546109-n] (a person who returns after a lengthy absence)
              • rich person [ENG31-10548806-n] (a person who possesses great material wealth)

                • affluent [ENG31-09796083-n] (an affluent person)
                • Croesus [ENG31-09999443-n] (a very wealthy man)
                • fat cat [ENG31-10100553-n] (a wealthy and privileged person)
                • man of means [ENG31-10311713-n] (a man who is wealthy)

                  • nabob [ENG31-10363735-n] (a wealthy man (especially one who made his fortune in the Orient))
                  • toff [ENG31-10734226-n] (informal term for an upper-class or wealthy person)
                • millionairess [ENG31-10338265-n] (a woman millionaire)
                • plutocrat [ENG31-10463529-n] (someone who exercises power by virtue of wealth)
                • millionaire [ENG31-10549130-n] (a person whose material wealth is valued at more than a million dollars)
                • billionaire [ENG31-10549259-n] (a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at more than a billion dollars)
                • multi-billionaire [ENG31-10549398-n] (a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at many billions of dollars)
              • right-hander [ENG31-10550534-n] (a person who uses the right hand more skillfully than the left)
              • riser [ENG31-10552133-n] (a person who rises (especially from bed))

                • early bird [ENG31-10061492-n] (a person who gets up very early in the morning)
              • romper [ENG31-10557711-n] (a person who romps or frolics)
              • roundhead [ENG31-10560213-n] (a brachycephalic person)
              • ruler [ENG31-10560786-n] (a person who rules or commands)

                • Inca [ENG31-09746665-n] (a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family))

                  • Huayna Capac [ENG31-10209992-n] (the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525))
                • basileus [ENG31-09861253-n] (a ruler of the eastern Roman Empire)
                • Bourbon [ENG31-09888984-n] (a member of the European royal family that ruled France)
                • dictator [ENG31-10031556-n] (a ruler who is unconstrained by law)

                  • strongman [ENG31-10684445-n] (a powerful political figure who rules by the exercise of force or violence)
                  • tyrant [ENG31-10754955-n] (a cruel and oppressive dictator)

                    • czar [ENG31-10006699-n] (a person having great power)
                • emir [ENG31-10072305-n] (an independent ruler or chieftain (especially in Africa or Arabia))
                • ethnarch [ENG31-10085068-n] (the ruler of a province (as in the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire) or certain religious rulers with secular authority)
                • Hanoverian [ENG31-10179445-n] (any of the British rulers who were members of the House of Hanover)
                • khan [ENG31-10249767-n] (a title given to rulers or other important people in Asian countries)
                • Mogul [ENG31-10346549-n] (a member of the Muslim dynasty that ruled India until 1857)
                • oligarch [ENG31-10396884-n] (one of the rulers in an oligarchy)
                • overlord [ENG31-10408139-n] (a person who has general authority over others)

                  • feudal lord [ENG31-10105505-n] (a man of rank in the ancient regime)

                    • liege [ENG31-10278791-n] (a feudal lord entitled to allegiance and service)
                • Pharaoh [ENG31-10440761-n] (the title of the ancient Egyptian kings)

                  • Cheops [ENG31-09934892-n] (Egyptian Pharaoh of the 27th century BC who commissioned the Great Pyramid at Giza)
                • regent [ENG31-10535710-n] (someone who rules during the absence or incapacity or minority of the country's monarch)
                • dynast [ENG31-10561540-n] (a hereditary ruler)
                • sheik [ENG31-10607765-n] (the leader of an Arab village or family)
                • Stuart [ENG31-10684894-n] (a member of the royal family that ruled Scotland and England)
                • sultan [ENG31-10693754-n] (the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire))
                • Tudor [ENG31-10752511-n] (a member of the dynasty that ruled England)
                • tyrant [ENG31-10755364-n] (in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it)
              • rusher [ENG31-10563352-n] (a person who rushes)
              • scientist [ENG31-10580065-n] (a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences)

                • cosmographer [ENG31-09838882-n] (a scientist knowledgeable about cosmography)
                • bibliotist [ENG31-09872387-n] (someone who engages in bibliotics)
                • biologist [ENG31-09875036-n] ((biology) a scientist who studies living organisms)

                  • bacteriologist [ENG31-09850657-n] (a biologist who studies bacteria)
                  • botanist [ENG31-09887676-n] (a biologist specializing in the study of plants)

                    • mycologist [ENG31-10362819-n] (a botanist who specializes in the study of fungi)
                    • pomologist [ENG31-10472187-n] (someone versed in pomology or someone who cultivates fruit trees)
                    • propagator [ENG31-10502859-n] (someone who propagates plants (as under glass))
                  • cytologist [ENG31-10006583-n] (a biologist who studies the structure and function of cells)
                  • ecologist [ENG31-10062971-n] (a biologist who studies the relation between organisms and their environment)
                  • geneticist [ENG31-10145961-n] (a biologist who specializes in genetics)

                    • cytogeneticist [ENG31-10006442-n] (a geneticist who specializes in the cellular components associated with heredity)
                  • microbiologist [ENG31-10333238-n] (a specialist in microbiology)

                    • virologist [ENG31-10775062-n] (a specialist in virology)
                  • molecular biologist [ENG31-10346809-n] (a biologist who studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life)
                  • naturalist [ENG31-10366245-n] (a biologist knowledgeable about natural history (especially botany and zoology))
                  • neurobiologist [ENG31-10373627-n] (a specialist in neurobiology)

                    • neuroscientist [ENG31-10374279-n] (a neurobiologist who specializes in the study of the brain)

                      • neurolinguist [ENG31-10373752-n] (someone trained in neuroscience and linguistics who studies brain processes during language production and reception)
                  • physiologist [ENG31-10449729-n] (a biologist specializing in physiology)
                  • radiobiologist [ENG31-10523411-n] (a biologist who studies the effects of radiation on living organisms)

                    • Gray [ENG31-11032989-n] (English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965))
                  • sociobiologist [ENG31-10639953-n] (a biologist who studies the biological determinants of social behavior)
                  • taxonomist [ENG31-10713320-n] (a biologist who specializes in the classification of organisms into groups on the basis of their structure and origin and behavior)

                    • lumper [ENG31-10296174-n] (a taxonomist who classifies organisms into large groups on the basis of major characteristics)
                    • splitter [ENG31-10657033-n] (a taxonomist who classifies organisms into many groups on the basis of relatively minor characteristics)
                  • vivisectionist [ENG31-10777875-n] (a biologist who cuts open live animals for research)
                  • zoologist [ENG31-10825826-n] (a specialist in the branch of biology dealing with animals)

                    • entomologist [ENG31-10079712-n] (a zoologist who studies insects)

                      • lepidopterist [ENG31-10274458-n] (an entomologist who specializes in the collection and study of butterflies and moths)
                    • ethologist [ENG31-10085718-n] (a zoologist who studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats)
                    • herpetologist [ENG31-10192340-n] (a zoologist who studies reptiles and amphibians)
                    • ichthyologist [ENG31-10216236-n] (a zoologist who studies fishes)
                    • malacologist [ENG31-10304460-n] (a zoologist specializing in the study of mollusks)
                    • mammalogist [ENG31-10306686-n] (one skilled in the study of mammals)
                    • ornithologist [ENG31-10403913-n] (a zoologist who studies birds)
                    • protozoologist [ENG31-10505821-n] (a zoologist who studies protozoans)
                • chemist [ENG31-09933282-n] (a scientist who specializes in chemistry)

                  • biochemist [ENG31-09874321-n] (someone with special training in biochemistry)

                    • enzymologist [ENG31-10081003-n] (a person who is trained in or engaged in enzymology)
                  • nuclear chemist [ENG31-10384201-n] (a chemist who specializes in nuclear chemistry)
                  • phytochemist [ENG31-10450318-n] (a chemist who specializes in the chemistry of plants)
                • cognitive scientist [ENG31-09954105-n] (a scientist who studies cognitive processes)

                  • cognitive neuroscientist [ENG31-09953946-n] (a cognitive scientist who studies the neurophysiological foundations of mental phenomena)
                • geologist [ENG31-10147226-n] (a specialist in geology)

                  • geophysicist [ENG31-10148056-n] (a geologist who uses physical principles to study the properties of the earth)

                    • seismologist [ENG31-10595965-n] (a geophysicist who studies earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the Earth)
                  • hydrologist [ENG31-10214394-n] (a geologist skilled in hydrology)
                  • petroleum geologist [ENG31-10440137-n] (a specialist in petroleum geology)
                • linguist [ENG31-10284134-n] (a specialist in linguistics)

                  • grammarian [ENG31-10160884-n] (a linguist who specializes in the study of grammar and syntax)
                  • Hebraist [ENG31-10187041-n] (linguist specializing in the Hebrew language)
                  • phonetician [ENG31-10446218-n] (a specialist in phonetics)

                    • transcriber [ENG31-10743768-n] (someone who represents the sounds of speech in phonetic notation)
                  • phonologist [ENG31-10446394-n] (a specialist in phonology)

                    • orthoepist [ENG31-10404634-n] (a practitioner of orthoepy (especially one of the 17th or 18th century scholars who proposed to reform English spelling so it would reflect pronunciation more closely))
                  • psycholinguist [ENG31-10508241-n] (a person (usually a psychologist but sometimes a linguist) who studies the psychological basis of human language)
                  • semanticist [ENG31-10597272-n] (a specialist in the study of meaning)
                  • sociolinguist [ENG31-10640102-n] (a linguist who studies the social and cultural factors that influence linguistic communication)
                • mathematician [ENG31-10320928-n] (a person skilled in mathematics)

                  • algebraist [ENG31-09803484-n] (a mathematician whose specialty is algebra)
                  • arithmetician [ENG31-09827774-n] (someone who specializes in arithmetic)
                  • geometer [ENG31-10147553-n] (a mathematician specializing in geometry)
                  • number theorist [ENG31-10385975-n] (a mathematician specializing in number theory)
                  • probability theorist [ENG31-10497050-n] (a mathematician who specializes in probability theory)
                  • statistician [ENG31-10672677-n] (a mathematician who specializes in statistics)
                  • trigonometrician [ENG31-10749094-n] (a mathematician specializing in trigonometry)
                • medical scientist [ENG31-10325671-n] (a scientist who studies disease processes)

                  • epidemiologist [ENG31-10081690-n] (a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases)
                  • immunologist [ENG31-10219521-n] (a medical scientist who specializes in immunology)
                  • serologist [ENG31-10601484-n] (a medical scientist who specializes in serology)
                  • toxicologist [ENG31-10739456-n] (one who studies the nature and effects of poisons and their treatment)
                • microscopist [ENG31-10333530-n] (a scientist who specializes in research with the use of microscopes)
                • mineralogist [ENG31-10339654-n] (a scientist trained in mineralogy)
                • oceanographer [ENG31-10389821-n] (a scientist who studies physical and biological aspects of the seas)
                • paleontologist [ENG31-10414485-n] (a specialist in paleontology)
                • physicist [ENG31-10447768-n] (a scientist trained in physics)

                  • acoustician [ENG31-09783091-n] (a physicist who specializes in acoustics)
                  • astronomer [ENG31-09837748-n] (a physicist who studies astronomy)

                    • astrophysicist [ENG31-09838696-n] (an astronomer who studies the physical properties of celestial bodies)
                    • cosmologist [ENG31-09839072-n] (an astronomer who studies the evolution and space-time relations of the universe)
                  • biophysicist [ENG31-09875673-n] (a physicist who applies the methods of physics to biology)
                  • nuclear physicist [ENG31-10384342-n] (a physicist who specializes in nuclear physics)
                  • Townes [ENG31-11366868-n] (United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-))
                • principal investigator [ENG31-10494748-n] (the scientist in charge of an experiment or research project)
                • psychologist [ENG31-10508450-n] (a scientist trained in psychology)

                  • behaviorist [ENG31-09631550-n] (a psychologist who subscribes to behaviorism)
                  • hypnotist [ENG31-10214880-n] (a person who induces hypnosis)
                  • parapsychologist [ENG31-10418505-n] (someone who studies the evidence for such psychological phenomena as psychokinesis and telepathy and clairvoyance)
                  • psychophysicist [ENG31-10509011-n] (a psychologist trained in psychophysics)
                • radiologic technologist [ENG31-10523683-n] (a scientist trained in radiological technology)
                • research worker [ENG31-10542669-n] (a scientist who devotes himself to doing research)

                  • experimenter [ENG31-09640607-n] (a research worker who conducts experiments)
                  • boffin [ENG31-09882745-n] ((British slang) a scientist or technician engaged in military research)
                  • fieldworker [ENG31-10111025-n] (a researcher who works in the field)
                • social scientist [ENG31-10639158-n] (someone expert in the study of human society and its personal relationships)

                  • anthropologist [ENG31-09815764-n] (a social scientist who specializes in anthropology)

                    • archeologist [ENG31-09824229-n] (an anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture)

                      • Egyptologist [ENG31-10067630-n] (an archeologist who specializes in Egyptology)
                      • paleographer [ENG31-10414372-n] (an archeologist skilled in paleography)
                      • pothunter [ENG31-10480286-n] (a nonprofessional archeologist)
                    • ethnographer [ENG31-10085450-n] (an anthropologist who does ethnography)
                    • ethnologist [ENG31-10085565-n] (an anthropologist who studies ethnology)
                    • social anthropologist [ENG31-10637981-n] (an anthropologist who studies such cultural phenomena as kinship systems)

                      • ritualist [ENG31-10552308-n] (a social anthropologist who is expert on rites and ceremonies)
                  • economist [ENG31-10063451-n] (an expert in the science of economics)

                    • econometrician [ENG31-10063299-n] (an economist who uses statistical and mathematical methods)
                    • macroeconomist [ENG31-10299089-n] (an economist who specializes in macroeconomics)
                    • microeconomist [ENG31-10333382-n] (an economist who specializes in microeconomics)
                    • monetarist [ENG31-10347789-n] (an advocate of the theory that economic fluctuations are caused by increases or decreases in the supply of money)

                      • bimetallist [ENG31-09874219-n] (an advocate of bimetallism)
                  • penologist [ENG31-10433984-n] (a person who studies the theory and practice of prison management)
                  • political scientist [ENG31-10469735-n] (a social scientist specializing in the study of government)
                  • sociologist [ENG31-10640274-n] (a social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society)

                    • demographer [ENG31-10021919-n] (a scientist who studies the growth and density of populations and their vital statistics)
                    • psephologist [ENG31-10507177-n] (a sociologist who studies election trends)
              • scratcher [ENG31-10583139-n] (a person who scratches to relieve an itch)
              • second-rater [ENG31-10588623-n] (a person of second-rate ability or value)
              • seeder [ENG31-10595038-n] (a person who seeds clouds)
              • seeker [ENG31-10595231-n] (someone making a search or inquiry)

                • finder [ENG31-10110514-n] (someone who comes upon something after searching)
                • gadabout [ENG31-10136562-n] (a restless seeker after amusement or social companionship)
                • hunter [ENG31-10213338-n] (a person who searches for something)

                  • forager [ENG31-10121991-n] (someone who hunts for food and provisions)
              • segregate [ENG31-10595667-n] (someone who is or has been segregated)
              • sentimentalist [ENG31-10599128-n] (someone who indulges in excessive sentimentality)
              • sex object [ENG31-10604305-n] (any person regarded simply as an object of sexual gratification)
              • sex symbol [ENG31-10604529-n] (a person (especially a celebrity) who is well-known for their sexual attractiveness)
              • shaker [ENG31-10605384-n] (a person who wields power and influence)
              • showman [ENG31-10613451-n] (a person skilled at making effective presentations)
              • signer [ENG31-10616642-n] (someone who signs and is bound by a document)

                • cosigner [ENG31-09636720-n] (one of two or more signers of the same document (as a treaty or declaration))
                • cosigner [ENG31-09636883-n] (a signer in addition to the principal signer (to verify the authenticity of the principal signature or to provide surety))
                • abhorrer [ENG31-09775526-n] (a signer of a 1679 address to Charles II in which those who petitioned for the reconvening of parliament were condemned and abhorred)
                • endorser [ENG31-10077079-n] (a person who transfers his ownership interest in something by signing a check or negotiable security)

                  • accommodation endorser [ENG31-09780066-n] (a person who endorses a promissory note without compensation or benefit but simply as a favor to the borrower)
                • witness [ENG31-10805946-n] ((law) a person who attests to the genuineness of a document or signature by adding their own signature)
              • simpleton [ENG31-10618762-n] (a person lacking intelligence or common sense)

                • airhead [ENG31-09800425-n] (a flighty scatterbrained simpleton)
                • dimwit [ENG31-10032859-n] (a stupid incompetent person)
                • dingbat [ENG31-10033144-n] (a silly empty-headed person)
                • dumbbell [ENG31-10059116-n] (an ignorant or foolish person)
                • fool [ENG31-10120530-n] (a person who lacks good judgment)

                  • ass [ENG31-09833037-n] (a pompous fool)
                  • clown [ENG31-09950623-n] (a rude or vulgar fool)
                  • flibbertigibbet [ENG31-10115895-n] (a female fool)
                  • fucker [ENG31-10134245-n] (a stupid despised man)
                  • fathead [ENG31-10177319-n] (a man who is a stupid incompetent fool)
                  • meshuggeneh [ENG31-10330183-n] ((Yiddish) a crazy fool)
                  • morosoph [ENG31-10350811-n] (a learned fool)
                  • putz [ENG31-10515978-n] ((Yiddish) a fool)
                  • wally [ENG31-10784973-n] (a silly and inept person)
                • idiot [ENG31-10217144-n] (a person of subnormal intelligence)

                  • mongoloid [ENG31-10348226-n] (a person suffering from Down syndrome (no longer used technically in this sense, now considered offensive))
                • idiot savant [ENG31-10217399-n] (person who is mentally retarded in general but who displays remarkable aptitude in some limited field (usually involving memory))
                • nebbish [ENG31-10370505-n] ((Yiddish) a timid unfortunate simpleton)
                • nincompoop [ENG31-10378493-n] (a stupid foolish person)
                • scatterbrain [ENG31-10575253-n] (a flighty and disorganized person)
                • schlemiel [ENG31-10576253-n] ((Yiddish) a dolt who is a habitual bungler)
                • schlepper [ENG31-10576381-n] ((Yiddish) an awkward and stupid person)
                • schnook [ENG31-10576945-n] ((Yiddish) a gullible simpleton more to be pitied than despised)
                • sheep [ENG31-10607482-n] (a timid defenseless simpleton who is readily preyed upon)
                • space cadet [ENG31-10648504-n] (someone who seems unable to respond appropriately to reality (as if under the influence of some narcotic drug))
                • square [ENG31-10662386-n] (someone who doesn't understand what is going on)
                • stupid [ENG31-10686626-n] (a person who is not very bright)

                  • berk [ENG31-09870050-n] (a stupid person who is easy to take advantage of)
                  • dunce [ENG31-10059388-n] (a stupid person)
                  • klutz [ENG31-10257632-n] ((Yiddish) a clumsy dolt)
                • subnormal [ENG31-10689315-n] (a person of less than normal intelligence)
                • twerp [ENG31-10753786-n] (someone who is regarded as contemptible)
              • six-footer [ENG31-10623588-n] (a person who is at least six feet tall)
              • skidder [ENG31-10624496-n] (a person who slips or slides because of loss of traction)

                • snowboarder [ENG31-10637181-n] (someone who slides down snow-covered slopes while standing on a snowboard)
              • slave [ENG31-10628841-n] (a person who is owned by someone)

                • bondman [ENG31-09884297-n] (a male slave)
                • bondwoman [ENG31-09884474-n] (a female slave)
                • bond servant [ENG31-09884804-n] (someone bound to labor without wages)

                  • bondman [ENG31-09884374-n] (a male bound to serve without wages)
                  • bondwoman [ENG31-09884568-n] (a female bound to serve without wages)
                  • thrall [ENG31-10729084-n] (someone held in bondage)

                    • serf [ENG31-10599987-n] ((Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord)

                      • cotter [ENG31-09988182-n] (a medieval English villein)
                • creature [ENG31-09996081-n] (a person who is controlled by others and is used to perform unpleasant or dishonest tasks for someone else)
                • galley slave [ENG31-10137770-n] (a slave condemned to row in a galley)
              • slave [ENG31-10629202-n] (someone entirely dominated by some influence or person)
              • sleepyhead [ENG31-10631057-n] (a sleepy person)
              • sloucher [ENG31-10632319-n] (a person who slouches)
              • small person [ENG31-10633021-n] (a person of below average size)

                • dwarf [ENG31-10060141-n] (a person who is markedly small)

                  • pituitary dwarf [ENG31-10456225-n] (a dwarf whose condition is caused by a deficiency of growth hormones, rather than by genetic factors (as in the case of the achondroplastic dwarf))
                  • primordial dwarf [ENG31-10492032-n] (an achondroplastic dwarf whose small size is the result of a genetic defect)
                • lilliputian [ENG31-10282577-n] (a very small person (resembling a Lilliputian))
                • manikin [ENG31-10311241-n] (a person who is very small but who is not otherwise deformed or abnormal)
                • Pygmy [ENG31-10516074-n] (any member of various peoples having an average height of less than five feet)
                • pygmy [ENG31-10516211-n] (an unusually small individual)
                • runt [ENG31-10563101-n] (disparaging terms for small people)
                • Tom Thumb [ENG31-10734785-n] (a very small person)
                • wisp [ENG31-10804112-n] (a small person)
              • smasher [ENG31-10633741-n] (a person who smashes something)
              • smiler [ENG31-10633879-n] (a person who smiles)

                • simperer [ENG31-10618623-n] (a smiler whose smile is silly and self-conscious and sometimes coy)
                • smirker [ENG31-10634023-n] (a smiler whose smile is offensively self-satisfied)
              • sneezer [ENG31-10636094-n] (a person who sneezes)
              • sniffer [ENG31-10636186-n] (a person who sniffs)
              • sniffler [ENG31-10636295-n] (a person who breathes audibly through a congested nose)
              • snuffer [ENG31-10637420-n] (a person who snuffs out candles)
              • snuffler [ENG31-10637523-n] (a person who breathes noisily (as through a nose blocked by mucus))
              • socializer [ENG31-10639008-n] (a person who takes part in social activities)
              • sort [ENG31-10646084-n] (a person of a particular character or nature)
              • sounding board [ENG31-10646711-n] (a person whose reactions to something serve as an indication of its acceptability)
              • sphinx [ENG31-10655186-n] (an inscrutable person who keeps his thoughts and intentions secret)
              • spitter [ENG31-10656272-n] (a person who spits (ejects saliva or phlegm from the mouth))
              • sport [ENG31-10658445-n] (a person known for the way she (or he) behaves when teased or defeated or subjected to trying circumstances)
              • sprawler [ENG31-10660366-n] (a person who sprawls)
              • spurner [ENG31-10660949-n] (a person who rejects (someone or something) with contempt)
              • squinter [ENG31-10663166-n] (a person with strabismus)
              • stifler [ENG31-10675662-n] (a person who stifles or smothers or suppresses)
              • stigmatic [ENG31-10675927-n] (a person whose body is marked by religious stigmata (such as marks resembling the wounds of the crucified Christ))
              • stooper [ENG31-10679201-n] (a person who carries himself or herself with the head and shoulders habitually bent forward)
              • stranger [ENG31-10680655-n] (an individual that one is not acquainted with)
              • struggler [ENG31-10684741-n] (a person who struggles with difficulties or with great effort)
              • subject [ENG31-10688105-n] (a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures)
              • supernumerary [ENG31-10696121-n] (a person serving no apparent function)
              • surrenderer [ENG31-10699445-n] (a person who yields or surrenders)
              • survivalist [ENG31-10700357-n] (someone who tries to insure their personal survival or the survival of their group or nation)
              • survivor [ENG31-10700507-n] (one who outlives another)
              • suspect [ENG31-10700830-n] (someone who is under suspicion)

                • murder suspect [ENG31-10358964-n] (someone suspected of committing murder)
                • rape suspect [ENG31-10526973-n] (someone who is suspected of committing rape)
                • robbery suspect [ENG31-10554305-n] (someone suspected of committing robbery)
              • tagger [ENG31-10708307-n] (someone who appends or joins one thing to another)
              • tagger [ENG31-10708471-n] (someone who assigns labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter)
              • tapper [ENG31-10711096-n] (a person who strikes a surface lightly and usually repeatedly)
              • tempter [ENG31-10719401-n] (a person who tempts others)
              • termer [ENG31-10721816-n] (a person who serves a specified term)
              • terror [ENG31-10722264-n] (a person who inspires fear or dread)
              • testator [ENG31-10722985-n] (a person who makes a will)

                • devisor [ENG31-10030421-n] (someone who devises real property in a will)
                • testatrix [ENG31-10723129-n] (a female testator)
              • thin person [ENG31-10728446-n] (a person who is unusually thin and scrawny)

                • spindlelegs [ENG31-10655305-n] (a thin person with long thin legs)
              • third-rater [ENG31-10728905-n] (one who is third-rate or distinctly inferior)
              • thrower [ENG31-10729178-n] (someone who projects something (especially by a rapid motion of the arm))

                • pelter [ENG31-10433174-n] (a thrower of missiles)
                • slinger [ENG31-10631504-n] (a person who uses a sling to throw something)
                • tosser [ENG31-10736704-n] (someone who throws lightly (as with the palm upward))
              • tiger [ENG31-10730281-n] (a fierce or audacious person)
              • totemist [ENG31-10737110-n] (a person who belongs to a clan or tribe having a totem)
              • toucher [ENG31-10737238-n] (a person who causes or allows a part of the body to come in contact with someone or something)
              • transfer [ENG31-10744008-n] (someone who transfers or is transferred from one position to another)
              • transsexual [ENG31-10745370-n] (a person whose sexual identification is entirely with the opposite sex)
              • transsexual [ENG31-10745529-n] (a person who has undergone a sex change operation)
              • transvestite [ENG31-10745683-n] (someone who adopts the dress or manner or sexual role of the opposite sex)
              • trier [ENG31-10748650-n] (one who tries)
              • turner [ENG31-10753007-n] (one of two persons who swing ropes for jumpers to skip over in the game of jump rope)
              • tyrant [ENG31-10755221-n] (any person who exercises power in a cruel way)
              • ugly duckling [ENG31-10755509-n] (an ugly or unpromising child who grows into a beautiful or worthy person)
              • undoer [ENG31-10757088-n] (a person who unfastens or unwraps or opens)
              • user [ENG31-10761247-n] (a person who makes use of a thing)

                • consumer [ENG31-09635878-n] (a person who uses goods or services)

                  • chewer [ENG31-09935422-n] (someone who chews (especially someone who chews tobacco))

                    • muncher [ENG31-10358104-n] (a chewer who makes a munching noise)
                  • concert-goer [ENG31-09971095-n] (someone who attends concerts)
                  • customer [ENG31-10004189-n] (someone who pays for goods or services)

                    • buyer [ENG31-09904597-n] (a person who buys)

                      • customer agent [ENG31-10004490-n] (a foreign purchaser who buys goods outright for resale)
                      • home buyer [ENG31-10201430-n] (someone buying a house)
                      • orderer [ENG31-10401397-n] (someone who places an order to buy)
                    • guest [ENG31-10170653-n] (a customer of a hotel or restaurant etc.)

                      • no-show [ENG31-10382716-n] (a guest who fails to notify a hotel or restaurant when canceling a reservation)
                      • overnighter [ENG31-10408346-n] (a guest who stays overnight)
                    • patron [ENG31-10427471-n] (a regular customer)

                      • operagoer [ENG31-10397912-n] (a patron of the opera)
                      • regular [ENG31-10536998-n] (a regular patron)
                    • shopper [ENG31-10611805-n] (someone who visits stores in search of articles to buy)

                      • bargain hunter [ENG31-09858731-n] (a shopper who hunts for bargains)
                      • shopaholic [ENG31-10611219-n] (a compulsive shopper)
                    • spender [ENG31-10654673-n] (someone who spends money to purchase goods or services)
                    • subscriber [ENG31-10689922-n] (someone who contracts to receive and pay for a service or a certain number of issues of a publication)
                    • taker [ENG31-10709280-n] (one who accepts an offer)
                    • warrantee [ENG31-10787816-n] (a customer to whom a warrant or guarantee is given)
                    • whoremaster [ENG31-10799671-n] (a prostitute's customer)
                  • drinker [ENG31-10053926-n] (a person who drinks alcoholic beverages (especially to excess))

                    • bar fly [ENG31-09858473-n] (a drinker who frequents bars)
                    • beer drinker [ENG31-09866302-n] (someone whose favorite drink is beer or ale)
                    • drunk [ENG31-10056805-n] (someone who is intoxicated)

                      • drunk-and-disorderly [ENG31-10056919-n] (someone arrested on the charge of being drunk and disorderly)
                    • drunkard [ENG31-10057110-n] (a chronic drinker)

                      • alcoholic [ENG31-09801608-n] (a person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually)
                    • guzzler [ENG31-10172786-n] (someone who drinks heavily (especially alcoholic beverages))
                    • moderationist [ENG31-10345623-n] (a moderate drinker (as opposed to a total abstainer))
                    • drunken reveler [ENG31-10545875-n] (someone who engages in drinking bouts)
                    • tippler [ENG31-10732339-n] (someone who drinks liquor repeatedly in small quantities)
                    • wassailer [ENG31-10788989-n] (someone who enjoys riotous drinking)
                  • drinker [ENG31-10054339-n] (a person who drinks liquids)

                    • gulper [ENG31-10171477-n] (a drinker who swallows large amounts greedily)
                    • quaffer [ENG31-10517531-n] (a person who drinks heartily)
                    • sipper [ENG31-10620770-n] (a drinker who sips)
                    • sucker [ENG31-10691505-n] (a drinker who sucks (as at a nipple or through a straw))
                  • eater [ENG31-10062108-n] (someone who consumes food for nourishment)

                    • devourer [ENG31-10030518-n] (someone who eats greedily or voraciously)
                    • diner [ENG31-10032987-n] (a person eating a meal (especially in a restaurant))

                      • cutter [ENG31-10005000-n] (someone who carves the meat)
                      • tablemate [ENG31-10707322-n] (someone you dine with)
                    • dunker [ENG31-10059846-n] (an eater who dips food into a liquid before eating it)
                    • glutton [ENG31-10152508-n] (a person who is devoted to eating and drinking to excess)
                    • gobbler [ENG31-10153802-n] (a hasty eater who swallows large mouthfuls)
                    • luncher [ENG31-10296829-n] (someone who is eating lunch)
                    • mouth [ENG31-10355392-n] (a person conceived as a consumer of food)
                    • mycophagist [ENG31-10362942-n] (a person or animal who eats fungi (especially mushrooms))
                    • nosher [ENG31-10382464-n] (someone who eats lightly or eats snacks between meals)
                    • omnivore [ENG31-10397241-n] (a person who eats all kinds of foods)
                    • picnicker [ENG31-10451953-n] (a person who is picnicking)
                    • scoffer [ENG31-10581041-n] (someone who eats food rapidly and greedily)
                    • vegetarian [ENG31-10766787-n] (eater of fruits and grains and nuts)

                      • vegan [ENG31-10767092-n] (a strict vegetarian)
                  • prodigal [ENG31-10499146-n] (a recklessly extravagant consumer)

                    • spendthrift [ENG31-10654858-n] (someone who spends money prodigally)

                      • big spender [ENG31-10655023-n] (one who spends lavishly and ostentatiously on entertainment)
                    • wastrel [ENG31-10789127-n] (someone who dissipates resources self-indulgently)
                  • smoker [ENG31-10634492-n] (a person who smokes tobacco)

                    • chain-smoker [ENG31-09925150-n] (a heavy smoker (usually of cigarettes) who lights one off of another)
                    • cigarette smoker [ENG31-09942559-n] (a smoker of cigarettes)
                    • cigar smoker [ENG31-09942644-n] (a smoker of cigars)
                    • pipe smoker [ENG31-10454936-n] (a smoker who uses a pipe)
                  • snuffer [ENG31-10637330-n] (a person who uses snuff)
                • end user [ENG31-10077299-n] (the ultimate user for which something is intended)
                • usufructuary [ENG31-10761926-n] (someone who holds property by usufruct)
                • utilizer [ENG31-10762781-n] (someone who puts to good use)
                • wearer [ENG31-10791477-n] (a person who wears or carries or displays something as a body covering or accessory)
              • vanisher [ENG31-10766014-n] (a person who disappears)
              • victim [ENG31-10772148-n] (a person who is tricked or swindled)

                • butt [ENG31-09904118-n] (a victim of ridicule or pranks)

                  • April fool [ENG31-09820698-n] (the butt of a prank played on April 1st)
                • chump [ENG31-09940867-n] (a person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of)
                • lamb [ENG31-10263685-n] (a person easily deceived or cheated (especially in financial matters))
                • sitting duck [ENG31-10623497-n] (a defenseless victim)
              • Victorian [ENG31-10772729-n] (a person who lived during the reign of Victoria)
              • visionary [ENG31-10776309-n] (a person given to fanciful speculations and enthusiasms with little regard for what is actually possible)

                • idealist [ENG31-10216584-n] (someone guided more by ideals than by practical considerations)

                  • Don Quixote [ENG31-10045986-n] (any impractical idealist (after Cervantes' hero))
                  • romantic [ENG31-10557379-n] (a soulful or amorous idealist)
              • visually impaired person [ENG31-10777293-n] (someone who has inferior vision)

                • aphakic [ENG31-09817537-n] (someone afflicted by aphakia)
                • blind person [ENG31-09879536-n] (a person with a severe visual impairment)
                • hyperope [ENG31-10214675-n] (a person with hyperopia)
                • myope [ENG31-10363086-n] (a person with myopia)
                • presbyope [ENG31-10485201-n] (a person with presbyopia)
              • waiter [ENG31-10783393-n] (a person who waits or awaits)

                • lurker [ENG31-10297049-n] (someone waiting in concealment)
              • waker [ENG31-10783546-n] (a person who awakes)
              • walk-in [ENG31-10783964-n] (person who walks in without having an appointment)
              • wanter [ENG31-10785693-n] (a person who wants or needs something)
              • ward [ENG31-10786688-n] (a person who is under the protection or in the custody of another)
              • warrior [ENG31-10788253-n] (someone engaged in or experienced in warfare)

                • brave [ENG31-09665626-n] (a North American Indian warrior)
                • centurion [ENG31-09924503-n] ((ancient Rome) the leader of 100 soldiers)
                • Crusader [ENG31-10000895-n] (a warrior who engages in a holy war)
                • guerrilla [ENG31-10170076-n] (a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment)

                  • Maquis [ENG31-10312485-n] (a guerrilla fighter in the French underground in World War II)
                  • urban guerrilla [ENG31-10760915-n] (a guerrilla who fights only in cities and towns)
                • samurai [ENG31-10569320-n] (a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy)
              • watcher [ENG31-10789450-n] (a person who keeps a devotional vigil by a sick bed or by a dead body)
              • weakling [ENG31-10791304-n] (a person who is physically weak and ineffectual)

                • namby-pamby [ENG31-10364050-n] (an insipid weakling who is foolishly sentimental)
                • softy [ENG31-10641100-n] (a person who is weak and excessively sentimental)
                • wimp [ENG31-10801493-n] (a person who lacks confidence, is irresolute and wishy-washy)
              • weasel [ENG31-10791658-n] (a person who is regarded as treacherous or sneaky)
              • wiggler [ENG31-10800912-n] (one who can't stay still (especially a child))
              • winker [ENG31-10803215-n] (a person who winks)
              • withholder [ENG31-10805371-n] (a person who refrains from granting)
              • witness [ENG31-10806193-n] ((law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law)

                • adverse witness [ENG31-09793105-n] (a witness whose relationship to the opposing party is such that his or her testimony may be prejudiced against the opposing party)
                • character witness [ENG31-09928935-n] (a witness who testifies under oath as to the good reputation of another person in the community where that person lives)
                • expert witness [ENG31-10092134-n] (a witness who has knowledge not normally possessed by the average person concerning the topic that he is to testify about)
                • lay witness [ENG31-10270570-n] (any witness who does not testify as an expert witness)
                • material witness [ENG31-10320756-n] (a witness whose testimony is both relevant to the matter at issue and required in order to resolve the matter)
              • worldling [ENG31-10811530-n] (a person absorbed by the concerns and interests and pleasures of the present world)
              • yawner [ENG31-10822797-n] (a person who yawns)
            • animal [ENG31-00015568-n] (a living organism characterized by voluntary movement)

              • pest [ENG31-01316879-n] (any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc.)

                • vermin [ENG31-01318471-n] (any of various small animals or insects that are pests)
              • critter [ENG31-01317154-n] (a regional term for `creature' (especially for domestic animals))
              • creepy-crawly [ENG31-01317272-n] (an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects))
              • darter [ENG31-01317401-n] (a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly)
              • peeper [ENG31-01317704-n] (an animal that makes short high-pitched sounds)
              • homeotherm [ENG31-01317821-n] (an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature)
              • poikilotherm [ENG31-01318072-n] (an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings)
              • range animal [ENG31-01318296-n] (any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep))
              • varmint [ENG31-01318779-n] (any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable)
              • scavenger [ENG31-01318913-n] (any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter)

                • bottom-feeder [ENG31-01319225-n] (a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain)
              • work animal [ENG31-01319440-n] (an animal trained for and used for heavy labor)

                • beast of burden [ENG31-01319580-n] (an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work)

                  • pack animal [ENG31-01319882-n] (an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads)

                    • packhorse [ENG31-02389398-n] (a workhorse used as a pack animal)
                • draft animal [ENG31-01319785-n] (an animal used for pulling heavy loads)
              • domestic animal [ENG31-01320032-n] (any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment)

                • feeder [ENG31-01320304-n] (an animal being fattened or suitable for fattening)
                • stocker [ENG31-01320544-n] (a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment)
                • head [ENG31-01320872-n] (a single domestic animal)
                • dog [ENG31-02086723-n] (a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times)

                  • puppy [ENG31-01325095-n] (a young dog)
                  • pooch [ENG31-02087384-n] (informal terms for dogs)
                  • cur [ENG31-02087513-n] (an inferior dog or one of mixed breed)

                    • feist [ENG31-02087671-n] (a nervous belligerent little mongrel dog)
                    • pariah dog [ENG31-02087770-n] (ownerless half-wild mongrel dog common around Asian villages especially India)
                  • lapdog [ENG31-02087924-n] (a dog small and tame enough to be held in the lap)
                  • toy dog [ENG31-02088026-n] (any of several breeds of very small dogs kept purely as pets)

                    • Chihuahua [ENG31-02088272-n] (an old breed of tiny short-haired dog with protruding eyes from Mexico held to antedate Aztec civilization)
                    • Japanese spaniel [ENG31-02088434-n] (breed of toy dogs originating in Japan having a silky black-and-white or red-and-white coat)
                    • Maltese dog [ENG31-02088588-n] (breed of toy dogs having a long straight silky white coat)
                    • Pekinese [ENG31-02088731-n] (a Chinese breed of small short-legged dogs with a long silky coat and broad flat muzzle)
                    • Shih-Tzu [ENG31-02088892-n] (a Chinese breed of small dog similar to a Pekingese)
                    • toy spaniel [ENG31-02088998-n] (a very small spaniel)

                      • English toy spaniel [ENG31-02089130-n] (British breed having a long silky coat and rounded head with a short upturned muzzle)

                        • Blenheim spaniel [ENG31-02089298-n] (red-and-white variety of English toy spaniel)
                      • King Charles spaniel [ENG31-02089405-n] (a toy English spaniel with a black-and-tan coat)
                      • papillon [ENG31-02089562-n] (small slender toy spaniel with erect ears and a black-spotted brown to white coat)
                    • toy terrier [ENG31-02089698-n] (a small active dog)
                  • hunting dog [ENG31-02089774-n] (a dog used in hunting game)

                    • courser [ENG31-02089966-n] (a dog trained for coursing)
                    • Rhodesian ridgeback [ENG31-02090046-n] (a powerful short-haired African hunting dog having a crest of reversed hair along the spine)
                    • hound [ENG31-02090203-n] (any of several breeds of dog used for hunting typically having large drooping ears)

                      • Afghan hound [ENG31-02090746-n] (tall graceful breed of hound with a long silky coat)
                      • basset [ENG31-02090890-n] (smooth-haired breed of hound with short legs and long ears)
                      • beagle [ENG31-02091016-n] (a small short-legged smooth-coated breed of hound)
                      • bloodhound [ENG31-02091118-n] (a breed of large powerful hound of European origin having very acute smell and used in tracking)
                      • bluetick [ENG31-02091284-n] (a very fast American hound)
                      • boarhound [ENG31-02091397-n] (large hound used in hunting wild boars)
                      • coonhound [ENG31-02091491-n] (any of several breeds of hound developed for hunting raccoons)

                        • coondog [ENG31-02091644-n] (any dog trained to hunt raccoons)
                        • black-and-tan coonhound [ENG31-02091730-n] (American breed of large powerful hound dogs used for hunting raccoons and other game)
                      • foxhound [ENG31-02092207-n] (medium-sized glossy-coated hounds developed for hunting foxes)

                        • American foxhound [ENG31-02092377-n] (an American breed of foxhounds used for hunting both in packs and individually)
                        • Walker hound [ENG31-02092519-n] (an American breed of foxhound)
                        • English foxhound [ENG31-02092625-n] (an English breed slightly larger than the American foxhounds originally used to hunt in packs)
                      • harrier [ENG31-02092781-n] (a hound that resembles a foxhound but is smaller)
                      • Plott hound [ENG31-02092905-n] (a brindle-coated American hound used in hunting bears and wild boars)
                      • redbone [ENG31-02093031-n] (a speedy red or red-and-tan American hound)
                      • wolfhound [ENG31-02093127-n] (the largest breed of dogs)

                        • borzoi [ENG31-02093274-n] (tall fast-moving dog breed)
                        • Irish wolfhound [ENG31-02093373-n] (large breed of hound with a rough thick coat)
                      • greyhound [ENG31-02093479-n] (a tall slender dog of an ancient breed noted for swiftness and keen sight)

                        • Italian greyhound [ENG31-02093684-n] (a toy dog developed from the greyhound)
                        • whippet [ENG31-02093786-n] (small slender dog of greyhound type developed in England)
                      • Ibizan hound [ENG31-02093896-n] (breed of slender agile medium-sized hound found chiefly in the Balearic Islands)
                      • Norwegian elkhound [ENG31-02094119-n] (breed of compact medium-sized dog with a heavy grey coat developed in Norway for hunting elk)
                      • otterhound [ENG31-02094287-n] (hardy British hound having long pendulous ears and a thick coarse shaggy coat with an oily undercoat)
                      • Saluki [ENG31-02094483-n] (old breed of tall swift keen-eyed hunting dogs resembling greyhounds)
                      • Scottish deerhound [ENG31-02094654-n] (very large and tall rough-coated dog bred for hunting deer)
                      • staghound [ENG31-02094825-n] (a large heavy hound formerly used in hunting stags and other large game)
                      • Weimaraner [ENG31-02094991-n] (large breed of hound having a smooth greyish coat)
                    • dachshund [ENG31-02091884-n] (small long-bodied short-legged German breed of dog having a short sleek coat and long drooping ears)

                      • sausage dog [ENG31-02092120-n] (informal term)
                    • terrier [ENG31-02095120-n] (any of several usually small short-bodied breeds originally trained to hunt animals living underground)

                      • bullterrier [ENG31-02095708-n] (a powerful short-haired terrier originated in England by crossing the bulldog with terriers)

                        • Staffordshire bullterrier [ENG31-02095908-n] (English breed of strong stocky dog having a broad skull and smooth coat)
                        • American Staffordshire terrier [ENG31-02096080-n] (American breed of muscular terriers with a short close-lying stiff coat)
                      • Bedlington terrier [ENG31-02096299-n] (a light terrier groomed to resemble a lamb)
                      • Border terrier [ENG31-02096406-n] (small rough-coated terrier of British origin)
                      • Kerry blue terrier [ENG31-02096511-n] (an Irish breed of medium-sized terriers with a silky blue-grey coat)
                      • Irish terrier [ENG31-02096643-n] (medium-sized breed with a wiry brown coat)
                      • Norfolk terrier [ENG31-02096766-n] (English breed of small terrier with a straight wiry grizzled coat and dropped ears)
                      • Norwich terrier [ENG31-02096910-n] (English breed of small short-legged terrier with a straight wiry red or grey or black-and-tan coat and erect ears)
                      • Yorkshire terrier [ENG31-02097085-n] (very small breed having a long glossy coat of bluish-grey and tan)
                      • rat terrier [ENG31-02097214-n] (any of several breeds of terrier developed to catch rats)

                        • Manchester terrier [ENG31-02097373-n] (a breed of short-haired rat terrier with a black-and-tan coat that was developed in Manchester, England)

                          • toy Manchester [ENG31-02097583-n] (breed of small Manchester terrier)
                      • fox terrier [ENG31-02097702-n] (small lively black-and-white terriers formerly used to dig out foxes)

                        • smooth-haired fox terrier [ENG31-02097864-n] (a fox terrier with smooth hair)
                        • wire-haired fox terrier [ENG31-02097966-n] (a fox terrier with wiry hair)
                      • wirehair [ENG31-02098064-n] (a terrier with wiry hair)

                        • Lakeland terrier [ENG31-02098222-n] (breed of wire-haired terrier originally from the Lake District of England and used for hunting)
                        • Welsh terrier [ENG31-02098379-n] (wire-haired terrier resembling Airedales but smaller)

                          • Sealyham terrier [ENG31-02098541-n] (a wire-haired terrier with short legs that was first bred in Sealyham)
                      • Airedale [ENG31-02098703-n] (breed of large wiry-coated terrier bred in Yorkshire)
                      • cairn [ENG31-02098829-n] (small rough-haired breed of terrier from Scotland)
                      • Australian terrier [ENG31-02098946-n] (small greyish wire-haired breed of terrier from Australia similar to the cairn)
                      • Dandie Dinmont [ENG31-02099089-n] (a breed of small terrier with long wiry coat and drooping ears)
                      • Boston bull [ENG31-02099237-n] (small pug-faced American terrier breed having a smooth brindle or black coat with white markings)
                      • schnauzer [ENG31-02099408-n] (old German breed of sturdy black or greyish wire-haired terriers having a blunt muzzle ranging in size from fairly small to very large)

                        • miniature schnauzer [ENG31-02099699-n] (a small schnauzer)
                        • giant schnauzer [ENG31-02099782-n] (a large schnauzer)
                        • standard schnauzer [ENG31-02099861-n] (a medium-sized schnauzer)
                      • Scotch terrier [ENG31-02099950-n] (old Scottish breed of small long-haired usually black terrier with erect tail and ears)
                      • Tibetan terrier [ENG31-02100126-n] (breed of medium-sized terriers bred in Tibet resembling Old English sheepdogs with fluffy curled tails)
                      • silky terrier [ENG31-02100310-n] (Australian breed of toy dogs having a silky blue coat)
                      • Skye terrier [ENG31-02100438-n] (Scottish breed of terrier with shaggy hair and long low body with short legs)

                        • Clydesdale terrier [ENG31-02100619-n] (selectively bred small Skye terrier with erect ears and a long silky coat)
                      • soft-coated wheaten terrier [ENG31-02100757-n] (Irish breed of medium-sized terrier with an abundant coat any shade of wheat and very hairy head and muzzle)
                      • West Highland white terrier [ENG31-02100938-n] (small white long-coated terrier developed in Scotland)
                      • Lhasa [ENG31-02101065-n] (a breed of terrier having a long heavy coat raised in Tibet as watchdogs)
                    • sporting dog [ENG31-02101202-n] (a dog trained to work with sportsmen when they hunt with guns)

                      • bird dog [ENG31-02101458-n] (a gun dog trained to locate or retrieve birds)
                      • water dog [ENG31-02101558-n] (a dog accustomed to water and usually trained to retrieve waterfowl)
                      • retriever [ENG31-02101681-n] (a dog with heavy water-resistant coat that can be trained to retrieve game)

                        • flat-coated retriever [ENG31-02101919-n] (an English breed having a shiny black or liver-colored coat)
                        • curly-coated retriever [ENG31-02102081-n] (an English breed having a tightly curled black or liver-colored coat)
                        • golden retriever [ENG31-02102253-n] (an English breed having a long silky golden coat)
                        • Labrador retriever [ENG31-02102364-n] (breed originally from Labrador having a short black or golden-brown coat)
                        • Chesapeake Bay retriever [ENG31-02102501-n] (American breed having a short thick oily coat ranging from brown to light tan)
                      • pointer [ENG31-02102649-n] (a strong slender smooth-haired dog of Spanish origin having a white coat with brown or black patches)

                        • German short-haired pointer [ENG31-02102888-n] (liver or liver-and-white hunting dog developed in Germany)
                        • vizsla [ENG31-02103235-n] (Hungarian hunting dog resembling the Weimaraner but having a rich deep red coat)
                      • setter [ENG31-02103051-n] (a long-haired dog formerly trained to crouch on finding game but now to point)

                        • English setter [ENG31-02103387-n] (an English breed having a plumed tail and a soft silky coat that is chiefly white)
                        • Irish setter [ENG31-02103529-n] (an Irish breed with a chestnut-brown or mahogany-red coat)
                        • Gordon setter [ENG31-02103658-n] (a Scottish breed with a black-and-tan coat)
                      • spaniel [ENG31-02103760-n] (any of several breeds of small to medium-sized gun dogs with a long silky coat and long frilled ears)

                        • Brittany spaniel [ENG31-02104040-n] (tall active short-tailed French breed of bird dog having a usually smooth orange- or liver-and-white coat)
                        • clumber [ENG31-02104208-n] (a thickset spaniel with longish silky hair)
                        • field spaniel [ENG31-02104322-n] (large usually black hunting and retrieving spaniel with a dense flat or slightly wavy coat)
                        • springer spaniel [ENG31-02104513-n] (a large spaniel with wavy silky coat usually black or liver and white)

                          • English springer [ENG31-02104692-n] (a breed having typically a black-and-white coat)
                          • Welsh springer spaniel [ENG31-02104829-n] (a red-and-white breed slightly smaller than the English springer spaniel)
                        • cocker spaniel [ENG31-02104970-n] (a small breed with wavy silky hair)
                        • Sussex spaniel [ENG31-02105132-n] (an English breed with short legs and a golden liver-colored coat)
                        • water spaniel [ENG31-02105257-n] (any dog of two large curly-coated breeds used for hunting waterfowl)

                          • American water spaniel [ENG31-02105458-n] (breed of medium-sized spaniels originating in America having chocolate or liver-colored curly coat)
                          • Irish water spaniel [ENG31-02105625-n] (breed of large spaniels developed in Ireland having a heavy coat of liver-colored curls and a topknot of long curls and a nearly hairless tail)
                      • griffon [ENG31-02105833-n] (breed of medium-sized long-headed dogs with downy undercoat and harsh wiry outer coat)
                  • working dog [ENG31-02106058-n] (any of several breeds of usually large powerful dogs bred to work as draft animals and guard and guide dogs)

                    • watchdog [ENG31-02106493-n] (a dog trained to guard property)

                      • kuvasz [ENG31-02106681-n] (long-established Hungarian breed of tall light-footed but sturdy white dog)
                      • attack dog [ENG31-02106836-n] (a watchdog trained to attack on command)
                      • housedog [ENG31-02106932-n] (a dog trained to guard a house)
                      • schipperke [ENG31-02107017-n] (breed of small stocky black dogs originally used as watchdogs on boats in the Netherlands and Belgium)
                      • pinscher [ENG31-02109618-n] (any of three breeds of dogs whose ears and tail are usually cropped)

                        • Doberman [ENG31-02109794-n] (medium large breed of dog of German origin with a glossy black and tan coat)
                        • miniature pinscher [ENG31-02109964-n] (small German version of a Doberman pinscher)
                        • affenpinscher [ENG31-02113279-n] (European breed of small dog resembling a terrier with dark wiry hair and a tufted muzzle)
                    • shepherd dog [ENG31-02107175-n] (any of various usually long-haired breeds of dog reared to herd and guard sheep)

                      • Belgian sheepdog [ENG31-02107534-n] (hardy working dog developed in Belgium for herding sheep)

                        • groenendael [ENG31-02107708-n] (black-coated sheepdog with a heavily plumed tail)
                        • malinois [ENG31-02107814-n] (fawn-colored short-haired sheepdog)
                      • briard [ENG31-02107903-n] (old French breed of large strong usually black dogs having a long tail and long wavy and slightly stiff coat)
                      • kelpie [ENG31-02108064-n] (an Australian sheepdog with pointed ears)
                      • komondor [ENG31-02108157-n] (Hungarian breed of large powerful shaggy-coated white dog)
                      • Old English sheepdog [ENG31-02108293-n] (large sheepdog with a profuse shaggy bluish-grey-and-white coat and short tail)
                      • Shetland sheepdog [ENG31-02108507-n] (a small sheepdog resembling a collie that was developed in the Shetland Islands)
                      • collie [ENG31-02108682-n] (a silky-coated sheepdog with a long ruff and long narrow head developed in Scotland)
                      • Border collie [ENG31-02108818-n] (developed in the area between Scotland and England usually having a black coat with white on the head and tip of tail used for herding both sheep and cattle)
                      • Bouvier des Flandres [ENG31-02109034-n] (rough-coated breed used originally in Belgium for herding and guarding cattle)
                      • Rottweiler [ENG31-02109202-n] (German breed of large vigorous short-haired cattle dogs)
                      • German shepherd [ENG31-02109314-n] (breed of large shepherd dogs used in police work and as a guide for the blind)
                    • police dog [ENG31-02109506-n] (any dog trained to assist police especially in tracking)
                    • Sennenhunde [ENG31-02110072-n] (any of four Swiss breeds)

                      • Greater Swiss Mountain dog [ENG31-02110226-n] (the largest of the four Swiss breeds)
                      • Bernese mountain dog [ENG31-02110335-n] (large powerful long-haired black-coated Swiss dog with deep tan or russet markings on legs and white blaze and feet and chest marking)
                      • Appenzeller [ENG31-02110560-n] (a smaller of the four Swiss breeds)
                      • EntleBucher [ENG31-02110652-n] (the smallest of the Sennenhunde)
                    • boxer [ENG31-02110741-n] (a breed of stocky medium-sized short-haired dog with a brindled coat and square-jawed muzzle developed in Germany)
                    • mastiff [ENG31-02110906-n] (an old breed of powerful deep-chested smooth-coated dog used chiefly as a watchdog and guard dog)

                      • Tibetan mastiff [ENG31-02111203-n] (very large powerful rough-coated dog native to central Asia)
                    • bull mastiff [ENG31-02111074-n] (large powerful breed developed by crossing the bulldog and the mastiff)
                    • bulldog [ENG31-02111324-n] (a sturdy thickset short-haired breed with a large head and strong undershot lower jaw)

                      • French bulldog [ENG31-02111567-n] (small stocky version of the bulldog having a sleek coat and square head)
                    • Great Dane [ENG31-02111699-n] (very large powerful smooth-coated breed of dog)
                    • guide dog [ENG31-02111802-n] (a dog trained to guide the blind)

                      • Seeing Eye dog [ENG31-02111908-n] ((trademark) a guide dog trained to guide a blind person)
                    • hearing dog [ENG31-02112043-n] (dog trained to assist the deaf by signaling the occurrence of certain sounds)
                    • Saint Bernard [ENG31-02112177-n] (a Swiss alpine breed of large powerful dog with a thick coat of hair used as a rescue dog)
                    • seizure-alert dog [ENG31-02112339-n] (a dog that can alert or assist people with seizure disorders)
                    • sled dog [ENG31-02112463-n] (a dog trained to draw a sled usually in a team)

                      • malamute [ENG31-02112715-n] (breed of sled dog developed in Alaska)
                      • Siberian husky [ENG31-02112837-n] (breed of sled dog developed in northeastern Siberia)
                    • Eskimo dog [ENG31-02112613-n] (breed of heavy-coated Arctic sled dog)
                  • dalmatian [ENG31-02112993-n] (a large breed having a smooth white coat with black or brown spots)

                    • liver-spotted dalmatian [ENG31-02113184-n] (a brown-spotted dalmatian)
                  • basenji [ENG31-02113458-n] (small smooth-haired breed of African origin having a tightly curled tail and the inability to bark)
                  • pug [ENG31-02113610-n] (small compact smooth-coated breed of Asiatic origin having a tightly curled tail and broad flat wrinkled muzzle)
                  • Leonberg [ENG31-02113781-n] (a large dog (usually with a golden coat) produced by crossing a St Bernard and a Newfoundland)
                  • Newfoundland [ENG31-02113929-n] (a breed of very large heavy dogs with a thick coarse usually black coat)
                  • Great Pyrenees [ENG31-02114152-n] (bred of large heavy-coated white dogs resembling the Newfoundland)
                  • spitz [ENG31-02114278-n] (any of various stocky heavy-coated breeds of dogs native to northern regions having pointed muzzles and erect ears with a curled furry tail)

                    • Samoyed [ENG31-02114541-n] (Siberian breed of white or cream-colored dog of the spitz family)
                    • Pomeranian [ENG31-02114670-n] (breed of very small compact long-haired dogs of the spitz type)
                    • chow [ENG31-02114789-n] (breed of medium-sized dogs with a thick coat and fluffy curled tails and distinctive blue-black tongues)
                    • keeshond [ENG31-02115002-n] (a spitz-like dog having a shaggy greyish coat and tightly curled tail originating in Holland)
                  • griffon [ENG31-02115149-n] (breed of various very small compact wiry-coated dogs of Belgian origin having a short bearded muzzle)

                    • Brabancon griffon [ENG31-02115358-n] (a variety of Brussels griffon having a short smooth coat)
                  • corgi [ENG31-02115478-n] (either of two Welsh breeds of long-bodied short-legged dogs with erect ears and a fox-like head)

                    • Pembroke [ENG31-02115675-n] (the smaller and straight-legged variety of corgi having pointed ears and a short tail)
                    • Cardigan [ENG31-02115838-n] (slightly bowlegged variety of corgi having rounded ears and a long tail)
                  • poodle [ENG31-02115987-n] (an intelligent dog with a heavy curly solid-colored coat that is usually clipped)

                    • toy poodle [ENG31-02116276-n] (the breed of very small poodles)
                    • miniature poodle [ENG31-02116364-n] (a breed of small poodles)
                    • standard poodle [ENG31-02116451-n] (a breed or medium-sized poodles)
                    • large poodle [ENG31-02116544-n] (the largest breed of poodle)
                  • Mexican hairless [ENG31-02116630-n] (any of an old breed of small nearly hairless dogs of Mexico)
                • domestic cat [ENG31-02124460-n] (any domesticated member of the genus Felis)

                  • kitty [ENG31-02124950-n] (informal terms referring to a domestic cat)
                  • mouser [ENG31-02125082-n] (a cat proficient at mousing)
                  • alley cat [ENG31-02125162-n] (a homeless cat)
                  • tom [ENG31-02125377-n] (male cat)

                    • gib [ENG31-02125462-n] (a castrated tomcat)
                  • tabby [ENG31-02125530-n] (female cat)
                  • tabby [ENG31-02125697-n] (a cat with a grey or tawny coat mottled with black)
                  • tiger cat [ENG31-02125811-n] (a cat having a striped coat)
                  • tortoiseshell [ENG31-02125894-n] (a cat having black and cream-colored and yellowish markings)
                  • Persian cat [ENG31-02126046-n] (a long-haired breed of cat)
                  • Angora [ENG31-02126130-n] (a long-haired breed of cat similar to the Persian cat)
                  • Siamese cat [ENG31-02126249-n] (a slender short-haired blue-eyed breed of cat having a pale coat with dark ears paws face and tail tip)

                    • blue point Siamese [ENG31-02126437-n] (Siamese cat having a bluish cream-colored body and dark grey points)
                  • Burmese cat [ENG31-02126569-n] (a short-haired breed with body similar to the Siamese cat but having a solid dark brown or grey coat)
                  • Egyptian cat [ENG31-02126727-n] (a domestic cat of Egypt)
                  • Maltese [ENG31-02126809-n] (a term applied indiscriminately in the United States to any short-haired bluish-grey cat)
                  • Abyssinian [ENG31-02126965-n] (a small slender short-haired breed of African origin having brownish fur with a reddish undercoat)
                  • Manx [ENG31-02127136-n] (a short-haired tailless breed of cat believed to originate on the Isle of Man)
                • stray [ENG31-02125232-n] (an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal))
              • feeder [ENG31-01320407-n] (an animal that feeds on a particular source of food)
              • migrator [ENG31-01320969-n] (an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year)
              • molter [ENG31-01321151-n] (an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair))
              • pet [ENG31-01321385-n] (a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement)
              • stayer [ENG31-01321492-n] (a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance)
              • stunt [ENG31-01321678-n] (a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth)
              • marine animal [ENG31-01321958-n] (any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals)

                • by-catch [ENG31-01322176-n] (unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species)
              • female [ENG31-01323363-n] (an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa))

                • hen [ENG31-01323614-n] (female of certain aquatic animals e.g. octopus or lobster)
                • dam [ENG31-01326134-n] (female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock)
                • female mammal [ENG31-01865040-n] (animals that nourish their young with milk)
                • filly [ENG31-02379331-n] (a young female horse under the age of four)
              • male [ENG31-01323721-n] (an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova))

                • sire [ENG31-01325996-n] (male parent of an animal especially a domestic animal such as a horse)
                • colt [ENG31-02379443-n] (a young male horse under the age of four)

                  • ridgeling [ENG31-02379715-n] (a colt with undescended testicles)
                • male horse [ENG31-02379570-n] (the male of species Equus caballus)

                  • stallion [ENG31-02379833-n] (uncastrated adult male horse)

                    • stud [ENG31-02379943-n] (adult male horse kept for breeding)
                  • gelding [ENG31-02380040-n] (castrated male horse)
                • bullock [ENG31-02405883-n] (castrated bull)
              • adult [ENG31-01323947-n] (any mature animal)
              • young [ENG31-01324070-n] (any immature animal)

                • hatchling [ENG31-01320770-n] (any recently hatched animal (especially birds))
                • orphan [ENG31-01324261-n] (a young animal without a mother)
                • young mammal [ENG31-01324345-n] (any immature mammal)

                  • baby [ENG31-01324712-n] (a very young mammal)
                  • pup [ENG31-01324834-n] (young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf)
                  • wolf pup [ENG31-01324999-n] (a young wolf)
                  • cub [ENG31-01325176-n] (the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion)

                    • lion cub [ENG31-01325389-n] (a young lion)
                    • bear cub [ENG31-01325474-n] (a young bear)
                    • tiger cub [ENG31-01325559-n] (a young tiger)
                  • kit [ENG31-01325646-n] (young of any of various fur-bearing animals)
                  • suckling [ENG31-01325902-n] (a young mammal that has not been weaned)
                  • calf [ENG31-01890537-n] (young of domestic cattle)

                    • dogie [ENG31-02406572-n] (motherless calf in a range herd of cattle)
                    • maverick [ENG31-02406680-n] (an unbranded range animal (especially a stray calf))
                  • calf [ENG31-01890686-n] (young of various large placental mammals e.g. whale or giraffe or elephant or buffalo)
                  • kitten [ENG31-02125600-n] (young domestic cat)
                  • foal [ENG31-02379194-n] (a young horse)
                  • piglet [ENG31-02398346-n] (a young pig)

                    • sucking pig [ENG31-02398507-n] (an unweaned piglet)
                  • heifer [ENG31-02406392-n] (young cow)
                  • bullock [ENG31-02406472-n] (young bull)
                  • lamb [ENG31-02415086-n] (young sheep)

                    • lambkin [ENG31-02415275-n] (a very young lamb)
                    • baa-lamb [ENG31-02415346-n] (child's word for a sheep or lamb)
                    • hog [ENG31-02415433-n] (a sheep up to the age of one year)
                    • teg [ENG31-02415555-n] (two-year-old sheep)
                    • Persian lamb [ENG31-02415623-n] (a karakul lamb)
                  • fawn [ENG31-02433476-n] (a young deer)
                • young bird [ENG31-01616256-n] (a bird that is still young)

                  • fledgling [ENG31-01506820-n] (young bird that has just fledged or become capable of flying)
                  • nestling [ENG31-01506985-n] (young bird not yet fledged)
                  • eaglet [ENG31-01616448-n] (a young eagle)
                  • chick [ENG31-01794683-n] (young bird especially of domestic fowl)
                  • cygnet [ENG31-01861547-n] (a young swan)
                • spat [ENG31-01958985-n] (a young oyster or other bivalve)
                • young fish [ENG31-02516191-n] (a fish that is young)

                  • parr [ENG31-02516358-n] (the young of various fishes)
                  • whitebait [ENG31-02532683-n] (the edible young of especially herrings and sprats and smelts)
                  • brit [ENG31-02532819-n] (the young of a herring or sprat or similar fish)
                  • parr [ENG31-02537711-n] (a young salmon up to 2 years old)
              • thoroughbred [ENG31-01326240-n] (a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage)
              • giant [ENG31-01326422-n] (any creature of exceptional size)
              • survivor [ENG31-01326783-n] (an animal that survives in spite of adversity)
              • mutant [ENG31-01326946-n] (an animal that has undergone mutation)
              • herbivore [ENG31-01327251-n] (any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants)
              • insectivore [ENG31-01327440-n] (any organism that feeds mainly on insects)
              • acrodont [ENG31-01327557-n] (an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets)
              • pleurodont [ENG31-01327701-n] (an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets)
              • zooplankton [ENG31-01386805-n] (animal constituent of plankton)
              • embryo [ENG31-01461483-n] (an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life)

                • blastula [ENG31-01464287-n] (early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum)

                  • blastocyst [ENG31-01464683-n] (the blastula of a placental mammal in which some differentiation of cells has occurred)
                • gastrula [ENG31-01465185-n] (double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula)
                • morula [ENG31-01465444-n] (a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits)
              • chordate [ENG31-01468898-n] (any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column)

                • cephalochordate [ENG31-01469977-n] (fish-like animals having a notochord rather than a true spinal column)

                  • lancelet [ENG31-01470445-n] (small translucent lancet-shaped burrowing marine animal)
                • tunicate [ENG31-01470879-n] (primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva)

                  • ascidian [ENG31-01471353-n] (minute sedentary marine invertebrate having a saclike body with siphons through which water enters and leaves)

                    • sea squirt [ENG31-01471744-n] (ascidian that can contract its body and eject streams of water)
                  • salp [ENG31-01472364-n] (minute floating marine tunicate having a transparent body with an opening at each end)
                  • doliolum [ENG31-01472786-n] (free-swimming oceanic tunicate with a barrel-shaped transparent body)
                  • larvacean [ENG31-01473120-n] (any member of the class Larvacea)
                  • appendicularia [ENG31-01473374-n] (free-swimming tadpole-shaped pelagic tunicate resembling larvae of other tunicates)
                • vertebrate [ENG31-01474323-n] (animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium)

                  • fetus [ENG31-01462432-n] (an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal)

                    • monster [ENG31-01462749-n] ((medicine) a grossly malformed and usually nonviable fetus)
                    • abortus [ENG31-01462944-n] (a human fetus whose weight is less than 0.5 kilogram when removed or expelled from the mother's body)
                    • baby [ENG31-09847462-n] (an unborn child)
                  • Amniota [ENG31-01474944-n] (higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) possessing an amnion during development)
                  • amniote [ENG31-01475143-n] (any member of the Amniota)
                  • aquatic vertebrate [ENG31-01476447-n] (animal living wholly or chiefly in or on water)

                    • jawless vertebrate [ENG31-01476924-n] (eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms)

                      • ostracoderm [ENG31-01477505-n] (extinct fish-like jawless vertebrate having a heavily armored body)
                      • heterostracan [ENG31-01477873-n] (extinct jawless fish with the anterior part of the body covered with bony plates)
                      • osteostracan [ENG31-01478289-n] (extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head)
                      • anaspid [ENG31-01478581-n] (extinct small freshwater jawless fish usually having a heterocercal tail and an armored head)
                      • conodont [ENG31-01479059-n] (small (2 inches long) extinct eellike fish with a finned tail and a notochord and having cone-shaped teeth containing cellular bone)
                      • cyclostome [ENG31-01479721-n] (primitive aquatic vertebrate)
                      • lamprey [ENG31-01480166-n] (primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue)

                        • sea lamprey [ENG31-01480516-n] (large anadromous lamprey sometimes used as food)
                      • hagfish [ENG31-01481152-n] (eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles)

                        • Myxine glutinosa [ENG31-01481610-n] (typical hagfish)
                        • eptatretus [ENG31-01481854-n] (a fossil hagfish of the genus Eptatretus)
                        • Myxinikela siroka [ENG31-01482100-n] (fossil hagfish of the Pennsylvanian period (c. 300 million years ago) that resembled modern hagfishes)
                    • placoderm [ENG31-01482747-n] (fish-like vertebrate with bony plates on head and upper body)
                    • fish [ENG31-02514684-n] (any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills)

                      • bottom-feeder [ENG31-01319070-n] (a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water)

                        • mullet [ENG31-02602588-n] (bottom dwelling marine warm water fishes with two barbels on the chin)

                          • goatfish [ENG31-02602928-n] (brightly colored tropical fishes with chin barbels)

                            • red goatfish [ENG31-02603133-n] (body bright scarlet with 2 yellow to reddish strips on side)
                            • yellow goatfish [ENG31-02603428-n] (schooling goatfish)
                      • bottom lurkers [ENG31-01319329-n] (a fish that lurks on the bottom of a body of water)
                      • cartilaginous fish [ENG31-01483157-n] (fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified)

                        • holocephalan [ENG31-01483521-n] (fish with high compressed head and a body tapering off into a long tail)

                          • chimaera [ENG31-01483972-n] (a deep-sea fish with a tapering body, smooth skin, and long threadlike tail)

                            • rabbitfish [ENG31-01484139-n] (large European chimaera)
                        • elasmobranch [ENG31-01484712-n] (any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks)

                          • shark [ENG31-01484971-n] (any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales)

                            • cow shark [ENG31-01485662-n] (large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas)
                            • mackerel shark [ENG31-01486163-n] (fierce pelagic and oceanic sharks)

                              • porbeagle [ENG31-01486471-n] (voracious pointed-nose shark of northern Atlantic and Pacific)
                              • mako [ENG31-01486738-n] (powerful mackerel shark of the Atlantic and Pacific)

                                • shortfin mako [ENG31-01486926-n] (very swift active bluish shark found worldwide in warm waters)
                                • longfin mako [ENG31-01487088-n] (similar to shortfin mako but darker blue)
                                • bonito shark [ENG31-01487203-n] (common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific)
                              • great white shark [ENG31-01487491-n] (large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas)
                              • basking shark [ENG31-01488120-n] (large harmless plankton-eating northern shark)
                            • thresher [ENG31-01488651-n] (large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed)
                            • carpet shark [ENG31-01489181-n] (shark of the western Pacific with flattened body and mottled skin)
                            • nurse shark [ENG31-01489479-n] (small bottom-dwelling shark of warm shallow waters on both coasts of North America and South America and from southeast Asia to Australia)
                            • sand tiger [ENG31-01490147-n] (shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic)
                            • whale shark [ENG31-01490679-n] (large spotted shark of warm surface waters worldwide)
                            • cat shark [ENG31-01491026-n] (small bottom-dwelling sharks with cat-like eyes)
                            • requiem shark [ENG31-01491559-n] (any of numerous sharks from small relatively harmless bottom-dwellers to large dangerous oceanic and coastal species)

                              • bull shark [ENG31-01492142-n] (a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide)
                              • sandbar shark [ENG31-01492350-n] (most common grey shark along coasts of middle Atlantic states)
                              • blacktip shark [ENG31-01492561-n] (widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink)
                              • whitetip shark [ENG31-01492753-n] (large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin)
                              • dusky shark [ENG31-01493001-n] (relatively slender blue-grey shark)
                              • lemon shark [ENG31-01493311-n] (common shallow-water schooling shark of the Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil and off west Africa)
                              • blue shark [ENG31-01493647-n] (slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark)
                              • tiger shark [ENG31-01494002-n] (large dangerous warm-water shark with striped or spotted body)
                              • soupfin shark [ENG31-01494302-n] (Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A))
                            • dogfish [ENG31-01494515-n] (any of several small sharks)

                              • smooth dogfish [ENG31-01494998-n] (small bottom-dwelling shark found along both Atlantic coasts)

                                • smoothhound [ENG31-01495210-n] (smooth dogfish of European coastal waters)
                                • American smooth dogfish [ENG31-01495349-n] (found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas)
                                • Florida smoothhound [ENG31-01495501-n] (found from the northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil)
                                • whitetip shark [ENG31-01495787-n] (smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins)
                              • spiny dogfish [ENG31-01496182-n] (small bottom-dwelling dogfishes)

                                • Atlantic spiny dogfish [ENG31-01496470-n] (destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe)
                                • Pacific spiny dogfish [ENG31-01496682-n] (dogfish of Pacific coast of North America)
                            • hammerhead [ENG31-01497116-n] (medium-sized live-bearing shark with eyes at either end of a flattened hammer-shaped head)

                              • smooth hammerhead [ENG31-01497398-n] (fished for the hides and vitamin-rich liver)
                              • smalleye hammerhead [ENG31-01497523-n] (fished for the hide and vitamin-rich liver)
                              • shovelhead [ENG31-01497647-n] (small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head)
                            • angel shark [ENG31-01498134-n] (sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do)
                          • ray [ENG31-01498342-n] (cartilaginous fishes having horizontally flattened bodies and enlarged winglike pectoral fins with gills on the underside)

                            • electric ray [ENG31-01498972-n] (any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges)
                            • sawfish [ENG31-01499759-n] (primitive ray with sharp teeth on each edge of a long flattened snout)

                              • smalltooth sawfish [ENG31-01500054-n] (commonly found in tropical bays and estuaries)
                            • guitarfish [ENG31-01500379-n] (primitive tropical bottom-dwelling ray with a guitar-shaped body)
                            • stingray [ENG31-01500682-n] (large venomous ray with large barbed spines near the base of a thin whiplike tail capable of inflicting severe wounds)

                              • roughtail stingray [ENG31-01501047-n] (one of the largest stingrays)
                              • butterfly ray [ENG31-01501340-n] (a stingray with a short tail and a broad fin)
                            • eagle ray [ENG31-01501630-n] (powerful free-swimming tropical ray noted for `soaring' by flapping winglike fins)

                              • spotted eagle ray [ENG31-01502037-n] (ray with back covered with white or yellow spots)
                              • cownose ray [ENG31-01502373-n] (large ray found along eastern coast of North America)
                            • manta [ENG31-01502732-n] (extremely large pelagic tropical ray that feeds on plankton and small fishes)

                              • Atlantic manta [ENG31-01503117-n] (largest manta (to 22 feet across wings))
                              • devil ray [ENG31-01503495-n] (small manta (to 4 feet) that travels in schools)
                            • skate [ENG31-01503801-n] (large edible rays having a long snout and thick tail with pectoral fins continuous with the head)

                              • grey skate [ENG31-01504282-n] (common European skate used as food)
                              • little skate [ENG31-01504418-n] (most plentiful skate in North American inshore waters in summer)
                              • thorny skate [ENG31-01504589-n] (cold-water bottom fish with spines on the back)
                              • barndoor skate [ENG31-01504742-n] (one of the largest skates (to 5 feet))
                      • fingerling [ENG31-02515383-n] (a young or small fish)
                      • game fish [ENG31-02515461-n] (any fish providing sport for the angler)
                      • food fish [ENG31-02515569-n] (any fish used for food by human beings)

                        • groundfish [ENG31-02515986-n] (fish that live on the sea bottom (particularly the commercially important gadoid fish like cod and haddock, or flatfish like flounder))
                        • barracouta [ENG31-02516672-n] (a large marine food fish common on the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa)
                        • shad [ENG31-02533052-n] (herring-like food fishes that migrate from the sea to fresh water to spawn)

                          • common American shad [ENG31-02533268-n] (shad of Atlantic coast of North America)
                          • river shad [ENG31-02533462-n] (shad that spawns in streams of the Mississippi drainage)
                          • allice shad [ENG31-02533630-n] (European shad)
                        • herring [ENG31-02534659-n] (commercially important food fish of northern waters of both Atlantic and Pacific)

                          • Atlantic herring [ENG31-02534903-n] (important food fish)
                          • Pacific herring [ENG31-02535082-n] (important food fish of the northern Pacific)
                        • sardine [ENG31-02535233-n] (any of various small edible herring or related food fishes frequently canned)

                          • sild [ENG31-02535417-n] (any of various young herrings (other than brislings) canned as sardines in Norway)
                          • brisling [ENG31-02535549-n] (small herring processed like a sardine)
                        • salmon [ENG31-02537365-n] (any of various large food and game fishes of northern waters)

                          • blackfish [ENG31-02537794-n] (female salmon that has recently spawned)
                          • redfish [ENG31-02537889-n] (male salmon that has recently spawned)
                          • Atlantic salmon [ENG31-02538168-n] (found in northern coastal Atlantic waters or tributaries)

                            • landlocked salmon [ENG31-02538390-n] (Atlantic salmon confined to lakes of New England and southeastern Canada)
                          • sockeye [ENG31-02538796-n] (small salmon with red flesh)
                          • chinook [ENG31-02539087-n] (large Pacific salmon valued as food)
                          • chum salmon [ENG31-02539316-n] (a large Pacific salmon with small spots on its back)
                          • coho [ENG31-02539495-n] (small salmon of northern Pacific coasts and the Great Lakes)
                        • trout [ENG31-02539716-n] (any of various game and food fishes of cool fresh waters mostly smaller than typical salmons)

                          • brown trout [ENG31-02539950-n] (speckled trout of European rivers)

                            • sea trout [ENG31-02540347-n] (silvery marine variety of brown trout that migrates to fresh water to spawn)
                          • rainbow trout [ENG31-02540156-n] (found in Pacific coastal waters and streams from lower California to Alaska)
                          • lake trout [ENG31-02540641-n] (large fork-tailed trout of lakes of Canada and the northern United States)
                          • brook trout [ENG31-02540847-n] (North American freshwater trout)
                        • whitefish [ENG31-02541616-n] (silvery herring-like freshwater food fish of cold lakes of the northern hemisphere)

                          • lake whitefish [ENG31-02542055-n] (found in the Great Lakes and north to Alaska)
                          • cisco [ENG31-02542204-n] (important food fish of cold deep lakes of North America)
                          • round whitefish [ENG31-02542525-n] (a whitefish with a bronze back)
                          • Rocky Mountain whitefish [ENG31-02542722-n] (whitefish of the western United States and Canada)
                        • sea bass [ENG31-02569465-n] (any of various food and sport fishes of the Atlantic coast of the United States having an elongated body and long spiny dorsal fin)

                          • blackmouth bass [ENG31-02569965-n] (small marine fish with black mouth and gill cavity)
                          • rock sea bass [ENG31-02570264-n] (a kind of sea bass)
                          • black sea bass [ENG31-02570403-n] (bluish black-striped sea bass of the Atlantic coast of the United States)
                          • striped bass [ENG31-02570718-n] (marine food and game fish with dark longitudinal stripes)
                          • stone bass [ENG31-02571078-n] (brown fish of the Atlantic and Mediterranean found around rocks and shipwrecks)
                          • belted sandfish [ENG31-02571438-n] (found in warm shallow waters of western Atlantic)
                          • grouper [ENG31-02571590-n] (usually solitary bottom sea basses of warm seas)

                            • coney [ENG31-02571965-n] (black-spotted usually dusky-colored fish with reddish fins)
                            • hind [ENG31-02572115-n] (any of several mostly spotted fishes that resemble groupers)

                              • rock hind [ENG31-02572262-n] (found around rocky coasts or on reefs)
                            • creole-fish [ENG31-02572536-n] (deep-sea fish of tropical Atlantic)
                            • jewfish [ENG31-02572795-n] (large dark grouper with a thick head and rough scales)
                        • snapper [ENG31-02589174-n] (any of several large sharp-toothed marine food and sport fishes of the family Lutjanidae of mainly tropical coastal waters)

                          • red snapper [ENG31-02589682-n] (an esteemed food fish with pinkish red head and body)
                          • grey snapper [ENG31-02589931-n] (found in shallow waters off the coast of Florida)
                          • mutton snapper [ENG31-02590110-n] (similar to and often marketed as `red snapper')
                          • schoolmaster [ENG31-02590248-n] (food fish of warm Caribbean and Atlantic waters)
                          • yellowtail [ENG31-02590507-n] (superior food fish of the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean with broad yellow stripe along the sides and on the tail)
                        • tuna [ENG31-02629392-n] (any very large marine food and game fish of the genus Thunnus)

                          • albacore [ENG31-02629667-n] (large pelagic tuna the source of most canned tuna)
                          • bluefin [ENG31-02629922-n] (largest tuna)
                          • yellowfin [ENG31-02630162-n] (may reach 400 pounds)
                        • sole [ENG31-02666479-n] (right-eyed flatfish)

                          • European sole [ENG31-02666915-n] (highly valued as food)
                          • lemon sole [ENG31-02667029-n] (small European sole)
                          • English sole [ENG31-02667272-n] (popular pale brown food flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America)
                          • sand sole [ENG31-02667590-n] (a common flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America)
                          • hogchoker [ENG31-02667880-n] (useless as food)
                      • rough fish [ENG31-02515879-n] (any fish useless for food or sport or even as bait)
                      • mouthbreeder [ENG31-02516436-n] (any of various fishes that carry their eggs and their young in their mouths)
                      • spawner [ENG31-02516570-n] (a female fish at spawning time)
                      • northern snakehead [ENG31-02516951-n] (a voracious freshwater fish that is native to northeastern China)
                      • bony fish [ENG31-02517456-n] (any fish of the class Osteichthyes)

                        • crossopterygian [ENG31-02517845-n] (any fish of the order Crossopterygii)

                          • coelacanth [ENG31-02518344-n] (fish thought to have been extinct since the Cretaceous period but found in 1938 off the coast of Africa)
                        • lungfish [ENG31-02518819-n] (air-breathing fish having an elongated body and fleshy paired fins)

                          • ceratodus [ENG31-02519407-n] (extinct lungfish)
                        • teleost fish [ENG31-02530794-n] (a bony fish of the subclass Teleostei)

                          • soft-finned fish [ENG31-01431221-n] (any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii)

                            • Ostariophysi [ENG31-01431813-n] (in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes)
                            • cypriniform fish [ENG31-01440849-n] (a soft-finned fish of the order Cypriniformes)

                              • loach [ENG31-01441222-n] (slender freshwater fishes of Eurasia and Africa resembling catfishes)
                              • cyprinid [ENG31-01441762-n] (soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales)

                                • carp [ENG31-01442155-n] (any of various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae)

                                  • domestic carp [ENG31-01442449-n] (large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia)

                                    • leather carp [ENG31-01442801-n] (scaleless domestic carp)
                                    • mirror carp [ENG31-01442883-n] (domestic carp with some large shining scales)
                                • tench [ENG31-01443405-n] (freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water)
                                • dace [ENG31-01443758-n] (small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body)
                                • chub [ENG31-01443913-n] (European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body)
                                • shiner [ENG31-01444066-n] (any of numerous small silvery North American cyprinid fishes especially of the genus Notropis)

                                  • emerald shiner [ENG31-01444383-n] (small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster)
                                  • common shiner [ENG31-01444551-n] (the common North American shiner)
                                  • golden shiner [ENG31-01444807-n] (shiner of eastern North America having golden glints)
                                • roach [ENG31-01445091-n] (European freshwater food fish having a greenish back)
                                • rudd [ENG31-01445351-n] (European freshwater fish resembling the roach)
                                • minnow [ENG31-01445613-n] (very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams)
                                • gudgeon [ENG31-01445884-n] (small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers)
                                • goldfish [ENG31-01446178-n] (small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes)

                                  • silverfish [ENG31-01446377-n] (a silvery variety of Carassius auratus)
                                • crucian carp [ENG31-01446472-n] (European carp closely resembling wild goldfish)
                              • electric eel [ENG31-01446980-n] (eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body)
                              • catostomid [ENG31-01447424-n] (a cypriniform fish of the family Catostomidae)

                                • sucker [ENG31-01447563-n] (mostly North American freshwater fishes with a thick-lipped mouth for feeding by suction)

                                  • buffalo fish [ENG31-01448070-n] (any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley)

                                    • black buffalo [ENG31-01448234-n] (fish of the lower Mississippi)
                                  • hog sucker [ENG31-01448498-n] (widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams)
                                  • redhorse [ENG31-01448793-n] (North American sucker with reddish fins)
                              • cyprinodont [ENG31-01449230-n] (any member of the family Cyprinodontidae)

                                • killifish [ENG31-01449401-n] (small mostly marine warm-water carp-like schooling fishes)

                                  • mummichog [ENG31-01449780-n] (silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States)
                                  • striped killifish [ENG31-01449972-n] (black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States)
                                  • rivulus [ENG31-01450299-n] (found in small streams of tropical America)
                                  • flagfish [ENG31-01450587-n] (a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes)
                                • swordtail [ENG31-01450932-n] (freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail)
                                • guppy [ENG31-01451235-n] (small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies)
                              • topminnow [ENG31-01451592-n] (small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters)

                                • mosquitofish [ENG31-01452015-n] (silvery topminnow with rows of black spots of tropical North America and West Indies)
                                • platy [ENG31-01452353-n] (small stocky Mexican fish)
                                • mollie [ENG31-01452621-n] (popular aquarium fish)
                              • characin [ENG31-02586198-n] (any freshwater fish of the family Characinidae)

                                • tetra [ENG31-02586521-n] (brightly colored tropical freshwater fishes)
                                • cardinal tetra [ENG31-02586776-n] (small bright red and blue aquarium fish from streams in Brazil and Colombia)
                                • piranha [ENG31-02587080-n] (small voraciously carnivorous freshwater fishes of South America that attack and destroy living animals)
                            • catfish [ENG31-02520073-n] (any of numerous mostly freshwater bottom-living fishes of Eurasia and North America with barbels like whiskers around the mouth)

                              • silurid [ENG31-02520569-n] (Old World freshwater catfishes having naked skin and a long anal fin more or less merged with the eellike caudal fin)

                                • European catfish [ENG31-02520955-n] (large elongated catfish of central and eastern Europe)
                                • electric catfish [ENG31-02521253-n] (freshwater catfish of the Nile and tropical central Africa having an electric organ)
                              • bullhead [ENG31-02521779-n] (any of several common freshwater catfishes of the United States)

                                • horned pout [ENG31-02521971-n] (catfish common in eastern United States)
                                • brown bullhead [ENG31-02522103-n] (freshwater catfish of eastern United States)
                              • channel catfish [ENG31-02522317-n] (freshwater food fish common throughout central United States)

                                • blue catfish [ENG31-02522493-n] (a large catfish of the Mississippi valley)
                              • flathead catfish [ENG31-02522778-n] (large catfish of central United States having a flattened head and projecting jaw)
                              • armored catfish [ENG31-02523156-n] (South American catfish having the body covered with bony plates)
                              • sea catfish [ENG31-02523441-n] (any of numerous marine fishes most of which are mouthbreeders)

                                • crucifix fish [ENG31-02523760-n] (sea catfish of the Caribbean area)
                            • gadoid [ENG31-02524277-n] (a soft-finned fish of the family Gadidae)

                              • cod [ENG31-02525030-n] (major food fish of Arctic and cold-temperate waters)

                                • codling [ENG31-02525268-n] (young codfish)
                                • Atlantic cod [ENG31-02525353-n] (one of the world's most important commercial fishes)
                                • Pacific cod [ENG31-02525497-n] (closely related to Atlantic cod)
                                • burbot [ENG31-02526058-n] (elongate freshwater cod of northern Europe and Asia and North America having barbels around its mouth)
                                • scrod [ENG31-02526248-n] (young Atlantic cod or haddock especially one split and boned for cooking)
                              • whiting [ENG31-02525741-n] (a food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe resembling the cod)
                              • haddock [ENG31-02526508-n] (important food fish on both sides of the Atlantic)
                              • pollack [ENG31-02526833-n] (important food and game fish of northern seas (especially the northern Atlantic))
                              • hake [ENG31-02527155-n] (any of several marine food fishes related to cod)

                                • silver hake [ENG31-02527290-n] (found off Atlantic coast of North America)
                                • ling [ENG31-02527559-n] (American hakes)
                              • ling [ENG31-02527751-n] (elongated marine food fish of Greenland and northern Europe)
                              • cusk [ENG31-02528013-n] (large edible marine fish of northern coastal waters)
                              • grenadier [ENG31-02528334-n] (deep-sea fish with a large head and body and long tapering tail)
                            • eel [ENG31-02528752-n] (voracious snakelike marine or freshwater fishes with smooth slimy usually scaleless skin and having a continuous vertical fin but no ventral fins)

                              • elver [ENG31-02529056-n] (young eel)
                              • common eel [ENG31-02529449-n] (eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to sea to spawn)
                              • tuna [ENG31-02529688-n] (New Zealand eel)
                              • moray [ENG31-02529902-n] (family of brightly colored voracious eels of warm coastal waters)
                              • conger [ENG31-02530253-n] (large dark-colored scaleless marine eel found in temperate and tropical coastal waters)
                            • beaked salmon [ENG31-02531924-n] (fish of sandy areas of western Pacific and Indian oceans having an angular snout for burrowing into sand)
                            • clupeid fish [ENG31-02532403-n] (any of numerous soft-finned schooling food fishes of shallow waters of northern seas)

                              • alewife [ENG31-02533745-n] (shad-like food fish that runs rivers to spawn)
                              • menhaden [ENG31-02534256-n] (shad-like North American marine fishes used for fish meal and oil and fertilizer)
                              • pilchard [ENG31-02535840-n] (small fishes found in great schools along coasts of Europe)

                                • Pacific sardine [ENG31-02536176-n] (small pilchards common off the pacific coast of North America)
                            • anchovy [ENG31-02536465-n] (small herring-like plankton-eating fishes often canned whole or as paste)

                              • mediterranean anchovy [ENG31-02536796-n] (esteemed for its flavor)
                            • salmonid [ENG31-02537190-n] (soft-finned fishes of cold and temperate waters)

                              • char [ENG31-02541037-n] (any of several small trout-like fish of the genus Salvelinus)

                                • Arctic char [ENG31-02541193-n] (small trout of northern waters)
                            • smelt [ENG31-02543043-n] (small trout-like silvery marine or freshwater food fishes of cold northern waters)

                              • rainbow smelt [ENG31-02543422-n] (important marine and landlocked food fish of eastern North America and Alaska)
                              • sparling [ENG31-02543614-n] (the common smelt of Europe)
                              • capelin [ENG31-02543888-n] (very small northern fish)
                            • tarpon [ENG31-02544318-n] (large silvery game fish of warm Atlantic coastal waters especially off Florida)

                              • ladyfish [ENG31-02544648-n] (game fish resembling the tarpon but smaller)
                            • bonefish [ENG31-02545063-n] (slender silvery marine fish found in tropical mud flats and mangrove lagoons)
                            • argentine [ENG31-02545589-n] (any of various small silver-scaled salmon-like marine fishes)
                            • lanternfish [ENG31-02545886-n] (small fish having rows of luminous organs along each side)
                            • lizardfish [ENG31-02546196-n] (tropical fishes with large mouths in lizard-like heads)
                            • greeneye [ENG31-02546583-n] (bottom-dwellers having large eyes with metallic green luster)
                            • lancetfish [ENG31-02546905-n] (large elongate scaleless oceanic fishes with sharp teeth and a long dorsal fin that resembles a sail)
                            • handsaw fish [ENG31-02547106-n] (a soft-finned fish of the genus Alepisaurus)
                            • opah [ENG31-02548472-n] (large elliptical brightly colored deep-sea fish of Atlantic and Pacific and Mediterranean)
                            • New World opah [ENG31-02548659-n] (from Nova Scotia to West Indies and Gulf of Mexico)
                            • ribbonfish [ENG31-02548962-n] (marine fish having a long compressed ribbonlike body)

                              • dealfish [ENG31-02549258-n] (deep-sea ribbonfish)
                            • oarfish [ENG31-02549645-n] (thin deep-water tropical fish 20 to 30 feet long having a red dorsal fin)
                          • cornetfish [ENG31-01457186-n] (slender tropical fish with a long tubular snout and bony plates instead of scales)
                          • pipefish [ENG31-01458419-n] (fish with long tubular snout and slim body covered with bony plates)

                            • dwarf pipefish [ENG31-01458778-n] (small (4 inches) fish found off the Florida Gulf Coast)
                            • deepwater pipefish [ENG31-01459095-n] (a fish 8 inches long)
                            • seahorse [ENG31-01459397-n] (small fish with horse-like heads bent sharply downward and curled tails)
                          • snipefish [ENG31-01459723-n] (small bottom-dwelling fish of warm seas having a compressed body and a long snout with a toothless mouth)
                          • shrimpfish [ENG31-01460048-n] (slender tropical shallow-water East Indian fish covered with transparent plates)
                          • trumpetfish [ENG31-01460493-n] (tropical Atlantic fish with a long snout)
                          • needlefish [ENG31-02552620-n] (elongate European surface-dwelling predacious fishes with long toothed jaws)

                            • timucu [ENG31-02552834-n] (found in warm waters of western Atlantic)
                          • flying fish [ENG31-02553091-n] (tropical marine fishes having enlarged winglike fins used for brief gliding flight)

                            • monoplane flying fish [ENG31-02553286-n] (having only pectoral fins enlarged)
                            • biplane flying fish [ENG31-02553411-n] (having both pectoral and pelvic fins enlarged)
                          • halfbeak [ENG31-02553765-n] (tropical and subtropical marine and freshwater fishes having an elongated body and long protruding lower jaw)
                          • saury [ENG31-02554299-n] (slender long-beaked fish of temperate Atlantic waters)
                          • spiny-finned fish [ENG31-02554802-n] (a teleost fish with fins that are supported by sharp inflexible rays)

                            • squirrelfish [ENG31-01453302-n] (very small, brightly colored (especially red) nocturnal fishes of shallow waters or tropical reefs)

                              • reef squirrelfish [ENG31-01453591-n] (on reefs from Bermuda and Florida to northern South America)
                              • deepwater squirrelfish [ENG31-01453756-n] (a squirrelfish found from South Carolina to Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico)
                              • Holocentrus ascensionis [ENG31-01453936-n] (bright red fish of West Indies and Bermuda)
                              • soldierfish [ENG31-01454067-n] (the larger squirrelfishes)
                            • anomalops [ENG31-01454504-n] (fish having a luminous organ beneath eye)
                            • flashlight fish [ENG31-01454986-n] (fish of deep dark waters having a light organ below each eye)
                            • dory [ENG31-01455439-n] (marine fishes widely distributed in mid-waters and deep slope waters)

                              • John Dory [ENG31-01455728-n] (European dory)
                            • boarfish [ENG31-01456116-n] (fish with a projecting snout)
                            • boarfish [ENG31-01456383-n] (fish with large eyes and long snouts)
                            • stickleback [ENG31-01457497-n] (small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship)

                              • three-spined stickleback [ENG31-01457958-n] (of rivers and coastal regions)
                              • ten-spined stickleback [ENG31-01458102-n] (confined to rivers)
                            • batfish [ENG31-02550364-n] (bottom-dweller of warm western Atlantic coastal waters having a flattened scaleless body that crawls about on fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins)
                            • goosefish [ENG31-02550878-n] (fishes having large mouths with a wormlike filament attached for luring prey)
                            • toadfish [ENG31-02551320-n] (bottom-dwelling fish having scaleless slimy skin and a broad thick head with a wide mouth)

                              • oyster fish [ENG31-02551515-n] (a variety of toadfish)
                            • frogfish [ENG31-02551879-n] (fish having a frog-like mouth with a lure on the snout)
                            • sargassum fish [ENG31-02552007-n] (small fantastically formed and colored fishes found among masses of sargassum)
                            • percoid fish [ENG31-02557361-n] (any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of the order Perciformes)

                              • perch [ENG31-02558494-n] (any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of various families of the order Perciformes)
                              • perch [ENG31-02559477-n] (spiny-finned freshwater food and game fishes)

                                • yellow perch [ENG31-02559813-n] (North American perch)
                                • European perch [ENG31-02559949-n] (a perch native to Europe)
                                • pike-perch [ENG31-02560222-n] (any of several pike-like fishes of the perch family)

                                  • walleye [ENG31-02560380-n] (pike-like freshwater perches)

                                    • blue pike [ENG31-02560540-n] (variety inhabiting the Great Lakes)
                                • snail darter [ENG31-02560837-n] (a small snail-eating perch of the Tennessee River)
                              • sandfish [ENG31-02561191-n] (either of two small silvery scaleless fishes of the northern Pacific that burrow into sand)
                              • cusk-eel [ENG31-02561491-n] (elongate compressed somewhat eel-shaped fishes)
                              • brotula [ENG31-02561775-n] (deep-sea fishes)
                              • pearlfish [ENG31-02562014-n] (found living within the alimentary canals of e.g. sea cucumbers or between the shells of pearl oysters in or near shallow seagrass beds)
                              • robalo [ENG31-02562493-n] (a kind of percoid fish)

                                • snook [ENG31-02562741-n] (large tropical American food and game fishes of coastal and brackish waters)
                              • pike [ENG31-02563739-n] (any of several elongate long-snouted freshwater game and food fishes widely distributed in cooler parts of the northern hemisphere)

                                • northern pike [ENG31-02564012-n] (voracious piscivorous pike of waters of northern hemisphere)
                                • muskellunge [ENG31-02564145-n] (large (60 to 80 pounds) sport fish of North America)
                                • pickerel [ENG31-02564292-n] (any of several North American species of small pike)

                                  • chain pickerel [ENG31-02564434-n] (common in quiet waters of eastern United States)
                                  • redfin pickerel [ENG31-02564568-n] (small but gamy pickerel of Atlantic coastal states)
                              • sunfish [ENG31-02564946-n] (small carnivorous freshwater percoid fishes of North America usually having a laterally compressed body and metallic luster: crappies)

                                • crappie [ENG31-02565427-n] (small sunfishes of central United States rivers)

                                  • black crappie [ENG31-02565602-n] (a crappie that is black)
                                  • white crappie [ENG31-02565710-n] (a crappie that is white)
                                • freshwater bream [ENG31-02565813-n] (any of various usually edible freshwater percoid fishes having compressed bodies and shiny scales)

                                  • European bream [ENG31-01443108-n] (European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales)
                                  • bluegill [ENG31-02566423-n] (important edible sunfish of eastern and central United States)
                                  • spotted sunfish [ENG31-02566580-n] (inhabits streams from South Carolina to Florida)
                                • pumpkinseed [ENG31-02566279-n] (small brilliantly colored North American sunfish)
                                • rock bass [ENG31-02567034-n] (game and food fish of upper Mississippi and Great Lakes)
                                • black bass [ENG31-02567351-n] (widely distributed and highly prized American freshwater game fishes (sunfish family))

                                  • Kentucky black bass [ENG31-02567566-n] (a variety of black bass)
                                  • smallmouth [ENG31-02567703-n] (a variety of black bass)
                                  • largemouth [ENG31-02567955-n] (a large black bass)
                              • bass [ENG31-02568204-n] (nontechnical name for any of numerous edible marine and freshwater spiny-finned fishes)

                                • freshwater bass [ENG31-02566901-n] (North American food and game fish)
                              • serranid fish [ENG31-02568740-n] (marine food sport fishes mainly of warm coastal waters)

                                • white perch [ENG31-02569120-n] (small silvery food and game fish of eastern United States streams)
                                • yellow bass [ENG31-02569296-n] (North American freshwater bass resembling the larger marine striped bass)
                                • soapfish [ENG31-02573115-n] (fishes with slimy mucus-covered skin)
                              • surfperch [ENG31-02573469-n] (small to medium-sized shallow-water fishes of the Pacific coast of North America)

                                • rainbow seaperch [ENG31-02573798-n] (Pacific coast fish)
                              • bigeye [ENG31-02574283-n] (red fishes of American coastal tropical waters having very large eyes and rough scales)
                              • catalufa [ENG31-02574441-n] (brightly colored carnivorous fish of western Atlantic and West Indies waters)
                              • cardinalfish [ENG31-02574827-n] (small red fishes of coral reefs and inshore tropical waters)

                                • flame fish [ENG31-02575115-n] (a cardinalfish found in tropical Atlantic coastal waters)
                                • conchfish [ENG31-02575394-n] (found in West Indies)
                              • tilefish [ENG31-02575880-n] (yellow-spotted violet food fish of warm deep waters)
                              • bluefish [ENG31-02576335-n] (bluish warm-water marine food and game fish that follow schools of small fishes into shallow waters)
                              • cobia [ENG31-02576902-n] (large dark-striped tropical food and game fish related to remoras)
                              • carangid fish [ENG31-02578854-n] (a percoid fish of the family Carangidae)

                                • jack [ENG31-02579206-n] (any of several fast-swimming predacious fishes of tropical to warm temperate seas)

                                  • crevalle jack [ENG31-02579537-n] (fish of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico)
                                  • yellow jack [ENG31-02579672-n] (fish of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico)
                                  • runner [ENG31-02579795-n] (fish of western Atlantic: Cape Cod to Brazil)
                                  • rainbow runner [ENG31-02580034-n] (streamlined cigar-shaped jack)
                                  • leatherjacket [ENG31-02580293-n] (any of several New World tropical fishes having tiny embedded scales)
                                  • threadfish [ENG31-02580583-n] (fish having greatly elongated front rays on dorsal and anal fins)
                                  • amberjack [ENG31-02581402-n] (any of several amber to coppery fork-tailed warm-water carangid fishes)
                                  • yellowtail [ENG31-02581559-n] (game fish of southern California and Mexico having a yellow tail fin)
                                  • rudderfish [ENG31-02581722-n] (fish having the habit of following ships)
                                  • kingfish [ENG31-02581934-n] (large game fish of Australia and New Zealand)
                                • moonfish [ENG31-02580864-n] (any of several silvery marine fishes with very flat bodies)

                                  • lookdown [ENG31-02581085-n] (similar to moonfish but with eyes high on the truncated forehead)
                                • pompano [ENG31-02582188-n] (any of several deep-bodied food fishes of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico)

                                  • Florida pompano [ENG31-02582393-n] (found in coastal waters New England to Brazil except clear waters of West Indies)
                                  • permit [ENG31-02582559-n] (large game fish)
                                • pilotfish [ENG31-02582819-n] (small pelagic fish often accompanying sharks or mantas)
                                • scad [ENG31-02582967-n] (any of a number of fishes of the family Carangidae)

                                  • horse mackerel [ENG31-02583310-n] (a California food fish)
                                  • horse mackerel [ENG31-02583461-n] (large elongated compressed food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe)
                                  • bigeye scad [ENG31-02583739-n] (of Atlantic coastal waters)
                                  • mackerel scad [ENG31-02584113-n] (small silvery fish)
                                  • round scad [ENG31-02584273-n] (small fusiform fish of western Atlantic)
                              • dolphinfish [ENG31-02584588-n] (large slender food and game fish widely distributed in warm seas (especially around Hawaii))

                                • Coryphaena hippurus [ENG31-02584851-n] (the more common dolphinfish valued as food)
                                • Coryphaena equisetis [ENG31-02584980-n] (a kind of dolphinfish)
                              • blanquillo [ENG31-02585727-n] (important marine food fishes)
                              • cichlid [ENG31-02588503-n] (freshwater fishes of tropical America and Africa and Asia similar to American sunfishes)

                                • bolti [ENG31-02588869-n] (important food fish of the Nile and other rivers of Africa and Asia Minor)
                              • grunt [ENG31-02590916-n] (medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter grunting sounds when caught)

                                • margate [ENG31-02591424-n] (a grunt with a red mouth that is found from Florida to Brazil)
                                • Spanish grunt [ENG31-02591575-n] (a kind of grunt)
                                • tomtate [ENG31-02591692-n] (found off the West Indies and Florida)
                                • cottonwick [ENG31-02591826-n] (of warm Atlantic waters)
                                • sailor's-choice [ENG31-02591946-n] (a grunt found from Florida to Brazil and Gulf of Mexico)
                                • porkfish [ENG31-02592253-n] (black and gold grunt found from Bermuda to Caribbean to Brazil)
                                • pompon [ENG31-02592426-n] (dusky grey food fish found from Louisiana and Florida southward)
                                • pigfish [ENG31-02592724-n] (found from Long Island southward)
                              • sparid [ENG31-02593125-n] (spiny-finned food fishes of warm waters having well-developed teeth)

                                • sheepshead [ENG31-02594685-n] (large (up to 20 lbs) food fish of the eastern coast of the United States and Mexico)
                                • pinfish [ENG31-02595001-n] (similar to sea bream)
                                • snapper [ENG31-02595649-n] (Australian food fish having a pinkish body with blue spots)
                              • sea bream [ENG31-02593332-n] (any of numerous marine percoid fishes especially (but not exclusively) of the family Sparidae)

                                • pomfret [ENG31-02585352-n] (deep-bodied sooty-black pelagic spiny-finned fish of the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific)
                                • porgy [ENG31-02593617-n] (important deep-bodied food and sport fish of warm and tropical coastal waters)

                                  • red porgy [ENG31-02593960-n] (food fish of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and America)
                                  • sheepshead porgy [ENG31-02595364-n] (from Florida and Bahamas to Brazil)
                                  • scup [ENG31-02596083-n] (found in Atlantic coastal waters of North America from South Carolina to Maine)
                                  • scup [ENG31-02596309-n] (porgy of southern Atlantic coastal waters of North America)
                                • European sea bream [ENG31-02594243-n] (food fish of European coastal waters)
                                • Atlantic sea bream [ENG31-02594541-n] (sea bream of warm Atlantic waters)
                                • black bream [ENG31-02595821-n] (important dark-colored edible food and game fish of Australia)
                              • sciaenid fish [ENG31-02596880-n] (widely distributed family of carnivorous percoid fishes having a large air bladder used to produce sound)

                                • drum [ENG31-02597182-n] (small to medium-sized bottom-dwelling food and game fishes of shallow coastal and fresh waters that make a drumming noise)

                                  • striped drum [ENG31-02597572-n] (a kind of drumfish)
                                  • jackknife-fish [ENG31-02597686-n] (black-and-white drumfish with an erect elongated dorsal fin)
                                  • silver perch [ENG31-02597969-n] (small silvery drumfish often mistaken for white perch)
                                  • red drum [ENG31-02598332-n] (large edible fish found off coast of United States from Massachusetts to Mexico)
                                • mulloway [ENG31-02598697-n] (large important food fish of Australia)
                                • maigre [ENG31-02598882-n] (large European marine food fish)
                                • croaker [ENG31-02599011-n] (any of several fishes that make a croaking noise)

                                  • Atlantic croaker [ENG31-02599350-n] (a silvery-bodied croaker with dark markings and tiny barbels)
                                  • yellowfin croaker [ENG31-02599634-n] (a fish of the Pacific coast of North America)
                                  • white croaker [ENG31-02601203-n] (small silvery marine food fish found off California)
                                  • white croaker [ENG31-02601508-n] (silvery and bluish drumfish of shallow California coastal waters)
                                • whiting [ENG31-02599997-n] (any of several food fishes of North American coastal waters)

                                  • kingfish [ENG31-02600238-n] (any of several food and game fishes of the drum family indigenous to warm Atlantic waters of the North American coast)
                                  • king whiting [ENG31-02600448-n] (whiting of the southeastern coast of North America)
                                  • northern whiting [ENG31-02600602-n] (whiting of the east coast of United States)
                                  • corbina [ENG31-02600764-n] (bluish-grey whiting of California coast)
                                  • silver whiting [ENG31-02600882-n] (a dull silvery whiting of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States)
                                • sea trout [ENG31-02601682-n] (any of several sciaenid fishes of North American coastal waters)

                                  • weakfish [ENG31-02601977-n] (food and game fish of North American coastal waters with a mouth from which hooks easily tear out)
                                  • spotted weakfish [ENG31-02602187-n] (weakfish of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States)
                              • mullet [ENG31-02603974-n] (freshwater or coastal food fishes a spindle-shaped body)

                                • striped mullet [ENG31-02604397-n] (most important commercial mullet in eastern United States)
                                • white mullet [ENG31-02604551-n] (silvery mullet of Atlantic and Pacific coasts)
                                • liza [ENG31-02604689-n] (similar to the striped mullet and takes its place in the Caribbean region)
                              • sea chub [ENG31-02606787-n] (schooling fishes mostly of Indian and western Pacific oceans)

                                • Bermuda chub [ENG31-02607110-n] (food and game fish around Bermuda and Florida)
                              • spadefish [ENG31-02607584-n] (deep-bodied disk-shaped food fish of warmer western Atlantic coastal waters)
                              • butterfly fish [ENG31-02607946-n] (small usually brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes having narrow deep bodies with large broad fins)

                                • chaetodon [ENG31-02608333-n] (any fish of the genus Chaetodon)
                                • angelfish [ENG31-02608566-n] (a butterfly fish of the genus Pomacanthus)
                                • rock beauty [ENG31-02608682-n] (gold and black butterflyfish found from West Indies to Brazil)
                              • damselfish [ENG31-02609014-n] (small brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes of coral reefs)

                                • beaugregory [ENG31-02609381-n] (a blue and yellow damselfish of Bermuda and Florida and the West Indies)
                                • anemone fish [ENG31-02609702-n] (live associated with sea anemones)

                                  • clown anemone fish [ENG31-02609831-n] (an anemone fish of the genus Amphiprion)
                                • sergeant major [ENG31-02610100-n] (large blue-grey black-striped damselfish)
                              • wrasse [ENG31-02610492-n] (chiefly tropical marine fishes with fleshy lips and powerful teeth)

                                • pigfish [ENG31-02610914-n] (found around the Great Barrier Reef)
                                • hogfish [ENG31-02611177-n] (large wrasse of western Atlantic)
                                • slippery dick [ENG31-02611490-n] (small wrasse of tropical Atlantic)
                                • puddingwife [ENG31-02611626-n] (bluish and bronze wrasse)
                                • bluehead [ENG31-02611932-n] (small Atlantic wrasse the male of which has a brilliant blue head)
                                • razor fish [ENG31-02612247-n] (any of several small wrasses with compressed sharp-edged heads of the West Indies and Mediterranean)

                                  • pearly razorfish [ENG31-02612453-n] (a kind of razor fish)
                                • tautog [ENG31-02612696-n] (large dark-colored food fish of the Atlantic coast of North America)
                                • cunner [ENG31-02613003-n] (common in north Atlantic coastal waters of the United States)
                              • parrotfish [ENG31-02613294-n] (gaudy tropical fishes with parrotlike beaks formed by fusion of teeth)
                              • threadfin [ENG31-02613610-n] (mullet-like tropical marine fishes having pectoral fins with long threadlike rays)

                                • barbu [ENG31-02613924-n] (found along western Atlantic coast)
                              • jawfish [ENG31-02614191-n] (small large-mouthed tropical marine fishes common along sandy bottoms)
                              • stargazer [ENG31-02614528-n] (heavy-bodied marine bottom-lurkers with eyes on flattened top of the head)
                              • sand stargazer [ENG31-02614797-n] (small pallid fishes of shoal tropical waters of North America and South America having eyes on stalks atop head)
                              • blennioid fish [ENG31-02615287-n] (elongated mostly scaleless marine fishes with large pectoral fins and reduced pelvic fins)

                                • blenny [ENG31-02615811-n] (small usually scaleless fishes with comb-like teeth living about rocky shores)

                                  • shanny [ENG31-02616202-n] (European scaleless blenny)
                                  • Molly Miller [ENG31-02616450-n] (inhabits both coasts of tropical Atlantic)
                                • clinid [ENG31-02616770-n] (mostly small blennioid fishes of coral reefs and seagrass beds)
                                • pikeblenny [ENG31-02617112-n] (tropical American fishes)

                                  • bluethroat pikeblenny [ENG31-02617283-n] (found from Florida to Cuba)
                                • gunnel [ENG31-02617608-n] (small eellike fishes common in shallow waters of the northern Atlantic)

                                  • rock gunnel [ENG31-02617928-n] (slippery scaleless food fish of the northern Atlantic coastal waters)
                                • prickleback [ENG31-02618272-n] (small elongate fishes of shallow northern seas)

                                  • snakeblenny [ENG31-02618610-n] (found in Arctic and northern Atlantic waters)
                                  • eelblenny [ENG31-02618758-n] (eellike fishes found in subarctic coastal waters)
                                • wrymouth [ENG31-02619027-n] (eellike Atlantic bottom fish with large almost vertical mouth)
                                • wolffish [ENG31-02619481-n] (large ferocious northern deep-sea food fishes with strong teeth and no pelvic fins)
                                • eelpout [ENG31-02619837-n] (marine eellike mostly bottom-dwelling fishes of northern seas)

                                  • viviparous eelpout [ENG31-02620167-n] (an eelpout of northern Europe that is viviparous)
                                  • fish doctor [ENG31-02620449-n] (brightly colored scaleless Arctic eelpout)
                                  • ocean pout [ENG31-02620724-n] (common along northeastern coast of North America)
                              • goby [ENG31-02621795-n] (small spiny-finned fish of coastal or brackish waters having a large head and elongated tapering body having the ventral fins modified as a sucker)

                                • mudskipper [ENG31-02622180-n] (found in tropical coastal regions of Africa and Asia)
                              • sleeper [ENG31-02622491-n] (tropical fish that resembles a goby and rests quietly on the bottom in shallow water)
                              • flathead [ENG31-02622797-n] (pallid bottom-dwelling flat-headed fish with large eyes and a duck-like snout)
                              • archerfish [ENG31-02623208-n] (any of several small freshwater fishes that catch insects by squirting water at them and knocking them into the water)
                              • worm fish [ENG31-02623586-n] (poorly known family of small tropical shallow-water fishes related to gobies)
                              • surgeonfish [ENG31-02623888-n] (brightly colored coral-reef fish with knifelike spines at the tail)

                                • doctorfish [ENG31-02624207-n] (surgeon fish of the West Indies)
                              • gempylid [ENG31-02624538-n] (snake mackerels)

                                • snake mackerel [ENG31-02624879-n] (predatory tropical fishes with jutting jaws and strong teeth)
                                • escolar [ENG31-02625177-n] (large snake mackerel with rings like spectacles around its eyes)
                                • oilfish [ENG31-02625342-n] (very large deep-water snake mackerel)
                              • cutlassfish [ENG31-02625585-n] (long-bodied marine fishes having a long whiplike scaleless body and sharp teeth)
                              • scombroid [ENG31-02626075-n] (important marine food and game fishes found in all tropical and temperate seas)

                                • mackerel [ENG31-02626797-n] (any of various fishes of the family Scombridae)

                                  • common mackerel [ENG31-02627181-n] (important food fish of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean)
                                  • Spanish mackerel [ENG31-02627437-n] (medium-sized mackerel of temperate Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico)
                                  • chub mackerel [ENG31-02627617-n] (small mackerel found nearly worldwide)
                                  • wahoo [ENG31-02627888-n] (large fast-moving predacious food and game fish)
                                  • Spanish mackerel [ENG31-02628242-n] (any of several large marine food fishes of the genus Scomberomorus)

                                    • king mackerel [ENG31-02628481-n] (large mackerel with long pointed snout)
                                    • Scomberomorus maculatus [ENG31-02628719-n] (a large commercially important mackerel of the Atlantic coastal waters of North America)
                                    • cero [ENG31-02628895-n] (large edible mackerel of temperate United States coastal Atlantic waters)
                                    • sierra [ENG31-02629101-n] (a Spanish mackerel of western North America)
                                • bonito [ENG31-02630465-n] (any of various scombroid fishes intermediate in size and characteristics between mackerels and tunas)

                                  • skipjack [ENG31-02630692-n] (medium-sized tuna-like food fish of warm Atlantic and Pacific waters)
                                  • Chile bonito [ENG31-02630889-n] (common bonito of Pacific coast of the Americas)
                                • skipjack [ENG31-02631230-n] (oceanic schooling tuna of considerable value in Pacific but less in Atlantic)
                                • bonito [ENG31-02631860-n] (fish whose flesh is dried and flaked for Japanese cookery)
                                • swordfish [ENG31-02632346-n] (large toothless marine food fish with a long swordlike upper jaw)
                                • sailfish [ENG31-02632911-n] (large pelagic game fish having an elongated upper jaw and long dorsal fin that resembles a sail)

                                  • Atlantic sailfish [ENG31-02633245-n] (a kind of sailfish)
                                • billfish [ENG31-02633369-n] (giant warm-water game fish having a prolonged and rounded toothless upper jaw)

                                  • marlin [ENG31-02633671-n] (large long-jawed oceanic sport fishes)

                                    • blue marlin [ENG31-02633960-n] (largest marlin)
                                    • black marlin [ENG31-02634105-n] (large game fish in the Pacific Ocean)
                                    • striped marlin [ENG31-02634258-n] (Pacific food and game fish marked with dark blue vertical stripes)
                                    • white marlin [ENG31-02634405-n] (small marlin (to 180 pounds) of western Atlantic)
                                  • spearfish [ENG31-02634669-n] (any of several large vigorous pelagic fishes resembling sailfishes but with first dorsal fin much reduced)
                                • louvar [ENG31-02635124-n] (large silvery fish found worldwide in warm seas but nowhere common)
                                • squaretail [ENG31-02637488-n] (sluggish square-tailed fish armored with tough bony scales)
                              • butterfish [ENG31-02635619-n] (small marine fish with a short compressed body and feeble spines)

                                • dollarfish [ENG31-02636052-n] (small food fish of Atlantic coast)
                                • palometa [ENG31-02636307-n] (smaller than Florida pompano)
                                • harvestfish [ENG31-02636607-n] (butterfish up to a foot long of Atlantic waters from Chesapeake Bay to Argentina)
                                • driftfish [ENG31-02636915-n] (small (6 inches) tropical butterfishes found worldwide)
                                • driftfish [ENG31-02637175-n] (larger butterfishes of the western Atlantic from the New York area to the northern Gulf of Mexico)
                                • barrelfish [ENG31-02637784-n] (blackish fish of New England waters)
                              • clingfish [ENG31-02638210-n] (very small (to 3 inches) flattened marine fish with a sucking disc on the abdomen for clinging to rocks etc.)

                                • skillet fish [ENG31-02638411-n] (clingfish with typical skillet shape)
                              • tripletail [ENG31-02638800-n] (large food fish of warm waters worldwide having long anal and dorsal fins that with a caudal fin suggest a three-lobed tail)

                                • Atlantic tripletail [ENG31-02639035-n] (tripletail found from Cape Cod to northern South America)
                                • Pacific tripletail [ENG31-02639180-n] (tripletail found in the Pacific)
                              • mojarra [ENG31-02639484-n] (small silvery schooling fishes with protrusible mouths found in warm coastal waters)

                                • yellowfin mojarra [ENG31-02639809-n] (popular panfish from Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil)
                                • silver jenny [ENG31-02640105-n] (silvery mojarra found along sandy shores of the western Atlantic)
                              • whiting [ENG31-02640607-n] (a small fish of the genus Sillago)
                            • remora [ENG31-02577541-n] (marine fishes with a flattened elongated body and a sucking disk on the head for attaching to large fish or moving objects)

                              • sharksucker [ENG31-02577956-n] (remoras found attached to sharks)
                              • whale sucker [ENG31-02578221-n] (large blue Pacific remora that attaches to whales and dolphins)
                            • silversides [ENG31-02605035-n] (small fishes having a silver stripe along each side)

                              • jacksmelt [ENG31-02605390-n] (a relatively large silversides of the Pacific coast of North America (known to reach 18 inches in length))
                            • barracuda [ENG31-02605947-n] (any voracious marine fish of the genus Sphyraena having an elongated cylindrical body and large mouth with projecting lower jaw and long strong teeth)

                              • great barracuda [ENG31-02606170-n] (large (up to 6 ft) greyish-brown barracuda highly regarded as a food and sport fish)
                            • sand lance [ENG31-02621143-n] (very small silvery eellike schooling fishes that burrow into sandy beaches)
                            • dragonet [ENG31-02621457-n] (small often brightly colored scaleless marine bottom-dwellers)
                            • scorpaenoid [ENG31-02644737-n] (fishes having the head armored with bony plates)

                              • lingcod [ENG31-02555659-n] (food fish of the northern Pacific related to greenlings)
                              • scorpaenid [ENG31-02645274-n] (any of numerous carnivorous usually bottom-dwelling warm-water marine fishes found worldwide but most abundant in the Pacific)

                                • scorpionfish [ENG31-02645742-n] (marine fishes having a tapering body with an armored head and venomous spines)

                                  • plumed scorpionfish [ENG31-02645946-n] (a kind of scorpionfish)
                                • lionfish [ENG31-02646196-n] (brightly striped fish of the tropical Pacific having elongated spiny fins)
                                • stonefish [ENG31-02646466-n] (venomous tropical marine fish resembling a piece of rock)
                                • rockfish [ENG31-02646743-n] (marine food fish found among rocks along the northern coasts of Europe and America)

                                  • copper rockfish [ENG31-02646990-n] (a rockfish of the Pacific coastal waters of North America)
                                  • vermillion rockfish [ENG31-02647131-n] (a commercially important fish of the Pacific coast of North America)
                                  • red rockfish [ENG31-02647295-n] (a large fish of the Pacific coast of North America)
                                  • rosefish [ENG31-02647447-n] (large fish of northern Atlantic coasts of America and Europe)
                              • sculpin [ENG31-02647934-n] (any of numerous spiny large-headed usually scaleless scorpaenoid fishes with broad mouths)

                                • bullhead [ENG31-02648168-n] (freshwater sculpin with a large flattened bony-plated head with hornlike spines)
                                • miller's-thumb [ENG31-02648321-n] (small freshwater sculpin of Europe and North America)
                                • sea raven [ENG31-02648583-n] (large sculpin of western Atlantic)
                                • grubby [ENG31-02648871-n] (small sculpin of the coast of New England)
                              • lumpfish [ENG31-02649297-n] (clumsy soft thick-bodied northern Atlantic fish with pelvic fins fused into a sucker)

                                • lumpsucker [ENG31-02649522-n] (any of several very small lumpfishes)
                              • snailfish [ENG31-02649924-n] (small tadpole-shaped cold-water fishes with pelvic fins forming a sucker)
                              • poacher [ENG31-02650290-n] (small slender fish (to 8 inches) with body covered by bony plates)

                                • pogge [ENG31-02650665-n] (northern Atlantic sea poacher)
                                • alligatorfish [ENG31-02650943-n] (small very elongate sea poachers)
                              • greenling [ENG31-02651255-n] (food fish of the northern Pacific)

                                • kelp greenling [ENG31-02651546-n] (common food and sport fish of western coast of North America)
                                • painted greenling [ENG31-02651848-n] (greenling with whitish body marked with black bands)
                              • flathead [ENG31-02652176-n] (food fish of the Indonesian region of the Pacific)
                              • gurnard [ENG31-02652680-n] (bottom-dwelling coastal fishes with spiny armored heads and fingerlike pectoral fins used for crawling along the sea bottom)

                                • tub gurnard [ENG31-02653043-n] (a kind of gurnard)
                                • sea robin [ENG31-02653171-n] (American gurnard)

                                  • northern sea robin [ENG31-02653690-n] (large searobin)
                                  • armored searobin [ENG31-02654247-n] (sea robins having bony scutes on the body and barbels on the chin)
                              • flying gurnard [ENG31-02654762-n] (tropical fish with huge fanlike pectoral fins for underwater gliding)
                            • plectognath [ENG31-02655298-n] (tropical marine fishes having the teeth fused into a beak and thick skin covered with bony plates or spines)

                              • triggerfish [ENG31-02655775-n] (any of numerous compressed deep-bodied tropical fishes with sandpapery skin and erectile spines in the first dorsal fin)

                                • queen triggerfish [ENG31-02656127-n] (tropical Atlantic fish)
                              • filefish [ENG31-02656416-n] (narrow flattened warm-water fishes with leathery skin and a long file-like dorsal spine)

                                • leatherjacket [ENG31-02656742-n] (any of several brightly colored tropical filefishes)
                              • boxfish [ENG31-02657055-n] (any of numerous small tropical fishes having body and head encased in bony plates)

                                • cowfish [ENG31-02657375-n] (trunkfish having hornlike spines over the eyes)
                              • puffer [ENG31-02657650-n] (any of numerous marine fishes whose elongated spiny body can inflate itself with water or air to form a globe)
                              • spiny puffer [ENG31-02658153-n] (puffers having rigid or erectile spines)

                                • porcupinefish [ENG31-02658478-n] (spines become erect when the body is inflated)
                                • balloonfish [ENG31-02658662-n] (similar to but smaller than porcupinefish)
                                • burrfish [ENG31-02658931-n] (any of several fishes having rigid flattened spines)
                              • ocean sunfish [ENG31-02659300-n] (among the largest bony fish)

                                • sharptail mola [ENG31-02659599-n] (caudal fin has a central projection)
                            • flatfish [ENG31-02659998-n] (any of several families of fishes having flattened bodies that swim along the sea floor on one side of the body with both eyes on the upper side)

                              • flounder [ENG31-02660324-n] (any of various European and non-European marine flatfish)
                              • righteye flounder [ENG31-02660709-n] (flounders with both eyes on the right side of the head)

                                • plaice [ENG31-02661161-n] (large European food fish)
                                • European flatfish [ENG31-02661441-n] (important food fish of Europe)
                                • yellowtail flounder [ENG31-02661806-n] (American flounder having a yellowish tail)
                                • winter flounder [ENG31-02662108-n] (important American food fish in the winter)
                                • lemon sole [ENG31-02662438-n] (European flatfish highly valued as food)
                                • American plaice [ENG31-02662721-n] (large American food fish)
                                • Atlantic halibut [ENG31-02663149-n] (largest United States flatfish)
                                • Pacific halibut [ENG31-02663270-n] (a righteye flounder found in the Pacific)
                              • halibut [ENG31-02662838-n] (marine food fish of the northern Atlantic or northern Pacific)
                              • lefteye flounder [ENG31-02663647-n] (flatfishes with both eyes on the left side of the head)

                                • southern flounder [ENG31-02664103-n] (flounder of southern United States)
                                • summer flounder [ENG31-02664248-n] (flounder of eastern coast of North America)
                                • grey flounder [ENG31-02664522-n] (flounder found from North Carolina to Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico)
                                • whiff [ENG31-02664869-n] (a lefteye flounder found in coastal waters from New England to Brazil)

                                  • horned whiff [ENG31-02665027-n] (a whiff found in waters from the Bahamas and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil)
                                • sand dab [ENG31-02665189-n] (small food fishes of the Pacific coast of North America)
                                • windowpane [ENG31-02665455-n] (very thin translucent flounder of the Atlantic coast of North America)
                                • brill [ENG31-02665623-n] (European food fish)
                                • turbot [ENG31-02665841-n] (a large brownish European flatfish)
                              • tonguefish [ENG31-02666115-n] (left-eyed marine flatfish whose tail tapers to a point)
                          • sweeper [ENG31-02606492-n] (little-known nocturnal fish of warm shallow seas with an oblong compressed body)
                          • ganoid [ENG31-02641226-n] (primitive fishes having thick bony scales with a shiny covering)

                            • bowfin [ENG31-02641717-n] (primitive long-bodied carnivorous freshwater fish with a very long dorsal fin)
                            • paddlefish [ENG31-02642235-n] (primitive fish of the Mississippi valley having a long paddle-shaped snout)
                            • Chinese paddlefish [ENG31-02642552-n] (fish of larger rivers of China similar to the Mississippi paddlefish)
                            • sturgeon [ENG31-02642872-n] (large primitive fishes valued for their flesh and roe)

                              • Pacific sturgeon [ENG31-02643256-n] (food and game fish of marine and fresh waters of northwestern coast of North America)
                              • beluga [ENG31-02643487-n] (valuable source of caviar and isinglass)
                            • gar [ENG31-02644009-n] (primitive predaceous North American fish covered with hard scales and having long jaws with needlelike teeth)
                      • climbing perch [ENG31-02559004-n] (a small perch of India whose gills are modified to allow it to breathe air)
                  • gnathostome [ENG31-01482461-n] (a vertebrate animal possessing true jaws)
                  • bird [ENG31-01505702-n] (warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings)

                    • dickeybird [ENG31-01506617-n] (small bird)
                    • cock [ENG31-01517309-n] (adult male bird)

                      • gamecock [ENG31-01517393-n] (a cock bred and trained for fighting)
                    • hen [ENG31-01517500-n] (adult female bird)
                    • nester [ENG31-01517567-n] (a bird that has built (or is building) a nest)
                    • night bird [ENG31-01517719-n] (any bird associated with night: owl)

                      • night raven [ENG31-01517858-n] (any bird that cries at night)
                    • bird of passage [ENG31-01517944-n] (any bird that migrates seasonally)
                    • protoavis [ENG31-01518224-n] (most primitive avian type known)
                    • archaeopteryx [ENG31-01518853-n] (extinct primitive toothed bird of the Jurassic period having a long feathered tail and hollow bones)
                    • Sinornis [ENG31-01519250-n] (sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period having a keeled breastbone and vestigial tail)
                    • Ibero-mesornis [ENG31-01519677-n] (sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Cretaceous period having a vestigial tail)
                    • archaeornis [ENG31-01520030-n] (extinct primitive toothed bird with a long feathered tail and three free clawed digits on each wing)
                    • ratite [ENG31-01520206-n] (flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches)

                      • ostrich [ENG31-01521519-n] (fast-running African flightless bird with two-toed feet)
                      • cassowary [ENG31-01522204-n] (large black flightless bird of Australia and New Guinea having a horny head crest)
                      • emu [ENG31-01522514-n] (large Australian flightless bird similar to the ostrich but smaller)
                      • kiwi [ENG31-01523217-n] (nocturnal flightless bird of New Zealand having a long neck and stout legs)
                      • rhea [ENG31-01524040-n] (larger of two tall fast-running flightless birds similar to ostriches but three-toed)
                      • rhea [ENG31-01524397-n] (smaller of two tall fast-running flightless birds similar to ostriches but three-toed)
                      • elephant bird [ENG31-01525091-n] (huge (to 9 ft.) extinct flightless bird of Madagascar)
                      • moa [ENG31-01525746-n] (extinct flightless bird of New Zealand)

                        • giant moa [ENG31-01525889-n] (the largest moa)
                        • anomalopteryx [ENG31-01526134-n] (the smallest moa)
                    • carinate [ENG31-01520607-n] (birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles)
                    • passerine [ENG31-01527000-n] (perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch)

                      • oscine [ENG31-01528361-n] (passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus)

                        • songbird [ENG31-01529162-n] (any bird having a musical call)
                        • honey eater [ENG31-01529407-n] (Australasian bird with tongue and bill adapted for extracting nectar)
                        • accentor [ENG31-01529835-n] (small sparrow-like songbird of mountainous regions of Eurasia)

                          • hedge sparrow [ENG31-01529988-n] (small brownish European songbird)
                        • lark [ENG31-01530258-n] (any of numerous predominantly Old World birds noted for their singing)

                          • skylark [ENG31-01530558-n] (brown-speckled European lark noted for singing while hovering at a great height)
                        • wagtail [ENG31-01531037-n] (Old World bird having a very long tail that jerks up and down as it walks)
                        • pipit [ENG31-01531295-n] (a songbird that lives mainly on the ground in open country)

                          • meadow pipit [ENG31-01531486-n] (a common pipit that is brown above and white below)
                        • finch [ENG31-01532313-n] (any of numerous small songbirds with short stout bills adapted for crushing seeds)

                          • chaffinch [ENG31-01533080-n] (small European finch with a cheerful song)
                          • brambling [ENG31-01533216-n] (Eurasian finch)
                          • goldfinch [ENG31-01533819-n] (small European finch having a crimson face and yellow-and-black wings)
                          • linnet [ENG31-01533985-n] (small Old World finch whose male has a red breast and forehead)
                          • siskin [ENG31-01534153-n] (small yellow-and-black Eurasian finch with a sharp beak)
                          • red siskin [ENG31-01534280-n] (South American species of scarlet finch with black head and wings and tail)
                          • redpoll [ENG31-01534452-n] (small siskin-like finch with a red crown and a rosy breast and rump)
                          • redpoll [ENG31-01534612-n] (small siskin-like finch with a red crown)
                          • New World goldfinch [ENG31-01534966-n] (American finch whose male has yellow body plumage in summer)
                          • pine siskin [ENG31-01535152-n] (small finch of North American coniferous forests)
                          • house finch [ENG31-01535470-n] (small finch originally of the western United States and Mexico)
                          • purple finch [ENG31-01535641-n] (North American finch having a raspberry-red head and breast and rump)
                          • canary [ENG31-01535980-n] (any of several small Old World finches)

                            • common canary [ENG31-01536122-n] (native to the Canary Islands and Azores)
                          • serin [ENG31-01536292-n] (any of various brown and yellow finches of parts of Europe)
                          • crossbill [ENG31-01536534-n] (finch with a bill whose tips cross when closed)
                          • bullfinch [ENG31-01536796-n] (common European finch mostly black and white with red throat and breast)
                          • junco [ENG31-01537074-n] (small North American finch seen chiefly in winter)

                            • dark-eyed junco [ENG31-01537223-n] (common North American junco having grey plumage and eyes with dark brown irises)
                          • New World sparrow [ENG31-01537403-n] (sparrow-like North American finches)

                            • vesper sparrow [ENG31-01537781-n] (common North American finch noted for its evening song)
                            • white-throated sparrow [ENG31-01538110-n] (common North American finch with a white patch on the throat and black-and-white striped crown)
                            • white-crowned sparrow [ENG31-01538331-n] (finch with black-and-white striped crown)
                            • chipping sparrow [ENG31-01538676-n] (small North American finch common in urban areas)
                            • field sparrow [ENG31-01538827-n] (common North American finch of brushy pasturelands)
                            • tree sparrow [ENG31-01538975-n] (finch common in winter in the northern U.S.)
                            • song sparrow [ENG31-01539285-n] (small songbird common in North America)
                            • swamp sparrow [ENG31-01539421-n] (North American finch of marshy area)
                          • bunting [ENG31-01539775-n] (any of numerous seed-eating songbirds of Europe or North America)

                            • indigo bunting [ENG31-01540185-n] (small deep blue North American bunting)
                            • ortolan [ENG31-01540536-n] (brownish Old World bunting often eaten as a delicacy)
                            • reed bunting [ENG31-01540700-n] (European bunting inhabiting marshy areas)
                            • yellowhammer [ENG31-01540841-n] (European bunting the male being bright yellow)
                            • yellow-breasted bunting [ENG31-01541003-n] (common in Russia and Siberia)
                            • snow bunting [ENG31-01541271-n] (white Arctic bunting)
                          • grosbeak [ENG31-01542874-n] (any of various finches of Europe or America having a massive and powerful bill)

                            • evening grosbeak [ENG31-01543207-n] (North American grosbeak)
                            • hawfinch [ENG31-01543473-n] (a common large finch of Eurasia)
                            • pine grosbeak [ENG31-01543743-n] (large grosbeak of coniferous forests of Old and New Worlds)
                          • cardinal [ENG31-01544027-n] (crested thick-billed North American finch having bright red plumage in the male)
                          • pyrrhuloxia [ENG31-01544401-n] (crested grey-and-red bird of southwest United States and Mexico)
                          • towhee [ENG31-01544563-n] (any of numerous long-tailed American finches)

                            • chewink [ENG31-01544809-n] (common towhee of eastern North America)
                            • green-tailed towhee [ENG31-01545074-n] (towhee of the Rocky Mountains)
                          • honeycreeper [ENG31-01547345-n] (small to medium-sized finches of the Hawaiian islands)

                            • mamo [ENG31-01547651-n] (black honeycreepers with yellow feathers around the tail)
                        • honeycreeper [ENG31-01541596-n] (small bright-colored tropical American songbird with a curved bill for sucking nectar)

                          • banana quit [ENG31-01541913-n] (any of several honeycreepers)
                        • weaver [ENG31-01545427-n] (finch-like African and Asian colonial birds noted for their elaborately woven nests)

                          • baya [ENG31-01545816-n] (common Indian weaverbird)
                          • whydah [ENG31-01546024-n] (mostly black African weaverbird)
                          • Java sparrow [ENG31-01546273-n] (small finch-like Indonesian weaverbird that frequents rice fields)
                          • avadavat [ENG31-01546577-n] (red Asian weaverbirds often kept as cage birds)
                          • grassfinch [ENG31-01546849-n] (usually brightly-colored Australian weaverbirds)

                            • zebra finch [ENG31-01547030-n] (small Australian weaverbird with markings like a zebra's)
                        • Old World flycatcher [ENG31-01558450-n] (any of a large group of small songbirds that feed on insects taken on the wing)

                          • spotted flycatcher [ENG31-01558823-n] (common European woodland flycatcher with greyish-brown plumage)
                          • thickhead [ENG31-01559155-n] (Australian and southeastern Asian birds with a melodious whistling call)
                        • thrush [ENG31-01559826-n] (songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast)

                          • missel thrush [ENG31-01560603-n] (large European thrush that feeds on mistletoe berries)
                          • song thrush [ENG31-01560790-n] (common Old World thrush noted for its song)
                          • fieldfare [ENG31-01560948-n] (medium-sized Eurasian thrush seen chiefly in winter)
                          • redwing [ENG31-01561102-n] (small European thrush having reddish flanks)
                          • blackbird [ENG31-01561235-n] (common black European thrush)
                          • ring ouzel [ENG31-01561406-n] (European thrush common in rocky areas)
                          • robin [ENG31-01561634-n] (large American thrush having a rust-red breast and abdomen)
                          • clay-colored robin [ENG31-01561801-n] (robin of Mexico and Central America)
                          • hermit thrush [ENG31-01562118-n] (North American thrush noted for its complex and appealing song)
                          • veery [ENG31-01562280-n] (tawny brown North American thrush noted for its song)
                          • wood thrush [ENG31-01562445-n] (large thrush common in eastern American woodlands)
                          • nightingale [ENG31-01562746-n] (European songbird noted for its melodious nocturnal song)

                            • bulbul [ENG31-01563060-n] (nightingale spoken of in Persian poetry)
                          • thrush nightingale [ENG31-01562921-n] (large nightingale of eastern Europe)
                          • Old World chat [ENG31-01563277-n] (songbirds having a chattering call)

                            • stonechat [ENG31-01563434-n] (common European chat with black plumage and a reddish-brown breast)
                            • whinchat [ENG31-01563576-n] (brown-and-buff European songbird of grassy meadows)
                          • solitaire [ENG31-01563822-n] (a dull grey North American thrush noted for its beautiful song)
                          • redstart [ENG31-01564093-n] (European songbird with a reddish breast and tail)
                          • wheatear [ENG31-01564373-n] (small songbird of northern America and Eurasia having a distinctive white rump)
                          • bluebird [ENG31-01564655-n] (blue North American songbird)
                          • robin [ENG31-01564906-n] (small Old World songbird with a reddish breast)
                          • bluethroat [ENG31-01565092-n] (songbird of northern Europe and Asia)
                        • warbler [ENG31-01565769-n] (a small active songbird)

                          • gnatcatcher [ENG31-01566090-n] (very small North American and South American warblers)
                          • kinglet [ENG31-01566387-n] (small birds resembling warblers but having some of the habits of titmice)

                            • goldcrest [ENG31-01566586-n] (European kinglet with a black-bordered yellow crown patch)
                            • gold-crowned kinglet [ENG31-01566742-n] (American golden-crested kinglet)
                            • ruby-crowned kinglet [ENG31-01566858-n] (American kinglet with a notable song and in the male a red crown patch)
                          • Old World warbler [ENG31-01567035-n] (small active brownish or greyish Old World birds)

                            • blackcap [ENG31-01567414-n] (small brownish-grey warbler with a black crown)
                            • wood warbler [ENG31-01567986-n] (European woodland warbler with dull yellow plumage)
                            • sedge warbler [ENG31-01568240-n] (small European warbler that breeds among reeds and wedges and winters in Africa)
                            • wren warbler [ENG31-01568571-n] (small Asiatic and African bird)
                            • tailorbird [ENG31-01568848-n] (tropical Asian warbler that stitches leaves together to form and conceal its nest)
                          • greater whitethroat [ENG31-01567555-n] (greyish-brown Old World warbler with a white throat and underparts)
                          • lesser whitethroat [ENG31-01567719-n] (Old World warbler similar to the greater whitethroat but smaller)
                          • New World warbler [ENG31-01569774-n] (small bright-colored American songbird with a weak unmusical song)

                            • parula warbler [ENG31-01570319-n] (small grey-blue wood warbler with yellow throat and breast)
                            • Wilson's warbler [ENG31-01570520-n] (yellow wood warbler with a black crown)
                            • flycatching warbler [ENG31-01570773-n] (any of numerous American wood warblers that feed on insects caught on the wing)

                              • American redstart [ENG31-01570935-n] (flycatching warbler of eastern North America the male having bright orange on sides and wings and tail)
                            • Cape May warbler [ENG31-01571361-n] (North American wood warbler)
                            • yellow warbler [ENG31-01571533-n] (yellow-throated American wood warbler)
                            • Blackburn [ENG31-01571701-n] (black-and-white North American wood warbler having an orange-and-black head and throat)
                            • Audubon's warbler [ENG31-01571903-n] (common warbler of western North America)
                            • myrtle warbler [ENG31-01572064-n] (similar to Audubon's warbler)
                            • blackpoll [ENG31-01572207-n] (North American warbler having a black-and-white head)
                            • New World chat [ENG31-01572477-n] (birds having a chattering call)

                              • yellow-breasted chat [ENG31-01572612-n] (American warbler noted for imitating songs of other birds)
                            • ovenbird [ENG31-01572908-n] (American warbler)
                            • water thrush [ENG31-01573062-n] (brownish North American warbler found near streams)
                            • yellowthroat [ENG31-01573317-n] (small olive-colored American warblers with yellow breast and throat)

                              • common yellowthroat [ENG31-01573480-n] (an American warbler)
                        • babbler [ENG31-01569286-n] (any of various insectivorous Old World birds with a loud incessant song)
                        • bird of paradise [ENG31-01573767-n] (any of numerous brilliantly colored plumed birds of the New Guinea area)

                          • riflebird [ENG31-01574051-n] (velvety black Australian bird of paradise with green and purple iridescence on head and tail)
                        • New World oriole [ENG31-01574545-n] (American songbird)

                          • northern oriole [ENG31-01574969-n] (a kind of New World oriole)

                            • Baltimore oriole [ENG31-01575130-n] (eastern subspecies of northern oriole)
                            • Bullock's oriole [ENG31-01575295-n] (western subspecies of northern oriole)
                          • orchard oriole [ENG31-01575423-n] (the male is chestnut-and-black)
                          • meadowlark [ENG31-01575715-n] (North American songbirds having a yellow breast)

                            • eastern meadowlark [ENG31-01575881-n] (a meadowlark of eastern North America)
                            • western meadowlark [ENG31-01576001-n] (a meadowlark of western North America)
                          • cacique [ENG31-01576268-n] (black-and-red or black-and-yellow orioles of the American tropics)
                          • bobolink [ENG31-01576539-n] (migratory American songbird)
                          • New World blackbird [ENG31-01576686-n] (any bird of the family Icteridae whose male is black or predominantly black)

                            • grackle [ENG31-01577031-n] (long-tailed American blackbird having iridescent black plumage)

                              • purple grackle [ENG31-01577201-n] (eastern United States grackle)
                            • rusty blackbird [ENG31-01577442-n] (North American blackbird whose bluish-black plumage is rusty-edged in the fall)
                            • cowbird [ENG31-01577758-n] (North American blackbird that follows cattle and lays eggs in other birds' nests)
                            • red-winged blackbird [ENG31-01578042-n] (North American blackbird with scarlet patches on the wings)
                        • Old World oriole [ENG31-01578386-n] (mostly tropical songbird)

                          • golden oriole [ENG31-01578717-n] (bright yellow songbird with black wings)
                          • fig-bird [ENG31-01578999-n] (greenish-yellow Australian oriole feeding chiefly on figs and other fruits)
                        • starling [ENG31-01579336-n] (gregarious birds native to the Old World)

                          • common starling [ENG31-01579676-n] (gregarious bird having plumage with dark metallic gloss)
                          • rose-colored starling [ENG31-01580099-n] (glossy black bird with pink back and abdomen)
                          • myna [ENG31-01580300-n] (tropical Asian starlings)

                            • crested myna [ENG31-01580582-n] (dark brown crested bird of southeastern Asia)
                            • hill myna [ENG31-01580821-n] (glossy black Asiatic starling often taught to mimic speech)
                        • corvine bird [ENG31-01581216-n] (birds of the crow family)

                          • crow [ENG31-01581669-n] (black birds having a raucous call)

                            • American crow [ENG31-01581790-n] (common crow of North America)
                          • raven [ENG31-01581901-n] (large black bird with a straight bill and long wedge-shaped tail)
                          • rook [ENG31-01582051-n] (common gregarious Old World bird about the size and color of the American crow)
                          • jackdaw [ENG31-01582219-n] (common black-and-grey Eurasian bird noted for thievery)
                          • chough [ENG31-01582370-n] (a European corvine bird of small or medium size with red legs and glossy black plumage)
                          • jay [ENG31-01582718-n] (crested largely blue bird)

                            • Old World jay [ENG31-01583020-n] (a European jay)

                              • common European jay [ENG31-01583131-n] (fawn-colored jay with black-and-white crest and blue-and-black wings)
                            • New World jay [ENG31-01583413-n] (a North American jay)

                              • blue jay [ENG31-01583511-n] (common jay of eastern North America)
                            • Canada jay [ENG31-01583807-n] (a jay of northern North America with black-capped head and no crest)

                              • Rocky Mountain jay [ENG31-01584075-n] (a Canada jay with a white head)
                          • nutcracker [ENG31-01584371-n] (speckled birds that feed on nuts)

                            • common nutcracker [ENG31-01584515-n] (Old World nutcracker)
                            • Clark's nutcracker [ENG31-01584625-n] (nutcracker of the western United States)
                          • magpie [ENG31-01584861-n] (long-tailed black-and-white crow that utters a raucous chattering call)

                            • European magpie [ENG31-01585039-n] (a common magpie of Eurasia)
                            • American magpie [ENG31-01585139-n] (a magpie of Rocky Mountains in North America)
                        • Australian magpie [ENG31-01585497-n] (black-and-white oscine birds that resemble magpies)

                          • butcherbird [ENG31-01585850-n] (large carnivorous Australian bird with the shrike-like habit of impaling prey on thorns)
                          • currawong [ENG31-01586136-n] (bluish black fruit-eating bird with a bell-like call)
                          • piping crow [ENG31-01586469-n] (crow-sized black-and-white bird)
                        • mockingbird [ENG31-01589582-n] (long-tailed grey-and-white songbird of the southern United States able to mimic songs of other birds)
                        • blue mockingbird [ENG31-01589919-n] (mockingbird of Mexico)
                        • catbird [ENG31-01590167-n] (North American songbird whose call resembles a cat's mewing)
                        • thrasher [ENG31-01590475-n] (thrush-like American songbird able to mimic other birdsongs)

                          • brown thrasher [ENG31-01590643-n] (common large songbird of eastern United States having reddish-brown plumage)
                        • New Zealand wren [ENG31-01591072-n] (birds of New Zealand that resemble wrens)

                          • rock wren [ENG31-01591366-n] (short-tailed bird resembling a wren)
                          • rifleman bird [ENG31-01591637-n] (small green-and-bronze bird)
                        • creeper [ENG31-01591927-n] (any of various small insectivorous birds of the northern hemisphere that climb up a tree trunk supporting themselves on stiff tail feathers and their feet)

                          • brown creeper [ENG31-01592359-n] (a common creeper in North America with a down-curved bill)
                          • European creeper [ENG31-01592534-n] (common European brown-and-buff tree creeper with down-curved bill)
                          • wall creeper [ENG31-01592861-n] (crimson-and-grey songbird that inhabits town walls and mountain cliffs of southern Eurasia and northern Africa)
                        • nuthatch [ENG31-01593224-n] (any of various small short-tailed songbirds with strong feet and a sharp beak that feed on small nuts and insects)

                          • European nuthatch [ENG31-01593646-n] (a kind of nuthatch)
                          • red-breasted nuthatch [ENG31-01593764-n] (bluish-grey nuthatch with reddish breast)
                          • white-breasted nuthatch [ENG31-01593942-n] (bluish-grey nuthatch with black head and white breast)
                        • titmouse [ENG31-01594338-n] (small insectivorous birds)

                          • chickadee [ENG31-01594725-n] (any of various small grey-and-black songbirds of North America)

                            • black-capped chickadee [ENG31-01594898-n] (chickadee having a dark crown)
                            • Carolina chickadee [ENG31-01595181-n] (southern United States chickadee similar to the blackcap but smaller)
                          • tufted titmouse [ENG31-01595028-n] (crested titmouse of eastern and midwestern United States)
                          • blue tit [ENG31-01595335-n] (widely distributed European titmouse with bright cobalt blue wings and tail and crown of the head)
                          • bushtit [ENG31-01595669-n] (active grey titmice of western North America)
                          • wren-tit [ENG31-01595923-n] (small brown bird of California resembling a wren)
                          • verdin [ENG31-01596194-n] (very small yellow-headed titmouse of western North America)
                        • fairy bluebird [ENG31-01596645-n] (fruit-eating mostly brilliant blue songbird of the East Indies)
                        • swallow [ENG31-01597013-n] (small long-winged songbird noted for swift graceful flight and the regularity of its migrations)

                          • barn swallow [ENG31-01597428-n] (common swallow of North America and Europe that nests in barns etc.)
                          • cliff swallow [ENG31-01597609-n] (North American swallow that lives in colonies and builds bottle-shaped mud nests on cliffs and walls)
                          • tree swallow [ENG31-01597809-n] (of Australia and Polynesia)
                          • white-bellied swallow [ENG31-01598091-n] (bluish-green-and-white North American swallow)
                          • martin [ENG31-01598265-n] (any of various swallows with squarish or slightly forked tail and long pointed wings)

                            • house martin [ENG31-01598615-n] (common small European martin that builds nests under the eaves of houses)
                            • bank martin [ENG31-01598914-n] (swallow of the northern hemisphere that nests in tunnels dug in clay or sand banks)
                            • purple martin [ENG31-01599249-n] (large North American martin of which the male is blue-black)
                        • wood swallow [ENG31-01599663-n] (Australasian and Asiatic bird related to the shrikes and resembling a swallow)
                        • tanager [ENG31-01599977-n] (any of numerous New World woodland birds having brightly colored males)

                          • scarlet tanager [ENG31-01600378-n] (the male is bright red with black wings and tail)
                          • western tanager [ENG31-01600547-n] (of western North America)
                          • summer tanager [ENG31-01600715-n] (of middle and southern United States)
                          • hepatic tanager [ENG31-01600912-n] (common tanager of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                        • shrike [ENG31-01601229-n] (any of numerous Old World birds having a strong hooked bill that feed on smaller animals)

                          • butcherbird [ENG31-01601629-n] (shrikes that impale their prey on thorns)

                            • European shrike [ENG31-01601800-n] (a common European butcherbird)
                            • northern shrike [ENG31-01601910-n] (a butcherbird of northern North America)
                            • white-rumped shrike [ENG31-01602029-n] (a butcherbird of western North America)
                          • loggerhead shrike [ENG31-01602197-n] (a common shrike of southeastern United States having black bands around the eyes)
                          • migrant shrike [ENG31-01602382-n] (a shrike of central North America)
                          • bush shrike [ENG31-01602726-n] (an African shrike)

                            • black-fronted bush shrike [ENG31-01602982-n] (a kind of bush shrike)
                        • bowerbird [ENG31-01603298-n] (any of various birds of the Australian region whose males build ornamented structures resembling bowers in order to attract females)

                          • satin bowerbird [ENG31-01603709-n] (of southeast Australia)
                          • great bowerbird [ENG31-01604051-n] (large bowerbird of northern Australia)
                        • water ouzel [ENG31-01604335-n] (small stocky diving bird without webbed feet)

                          • European water ouzel [ENG31-01604721-n] (a water ouzel of Europe)
                          • American water ouzel [ENG31-01604850-n] (a water ouzel of western North America)
                        • vireo [ENG31-01605271-n] (any of various small insectivorous American birds chiefly olive-grey in color)

                          • red-eyed vireo [ENG31-01605473-n] (of northern North America having red irises and an olive-grey body with white underparts)
                          • solitary vireo [ENG31-01605641-n] (of eastern North America having a bluish-grey head and mostly green body)
                          • blue-headed vireo [ENG31-01605793-n] (common vireo of northeastern North America with bluish slaty-grey head)
                        • waxwing [ENG31-01606241-n] (brown velvety-plumaged songbirds of the northern hemisphere having crested heads and red waxy wing tips)

                          • cedar waxwing [ENG31-01606453-n] (widely distributed over temperate North America)
                          • Bohemian waxwing [ENG31-01606594-n] (large waxwing of northern North America)
                      • sparrow [ENG31-01542214-n] (any of several small dull-colored singing birds feeding on seeds or insects)

                        • English sparrow [ENG31-01542566-n] (small hardy brown-and-grey bird native to Europe)
                        • tree sparrow [ENG31-01542731-n] (Eurasian sparrow smaller than the house sparrow)
                      • lyrebird [ENG31-01548215-n] (Australian bird that resembles a pheasant)
                      • scrubbird [ENG31-01548680-n] (small fast-running Australian bird resembling a wren and frequenting brush or scrub)
                      • broadbill [ENG31-01549147-n] (small birds of the Old World tropics having bright plumage and short wide bills)
                      • tyrannid [ENG31-01549562-n] (a passerine bird of the suborder Tyranni)

                        • New World flycatcher [ENG31-01550473-n] (large American birds that characteristically catch insects on the wing)

                          • kingbird [ENG31-01550942-n] (large American flycatcher)

                            • Arkansas kingbird [ENG31-01551133-n] (a kingbird seen in western United States)
                            • Cassin's kingbird [ENG31-01551335-n] (a kingbird seen in the southwestern United States)
                            • eastern kingbird [ENG31-01551506-n] (a kingbird that breeds in North America and winters in tropical America)
                            • grey kingbird [ENG31-01551694-n] (a kingbird that breeds in the southeastern United States and winters in tropical America)
                          • pewee [ENG31-01552071-n] (small olive-colored woodland flycatchers of eastern North America)

                            • western wood pewee [ENG31-01552282-n] (small flycatcher of western North America)
                          • phoebe [ENG31-01552527-n] (small dun-colored North American flycatcher)
                          • vermillion flycatcher [ENG31-01552813-n] (tropical American flycatcher found as far north as southern Texas and Arizona)
                          • cotinga [ENG31-01553402-n] (passerine bird of New World tropics)

                            • cock of the rock [ENG31-01553721-n] (tropical bird of northern South America the male having brilliant red or orange plumage and an erectile disklike crest)
                            • cock of the rock [ENG31-01553941-n] (bird of the Andes similar to Rupicola rupicola)
                            • bellbird [ENG31-01554675-n] (any of several tropical American birds of the genus Procnias having a bell-like call)
                            • umbrella bird [ENG31-01554974-n] (black tropical American bird having a large overhanging crest and long feathered wattle)
                          • scissortail [ENG31-01557946-n] (grey flycatcher of the southwestern United States and Mexico and Central America having a long forked tail and white breast and salmon and scarlet markings)
                        • manakin [ENG31-01554352-n] (any of numerous small bright-colored birds of Central America and South America having short bills and elaborate courtship behavior)
                        • ovenbird [ENG31-01555454-n] (small brownish South American birds that build oven-shaped clay nests)
                        • antbird [ENG31-01555783-n] (any of various dull-colored South American birds that feeding on ants some following army ant swarms)

                          • ant thrush [ENG31-01556168-n] (a kind of antbird)
                          • ant shrike [ENG31-01556403-n] (antbirds superficially resembling shrikes)
                          • spotted antbird [ENG31-01556658-n] (a kind of antbird)
                        • woodhewer [ENG31-01557089-n] (any of numerous South American and Central American birds with a curved bill and stiffened tail feathers that climb and feed like woodpeckers)
                        • pitta [ENG31-01557645-n] (any bird of the genus Pitta)
                      • wren [ENG31-01586866-n] (any of several small active brown birds of the northern hemisphere with short upright tails)

                        • winter wren [ENG31-01587336-n] (small wren of coniferous forests of northern hemisphere)
                        • house wren [ENG31-01587494-n] (common American wren that nests around houses)
                        • marsh wren [ENG31-01587762-n] (a wren of the genus Cistothorus that frequents marshes)

                          • long-billed marsh wren [ENG31-01587928-n] (American wren that inhabits tall reed beds)
                          • sedge wren [ENG31-01588063-n] (small American wren inhabiting wet sedgy meadows)
                        • rock wren [ENG31-01588356-n] (wren inhabiting badlands and mesa country of western United States and Mexico)
                        • Carolina wren [ENG31-01588661-n] (large United States wren with a musical call)
                        • cactus wren [ENG31-01589015-n] (large harsh-voiced American wren of arid regions of the United States southwest and Mexico)
                    • nonpasserine bird [ENG31-01527402-n] (chiefly arboreal birds especially of the order Coraciiformes)
                    • bird of prey [ENG31-01606971-n] (any of numerous carnivorous birds that hunt and kill other animals)

                      • Accipitriformes [ENG31-01607609-n] (in some classifications an alternative name for the Falconiformes)
                      • hawk [ENG31-01608271-n] (diurnal bird of prey typically having short rounded wings and a long tail)

                        • eyas [ENG31-01608738-n] (an unfledged or nestling hawk)
                        • tiercel [ENG31-01608818-n] (male hawk especially male peregrine or gyrfalcon)
                        • goshawk [ENG31-01609163-n] (large hawk of Eurasia and North America used in falconry)
                        • sparrow hawk [ENG31-01609313-n] (small hawk of Eurasia and northern Africa)
                        • Cooper's hawk [ENG31-01609450-n] (bluish-grey North American hawk having a darting flight)
                        • chicken hawk [ENG31-01609619-n] (nontechnical term for any hawks said to prey on poultry)
                        • buteonine [ENG31-01609950-n] (any hawk of the genus Buteo)
                        • redtail [ENG31-01610070-n] (dark brown American hawk species having a reddish-brown tail)
                        • rough-legged hawk [ENG31-01610241-n] (large hawk of the northern hemisphere that feeds chiefly on small rodents and is beneficial to farmers)
                        • red-shouldered hawk [ENG31-01610453-n] (North American hawk with reddish brown shoulders)
                        • buzzard [ENG31-01610603-n] (the common European short-winged hawk)
                        • honey buzzard [ENG31-01610906-n] (Old World hawk that feeds on bee larvae and small rodents and reptiles)
                        • kite [ENG31-01611073-n] (any of several small graceful hawks of the family Accipitridae having long pointed wings and feeding on insects and small animals)

                          • black kite [ENG31-01611455-n] (dark Old World kite feeding chiefly on carrion)
                          • swallow-tailed kite [ENG31-01611703-n] (graceful North American black-and-white kite)
                          • white-tailed kite [ENG31-01612032-n] (grey-and-white American kite of warm and tropical regions)
                        • harrier [ENG31-01612392-n] (hawks that hunt over meadows and marshes and prey on small terrestrial animals)

                          • marsh harrier [ENG31-01612597-n] (Old World harrier frequenting marshy regions)
                          • Montagu's harrier [ENG31-01612741-n] (brownish European harrier)
                          • marsh hawk [ENG31-01612867-n] (common harrier of North America and Europe)
                        • harrier eagle [ENG31-01613193-n] (any of numerous large Old World hawks intermediate in some respects between typical hawks and typical eagles)
                        • falcon [ENG31-01613596-n] (diurnal birds of prey having long pointed powerful wings adapted for swift flight)

                          • peregrine [ENG31-01614113-n] (a widely distributed falcon formerly used in falconry)

                            • falcon-gentle [ENG31-01614315-n] (female falcon especially a female peregrine falcon)
                          • gyrfalcon [ENG31-01614441-n] (large and rare Arctic falcon having white and dark color phases)
                          • kestrel [ENG31-01614610-n] (small Old World falcon that hovers in the air against a wind)
                          • sparrow hawk [ENG31-01614763-n] (small North American falcon)
                          • pigeon hawk [ENG31-01614916-n] (small falcon of Europe and America having dark plumage with black-barred tail)
                          • hobby [ENG31-01615117-n] (small Old World falcon formerly trained and flown at small birds)
                          • caracara [ENG31-01615269-n] (any of various long-legged carrion-eating hawks of South America and Central America)

                            • Audubon's caracara [ENG31-01615596-n] (widespread from southern United States to Central America)
                            • carancha [ENG31-01615818-n] (South American caracara)
                        • osprey [ENG31-01618727-n] (large harmless hawk found worldwide that feeds on fish and builds a bulky nest often occupied for years)
                      • eagle [ENG31-01615935-n] (any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight)

                        • harpy [ENG31-01616679-n] (large black-and-white crested eagle of tropical America)
                        • golden eagle [ENG31-01616984-n] (large eagle of mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere having a golden-brown head and neck)

                          • ringtail [ENG31-01617331-n] (an immature golden eagle)
                        • tawny eagle [ENG31-01617197-n] (brownish eagle of Africa and parts of Asia)
                        • bald eagle [ENG31-01617566-n] (a large eagle of North America that has a white head and dark wings and body)
                        • sea eagle [ENG31-01617762-n] (any of various large eagles that usually feed on fish)

                          • Kamchatkan sea eagle [ENG31-01617944-n] (found on coasts of the northwestern Pacific)
                          • ern [ENG31-01618099-n] (bulky greyish-brown eagle with a short wedge-shaped white tail)
                          • fishing eagle [ENG31-01618344-n] (of southeast Europe and central Asia)
                      • vulture [ENG31-01618959-n] (any of various large diurnal birds of prey having naked heads and weak claws and feeding chiefly on carrion)

                        • Aegypiidae [ENG31-01619192-n] (in some classifications considered the family comprising the Old World vultures which are more often included in the family Accipitridae)
                        • Old World vulture [ENG31-01619405-n] (any of several large vultures of Africa and Eurasia)

                          • griffon vulture [ENG31-01619736-n] (large vulture of southern Europe and northern Africa having pale plumage with black wings)
                          • bearded vulture [ENG31-01620084-n] (the largest Eurasian bird of prey)
                          • Egyptian vulture [ENG31-01620407-n] (small mostly white vulture of Africa and southern Eurasia)
                          • black vulture [ENG31-01620723-n] (of southern Eurasia and northern Africa)
                        • New World vulture [ENG31-01621563-n] (large birds of prey superficially similar to Old World vultures)

                          • buzzard [ENG31-01621951-n] (a New World vulture that is common in South America and Central America and the southern United States)
                          • condor [ENG31-01622177-n] (the largest flying birds in the western hemisphere)

                            • Andean condor [ENG31-01622476-n] (large vulture of the high Andes having black plumage and white neck ruff)
                            • California condor [ENG31-01622776-n] (North American condor)
                          • black vulture [ENG31-01623055-n] (American vulture smaller than the turkey buzzard)
                          • king vulture [ENG31-01623376-n] (large black-and-white vulture of South America and Central America)
                      • secretary bird [ENG31-01621144-n] (large long-legged African bird of prey that feeds on reptiles)
                      • owl [ENG31-01623768-n] (nocturnal bird of prey with hawk-like beak and claws and large head with front-facing eyes)

                        • owlet [ENG31-01624276-n] (young owl)
                        • little owl [ENG31-01624761-n] (small European owl)
                        • horned owl [ENG31-01624993-n] (large owls having prominent ear tufts)

                          • great horned owl [ENG31-01625124-n] (brown North American horned owl)
                        • great grey owl [ENG31-01625420-n] (large dish-faced owl of northern North America and western Eurasia)
                        • tawny owl [ENG31-01625600-n] (reddish-brown European owl having a round head with black eyes)
                        • barred owl [ENG31-01625751-n] (large owl of eastern North America having its breast and abdomen streaked with brown)
                        • screech owl [ENG31-01626066-n] (small North American owl having hornlike tufts of feathers whose call sounds like a quavering whistle)
                        • screech owl [ENG31-01626256-n] (any owl that has a screeching cry)
                        • scops owl [ENG31-01626347-n] (any of several small owls having ear tufts and a whistling call)

                          • Old World scops owl [ENG31-01626756-n] (European scops owl)
                          • Oriental scops owl [ENG31-01626853-n] (Asian scops owl)
                        • spotted owl [ENG31-01626521-n] (a large owl of North America found in forests from British Columbia to central Mexico)
                        • hoot owl [ENG31-01626946-n] (any owl that hoots as distinct from screeching)
                        • hawk owl [ENG31-01627178-n] (grey-and-white diurnal hawk-like owl of northern parts of the northern hemisphere)
                        • long-eared owl [ENG31-01627474-n] (slender European owl of coniferous forests with long ear tufts)
                        • laughing owl [ENG31-01627762-n] (almost extinct owl of New Zealand)
                        • barn owl [ENG31-01628203-n] (mottled buff and white owl often inhabiting barns and other structures)
                    • gallinaceous bird [ENG31-01792027-n] (heavy-bodied largely ground-feeding domestic or game birds)

                      • domestic fowl [ENG31-01792381-n] (a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl)

                        • Dorking [ENG31-01792812-n] (an English breed of large domestic fowl having five toes (the hind toe doubled))
                        • Plymouth Rock [ENG31-01792945-n] (an American breed of domestic fowl)
                        • Cornish [ENG31-01793039-n] (English breed of compact domestic fowl)
                        • Rock Cornish [ENG31-01793198-n] (small plump hybrid developed by crossbreeding Plymouth Rock and Cornish fowl)
                        • game fowl [ENG31-01793352-n] (any of several breeds reared for cockfighting)
                        • cochin [ENG31-01793453-n] (Asian breed of large fowl with dense plumage and feathered legs)
                        • chicken [ENG31-01794266-n] (a domestic fowl bred for flesh or eggs)

                          • cock [ENG31-01794799-n] (adult male chicken)

                            • cockerel [ENG31-01795070-n] (a young domestic cock)
                          • capon [ENG31-01795171-n] (castrated male chicken)
                          • hen [ENG31-01795281-n] (adult female chicken)

                            • cackler [ENG31-01795449-n] (a hen that has just laid an egg and emits a shrill squawk)
                            • brood hen [ENG31-01795596-n] (a domestic hen ready to brood)
                            • mother hen [ENG31-01795726-n] (a hen with chicks)
                            • layer [ENG31-01795800-n] (a hen that lays eggs)
                            • pullet [ENG31-01795890-n] (young hen usually less than a year old)
                          • spring chicken [ENG31-01795981-n] (a young chicken having tender meat)
                          • Rhode Island red [ENG31-01796076-n] (American breed of heavy-bodied brownish-red general-purpose chicken)
                          • Dominique [ENG31-01796206-n] (American breed of chicken having barred grey plumage raised for meat and brown eggs)
                          • Orpington [ENG31-01796356-n] (English breed of large chickens with white skin)
                        • bantam [ENG31-01794595-n] (any of various small breeds of fowl)
                        • turkey [ENG31-01796799-n] (large gallinaceous bird with fan-shaped tail)

                          • turkey cock [ENG31-01796985-n] (male turkey)
                        • guinea fowl [ENG31-01811747-n] (a west African bird having dark plumage mottled with white)

                          • guinea hen [ENG31-01812012-n] (female guinea fowl)
                      • jungle fowl [ENG31-01793748-n] (small Asiatic wild bird)

                        • jungle cock [ENG31-01793955-n] (male jungle fowl)
                        • jungle hen [ENG31-01794029-n] (female jungle fowl)
                        • red jungle fowl [ENG31-01794104-n] (a jungle fowl of southeastern Asia that is considered ancestral to the domestic fowl)
                      • ocellated turkey [ENG31-01797292-n] (wild turkey of Central America and northern South America)
                      • guan [ENG31-01801943-n] (any of several large turkey-like game birds of the family Cracidae)

                        • piping guan [ENG31-01802836-n] (a kind of guan)
                      • curassow [ENG31-01802320-n] (large crested arboreal game bird of warm parts of the Americas having long legs and tails)
                      • chachalaca [ENG31-01803065-n] (slender arboreal guan resembling a wild turkey)

                        • Texas chachalaca [ENG31-01803274-n] (of Mexico and Texas)
                      • megapode [ENG31-01803729-n] (large-footed short-winged birds of Australasia)

                        • mallee fowl [ENG31-01804120-n] (Australian mound bird)

                          • mallee hen [ENG31-01804313-n] (adult female mallee fowl)
                        • brush turkey [ENG31-01804517-n] (black megapode of wooded regions of Australia and New Guinea)
                        • maleo [ENG31-01804800-n] (Celebes megapode that lays eggs in holes in sandy beaches)
                      • hoatzin [ENG31-01812393-n] (crested ill-smelling South American bird whose young have claws on the first and second digits of the wings)
                      • columbiform bird [ENG31-01813341-n] (a cosmopolitan order of land birds having small heads and short legs with four unwebbed toes)

                        • dodo [ENG31-01813884-n] (extinct heavy flightless bird of Mauritius related to pigeons)
                        • solitaire [ENG31-01814183-n] (extinct flightless bird related to the dodo)
                        • pigeon [ENG31-01814550-n] (wild and domesticated birds having a heavy body and short legs)

                          • pouter pigeon [ENG31-01814828-n] (one of a breed of pigeon that enlarge their crop until their breast is puffed out)
                          • dove [ENG31-01814978-n] (any of numerous small pigeons)

                            • turtledove [ENG31-01816026-n] (any of several Old World wild doves)

                              • Streptopelia turtur [ENG31-01816173-n] (the common European wild dove noted for its plaintive cooing)
                              • ringdove [ENG31-01816299-n] (greyish Old World turtledove with a black band around the neck)
                            • Australian turtledove [ENG31-01816589-n] (small Australian dove)
                            • mourning dove [ENG31-01816858-n] (wild dove of the United States having a mournful call)
                          • rock dove [ENG31-01815303-n] (pale grey Eurasian pigeon having black-striped wings from which most domestic species are descended)
                          • band-tailed pigeon [ENG31-01815507-n] (wild pigeon of western North America)
                          • wood pigeon [ENG31-01815729-n] (Eurasian pigeon with white patches on wings and neck)
                          • domestic pigeon [ENG31-01817011-n] (domesticated pigeon raised for sport or food)

                            • fairy swallow [ENG31-01817261-n] (fancy domestic pigeon having blue-and-white plumage and heavily muffed feet)
                            • roller [ENG31-01817396-n] (pigeon that executes backward somersaults in flight or on the ground)
                            • homing pigeon [ENG31-01817562-n] (pigeon trained to return home)

                              • carrier pigeon [ENG31-01817677-n] (a homing pigeon used to carry messages)
                          • squab [ENG31-01817190-n] (an unfledged pigeon)
                          • passenger pigeon [ENG31-01817911-n] (gregarious North American migratory pigeon now extinct)
                        • sandgrouse [ENG31-01818242-n] (pigeon-like bird of arid regions of the Old World having long pointed wings and tail and precocial downy young)

                          • painted sandgrouse [ENG31-01818658-n] (sandgrouse of India)
                          • pin-tailed sandgrouse [ENG31-01818781-n] (sandgrouse of Europe and Africa having elongated middle tail feathers)
                          • pallas's sandgrouse [ENG31-01819115-n] (Eurasiatic sandgrouse with a black patch on the belly)
                      • game bird [ENG31-02155855-n] (any bird (as grouse or pheasant) that is hunted for sport)

                        • grouse [ENG31-01797729-n] (popular game bird having a plump body and feathered legs and feet)

                          • black grouse [ENG31-01798186-n] (grouse of which the male is bluish-black)

                            • European black grouse [ENG31-01798376-n] (large northern European grouse that is black with a lyre-shaped tail)
                            • Asian black grouse [ENG31-01798541-n] (a black grouse of western Asia)
                            • blackcock [ENG31-01798660-n] (male black grouse)
                            • greyhen [ENG31-01798746-n] (female black grouse)
                          • ptarmigan [ENG31-01798981-n] (large Arctic and subarctic grouse with feathered feet and usually white winter plumage)

                            • red grouse [ENG31-01799160-n] (reddish-brown grouse of upland moors of Great Britain)

                              • moorhen [ENG31-01799370-n] (female red grouse)
                              • moorcock [ENG31-01799441-n] (male red grouse)
                          • capercaillie [ENG31-01799661-n] (large black Old World grouse)
                          • spruce grouse [ENG31-01799948-n] (North American grouse that feeds on evergreen buds and needles)
                          • sage grouse [ENG31-01800242-n] (large grouse of sagebrush regions of North America)
                          • ruffed grouse [ENG31-01800527-n] (valued as a game bird in eastern United States and Canada)
                          • sharp-tailed grouse [ENG31-01800809-n] (large grouse of prairies and open forests of western North America)
                          • prairie chicken [ENG31-01801125-n] (brown mottled North American grouse of western prairies)

                            • greater prairie chicken [ENG31-01801347-n] (the most common variety of prairie chicken)
                            • lesser prairie chicken [ENG31-01801480-n] (a smaller prairie chicken of western Texas)
                            • heath hen [ENG31-01801620-n] (extinct prairie chicken)
                        • phasianid [ENG31-01805362-n] (a kind of game bird in the family Phasianidae)

                          • pheasant [ENG31-01805719-n] (large long-tailed gallinaceous bird native to the Old World but introduced elsewhere)

                            • ring-necked pheasant [ENG31-01806003-n] (common pheasant having bright plumage and a white neck ring)
                            • afropavo [ENG31-01806282-n] (both sexes are brightly colored)
                            • argus [ENG31-01806534-n] (large brilliantly patterned East Indian pheasant)
                            • golden pheasant [ENG31-01806804-n] (brightly colored crested pheasant of mountains of western and central Asia)
                            • monal [ENG31-01807962-n] (brilliantly colored pheasant of southern Asia)
                            • peafowl [ENG31-01808442-n] (very large terrestrial southeast Asian pheasant often raised as an ornamental bird)

                              • peachick [ENG31-01808702-n] (a young peafowl)
                              • peacock [ENG31-01808784-n] (male peafowl)
                              • peahen [ENG31-01808938-n] (female peafowl)
                              • blue peafowl [ENG31-01809005-n] (peafowl of India and Ceylon)
                              • green peafowl [ENG31-01809108-n] (peafowl of southeast Asia)
                            • tragopan [ENG31-01809746-n] (brilliantly colored Asian pheasant having wattles and two fleshy processes on the head)
                          • quail [ENG31-01809208-n] (small gallinaceous game birds)

                            • bobwhite [ENG31-01807119-n] (a popular North American game bird)

                              • northern bobwhite [ENG31-01807294-n] (a favorite game bird of eastern and central United States)
                            • Old World quail [ENG31-01807562-n] (small game bird with a rounded body and small tail)

                              • migratory quail [ENG31-01807711-n] (the typical Old World quail)
                            • California quail [ENG31-01809488-n] (plump chunky bird of coastal California and Oregon)
                          • partridge [ENG31-01810137-n] (small Old World gallinaceous game birds)

                            • Hungarian partridge [ENG31-01810469-n] (common European partridge)
                            • red-legged partridge [ENG31-01810781-n] (common western European partridge with red legs)
                            • Greek partridge [ENG31-01810932-n] (of mountainous areas of southern Europe)
                            • mountain quail [ENG31-01811237-n] (California partridge)
                        • tinamou [ENG31-01812909-n] (heavy-bodied small-winged South American game bird resembling a gallinaceous bird but related to the ratite birds)
                    • parrot [ENG31-01819528-n] (usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds)

                      • popinjay [ENG31-01819904-n] (an archaic term for a parrot)
                      • poll [ENG31-01819987-n] (a tame parrot)
                      • African grey [ENG31-01820594-n] (commonly domesticated grey parrot with red-and-black tail and white face)
                      • amazon [ENG31-01820940-n] (mainly green tropical American parrots)
                      • macaw [ENG31-01821156-n] (long-tailed brilliantly colored parrot of Central America and South America)
                      • kea [ENG31-01821473-n] (large brownish-green New Zealand parrot)
                      • cockatoo [ENG31-01821756-n] (white or light-colored crested parrot of the Australian region)

                        • sulphur-crested cockatoo [ENG31-01821954-n] (white cockatoo with a yellow erectile crest)
                        • pink cockatoo [ENG31-01822106-n] (white Australian cockatoo with roseate tinged plumage)
                      • cockateel [ENG31-01822375-n] (small grey Australian parrot with a yellow crested head)
                      • lovebird [ENG31-01822693-n] (small African parrot noted for showing affection for their mates)
                      • lory [ENG31-01822989-n] (small brightly colored Australasian parrots having a brush-tipped tongue for feeding on nectar and soft fruits)

                        • lorikeet [ENG31-01823187-n] (any of various small lories)

                          • varied Lorikeet [ENG31-01823442-n] (lorikeet with a colorful coat)
                          • rainbow lorikeet [ENG31-01823717-n] (a kind of lorikeet)
                      • parakeet [ENG31-01823844-n] (any of numerous small slender long-tailed parrots)

                        • Carolina parakeet [ENG31-01824195-n] (extinct parakeet whose range extended far into the United States)
                        • budgerigar [ENG31-01824510-n] (small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colors)
                        • ring-necked parakeet [ENG31-01824941-n] (African parakeet)
                    • cuculiform bird [ENG31-01825243-n] (birds having zygodactyl feet (except for the touracos))

                      • cuckoo [ENG31-01825654-n] (any of numerous European and North American birds having pointed wings and a long tail)

                        • European cuckoo [ENG31-01826055-n] (common cuckoo of Europe having a distinctive two-note call)
                        • black-billed cuckoo [ENG31-01826381-n] (North American cuckoo)
                        • roadrunner [ENG31-01826676-n] (speedy largely terrestrial bird found from California and Mexico to Texas)
                        • ani [ENG31-01826985-n] (black tropical American cuckoo)
                        • coucal [ENG31-01827216-n] (Old World ground-living cuckoo having a long dagger-like hind claw)

                          • crow pheasant [ENG31-01827390-n] (common coucal of India and China)
                          • pheasant coucal [ENG31-01827503-n] (Australian bird with a tail like a pheasant)
                      • touraco [ENG31-01827919-n] (large brightly crested bird of Africa)
                    • coraciiform bird [ENG31-01828571-n] (chiefly short-legged arboreal nonpasserine birds that nest in holes)

                      • roller [ENG31-01829005-n] (Old World bird that tumbles or rolls in flight)

                        • European roller [ENG31-01829321-n] (common European blue-and-green roller with a reddish-brown back)
                        • ground roller [ENG31-01829485-n] (Madagascan roller with terrestrial and crepuscular habits that feeds on e.g. insects and worms)
                      • kingfisher [ENG31-01830044-n] (nonpasserine large-headed bird with a short tail and long sharp bill)

                        • Eurasian kingfisher [ENG31-01830434-n] (small kingfisher with greenish-blue and orange plumage)
                        • belted kingfisher [ENG31-01830737-n] (greyish-blue North American kingfisher with a chestnut band on its chest)
                        • kookaburra [ENG31-01831197-n] (Australian kingfisher having a loud cackling cry)
                      • bee eater [ENG31-01831611-n] (colorful chiefly tropical Old World bird having a strong graceful flight)
                      • hornbill [ENG31-01832054-n] (bird of tropical Africa and Asia having a very large bill surmounted by a bony protuberance)
                      • hoopoe [ENG31-01832510-n] (any of several crested Old World birds with a slender downward-curved bill)

                        • Euopean hoopoe [ENG31-01832683-n] (pinkish-brown hoopoe with black-and-white wings)
                      • wood hoopoe [ENG31-01833120-n] (tropical African bird having metallic blackish plumage but no crest)
                      • motmot [ENG31-01833556-n] (tropical American bird resembling a blue jay and having greenish and bluish plumage)
                      • tody [ENG31-01834001-n] (tiny insectivorous West Indian bird having red-and-green plumage and a long straight bill)
                    • apodiform bird [ENG31-01834353-n] (nonpasserine bird having long wings and weak feet)

                      • swift [ENG31-01834808-n] (a small bird that resembles a swallow and is noted for its rapid flight)

                        • European swift [ENG31-01835134-n] (common European bird with a shrieking call that nests chiefly about eaves of buildings or on cliffs)
                        • chimney swift [ENG31-01835454-n] (American swift that nests in e.g. unused chimneys)
                        • swiftlet [ENG31-01835753-n] (swift of eastern Asia)
                      • tree swift [ENG31-01836056-n] (birds of southeast Asia and East Indies differing from true swifts in having upright crests and nesting in trees)
                      • hummingbird [ENG31-01836446-n] (tiny American bird having brilliant iridescent plumage and long slender bills)

                        • Archilochus colubris [ENG31-01836818-n] (a kind of hummingbird)
                        • thornbill [ENG31-01837181-n] (any of various South American hummingbirds with a sharp pointed bill)
                    • caprimulgiform bird [ENG31-01837559-n] (long-winged nonpasserine birds)

                      • goatsucker [ENG31-01837917-n] (mainly crepuscular or nocturnal nonpasserine birds with mottled greyish-brown plumage and large eyes)

                        • European goatsucker [ENG31-01838410-n] (Old World goatsucker)
                        • chuck-will's-widow [ENG31-01838559-n] (large whippoorwill-like bird of the southern United States)
                        • whippoorwill [ENG31-01838728-n] (American nocturnal goatsucker with grey-and-white plumage)
                        • nighthawk [ENG31-01839025-n] (mainly nocturnal North American goatsucker)
                        • poorwill [ENG31-01839314-n] (goatsucker of western North America)
                      • frogmouth [ENG31-01839713-n] (insectivorous bird of Australia and southeastern Asia having a wide frog-like mouth)
                      • oilbird [ENG31-01840167-n] (nocturnal fruit-eating bird of South America that has fatty young yielding an oil that is used instead of butter)
                    • piciform bird [ENG31-01840679-n] (any of numerous nonpasserine insectivorous climbing birds usually having strong bills for boring wood)

                      • woodpecker [ENG31-01841239-n] (bird with strong claws and a stiff tail adapted for climbing and a hard chisel-like bill for boring into wood for insects)

                        • green woodpecker [ENG31-01841727-n] (woodpecker of Europe and western Asia)
                        • downy woodpecker [ENG31-01841971-n] (small North American woodpecker with black and white plumage and a small bill)
                        • flicker [ENG31-01842239-n] (North American woodpecker)

                          • yellow-shafted flicker [ENG31-01842391-n] (large flicker of eastern North America with a red neck and yellow undersurface to wings and tail)
                          • gilded flicker [ENG31-01842590-n] (southwestern United States bird like the yellow-shafted flicker but lacking the red neck)
                          • red-shafted flicker [ENG31-01842761-n] (western United States bird with red undersurface to wings and tail)
                        • ivorybill [ENG31-01843053-n] (large black-and-white woodpecker of southern United States and Cuba having an ivory bill)
                        • redheaded woodpecker [ENG31-01843416-n] (black-and-white North American woodpecker having a red head and neck)
                        • sapsucker [ENG31-01843743-n] (small American woodpecker that feeds on sap from e.g. apple and maple trees)

                          • yellow-bellied sapsucker [ENG31-01843929-n] (eastern North American sapsucker having a pale yellow abdomen)
                          • red-breasted sapsucker [ENG31-01844082-n] (western North American sapsucker)
                        • wryneck [ENG31-01844320-n] (Old World woodpecker with a peculiar habit of twisting the neck)
                        • piculet [ENG31-01844584-n] (small woodpeckers of South America and Africa and East Indies having soft rounded tail feathers)
                      • barbet [ENG31-01844876-n] (small brightly colored stout-billed tropical bird having short weak wings)
                      • puffbird [ENG31-01845145-n] (brownish tropical American bird having a large head with fluffed out feathers)
                      • honey guide [ENG31-01845429-n] (small bird of tropical Africa and Asia)
                      • jacamar [ENG31-01845706-n] (tropical American insectivorous bird having a long sharp bill and iridescent green or bronze plumage)
                      • toucan [ENG31-01846024-n] (brilliantly colored arboreal fruit-eating bird of tropical America having a very large thin-walled beak)

                        • toucanet [ENG31-01846360-n] (small toucan)
                    • trogon [ENG31-01846872-n] (forest bird of warm regions of the New World having brilliant lustrous plumage and long tails)

                      • quetzal [ENG31-01847192-n] (large trogon of Central America and South America having golden-green and scarlet plumage)

                        • resplendent quetzel [ENG31-01847387-n] (very rare Central American bird)
                    • aquatic bird [ENG31-01847558-n] (wading and swimming and diving birds of either fresh or salt water)

                      • waterfowl [ENG31-01847773-n] (freshwater aquatic bird)

                        • anseriform bird [ENG31-01848118-n] (chiefly web-footed swimming birds)

                          • duck [ENG31-01848972-n] (small wild or domesticated web-footed broad-billed swimming bird usually having a depressed body and short legs)

                            • drake [ENG31-01849641-n] (adult male of a wild or domestic duck)
                            • quack-quack [ENG31-01849730-n] (child's word for a duck)
                            • duckling [ENG31-01849811-n] (young duck)
                            • diving duck [ENG31-01849894-n] (any of various ducks of especially bays and estuaries that dive for their food)
                            • dabbling duck [ENG31-01850048-n] (any of numerous shallow-water ducks that feed by upending and dabbling)
                            • mallard [ENG31-01850447-n] (wild dabbling duck from which domestic ducks are descended)
                            • black duck [ENG31-01850619-n] (a dusky duck of northeastern United States and Canada)
                            • teal [ENG31-01850764-n] (any of various small short-necked dabbling river ducks of Europe and America)

                              • greenwing [ENG31-01850964-n] (common teal of Eurasia and North America)
                              • bluewing [ENG31-01851094-n] (American teal)
                              • garganey [ENG31-01851196-n] (small Eurasian teal)
                            • widgeon [ENG31-01851289-n] (freshwater duck of Eurasia and northern Africa related to mallards and teals)

                              • American widgeon [ENG31-01851481-n] (a widgeon the male of which has a white crown)
                            • shoveler [ENG31-01851617-n] (freshwater duck of the northern hemisphere having a broad flat bill)
                            • pintail [ENG31-01851798-n] (long-necked river duck of the Old and New Worlds having elongated central tail feathers)
                            • sheldrake [ENG31-01852107-n] (Old World gooselike duck slightly larger than a mallard with variegated mostly black-and-white plumage and a red bill)

                              • shelduck [ENG31-01852317-n] (female sheldrake)
                            • ruddy duck [ENG31-01852504-n] (reddish-brown stiff-tailed duck of North America and northern South America)
                            • bufflehead [ENG31-01852833-n] (small North American diving duck)
                            • goldeneye [ENG31-01853014-n] (large-headed swift-flying diving duck of Arctic regions)

                              • Barrow's goldeneye [ENG31-01853194-n] (North American goldeneye diving duck)
                            • canvasback [ENG31-01853514-n] (North American wild duck valued for sport and food)
                            • pochard [ENG31-01853679-n] (heavy-bodied Old World diving duck having a grey-and-black body and reddish head)
                            • redhead [ENG31-01853848-n] (North American diving duck with a grey-and-black body and reddish-brown head)
                            • scaup [ENG31-01854016-n] (diving ducks of North America having a bluish-grey bill)

                              • greater scaup [ENG31-01854214-n] (large scaup of North America having a greenish iridescence on the head of the male)
                              • lesser scaup [ENG31-01854372-n] (common scaup of North America)
                            • wild duck [ENG31-01854536-n] (an undomesticated duck (especially a mallard))
                            • wood duck [ENG31-01854783-n] (showy North American duck that nests in hollow trees)

                              • wood drake [ENG31-01854970-n] (male wood duck)
                            • mandarin duck [ENG31-01855041-n] (showy crested Asiatic duck)
                            • muscovy duck [ENG31-01855312-n] (large crested wild duck of Central America and South America)
                            • sea duck [ENG31-01855502-n] (any of various large diving ducks found along the seacoast: eider)

                              • eider [ENG31-01855836-n] (duck of the northern hemisphere much valued for the fine soft down of the females)
                              • scoter [ENG31-01856139-n] (large black diving duck of northern parts of the northern hemisphere)

                                • common scoter [ENG31-01856307-n] (a variety of scoter)
                              • old squaw [ENG31-01856511-n] (a common long-tailed sea duck of the northern parts of the United States)
                              • merganser [ENG31-01857056-n] (large crested fish-eating diving duck having a slender hooked bill with serrated edges)

                                • goosander [ENG31-01857341-n] (common merganser of Europe and North America)
                                • American merganser [ENG31-01857479-n] (common North American diving duck considered a variety of the European goosander)
                                • red-breasted merganser [ENG31-01857673-n] (widely distributed merganser of America and Europe)
                                • smew [ENG31-01857829-n] (smallest merganser and most expert diver)
                                • hooded merganser [ENG31-01858117-n] (small North American duck with a high circular crest on the male's head)
                          • goose [ENG31-01858313-n] (web-footed long-necked typically gregarious migratory aquatic birds usually larger and less aquatic than ducks)

                            • gosling [ENG31-01858713-n] (young goose)
                            • gander [ENG31-01858796-n] (mature male goose)
                            • Chinese goose [ENG31-01859021-n] (very large wild goose of northeast Asia)
                            • greylag [ENG31-01859194-n] (common grey wild goose of Europe)
                            • blue goose [ENG31-01859531-n] (North American wild goose having dark plumage in summer but white in winter)

                              • snow goose [ENG31-01859720-n] (blue goose in the white color phase)
                            • brant [ENG31-01859966-n] (small dark geese that breed in the north and migrate southward)

                              • common brant goose [ENG31-01860153-n] (the best known variety of brant goose)
                            • honker [ENG31-01860273-n] (common greyish-brown wild goose of North America with a loud, trumpeting call)
                            • barnacle goose [ENG31-01860492-n] (European goose smaller than the brant)
                        • screamer [ENG31-01863138-n] (gooselike aquatic bird of South America having a harsh trumpeting call)

                          • horned screamer [ENG31-01863505-n] (screamer having a hornlike process projecting from the forehead)
                          • crested screamer [ENG31-01863789-n] (distinguished from the horned screamer by a feathery crest on the back of the head)

                            • chaja [ENG31-01863971-n] (largest crested screamer)
                      • swan [ENG31-01861082-n] (stately heavy-bodied aquatic bird with very long neck and usually white plumage as adult)

                        • coscoroba [ENG31-01860922-n] (large white South American bird intermediate in some respects between ducks and swans)
                        • cob [ENG31-01861421-n] (adult male swan)
                        • pen [ENG31-01861486-n] (female swan)
                        • mute swan [ENG31-01861831-n] (soundless Eurasian swan)
                        • whooper [ENG31-01861966-n] (common Old World swan noted for its whooping call)
                        • tundra swan [ENG31-01862137-n] (swan that nests in tundra regions of the New and Old Worlds)

                          • whistling swan [ENG31-01862330-n] (North American subspecies of tundra swan having a soft whistling note)
                          • Bewick's swan [ENG31-01862493-n] (Eurasian subspecies of tundra swan)
                        • trumpeter [ENG31-01862643-n] (large pure white wild swan of western North America having a sonorous cry)
                        • black swan [ENG31-01862828-n] (large Australian swan having black plumage and a red bill)
                      • wading bird [ENG31-02003608-n] (any of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search of food)

                        • stork [ENG31-02004729-n] (large mostly Old World wading birds typically having white-and-black plumage)

                          • white stork [ENG31-02005210-n] (the common stork of Europe)
                          • black stork [ENG31-02005378-n] (Old World stork that is glossy black above and white below)
                          • adjutant bird [ENG31-02005691-n] (large Indian stork with a military gait)
                          • marabou [ENG31-02005858-n] (large African black-and-white carrion-eating stork)
                          • openbill [ENG31-02006231-n] (stork with a grooved bill whose upper and lower parts touch only at the base and tip)
                          • jabiru [ENG31-02006493-n] (large white stork of warm regions of the world especially America)
                          • saddlebill [ENG31-02006785-n] (large black-and-white stork of tropical Africa)
                          • policeman bird [ENG31-02007146-n] (large mostly white Australian stork)
                          • wood ibis [ENG31-02007509-n] (an American stork that resembles the true ibises in having a downward-curved bill)
                        • shoebill [ENG31-02008053-n] (large stork-like bird of the valley of the White Nile with a broad bill suggesting a wooden shoe)
                        • ibis [ENG31-02008444-n] (wading birds of warm regions having long slender down-curved bills)

                          • wood ibis [ENG31-02008717-n] (any of several Old World birds of the genus Ibis)
                          • sacred ibis [ENG31-02009018-n] (African ibis venerated by ancient Egyptians)
                        • spoonbill [ENG31-02009310-n] (wading birds having a long flat bill with a tip like a spoon)

                          • common spoonbill [ENG31-02009639-n] (pure white crested spoonbill of southern Eurasia and northeastern Africa)
                          • roseate spoonbill [ENG31-02009938-n] (tropical rose-colored New World spoonbill)
                        • flamingo [ENG31-02010212-n] (large pink to scarlet web-footed wading bird with down-bent bill)
                        • heron [ENG31-02010695-n] (grey or white wading bird with long neck and long legs and (usually) long bill)

                          • great blue heron [ENG31-02011151-n] (large American heron having bluish-grey plumage)
                          • great white heron [ENG31-02011297-n] (large white heron of Florida and the Florida Keys)
                          • egret [ENG31-02011450-n] (any of various usually white herons having long plumes during breeding season)

                            • snowy egret [ENG31-02012034-n] (small New World egret)
                            • little egret [ENG31-02012162-n] (Old World egret)
                            • great white heron [ENG31-02012404-n] (widely distributed Old World white egret)
                            • American egret [ENG31-02012566-n] (a common egret of the genus Egretta found in America)
                            • cattle egret [ENG31-02012926-n] (small white egret widely distributed in warm regions often found around grazing animals)
                          • little blue heron [ENG31-02011883-n] (small bluish-grey heron of the western hemisphere)
                          • night heron [ENG31-02013107-n] (nocturnal or crepuscular herons)

                            • black-crowned night heron [ENG31-02013382-n] (night heron of both Old and New Worlds)
                            • yellow-crowned night heron [ENG31-02013670-n] (North American night heron)
                          • boatbill [ENG31-02013935-n] (tropical American heron related to night herons)
                          • bittern [ENG31-02014114-n] (relatively small compact tawny-brown heron with nocturnal habits and a booming cry)

                            • American bittern [ENG31-02014459-n] (a kind of bittern)
                            • European bittern [ENG31-02014597-n] (a kind of bittern)
                            • least bittern [ENG31-02014839-n] (small American bittern)
                        • crane [ENG31-02015503-n] (large long-necked wading bird of marshes and plains in many parts of the world)

                          • whooping crane [ENG31-02015831-n] (rare North American crane having black-and-white plumage and a trumpeting call)
                        • courlan [ENG31-02016221-n] (wading bird of South America and Central America)
                        • limpkin [ENG31-02016360-n] (wading bird of Florida, Cuba and Jamaica having a drooping bill and a distinctive wailing call)
                        • crested cariama [ENG31-02016891-n] (Brazilian Cariama)
                        • chunga [ENG31-02017178-n] (Argentinian Cariama)
                        • rail [ENG31-02017595-n] (any of numerous widely distributed small wading birds of the family Rallidae having short wings and very long toes for running on soft mud)

                          • weka [ENG31-02018011-n] (flightless New Zealand rail of thievish disposition having short wings each with a spur used in fighting)
                          • crake [ENG31-02018208-n] (any of several short-billed Old World rails)

                            • corncrake [ENG31-02018451-n] (common Eurasian rail that frequents grain fields)
                            • spotted crake [ENG31-02018720-n] (Eurasian rail of swamps and marshes)
                          • notornis [ENG31-02020379-n] (flightless New Zealand birds similar to gallinules)
                          • coot [ENG31-02020681-n] (slate-black slow-flying birds somewhat resembling ducks)

                            • American coot [ENG31-02020861-n] (a coot found in North America)
                            • Old World coot [ENG31-02021022-n] (a coot found in Eurasia)
                        • bustard [ENG31-02021449-n] (large heavy-bodied chiefly terrestrial game bird capable of powerful swift flight)

                          • great bustard [ENG31-02021844-n] (largest European land bird)
                          • plain turkey [ENG31-02022092-n] (popular Australian game bird)
                        • button quail [ENG31-02022583-n] (small quail-like terrestrial bird of southern Eurasia and northern Africa that lacks a hind toe)

                          • striped button quail [ENG31-02022873-n] (a variety of button quail having stripes)
                        • ortygan [ENG31-02022999-n] (any of several East Indian birds)
                        • plain wanderer [ENG31-02023232-n] (small Australian bird related to the button quail)
                        • trumpeter [ENG31-02023704-n] (large gregarious crane-like bird of the forests of South America having glossy black plumage and a loud prolonged cry)

                          • Brazilian trumpeter [ENG31-02023935-n] (trumpeter of Brazil and Guiana)
                        • shorebird [ENG31-02025338-n] (any of numerous wading birds that frequent mostly seashores and estuaries)

                          • plover [ENG31-02025995-n] (any of numerous chiefly shorebirds of relatively compact build having straight bills and large pointed wings)

                            • piping plover [ENG31-02026509-n] (small plover of eastern North America)
                            • killdeer [ENG31-02026646-n] (American plover of inland waters and fields having a distinctive cry)
                            • dotterel [ENG31-02026839-n] (rare plover of upland areas of Eurasia)
                            • golden plover [ENG31-02027133-n] (plovers of Europe and America having the backs marked with golden-yellow spots)
                            • lapwing [ENG31-02027417-n] (large crested Old World plover having wattles and spurs)
                            • turnstone [ENG31-02027697-n] (migratory shorebirds of the plover family that turn over stones in searching for food)

                              • ruddy turnstone [ENG31-02027893-n] (common Arctic turnstone that winters in South America and Australia)
                              • black turnstone [ENG31-02028043-n] (common turnstone of the Pacific coast of North America)
                          • sandpiper [ENG31-02028713-n] (any of numerous usually small wading birds having a slender bill and piping call)

                            • European sandpiper [ENG31-02029602-n] (a variety of sandpiper)
                            • spotted sandpiper [ENG31-02029729-n] (common North American sandpiper)
                            • least sandpiper [ENG31-02030011-n] (smallest American sandpiper)
                            • red-backed sandpiper [ENG31-02030146-n] (small common sandpiper that breeds in northern or Arctic regions and winters in southern United States or Mediterranean regions)
                            • greenshank [ENG31-02030551-n] (large European sandpiper with greenish legs)
                            • redshank [ENG31-02030689-n] (a common Old World wading bird with long red legs)
                            • yellowlegs [ENG31-02030829-n] (either of two North American shorebird with yellow legs)

                              • greater yellowlegs [ENG31-02030996-n] (a variety of yellowlegs)
                              • lesser yellowlegs [ENG31-02031105-n] (a variety of yellowlegs)
                            • pectoral sandpiper [ENG31-02031381-n] (American sandpiper that inflates its chest when courting)
                            • knot [ENG31-02031554-n] (a sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and winters in the southern hemisphere)
                            • curlew sandpiper [ENG31-02031741-n] (Old World sandpiper with a curved bill like a curlew)
                            • sanderling [ENG31-02032032-n] (small sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and migrates southward along sandy coasts in most of world)
                            • upland sandpiper [ENG31-02032360-n] (large plover-like sandpiper of North American fields and uplands)
                            • ruff [ENG31-02032689-n] (common Eurasian sandpiper)

                              • reeve [ENG31-02032878-n] (female ruff)
                            • tattler [ENG31-02032941-n] (any of several long-legged shorebirds having a loud whistling cry)

                              • Polynesian tattler [ENG31-02033222-n] (tattler of Pacific coastal regions)
                              • willet [ENG31-02033491-n] (large North American shorebird of eastern and Gulf Coasts)
                          • surfbird [ENG31-02029283-n] (sandpiper-like shorebird of Pacific coasts of North America and South America)
                          • woodcock [ENG31-02033650-n] (game bird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe)

                            • Eurasian woodcock [ENG31-02033952-n] (short-legged long-billed migratory Old World woodcock)
                            • American woodcock [ENG31-02034239-n] (small long-billed woodcock)
                          • snipe [ENG31-02034588-n] (Old or New World straight-billed game bird of the sandpiper family)

                            • whole snipe [ENG31-02034876-n] (common snipe of Eurasia and Africa)
                            • Wilson's snipe [ENG31-02035009-n] (American snipe)
                            • great snipe [ENG31-02035134-n] (Old World snipe larger and darker than the whole snipe)
                            • jacksnipe [ENG31-02035423-n] (a small short-billed Old World snipe)
                            • dowitcher [ENG31-02035695-n] (shorebird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe)

                              • greyback [ENG31-02035862-n] (a dowitcher with a grey back)
                              • red-breasted snipe [ENG31-02035978-n] (a dowitcher with a red breast)
                          • curlew [ENG31-02036215-n] (large migratory shorebirds of the sandpiper family)

                            • European curlew [ENG31-02036433-n] (common Eurasian curlew)
                            • Eskimo curlew [ENG31-02036536-n] (New World curlew that breeds in northern North America)
                          • godwit [ENG31-02036783-n] (large wading bird that resembles a curlew)

                            • Hudsonian godwit [ENG31-02036949-n] (New World godwit)
                          • stilt [ENG31-02037315-n] (long-legged three-toed black-and-white wading bird of inland ponds and marshes or brackish lagoons)

                            • black-necked stilt [ENG31-02037625-n] (stilt of southwestern United States to northern South America having black plumage extending from the head down the back of the neck)
                            • black-winged stilt [ENG31-02037864-n] (stilt of Europe and Africa and Asia having mostly white plumage but with black wings)
                            • white-headed stilt [ENG31-02038056-n] (stilt of the southwest Pacific including Australia and New Zealand having mostly white plumage but with black wings and nape of neck)
                            • kaki [ENG31-02038310-n] (blackish stilt of New Zealand sometimes considered a color phase of the white-headed stilt)
                          • stilt [ENG31-02038707-n] (long-legged three-toed wading bird of brackish marshes of Australia)

                            • banded stilt [ENG31-02038882-n] (web-footed Australian stilt with reddish-brown pectoral markings)
                          • avocet [ENG31-02039365-n] (long-legged web-footed black-and-white shorebird with slender upward-curving bill)
                          • oystercatcher [ENG31-02039764-n] (black-and-white shorebird with stout legs and bill)
                          • phalarope [ENG31-02040118-n] (small sandpiper-like shorebird having lobate toes and being good swimmers)

                            • red phalarope [ENG31-02040523-n] (phalarope of northern oceans and lakes)
                            • northern phalarope [ENG31-02040795-n] (breeds in Arctic regions of Old and New Worlds)
                            • Wilson's phalarope [ENG31-02041120-n] (breeds on the northern great plains of Canada)
                          • pratincole [ENG31-02041647-n] (Old World shorebird with long pointed wings and short legs)
                          • courser [ENG31-02041825-n] (swift-footed terrestrial plover-like bird of southern Asia and Africa)

                            • cream-colored courser [ENG31-02042151-n] (courser of desert and semidesert regions of the Old World)
                            • crocodile bird [ENG31-02042434-n] (African courser that feeds on insect parasites on crocodiles)
                          • stone curlew [ENG31-02042920-n] (large-headed large-eyed crepuscular or nocturnal shorebird of the Old World and tropical America having a thickened knee joint)
                      • gallinule [ENG31-02019012-n] (any of various small aquatic birds of the genus Gallinula distinguished from rails by a frontal shield and a resemblance to domestic hens)

                        • Florida gallinule [ENG31-02019313-n] (North American dark bluish-grey gallinule)
                        • moorhen [ENG31-02019470-n] (black gallinule that inhabits ponds and lakes)
                        • purple gallinule [ENG31-02019610-n] (gallinules with showy purplish plumage)

                          • European gallinule [ENG31-02019867-n] (purple gallinule of southern Europe)
                          • American gallinule [ENG31-02020129-n] (American purple gallinule)
                      • seabird [ENG31-02024449-n] (a bird that frequents coastal waters and the open ocean: gulls)

                        • coastal diving bird [ENG31-02043159-n] (gull family)

                          • larid [ENG31-02043739-n] (long-winged web-footed aquatic bird of the gull family)

                            • gull [ENG31-02043900-n] (mostly white aquatic bird having long pointed wings and short legs)

                              • mew [ENG31-02044332-n] (the common gull of Eurasia and northeastern North America)
                              • black-backed gull [ENG31-02044529-n] (white gull having a black back and wings)
                              • herring gull [ENG31-02044700-n] (large gull of the northern hemisphere)
                              • laughing gull [ENG31-02044834-n] (small black-headed European gull)
                              • ivory gull [ENG31-02045126-n] (white Arctic gull)
                              • kittiwake [ENG31-02045413-n] (small pearl-grey gull of northern regions)
                            • tern [ENG31-02045717-n] (small slender gull having narrow wings and a forked tail)

                              • sea swallow [ENG31-02045987-n] (common tern of Eurasia and America having white black and grey plumage)
                          • skimmer [ENG31-02046462-n] (gull-like seabird that flies along the surface of the water with an elongated lower mandible immersed to skim out food)
                          • jaeger [ENG31-02046832-n] (rapacious seabird that pursues weaker birds to make them drop their prey)

                            • parasitic jaeger [ENG31-02047171-n] (a variety of jaeger)
                            • skua [ENG31-02047432-n] (gull-like jaeger of northern seas)

                              • great skua [ENG31-02047562-n] (large brown skua of the northern Atlantic)
                        • auk [ENG31-02048023-n] (black-and-white short-necked web-footed diving bird of northern seas)

                          • auklet [ENG31-02048250-n] (any of several small auks of the northern Pacific coasts)
                          • razorbill [ENG31-02048518-n] (black-and-white northern Atlantic auk having a compressed sharp-edged bill)
                          • little auk [ENG31-02048825-n] (small short-billed auk abundant in Arctic regions)
                          • great auk [ENG31-02049096-n] (large flightless auk of rocky islands off northern Atlantic coasts)
                          • guillemot [ENG31-02049413-n] (small black or brown speckled auks of northern seas)

                            • black guillemot [ENG31-02049593-n] (northern Atlantic guillemot)
                            • pigeon guillemot [ENG31-02049699-n] (northern Pacific guillemot)
                            • murre [ENG31-02049914-n] (black-and-white diving bird of northern seas)

                              • common murre [ENG31-02050065-n] (the most frequent variety of murre)
                              • thick-billed murre [ENG31-02050171-n] (a variety of murre)
                        • puffin [ENG31-02050268-n] (any of two genera of northern seabirds having short necks and brightly colored compressed bills)

                          • Atlantic puffin [ENG31-02050629-n] (common puffin of the northern Atlantic)
                          • horned puffin [ENG31-02050769-n] (northern Pacific puffin)
                          • tufted puffin [ENG31-02051007-n] (northern Pacific puffin having a large yellow plume over each eye)
                        • gaviiform seabird [ENG31-02051352-n] (seabirds of the order Gaviiformes)

                          • loon [ENG31-02051742-n] (large somewhat primitive fish-eating diving bird of the northern hemisphere having webbed feet placed far back)
                        • podicipitiform seabird [ENG31-02052186-n] (aquatic birds related to the loons)

                          • grebe [ENG31-02052658-n] (small compact-bodied almost completely aquatic bird that builds floating nests)

                            • great crested grebe [ENG31-02052967-n] (large Old World grebe with black ear tufts)
                            • red-necked grebe [ENG31-02053096-n] (large stocky grebe of circumpolar regions having a dark neck)
                            • black-necked grebe [ENG31-02053240-n] (small grebe with yellow ear tufts and a black neck)
                            • dabchick [ENG31-02053463-n] (small European grebe)
                            • pied-billed grebe [ENG31-02053713-n] (American grebe having a black-banded whitish bill)
                        • pelecaniform seabird [ENG31-02054128-n] (large fish-eating seabird with four-toed webbed feet)

                          • pelican [ENG31-02054499-n] (large long-winged warm-water seabird having a large bill with a distensible pouch for fish)

                            • white pelican [ENG31-02054858-n] (large American pelican)
                            • Old world white pelican [ENG31-02055019-n] (similar to American white pelican)
                          • frigate bird [ENG31-02055429-n] (long-billed warm-water seabird with wide wingspan and forked tail)
                          • gannet [ENG31-02055737-n] (large heavily built seabird with a long stout bill noted for its plunging dives for fish)

                            • solan [ENG31-02056079-n] (very large white gannet with black wing tips)
                            • booby [ENG31-02056238-n] (small tropical gannet having a bright bill or bright feet or both)
                          • cormorant [ENG31-02056690-n] (large voracious dark-colored long-necked seabird with a distensible pouch for holding fish)
                          • snakebird [ENG31-02057156-n] (fish-eating bird of warm inland waters having a long flexible neck and slender sharp-pointed bill)

                            • water turkey [ENG31-02057365-n] (blackish New World snakebird of swampy regions)
                          • tropic bird [ENG31-02057761-n] (mostly white web-footed tropical seabird often found far from land)
                        • sphenisciform seabird [ENG31-02058312-n] (flightless cold-water seabirds: penguins)

                          • penguin [ENG31-02058457-n] (short-legged flightless birds of cold southern especially Antarctic regions having webbed feet and wings modified as flippers)

                            • Adelie [ENG31-02058882-n] (medium-sized penguins occurring in large colonies on the Adelie Coast of Antarctica)
                            • king penguin [ENG31-02059224-n] (large penguin on islands bordering the Antarctic Circle)
                            • emperor penguin [ENG31-02059382-n] (the largest penguin)
                            • jackass penguin [ENG31-02059689-n] (small penguin of South America and southern Africa with a braying call)
                            • rock hopper [ENG31-02059984-n] (small penguin of the Falkland Islands and New Zealand)
                        • pelagic bird [ENG31-02060385-n] (bird of the open seas)

                          • procellariiform seabird [ENG31-02060552-n] (large long-winged bird with hooked bill and tubular nostrils that wanders the open seas)
                          • albatross [ENG31-02060875-n] (large web-footed birds of the southern hemisphere having long narrow wings)

                            • wandering albatross [ENG31-02061248-n] (very large albatross)
                            • black-footed albatross [ENG31-02061401-n] (a variety of albatross with black feet)
                          • petrel [ENG31-02061815-n] (relatively small long-winged tube-nosed bird that flies far from land)

                            • white-chinned petrel [ENG31-02062194-n] (large black petrel of southern seas having a white mark on the chin)
                            • giant petrel [ENG31-02062505-n] (large brownish petrel chiefly of Antarctic seas)
                            • fulmar [ENG31-02062786-n] (heavy short-tailed oceanic bird of polar regions)
                            • shearwater [ENG31-02063064-n] (long-winged oceanic bird that in flight skims close to the waves)

                              • Manx shearwater [ENG31-02063222-n] (small black-and-white shearwater common in the northeastern Atlantic)
                            • storm petrel [ENG31-02063542-n] (any of various small petrels having dark plumage with paler underparts)

                              • stormy petrel [ENG31-02063870-n] (sooty black petrel with white markings)
                              • Mother Carey's chicken [ENG31-02064213-n] (medium-sized storm petrel)
                          • diving petrel [ENG31-02064506-n] (any of several small diving birds of southern hemisphere seas)
                    • twitterer [ENG31-02514361-n] (a bird that twitters)
                  • amphibian [ENG31-01630065-n] (cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water)

                    • Hynerpeton bassetti [ENG31-01630617-n] (fossil amphibian of the Devonian having well-developed forelimbs)
                    • Ichyostega [ENG31-01630972-n] (early tetrapod amphibian found in Greenland)
                    • urodele [ENG31-01631411-n] (amphibians that resemble lizards)
                    • salamander [ENG31-01631917-n] (any of various typically terrestrial amphibians that resemble lizards and that return to water only to breed)

                      • European fire salamander [ENG31-01632460-n] (a kind of European salamander)
                      • spotted salamander [ENG31-01632603-n] (European salamander having dark skin with usually yellow spots)
                      • alpine salamander [ENG31-01632789-n] (ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps)
                      • newt [ENG31-01632925-n] (small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and northern Asia)

                        • common newt [ENG31-01633311-n] (small semiaquatic salamander)
                        • red eft [ENG31-01633542-n] (red terrestrial form of a common North American newt)
                        • Pacific newt [ENG31-01633816-n] (any of several rough-skinned newts found in western North America)

                          • rough-skinned newt [ENG31-01633995-n] (newt of humid coast from Alaska to southern California)
                          • California newt [ENG31-01634153-n] (newt that is similar to Taricha granulosa in characteristics and habitat)
                        • eft [ENG31-01634304-n] (a newt in its terrestrial stage of development)
                      • ambystomid [ENG31-01634688-n] (small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander)

                        • mole salamander [ENG31-01634949-n] (brownish-black burrowing salamander of southeastern United States)
                        • spotted salamander [ENG31-01635099-n] (glossy black North American salamander with yellow spots)
                        • tiger salamander [ENG31-01635242-n] (widely distributed brown or black North American salamander with vertical yellowish blotches)
                        • axolotl [ENG31-01635418-n] (larval salamander of mountain lakes of Mexico that usually lives without metamorphosing)
                        • waterdog [ENG31-01635593-n] (any of several large aquatic salamanders)
                      • hellbender [ENG31-01636047-n] (large salamander of North American rivers and streams)
                      • giant salamander [ENG31-01636422-n] (large (up to more than three feet) edible salamander of Asia)
                      • olm [ENG31-01636868-n] (European aquatic salamander with permanent external gills that lives in caves)
                      • mud puppy [ENG31-01637163-n] (aquatic North American salamander with red feathery external gills)
                      • dicamptodon [ENG31-01637668-n] (salamanders found near cold streams throughout the year)
                      • Pacific giant salamander [ENG31-01637817-n] (large (to 7 inches) salamander of western North America)
                      • olympic salamander [ENG31-01638121-n] (small large-eyed semiaquatic salamander of the United States Northwest)
                      • lungless salamander [ENG31-01638768-n] (mostly terrestrial salamanders that breathe through their thin moist skin)
                      • eastern red-backed salamander [ENG31-01638993-n] (common salamander of eastern North America)
                      • western red-backed salamander [ENG31-01639151-n] (salamander of the Pacific coast of North America)
                      • dusky salamander [ENG31-01639470-n] (common North American salamander mottled with dull brown or greyish-black)
                      • climbing salamander [ENG31-01639753-n] (any of several North American salamanders adapted for climbing with well-developed limbs and long somewhat squared-off toes)

                        • arboreal salamander [ENG31-01639979-n] (yellow-spotted brown salamander of California woodlands)
                      • slender salamander [ENG31-01640256-n] (any of several small slim salamanders of the Pacific coast of the United States)
                      • web-toed salamander [ENG31-01640573-n] (any of several salamanders with webbed toes and very long extensile tongues)

                        • Shasta salamander [ENG31-01640835-n] (primarily a cave dweller in the Mount Shasta area)
                        • limestone salamander [ENG31-01640970-n] (similar to Shasta salamander)
                      • amphiuma [ENG31-01641363-n] (aquatic eel-shaped salamander having two pairs of very small feet)
                      • siren [ENG31-01641828-n] (eellike aquatic North American salamander with small forelimbs and no hind limbs)
                    • frog [ENG31-01642406-n] (any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping)

                      • true frog [ENG31-01643487-n] (insectivorous usually semiaquatic web-footed amphibian with smooth moist skin and long hind legs)

                        • wood-frog [ENG31-01643847-n] (wide-ranging light-brown frog of moist North American woodlands especially spruce)
                        • leopard frog [ENG31-01644032-n] (common North American green or brownish frog having white-edged dark oval spots)
                        • bullfrog [ENG31-01644218-n] (largest North American frog)
                        • green frog [ENG31-01644380-n] (similar to bullfrog)
                        • cascades frog [ENG31-01644571-n] (mountain frog found near water)
                        • goliath frog [ENG31-01644738-n] (largest living frog)
                        • pickerel frog [ENG31-01644898-n] (a meadow frog of eastern North America)
                        • tarahumara frog [ENG31-01645032-n] (Mexican frog found within a jump or two of water)
                        • grass frog [ENG31-01645180-n] (a common semiterrestrial European frog)
                      • leptodactylid frog [ENG31-01645584-n] (toothed frogs: terrestrial or aquatic or arboreal)
                      • robber frog [ENG31-01645896-n] (small terrestrial frog of tropical America)
                      • barking frog [ENG31-01646148-n] (of southwest United States and Mexico)
                      • crapaud [ENG31-01646537-n] (large toothed frog of South America and Central America resembling the bullfrog)
                      • tree frog [ENG31-01647014-n] (any of various Old World arboreal frogs distinguished from true frogs by adhesive suckers on the toes)
                      • tailed frog [ENG31-01647541-n] (western North American frog with a taillike copulatory organ)
                      • Liopelma hamiltoni [ENG31-01648107-n] (primitive New Zealand frog with four unwebbed toes on forefeet and five on hind feet)
                      • true toad [ENG31-01648417-n] (tailless amphibian similar to a frog but more terrestrial and having drier warty skin)

                        • bufo [ENG31-01648933-n] (any toad of the genus Bufo)
                        • agua [ENG31-01649029-n] (largest known toad species)
                        • European toad [ENG31-01649196-n] (common toad of Europe)
                        • natterjack [ENG31-01649289-n] (common brownish-yellow short-legged toad of western Europe)
                        • American toad [ENG31-01649443-n] (common toad of America)
                        • Eurasian green toad [ENG31-01649543-n] (Eurasian toad with variable chiefly green coloring)
                        • American green toad [ENG31-01649674-n] (small green or yellow-green toad with small black bars and stripes)
                        • Yosemite toad [ENG31-01649821-n] (of high Sierra Nevada meadows and forest borders)
                        • Texas toad [ENG31-01649944-n] (nocturnal burrowing toad of mesquite woodland and prairies of the United States southwest)
                        • southwestern toad [ENG31-01650107-n] (a uniformly warty stocky toad of washes and streams of semiarid southwestern United States)
                        • western toad [ENG31-01650281-n] (of a great variety of habitats from southern Alaska to Baja California west of the Rockies)
                      • obstetrical toad [ENG31-01650780-n] (European toad whose male carries the fertilized eggs wrapped around its hind legs until they hatch)
                      • midwife toad [ENG31-01650997-n] (similar in habit to Alytes obstetricians)
                      • fire-bellied toad [ENG31-01651261-n] (toad of central and eastern Europe having red or orange patches mixed with black on its underside)
                      • spadefoot [ENG31-01651811-n] (a burrowing toad of the northern hemisphere with a horny spade-like projection on each hind foot)

                        • western spadefoot [ENG31-01652053-n] (this spadefoot toad live in California)
                        • southern spadefoot [ENG31-01652197-n] (this spadefoot toad lives in the southwestern United States)
                        • plains spadefoot [ENG31-01652367-n] (this spadefoot toad lives in plains and hills and river bottoms in areas of low rainfall east of the Rocky Mountains)
                      • tree toad [ENG31-01652808-n] (arboreal amphibians usually having adhesive disks at the tip of each toe)

                        • spring peeper [ENG31-01653331-n] (a small brown tree toad having a shrill call heard near wetlands of eastern United States and Canada in early spring)
                        • Pacific tree toad [ENG31-01653542-n] (the most commonly heard frog on the Pacific coast of America)
                        • canyon treefrog [ENG31-01653700-n] (a small chiefly ground dweller that stays within easy jumping distance of water)
                        • chameleon tree frog [ENG31-01653926-n] (a form of tree toad)
                        • cricket frog [ENG31-01654128-n] (either of two frogs with a clicking call)

                          • northern cricket frog [ENG31-01654282-n] (a cricket frog of eastern and central United States)
                          • eastern cricket frog [ENG31-01654419-n] (a cricket frog of eastern United States)
                        • chorus frog [ENG31-01654667-n] (any of several small North American frogs having a loud call)
                        • lowland burrowing treefrog [ENG31-01654938-n] (terrestrial burrowing nocturnal frog of grassy terrain and scrub forests having very hard upper surface of head)
                      • western narrow-mouthed toad [ENG31-01655667-n] (small secretive toad with smooth tough skin of central and western North America)
                      • eastern narrow-mouthed toad [ENG31-01655864-n] (small toad of southeastern United States)
                      • sheep frog [ENG31-01656150-n] (mostly of Central America)
                      • tongueless frog [ENG31-01656414-n] (almost completely aquatic frog native to Africa and Panama and northern South America)

                        • Surinam toad [ENG31-01656724-n] (a South American toad)
                        • African clawed frog [ENG31-01657278-n] (a tongueless frog native to Africa)
                      • South American poison toad [ENG31-01657504-n] (a South American toad)
                    • caecilian [ENG31-01657985-n] (any of the small slender limbless burrowing wormlike amphibians of the order Gymnophiona)
                    • labyrinthodont [ENG31-01658592-n] (an amphibian of the superorder Labyrinthodontia)
                  • reptile [ENG31-01663732-n] (any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms)

                    • anapsid [ENG31-01664233-n] (primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull)

                      • chelonian [ENG31-01665263-n] (a reptile of the order Chelonia)

                        • turtle [ENG31-01665425-n] (any of various aquatic and land reptiles having a bony shell and flipper-like limbs for swimming)

                          • sea turtle [ENG31-01666042-n] (any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers)

                            • green turtle [ENG31-01666423-n] (large tropical turtle with greenish flesh used for turtle soup)
                            • loggerhead [ENG31-01666706-n] (very large carnivorous sea turtle)
                            • ridley [ENG31-01667010-n] (a marine turtle)

                              • Atlantic ridley [ENG31-01667133-n] (grey sea turtle of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America)
                              • Pacific ridley [ENG31-01667315-n] (olive-colored sea turtle of tropical Pacific and Indian and the southern Atlantic oceans)
                            • hawksbill turtle [ENG31-01667631-n] (pugnacious tropical sea turtle with a hawk-like beak)
                            • leatherback turtle [ENG31-01668182-n] (wide-ranging marine turtle with flexible leathery carapace)
                          • snapping turtle [ENG31-01668573-n] (large aggressive freshwater turtle with powerful jaws)

                            • common snapping turtle [ENG31-01668869-n] (large-headed turtle with powerful hooked jaws found in or near water)
                            • alligator snapping turtle [ENG31-01669226-n] (large species having three ridges on its back)
                          • mud turtle [ENG31-01669755-n] (bottom-dwelling freshwater turtle inhabiting muddy rivers of North America and Central America)

                            • musk turtle [ENG31-01670073-n] (small freshwater turtle having a strong musky odor)
                          • terrapin [ENG31-01670419-n] (any of various edible North American web-footed turtles living in fresh or brackish water)

                            • diamondback terrapin [ENG31-01670732-n] (of marshes along Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States)
                          • red-bellied terrapin [ENG31-01671077-n] (freshwater turtle of Chesapeake Bay tributaries having red markings on the lower shell)
                          • slider [ENG31-01671306-n] (freshwater turtle of United States and South America)
                          • cooter [ENG31-01671533-n] (large river turtle of the southern United States and northern Mexico)
                          • box turtle [ENG31-01671832-n] (chiefly terrestrial turtle of North America)

                            • Western box turtle [ENG31-01672013-n] (primarily a prairie turtle of western United States and northern Mexico)
                          • painted turtle [ENG31-01672295-n] (freshwater turtles having bright yellow and red markings)
                          • tortoise [ENG31-01672733-n] (usually herbivorous land turtles having clawed elephant-like limbs)

                            • European tortoise [ENG31-01673176-n] (small land tortoise of southern Europe)
                            • giant tortoise [ENG31-01673443-n] (very large tortoises of the Galapagos and Seychelles islands)
                            • gopher tortoise [ENG31-01673766-n] (burrowing edible land tortoise of southeastern North America)
                            • desert tortoise [ENG31-01674120-n] (burrowing tortoise of the arid western United States and northern Mexico)
                            • Texas tortoise [ENG31-01674346-n] (close relative to the desert tortoise)
                          • soft-shelled turtle [ENG31-01674673-n] (voracious aquatic turtle with a flat flexible shell covered by a leathery skin)

                            • spiny softshell [ENG31-01675073-n] (river turtle of western United States with a warty shell)
                            • smooth softshell [ENG31-01675252-n] (river turtle of Mississippi basin)
                    • diapsid [ENG31-01664459-n] (reptile having a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye)

                      • tuatara [ENG31-01675923-n] (only extant member of the order Rhynchocephalia of large spiny lizard-like diapsid reptiles of coastal islands off New Zealand)
                      • saurian [ENG31-01676857-n] (any of various reptiles of the suborder Sauria which includes lizards)

                        • lizard [ENG31-01677105-n] (relatively long-bodied reptile with usually two pairs of legs and a tapering tail)

                          • gecko [ENG31-01677631-n] (any of various small chiefly tropical and usually nocturnal insectivorous terrestrial lizards typically with immovable eyelids)

                            • flying gecko [ENG31-01677993-n] (a gecko that has membranous expansions along the sides of its body and limbs and tail that enable it to glide short distances)
                            • banded gecko [ENG31-01678363-n] (any of several geckos with dark bands across the body and differing from typical geckos in having movable eyelids)
                          • iguanid [ENG31-01679396-n] (lizards of the New World and Madagascar and some Pacific islands)

                            • common iguana [ENG31-01680007-n] (large herbivorous tropical American arboreal lizards with a spiny crest along the back)
                            • marine iguana [ENG31-01680388-n] (shore-dwelling seaweed-eating lizard of the Galapagos Islands)
                            • desert iguana [ENG31-01680684-n] (small long-tailed lizard of arid areas of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico)
                            • chuckwalla [ENG31-01680984-n] (a herbivorous lizard that lives among rocks in the arid parts of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                            • zebra-tailed lizard [ENG31-01681298-n] (swift lizard with long black-banded tail and long legs)
                            • fringe-toed lizard [ENG31-01681646-n] (with long pointed scales around toes)
                            • earless lizard [ENG31-01681948-n] (any of several slender lizards without external ear openings: of plains of western United States and Mexico)
                            • collared lizard [ENG31-01682267-n] (any of several robust long-tailed lizards with collars of two dark bands)
                            • leopard lizard [ENG31-01682603-n] (any of several large lizards with many dark spots)
                            • spiny lizard [ENG31-01682905-n] (any of numerous lizards with overlapping ridged pointed scales)

                              • fence lizard [ENG31-01683119-n] (spiny lizard often seen basking on fences in the United States and northern Mexico)

                                • western fence lizard [ENG31-01683296-n] (common western lizard)
                                • eastern fence lizard [ENG31-01683454-n] (small active lizard of United States and north to British Columbia)
                              • sagebrush lizard [ENG31-01683624-n] (a ground dweller that prefers open ground and scattered low bushes)
                            • side-blotched lizard [ENG31-01683969-n] (one of the most abundant lizards in the arid western United States)
                            • tree lizard [ENG31-01684294-n] (a climbing lizard of western United States and northern Mexico)
                            • horned lizard [ENG31-01684581-n] (insectivorous lizard with hornlike spines on the head and spiny scales on the body)

                              • Texas horned lizard [ENG31-01684813-n] (of arid and semiarid open country)
                            • basilisk [ENG31-01685076-n] (small crested arboreal lizard able to run on its hind legs)
                            • American chameleon [ENG31-01685355-n] (small arboreal tropical American insectivorous lizards with the ability to change skin color)
                          • worm lizard [ENG31-01685842-n] (a lizard of the genus Amphisbaena)
                          • night lizard [ENG31-01686199-n] (small secretive nocturnal lizard of southwestern North America and Cuba)
                          • skink [ENG31-01686774-n] (alert agile lizard with reduced limbs and an elongated body covered with shiny scales)

                            • western skink [ENG31-01687219-n] (found in western North American grasslands and open woodlands)
                            • mountain skink [ENG31-01687382-n] (frequents oak and pine habitats in rocky mountainous areas of United States southwest and Mexico)
                          • teiid lizard [ENG31-01688080-n] (tropical New World lizard with a long tail and large rectangular scales on the belly and a long tail)

                            • whiptail [ENG31-01688449-n] (any of numerous very agile and alert New World lizards)

                              • racerunner [ENG31-01688685-n] (very swift lizard of eastern and central United States)
                              • plateau striped whiptail [ENG31-01688861-n] (having distinct longitudinal stripes: of Colorado Plateau from Arizona to western Colorado)
                              • Chihuahuan spotted whiptail [ENG31-01689044-n] (having longitudinal stripes overlaid with light spots)
                              • western whiptail [ENG31-01689250-n] (active lizard having a network of dusky dark markings)
                              • checkered whiptail [ENG31-01689449-n] (markings are darker and more marked than in western whiptail)
                            • teju [ENG31-01689769-n] (large (to 3 feet) blackish yellow-banded South American lizard)
                            • caiman lizard [ENG31-01689931-n] (crocodile-like lizard of South America having powerful jaws for crushing snails and mussels)
                          • agamid [ENG31-01690306-n] (a lizard of the family Agamidae)

                            • agama [ENG31-01690619-n] (small terrestrial lizard of warm regions of the Old World)
                            • frilled lizard [ENG31-01690884-n] (large arboreal insectivorous Australian lizard with a ruff of skin around the neck)
                            • dragon [ENG31-01691230-n] (any of several small tropical Asian lizards capable of gliding by spreading winglike membranes on each side of the body)
                            • moloch [ENG31-01691602-n] (any lizard of the genus Moloch)

                              • mountain devil [ENG31-01691722-n] (desert lizard that feeds on ants)
                          • anguid lizard [ENG31-01692052-n] (any of a small family of lizards widely distributed in warm areas)

                            • alligator lizard [ENG31-01692452-n] (slim short-limbed lizard having a distinctive fold on each side that permits expansion)
                            • blindworm [ENG31-01692790-n] (small burrowing legless European lizard with tiny eyes)
                            • glass lizard [ENG31-01693107-n] (snakelike lizard of Europe and Asia and North America with vestigial hind limbs and the ability to regenerate its long fragile tail)
                          • legless lizard [ENG31-01693858-n] (degenerate wormlike burrowing lizard of California closely related to alligator lizards)
                          • Lanthanotus borneensis [ENG31-01694293-n] (a stout-bodied pleurodont lizard of Borneo)
                          • venomous lizard [ENG31-01694592-n] (any of two or three large heavy-bodied lizards)

                            • Gila monster [ENG31-01694974-n] (large orange and black lizard of southwestern United States)
                            • beaded lizard [ENG31-01695164-n] (lizard with black and yellowish beadlike scales)
                          • lacertid lizard [ENG31-01695505-n] (Old World terrestrial lizard)

                            • sand lizard [ENG31-01695816-n] (a common and widely distributed lizard of Europe and central Asia)
                            • green lizard [ENG31-01695975-n] (a common Eurasian lizard about a foot long)
                          • chameleon [ENG31-01696424-n] (lizard of Africa and Madagascar able to change skin color and having a projectile tongue)

                            • African chameleon [ENG31-01696819-n] (a chameleon found in Africa)
                            • horned chameleon [ENG31-01696952-n] (a kind of chameleon)
                          • monitor [ENG31-01697350-n] (any of various large tropical carnivorous lizards of Africa and Asia and Australia)

                            • African monitor [ENG31-01697596-n] (destroys crocodile eggs)
                            • Komodo dragon [ENG31-01697701-n] (the largest lizard in the world (10 feet))
                      • archosaur [ENG31-01698322-n] (extinct reptiles including: dinosaurs)

                        • dinosaur [ENG31-01702472-n] (any of numerous extinct terrestrial reptiles of the Mesozoic era)

                          • ornithischian [ENG31-01703111-n] (herbivorous dinosaur with a pelvis like that of a bird)

                            • pisanosaur [ENG31-01703565-n] (primitive dinosaur found in Argentina)
                            • staurikosaur [ENG31-01703846-n] (primitive dinosaur found in Brazil)
                            • armored dinosaur [ENG31-01704192-n] (dinosaurs having bony armour)

                              • stegosaur [ENG31-01704500-n] (herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur with a row of bony plates along its back and a spiked tail probably used as a weapon)
                              • ankylosaur [ENG31-01704897-n] (having the back covered with thick bony plates)

                                • Edmontonia [ENG31-01705120-n] (heavily armored and highly spiked dinosaur with semi-upright posture)
                            • bone-headed dinosaur [ENG31-01705652-n] (bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs with bony crowns)

                              • pachycephalosaur [ENG31-01705802-n] (bipedal herbivore having 10 inches of bone atop its head)
                            • ceratopsian [ENG31-01706210-n] (any of several four-footed herbivorous dinosaurs with enormous beaked skulls)

                              • protoceratops [ENG31-01706744-n] (small horned dinosaur)
                              • triceratops [ENG31-01706964-n] (huge ceratopsian dinosaur having three horns and the neck heavily armored with a very solid frill)
                              • styracosaur [ENG31-01707267-n] (an unusual ceratopsian dinosaur having many large spikes around the edge of its bony frill and a long nose horn)
                              • psittacosaur [ENG31-01707651-n] (primitive dinosaur actually lacking horns and having only the beginning of a frill)
                            • ornithopod [ENG31-01708232-n] (bipedal herbivorous dinosaur)
                            • hadrosaur [ENG31-01708575-n] (any of numerous large bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs having a horny duck-like bill and webbed feet)

                              • anatotitan [ENG31-01709042-n] (one of the largest and most famous duck-billed dinosaurs)
                              • corythosaur [ENG31-01709327-n] (duck-billed dinosaur with nasal passages that expand into a crest like a hollow helmet)
                              • edmontosaurus [ENG31-01709641-n] (duck-billed dinosaur from Canada found as a fossilized mummy with skin)
                              • trachodon [ENG31-01709935-n] (large duck-billed dinosaur of the Cretaceous period)
                          • iguanodon [ENG31-01710339-n] (massive herbivorous bipedal dinosaur with a long heavy tail)
                          • saurischian [ENG31-01710747-n] (herbivorous or carnivorous dinosaur having a three-pronged pelvis like that of a crocodile)

                            • sauropod [ENG31-01711639-n] (very large herbivorous dinosaur of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a small head a long neck and tail and five-toed limbs)

                              • apatosaur [ENG31-01712125-n] (huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur common in North America in the late Jurassic)
                              • barosaur [ENG31-01712517-n] (a dinosaur that could grow to be as tall as a building five stories tall)
                            • theropod [ENG31-01714649-n] (any of numerous carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic to Cretaceous with short forelimbs that walked or ran on strong hind legs)

                              • ceratosaur [ENG31-01715393-n] (primitive medium-sized theropod)

                                • coelophysis [ENG31-01715811-n] (one of the oldest known dinosaurs)
                              • carnosaur [ENG31-01716149-n] (large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having huge claws)
                              • tyrannosaur [ENG31-01716405-n] (large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having enormous teeth with knifelike serrations)
                              • allosaur [ENG31-01716872-n] (late Jurassic carnivorous dinosaur)
                              • compsognathus [ENG31-01717177-n] (very small bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic in Bavaria)
                              • herrerasaur [ENG31-01717484-n] (a kind of theropod dinosaur found in Argentina)
                              • eoraptor [ENG31-01717775-n] (a theropod dinosaur of the genus Eoraptor)
                              • megalosaur [ENG31-01718159-n] (gigantic carnivorous bipedal dinosaur of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous in Europe)
                              • ornithomimid [ENG31-01718529-n] (lightly built medium-sized dinosaur having extremely long limbs and necks with small heads and big brains and large eyes)

                                • struthiomimus [ENG31-01718939-n] (small light-boned toothless dinosaur resembling an ostrich in size and proportions)
                                • deinocheirus [ENG31-01719235-n] (lightly built medium-sized theropod with long limbs and neck)
                              • maniraptor [ENG31-01719657-n] (advanced carnivorous theropod)

                                • oviraptorid [ENG31-01719870-n] (advanced carnivorous theropod)
                                • velociraptor [ENG31-01720108-n] (small active carnivore that probably fed on protoceratops)
                                • dromaeosaur [ENG31-01720501-n] (a kind of maniraptor)
                                • deinonychus [ENG31-01720737-n] (swift agile wolf-sized bipedal dinosaur having a large curved claw on each hind foot)
                                • utahraptor [ENG31-01721055-n] (large (20-ft) and swift carnivorous dinosaur having an upright slashing claw 15 inches long on each hind foot)
                                • Mononychus olecranus [ENG31-01721449-n] (a turkey-sized long-legged fossil 75 million years old found in the Gobi Desert having bird-like fused wrist bones and keeled breastbone and a long tail resembling a dinosaur's)
                          • diplodocus [ENG31-01712818-n] (a huge quadrupedal herbivore with long neck and tail)
                          • titanosaur [ENG31-01713388-n] (amphibious quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur with a long thin neck and whiplike tail)

                            • genus Argentinosaurus [ENG31-01713634-n] (enormous dinosaur of the middle Cretaceous found in Argentina)
                          • argentinosaur [ENG31-01713801-n] (huge herbivorous dinosaur of Cretaceous found in Argentina)
                          • ground-shaker [ENG31-01714137-n] (huge herbivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous found in western North America)
                        • pterosaur [ENG31-01725639-n] (an extinct reptile of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a bird-like beak and membranous wings supported by the very long fourth digit of each forelimb)

                          • pterodactyl [ENG31-01726220-n] (extinct flying reptile)
                        • thecodont [ENG31-01726524-n] (presumably in the common ancestral line to dinosaurs and crocodiles and birds)
                        • ichthyosaur [ENG31-01726872-n] (any of several marine reptiles of the Mesozoic having a body like a porpoise with dorsal and tail fins and paddle-shaped limbs)

                          • ichthyosaurus [ENG31-01727481-n] (ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic)
                          • stenopterygius [ENG31-01727727-n] (an ichthyosaur of the genus Stenopterygius)
                        • plesiosaur [ENG31-01728354-n] (extinct marine reptile with a small head on a long neck a short tail and four paddle-shaped limbs)
                        • nothosaur [ENG31-01728844-n] (extinct marine reptile with longer more slender limbs than plesiosaurs and less completely modified for swimming)
                      • crocodilian reptile [ENG31-01699274-n] (extant archosaurian reptile)

                        • crocodile [ENG31-01699819-n] (large voracious aquatic reptile having a long snout with massive jaws and sharp teeth and a body covered with bony plates)

                          • African crocodile [ENG31-01700098-n] (a dangerous crocodile widely distributed in Africa)
                          • Asian crocodile [ENG31-01700252-n] (estuarine crocodile of eastern Asia and Pacific islands)
                          • Morlett's crocodile [ENG31-01700390-n] (a variety of crocodile)
                        • false gavial [ENG31-01700619-n] (crocodile of southeast Asia similar to but smaller than the gavial)
                        • alligator [ENG31-01701075-n] (either of two amphibious reptiles related to crocodiles but with shorter broader snouts)

                          • American alligator [ENG31-01701281-n] (large alligator of the southeastern United States)
                          • Chinese alligator [ENG31-01701423-n] (small alligator of the Yangtze valley of China having unwebbed digits)
                        • caiman [ENG31-01701681-n] (a semiaquatic reptile of Central and South America that resembles an alligator but has a more heavily armored belly)

                          • spectacled caiman [ENG31-01701895-n] (caiman with bony ridges about the eyes)
                        • gavial [ENG31-01702316-n] (large fish-eating Indian crocodilian with a long slender snout)
                      • snake [ENG31-01729333-n] (limbless scaly elongate reptile)

                        • colubrid snake [ENG31-01730287-n] (mostly harmless temperate-to-tropical terrestrial or arboreal or aquatic snakes)

                          • hoop snake [ENG31-01730907-n] (any of various harmless North American snakes that were formerly believed to take tail in mouth and roll along like a hoop)
                          • thunder snake [ENG31-01731213-n] (small reddish wormlike snake of eastern United States)
                          • ringneck snake [ENG31-01731561-n] (any of numerous small nonvenomous North American snakes with a yellow or orange ring around the neck)
                          • hognose snake [ENG31-01731963-n] (harmless North American snake with upturned nose)
                          • leaf-nosed snake [ENG31-01732313-n] (any of various pale blotched snakes with a blunt snout of southwestern North America)
                          • green snake [ENG31-01732618-n] (either of two North American chiefly insectivorous snakes that are green in color)

                            • smooth green snake [ENG31-01732826-n] (of western and central United States)
                            • rough green snake [ENG31-01732948-n] (of southern and eastern United States)
                          • green snake [ENG31-01733204-n] (any of numerous African colubrid snakes)
                          • racer [ENG31-01733453-n] (slender fast-moving North American snakes)

                            • blacksnake [ENG31-01733601-n] (blackish racer of the eastern United States that grows to six feet)

                              • blue racer [ENG31-01733778-n] (bluish-green blacksnake found from Ohio to Texas)
                            • horseshoe whipsnake [ENG31-01733918-n] (slender fast-moving Eurasian snake)
                          • whip-snake [ENG31-01734186-n] (any of several small fast-moving snakes with long whiplike tails)

                            • coachwhip [ENG31-01734405-n] (a whipsnake of southern United States and Mexico)
                            • California whipsnake [ENG31-01734582-n] (a whipsnake of scrublands and rocky hillsides)
                            • Sonoran whipsnake [ENG31-01734734-n] (both terrestrial and arboreal snake of United States southwest)
                          • rat snake [ENG31-01734885-n] (any of various nonvenomous rodent-eating snakes of North America and Asia)

                            • corn snake [ENG31-01735255-n] (large harmless snake of southeastern United States)
                            • black rat snake [ENG31-01735430-n] (large harmless shiny black North American snake)
                            • chicken snake [ENG31-01735630-n] (large North American snake)
                            • Indian rat snake [ENG31-01735855-n] (enter buildings in pursuit of prey)
                          • glossy snake [ENG31-01736107-n] (nocturnal burrowing snake of western United States with shiny tan scales)
                          • bull snake [ENG31-01736398-n] (any of several large harmless rodent-eating North American burrowing snakes)

                            • gopher snake [ENG31-01736598-n] (bull snake of western North America that invades rodent burrows)
                            • pine snake [ENG31-01736745-n] (any of several bull snakes of eastern and southeastern United States found chiefly in pine woods)
                          • king snake [ENG31-01737059-n] (any of numerous nonvenomous North American constrictors)

                            • common kingsnake [ENG31-01737278-n] (widespread in United States except northern regions)
                            • milk snake [ENG31-01737449-n] (nonvenomous tan and brown king snake with an arrow-shaped occipital spot)
                          • garter snake [ENG31-01737830-n] (any of numerous nonvenomous longitudinally-striped viviparous North American and Central American snakes)

                            • common garter snake [ENG31-01738080-n] (a garter snake that is widespread in North America)
                            • ribbon snake [ENG31-01738218-n] (slender yellow-striped North American garter snake)
                            • Western ribbon snake [ENG31-01738369-n] (yellow- or reddish-striped snake of temperate woodlands and grasslands to tropics)
                          • lined snake [ENG31-01738673-n] (secretive snake of city dumps and parks as well as prairies and open woods)
                          • ground snake [ENG31-01739016-n] (small shy brightly-ringed terrestrial snake of arid or semiarid areas of western North America)
                          • eastern ground snake [ENG31-01739437-n] (in some classifications placed in genus Haldea)
                          • water snake [ENG31-01739662-n] (any of various mostly harmless snakes that live in or near water)

                            • common water snake [ENG31-01740113-n] (in some classifications placed in the genus Nerodia)
                            • water moccasin [ENG31-01740369-n] (any of numerous North American water snakes inhabiting fresh waters)
                            • grass snake [ENG31-01740516-n] (harmless European snake with a bright yellow collar)

                              • viperine grass snake [ENG31-01740706-n] (a small harmless grass snake)
                          • red-bellied snake [ENG31-01740947-n] (harmless woodland snake of southeastern United States)
                          • sand snake [ENG31-01741242-n] (small North American burrowing snake)

                            • banded sand snake [ENG31-01741372-n] (a sand snake of southwestern United States)
                          • black-headed snake [ENG31-01741735-n] (small secretive ground-living snake)
                          • vine snake [ENG31-01742022-n] (slender arboreal snake found from southern Arizona to Bolivia)
                          • lyre snake [ENG31-01742288-n] (mildly venomous snake with a lyre-shaped mark on the head)

                            • Sonoran lyre snake [ENG31-01742512-n] (of desert regions of southwestern North America)
                          • night snake [ENG31-01742772-n] (nocturnal prowler of western United States and Mexico)
                          • indigo snake [ENG31-01743873-n] (large dark-blue nonvenomous snake that invades burrows)

                            • eastern indigo snake [ENG31-01744083-n] (a variety of indigo snake)
                        • blind snake [ENG31-01743192-n] (wormlike burrowing snake of warm regions having vestigial eyes)

                          • western blind snake [ENG31-01743526-n] (burrows among roots of shrubs and beneath rocks in desert and rocky hillside areas and beach sand of western United States)
                        • constrictor [ENG31-01744203-n] (any of various large nonvenomous snakes that kill their prey by crushing it in its coils)

                          • boa [ENG31-01744584-n] (any of several chiefly tropical constrictors with vestigial hind limbs)

                            • boa constrictor [ENG31-01744813-n] (very large boa of tropical America and West Indies)
                            • rubber boa [ENG31-01745088-n] (boa of grasslands and woodlands of western North America)
                            • rosy boa [ENG31-01745462-n] (boa of rocky desert of southwestern United States)
                            • anaconda [ENG31-01745727-n] (large arboreal boa of tropical South America)
                            • python [ENG31-01746246-n] (large Old World boas)

                              • carpet snake [ENG31-01746577-n] (Australian python with a variegated pattern on its back)
                              • reticulated python [ENG31-01746741-n] (of southeast Asia and East Indies)
                              • Indian python [ENG31-01746911-n] (very large python of southeast Asia)
                              • rock python [ENG31-01747042-n] (very large python of tropical and southern Africa)
                              • amethystine python [ENG31-01747196-n] (a python having the color of amethyst)
                        • elapid [ENG31-01747766-n] (any of numerous venomous fanged snakes of warmer parts of both hemispheres)

                          • coral snake [ENG31-01748125-n] (any of several venomous New World snakes brilliantly banded in red and black and either yellow or white)

                            • eastern coral snake [ENG31-01748543-n] (ranges from Central America to southeastern United States)
                            • western coral snake [ENG31-01748832-n] (ranges from Central America to southwestern United States)
                          • coral snake [ENG31-01749000-n] (any of various venomous elapid snakes of Asia and Africa and Australia)

                            • Asian coral snake [ENG31-01749368-n] (of India)
                            • African coral snake [ENG31-01749593-n] (small widely distributed arboreal snake of southern Africa banded in black and orange)
                            • Australian coral snake [ENG31-01749926-n] (small venomous but harmless snake marked with black-and-white on red)
                          • copperhead [ENG31-01750230-n] (venomous but sluggish reddish-brown snake of Australia)
                          • cobra [ENG31-01750526-n] (venomous Asiatic and African elapid snakes that can expand the skin of the neck into a hood)

                            • Indian cobra [ENG31-01750905-n] (a cobra of tropical Africa and Asia)
                            • asp [ENG31-01751030-n] (cobra used by the Pharaohs as a symbol of their power over life and death)
                            • black-necked cobra [ENG31-01751327-n] (aggressive cobra widely distributed in Africa)
                            • hamadryad [ENG31-01751547-n] (large cobra of southeastern Asia and the East Indies)
                          • ringhals [ENG31-01751885-n] (highly venomous snake of southern Africa able to spit venom up to seven feet)
                          • mamba [ENG31-01752223-n] (arboreal snake of central and southern Africa whose bite is often fatal)

                            • black mamba [ENG31-01752383-n] (a highly venomous southern African mamba dreaded because of its quickness and readiness to bite)

                              • green mamba [ENG31-01752580-n] (green phase of the black mamba)
                          • death adder [ENG31-01752808-n] (venomous Australian snake resembling an adder)
                          • tiger snake [ENG31-01753078-n] (highly venomous brown-and-yellow snake of Australia and Tasmania)
                          • Australian blacksnake [ENG31-01753384-n] (large semiaquatic snake of Australia)
                          • krait [ENG31-01753677-n] (brightly colored venomous but nonaggressive snake of southeastern Asia and Malay peninsula)

                            • banded krait [ENG31-01753856-n] (sluggish krait banded with black and yellow)
                          • taipan [ENG31-01754113-n] (large highly venomous snake of northeastern Australia)
                        • sea snake [ENG31-01754389-n] (any of numerous venomous aquatic viviparous snakes having a fin-like tail)
                        • viper [ENG31-01754806-n] (venomous Old World snakes characterized by hollow venom-conducting fangs in the upper jaw)

                          • adder [ENG31-01755226-n] (small terrestrial viper common in northern Eurasia)
                          • asp [ENG31-01755377-n] (of southern Europe)
                          • puff adder [ENG31-01755673-n] (large African viper that inflates its body when alarmed)
                          • gaboon viper [ENG31-01755821-n] (large heavy-bodied brilliantly marked and extremely venomous west African viper)
                          • horned viper [ENG31-01756129-n] (highly venomous viper of northern Africa and southwestern Asia having a horny spine above each eye)
                          • pit viper [ENG31-01756600-n] (New World vipers with hollow fangs and a heat-sensitive pit on each side of the head)

                            • copperhead [ENG31-01757011-n] (common coppery brown pit viper of upland eastern United States)
                            • water moccasin [ENG31-01757174-n] (venomous semiaquatic snake of swamps in southern United States)
                            • rattlesnake [ENG31-01757517-n] (pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken)

                              • diamondback [ENG31-01758222-n] (large deadly rattlesnake with diamond-shaped markings)
                              • timber rattlesnake [ENG31-01758381-n] (widely distributed in rugged ground of eastern United States)

                                • canebrake rattlesnake [ENG31-01758593-n] (southern variety)
                              • prairie rattlesnake [ENG31-01758730-n] (widely distributed between the Mississippi and the Rockies)
                              • sidewinder [ENG31-01758932-n] (small pale-colored desert rattlesnake of southwestern United States)
                              • Western diamondback [ENG31-01759149-n] (largest and most dangerous North American snake)
                              • rock rattlesnake [ENG31-01759374-n] (mountain rock dweller of Mexico and most southern parts of United States southwest)
                              • tiger rattlesnake [ENG31-01759557-n] (having irregularly cross-banded back)
                              • Mojave rattlesnake [ENG31-01759756-n] (extremely dangerous)
                              • speckled rattlesnake [ENG31-01759984-n] (markings vary but usually harmonize with background)
                              • massasauga [ENG31-01760318-n] (pygmy rattlesnake found in moist areas from the Great Lakes to Mexico)
                              • ground rattler [ENG31-01760542-n] (small pygmy rattlesnake)
                            • fer-de-lance [ENG31-01760782-n] (large extremely venomous pit viper of Central America and South America)
                    • Diapsida [ENG31-01664701-n] (used in former classifications to include all living reptiles except turtles)
                    • synapsid [ENG31-01722044-n] (extinct reptile having a single pair of lateral temporal openings in the skull)

                      • therapsid [ENG31-01722555-n] (probably warm-blooded)

                        • Chronoperates paradoxus [ENG31-01722907-n] (shrew-sized protomammal from the Alberta region of Canada)
                        • cynodont [ENG31-01723408-n] (small carnivorous reptiles)
                        • dicynodont [ENG31-01723815-n] (a kind of therapsid)
                      • ictodosaur [ENG31-01724208-n] (intermediate in form between the therapsids and most primitive true mammals)
                      • pelycosaur [ENG31-01724539-n] (large primitive reptile having a tall spinal sail)
                      • edaphosaurus [ENG31-01725030-n] (heavy-bodied reptile with a dorsal sail or crest)
                      • dimetrodon [ENG31-01725311-n] (carnivorous dinosaur of the Permian in North America having a crest or dorsal sail)
                  • mammal [ENG31-01864419-n] (any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair)

                    • tusker [ENG31-01873906-n] (any mammal with prominent tusks (especially an elephant or wild boar))
                    • prototherian [ENG31-01874184-n] (primitive oviparous mammals found only in Australia and Tasmania and New Guinea)

                      • monotreme [ENG31-01874516-n] (the most primitive mammals comprising the only extant members of the subclass Prototheria)

                        • echidna [ENG31-01875042-n] (a burrowing monotreme mammal covered with spines and having a long snout and claws for hunting ants and termites)
                        • echidna [ENG31-01875413-n] (a burrowing monotreme mammal covered with spines and having a long snout and claws for hunting ants and termites)
                        • platypus [ENG31-01875951-n] (small densely furred aquatic monotreme of Australia and Tasmania having a broad bill and tail and webbed feet)
                    • metatherian [ENG31-01876623-n] (primitive pouched mammals found mainly in Australia and the Americas)

                      • marsupial [ENG31-01877075-n] (mammals of which the females have a pouch (the marsupium) containing the teats where the young are fed and carried)

                        • opossum [ENG31-01877569-n] (nocturnal arboreal marsupial having a naked prehensile tail found from southern North America to northern South America)

                          • common opossum [ENG31-01877954-n] (omnivorous opossum of the eastern United States)
                          • crab-eating opossum [ENG31-01878251-n] (South American opossum)
                        • opossum rat [ENG31-01878675-n] (terrestrial marsupials of southern South America that resemble shrews)
                        • bandicoot [ENG31-01878967-n] (any of various agile ratlike terrestrial marsupials of Australia and adjacent islands)

                          • rabbit-eared bandicoot [ENG31-01879308-n] (bandicoot with leathery ears like a rabbit)
                        • kangaroo [ENG31-01879775-n] (any of several herbivorous leaping marsupials of Australia and New Guinea having large powerful hind legs and a long thick tail)

                          • giant kangaroo [ENG31-01880247-n] (very large greyish-brown Australian kangaroo formerly abundant in open wooded areas)
                          • wallaby [ENG31-01880453-n] (any of various small or medium-sized kangaroos)

                            • common wallaby [ENG31-01880702-n] (a small wallaby having a height of 30 inches)
                            • hare wallaby [ENG31-01880976-n] (small Australian wallaby that resembles a hare and has persistent teeth)
                            • nail-tailed wallaby [ENG31-01881280-n] (small wallabies with a horny nail on the tip of the tail)
                            • rock wallaby [ENG31-01881570-n] (slender long-legged Australian wallabies living in caves and rocky areas)
                            • pademelon [ENG31-01881858-n] (small reddish-brown wallabies of scrubby areas of Australia and New Guinea)
                            • tree wallaby [ENG31-01882150-n] (arboreal wallabies of New Guinea and northern Australia having hind and forelegs of similar length)
                          • musk kangaroo [ENG31-01882478-n] (small kangaroo of northeastern Australia)
                          • rat kangaroo [ENG31-01882793-n] (any of several rabbit-sized ratlike Australian kangaroos)

                            • potoroo [ENG31-01883114-n] (Australian rat kangaroos)
                            • bettong [ENG31-01883357-n] (short-nosed rat kangaroo)
                            • jerboa kangaroo [ENG31-01883454-n] (brush-tailed rat kangaroo)
                        • phalanger [ENG31-01883812-n] (small furry Australian arboreal marsupials having long usually prehensile tails)

                          • cuscus [ENG31-01884205-n] (woolly-haired monkey-like arboreal marsupial of New Guinea and northern Australia)
                          • brush-tailed phalanger [ENG31-01884498-n] (bushy-tailed phalanger)
                          • flying phalanger [ENG31-01884766-n] (nocturnal phalangers that move with gliding leaps using parachute-like folds of skin along the sides of the body)

                            • flying mouse [ENG31-01885149-n] (tiny flying phalanger)
                          • koala [ENG31-01885355-n] (sluggish tailless Australian arboreal marsupial with grey furry ears and coat)
                        • wombat [ENG31-01885711-n] (burrowing herbivorous Australian marsupials about the size of a badger)
                        • dasyurid marsupial [ENG31-01886154-n] (small carnivorous nocturnal marsupials of Australia and Tasmania)

                          • dasyure [ENG31-01886561-n] (any of several more or less arboreal marsupials somewhat resembling martens)

                            • eastern dasyure [ENG31-01886745-n] (a variety of dasyure)
                            • native cat [ENG31-01886844-n] (carnivorous arboreal cat-like marsupials of Australia and Tasmania)
                          • thylacine [ENG31-01887117-n] (rare doglike carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania having stripes on its back)
                          • Tasmanian devil [ENG31-01887475-n] (small ferocious carnivorous marsupial having a mostly black coat and long tail)
                          • pouched mouse [ENG31-01887799-n] (any of numerous small sharp-nosed insectivorous marsupials superficially resembling mice or rats)
                          • numbat [ENG31-01888139-n] (small Australian marsupial having long snout and strong claws for feeding on termites)
                        • pouched mole [ENG31-01888686-n] (small burrowing Australian marsupial that resembles a mole)
                    • placental [ENG31-01889397-n] (mammals having a placenta)

                      • livestock [ENG31-01890115-n] (any animals kept for use or profit)
                      • bull [ENG31-01890264-n] (mature male of various mammals of which the female is called `cow')
                      • cow [ENG31-01890428-n] (mature female of mammals of which the male is called `bull')
                      • yearling [ENG31-01890822-n] (an animal in its second year)
                      • buck [ENG31-01890905-n] (mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope))

                        • stag [ENG31-02433205-n] (adult male deer)

                          • royal [ENG31-02433289-n] (stag with antlers of 12 or more branches)
                      • doe [ENG31-01891052-n] (mature female of mammals of which the male is called `buck')
                      • insectivore [ENG31-01891715-n] (small insect-eating mainly nocturnal terrestrial or fossorial mammals)

                        • mole [ENG31-01892161-n] (small velvety-furred burrowing mammal having small eyes and fossorial forefeet)

                          • starnose mole [ENG31-01892490-n] (amphibious mole of eastern North America having pink fleshy tentacles around the nose)
                          • brewer's mole [ENG31-01892785-n] (mole of eastern North America)
                          • golden mole [ENG31-01893205-n] (mole of southern Africa having iridescent guard hairs mixed with the underfur)
                          • shrew mole [ENG31-01893501-n] (slender mole having a long snout and tail)

                            • Asiatic shrew mole [ENG31-01893654-n] (shrew mole of eastern Asia)
                            • American shrew mole [ENG31-01893915-n] (greyish-black shrew mole of the United States and Canada)
                        • shrew [ENG31-01894274-n] (small mouselike mammal with a long snout)

                          • common shrew [ENG31-01894671-n] (common American shrew)
                          • masked shrew [ENG31-01894786-n] (commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America)
                          • short-tailed shrew [ENG31-01895026-n] (North American shrew with tail less than half its body length)
                          • water shrew [ENG31-01895192-n] (any of several small semiaquatic shrews usually living near swift-flowing streams)

                            • American water shrew [ENG31-01895385-n] (water shrew of North America)
                            • European water shrew [ENG31-01895662-n] (widely distributed Old World water shrew)
                            • Mediterranean water shrew [ENG31-01895805-n] (a type of water shrew)
                          • least shrew [ENG31-01896040-n] (small brown shrew of grassy regions of eastern United States)
                        • hedgehog [ENG31-01896466-n] (small nocturnal Old World mammal covered with both hair and protective spines)
                        • tenrec [ENG31-01896848-n] (small often spiny insectivorous mammal of Madagascar)

                          • tailless tenrec [ENG31-01897163-n] (prolific animal that feeds chiefly on earthworms)
                        • otter shrew [ENG31-01897597-n] (amphibious African insectivorous mammal that resembles an otter)
                      • aquatic mammal [ENG31-02064670-n] (whales and dolphins)

                        • cetacean [ENG31-02065083-n] (large aquatic carnivorous mammal with fin-like forelimbs no hind limbs, including: whales)

                          • whale [ENG31-02065397-n] (any of the larger cetacean mammals having a streamlined body and breathing through a blowhole on the head)

                            • baleen whale [ENG31-02065877-n] (whale with plates of whalebone along the upper jaw for filtering plankton from the water)

                              • right whale [ENG31-02066315-n] (large Arctic whalebone whale)
                              • bowhead [ENG31-02066653-n] (large-mouthed Arctic whale)
                              • rorqual [ENG31-02066991-n] (any of several baleen whales of the family Balaenopteridae having longitudinal grooves on the throat and a small pointed dorsal fin)

                                • finback [ENG31-02067679-n] (large flat-headed whalebone whale having deep furrows along the throat)
                                • sei whale [ENG31-02067916-n] (similar to but smaller than the finback whale)
                                • lesser rorqual [ENG31-02068060-n] (small finback of coastal waters of Atlantic and Pacific)
                              • blue whale [ENG31-02067469-n] (largest mammal ever known)
                              • humpback [ENG31-02068379-n] (large whalebone whale with long flippers noted for arching or humping its back as it dives)
                              • grey whale [ENG31-02068898-n] (medium-sized greyish-black whale of the northern Pacific)
                            • toothed whale [ENG31-02069360-n] (any of several whales having simple conical teeth and feeding on fish etc.)

                              • sperm whale [ENG31-02069893-n] (large whale with a large cavity in the head containing spermaceti and oil)
                              • pygmy sperm whale [ENG31-02070256-n] (small sperm whale of warm waters of both coasts of North America)
                              • dwarf sperm whale [ENG31-02070421-n] (very small (to 8 feet) sperm whale of central coasts of Atlantic and Pacific)
                              • beaked whale [ENG31-02070859-n] (any of several whales inhabiting all oceans and having beaklike jaws with vestigial teeth in the upper jaw)

                                • bottle-nosed whale [ENG31-02071194-n] (northern Atlantic beaked whale with a bulbous forehead)
                              • dolphin [ENG31-02071627-n] (any of various small toothed whales with a beaklike snout)

                                • common dolphin [ENG31-02072065-n] (black-and-white dolphin that leaps high out of the water)
                                • bottlenose dolphin [ENG31-02072353-n] (any of several dolphins with rounded forehead and well-developed beak)

                                  • Atlantic bottlenose dolphin [ENG31-02072626-n] (the most common dolphin of northern Atlantic and Mediterranean)
                                  • Pacific bottlenose dolphin [ENG31-02072826-n] (a bottlenose dolphin found in the Pacific Ocean)
                                • porpoise [ENG31-02073082-n] (any of several small gregarious cetacean mammals having a blunt snout and many teeth)

                                  • harbor porpoise [ENG31-02073276-n] (the common porpoise of the northern Atlantic and Pacific)
                                  • vaquita [ENG31-02073428-n] (a short porpoise that lives in the Gulf of California)
                                • grampus [ENG31-02073680-n] (slaty-grey blunt-nosed dolphin common in northern seas)
                                • killer whale [ENG31-02073946-n] (predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin)
                                • pilot whale [ENG31-02074288-n] (small dark-colored whale of the Atlantic coast of the United States)
                                • river dolphin [ENG31-02074692-n] (any of several long-snouted usually freshwater dolphins of South America and southern Asia)
                                • white whale [ENG31-02075450-n] (small northern whale that is white when adult)
                            • narwhal [ENG31-02075145-n] (small Arctic whale the male having a long spiral ivory tusk)
                            • spouter [ENG31-02075605-n] (a spouting whale)
                        • sea cow [ENG31-02075902-n] (any of two families of large herbivorous aquatic mammals with paddle-shaped tails and flipper-like forelimbs and no hind limbs)

                          • manatee [ENG31-02076483-n] (sirenian mammal of tropical coastal waters of America)
                          • dugong [ENG31-02077019-n] (sirenian tusked mammal found from eastern Africa to Australia)
                          • Steller's sea cow [ENG31-02077378-n] (extinct large sirenian mammal formerly found near the Asiatic coast of the Bering Sea)
                        • pinniped mammal [ENG31-02078579-n] (aquatic carnivorous mammal having a streamlined body specialized for swimming with limbs modified as flippers)

                          • seal [ENG31-02078848-n] (any of numerous marine mammals that come on shore to breed)

                            • crabeater seal [ENG31-02079054-n] (silvery grey Antarctic seal subsisting on crustaceans)
                            • eared seal [ENG31-02079431-n] (pinniped mammal having external ear flaps and hind limbs used for locomotion on land)

                              • fur seal [ENG31-02079804-n] (eared seal of the southern hemisphere)

                                • guadalupe fur seal [ENG31-02080036-n] (a fur seal of the Pacific coast of California and southward)
                              • fur seal [ENG31-02080310-n] (an eared seal of the northern Pacific)

                                • Alaska fur seal [ENG31-02080439-n] (of Pacific coast from Alaska southward to California)
                              • sea lion [ENG31-02080575-n] (any of several large eared seals of the northern Pacific related to fur seals but lacking their valuable coat)

                                • South American sea lion [ENG31-02080944-n] (of the southern coast of South America)
                                • California sea lion [ENG31-02081226-n] (often trained as a show animal)
                                • Australian sea lion [ENG31-02081390-n] (a variety of sea lion found in Australia)
                                • Steller sea lion [ENG31-02081657-n] (largest sea lion)
                            • earless seal [ENG31-02082041-n] (any of several seals lacking external ear flaps and having a stiff hairlike coat with hind limbs reduced to swimming flippers)

                              • harbor seal [ENG31-02082503-n] (small spotted seal of coastal waters of the northern hemisphere)
                              • harp seal [ENG31-02082798-n] (common Arctic seal)
                              • elephant seal [ENG31-02083067-n] (either of two large northern Atlantic earless seals having snouts like trunks)
                              • bearded seal [ENG31-02083365-n] (medium-sized greyish to yellow seal with bristles each side of muzzle)
                              • hooded seal [ENG31-02083712-n] (medium-sized blackish-grey seal with large inflatable sac on the head)
                          • walrus [ENG31-02084223-n] (either of two large northern marine mammals having ivory tusks and tough hide over thick blubber)

                            • Atlantic walrus [ENG31-02084450-n] (a walrus of northern Atlantic and Arctic waters)
                            • Pacific walrus [ENG31-02084579-n] (a walrus of the Bering Sea and northern Pacific)
                      • carnivore [ENG31-02077948-n] (a terrestrial or aquatic flesh-eating mammal)

                        • fissiped mammal [ENG31-02084842-n] (terrestrial carnivores)
                        • canine [ENG31-02085998-n] (any of various fissiped mammals with nonretractile claws and typically long muzzles)

                          • bitch [ENG31-02086324-n] (female of any member of the dog family)

                            • brood bitch [ENG31-02086432-n] (a bitch used for breeding)
                          • wolf [ENG31-02116752-n] (any of various predatory carnivorous canine mammals of North America and Eurasia that usually hunt in packs)

                            • timber wolf [ENG31-02117019-n] (a wolf with a brindled grey coat living in forested northern regions of North America)
                            • white wolf [ENG31-02117200-n] (wolf of Arctic North America having white fur and a black-tipped tail)
                            • red wolf [ENG31-02117364-n] (reddish-grey wolf of southwestern North America)
                            • coyote [ENG31-02117507-n] (small wolf native to western North America)

                              • coydog [ENG31-02117664-n] (offspring of a coyote and a dog)
                          • jackal [ENG31-02117748-n] (Old World nocturnal canine mammal closely related to the dog)
                          • wild dog [ENG31-02117987-n] (any of various undomesticated mammals of the family Canidae that are thought to resemble domestic dogs as distinguished from jackals or wolves)

                            • dingo [ENG31-02118293-n] (wolflike yellowish-brown wild dog of Australia)
                            • dhole [ENG31-02118565-n] (fierce wild dog of the forests of central and southeast Asia that hunts in packs)
                            • crab-eating dog [ENG31-02118837-n] (wild dog of northern South America)
                            • raccoon dog [ENG31-02119102-n] (small wild dog of eastern Asia having facial markings like those of a raccoon)
                            • African hunting dog [ENG31-02119390-n] (a powerful doglike mammal of southern and eastern Africa that hunts in large packs)
                          • hyena [ENG31-02119787-n] (doglike nocturnal mammal of Africa and southern Asia that feeds chiefly on carrion)

                            • striped hyena [ENG31-02120164-n] (of northern Africa and Arabia and India)
                            • brown hyena [ENG31-02120298-n] (of southern Africa)
                            • spotted hyena [ENG31-02120552-n] (African hyena noted for its distinctive howl)
                            • aardwolf [ENG31-02120828-n] (striped hyena of southeast Africa that feeds chiefly on insects)
                          • fox [ENG31-02120985-n] (alert carnivorous mammal with pointed muzzle and ears and a bushy tail)

                            • vixen [ENG31-02121295-n] (a female fox)
                            • Reynard [ENG31-02121359-n] (a conventional name for a fox used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox')
                            • red fox [ENG31-02121674-n] (the common Old World fox)

                              • black fox [ENG31-02121899-n] (red fox in the color phase when its pelt is mostly black)
                              • silver fox [ENG31-02122011-n] (red fox in the color phase when its pelt is tipped with white)
                            • red fox [ENG31-02122129-n] (New World fox)
                            • kit fox [ENG31-02122286-n] (small grey fox of the plains of western North America)
                            • kit fox [ENG31-02122441-n] (small grey fox of southwestern United States)
                            • Arctic fox [ENG31-02122731-n] (thickly-furred fox of Arctic regions)

                              • blue fox [ENG31-02122930-n] (a variety of Arctic fox having a pale grey winter coat)
                            • grey fox [ENG31-02123157-n] (dark grey American fox)
                        • feline [ENG31-02123649-n] (any of various lithe-bodied roundheaded fissiped mammals, many with retractile claws)

                          • cat [ENG31-02124272-n] (feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability to roar: domestic cats)

                            • wildcat [ENG31-02127275-n] (any small or medium-sized cat resembling the domestic cat and living in the wild)

                              • sand cat [ENG31-02127662-n] (a desert wildcat)
                              • European wildcat [ENG31-02127733-n] (bushy-tailed wildcat of Europe that resembles the domestic cat and is regarded as the ancestor of the domestic cat)
                              • cougar [ENG31-02127963-n] (large American feline resembling a lion)
                              • ocelot [ENG31-02128146-n] (nocturnal wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-spotted buff-brown coat)
                              • jaguarundi [ENG31-02128341-n] (long-bodied long-tailed tropical American wildcat)
                              • kaffir cat [ENG31-02128524-n] (widely distributed wildcat of Africa and Asia Minor)
                              • jungle cat [ENG31-02128680-n] (small Asiatic wildcat)
                              • serval [ENG31-02128791-n] (slender long-legged African wildcat having large untufted ears and tawny black-spotted coat)
                              • leopard cat [ENG31-02128969-n] (small spotted wildcat of southern Asia and Malaysia)
                              • tiger cat [ENG31-02129117-n] (medium-sized wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-striped coat)
                              • margay [ENG31-02129292-n] (small spotted wildcat found from Texas to Brazil)
                              • manul [ENG31-02129439-n] (small wildcat of the mountains of Siberia and Tibet and Mongolia)
                              • lynx [ENG31-02129704-n] (short-tailed wildcats with usually tufted ears)

                                • common lynx [ENG31-02129944-n] (of northern Eurasia)
                                • Canada lynx [ENG31-02130033-n] (of northern North America)
                                • bobcat [ENG31-02130134-n] (small lynx of North America)
                                • spotted lynx [ENG31-02130238-n] (of southern Europe)
                                • caracal [ENG31-02130330-n] (of deserts of northern Africa and southern Asia)
                          • big cat [ENG31-02130460-n] (any of several large cats typically able to roar and living in the wild)

                            • leopard [ENG31-02131037-n] (large feline of African and Asian forests usually having a tawny coat with black spots)

                              • leopardess [ENG31-02131250-n] (female leopard)
                              • panther [ENG31-02131321-n] (a leopard in the black color phase)
                            • snow leopard [ENG31-02131409-n] (large feline of upland central Asia having long thick whitish fur)
                            • jaguar [ENG31-02131577-n] (a large spotted feline of tropical America similar to the leopard)
                            • lion [ENG31-02131817-n] (large gregarious predatory feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male)

                              • lioness [ENG31-02132115-n] (a female lion)
                              • lionet [ENG31-02132182-n] (a small or young lion)
                            • tiger [ENG31-02132256-n] (large feline of forests in most of Asia having a tawny coat with black stripes)

                              • Bengal tiger [ENG31-02132489-n] (southern short-haired tiger)
                              • tigress [ENG31-02132575-n] (a female tiger)
                            • liger [ENG31-02132643-n] (offspring of a male lion and a female tiger)
                            • tiglon [ENG31-02132738-n] (offspring of a male tiger and a female lion)
                            • cheetah [ENG31-02132960-n] (long-legged spotted cat of Africa and southwestern Asia having nonretractile claws)
                            • saber-toothed tiger [ENG31-02133197-n] (any of many extinct cats of the Old and New Worlds having long swordlike upper canine teeth)

                              • Smiledon californicus [ENG31-02133577-n] (North American sabertooth)
                              • false saber-toothed tiger [ENG31-02133863-n] (North American cat of the Miocene and Pliocene)
                        • bear [ENG31-02134305-n] (massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws)

                          • brown bear [ENG31-02134788-n] (large ferocious bear of Eurasia)

                            • Syrian bear [ENG31-02135118-n] (yellowish-grey Syrian brown bear)
                            • grizzly [ENG31-02135232-n] (powerful brownish-yellow bear of the uplands of western North America)
                            • Alaskan brown bear [ENG31-02135440-n] (brown bear of coastal Alaska and British Columbia)
                          • bruin [ENG31-02134972-n] (a conventional name for a bear used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox')
                          • American black bear [ENG31-02135813-n] (brown to black North American bear)

                            • cinnamon bear [ENG31-02136052-n] (reddish-brown color phase of the American black bear)
                          • Asiatic black bear [ENG31-02136356-n] (bear with a black coat living in central and eastern Asia)
                          • ice bear [ENG31-02136736-n] (white bear of Arctic regions)
                          • sloth bear [ENG31-02137070-n] (common coarse-haired long-snouted bear of south-central Asia)
                        • viverrine [ENG31-02137623-n] (small cat-like predatory mammals of warmer parts of the Old World)

                          • civet [ENG31-02137872-n] (cat-like mammal typically secreting musk used in perfumes)

                            • large civet [ENG31-02138262-n] (common civet of India and southeast Asia)
                            • small civet [ENG31-02138496-n] (a common civet of southeast Asia)
                            • binturong [ENG31-02138755-n] (arboreal civet of Asia having a long prehensile tail and shaggy black hair)
                            • Cryptoprocta [ENG31-02138937-n] (large primitive cat-like carnivores inhabiting forests of Madagascar)
                            • fanaloka [ENG31-02139446-n] (civet of Madagascar)
                            • banded palm civet [ENG31-02139954-n] (an East Indian civet)
                            • palm cat [ENG31-02140821-n] (spotted or striped arboreal civet of southeast Asia and East Indies)
                          • fossa [ENG31-02139104-n] (largest carnivore of Madagascar)
                          • genet [ENG31-02139667-n] (agile Old World viverrine having a spotted coat and long ringed tail)
                          • mongoose [ENG31-02140201-n] (agile grizzled Old World viverrine)

                            • Indian mongoose [ENG31-02140374-n] (keen-sighted viverrine of southern Asia about the size of a ferret)
                            • ichneumon [ENG31-02140540-n] (northern African mongoose)
                          • meerkat [ENG31-02141093-n] (a mongoose-like viverrine of South Africa having a face like a lemur and only four toes)

                            • slender-tailed meerkat [ENG31-02141299-n] (a meerkat with a thin and elongated tail)
                            • suricate [ENG31-02141429-n] (burrowing diurnal meerkat of southern Africa)
                        • musteline mammal [ENG31-02443957-n] (fissiped fur-bearing carnivorous mammals)

                          • weasel [ENG31-02444573-n] (small carnivorous mammal with short legs and elongated body and neck)

                            • ermine [ENG31-02444803-n] (mustelid of northern hemisphere in its white winter coat)

                              • stoat [ENG31-02444967-n] (the ermine in its brown summer coat with black-tipped tail)
                            • New World least weasel [ENG31-02445077-n] (of Canada and northeastern United States)
                            • Old World least weasel [ENG31-02445203-n] (of Europe)
                            • longtail weasel [ENG31-02445299-n] (the common American weasel distinguished by large size and black-tipped tail)
                            • muishond [ENG31-02446439-n] (southern African weasel)

                              • snake muishond [ENG31-02446590-n] (small slender burrowing muishond with white top of the head)
                              • striped muishond [ENG31-02446882-n] (ferret-sized muishond often tamed)
                              • zoril [ENG31-02447015-n] (muishond of northern Africa)
                          • mink [ENG31-02445476-n] (slender-bodied semiaquatic mammal having partially webbed feet)

                            • American mink [ENG31-02445646-n] (usually rich dark brown)
                          • polecat [ENG31-02445745-n] (dark brown mustelid of woodlands of Eurasia that gives off an unpleasant odor when threatened)

                            • ferret [ENG31-02445977-n] (domesticated albino variety of the European polecat bred for hunting rats and rabbits)
                          • black-footed ferret [ENG31-02446115-n] (musteline mammal of prairie regions of United States)
                          • otter [ENG31-02447450-n] (freshwater carnivorous mammal having webbed and clawed feet and dark brown fur)

                            • river otter [ENG31-02447635-n] (sociable aquatic animal widely distributed along streams and lake borders in North America)
                            • Eurasian otter [ENG31-02447802-n] (otter found in Europe and Asia)
                          • sea otter [ENG31-02448025-n] (large marine otter of northern Pacific coasts having very thick dark brown fur)
                          • skunk [ENG31-02448346-n] (American musteline mammal typically ejecting an intensely malodorous fluid when startled)

                            • striped skunk [ENG31-02448837-n] (most common and widespread North American skunk)
                            • hooded skunk [ENG31-02448983-n] (of Mexico and southernmost parts of southwestern United States)
                            • hog-nosed skunk [ENG31-02449276-n] (large naked-muzzled skunk with white back and tail)
                            • spotted skunk [ENG31-02449652-n] (small skunk with a marbled black and white coat)
                          • badger [ENG31-02449997-n] (sturdy carnivorous burrowing mammal with strong claws)

                            • American badger [ENG31-02450393-n] (a variety of badger native to America)
                            • Eurasian badger [ENG31-02450691-n] (a variety of badger native to Europe and Asia)
                            • ferret badger [ENG31-02451264-n] (small ferret-like badger of southeast Asia)
                            • hog badger [ENG31-02451516-n] (southeast Asian badger with a snout like a pig)
                          • ratel [ENG31-02450949-n] (nocturnal badger-like carnivore of wooded regions of Africa and southern Asia)
                          • wolverine [ENG31-02451814-n] (stocky shaggy-coated North American carnivorous mammal)
                          • glutton [ENG31-02451981-n] (musteline mammal of northern Eurasia)
                          • grison [ENG31-02452330-n] (carnivore of Central America and South America resembling a weasel with a greyish-white back and dark underparts)
                          • marten [ENG31-02452665-n] (agile slender-bodied arboreal mustelids somewhat larger than weasels)

                            • pine marten [ENG31-02452926-n] (dark brown marten of northern Eurasian coniferous forests)
                            • sable [ENG31-02453057-n] (marten of northern Asian forests having luxuriant dark brown fur)
                            • American marten [ENG31-02453192-n] (valued for its fur)
                            • stone marten [ENG31-02453308-n] (Eurasian marten having a brown coat with pale breast and throat)
                            • fisher [ENG31-02453460-n] (large dark brown North American arboreal carnivorous mammal)
                            • yellow-throated marten [ENG31-02453756-n] (large yellow and black marten of southern China and Burma)
                          • tayra [ENG31-02454046-n] (long-tailed arboreal mustelid of Central America and South America)
                        • procyonid [ENG31-02510280-n] (plantigrade carnivorous mammals)

                          • raccoon [ENG31-02510652-n] (an omnivorous nocturnal mammal native to North America and Central America)

                            • common raccoon [ENG31-02510844-n] (North American raccoon)
                            • crab-eating raccoon [ENG31-02510977-n] (a South American raccoon)
                          • bassarisk [ENG31-02511373-n] (raccoon-like omnivorous mammal of Mexico and the southwestern United States having a long bushy tail with black and white rings)
                          • kinkajou [ENG31-02511828-n] (arboreal fruit-eating mammal of tropical America with a long prehensile tail)
                          • coati [ENG31-02512146-n] (omnivorous mammal of Central America and South America)
                          • lesser panda [ENG31-02512446-n] (reddish-brown Old World raccoon-like carnivore)
                          • giant panda [ENG31-02513086-n] (large black-and-white herbivorous mammal of bamboo forests of China and Tibet)
                      • Fissipedia [ENG31-02084708-n] (in some classifications considered a suborder of Carnivora)
                      • aardvark [ENG31-02085443-n] (nocturnal burrowing mammal of the grasslands of Africa that feeds on termites)
                      • bat [ENG31-02141851-n] (nocturnal mouselike mammal with forelimbs modified to form membranous wings and anatomical adaptations for echolocation by which they navigate)

                        • fruit bat [ENG31-02142323-n] (large Old World bat of warm and tropical regions that feeds on fruit)

                          • flying fox [ENG31-02142701-n] (large bat with a head that resembles the head of a fox)
                          • Pteropus capestratus [ENG31-02142831-n] (a variety of fruit bat)
                          • Pteropus hypomelanus [ENG31-02142920-n] (a variety of fruit bat)
                          • harpy [ENG31-02143143-n] (any of various fruit bats of the genus Nyctimene distinguished by nostrils drawn out into diverging tubes)
                          • Cynopterus sphinx [ENG31-02143510-n] (a variety of fruit eating bat)
                        • carnivorous bat [ENG31-02143958-n] (typically having large ears and feeding primarily on insects)

                          • mouse-eared bat [ENG31-02144263-n] (a carnivorous bat with ears like a mouse)
                          • leafnose bat [ENG31-02144365-n] (bat having a leaflike flap at the end of the nose)

                            • macrotus [ENG31-02145059-n] (large-eared greyish bat of southern California and northwestern Mexico)
                            • spearnose bat [ENG31-02145386-n] (New World bat with a pointed nose leaf)
                            • Phyllostomus hastatus [ENG31-02145550-n] (a variety of leaf-nosed bat)
                            • hognose bat [ENG31-02145794-n] (small-eared Mexican bat with a long slender nose)
                            • horseshoe bat [ENG31-02146091-n] (a bat of the family Rhinolophidae having a horseshoe-shaped leaf on the nose)
                            • horseshoe bat [ENG31-02146543-n] (any of numerous bats of the family Hipposideridae of northwest Africa or Philippines or Australia having a horseshoe-shaped leaf on the nose)
                            • orange bat [ENG31-02146903-n] (a common bat of northwestern Australia having orange or yellow fur)
                            • false vampire [ENG31-02147245-n] (any New or Old World carnivorous bat erroneously thought to suck blood but in fact feeding on insects)

                              • big-eared bat [ENG31-02147588-n] (large carnivorous Old World bat with very large ears)
                          • vespertilian bat [ENG31-02148076-n] (a variety of carnivorous bat)

                            • frosted bat [ENG31-02148562-n] (common Eurasian bat with white-tipped hairs in its coat)
                            • red bat [ENG31-02148853-n] (North American bat of a brick or rusty red color with hairs tipped with white)
                            • little brown bat [ENG31-02149352-n] (the small common North American bat)
                            • cave myotis [ENG31-02149531-n] (small bat of southwest United States that lives in caves etc.)
                            • big brown bat [ENG31-02149825-n] (rather large North American brown bat)
                            • serotine [ENG31-02149980-n] (common brown bat of Europe)
                            • pallid bat [ENG31-02150243-n] (drab yellowish big-eared bat that lives in caves)
                            • pipistrelle [ENG31-02150599-n] (small European brown bat)
                            • eastern pipistrel [ENG31-02150740-n] (one of the smallest bats of eastern North America)
                            • western pipistrel [ENG31-02150897-n] (of western North America)
                            • jackass bat [ENG31-02151164-n] (a large bat of the southwestern United States having spots and enormous ears)
                            • long-eared bat [ENG31-02151487-n] (any of various Old or New World bats having very long ears)

                              • western big-eared bat [ENG31-02151643-n] (bat of western North America having extremely large ears)
                          • brown bat [ENG31-02149023-n] (any of numerous medium to small insectivorous bats found worldwide in caves and trees and buildings)
                          • freetail [ENG31-02152072-n] (small swift insectivorous bat with leathery ears and a long tail)

                            • guano bat [ENG31-02152305-n] (the common freetail bat of southern United States having short velvety fur)
                            • pocketed bat [ENG31-02152513-n] (small brown bat of California and northern Mexico)
                          • mastiff bat [ENG31-02152786-n] (a soft-furred chocolate-brown bat with folded ears and small wings)
                          • vampire bat [ENG31-02153134-n] (any of various tropical American bats of the family Desmodontidae that bite mammals and birds to feed on their blood)

                            • Desmodus rotundus [ENG31-02153537-n] (mouse-sized bat of tropical Central America and South America having sharp incisor and canine teeth)
                            • hairy-legged vampire bat [ENG31-02153882-n] (similar in size and habits to Desmodus rotundus)
                      • lagomorph [ENG31-02326101-n] (relative large gnawing animals)

                        • Duplicidentata [ENG31-02325644-n] (in former classifications considered a suborder of Rodentia coextensive with the order Lagomorpha: gnawing animals)
                        • leporid [ENG31-02326554-n] (rabbits and hares)

                          • rabbit [ENG31-02326697-n] (any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails)

                            • rabbit ears [ENG31-02327083-n] (the long ears of a rabbit)
                            • lapin [ENG31-02327166-n] (castrated male rabbit)
                            • bunny [ENG31-02327239-n] ((usually informal) especially a young rabbit)
                            • European rabbit [ENG31-02327502-n] (common greyish-brown burrowing animal native to southern Europe and northern Africa but introduced elsewhere)
                            • wood rabbit [ENG31-02328018-n] (common small rabbit of North America having greyish or brownish fur and a tail with a white underside)

                              • eastern cottontail [ENG31-02328374-n] (widely distributed in United States except northwest and far west regions)
                              • swamp rabbit [ENG31-02328536-n] (a wood rabbit of southeastern United States swamps and lowlands)
                              • marsh hare [ENG31-02328726-n] (a wood rabbit of marshy coastal areas from North Carolina to Florida)
                            • Belgian hare [ENG31-02330661-n] (red breed of domestic rabbits)
                            • Angora [ENG31-02330802-n] (domestic breed of rabbit with long white silky hair)
                          • hare [ENG31-02329084-n] (swift timid long-eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs)

                            • leveret [ENG31-02329415-n] (a young hare especially one in its first year)
                            • European hare [ENG31-02329514-n] (large hare introduced in North America)
                            • jackrabbit [ENG31-02329680-n] (large hare of western North America)

                              • white-tailed jackrabbit [ENG31-02329827-n] (largest hare of northern plains and western mountains of United States)
                              • blacktail jackrabbit [ENG31-02330087-n] (the common jackrabbit of grasslands and open areas of western United States)
                            • polar hare [ENG31-02330308-n] (a large hare of northern North America)
                            • snowshoe hare [ENG31-02330494-n] (large large-footed North American hare)
                        • pika [ENG31-02331081-n] (small short-eared burrowing mammal of rocky uplands of Asia and western North America)

                          • little chief hare [ENG31-02331472-n] (North American pika)
                          • collared pika [ENG31-02331594-n] (similar to little chief hare and may be same species)
                      • rodent [ENG31-02332053-n] (relatively small placental mammals having a single pair of constantly growing incisor teeth specialized for gnawing)

                        • mouse [ENG31-02332897-n] (any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails)

                          • house mouse [ENG31-02334808-n] (brownish-grey Old World mouse now a common household pest worldwide)
                          • harvest mouse [ENG31-02335099-n] (small reddish-brown Eurasian mouse inhabiting e.g. cornfields)
                          • field mouse [ENG31-02335407-n] (any nocturnal Old World mouse of the genus Apodemus inhabiting woods and fields and gardens)

                            • European wood mouse [ENG31-02335842-n] (nocturnal yellowish-brown mouse inhabiting woods and fields and gardens)
                          • nude mouse [ENG31-02335606-n] (a mouse with a genetic defect that prevents them from growing hair and also prevents them from immunologically rejecting human cells and tissues)
                          • wood mouse [ENG31-02339293-n] (any of various New World woodland mice)

                            • white-footed mouse [ENG31-02339478-n] (American woodland mouse with white feet and underparts)
                            • deer mouse [ENG31-02339653-n] (brownish New World mouse)
                            • cactus mouse [ENG31-02339823-n] (burrowing mouse of desert areas of southwestern United States)
                            • cotton mouse [ENG31-02339984-n] (large dark mouse of southeastern United States)
                            • pygmy mouse [ENG31-02340250-n] (very small dark greyish brown mouse resembling a house mouse)
                        • rat [ENG31-02333698-n] (any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse)

                          • pocket rat [ENG31-02333961-n] (any of various rodents with cheek pouches)

                            • pocket mouse [ENG31-02351440-n] (any of various small nocturnal burrowing desert rodents with cheek pouches and long hind legs and tail)

                              • silky pocket mouse [ENG31-02351857-n] (small pale yellowish soft-furred rodent of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                              • plains pocket mouse [ENG31-02352042-n] (small rodent of open areas of United States plains states)
                              • hispid pocket mouse [ENG31-02352209-n] (large stiff-haired rodent of shortgrass prairies of United States)
                              • Mexican pocket mouse [ENG31-02352499-n] (large pocket mouse of Mexico)
                            • kangaroo rat [ENG31-02352757-n] (any of various leaping rodents of desert regions of North America and Mexico)

                              • Ord kangaroo rat [ENG31-02353009-n] (most widely distributed kangaroo rat: plains and mountain areas of central and western United States)
                            • kangaroo mouse [ENG31-02353322-n] (small silky-haired pouched rodent)
                            • gopher [ENG31-02356513-n] (burrowing rodent of the family Geomyidae having large external cheek pouches)

                              • plains pocket gopher [ENG31-02356814-n] (gopher of chiefly grasslands of central North America)
                              • southeastern pocket gopher [ENG31-02356972-n] (gopher of Alabama and Georgia and Florida)
                              • valley pocket gopher [ENG31-02357273-n] (of valleys and mountain meadows of western United States)
                              • northern pocket gopher [ENG31-02357433-n] (greyish to brown gopher of western and central United States)
                          • brown rat [ENG31-02336198-n] (common domestic rat)

                            • wharf rat [ENG31-02336385-n] (brown rat that infests wharves)
                            • sewer rat [ENG31-02336471-n] (brown rat commonly found in sewers)
                          • black rat [ENG31-02336561-n] (common household pest originally from Asia that has spread worldwide)
                          • bandicoot rat [ENG31-02336853-n] (burrowing scaly-tailed rat of India and Ceylon)
                          • jerboa rat [ENG31-02337112-n] (large Australian rat with hind legs adapted for leaping)

                            • kangaroo mouse [ENG31-02337380-n] (leaping rodent of Australian desert areas)
                          • rice rat [ENG31-02343292-n] (hardy agile rat of grassy marshes of Mexico and the southeastern United States)
                        • murine [ENG31-02334494-n] (a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae)
                        • water rat [ENG31-02337779-n] (any of various amphibious rats)

                          • beaver rat [ENG31-02337883-n] (amphibious rat of Australia and New Guinea)
                        • New World mouse [ENG31-02338663-n] (a variety of rodent)

                          • American harvest mouse [ENG31-02338927-n] (any of several small greyish New World mice inhabiting e.g. grain fields)
                        • muskrat [ENG31-02340797-n] (beaver-like aquatic rodent of North America with dark glossy brown fur)
                        • round-tailed muskrat [ENG31-02341101-n] (of Florida wetlands)
                        • cotton rat [ENG31-02341374-n] (destructive long-haired burrowing rat of southern North America and Central America)
                        • wood rat [ENG31-02341553-n] (any of various small short-tailed rodents of the northern hemisphere having soft fur grey above and white below with furred tails and large ears)

                          • dusky-footed wood rat [ENG31-02341934-n] (a wood rat with dusky feet)
                          • vole [ENG31-02342028-n] (any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a stout short-tailed body and inconspicuous ears and inhabiting fields or meadows)

                            • grasshopper mouse [ENG31-02340554-n] (insectivorous mouse of western North America)
                            • pine vole [ENG31-02343582-n] (short-tailed glossy-furred burrowing vole of the eastern United States)
                            • meadow vole [ENG31-02343940-n] (widely distributed in grasslands of northern United States and Canada)
                            • water vole [ENG31-02344127-n] (of western North America)
                            • prairie vole [ENG31-02344268-n] (typical vole of the extended prairie region of central United States and southern Canada)
                            • water vole [ENG31-02344626-n] (common large Eurasian vole)
                            • red-backed mouse [ENG31-02344902-n] (any of several voles of mountainous regions of Eurasia and America)
                            • phenacomys [ENG31-02345186-n] (any of several vole-like terrestrial or arboreal rodents of cold forested regions of Canada and western United States)
                          • packrat [ENG31-02342574-n] (any of several bushy-tailed rodents of the genus Neotoma of western North America)

                            • dusky-footed woodrat [ENG31-02342838-n] (host to Lyme disease tick (Ixodes pacificus) in northern California)
                          • eastern woodrat [ENG31-02343010-n] (large greyish-brown wood rat of the southeastern United States)
                        • hamster [ENG31-02345537-n] (short-tailed Old World burrowing rodent with large cheek pouches)

                          • Eurasian hamster [ENG31-02345710-n] (a variety of hamster common to Europe and Asia)
                          • golden hamster [ENG31-02345972-n] (small light-colored hamster often kept as a pet)
                        • gerbil [ENG31-02346424-n] (small Old World burrowing desert rodent with long soft pale fur and hind legs adapted for leaping)

                          • jird [ENG31-02346827-n] (gerbil of northern Africa)
                          • tamarisk gerbil [ENG31-02346922-n] (a gerbil that is popular as a pet)
                          • sand rat [ENG31-02347060-n] (southern European gerbil)
                        • lemming [ENG31-02347180-n] (any of various short-tailed furry-footed rodents of circumpolar distribution)

                          • European lemming [ENG31-02347570-n] (notable for mass migrations even into the sea where many drown)
                          • brown lemming [ENG31-02347730-n] (of northwestern Canada and Alaska)
                          • grey lemming [ENG31-02347992-n] (Old World lemming)
                          • pied lemming [ENG31-02348252-n] (North American lemming having a white winter coat and some claws much enlarged)

                            • Hudson bay collared lemming [ENG31-02348426-n] (of northern Canada)
                          • southern bog lemming [ENG31-02348649-n] (of low bogs and meadows of northeastern and central United States and southern Canada)
                          • northern bog lemming [ENG31-02348822-n] (of wet alpine and subalpine meadows of Canada and Alaska)
                        • porcupine [ENG31-02349279-n] (relatively large rodents with sharp erectile bristles mingled with the fur)

                          • Old World porcupine [ENG31-02349650-n] (terrestrial porcupine)

                            • brush-tailed porcupine [ENG31-02349926-n] (porcupine with a tuft of large beaded bristles on the tail)
                            • long-tailed porcupine [ENG31-02350225-n] (porcupine of Borneo and Sumatra having short spines and a long tail)
                          • New World porcupine [ENG31-02350396-n] (arboreal porcupine)

                            • Canada porcupine [ENG31-02350825-n] (porcupine of northeastern North America with barbed spines concealed in the coarse fur)
                        • jumping mouse [ENG31-02353641-n] (any of several primitive mouselike rodents with long hind legs and no cheek pouches)

                          • meadow jumping mouse [ENG31-02353995-n] (widely distributed in northeastern and central United States and Canada)
                        • jerboa [ENG31-02354522-n] (mouselike jumping rodent)

                          • typical jerboa [ENG31-02354654-n] (small nocturnal jumping rodent with long hind legs)
                          • Jaculus jaculus [ENG31-02354942-n] (a variety of jerboa)
                        • dormouse [ENG31-02355243-n] (small furry-tailed squirrel-like Old World rodent that becomes torpid in cold weather)

                          • loir [ENG31-02355584-n] (large European dormouse)
                          • hazel mouse [ENG31-02355824-n] (a variety of dormouse)
                          • lerot [ENG31-02356063-n] (dormouse of southern Europe and northern Africa)
                        • squirrel [ENG31-02357879-n] (a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail)

                          • tree squirrel [ENG31-02358129-n] (any typical arboreal squirrel)

                            • eastern grey squirrel [ENG31-02359033-n] (common medium-large squirrel of eastern North America)
                            • western grey squirrel [ENG31-02359264-n] (large grey squirrel of far western areas of United States)
                            • fox squirrel [ENG31-02359450-n] (exceptionally large arboreal squirrel of eastern United States)
                            • black squirrel [ENG31-02359629-n] (fox squirrel or grey squirrel in the black color phase)
                            • red squirrel [ENG31-02359763-n] (common reddish-brown squirrel of Europe and parts of Asia)
                            • American red squirrel [ENG31-02360053-n] (of northern United States and Canada)
                            • chickeree [ENG31-02360237-n] (far western United States counterpart of the red squirrel)
                          • ground squirrel [ENG31-02360743-n] (any of various terrestrial burrowing rodents of Old and New Worlds)

                            • antelope squirrel [ENG31-02360563-n] (small ground squirrel of western United States)
                            • mantled ground squirrel [ENG31-02361042-n] (common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel of western North America)
                            • suslik [ENG31-02361236-n] (rather large central Eurasian ground squirrel)
                            • flickertail [ENG31-02361364-n] (of sagebrush and grassland areas of western United States and Canada)
                            • rock squirrel [ENG31-02361542-n] (large grey ground squirrel of rocky areas of the southwestern United States)
                            • Arctic ground squirrel [ENG31-02361699-n] (large ground squirrel of the North American far north)
                          • eastern chipmunk [ENG31-02362567-n] (small striped semiterrestrial eastern American squirrel with cheek pouches)
                          • chipmunk [ENG31-02362934-n] (a burrowing ground squirrel of western America and Asia)
                          • baronduki [ENG31-02363132-n] (terrestrial Siberian squirrel)
                          • American flying squirrel [ENG31-02363433-n] (New World flying squirrels)

                            • southern flying squirrel [ENG31-02363585-n] (small large-eyed nocturnal flying squirrel of eastern United States)
                            • northern flying squirrel [ENG31-02363742-n] (large flying squirrel)
                          • Asiatic flying squirrel [ENG31-02364846-n] (nocturnal rodent of Asia having furry folds of skin between forelegs and hind legs enabling it to move by gliding leaps)

                            • taguan [ENG31-02365221-n] (East Indian flying squirrel)
                        • prairie dog [ENG31-02361976-n] (any of several rodents of North American prairies living in large complex burrows having a barking cry)

                          • blacktail prairie dog [ENG31-02362208-n] (tail is black tipped)
                          • whitetail prairie dog [ENG31-02362319-n] (tail is white tipped)
                        • marmot [ENG31-02363989-n] (stocky coarse-furred burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail found throughout the northern hemisphere)

                          • groundhog [ENG31-02364239-n] (reddish brown North American marmot)
                          • hoary marmot [ENG31-02364358-n] (large North American mountain marmot)
                          • yellowbelly marmot [ENG31-02364502-n] (heavy-bodied yellowish-brown marmot of rocky areas of western North America)
                        • beaver [ENG31-02365657-n] (large semiaquatic rodent with webbed hind feet and a broad flat tail)

                          • Old World beaver [ENG31-02365897-n] (a European variety of beaver)
                          • New World beaver [ENG31-02366003-n] (a variety of beaver found in almost all areas of North America except Florida)
                        • mountain beaver [ENG31-02366648-n] (bulky nocturnal burrowing rodent of uplands of the Pacific coast of North America)
                        • cavy [ENG31-02367172-n] (short-tailed rough-haired South American rodent)

                          • guinea pig [ENG31-02367325-n] (stout-bodied nearly tailless domesticated cavy)
                          • aperea [ENG31-02367492-n] (South American cavy)
                        • mara [ENG31-02367760-n] (hare-like rodent of the pampas of Argentina)
                        • capybara [ENG31-02368132-n] (pig-sized tailless South American amphibious rodent with partly webbed feet)
                        • agouti [ENG31-02368654-n] (agile long-legged rabbit-sized rodent of Central America and South America and the West Indies)
                        • paca [ENG31-02368953-n] (large burrowing rodent of South America and Central America)
                        • mountain paca [ENG31-02369231-n] (rodent of mountains of western South America)
                        • coypu [ENG31-02369611-n] (aquatic South American rodent resembling a small beaver)
                        • chinchilla [ENG31-02370144-n] (small rodent with soft pearly grey fur)
                        • mountain chinchilla [ENG31-02370464-n] (a rodent native to the mountains of Chile and Peru and now bred in captivity)
                        • viscacha [ENG31-02370768-n] (gregarious burrowing rodent larger than the chinchillas)
                        • abrocome [ENG31-02371051-n] (ratlike rodent with soft fur and large ears of the Andes)
                        • mole rat [ENG31-02371473-n] (furry short-limbed tailless rodent resembling a true mole in habits and appearance)
                        • mole rat [ENG31-02371945-n] (African rodent resembling a mole in habits and appearance)
                        • sand rat [ENG31-02372207-n] (small nearly naked African mole rat of desert areas)
                      • Ungulata [ENG31-02373177-n] (in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising all hoofed mammals)
                      • ungulate [ENG31-02373458-n] (any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically)

                        • dinocerate [ENG31-02374698-n] (an extinct ungulate)

                          • dinoceras [ENG31-02374792-n] (a variety of dinocerate)
                        • odd-toed ungulate [ENG31-02375988-n] (placental mammals having hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot)

                          • equine [ENG31-02376801-n] (hoofed mammals having slender legs and a flat coat with a narrow mane along the back of the neck)

                            • horse [ENG31-02377103-n] (solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times)

                              • roan [ENG31-02377954-n] (a horse having a brownish coat thickly sprinkled with white or gray)
                              • stablemate [ENG31-02378090-n] (a horse stabled with another or one of several horses owned by the same person)
                              • gee-gee [ENG31-02378409-n] (a word for horse used by children or in adult slang)
                              • eohippus [ENG31-02378514-n] (earliest horse)
                              • mesohippus [ENG31-02378787-n] (North American three-toed Oligocene animal)
                              • protohippus [ENG31-02379075-n] (Pliocene horse approaching donkeys in size)
                              • mare [ENG31-02380132-n] (female equine animal)

                                • broodmare [ENG31-02380255-n] (a female horse used for breeding)
                              • saddle horse [ENG31-02380355-n] (a lightweight horse kept for riding only)

                                • remount [ENG31-02380801-n] (a fresh horse especially (formerly) to replace one killed or injured in battle)
                                • palfrey [ENG31-02380951-n] (especially a light saddle horse for a woman)
                                • warhorse [ENG31-02381067-n] (horse used in war)

                                  • cavalry horse [ENG31-02381193-n] (horse trained for battle)
                                  • charger [ENG31-02381277-n] (formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle)
                                  • steed [ENG31-02381407-n] ((literary) a spirited horse for state of war)
                                • prancer [ENG31-02381522-n] (a mettlesome or fiery horse)
                                • hack [ENG31-02381621-n] (a saddle horse used for transportation rather than sport etc.)
                                • cow pony [ENG31-02381733-n] (a light saddle horse trained for herding cattle)
                                • quarter horse [ENG31-02381835-n] (a small powerful horse originally bred for sprinting in quarter-mile races in Virginia)
                                • Morgan [ENG31-02381981-n] (an American breed of small compact saddle horses)
                                • Tennessee walker [ENG31-02382082-n] (a horse marked by stamina and trained to move at a fast running walk)
                                • American saddle horse [ENG31-02382282-n] (a high-stepping horse originating in Kentucky)
                                • Appaloosa [ENG31-02382395-n] (a hardy breed of saddle horse developed in western North America and characteristically having a spotted rump)
                                • Arabian [ENG31-02382560-n] (a spirited graceful and intelligent riding horse native to Arabia)
                                • Lippizan [ENG31-02382704-n] (a compact and sturdy saddle horse that is bred and trained in Vienna)
                                • buckskin [ENG31-02383656-n] (horse of a light yellowish dun color with dark mane and tail)
                                • crowbait [ENG31-02383771-n] (an emaciated horse likely soon to become carrion and so attractive to crows)
                                • dun [ENG31-02383913-n] (horse of a dull brownish grey color)
                                • grey [ENG31-02384016-n] (horse of a light gray or whitish color)
                              • pony [ENG31-02382987-n] (a range horse of the western United States)

                                • mustang [ENG31-02383235-n] (small hardy range horse of the western plains descended from horses brought by the Spanish)

                                  • bronco [ENG31-02383397-n] (an unbroken or imperfectly broken mustang)

                                    • bucking bronco [ENG31-02383527-n] (a wild horse that is vicious and difficult or impossible to break in)
                                • cayuse [ENG31-02384691-n] (a small native range horse)
                              • polo pony [ENG31-02383116-n] (a small agile horse specially bred and trained for playing polo)
                              • wild horse [ENG31-02384112-n] (undomesticated or feral domestic horse)

                                • tarpan [ENG31-02384261-n] (European wild horse extinct since the early 20th century)
                                • warrigal [ENG31-02384396-n] (Australian wild horse)
                                • Przewalski's horse [ENG31-02384483-n] (wild horse of central Asia that resembles an ass)
                              • hack [ENG31-02384784-n] (a horse kept for hire)
                              • hack [ENG31-02384856-n] (an old or over-worked horse)
                              • pony [ENG31-02385089-n] (any of various breeds of small gentle horses usually less than five feet high at the shoulder)

                                • Shetland pony [ENG31-02385287-n] (breed of very small pony with long shaggy mane and tail)
                                • Welsh pony [ENG31-02385402-n] (breed of small ponies originally from Wales)
                                • Exmoor [ENG31-02385502-n] (stocky breed of pony with a fawn-colored nose)
                              • racehorse [ENG31-02385600-n] (a horse bred for racing)

                                • thoroughbred [ENG31-02385883-n] (a racehorse belonging to a breed that originated from a cross between Arabian stallions and English mares)
                                • pony [ENG31-02387750-n] (an informal term for a racehorse)
                                • yearling [ENG31-02387866-n] (a racehorse considered one year old until the second Jan. 1 following its birth)
                                • two-year-old horse [ENG31-02388000-n] (a racehorse that is two years old)
                                • three-year-old horse [ENG31-02388113-n] (a racehorse that is three years old)
                                • dark horse [ENG31-02388232-n] (a racehorse about which little is known)
                                • mudder [ENG31-02388328-n] (a racehorse that runs well on a muddy racetrack)
                                • nonstarter [ENG31-02388428-n] (a horse that fails to run in a race for which it has been entered)
                                • pacer [ENG31-02390795-n] (a horse used to set the pace in racing)
                                • trotting horse [ENG31-02390928-n] (a horse trained to trot)

                                  • pole horse [ENG31-02391105-n] (the horse having a starting position next to the inside rail in a harness race)
                              • steeplechaser [ENG31-02387393-n] (a horse trained to run in steeplechases)
                              • stalking-horse [ENG31-02388550-n] (a horse behind which a hunter hides while stalking game)
                              • harness horse [ENG31-02388666-n] (horse used for pulling vehicles)

                                • cob [ENG31-02388793-n] (stocky short-legged harness horse)
                                • hackney [ENG31-02388876-n] (a compact breed of harness horse)
                              • workhorse [ENG31-02388962-n] (a horse used for plowing and hauling and other heavy labor)

                                • plow horse [ENG31-02384990-n] (a horse used to pull a plow)
                                • draft horse [ENG31-02389148-n] (horse adapted for drawing heavy loads)

                                  • carthorse [ENG31-02389505-n] (draft horse kept for pulling carts)
                                  • Clydesdale [ENG31-02389620-n] (heavy feathered-legged breed of draft horse originally from Scotland)
                                  • Percheron [ENG31-02389745-n] (one of a breed of grey or black draft horses originally used in France to draw heavy coaches or artillery)
                                  • shire [ENG31-02389998-n] (British breed of large heavy draft horse)
                                  • pole horse [ENG31-02390104-n] (a draft horse harnessed alongside the shaft or pole of a vehicle)
                                  • wheel horse [ENG31-02390233-n] (a draft horse harnessed behind others and nearest the wheels of a vehicle)
                                  • coach horse [ENG31-02390539-n] (strong draft horse for drawing coaches)
                                • farm horse [ENG31-02389906-n] (a quiet plodding workhorse)
                              • post horse [ENG31-02390374-n] (a horse kept at an inn or post house for use by mail carriers or for rent to travelers)
                              • pacer [ENG31-02390635-n] (a horse trained to a special gait in which both feet on one side leave the ground together)
                              • stepper [ENG31-02391240-n] (a horse trained to lift its feet high off the ground while walking or trotting)
                              • chestnut [ENG31-02391387-n] (a dark golden-brown or reddish-brown horse)
                              • liver chestnut [ENG31-02391484-n] (a solid dark brown horse)
                              • bay [ENG31-02391569-n] (a horse of a moderate reddish-brown color)
                              • sorrel [ENG31-02391678-n] (a horse of a brownish orange to light brown color)
                              • palomino [ENG31-02391780-n] (a horse of light tan or golden color with cream-colored or white mane and tail)
                              • pinto [ENG31-02391913-n] (a spotted or calico horse or pony)
                            • ass [ENG31-02391998-n] (hardy and sure-footed animal smaller and with longer ears than the horse)

                              • domestic ass [ENG31-02392211-n] (domestic beast of burden descended from the African wild ass)

                                • burro [ENG31-02392431-n] (small donkey used as a pack animal)
                                • moke [ENG31-02392517-n] (British informal for donkey)
                              • jack [ENG31-02392595-n] (male donkey)
                              • jennet [ENG31-02392667-n] (female donkey)
                              • wild ass [ENG31-02393106-n] (any of several equine mammals of Asia and northeast Africa)

                                • African wild ass [ENG31-02393292-n] (a wild ass of Africa)
                                • kiang [ENG31-02393390-n] (wild ass of Tibet and Mongolia)
                                • onager [ENG31-02393486-n] (Asiatic wild ass)

                                  • chigetai [ENG31-02393590-n] (Mongolian wild ass)
                            • mule [ENG31-02392753-n] (hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse)
                            • hinny [ENG31-02392910-n] (hybrid offspring of a male horse and a female donkey or ass)
                            • zebra [ENG31-02393701-n] (any of several fleet black-and-white striped African equines)

                              • common zebra [ENG31-02393886-n] (of the plains of central and eastern Africa)
                              • mountain zebra [ENG31-02394025-n] (narrow-striped nearly extinct zebra of southern Africa)
                              • grevy's zebra [ENG31-02394160-n] (zebra with less continuous stripes)
                            • quagga [ENG31-02394269-n] (mammal of South Africa that resembled a zebra)
                          • rhinoceros [ENG31-02394646-n] (massive powerful herbivorous odd-toed ungulate of southeast Asia and Africa having very thick skin and one or two horns on the snout)

                            • Indian rhinoceros [ENG31-02395086-n] (having one horn)
                            • woolly rhinoceros [ENG31-02395207-n] (extinct thick-haired species of Arctic regions)
                            • white rhinoceros [ENG31-02395476-n] (large light-grey African rhinoceros having two horns)
                            • black rhinoceros [ENG31-02395813-n] (African rhino)
                          • tapir [ENG31-02396232-n] (large inoffensive chiefly nocturnal ungulate of tropical America and southeast Asia having a heavy body and fleshy snout)

                            • New World tapir [ENG31-02396459-n] (a tapir found in South America and Central America)
                            • Malayan tapir [ENG31-02396592-n] (a tapir found in Malaya and Sumatra)
                        • even-toed ungulate [ENG31-02397129-n] (placental mammal having hooves with an even number of functional toes on each foot)

                          • swine [ENG31-02397655-n] (stout-bodied short-legged omnivorous animals)

                            • hog [ENG31-02398058-n] (domestic swine)

                              • porker [ENG31-02398583-n] (a pig fattened to provide meat)
                            • boar [ENG31-02398666-n] (an uncastrated male hog)
                            • sow [ENG31-02398740-n] (an adult female hog)
                            • razorback [ENG31-02398809-n] (a mongrel hog with a thin body and long legs and a ridged back)
                            • wild boar [ENG31-02399079-n] (Old World wild swine having a narrow body and prominent tusks from which most domestic swine come)
                            • babirusa [ENG31-02399448-n] (Indonesian wild pig with enormous curved canine teeth)
                            • warthog [ENG31-02399748-n] (African wild swine with warty protuberances on the face and large protruding tusks)
                          • peccary [ENG31-02400181-n] (nocturnal gregarious pig-like wild animals of North America and South America)

                            • collared peccary [ENG31-02400396-n] (dark grey peccary with an indistinct white collar)
                            • white-lipped peccary [ENG31-02400639-n] (blackish peccary with whitish cheeks)
                            • Chiacoan peccary [ENG31-02400793-n] (a recently discovered large wild pig of Paraguay)
                          • hippopotamus [ENG31-02401173-n] (massive thick-skinned herbivorous animal living in or around rivers of tropical Africa)
                          • ruminant [ENG31-02401652-n] (any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments)

                            • pollard [ENG31-01321830-n] (a usually horned animal that has either shed its horns or had them removed)
                            • bovid [ENG31-02403683-n] (hollow-horned ruminants)

                              • bovine [ENG31-02404662-n] (any of various members of the genus Bos)

                                • ox [ENG31-02404827-n] (any of various wild bovines especially of the genera Bos or closely related Bibos)

                                  • aurochs [ENG31-02407753-n] (large recently extinct long-horned European wild ox)
                                  • yak [ENG31-02407954-n] (large long-haired wild ox of Tibet often domesticated)
                                  • banteng [ENG31-02408092-n] (wild ox of the Malay Archipelago)
                                  • Asian wild ox [ENG31-02412516-n] (genus of Asiatic wild oxen)

                                    • gaur [ENG31-02412657-n] (wild ox of mountainous areas of eastern India)
                                    • gayal [ENG31-02412787-n] (ox of southeast Asia sometimes considered a domesticated breed of the gaur)
                                • cattle [ENG31-02405077-n] (domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age)

                                  • ox [ENG31-02405655-n] (an adult castrated bull of the genus Bos)
                                  • stirk [ENG31-02405805-n] (yearling heifer or bullock)
                                  • bull [ENG31-02405977-n] (uncastrated adult male of domestic cattle)
                                  • cow [ENG31-02406106-n] (female of domestic cattle: "`moo-cow' is a child's term")

                                    • springer [ENG31-02406296-n] (a cow about to give birth)
                                  • beef [ENG31-02406838-n] (cattle that are reared for their meat)

                                    • longhorn [ENG31-02407084-n] (long-horned beef cattle formerly common in southwestern United States)
                                    • Santa Gertrudis [ENG31-02408451-n] (Brahman and shorthorn crossbreed of red cattle)
                                    • Aberdeen Angus [ENG31-02408581-n] (black hornless breed from Scotland)
                                    • Charolais [ENG31-02409299-n] (large white or cream-colored breed from France)
                                    • Durham [ENG31-02409723-n] (English breed of short-horned cattle)
                                    • Galloway [ENG31-02409928-n] (breed of hardy black chiefly beef cattle native to Scotland)
                                    • Hereford [ENG31-02410277-n] (hardy English breed of cattle raised extensively in United States)
                                    • cattalo [ENG31-02410409-n] (hardy breed of cattle resulting from crossing domestic cattle with the American buffalo)
                                  • Welsh [ENG31-02408229-n] (a breed of dual-purpose cattle developed in Wales)
                                  • red poll [ENG31-02408344-n] (hornless short-haired breed of beef and dairy cattle)
                                  • Africander [ENG31-02408698-n] (tall large-horned humped cattle of South Africa)
                                  • dairy cattle [ENG31-02408826-n] (cattle that are reared for their milk)

                                    • Ayrshire [ENG31-02409084-n] (hardy breed of dairy cattle from Ayr, Scotland)
                                    • Brown Swiss [ENG31-02409185-n] (large hardy brown breed of dairy cattle from Switzerland)
                                    • Jersey [ENG31-02409401-n] (a breed of diary cattle developed on the island of Jersey)
                                    • milking shorthorn [ENG31-02409824-n] (breed evolved from shorthorn beef cattle)
                                    • Friesian [ENG31-02410042-n] (a breed of dairy cattle from northern Holland)
                                    • Guernsey [ENG31-02410173-n] (breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey)
                                  • Devon [ENG31-02409511-n] (red dual-purpose cattle of English origin)
                                  • grade [ENG31-02409604-n] (a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed)
                                • Brahman [ENG31-02407225-n] (any of several breeds of Indian cattle)

                                  • zebu [ENG31-02407558-n] (domesticated ox having a humped back and long horns and a large dewlap)
                              • Old World buffalo [ENG31-02410605-n] (any of several Old World animals resembling oxen including, e.g., water buffalo)

                                • water buffalo [ENG31-02411075-n] (an Asian buffalo that is often domesticated for use as a draft animal)

                                  • Indian buffalo [ENG31-02411306-n] (upland buffalo of eastern Asia where true water buffaloes do not thrive)
                                  • carabao [ENG31-02411463-n] (water buffalo of the Philippines)
                                • anoa [ENG31-02411684-n] (small buffalo of the Celebes having small straight horns)
                                • tamarau [ENG31-02411848-n] (small buffalo of Mindoro in the Philippines)
                                • Cape buffalo [ENG31-02412154-n] (large often savage buffalo of southern Africa having upward-curving horns)
                              • bison [ENG31-02413155-n] (any of several large humped bovids having shaggy manes and large heads and short horns)

                                • American bison [ENG31-02413348-n] (large shaggy-haired brown bison of North American plains)
                                • wisent [ENG31-02413546-n] (European bison having a smaller and higher head than the North American bison)
                              • musk ox [ENG31-02413852-n] (large shaggy-coated bovid mammal of Canada and Greenland)
                              • sheep [ENG31-02414351-n] (woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat)

                                • ewe [ENG31-02414645-n] (female sheep)
                                • ram [ENG31-02414726-n] (uncastrated adult male sheep)
                                • wether [ENG31-02414856-n] (male sheep especially a castrated one)

                                  • bellwether [ENG31-02414983-n] (sheep that leads the herd often wearing a bell)
                                • black sheep [ENG31-02415696-n] (sheep with a black coat)
                                • domestic sheep [ENG31-02415777-n] (any of various breeds raised for wool or edible meat or skin)

                                  • Cotswold [ENG31-02416130-n] (sheep with long wool originating in the Cotswold Hills)
                                  • Hampshire [ENG31-02416239-n] (British breed of hornless dark-faced domestic sheep)
                                  • Lincoln [ENG31-02416363-n] (long-wooled mutton sheep originally from Lincolnshire)
                                  • Exmoor [ENG31-02416470-n] (horned sheep of Devon)
                                  • Cheviot [ENG31-02416563-n] (hardy hornless sheep of the Cheviot Hills noted for its short thick wool)
                                  • broadtail [ENG31-02416689-n] (hardy coarse-haired sheep of central Asia)
                                  • longwool [ENG31-02416855-n] (a domestic long-wool sheep)
                                  • merino [ENG31-02416936-n] (white sheep originating in Spain and producing a heavy fleece of exceptional quality)
                                  • Rambouillet [ENG31-02417088-n] (hardy sheep developed from the merino producing both good mutton and fine wool)
                              • wild sheep [ENG31-02417224-n] (undomesticated sheep)

                                • argali [ENG31-02417409-n] (wild sheep of semidesert regions in central Asia)
                                • Marco Polo sheep [ENG31-02417550-n] (Asiatic wild sheep with exceptionally large horns)
                                • urial [ENG31-02417776-n] (bearded reddish sheep of southern Asia)
                                • Dall sheep [ENG31-02417899-n] (large white wild sheep of northwestern Canada and Alaska)
                                • mountain sheep [ENG31-02418081-n] (any wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions)

                                  • bighorn [ENG31-02418223-n] (wild sheep of mountainous regions of western North America having massive curled horns)
                                  • mouflon [ENG31-02418475-n] (wild mountain sheep of Corsica and Sardinia)
                                • aoudad [ENG31-02418750-n] (wild sheep of northern Africa)
                              • goat [ENG31-02419165-n] (any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns)

                                • kid [ENG31-02419466-n] (young goat)
                                • billy [ENG31-02419526-n] (male goat)
                                • nanny [ENG31-02419610-n] (female goat)
                                • domestic goat [ENG31-02419716-n] (any of various breeds of goat raised for milk or meat or wool)

                                  • Cashmere goat [ENG31-02419888-n] (Himalayan goat having a silky undercoat highly prized as cashmere wool)
                                  • Angora [ENG31-02420033-n] (a domestic breed of goat raised for its long silky hair which is the true mohair)
                                • wild goat [ENG31-02420180-n] (undomesticated goat)

                                  • bezoar goat [ENG31-02420309-n] (wild goat of Iran and adjacent regions)
                                  • markhor [ENG31-02420431-n] (large Himalayan goat with large spiraled horns)
                                  • ibex [ENG31-02420560-n] (wild goat of mountain areas of Eurasia and northern Africa having large recurved horns)
                              • goat antelope [ENG31-02420710-n] (bovid related to goats but having antelope-like features: mountain goats)

                                • mountain goat [ENG31-02421111-n] (sure-footed mammal of mountainous northwestern North America)
                                • goral [ENG31-02421416-n] (small goat antelope with small conical horns)
                                • serow [ENG31-02421702-n] (short-horned dark-coated goat antelope of mountain areas of southern and southeastern Asia)
                                • chamois [ENG31-02421982-n] (hoofed mammal of mountains of Eurasia having upright horns with backward-hooked tips)
                                • takin [ENG31-02422280-n] (large heavily built goat antelope of eastern Himalayan area)
                              • antelope [ENG31-02422442-n] (graceful Old World ruminant with long legs and horns directed upward and backward)

                                • blackbuck [ENG31-02423155-n] (common Indian antelope with a dark back and spiral horns)
                                • gerenuk [ENG31-02423474-n] (slender East African antelope with slim neck and backward-curving horns)
                                • addax [ENG31-02423782-n] (large antelope with lightly spiraled horns of desert regions of northern Africa)
                                • gnu [ENG31-02424095-n] (large African antelope having a head with horns like an ox and a long tufted tail)
                                • dik-dik [ENG31-02424438-n] (any of several small antelopes of eastern Africa of the genus Madoqua)
                                • hartebeest [ENG31-02424752-n] (a large African antelope with lyre-shaped horns that curve backward)
                                • sassaby [ENG31-02425037-n] (a large South African antelope)
                                • impala [ENG31-02425345-n] (African antelope with ridged curved horns)
                                • gazelle [ENG31-02425668-n] (small swift graceful antelope of Africa and Asia having lustrous eyes)

                                  • Thomson's gazelle [ENG31-02425864-n] (East African gazelle)
                                  • Gazella subgutturosa [ENG31-02426008-n] (a kind of gazelle)
                                  • springbok [ENG31-02426235-n] (a South African gazelle noted for springing lightly into the air)
                                • bongo [ENG31-02426731-n] (large forest antelope of central Africa having a reddish-brown coat with white stripes and spiral horns)
                                • kudu [ENG31-02426951-n] (either of two spiral-horned antelopes of the African bush)

                                  • greater kudu [ENG31-02427132-n] (a variety of kudu)
                                  • lesser kudu [ENG31-02427235-n] (a smaller variety of kudu)
                                • harnessed antelope [ENG31-02427341-n] (any of several antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus having striped markings resembling a harness)

                                  • nyala [ENG31-02427555-n] (spiral-horned South African antelope with a fringe of white hairs along back and neck)
                                  • bushbuck [ENG31-02427874-n] (antelope with white markings like a harness and twisted horns)
                                • mountain nyala [ENG31-02427732-n] (shaggy antelope of mountains of Ethiopia)
                                • nilgai [ENG31-02428178-n] (large Indian antelope)
                                • sable antelope [ENG31-02428533-n] (large black East African antelope with sharp backward-curving horns)
                                • saiga [ENG31-02428822-n] (goat-like antelope of central Eurasia having a stubby nose like a proboscis)
                                • steenbok [ENG31-02429127-n] (small plains antelope of southeastern Africa)
                                • eland [ENG31-02429459-n] (either of two large African antelopes of the genus Taurotragus having short spirally twisted horns in both sexes)

                                  • common eland [ENG31-02429678-n] (dark fawn-colored eland of southern and eastern Africa)
                                  • giant eland [ENG31-02429829-n] (large dark striped eland of western equatorial Africa)
                                • waterbuck [ENG31-02430370-n] (any of several large African antelopes of the genus Kobus having curved ridged horns and frequenting e.g. swamps and rivers)

                                  • kob [ENG31-02430116-n] (an orange-brown antelope of southeast Africa)
                                  • lechwe [ENG31-02430222-n] (tawny-colored African antelope inhabiting wet grassy plains)
                                • puku [ENG31-02430735-n] (an African antelope closely related to the waterbuck)
                                • oryx [ENG31-02430995-n] (large African antelope with long straight nearly upright horns)

                                  • gemsbok [ENG31-02431154-n] (large South African oryx with a broad black band along its flanks)
                              • forest goat [ENG31-02431488-n] (cow-like creature with the glossy coat of a horse and the agility of a goat and the long horns of an antelope)
                            • pronghorn [ENG31-02432102-n] (fleet antelope-like ruminant of western North American plains with small branched horns)
                            • deer [ENG31-02432691-n] (distinguished from Bovidae by the male's having solid deciduous antlers)

                              • pricket [ENG31-02433394-n] (male deer in his second year)
                              • red deer [ENG31-02433768-n] (common deer of temperate Europe and Asia)

                                • hart [ENG31-02433983-n] (a male deer, especially an adult male red deer)
                                • hind [ENG31-02434087-n] (a female deer, especially an adult female red deer)
                                • brocket [ENG31-02434188-n] (male red deer in its second year)
                              • sambar [ENG31-02434274-n] (a deer of southern Asia with antlers that have three tines)
                              • wapiti [ENG31-02434431-n] (large North American deer with large much-branched antlers in the male)
                              • Japanese deer [ENG31-02434622-n] (small deer of Japan with slightly forked antlers)
                              • Virginia deer [ENG31-02434937-n] (common North American deer)
                              • mule deer [ENG31-02435157-n] (long-eared deer of western North America with two-pronged antlers)

                                • black-tailed deer [ENG31-02435350-n] (mule deer of western Rocky Mountains)
                              • elk [ENG31-02435629-n] (large northern deer with enormous flattened antlers in the male)
                              • fallow deer [ENG31-02435949-n] (small Eurasian deer)
                              • roe deer [ENG31-02436177-n] (small graceful deer of Eurasian woodlands having small forked antlers)

                                • roebuck [ENG31-02436360-n] (male roe deer)
                              • caribou [ENG31-02436556-n] (Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes)

                                • woodland caribou [ENG31-02436821-n] (any of several large caribou living in coniferous forests of southern Canada)
                                • barren ground caribou [ENG31-02437046-n] (of tundra of northern Canada)
                              • brocket [ENG31-02437343-n] (small South American deer with unbranched antlers)
                              • muntjac [ENG31-02437585-n] (small Asian deer with small antlers and a cry like a bark)
                              • musk deer [ENG31-02437847-n] (small heavy-limbed upland deer of central Asia)
                              • pere david's deer [ENG31-02438148-n] (large Chinese deer surviving only in domesticated herds)
                            • chevrotain [ENG31-02438484-n] (very small hornless deer-like ruminant of tropical Asia and west Africa)

                              • kanchil [ENG31-02438855-n] (small chevrotain of southeastern Asia)
                              • napu [ENG31-02438984-n] (chevrotain somewhat larger than the kanchil)
                              • water chevrotain [ENG31-02439276-n] (largest chevrotain)
                            • giraffe [ENG31-02441664-n] (tallest living quadruped)

                              • okapi [ENG31-02442029-n] (similar to the giraffe but smaller with much shorter neck and stripe on the legs)
                          • camel [ENG31-02439767-n] (cud-chewing mammal used as a draft or saddle animal in desert regions)

                            • Arabian camel [ENG31-02439943-n] (one-humped camel of the hot deserts of northern Africa and southwestern Asia)
                            • Bactrian camel [ENG31-02440113-n] (two-humped camel of the cold deserts of central Asia)
                          • llama [ENG31-02440247-n] (wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump)

                            • domestic llama [ENG31-02440602-n] (used in the Andes as a beast of burden and source of wool)
                            • guanaco [ENG31-02440804-n] (wild llama)
                            • alpaca [ENG31-02440903-n] (domesticated llama with long silky fleece)
                          • vicuna [ENG31-02441211-n] (small wild cud-chewing Andean animal similar to the guanaco but smaller)
                      • Unguiculata [ENG31-02373777-n] (in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising mammals with nails or claws)
                      • unguiculate [ENG31-02373996-n] (a mammal having nails or claws)
                      • hyrax [ENG31-02375236-n] (any of several small ungulate mammals of Africa and Asia with rodent-like incisors and feet with hooflike toes)

                        • rock hyrax [ENG31-02375604-n] (hyrax that lives in rocky areas)
                      • pachyderm [ENG31-02455739-n] (any of various nonruminant hoofed mammals having very thick skin: elephant)

                        • elephant [ENG31-02506148-n] (five-toed pachyderm)

                          • rogue elephant [ENG31-02506387-n] (a wild and vicious elephant separated from the herd)
                          • Indian elephant [ENG31-02506644-n] (Asian elephant having smaller ears and tusks primarily in the male)

                            • white elephant [ENG31-02506827-n] (albinic Indian elephant)
                          • African elephant [ENG31-02507089-n] (an elephant native to Africa having enormous flapping ears and ivory tusks)
                          • mammoth [ENG31-02507401-n] (any of numerous extinct elephants widely distributed in the Pleistocene)

                            • woolly mammoth [ENG31-02507694-n] (very hairy mammoth common in colder portions of the northern hemisphere)
                            • columbian mammoth [ENG31-02507869-n] (a variety of mammoth)
                            • imperial mammoth [ENG31-02508116-n] (largest known mammoth)
                          • gomphothere [ENG31-02509414-n] (extinct elephants of Central American and South America)
                      • edentate [ENG31-02456242-n] (primitive terrestrial mammal with few if any teeth)

                        • armadillo [ENG31-02457010-n] (burrowing chiefly nocturnal mammal with body covered with strong horny plates)

                          • peba [ENG31-02457425-n] (having nine hinged bands of bony plates)
                          • apar [ENG31-02457766-n] (South American armadillo with three bands of bony plates)
                          • tatouay [ENG31-02458059-n] (naked-tailed armadillo of tropical South America)
                          • peludo [ENG31-02458351-n] (Argentine armadillo with six movable bands and hairy underparts)
                          • giant armadillo [ENG31-02458639-n] (about three feet long exclusive of tail)
                          • pichiciago [ENG31-02458906-n] (very small Argentine armadillo with pale silky hair and pink plates on head and neck)
                          • greater pichiciego [ENG31-02459276-n] (of southern South America)
                        • sloth [ENG31-02459593-n] (any of several slow-moving arboreal mammals of South America and Central America)

                          • three-toed sloth [ENG31-02460039-n] (a sloth that has three long claws on each forefoot and each hindfoot)
                          • two-toed sloth [ENG31-02460576-n] (relatively small fast-moving sloth with two long claws on each front foot)
                          • two-toed sloth [ENG31-02460766-n] (a sloth of Central America that has two long claws on each forefoot and three long claws on each hindfoot)
                        • megatherian [ENG31-02461148-n] (a large extinct ground sloth)

                          • ground sloth [ENG31-02461453-n] (gigantic extinct terrestrial sloth-like mammal of the Pliocene and Pleistocene in America)
                        • mylodontid [ENG31-02461821-n] (a variety of extinct edentate)

                          • mapinguari [ENG31-02462267-n] (supposed human-sized sloth-like creature reportedly sighted by Indians in the Amazon rain forest)
                        • mylodon [ENG31-02462116-n] (large (bear-sized) extinct edentate mammal of the Pleistocene in South America)
                        • anteater [ENG31-02462640-n] (any of several tropical American mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae which lack teeth and feed on ants and termites)

                          • ant bear [ENG31-02463082-n] (large shaggy-haired toothless anteater with long tongue and powerful claws)
                          • silky anteater [ENG31-02463448-n] (squirrel-sized South American toothless anteater with long silky golden fur)
                          • tamandua [ENG31-02463759-n] (small toothless anteater with prehensile tail and four-clawed forelimbs)
                      • pangolin [ENG31-02464461-n] (toothless mammal of southern Africa and Asia having a body covered with horny scales and a long snout for feeding on ants and termites)
                      • primate [ENG31-02472545-n] (any placental mammal of the order Primates)

                        • simian [ENG31-02472869-n] (an ape or monkey)
                        • ape [ENG31-02472956-n] (any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all)

                          • anthropoid ape [ENG31-02473530-n] (any tailless ape of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae)

                            • great ape [ENG31-02482784-n] (any of the large anthropoid apes of the family Pongidae)

                              • orangutan [ENG31-02483126-n] (large long-armed ape of Borneo and Sumatra having arboreal habits)
                              • gorilla [ENG31-02483486-n] (largest anthropoid ape)

                                • western lowland gorilla [ENG31-02483734-n] (a kind of gorilla)
                                • eastern lowland gorilla [ENG31-02483866-n] (a kind of gorilla)
                                • mountain gorilla [ENG31-02483997-n] (gorilla of Kivu highlands)
                                • silverback [ENG31-02484131-n] (an adult male gorilla with grey hairs across the back)
                              • chimpanzee [ENG31-02484454-n] (intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests)

                                • western chimpanzee [ENG31-02484691-n] (masked or pale-faced chimpanzees of western Africa)
                                • eastern chimpanzee [ENG31-02484917-n] (long-haired chimpanzees of east-central Africa)
                                • central chimpanzee [ENG31-02485105-n] (black-faced chimpanzees of central Africa)
                                • pygmy chimpanzee [ENG31-02485281-n] (small chimpanzee of swamp forests in Zaire)
                            • lesser ape [ENG31-02485723-n] (gibbons and siamangs)

                              • gibbon [ENG31-02485993-n] (smallest and most perfectly anthropoid arboreal ape having long arms and no tail)
                              • siamang [ENG31-02486339-n] (large black gibbon of Sumatra having the 2nd and 3rd toes partially united by a web)
                        • anthropoid [ENG31-02473340-n] (any member of the suborder Anthropoidea including monkeys and apes and hominids)
                        • hominoid [ENG31-02473931-n] (a primate of the superfamily Hominoidea)

                          • proconsul [ENG31-02481506-n] (an anthropoid ape of the genus Proconsul)
                          • Aegyptopithecus [ENG31-02481963-n] (extinct primate of about 38 million years ago)
                          • Algeripithecus minutus [ENG31-02482265-n] (tiny (150 to 300 grams) extinct primate of 46 to 50 million years ago)
                        • hominid [ENG31-02474393-n] (a primate of the family Hominidae)

                          • homo [ENG31-02474924-n] (any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage)

                            • world [ENG31-02475618-n] (all of the living human inhabitants of the earth)
                            • Homo erectus [ENG31-02475938-n] (extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain)

                              • Java man [ENG31-02476351-n] (fossil remains found in Java)
                              • Peking man [ENG31-02476488-n] (fossils found near Beijing, China)
                            • Homo soloensis [ENG31-02476741-n] (extinct primitive hominid of late Pleistocene)

                              • Solo man [ENG31-02477062-n] (early man of late Pleistocene)
                            • Homo habilis [ENG31-02477236-n] (extinct species of upright East African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics)
                            • Homo sapiens [ENG31-02477408-n] (the only surviving hominid)

                              • Cro-magnon [ENG31-02477989-n] (extinct human of Upper Paleolithic in Europe)
                              • Boskop man [ENG31-02478109-n] (possible early Homo sapiens represented by a cranium found in the Transvaal)
                              • Homo sapiens sapiens [ENG31-02478300-n] (subspecies of Homo sapiens)
                            • Neandertal man [ENG31-02477709-n] (extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia)
                            • Rhodesian man [ENG31-10547723-n] (a primitive hominid resembling Neanderthal man but living in Africa)
                          • Pithecanthropus [ENG31-02476185-n] (former genus of primitive apelike men now Homo erectus)
                          • Sinanthropus [ENG31-02476614-n] (genus to which Peking man was formerly assigned)
                          • Javanthropus [ENG31-02476913-n] (former genus of primitive man)
                          • australopithecine [ENG31-02478850-n] (any of several extinct humanlike bipedal primates with relatively small brains of the genus Australopithecus)

                            • Australopithecus afarensis [ENG31-02479198-n] (fossils found in Ethiopia)
                            • Australopithecus africanus [ENG31-02479501-n] (gracile hominid of southern Africa)
                            • Australopithecus boisei [ENG31-02479659-n] (large-toothed hominid of eastern Africa)
                            • Zinjanthropus [ENG31-02479818-n] (genus to which Australopithecus boisei was formerly assigned)
                            • Australopithecus robustus [ENG31-02479960-n] (large-toothed hominid of southern Africa)
                            • Paranthropus [ENG31-02480147-n] (former classification for Australopithecus robustus)
                          • Sivapithecus [ENG31-02480413-n] (fossil primates found in India)
                          • dryopithecine [ENG31-02480708-n] (considered a possible ancestor to both anthropoid apes and humans)

                            • rudapithecus [ENG31-02480870-n] (fossil hominoids from northern central Hungary)
                        • monkey [ENG31-02486953-n] (any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians))

                          • Old World monkey [ENG31-02487104-n] (of Africa or Arabia or Asia)

                            • guenon [ENG31-02487606-n] (small slender African monkey having long hind limbs and tail and long hair around the face)

                              • talapoin [ENG31-02487856-n] (smallest guenon monkey)
                              • grivet [ENG31-02488002-n] (white and olive green East African monkey with long white tufts of hair beside the face)
                              • vervet [ENG31-02488167-n] (South African monkey with black face and hands)
                              • green monkey [ENG31-02488319-n] (common savannah monkey with greenish-grey back and yellow tail)
                            • mangabey [ENG31-02488619-n] (large agile arboreal monkey with long limbs and tail and white upper eyelids)
                            • patas [ENG31-02488892-n] (reddish long-tailed monkey of west Africa)
                            • baboon [ENG31-02489041-n] (large terrestrial monkeys having doglike muzzles)

                              • chacma [ENG31-02489288-n] (greyish baboon of southern and eastern Africa)
                              • mandrill [ENG31-02489539-n] (baboon of west Africa with a bright red and blue muzzle and blue hindquarters)
                              • drill [ENG31-02489710-n] (similar to the mandrill but smaller and less brightly colored)
                            • macaque [ENG31-02489978-n] (short-tailed monkey of rocky regions of Asia and Africa)

                              • rhesus [ENG31-02490178-n] (of southern Asia)
                              • bonnet macaque [ENG31-02490306-n] (Indian macaque with a bonnet-like tuft of hair)
                              • Barbary ape [ENG31-02490478-n] (tailless macaque of rocky cliffs and forests of northwestern Africa and Gibraltar)
                              • crab-eating macaque [ENG31-02490634-n] (monkey of southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines)
                            • langur [ENG31-02490922-n] (slender long-tailed monkey of Asia)

                              • entellus [ENG31-02491046-n] (langur of southern Asia)
                            • colobus [ENG31-02491333-n] (arboreal monkey of western and central Africa with long silky fur and reduced thumbs)

                              • guereza [ENG31-02491525-n] (a colobus monkey with a reddish brown coat and white silky fringes down both sides of the body)
                            • proboscis monkey [ENG31-02491797-n] (Borneo monkey having a long bulbous nose)
                          • New World monkey [ENG31-02492220-n] (hairy-faced arboreal monkeys having widely separated nostrils and long usually prehensile tails)

                            • marmoset [ENG31-02492850-n] (small soft-furred South American and Central American monkey with claws instead of nails)

                              • true marmoset [ENG31-02493228-n] (a marmoset)
                              • pygmy marmoset [ENG31-02493442-n] (the smallest monkey)
                              • tamarin [ENG31-02493738-n] (small South American marmoset with silky fur and long nonprehensile tail)

                                • silky tamarin [ENG31-02493960-n] (golden South American monkey with long soft hair forming a mane)
                                • pinche [ENG31-02494105-n] (South American tamarin with a tufted head)
                            • capuchin [ENG31-02494666-n] (monkey of Central America and South America having thick hair on the head that resembles a monk's cowl)
                            • douroucouli [ENG31-02494987-n] (nocturnal monkey of Central America and South America with large eyes and thick fur)
                            • howler monkey [ENG31-02495291-n] (monkey of tropical South American forests having a loud howling cry)
                            • saki [ENG31-02495579-n] (small arboreal monkey of tropical South America with long hair and bushy nonprehensile tail)
                            • uakari [ENG31-02495855-n] (medium-sized tree-dwelling monkey of the Amazon basin)
                            • titi [ENG31-02496140-n] (small South American monkeys with long beautiful fur and long nonprehensile tail)
                            • spider monkey [ENG31-02496424-n] (arboreal monkey of tropical America with long slender legs and long prehensile tail)
                            • squirrel monkey [ENG31-02496710-n] (small long-tailed monkey of Central American and South America with greenish fur and black muzzle)
                            • woolly monkey [ENG31-02497014-n] (large monkeys with dark skin and woolly fur of the Amazon and Orinoco basins)
                        • prosimian [ENG31-02498683-n] (primitive primates having large ears and eyes and characterized by nocturnal habits)
                        • lemur [ENG31-02499544-n] (large-eyed arboreal prosimian having foxy faces and long furry tails)

                          • Madagascar cat [ENG31-02500304-n] (small lemur having its tail barred with black)
                          • aye-aye [ENG31-02500784-n] (nocturnal lemur with long bony fingers and rodent-like incisor teeth closely related to the lemurs)
                          • slender loris [ENG31-02501374-n] (slim-bodied lemur of southern India and Sri Lanka)
                          • slow loris [ENG31-02501653-n] (stocky lemur of southeastern Asia)
                          • potto [ENG31-02501947-n] (a kind of lemur)
                          • angwantibo [ENG31-02502199-n] (a kind of lemur)
                          • galago [ENG31-02502439-n] (agile long-tailed nocturnal African lemur with dense woolly fur and large eyes and ears)
                          • indri [ENG31-02502898-n] (large short-tailed lemur of Madagascar having thick silky fur in black and white and fawn)
                          • woolly indris [ENG31-02503227-n] (nocturnal indris with thick grey-brown fur and a long tail)
                        • tarsier [ENG31-02504214-n] (nocturnal arboreal primate of Indonesia and the Philippines having huge eyes and digits ending in pads to facilitate climbing)

                          • Tarsius syrichta [ENG31-02504554-n] (a variety of tarsier)
                          • Tarsius glis [ENG31-02504637-n] (a variety of tarsier)
                      • tree shrew [ENG31-02497873-n] (insectivorous arboreal mammal of southeast Asia that resembles a squirrel with large eyes and long sharp snout)

                        • pentail [ENG31-02498201-n] (brown tree shrew having a naked tail bilaterally fringed with long stiff hairs on the distal third)
                      • flying lemur [ENG31-02505145-n] (arboreal nocturnal mammal of southeast Asia and the Philippines resembling a lemur and having a fold of skin on each side from neck to tail that is used for long gliding leaps)

                        • Cynocephalus variegatus [ENG31-02505438-n] (a variety of flying lemur)
                      • proboscidean [ENG31-02505758-n] (massive herbivorous mammals having tusks and a long trunk)

                        • mastodon [ENG31-02508629-n] (extinct elephant-like mammal that flourished worldwide from Miocene through Pleistocene times)

                          • American mastodon [ENG31-02508879-n] (mastodon of North America)
                      • plantigrade mammal [ENG31-02509578-n] (an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot touching the ground as e.g. bears and human beings)
                      • digitigrade mammal [ENG31-02509779-n] (an animal that walks so that only the toes touch the ground as e.g. dogs and cats and horses)
                    • fossorial mammal [ENG31-02156461-n] (a burrowing mammal having limbs adapted for digging)

                      • naked mole rat [ENG31-02372332-n] (fetal-looking colonial rodent of East Africa)

                        • queen [ENG31-02372587-n] (an especially large mole rat and the only member of a colony of naked mole rats to bear offspring which are sired by only a few males)
                      • Damaraland mole rat [ENG31-02372789-n] (colonial mole rat of western Africa)
                  • tetrapod [ENG31-02159384-n] (a vertebrate animal having four feet or legs or leglike appendages)

                    • quadruped [ENG31-02159523-n] (an animal especially a mammal having four limbs specialized for walking)
              • invertebrate [ENG31-01908302-n] (any animal lacking a backbone or notochord)

                • arthropod [ENG31-01770302-n] (invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin)

                  • trilobite [ENG31-01770885-n] (an extinct arthropod that was abundant in Paleozoic times)
                  • arachnid [ENG31-01771988-n] (air-breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs)

                    • harvestman [ENG31-01772722-n] (spiderlike arachnid with a small rounded body and very long thin legs)
                    • scorpion [ENG31-01773034-n] (arachnid of warm dry regions having a long segmented tail ending in a venomous stinger)
                    • false scorpion [ENG31-01773436-n] (small nonvenomous arachnid resembling a tailless scorpion)

                      • book scorpion [ENG31-01773741-n] (minute arachnid sometimes found in old papers)
                    • whip-scorpion [ENG31-01774058-n] (nonvenomous arachnid that resembles a scorpion and that has a long thin tail without a stinger)

                      • vinegarroon [ENG31-01774407-n] (large whip-scorpion of Mexico and southern United States that emits a vinegary odor when alarmed)
                    • spider [ENG31-01774863-n] (predatory arachnid with eight legs, two poison fangs, two feelers, and usually two silk-spinning organs at the back end of the body)

                      • orb-weaving spider [ENG31-01775305-n] (a spider that spins a circular (or near circular) web)
                      • black and gold garden spider [ENG31-01775798-n] (a widely distributed North American garden spider)
                      • barn spider [ENG31-01776190-n] (an orange and tan spider with darkly banded legs that spins an orb web daily)
                      • garden spider [ENG31-01776438-n] (a spider common in European gardens)
                      • comb-footed spider [ENG31-01776738-n] (spider having a comb-like row of bristles on each hind foot)
                      • black widow [ENG31-01777025-n] (venomous New World spider)
                      • tarantula [ENG31-01777391-n] (large hairy tropical spider with fangs that can inflict painful but not highly venomous bites)
                      • wolf spider [ENG31-01777703-n] (ground spider that hunts its prey instead of using a web)

                        • European wolf spider [ENG31-01778011-n] (large southern European spider once thought to be the cause of tarantism (uncontrollable bodily movement))
                      • trap-door spider [ENG31-01778371-n] (American spider that constructs a silk-lined nest with a hinged lid)
                    • acarine [ENG31-01778833-n] (mite or tick)

                      • tick [ENG31-01778954-n] (any of two families of small parasitic arachnids with barbed proboscis)

                        • hard tick [ENG31-01779346-n] (ticks having a hard shield on the back and mouth parts that project from the head)

                          • Ixodes dammini [ENG31-01779945-n] (a northeastern tick now recognized as same species as Ixodes scapularis)
                          • Ixodes neotomae [ENG31-01780108-n] (a tick that usually does not bite humans)
                          • Ixodes pacificus [ENG31-01780290-n] (a tick that feeds on dusky-footed wood rat and bites humans)
                          • Ixodes scapularis [ENG31-01780550-n] (parasitic on mice of genus Peromyscus and bites humans)
                          • sheep-tick [ENG31-01780858-n] (parasitic on sheep and cattle as well as humans)
                          • Ixodes persulcatus [ENG31-01781128-n] (bites humans)
                          • Ixodes dentatus [ENG31-01781262-n] (usually does not bite humans)
                          • Ixodes spinipalpis [ENG31-01781442-n] (usually does not bite humans)
                          • wood tick [ENG31-01781789-n] (common tick that can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia)
                        • soft tick [ENG31-01782104-n] (tick lacking a dorsal shield and having mouth parts on the under side of the head)
                      • mite [ENG31-01782270-n] (any of numerous very small to minute arachnids often infesting animals or plants or stored foods)

                        • web-spinning mite [ENG31-01782580-n] (a mite that spins a web)
                        • acarid [ENG31-01782783-n] (very small free-living arachnid that is parasitic on animals or plants)
                        • trombidiid [ENG31-01783067-n] (mite that in all stages feeds on other arthropods)
                        • trombiculid [ENG31-01783337-n] (mite that as nymph and adult feeds on early stages of small arthropods but whose larvae are parasitic on terrestrial vertebrates)

                          • harvest mite [ENG31-01783712-n] (larval mite that sucks the blood of vertebrates including human beings causing intense irritation)
                        • acarus [ENG31-01784211-n] (any of several mites of the order Acarina)
                        • itch mite [ENG31-01784339-n] (whitish mites that attack the skin of humans and other animals)
                        • rust mite [ENG31-01784516-n] (any of several varieties of mite that burrow into plants and cause a reddish-brown discoloration on the leaves or fruit)
                        • spider mite [ENG31-01784850-n] (web-spinning mite that attacks garden plants and fruit trees)

                          • red spider [ENG31-01785157-n] (small web-spinning mite)
                  • myriapod [ENG31-01785658-n] (general term for any terrestrial arthropod having an elongated body composed of many similar segments: e.g. centipedes and millipedes)
                  • garden centipede [ENG31-01786347-n] (minute arthropod often infesting the underground parts of truck-garden and greenhouse crops)
                  • tardigrade [ENG31-01786934-n] (an arthropod of the division Tardigrada)
                  • centipede [ENG31-01787316-n] (chiefly nocturnal predacious arthropod having a flattened body of 15 to 173 segments each with a pair of legs, the foremost pair being modified as prehensors)

                    • house centipede [ENG31-01788308-n] (long-legged centipede common in damp places as e.g. cellars)
                  • millipede [ENG31-01789287-n] (any of numerous herbivorous nonpoisonous arthropods having a cylindrical body of 20 to 100 or more segments most with two pairs of legs)
                  • sea spider [ENG31-01789647-n] (any of various small spiderlike marine arthropods having small thin bodies and long slender legs)
                  • Merostomata [ENG31-01789832-n] (used in some classifications)
                  • horseshoe crab [ENG31-01790476-n] (large marine arthropod of the Atlantic coast of North America having a domed carapace that is shaped like a horseshoe and a stiff pointed tail)
                  • Asian horseshoe crab [ENG31-01790932-n] (horseshoe crab of the coast of eastern Asia)
                  • eurypterid [ENG31-01791220-n] (large extinct scorpion-like arthropod considered related to horseshoe crabs)
                  • tongue worm [ENG31-01791505-n] (wormlike arthropod having two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth)
                  • crustacean [ENG31-01977414-n] (any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton)

                    • malacostracan crustacean [ENG31-01978328-n] (a major subclass of crustaceans)

                      • krill [ENG31-01991342-n] (shrimp-like planktonic crustaceans)

                        • Euphausia pacifica [ENG31-01991510-n] (food for jellyfish)
                      • opossum shrimp [ENG31-01992157-n] (shrimp-like crustaceans whose females carry eggs and young in a pouch between the legs)
                      • isopod [ENG31-01993441-n] (any of various small terrestrial or aquatic crustaceans with seven pairs of legs adapted for crawling)

                        • woodlouse [ENG31-01993669-n] (any of various small terrestrial isopods having a flat elliptical segmented body)

                          • pill bug [ENG31-01994174-n] (small terrestrial isopod with a convex segmented body that can roll up into a ball)
                          • sow bug [ENG31-01994916-n] (terrestrial isopod having an oval segmented body (a shape like a sow))
                        • sea louse [ENG31-01995077-n] (marine isopod crustacean)
                      • amphipod [ENG31-01995427-n] (a kind of malacostracan crustacean)

                        • beach flea [ENG31-01995868-n] (small amphipod crustaceans that hop like fleas)
                        • skeleton shrimp [ENG31-01996179-n] (small amphipod crustacean having a grotesque form suggestive of the praying mantis)
                        • whale louse [ENG31-01996484-n] (amphipod crustacean parasitic on cetaceans)
                    • decapod crustacean [ENG31-01978787-n] (crustaceans characteristically having five pairs of locomotor appendages each joined to a segment of the thorax)

                      • crab [ENG31-01979598-n] (decapod having eyes on short stalks and a broad flattened carapace with a small abdomen folded under the thorax and pincers)

                        • stone crab [ENG31-01980126-n] (large edible crab of the southern coast of the United States (particularly Florida))
                        • hard-shell crab [ENG31-01980651-n] (edible crab that has not recently molted and so has a hard shell)
                        • soft-shell crab [ENG31-01980777-n] (edible crab that has recently molted and not yet formed its new shell)
                        • Dungeness crab [ENG31-01980928-n] (small edible crab of Pacific coast of North America)
                        • rock crab [ENG31-01981096-n] (crab of eastern coast of North America)
                        • Jonah crab [ENG31-01981228-n] (large red deep-water crab of the eastern coast of North America)
                        • swimming crab [ENG31-01981571-n] (marine crab with some legs flattened and fringed for swimming)

                          • English lady crab [ENG31-01981910-n] (crab of the English coasts)
                          • American lady crab [ENG31-01982167-n] (brightly spotted crab of sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast of the United States)
                          • blue crab [ENG31-01982515-n] (bluish edible crab of Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America)
                        • fiddler crab [ENG31-01982807-n] (burrowing crab of American coastal regions having one claw much enlarged in the male)
                        • pea crab [ENG31-01983296-n] (tiny soft-bodied crab living commensally in the mantles of certain bivalve mollusks)

                          • oyster crab [ENG31-01983471-n] (tiny soft-bodied crab living within the mantle cavity of oysters)
                        • king crab [ENG31-01983917-n] (large edible crab of northern Pacific waters especially along the coasts of Alaska and Japan)
                        • spider crab [ENG31-01984343-n] (any of numerous crabs with very long legs and small triangular bodies)

                          • European spider crab [ENG31-01984709-n] (a large spider crab of Europe)
                          • giant crab [ENG31-01984988-n] (very large deep-water Japanese crab)
                      • lobster [ENG31-01985291-n] (any of several edible marine crustaceans of the families Homaridae and Nephropsidae and Palinuridae)

                        • true lobster [ENG31-01985689-n] (large edible marine crustaceans having large pincers on the first pair of legs)

                          • American lobster [ENG31-01986122-n] (lobster of Atlantic coast of America)
                          • European lobster [ENG31-01986315-n] (lobster of Atlantic coast of Europe)
                          • Cape lobster [ENG31-01986470-n] (small lobster of southern Africa)
                        • Norway lobster [ENG31-01986886-n] (edible European lobster resembling the American lobster but slenderer)
                        • spiny lobster [ENG31-01987336-n] (large edible marine crustacean having a spiny carapace but lacking the large pincers of true lobsters)
                      • crayfish [ENG31-01987769-n] (small freshwater decapod crustacean that resembles a lobster)

                        • Old World crayfish [ENG31-01988134-n] (small crayfish of Europe and Asia and western North America)
                        • American crayfish [ENG31-01988438-n] (common large crayfishes of eastern North America)
                      • hermit crab [ENG31-01988855-n] (small soft-bodied marine crustaceans living in cast-off shells of gastropods)
                      • shrimp [ENG31-01989447-n] (small slender-bodied chiefly marine decapod crustaceans with a long tail and single pair of pincers)

                        • snapping shrimp [ENG31-01989717-n] (small shrimp that makes a snapping noise with one of their enlarged chelae)
                      • prawn [ENG31-01990186-n] (shrimp-like decapod crustacean having two pairs of pincers)

                        • long-clawed prawn [ENG31-01990368-n] (large (a foot or more) edible freshwater prawn common in Australian rivers)
                      • tropical prawn [ENG31-01990844-n] (edible tropical and warm-water prawn)
                    • brachyuran [ENG31-01979509-n] (typical crabs)
                    • stomatopod [ENG31-01992510-n] (a kind of crustacean)

                      • mantis shrimp [ENG31-01992648-n] (tropical marine burrowing crustaceans with large grasping appendages)

                        • squilla [ENG31-01993157-n] (a kind of mantis shrimp)
                    • branchiopod crustacean [ENG31-01997146-n] (aquatic crustaceans typically having a carapace and many pairs of leaflike appendages used for swimming as well as respiration and feeding)

                      • daphnia [ENG31-01997564-n] (minute freshwater crustacean having a round body enclosed in a transparent shell)
                      • fairy shrimp [ENG31-01998168-n] (small freshwater branchiopod having a transparent body with many appendages)
                      • brine shrimp [ENG31-01998340-n] (common to saline lakes)
                      • tadpole shrimp [ENG31-01998934-n] (a kind of branchiopod crustacean)
                    • copepod [ENG31-01999239-n] (minute marine or freshwater crustaceans usually having six pairs of limbs on the thorax)

                      • brit [ENG31-01999549-n] (minute crustaceans forming food for right whales)
                      • cyclops [ENG31-01999773-n] (minute free-swimming freshwater copepod having a large median eye and pear-shaped body and long antennae used in swimming)
                      • fish louse [ENG31-02000259-n] (a kind of copepod)
                    • seed shrimp [ENG31-02000479-n] (tiny marine and freshwater crustaceans with a shrimp-like body enclosed in a bivalve shell)
                    • barnacle [ENG31-02000837-n] (marine crustaceans with feathery food-catching appendages)

                      • acorn barnacle [ENG31-02001395-n] (barnacle that attaches to rocks especially in intertidal zones)
                      • goose barnacle [ENG31-02001840-n] (stalked barnacle that attaches to ship bottoms or floating timbers)
                  • onychophoran [ENG31-02002421-n] (any of numerous velvety-skinned wormlike carnivorous animals common in tropical forests having characteristics of both arthropods and annelid worms)

                    • Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis [ENG31-02003156-n] (a kind of onychophoran)
                  • insect [ENG31-02162607-n] (small air-breathing arthropod)

                    • social insect [ENG31-02163599-n] (an insect that lives in a colony with other insects of the same species)
                    • ephemeron [ENG31-02163730-n] (anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day in its winged form)
                    • holometabola [ENG31-02163877-n] (insects that undergo complete metamorphosis)
                    • defoliator [ENG31-02163990-n] (an insect that strips the leaves from plants)
                    • pollinator [ENG31-02164109-n] (an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another)
                    • gallfly [ENG31-02164240-n] (any of various insects that deposit their eggs in plants causing galls in which the larvae feed)
                    • mecopteran [ENG31-02164887-n] (any of various carnivorous insects of the order Mecoptera)

                      • scorpion fly [ENG31-02165213-n] (any of various mecopterous insects of the family Panorpidae of the northern hemisphere having a long beak and long antennae)
                      • hanging fly [ENG31-02165660-n] (any of various mecopterous insects of the family Bittacidae)
                    • collembolan [ENG31-02165949-n] (any of numerous minute wingless primitive insects possessing a special abdominal appendage that allows the characteristic nearly perpetual springing pattern)
                    • proturan [ENG31-02166415-n] (any of several minute primitive wingless and eyeless insects having a cone-shaped head)
                    • beetle [ENG31-02167116-n] (insect having biting mouthparts and front wings modified to form horny covers overlying the membranous rear wings)

                      • tiger beetle [ENG31-02167757-n] (active usually bright-colored beetle that preys on other insects)
                      • ladybug [ENG31-02168108-n] (small round bright-colored and spotted beetle that usually feeds on aphids and other insect pests)

                        • two-spotted ladybug [ENG31-02168529-n] (red ladybug with a black spot on each wing)
                        • Mexican bean beetle [ENG31-02168881-n] (introduced into the United States from Mexico)
                        • Hippodamia convergens [ENG31-02169219-n] (a variety of ladybug)
                        • vedalia [ENG31-02169478-n] (native to Australia)
                      • ground beetle [ENG31-02169803-n] (predacious shining black or metallic terrestrial beetle that destroys many injurious insects)

                        • bombardier beetle [ENG31-02170157-n] (beetle that ejects audibly a pungent vapor when disturbed)
                        • calosoma [ENG31-02170472-n] (any beetle of the genus Calosoma)

                          • searcher [ENG31-02170596-n] (large metallic blue-green beetle that preys on caterpillars)
                      • firefly [ENG31-02170897-n] (nocturnal beetle common in warm regions having luminescent abdominal organs)

                        • glowworm [ENG31-02171079-n] (the luminous larva or wingless grub-like female of a firefly)
                      • long-horned beetle [ENG31-02171351-n] (long-bodied beetle having very long antennae)

                        • sawyer [ENG31-02171675-n] (any of several beetles whose larvae bore holes in dead or dying trees especially conifers)

                          • pine sawyer [ENG31-02171870-n] (large beetle whose larvae bore holes in pine trees)
                      • leaf beetle [ENG31-02172149-n] (brightly colored beetle that feeds on plant leaves)

                        • flea beetle [ENG31-02172357-n] (any small leaf beetle having enlarged hind legs and capable of jumping)
                        • Colorado potato beetle [ENG31-02172626-n] (black-and-yellow beetle that feeds in adult and larval stages on potato leaves)
                      • carpet beetle [ENG31-02173052-n] (small beetle whose larvae are household pests feeding on woolen fabrics)

                        • buffalo carpet beetle [ENG31-02173251-n] (a small black and red and white carpet beetle)
                        • black carpet beetle [ENG31-02173390-n] (a carpet beetle that is solid black in color)
                      • clerid beetle [ENG31-02173645-n] (predacious on other insects)

                        • bee beetle [ENG31-02173816-n] (European beetle)
                      • lamellicorn beetle [ENG31-02174105-n] (beetle having antennae with hard platelike terminal segments)

                        • scarabaeid beetle [ENG31-02174521-n] (any of numerous species of stout-bodied beetles having heads with horny spikes)

                          • dung beetle [ENG31-02174834-n] (any of numerous beetles that roll balls of dung on which they feed and in which they lay eggs)

                            • scarab [ENG31-02175170-n] (scarabaeid beetle considered divine by ancient Egyptians)
                            • tumblebug [ENG31-02175330-n] (any of various dung beetles)
                            • dorbeetle [ENG31-02175413-n] (Old World dung beetle that flies with a droning sound)
                          • June beetle [ENG31-02175522-n] (any of various large usually brown North American leaf-eating beetles common in late spring)

                            • green June beetle [ENG31-02175765-n] (large greenish June beetle of southern United States)
                          • Japanese beetle [ENG31-02176025-n] (small metallic green and brown beetle native to eastern Asia)
                          • Oriental beetle [ENG31-02176436-n] (introduced into United States from the Orient)
                          • rhinoceros beetle [ENG31-02176653-n] (any of various large chiefly tropical beetles having horns on the head)
                          • melolonthid beetle [ENG31-02177007-n] (any of various beetles of the family (or subfamily) Melolonthidae)

                            • cockchafer [ENG31-02177311-n] (any of various large European beetles destructive to vegetation as both larvae and adult)
                            • rose chafer [ENG31-02177666-n] (common North American beetle: larvae feed on roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e.g. rose bushes or apple trees or grape vines)
                          • rose chafer [ENG31-02178221-n] (a common metallic green European beetle: larvae feed on plant roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e.g. roses)
                        • stag beetle [ENG31-02178568-n] (a kind of lamellicorn beetle)
                      • elaterid beetle [ENG31-02178913-n] (any of various widely distributed beetles)

                        • click beetle [ENG31-02179091-n] (able to right itself when on its back by flipping into the air with a clicking sound)
                        • firefly [ENG31-02179399-n] (tropical American click beetle having bright luminous spots)
                      • water beetle [ENG31-02179848-n] (any of numerous aquatic beetles usually having a smooth oval body and flattened hind legs for swimming)
                      • whirligig beetle [ENG31-02180158-n] (aquatic beetle that circles rapidly on the water surface)
                      • deathwatch beetle [ENG31-02180427-n] (bores through wood making a ticking sound popularly thought to presage death)
                      • weevil [ENG31-02180624-n] (any of several families of mostly small beetles that feed on plants and plant products)

                        • snout beetle [ENG31-02181063-n] (small weevil having a prolonged snout)
                        • boll weevil [ENG31-02181369-n] (greyish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton)
                        • darkling beetle [ENG31-02183887-n] (sluggish hard-bodied black terrestrial weevil whose larvae feed on e.g. decaying plant material or grain)

                          • flour beetle [ENG31-02184376-n] (an insect that infests flour and stored grains)
                        • seed beetle [ENG31-02184697-n] (a small beetle that infests the seeds of legumes)

                          • pea weevil [ENG31-02185007-n] (larvae live in and feed on seeds of the pea plant)
                          • bean weevil [ENG31-02185294-n] (larvae live in and feed on growing or stored beans)
                        • rice weevil [ENG31-02185582-n] (brown weevil that infests stored grain especially rice)
                      • blister beetle [ENG31-02181664-n] (beetle that produces a secretion that blisters the skin)

                        • oil beetle [ENG31-02181844-n] (any of various beetles that exude an oily substance from the leg joints that deters enemies)
                        • Spanish fly [ENG31-02181992-n] (green beetle of southern Europe)
                      • bark beetle [ENG31-02182885-n] (small beetle that bores tunnels in the bark and wood of trees)

                        • Dutch-elm beetle [ENG31-02182543-n] (a vector of the fungus causing Dutch elm disease)
                        • spruce bark beetle [ENG31-02183079-n] (small beetle that likes to bore through the bark of spruce trees and eat the cambium which eventually kills the tree)
                      • rove beetle [ENG31-02183527-n] (active beetle typically having predatory or scavenging habits)
                      • Asian longhorned beetle [ENG31-02185748-n] (a beetle from China that has been found in the United States and is a threat to hardwood trees)
                    • web spinner [ENG31-02186159-n] (any of a small order of slender typically tropical insects that nest in colonies in silken tunnels that they spin)
                    • louse [ENG31-02186509-n] (wingless usually flattened bloodsucking insect parasitic on warm-blooded animals)

                      • common louse [ENG31-02187125-n] (head or body louse)
                      • head louse [ENG31-02187241-n] (infests the head and body of humans)
                      • body louse [ENG31-02187372-n] (a parasitic louse that infests the body of human beings)
                      • crab louse [ENG31-02187819-n] (a louse that infests the pubic region of the human body)
                    • bird louse [ENG31-02188133-n] (wingless insect with mouth parts adapted for biting)

                      • chicken louse [ENG31-02188466-n] (a louse parasitic on poultry)
                    • flea [ENG31-02188805-n] (any wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect noted for ability to leap)

                      • Pulex irritans [ENG31-02189369-n] (the most common flea attacking humans)
                      • dog flea [ENG31-02189802-n] (flea that attacks dogs and cats)
                      • cat flea [ENG31-02189931-n] (flea that breeds chiefly on cats and dogs and rats)
                      • chigoe [ENG31-02190206-n] (small tropical flea)
                      • sticktight [ENG31-02190552-n] (parasitic on especially the heads of chickens)
                    • dipterous insect [ENG31-02191351-n] (insects having usually a single pair of functional wings (anterior pair) with the posterior pair reduced to small knobbed structures and mouth parts adapted for sucking or lapping or piercing)

                      • gall midge [ENG31-02192015-n] (fragile mosquito-like flies that produce galls on plants)

                        • Hessian fly [ENG31-02192322-n] (small fly whose larvae damage wheat and other grains)
                      • fly [ENG31-02192818-n] (two-winged insects characterized by active flight)

                        • housefly [ENG31-02193442-n] (common fly that frequents human habitations and spreads many diseases)
                        • tsetse fly [ENG31-02193925-n] (bloodsucking African fly)
                        • blowfly [ENG31-02194425-n] (large usually hairy metallic blue or green fly)

                          • bluebottle [ENG31-02194631-n] (blowfly with iridescent blue body)
                          • greenbottle [ENG31-02194904-n] (blowfly with brilliant coppery green body)
                        • flesh fly [ENG31-02195165-n] (fly whose larvae feed on carrion or the flesh of living animals)
                        • tachina fly [ENG31-02195466-n] (bristly fly whose larvae live parasitically in caterpillars and other insects)
                        • gadfly [ENG31-02195661-n] (any of various large flies that annoy livestock)

                          • botfly [ENG31-02195815-n] (stout-bodied hairy dipterous fly whose larvae are parasites on humans and other mammals)

                            • horse botfly [ENG31-02196317-n] (parasitic chiefly on horses)
                            • human botfly [ENG31-02196901-n] (large tropical American fly)
                            • sheep botfly [ENG31-02197402-n] (larvae are parasitic on sheep)
                          • warble fly [ENG31-02197743-n] (hairy bee-like fly whose larvae produce lumpy abscesses (warbles) under the skin of cattle)
                          • horsefly [ENG31-02198178-n] (large swift fly the female of which sucks blood of various animals)
                        • bee fly [ENG31-02198471-n] (hairy nectar-eating fly that resembles a bee)
                        • horn fly [ENG31-02202154-n] (small black European fly introduced into North America)
                      • robber fly [ENG31-02198771-n] (swift predatory fly having a strong body like a bee with the proboscis hardened for sucking juices of other insects captured on the wing)
                      • fruit fly [ENG31-02198996-n] (any of numerous small insects whose larvae feed on fruits)

                        • apple maggot [ENG31-02199548-n] (larvae bore into and feed on apples)
                        • Mediterranean fruit fly [ENG31-02199837-n] (small black-and-white fly that damages citrus and other fruits by implanting eggs that hatch inside the fruit)
                        • drosophila [ENG31-02200341-n] (small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance)
                        • vinegar fly [ENG31-02200529-n] (flies whose larvae feed on pickles and imperfectly sealed preserves)
                      • louse fly [ENG31-02201184-n] (bloodsucking dipterous fly parasitic on birds and mammals)

                        • horse tick [ENG31-02201511-n] (winged fly parasitic on horses)
                        • sheep ked [ENG31-02201822-n] (wingless fly that is an external parasite on sheep and cattle)
                      • mosquito [ENG31-02202850-n] (two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals)

                        • gnat [ENG31-02203282-n] ((British usage) mosquito)
                        • yellow-fever mosquito [ENG31-02203502-n] (mosquito that transmits yellow fever and dengue)
                        • Asian tiger mosquito [ENG31-02203652-n] (striped native of Japan thriving in southwestern and midwestern United States and spreading to the Caribbean)
                        • anopheline [ENG31-02204149-n] (any mosquito of the genus Anopheles)
                        • malarial mosquito [ENG31-02204278-n] (transmits the malaria parasite)
                        • common mosquito [ENG31-02204658-n] (common house mosquito)
                        • Culex quinquefasciatus [ENG31-02204776-n] (widespread tropical mosquito that transmits filarial worms)
                      • gnat [ENG31-02204939-n] (any of various small biting flies: midges)

                        • punkie [ENG31-02205330-n] (minute two-winged insect that sucks the blood of mammals and birds and other insects)
                        • midge [ENG31-02205804-n] (minute two-winged mosquito-like fly lacking biting mouthparts)
                        • psychodid [ENG31-02206630-n] (a fly of the family Psychodidae)
                        • sand fly [ENG31-02206901-n] (any of various small dipterous flies)
                        • blackfly [ENG31-02208325-n] (small blackish stout-bodied biting fly having aquatic larvae)
                      • fungus gnat [ENG31-02206244-n] (mosquito-like insect whose larvae feed on fungi or decaying vegetation)
                      • fungus gnat [ENG31-02207374-n] (minute blackish gregarious flies destructive to mushrooms and seedlings)

                        • armyworm [ENG31-02207559-n] (larva of fungus gnat that feed on cereals and other grains)
                      • crane fly [ENG31-02207871-n] (long-legged slender flies that resemble large mosquitoes but do not bite)
                    • leaf miner [ENG31-02200781-n] (any of various small moths or dipterous flies whose larvae burrow into and feed on leaf tissue especially of the family Gracilariidae)
                    • hymenopterous insect [ENG31-02208922-n] (insects having two pairs of membranous wings and an ovipositor specialized for stinging or piercing)

                      • bee [ENG31-02209508-n] (any of numerous hairy-bodied insects including social and solitary species)

                        • drone [ENG31-02209831-n] (stingless male bee in a colony of social bees (especially honeybees) whose sole function is to mate with the queen)
                        • honeybee [ENG31-02210932-n] (social bee often domesticated for the honey it produces)

                          • Africanized bee [ENG31-02211150-n] (a strain of bees that originated in Brazil in the 1950s as a cross between an aggressive African bee and a honeybee)
                          • black bee [ENG31-02211500-n] (dark-colored ill-tempered honeybee supposedly of German origin)
                          • Carniolan bee [ENG31-02211631-n] (greyish highly productive European honeybee that has a quiet disposition)
                          • Italian bee [ENG31-02211763-n] (yellowish honeybee resembling the Carniolan bee in its habits)
                        • carpenter bee [ENG31-02212006-n] (large solitary bee that lays eggs in tunnels bored into wood or plant stems)
                        • bumblebee [ENG31-02212276-n] (robust hairy social bee of temperate regions)
                        • cuckoo-bumblebee [ENG31-02212616-n] (a bee that is parasitic in the nests of bumblebees)
                        • andrena [ENG31-02213079-n] (a bee that is a member of the genus Andrena)
                        • Nomia melanderi [ENG31-02213573-n] (a common solitary bee important for pollinating alfalfa in the western United States)
                        • leaf-cutting bee [ENG31-02214096-n] (bee that cuts rounded pieces from leaves and flowers to line its nest)
                        • mason bee [ENG31-02214279-n] (any of numerous solitary bees that build nests of hardened mud and sand)
                        • potter bee [ENG31-02214548-n] (solitary bee that builds nests of mud or pebbles cemented together and attached to a plant)
                      • wasp [ENG31-02214714-n] (social or solitary hymenopterans typically having a slender body with the abdomen attached by a narrow stalk and having a formidable sting)

                        • vespid [ENG31-02215254-n] (mostly social nest-building wasps)

                          • paper wasp [ENG31-02215610-n] (any of several social wasps that construct nests of a substance like paper)

                            • Polistes annularis [ENG31-02216748-n] (a variety of paper wasp)
                          • hornet [ENG31-02215759-n] (large stinging paper wasp)

                            • giant hornet [ENG31-02215891-n] (European hornet introduced into the United States)
                            • bald-faced hornet [ENG31-02216315-n] (North American hornet)
                            • yellow jacket [ENG31-02216440-n] (small yellow-marked social wasp commonly nesting in the ground)
                          • common wasp [ENG31-02216195-n] (a variety of vespid wasp)
                          • mason wasp [ENG31-02216993-n] (any of various solitary wasps that construct nests of hardened mud for their young)
                          • potter wasp [ENG31-02217151-n] (any of various solitary wasps that construct vase-shaped cells of mud for their eggs)
                        • velvet ant [ENG31-02217425-n] (a solitary wasp of the family Mutillidae)
                        • sphecoid wasp [ENG31-02217813-n] (any of various solitary wasps)

                          • mason wasp [ENG31-02218273-n] (solitary wasp that constructs nests of hardened mud or clay for the young)
                          • digger wasp [ENG31-02218422-n] (solitary wasp that digs nests in the soil and stocks them with paralyzed insects for the larvae)

                            • cicada killer [ENG31-02218863-n] (large black or rust-colored wasp that preys on cicadas)
                          • mud dauber [ENG31-02219017-n] (wasp that constructs mud cells on a solid base in which females place eggs laid in paralyzed insect larvae)
                        • gall wasp [ENG31-02219392-n] (small solitary wasp that produces galls on oaks and other plants)
                      • Mutillidae [ENG31-02217312-n] (a family of wasps)
                      • chalcid fly [ENG31-02220215-n] (any of various tiny insects whose larvae are parasites on eggs and larvae of other insects)

                        • chalcis fly [ENG31-02220786-n] (a variety of chalcid fly)
                      • ichneumon fly [ENG31-02221023-n] (hymenopterous insect that resembles a wasp and whose larvae are parasitic on caterpillars and other insect larvae)
                      • sawfly [ENG31-02221365-n] (insect whose female has a saw-like ovipositor for inserting eggs into the leaf or stem tissue of a host plant)

                        • birch leaf miner [ENG31-02221667-n] (small black sawfly native to Europe but established in eastern United States)
                      • ant [ENG31-02222138-n] (social insect living in organized colonies)

                        • pharaoh ant [ENG31-02222707-n] (small red ant of warm regions)
                        • little black ant [ENG31-02222877-n] (tiny glossy black ant)
                        • army ant [ENG31-02223170-n] (tropical nomadic ant that preys mainly on other insects)
                        • carpenter ant [ENG31-02223456-n] (ant that nests in decaying wood in which it bores tunnels for depositing eggs)
                        • fire ant [ENG31-02223735-n] (omnivorous ant of tropical and subtropical America that can inflict a painful sting)
                        • wood ant [ENG31-02224066-n] (reddish-brown European ant typically living in anthills in woodlands)
                        • slave ant [ENG31-02224223-n] (any of various ants captured as larvae and enslaved by another species)

                          • Formica fusca [ENG31-02224367-n] (an ant frequently enslaved)
                        • slave-making ant [ENG31-02224472-n] (an ant that attacks colonies of other ant species and carries off the young to be reared as slave ants)

                          • sanguinary ant [ENG31-02224687-n] (slave-making ant widely distributed over the northern hemisphere)
                          • Amazon ant [ENG31-02225234-n] (small reddish slave-making ant species)
                        • bulldog ant [ENG31-02224973-n] (any of the large fierce Australian ants of the genus Myrmecia)
                    • worker [ENG31-02210101-n] (sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae)

                      • soldier [ENG31-02210299-n] (a wingless sterile ant or termite having a large head and powerful jaws adapted for defending the colony)
                      • worker bee [ENG31-02210457-n] (sterile bee specialized to collect food and maintain the hive)
                    • termite [ENG31-02225918-n] (whitish soft-bodied ant-like social insect that feeds on wood)

                      • dry-wood termite [ENG31-02226172-n] (any of various termites that live in and feed on dry wood that is not connected with the soil)

                        • powder-post termite [ENG31-02228450-n] (extremely destructive dry-wood termite of warm regions)
                      • Reticulitermes flanipes [ENG31-02226553-n] (destructive United States termite)
                      • Reticulitermes lucifugus [ENG31-02226675-n] (destructive European termite)
                      • Mastotermes darwiniensis [ENG31-02227365-n] (Australian termite)
                      • Mastotermes electromexicus [ENG31-02227589-n] (an extinct termite found in amber in southern Mexico)
                      • Mastotermes electrodominicus [ENG31-02227733-n] (extinct termite found in amber in the Dominican Republic)
                    • orthopterous insect [ENG31-02228835-n] (any of various insects having leathery forewings and membranous hind wings and chewing mouthparts)

                      • grasshopper [ENG31-02229081-n] (terrestrial plant-eating insect with hind legs adapted for leaping)

                        • short-horned grasshopper [ENG31-02229473-n] (grasshopper with short antennae)

                          • locust [ENG31-02229622-n] (migratory grasshoppers of warm regions having short antennae)

                            • migratory locust [ENG31-02229899-n] (Old World locust that travels in vast swarms stripping large areas of vegetation)
                            • migratory grasshopper [ENG31-02230256-n] (serious pest of grain-growing and range areas of central and western United States)
                        • long-horned grasshopper [ENG31-02230618-n] (grasshoppers with long threadlike antennae and well-developed stridulating organs on the forewings of the male)

                          • katydid [ENG31-02230993-n] (large green long-horned grasshopper of North America)

                            • mormon cricket [ENG31-02231349-n] (large dark wingless cricket-like katydid of arid parts of western United States)
                          • sand cricket [ENG31-02231808-n] (large wingless nocturnal grasshopper that burrows in loose soil along the Pacific coast of the United States)
                      • cricket [ENG31-02232196-n] (leaping insect)

                        • mole cricket [ENG31-02232417-n] (digs in moist soil and feeds on plant roots)
                        • European house cricket [ENG31-02232675-n] (lives in human dwellings)
                        • field cricket [ENG31-02232839-n] (common American black cricket)
                        • tree cricket [ENG31-02233132-n] (pale arboreal American cricket noted for loud stridulation)

                          • snowy tree cricket [ENG31-02233286-n] (pale yellowish tree cricket widely distributed in North America)
                    • phasmid [ENG31-02233704-n] (large cylindrical or flattened mostly tropical insects with long strong legs that feed on plants)

                      • walking stick [ENG31-02234139-n] (any of various mostly tropical insects having long twiglike bodies)

                        • diapheromera [ENG31-02234455-n] (a variety of stick insect)
                      • walking leaf [ENG31-02234875-n] (tropical insect having a flattened leaflike body)
                    • dictyopterous insect [ENG31-02235603-n] (cockroaches and mantids)

                      • cockroach [ENG31-02235990-n] (any of numerous chiefly nocturnal insects)

                        • oriental cockroach [ENG31-02236595-n] (dark brown cockroach originally from orient now nearly cosmopolitan in distribution)
                        • American cockroach [ENG31-02237007-n] (large reddish brown free-flying cockroach originally from southern United States but now widely distributed)
                        • Australian cockroach [ENG31-02237222-n] (widely distributed in warm countries)
                        • German cockroach [ENG31-02237500-n] (small light-brown cockroach brought to United States from Europe)
                        • giant cockroach [ENG31-02237857-n] (large tropical American cockroaches)
                      • mantis [ENG31-02238696-n] (predacious long-bodied large-eyed insect of warm regions)

                        • praying mantis [ENG31-02238893-n] (the common mantis)
                    • bug [ENG31-02239007-n] (general term for any insect or similar creeping or crawling invertebrate)
                    • hemipterous insect [ENG31-02239548-n] (insects with sucking mouthparts and forewings thickened and leathery at the base)

                      • leaf bug [ENG31-02240076-n] (small bright-colored insect that feeds on plant juices)

                        • mirid bug [ENG31-02240233-n] (a variety of leaf bug)

                          • four-lined plant bug [ENG31-02240520-n] (yellow or orange leaf bug with four black stripes down the back)
                          • lygus bug [ENG31-02240887-n] (vector of viral plant diseases)

                            • tarnished plant bug [ENG31-02241010-n] (widespread plant and fruit pest)
                        • lace bug [ENG31-02241246-n] (small bug having body and wings covered with a lacy network of raised lines)
                      • lygaeid [ENG31-02241539-n] (a true bug: usually bright-colored)

                        • chinch bug [ENG31-02241844-n] (small black-and-white insect that feeds on cereal grasses)
                      • coreid bug [ENG31-02242180-n] (a true bug)

                        • squash bug [ENG31-02242426-n] (large black American bug that sucks sap of vines of the gourd family)
                        • leaf-footed bug [ENG31-02242720-n] (large sap-sucking bug with leaflike expansions on the legs)
                      • bedbug [ENG31-02243169-n] (bug of temperate regions that infests especially beds and feeds on human blood)
                      • backswimmer [ENG31-02243660-n] (predaceous aquatic insect that swims on its back and may inflict painful bites)
                      • true bug [ENG31-02244078-n] (any of various insects of the order Hemiptera and especially of the suborder Heteroptera)
                    • heteropterous insect [ENG31-02244221-n] (true bugs: insects whose forewings are membranous but have leathery tips)

                      • water bug [ENG31-02244451-n] (a true bug: large aquatic bug adapted to living in or on the surface of water)

                        • giant water bug [ENG31-02244789-n] (large water bug with piercing and sucking mouthparts)
                        • water scorpion [ENG31-02245107-n] (long-legged aquatic insect having the front legs fitted for seizing and holding prey and the abdomen extended by a long breathing tube)
                        • water boatman [ENG31-02245861-n] (carnivorous aquatic bug having paddle-like hind legs)
                        • water strider [ENG31-02246214-n] (long-legged bug that skims about on the surface of water)

                          • common pond-skater [ENG31-02246530-n] (a variety of water strider)
                      • assassin bug [ENG31-02246825-n] (a true bug: long-legged predacious bug living mostly on other insects)

                        • conenose [ENG31-02247167-n] (large bloodsucking bug)
                        • wheel bug [ENG31-02247449-n] (large predatory North American bug that sucks the blood of other insects)
                      • firebug [ENG31-02247763-n] (a true bug: brightly colored bug that can exude a stain)
                      • cotton stainer [ENG31-02248095-n] (a true bug: bug that damages and stains the lint of developing cotton)
                    • homopterous insect [ENG31-02248663-n] (insects having membranous forewings and hind wings)

                      • whitefly [ENG31-02249280-n] (minute insect that feeds on plant juices)

                        • citrus whitefly [ENG31-02249593-n] (whitefly that attacks citrus trees)
                        • greenhouse whitefly [ENG31-02249868-n] (whitefly that inhabits greenhouses)
                        • sweet-potato whitefly [ENG31-02250163-n] (a variety of whitefly)

                          • superbug [ENG31-02250307-n] (a strain of pest accidentally imported into Florida from the Middle East then spread to California where it is a very serious pest feeding on almost all vegetable crops and poinsettias)
                          • cotton strain [ENG31-02250714-n] (feeds primarily on cotton)
                      • coccid insect [ENG31-02251020-n] (scale insects and mealybugs)

                        • scale insect [ENG31-02251162-n] (small homopterous insect that usually lives and feeds on plants and secretes a protective waxy covering)

                          • soft scale [ENG31-02251539-n] (an insect active in all stages)

                            • brown soft scale [ENG31-02251786-n] (pest on citrus trees)
                          • wax insect [ENG31-02251908-n] (any of various insects that secrete a waxy substance)
                          • armored scale [ENG31-02252167-n] (insect having a firm covering of wax especially in the female)

                            • San Jose scale [ENG31-02252461-n] (small east Asian insect naturalized in the United States that damages fruit trees)
                          • cochineal insect [ENG31-02252932-n] (Mexican red scale insect that feeds on cacti)
                        • mealybug [ENG31-02253474-n] (scalelike plant-eating insect coated with a powdery waxy secretion)

                          • citrophilous mealybug [ENG31-02253719-n] (destructive especially to citrus)
                          • Comstock mealybug [ENG31-02253885-n] (Asiatic insect introduced accidentally into United States)
                          • citrus mealybug [ENG31-02254245-n] (feeds on a wide variety of cultivated plants but especially destructive to citrus)
                      • plant louse [ENG31-02254427-n] (any of several small insects especially aphids that feed by sucking the juices from plants)

                        • aphid [ENG31-02254878-n] (any of various small plant-sucking insects)

                          • apple aphid [ENG31-02255451-n] (bright green aphid)
                          • blackfly [ENG31-02255624-n] (blackish aphid that infests e.g. beans and sugar beets)
                          • greenfly [ENG31-02255779-n] (greenish aphid)

                            • green peach aphid [ENG31-02255916-n] (yellowish green aphid that is especially destructive to peaches)
                            • pale chrysanthemum aphid [ENG31-02256043-n] (important pest of chrysanthemums)
                          • ant cow [ENG31-02256146-n] (excretes a honeylike substance eaten by ants)
                          • woolly aphid [ENG31-02256367-n] (secretes a waxy substance like a mass of fine curly white cotton or woolly threads)

                            • woolly apple aphid [ENG31-02256565-n] (primarily a bark feeder on aerial parts and roots of apple and other trees)
                            • woolly alder aphid [ENG31-02256898-n] (attacks alders)
                        • adelgid [ENG31-02257349-n] (any of various insects that feed and form galls on conifers)

                          • balsam woolly aphid [ENG31-02257553-n] (a variety of adelgid)
                          • spruce gall aphid [ENG31-02257675-n] (a variety of adelgid)
                          • pine leaf aphid [ENG31-02257922-n] (a variety of adelgid)
                          • woolly adelgid [ENG31-02258043-n] (an insect that feeds on hemlocks)
                        • grape louse [ENG31-02258507-n] (destructive to various grape plants)
                        • jumping plant louse [ENG31-02258824-n] (small active cicada-like insect with hind legs adapted for leaping)
                        • oak blight [ENG31-14241775-n] (a black plant louse that lives on oaks and dogwoods)
                      • cicada [ENG31-02259308-n] (stout-bodied insect with large membranous wings)

                        • dog-day cicada [ENG31-02259655-n] (its distinctive song is heard during July and August)
                        • seventeen-year locust [ENG31-02259936-n] (North American cicada)
                      • spittle insect [ENG31-02260367-n] (small leaping herbivorous insect that lives in a mass of protective froth which it and its larvae secrete)

                        • froghopper [ENG31-02260637-n] (a variety of spittlebug)
                        • meadow spittlebug [ENG31-02260850-n] (North American insect that severely damages grasses)
                        • pine spittlebug [ENG31-02261160-n] (North American insect that attacks pines)
                        • Saratoga spittlebug [ENG31-02261281-n] (feeds on pines in northern United States)
                      • leafhopper [ENG31-02261864-n] (small leaping insect that sucks the juices of plants)

                        • jassid [ENG31-02261788-n] (a variety of leafhopper)
                      • plant hopper [ENG31-02262029-n] (related to the leafhoppers and spittlebugs but rarely damages cultivated plants)

                        • treehopper [ENG31-02262360-n] (small leaping insect that sucks juices of branches and twigs)
                        • lantern fly [ENG31-02262639-n] (large brightly marked tropical insect with a process like a snout that was formerly thought to emit light)
                    • psocopterous insect [ENG31-02263073-n] (small soft-bodied insect with chewing mouthparts and either no wings or two pairs)

                      • psocid [ENG31-02263515-n] (small winged insect living on the bark and leaves of trees and feeding on e.g. fungi and decaying plant matter)

                        • bark-louse [ENG31-02263715-n] (any of several insects living on the bark of plants)
                      • booklouse [ENG31-02264071-n] (minute wingless psocopterous insects injurious to books and papers)

                        • common booklouse [ENG31-02264409-n] (a variety of booklouse)
                    • ephemerid [ENG31-02264830-n] (short-lived insect)

                      • Plectophera [ENG31-02264714-n] (in some former classifications: name for the Ephemeroptera)
                      • mayfly [ENG31-02265101-n] (slender insect with delicate membranous wings having an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage usually lasting less than two days)
                    • stonefly [ENG31-02265455-n] (primitive winged insect with a flattened body)
                    • neuropteron [ENG31-02266030-n] (insect having biting mouthparts and four large membranous wings with netlike veins)

                      • ant lion [ENG31-02266673-n] (winged insect resembling a dragonfly)
                      • lacewing [ENG31-02267015-n] (any of two families of insects with gauzy wings (Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae))

                        • green lacewing [ENG31-02267537-n] (pale green unpleasant-smelling lacewing fly having carnivorous larvae)

                          • goldeneye [ENG31-02267728-n] (a variety of green lacewing)
                        • brown lacewing [ENG31-02267982-n] (small dark-colored lacewing fly)
                      • dobson [ENG31-02268702-n] (large soft-bodied insect having long slender mandibles in the male)
                      • fish fly [ENG31-02269073-n] (similar to but smaller than the dobsonfly)
                      • alderfly [ENG31-02269516-n] (dark-colored insect having predaceous aquatic larvae)
                      • snakefly [ENG31-02269860-n] (predatory insect of western North America having a long necklike prothorax)
                      • mantispid [ENG31-02270135-n] (insect that resembles a mantis)
                      • spongefly [ENG31-02270478-n] (hairy-bodied insect whose larvae feed on freshwater sponges)
                    • odonate [ENG31-02270800-n] (large primitive predatory aquatic insect having two pairs of membranous wings)

                      • dragonfly [ENG31-02271095-n] (slender-bodied non-stinging insect having iridescent wings that are outspread at rest)
                      • damselfly [ENG31-02271505-n] (slender non-stinging insect similar to but smaller than the dragonfly but having wings folded when at rest)
                    • trichopterous insect [ENG31-02271848-n] (caddis fly)

                      • caddis fly [ENG31-02271992-n] (small moth-like insect having two pairs of hairy membranous wings and aquatic larvae)
                    • thysanuran insect [ENG31-02272663-n] (primitive wingless insects: bristletail)

                      • bristletail [ENG31-02272852-n] (small wingless insect with a long bristlelike tail)

                        • firebrat [ENG31-02273597-n] (lives in warm moist areas e.g. around furnaces)
                      • silverfish [ENG31-02273275-n] (silver-grey wingless insect found in houses feeding on book bindings and starched clothing)
                      • jumping bristletail [ENG31-02273874-n] (wingless insect living in dark moist places as under dead tree trunks)
                    • thysanopter [ENG31-02274222-n] (an insect of the order Thysanoptera)

                      • thrips [ENG31-02274549-n] (any of various small to minute sucking insects with narrow feathery wings if any)

                        • tobacco thrips [ENG31-02274938-n] (injurious to growing tobacco and peanuts)
                        • onion thrips [ENG31-02275204-n] (injurious to onion plants and sometimes tobacco)
                    • earwig [ENG31-02275523-n] (any of numerous insects of the order Dermaptera having elongate bodies and slender many-jointed antennae and a pair of large pincers at the rear of the abdomen)

                      • common European earwig [ENG31-02276044-n] (sometimes destructive to cultivated bulbs)
                    • lepidopterous insect [ENG31-02276676-n] (insect that in the adult state has four wings more or less covered with tiny scales)

                      • butterfly [ENG31-02276911-n] (diurnal insect typically having a slender body with knobbed antennae and broad colorful wings)

                        • nymphalid [ENG31-02277474-n] (medium to large butterflies found worldwide typically having brightly colored wings and much-reduced nonfunctional forelegs carried folded on the breast)

                          • mourning cloak [ENG31-02278212-n] (of temperate regions)
                          • tortoiseshell [ENG31-02278425-n] (brilliantly colored)
                          • painted beauty [ENG31-02278730-n] (American butterfly having dark brown wings with white and golden orange spots)
                          • admiral [ENG31-02278910-n] (any of several brightly colored butterflies)
                          • red admiral [ENG31-02279007-n] (of temperate Europe and Asia)
                          • white admiral [ENG31-02279401-n] (Eurasian butterfly with brown wings and white markings)
                          • banded purple [ENG31-02279554-n] (North American butterfly with blue-black wings crossed by a broad white band)
                          • red-spotted purple [ENG31-02279746-n] (similar to the banded purple but with red spots on underwing surfaces)
                          • viceroy [ENG31-02279920-n] (showy American butterfly resembling the monarch but smaller)
                          • anglewing [ENG31-02280074-n] (nymphalid butterfly having angular notches on the outer edges of the forewings)
                          • comma [ENG31-02280676-n] (anglewing butterfly with a comma-shaped mark on the underside of each hind wing)
                          • fritillary [ENG31-02280862-n] (butterfly with brownish wings marked with black and silver)

                            • silverspot [ENG31-02281115-n] (butterfly with silver spots on the underside of the hind wings)
                          • emperor butterfly [ENG31-02281491-n] (large richly colored butterfly)

                            • purple emperor [ENG31-02281632-n] (large European butterfly the male of which has wings shaded with purple)
                          • peacock [ENG31-02281909-n] (European butterfly having reddish-brown wings each marked with a purple eyespot)
                        • ringlet [ENG31-02280394-n] (any of various butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae)
                        • danaid [ENG31-02282289-n] (large tropical butterfly with degenerate forelegs and an unpleasant taste)

                          • monarch [ENG31-02282624-n] (large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings)
                        • pierid [ENG31-02283110-n] (any of numerous pale-colored butterflies having three pairs of well-developed legs)

                          • cabbage butterfly [ENG31-02283301-n] (white butterfly whose larvae (cabbageworms) feed on cabbage)

                            • small white [ENG31-02283667-n] (small widely distributed form)
                            • large white [ENG31-02283788-n] (Old World form of cabbage butterfly)
                            • southern cabbage butterfly [ENG31-02283919-n] (common North American form of cabbage butterfly)
                        • sulphur butterfly [ENG31-02284058-n] (any of numerous yellow or orange butterflies)
                        • lycaenid [ENG31-02284439-n] (any of various butterflies of the family Lycaenidae)

                          • blue [ENG31-02284909-n] (any of numerous small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae)
                          • copper [ENG31-02285037-n] (any of various small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae having coppery wings)

                            • American copper [ENG31-02285205-n] (common copper butterfly of central and eastern North America)
                          • hairstreak [ENG31-02285555-n] (small butterflies having striped markings under the wings)

                            • Strymon melinus [ENG31-02285729-n] (larvae are pests of various economic plants)
                      • moth [ENG31-02285853-n] (typically crepuscular or nocturnal insect having a stout body and feathery or hairlike antennae)

                        • moth miller [ENG31-02286269-n] (any of various moths that have powdery wings)
                        • tortricid [ENG31-02286603-n] (any of numerous small moths having lightly fringed wings)

                          • leaf roller [ENG31-02286876-n] (moth whose larvae form nests by rolling and tying leaves with spun silk)
                          • tea tortrix [ENG31-02287263-n] (small Indian moth infesting e.g. tea and coffee plants)
                          • orange tortrix [ENG31-02287536-n] (California moth whose larvae live in especially oranges)
                          • codling moth [ENG31-02287831-n] (a small grey moth whose larvae live in apples and English walnuts)
                        • lymantriid [ENG31-02288200-n] (dull-colored moth whose larvae have tufts of hair on the body and feed on the leaves of many deciduous trees)

                          • gypsy moth [ENG31-02288741-n] (European moth introduced into North America)
                          • browntail [ENG31-02289077-n] (small brown and white European moth introduced into eastern United States)
                          • gold-tail moth [ENG31-02289306-n] (white furry-bodied European moth with a yellow tail tuft)
                        • geometrid [ENG31-02289656-n] (slender-bodied broad-winged moth whose larvae are called measuring worms)

                          • Paleacrita vernata [ENG31-02290004-n] (moth whose larvae are spring cankerworms)
                          • Alsophila pometaria [ENG31-02290274-n] (North American moth with grey-winged males and wingless females)
                        • pyralid [ENG31-02291441-n] (usually tropical slender-bodied long-legged moth whose larvae are crop pests)

                          • bee moth [ENG31-02291959-n] (moth whose larvae live in and feed on bee honeycombs)
                          • corn borer [ENG31-02292262-n] (native to Europe)
                          • Mediterranean flour moth [ENG31-02292640-n] (small moth whose larvae damage stored grain and flour)
                          • tobacco moth [ENG31-02292992-n] (small moth whose larvae feed on tobacco and other dried plant products)
                          • almond moth [ENG31-02293316-n] (a moth whose larvae feed on and mat together with webbing various stored products of vegetable origin)
                          • raisin moth [ENG31-02293522-n] (moth whose larvae attack dried fruits and cereal products)
                        • tineoid [ENG31-02293872-n] (small dull-colored moth with chewing mouthparts)

                          • tineid [ENG31-02294224-n] (small yellowish moths whose larvae feed on wool or fur)

                            • clothes moth [ENG31-02294400-n] (any of several small yellowish or buff-colored moths whose larvae eat organic matter e.g. woolens)

                              • casemaking clothes moth [ENG31-02294737-n] (the larvae live in tubes of its food material fastened with silk that it spins)
                              • webbing clothes moth [ENG31-02295053-n] (moth that forms a web in which it lives)
                            • carpet moth [ENG31-02295344-n] (larvae feed on carpets and other woolens)
                          • gracilariid [ENG31-02295632-n] (small dull or metallic-colored tineoid moths whose larvae mine in plant leaves)
                        • gelechiid [ENG31-02296004-n] (small slender-winged moths whose larvae are agricultural pests)

                          • Gelechia gossypiella [ENG31-02296367-n] (small brown moth whose larvae bore into flowers and bolls of cotton)
                          • grain moth [ENG31-02296520-n] (moth whose larvae feed on grain)

                            • angoumois moth [ENG31-02296749-n] (small moth whose larvae feed on kernels of stored grains)
                          • potato moth [ENG31-02297059-n] (greyish-brown moth whose larva is the potato tuberworm)
                        • noctuid moth [ENG31-02297716-n] (usually dull-colored medium-sized nocturnal moth)

                          • underwing [ENG31-02298522-n] (moth having dull forewings and brightly colored hind wings)

                            • red underwing [ENG31-02298673-n] (moth having dull forewings and red-marked hind wings)
                          • antler moth [ENG31-02298928-n] (European moth with white antler-like markings on the forewings)
                          • heliothis moth [ENG31-02299264-n] (medium-sized moth whose larvae are corn earworms)
                          • armyworm [ENG31-02299946-n] (moth whose destructive larvae travel in multitudes)
                          • Spodoptera exigua [ENG31-02300471-n] (moth whose larvae are beet armyworms)
                          • Spodoptera frugiperda [ENG31-02300747-n] (moth whose larvae are fall armyworms)
                        • hawkmoth [ENG31-02301193-n] (any of various moths with long narrow forewings capable of powerful flight and hovering over flowers to feed)

                          • Manduca sexta [ENG31-02301691-n] (moth whose larvae are tobacco hornworms)
                          • Manduca quinquemaculata [ENG31-02302030-n] (moth whose larvae are tomato hornworms)
                          • death's-head moth [ENG31-02302498-n] (European hawkmoth with markings on the back resembling a human skull)
                        • bombycid [ENG31-02302825-n] (moderate-sized Asiatic moth whose larvae feed on mulberry leaves and produce silk)

                          • domestic silkworm moth [ENG31-02303206-n] (stocky creamy-white Asiatic moth found almost entirely under human care)
                        • saturniid [ENG31-02304104-n] (large brightly colored and usually tropical moth)

                          • emperor [ENG31-02304587-n] (large moth of temperate forests of Eurasia having heavily scaled transparent wings)
                          • imperial moth [ENG31-02304896-n] (large American moth having yellow wings with purplish or brownish markings)
                          • giant silkworm moth [ENG31-02305111-n] (any silkworm moth of the family Saturniidae)

                            • cynthia moth [ENG31-02306237-n] (large Asiatic moth introduced into the United States)
                            • atlas moth [ENG31-02307737-n] (giant saturniid moth widespread in Asia)
                          • luna moth [ENG31-02305621-n] (large pale-green American moth with long-tailed hind wings and a yellow crescent-shaped mark on each forewing)
                          • cecropia [ENG31-02305936-n] (North American silkworm moth)
                          • io moth [ENG31-02306688-n] (large yellow American moth having a large eyelike spot on each hind wing)
                          • polyphemus moth [ENG31-02307084-n] (very large yellowish-brown American silkworm moth with large eyespots on hind wings)
                          • pernyi moth [ENG31-02307309-n] (a Chinese moth that produces a brownish silk)
                          • tussah [ENG31-02307449-n] (oriental moth that produces brownish silk)
                        • arctiid [ENG31-02308059-n] (stout-bodied broad-winged moth with conspicuously striped or spotted wings)

                          • tiger moth [ENG31-02308288-n] (medium-sized moth with long richly colored and intricately patterned wings)
                          • cinnabar [ENG31-02308581-n] (large red-and-black European moth)
                        • lasiocampid [ENG31-02309085-n] (medium-sized stout-bodied neutral-colored moths with comb-like antennae)

                          • eggar [ENG31-02309477-n] (moth having nonfunctional mouthparts as adults)
                          • tent-caterpillar moth [ENG31-02310167-n] (moth whose gregarious larvae spin webs resembling carpets)
                          • lappet [ENG31-02310562-n] (medium-sized hairy moths)
                          • webworm moth [ENG31-02311123-n] (a variety of moth that spins a web in which it lives)

                            • Hyphantria cunea [ENG31-02311270-n] (moth whose larvae are fall webworms)
                            • Loxostege similalis [ENG31-02311650-n] (moth whose larvae are garden webworms)
                        • tent-caterpillar moth [ENG31-02309828-n] (moth whose larvae are tent caterpillars)
                    • pupa [ENG31-02315079-n] (an insect in the inactive stage of development (when it is not feeding) intermediate between larva and adult)

                      • chrysalis [ENG31-02315292-n] (pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon)
                    • imago [ENG31-02315564-n] (an adult insect produced after metamorphosis)
                    • queen [ENG31-02315660-n] (the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites)

                      • queen bee [ENG31-02209997-n] (fertile egg-laying female bee)
                  • instar [ENG31-02311894-n] (an insect or other arthropod between molts)
                • zoophyte [ENG31-01908819-n] (any of various invertebrate animals resembling a plant such as a sea anemone or coral or sponge)
                • sponge [ENG31-01909390-n] (primitive multicellular marine animal whose porous body is supported by a fibrous skeletal framework)

                  • glass sponge [ENG31-01910379-n] (a siliceous sponge (with glassy spicules) of the class Hyalospongiae)

                    • Venus's flower basket [ENG31-01910683-n] (a deep-water marine sponge having a cylindrical skeleton of intricate glassy latticework)
                • coelenterate [ENG31-01912063-n] (radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures)

                  • polyp [ENG31-01912547-n] (one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth)
                  • medusa [ENG31-01912893-n] (one of two forms that coelenterates take: it is the free-swimming sexual phase in the life cycle of a coelenterate)
                  • jellyfish [ENG31-01913388-n] (any of numerous usually marine and free-swimming coelenterates that constitute the sexually reproductive forms of hydrozoans and scyphozoans)

                    • Aegina [ENG31-01913639-n] (small medusa)
                    • Chrysaora quinquecirrha [ENG31-01914044-n] (a type of jellyfish)
                  • scyphozoan [ENG31-01913704-n] (any of various usually free-swimming marine coelenterates having a gelatinous medusoid stage as the dominant phase of its life cycle)
                  • hydrozoan [ENG31-01914480-n] (colonial coelenterates having the polyp phase dominant)

                    • planula [ENG31-01912429-n] (the flat ciliated free-swimming larva of hydrozoan coelenterates)
                    • hydra [ENG31-01914793-n] (small tubular solitary freshwater hydrozoan polyp)
                    • siphonophore [ENG31-01915095-n] (a floating or swimming oceanic colony of polyps often transparent or showily colored)

                      • nanomia [ENG31-01915450-n] (small creatures resembling pieces of fuzzy rope)
                      • Portuguese man-of-war [ENG31-01915807-n] (large siphonophore having a bladderlike float and stinging tentacles)
                      • praya [ENG31-01915987-n] (colonial siphonophore of up to 130 ft long)
                      • apolemia [ENG31-01916081-n] (large siphonophore of up to 50 ft long)
                    • sertularian [ENG31-01916332-n] (feathery colony of long-branched stems bearing stalkless paired polyps)
                  • anthozoan [ENG31-01916804-n] (sessile marine coelenterates including solitary and colonial polyps)

                    • sea anemone [ENG31-01917250-n] (marine polyps that resemble flowers but have oral rings of tentacles)

                      • actinia [ENG31-01917471-n] (any sea anemone or related animal)
                    • sea pen [ENG31-01918341-n] (fleshy featherlike warm-water colonies)
                    • coral [ENG31-01918452-n] (marine colonial polyp characterized by a calcareous skeleton)

                      • gorgonian [ENG31-01918828-n] (corals having a horny or calcareous branching skeleton)

                        • sea feather [ENG31-01919029-n] (corals forming featherlike colonies)
                        • sea fan [ENG31-01919122-n] (corals having a treelike or fan-shaped horny skeleton)
                        • red coral [ENG31-01919229-n] (corals of especially the Mediterranean having pink or red color used for ornaments and jewelry)
                      • stony coral [ENG31-01919566-n] (corals having calcareous skeletons aggregations of which form reefs and islands)

                        • brain coral [ENG31-01919930-n] (massive reef-building coral having a convoluted and furrowed surface)
                        • staghorn coral [ENG31-01920252-n] (large branching coral resembling antlers)
                        • mushroom coral [ENG31-01920523-n] (flattened disk-shaped stony coral (usually solitary and unattached))
                • ctenophore [ENG31-01921385-n] (biradially symmetrical hermaphroditic solitary marine animals resembling jellyfishes having for locomotion eight rows of cilia arranged like teeth in a comb)

                  • beroe [ENG31-01922026-n] (delicately iridescent thimble-shaped ctenophores)
                  • platyctenean [ENG31-01922692-n] (ctenophore have long tentacles and flattened body)
                  • sea gooseberry [ENG31-01923079-n] (ctenophore having a rounded body with longitudinal rows of cilia)
                  • Venus's girdle [ENG31-01923700-n] (ctenophore having a ribbon-shaped iridescent gelatinous body)
                • worm [ENG31-01924944-n] (any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes)

                  • helminth [ENG31-01925358-n] (worm that is parasitic on the intestines of vertebrates especially roundworms and tapeworms and flukes)
                  • woodworm [ENG31-01925589-n] (a larva of a woodborer)
                  • acanthocephalan [ENG31-01926045-n] (any of various worms living parasitically in intestines of vertebrates having a retractile proboscis covered with many hooked spines)
                  • arrowworm [ENG31-01926531-n] (any worm of the Chaetognatha)

                    • sagitta [ENG31-01926950-n] (any arrowworm of the genus Sagitta)
                  • flatworm [ENG31-01927557-n] (parasitic or free-living worms having a flattened body)

                    • planarian [ENG31-01927911-n] (free-swimming mostly freshwater flatworms)
                    • fluke [ENG31-01928336-n] (parasitic flatworms having external suckers for attaching to a host)

                      • liver fluke [ENG31-01929020-n] (flatworm parasitic in liver and bile ducts of domestic animals and humans)
                      • Fasciolopsis buski [ENG31-01929330-n] (fluke that is parasitic on humans and swine)
                      • schistosome [ENG31-01929800-n] (flatworms parasitic in the blood vessels of mammals)
                    • tapeworm [ENG31-01930097-n] (ribbonlike flatworms that are parasitic in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates)

                      • echinococcus [ENG31-01930569-n] (tapeworms whose larvae are parasitic in humans and domestic animals)
                      • taenia [ENG31-01930856-n] (tapeworms parasitic in humans which uses the pig as its intermediate host)
                  • ribbon worm [ENG31-01931158-n] (soft unsegmented marine worms that have a threadlike proboscis and the ability to stretch and contract)
                  • beard worm [ENG31-01931506-n] (slender animal with tentacles and a tubelike outer covering)
                  • nematode [ENG31-01932753-n] (unsegmented worms with elongated rounded body pointed at both ends)

                    • common roundworm [ENG31-01933493-n] (intestinal parasite of humans and pigs)
                    • chicken roundworm [ENG31-01933781-n] (intestinal parasite of domestic fowl)
                    • pinworm [ENG31-01934161-n] (small threadlike worm infesting human intestines and rectum especially in children)
                    • eelworm [ENG31-01934355-n] (any of various small free-living plant-parasitic roundworms)

                      • vinegar eel [ENG31-01934792-n] (minute eelworm that feeds on organisms that cause fermentation in e.g. vinegar)
                    • wheatworm [ENG31-01935284-n] (small roundworm parasitic on wheat)
                    • trichina [ENG31-01935577-n] (parasitic nematode occurring in the intestines of pigs and rats and human beings and producing larvae that form cysts in skeletal muscles)
                    • hookworm [ENG31-01935792-n] (parasitic bloodsucking roundworms having hooked mouth parts to fasten to the intestinal wall of human and other hosts)
                    • filaria [ENG31-01936119-n] (slender threadlike roundworms living in the blood and tissues of vertebrates)
                    • Guinea worm [ENG31-01936629-n] (parasitic roundworm of India and Africa that lives in the abdomen or beneath the skin of humans and other vertebrates)
                  • annelid [ENG31-01937081-n] (worms with cylindrical bodies segmented both internally and externally)

                    • archiannelid [ENG31-01937485-n] (small primitive marine worm lacking external segmentation and resembling polychaete larvae)
                    • oligochaete [ENG31-01937817-n] (hermaphroditic terrestrial and aquatic annelids having bristles borne singly along the length of the body)

                      • earthworm [ENG31-01938036-n] (terrestrial worm that burrows into and helps aerate soil)
                    • polychaete [ENG31-01939032-n] (chiefly marine annelids possessing both sexes and having paired appendages (parapodia) bearing bristles)

                      • lugworm [ENG31-01939312-n] (marine worms having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back)
                      • sea mouse [ENG31-01939499-n] (any of several large worms having a broad flattened body with a mat of coarse hairs covering the back)
                      • bloodworm [ENG31-01940220-n] (a segmented marine worm with bright red body)
                    • leech [ENG31-01940550-n] (carnivorous or bloodsucking aquatic or terrestrial worms typically having a sucker at each end)

                      • medicinal leech [ENG31-01941095-n] (large European freshwater leech formerly used for bloodletting)
                      • horseleech [ENG31-01941376-n] (any of several large freshwater leeches)
                • woodborer [ENG31-01925666-n] (any of various insects or larvae or mollusks that bore into wood)
                • rotifer [ENG31-01931827-n] (minute aquatic multicellular organisms having a ciliated wheel-like organ for feeding and locomotion)
                • mollusk [ENG31-01943377-n] (invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell)

                  • scaphopod [ENG31-01943864-n] (burrowing marine mollusk)

                    • tooth shell [ENG31-01943981-n] (any of various seashore mollusks having a tapering tubular shell open at each end and a foot pointed like a spade for burrowing)
                  • gastropod [ENG31-01944818-n] (a class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes)

                    • abalone [ENG31-01945510-n] (any of various large edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis having an ear-shaped shell with pearly interior)

                      • ormer [ENG31-01945728-n] (an abalone found near the Channel Islands)
                    • conch [ENG31-01946540-n] (any of various edible tropical marine gastropods of the genus Strombus having a brightly-colored spiral shell with large outer lip)

                      • giant conch [ENG31-01946759-n] (a large variety of conch)
                    • snail [ENG31-01947031-n] (freshwater or marine or terrestrial gastropod mollusk usually having an external enclosing spiral shell)

                      • scorpion shell [ENG31-01946182-n] (any of numerous tropical marine snails that as adults have the outer lip of the aperture produced into a series of long curved spines)
                      • edible snail [ENG31-01947453-n] (one of the chief edible snails)
                      • garden snail [ENG31-01947596-n] (any of several inedible snails of the genus Helix)

                        • brown snail [ENG31-01947784-n] (serious garden pest having a brown shell with paler zigzag markings)
                        • Helix hortensis [ENG31-01947981-n] (a kind of garden snail)
                    • slug [ENG31-01948326-n] (any of various terrestrial gastropods having an elongated slimy body and no external shell)
                    • seasnail [ENG31-01948486-n] (any of several creeping marine gastropods with a spirally coiled shell: whelks)

                      • neritid [ENG31-01948918-n] (operculate seasnail of coastal waters with a short spiral shell)

                        • nerita [ENG31-01949271-n] (a neritid gastropod having a short smooth or spirally ridged shell with thick usually toothed outer lip and toothed operculum)
                        • bleeding tooth [ENG31-01949468-n] (gastropod having reddish toothlike projections around the shell opening)
                        • neritina [ENG31-01949780-n] (ornately marked and brightly colored snails of brackish waters)
                      • whelk [ENG31-01950037-n] (large carnivorous marine gastropods of coastal waters and intertidal regions having a strong snail-like shell)
                      • triton [ENG31-01950376-n] (tropical marine gastropods having beautifully colored spiral shells)
                      • moon shell [ENG31-01950638-n] (marine gastropods having smooth rounded shells that form short spires)
                      • periwinkle [ENG31-01951087-n] (edible marine gastropod)
                      • limpet [ENG31-01951214-n] (any of various usually marine gastropods with low conical shells)

                        • common limpet [ENG31-01951726-n] (marine limpet)
                        • keyhole limpet [ENG31-01952140-n] (marine limpet having a conical shell with an opening at the apex)
                    • river limpet [ENG31-01952614-n] (minute conical gastropod superficially resembling a limpet but living and feeding on freshwater plants)
                    • sea slug [ENG31-01953372-n] (any of various marine gastropods of the suborder Nudibranchia having a shell-less and often beautifully colored body)

                      • Hermissenda crassicornis [ENG31-01954254-n] (a kind of sea slug)
                    • sea hare [ENG31-01953915-n] (naked marine gastropod having a soft body with reduced internal shell and two pairs of ear-like tentacles)
                    • bubble shell [ENG31-01954670-n] (marine gastropod mollusk having a very small thin shell)
                    • physa [ENG31-01955353-n] (any member of the genus Physa)
                    • cowrie [ENG31-01956002-n] (any of numerous tropical marine gastropods of the genus Cypraea having highly polished usually brightly marked shells)

                      • money cowrie [ENG31-01956235-n] (cowrie whose shell is used for money in parts of the southern Pacific and in parts of Africa)
                      • tiger cowrie [ENG31-01956403-n] (cowrie whose shell is used for ornament)
                    • solenogaster [ENG31-01957157-n] (deep-water wormlike mollusks lacking calcareous plates on the body but having fine slimy spicules on the covering mantle)
                  • chiton [ENG31-01957725-n] (primitive elongated bilaterally symmetrical marine mollusk having a mantle covered with eight calcareous plates)
                  • bivalve [ENG31-01958574-n] (marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together)

                    • clam [ENG31-01959122-n] (burrowing marine mollusk living on sand or mud)

                      • soft-shell clam [ENG31-01959976-n] (an edible clam with thin oval-shaped shell found in coastal regions of the United States and Europe)
                      • quahog [ENG31-01960679-n] (an edible American clam)

                        • littleneck [ENG31-01960987-n] (a young quahog)
                        • cherrystone [ENG31-01961076-n] (a half-grown quahog)
                      • geoduck [ENG31-01961172-n] (a large edible clam found burrowing deeply in sandy mud along the Pacific coast of North America)
                      • razor clam [ENG31-01961670-n] (marine clam having a long narrow curved thin shell)
                      • giant clam [ENG31-01962133-n] (a large clam inhabiting reefs in the southern Pacific and weighing up to 500 pounds)
                      • shipworm [ENG31-01969735-n] (wormlike marine bivalve that bores into wooden piers and ships by means of drill-like shells)

                        • teredo [ENG31-01969949-n] (typical shipworm)
                        • giant northwest shipworm [ENG31-01970158-n] (giant shipworm of the Pacific coast of North America)
                    • cockle [ENG31-01962626-n] (common edible, burrowing European bivalve mollusk that has a strong, rounded shell with radiating ribs)

                      • edible cockle [ENG31-01962818-n] (common edible European cockle)
                    • oyster [ENG31-01963100-n] (marine mollusks having a rough irregular shell)

                      • seed oyster [ENG31-01963428-n] (a young oyster especially of a size for transplantation)
                      • bluepoint [ENG31-01963700-n] (small edible oyster typically from the southern shore of Long Island)
                      • Japanese oyster [ENG31-01963875-n] (a large oyster native to Japan and introduced along the Pacific coast of the United States)
                      • Virginia oyster [ENG31-01964241-n] (common edible oyster of Atlantic coast of North America)
                      • pearl oyster [ENG31-01964626-n] (tropical marine bivalve found chiefly off eastern Asia and Pacific coast of North America and Central America)
                      • saddle oyster [ENG31-01965147-n] (thin-shelled bivalve having the right valve deeply notched)
                      • window oyster [ENG31-01965429-n] (marine bivalve common in Philippine coastal waters characterized by a large thin flat translucent shell)
                    • ark shell [ENG31-01965958-n] (marine bivalve mollusk having a heavy toothed shell with a deep boat-like inner surface)
                    • blood clam [ENG31-01966120-n] (red-blooded clam)
                    • mussel [ENG31-01966212-n] (marine or freshwater bivalve mollusk that lives attached to rocks etc.)

                      • marine mussel [ENG31-01966690-n] (marine bivalve mollusk having a dark elongated shell)

                        • edible mussel [ENG31-01966912-n] (a mussel with a dark shell that lives attached to rocks)
                      • freshwater mussel [ENG31-01967082-n] (bivalve mollusk abundant in rivers of central United States)

                        • pearly-shelled mussel [ENG31-01967598-n] (the pearly lining of the dark shells is a source of mother-of-pearl)
                        • thin-shelled mussel [ENG31-01967893-n] (mussel with thin fragile shells having only rudimentary hinge teeth)
                        • zebra mussel [ENG31-01968170-n] (inch long mollusk imported accidentally from Europe)
                    • scallop [ENG31-01968530-n] (edible marine bivalve having a fluted fan-shaped shell that swim by expelling water from the shell in a series of snapping motions)

                      • bay scallop [ENG31-01969018-n] (a small scallop inhabiting shallow waters and mud flats of the Atlantic coast of North America)
                      • sea scallop [ENG31-01969227-n] (a large scallop inhabiting deep waters of the Atlantic coast of North America)
                    • piddock [ENG31-01970604-n] (marine bivalve that bores into rock or clay or wood by means of saw-like shells)
                  • cephalopod [ENG31-01970956-n] (marine mollusk characterized by well-developed head and eyes and sucker-bearing tentacles)

                    • chambered nautilus [ENG31-01971538-n] (cephalopod of the Indian and Pacific oceans having a spiral shell with pale pearly partitions)
                    • dibranchiate [ENG31-01972070-n] (cephalopods having two gills)
                    • octopod [ENG31-01972367-n] (a cephalopod with eight arms but lacking an internal shell)

                      • octopus [ENG31-01972805-n] (bottom-living cephalopod having a soft oval body with eight long tentacles)
                      • paper nautilus [ENG31-01973308-n] (cephalopod mollusk of warm seas whose females have delicate papery spiral shells)
                    • decapod [ENG31-01973735-n] (cephalopods having eight short tentacles plus two long ones)

                      • squid [ENG31-01973921-n] (widely distributed fast-moving ten-armed cephalopod mollusk having a long tapered body with triangular tail fins)

                        • loligo [ENG31-01974261-n] (somewhat flattened cylindrical squid)
                        • ommastrephes [ENG31-01974491-n] (extremely active cylindrical squid with short strong arms and large rhombic terminal fins)
                        • architeuthis [ENG31-01974772-n] (largest mollusk known about but never seen (to 60 feet long))
                      • cuttlefish [ENG31-01975182-n] (ten-armed oval-bodied cephalopod with narrow fins as long as the body and a large calcareous internal shell)
                      • spirula [ENG31-01975789-n] (a small tropical cephalopod of the genus Spirula having prominent eyes and short arms and a many-chambered shell coiled in a flat spiral)
                • phoronid [ENG31-02316012-n] (hermaphrodite wormlike animal living in mud of the sea bottom)
                • bryozoan [ENG31-02316361-n] (sessile aquatic animal forming mossy colonies of small polyps each having a curved or circular ridge bearing tentacles)
                • ectoproct [ENG31-02316810-n] (sessile mossy aquatic animal having the anus of the polyp outside the crown of tentacles)
                • entoproct [ENG31-02317144-n] (any of various moss-like aquatic animals usually forming branching colonies)
                • Symbion pandora [ENG31-02317676-n] (only known species of Cycliophora)
                • brachiopod [ENG31-02318139-n] (marine animal with bivalve shell having a pair of arms bearing tentacles for capturing food)
                • peanut worm [ENG31-02318473-n] (small unsegmented marine worm that when disturbed retracts its anterior portion into the body giving the appearance of a peanut)
                • echinoderm [ENG31-02319359-n] (marine invertebrates with tube feet and five-part radially symmetrical bodies)

                  • starfish [ENG31-02319987-n] (echinoderms characterized by five arms extending from a central disk)
                  • brittle star [ENG31-02320433-n] (an animal resembling a starfish with fragile whiplike arms radiating from a small central disc)
                  • basket star [ENG31-02320819-n] (any starfish-like animal of the genera Euryale or Astrophyton or Gorgonocephalus having slender complexly branched interlacing arms radiating from a central disc)

                    • Astrophyton muricatum [ENG31-02321339-n] (a variety of basket star)
                  • sea urchin [ENG31-02321747-n] (shallow-water echinoderms having soft bodies enclosed in thin spiny globular shells)

                    • edible sea urchin [ENG31-02321960-n] (a sea urchin that can be eaten)
                    • sand dollar [ENG31-02322207-n] (flattened disklike sea urchins that live on sandy bottoms)
                    • heart urchin [ENG31-02322481-n] (sea urchin having a heart-shaped body in a rigid spiny shell)
                  • crinoid [ENG31-02322779-n] (primitive echinoderms having five or more feathery arms radiating from a central disk)

                    • sea lily [ENG31-02323117-n] (crinoid with delicate radiating arms and a stalked body attached to a hard surface)
                    • feather star [ENG31-02323822-n] (free-swimming stalkless crinoid with ten feathery arms)
                  • sea cucumber [ENG31-02324181-n] (echinoderm having a flexible sausage-shaped body, tentacles surrounding the mouth and tube feet)

                    • trepang [ENG31-02324699-n] (of warm coasts from Australia to Asia)
              • metazoan [ENG31-01911599-n] (any animal of the subkingdom Metazoa)
              • omnivore [ENG31-02078264-n] (an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances)
              • predator [ENG31-02155392-n] (any animal that lives by preying on other animals)

                • carnivore [ENG31-01327072-n] (any animal that feeds on flesh)
              • prey [ENG31-02155533-n] (animal hunted or caught for food)
              • game [ENG31-02155643-n] (animal hunted for food or sport)

                • big game [ENG31-02155761-n] (large animals that are hunted for sport)
              • hexapod [ENG31-02159858-n] (an animal having six feet)
              • biped [ENG31-02159937-n] (an animal with two feet)
              • larva [ENG31-02313712-n] (the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose)

                • ascidian tadpole [ENG31-01473536-n] (free-swimming larva of ascidians)
                • bladder worm [ENG31-01927441-n] (encysted saclike larva of the tapeworm)
                • cercaria [ENG31-01928557-n] (tadpole-shaped parasitic larva of a trematode worm)
                • wireworm [ENG31-02179568-n] (wormlike larva of various elaterid beetles)
                • mealworm [ENG31-02184129-n] (the larva of beetles of the family Tenebrionidae)
                • wiggler [ENG31-02203161-n] (larva of a mosquito)
                • strawworm [ENG31-02220491-n] (larva of chalcid flies injurious to the straw of wheat and other grains)
                • doodlebug [ENG31-02266884-n] (the larva of any of several insects)
                • aphid lion [ENG31-02267243-n] (carnivorous larva of lacewing flies)
                • hellgrammiate [ENG31-02268921-n] (large brown aquatic larva of the dobsonfly)
                • caseworm [ENG31-02272174-n] (insect larva that constructs a protective case around its body)

                  • caddisworm [ENG31-02272309-n] (larva of the caddis fly)
                • caterpillar [ENG31-02311989-n] (a wormlike and often brightly colored and hairy or spiny larva of a butterfly or moth)

                  • tussock caterpillar [ENG31-02288453-n] (larva of a tussock moth)
                  • cankerworm [ENG31-02290451-n] (green caterpillar of a geometrid moth)

                    • spring cankerworm [ENG31-02290639-n] (variably colored looper)
                    • fall cankerworm [ENG31-02290774-n] (green or brown white-striped looper)
                  • measuring worm [ENG31-02290920-n] (small hairless caterpillar having legs on only its front and rear segments)
                  • potato tuberworm [ENG31-02297229-n] (larva of potato moth)
                  • cutworm [ENG31-02298042-n] (North American moth whose larvae feed on young plant stems cutting them off at the ground)

                    • army cutworm [ENG31-02299564-n] (larvae (of a noctuid moth) that travel in large groups and destroy grains and alfalfa in the midwestern states)
                  • armyworm [ENG31-02300094-n] (noctuid moth larvae that travel in multitudes destroying especially grass and grain)
                  • beet armyworm [ENG31-02300590-n] (moth larva that eats foliage of beets and other vegetables)
                  • fall armyworm [ENG31-02300870-n] (larva of a migratory American noctuid moth)
                  • tobacco hornworm [ENG31-02301809-n] (large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tobacco and related plants)
                  • tomato hornworm [ENG31-02302157-n] (large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tomato and potato plants)
                  • silkworm [ENG31-02303449-n] (the commercially bred hairless white caterpillar of the domestic silkworm moth which spins a cocoon that can be processed to yield silk fiber)
                  • silkworm [ENG31-02305272-n] (larva of a saturniid moth)

                    • ailanthus silkworm [ENG31-02306429-n] (large green silkworm of the cynthia moth)
                  • tent caterpillar [ENG31-02309977-n] (the larvae of moths that build and live in communal silken webs in orchard and shade trees)

                    • forest tent caterpillar [ENG31-02310333-n] (larvae of a gregarious North American moth that spins a web resembling a carpet rather than a tent)
                  • lappet caterpillar [ENG31-02310685-n] (larva of a lappet moth)
                  • webworm [ENG31-02310791-n] (several gregarious moth larvae that spin webs over foliage on which they feed)

                    • fall webworm [ENG31-02311387-n] (a variety of webworm)
                    • garden webworm [ENG31-02311772-n] (a variety of webworm)
                  • corn borer [ENG31-02312493-n] (larva of the European corn borer moth)
                  • bollworm [ENG31-02312652-n] (any of various moth caterpillars that destroy cotton bolls)

                    • pink bollworm [ENG31-02312801-n] (larvae of a gelechiid moth introduced from Asia)
                    • corn earworm [ENG31-02312986-n] (larva of a noctuid moth)
                  • cabbageworm [ENG31-02313237-n] (toxic green larva of a cabbage butterfly)
                  • woolly bear [ENG31-02313369-n] (caterpillar of numerous moths characterized by a dense coat of woolly hairs)

                    • woolly bear moth [ENG31-02313593-n] (larva of moth of the family Arctiidae)
                • nymph [ENG31-02314269-n] (a larva of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis (as the dragonfly or mayfly))
                • leptocephalus [ENG31-02314400-n] (slender transparent larva of eels and certain fishes)
                • bot [ENG31-02314531-n] (botfly larva)
                • grub [ENG31-02314658-n] (a soft thick wormlike larva of certain beetles and other insects)

                  • maggot [ENG31-02314827-n] (the larva of the housefly and blowfly commonly found in decaying organic matter)
                  • leatherjacket [ENG31-02314977-n] (tough-skinned larva of certain crane flies)
                • tadpole [ENG31-02472103-n] (a larval frog or toad)
              • racer [ENG31-02387510-n] (an animal that races)

                • finisher [ENG31-02387654-n] (an animal that wins in a contest of speed)
              • fictional animal [ENG31-02454206-n] (animals that exist only in fiction (usually in children's stories))
              • captive [ENG31-09912954-n] (an animal that is confined)
              • mate [ENG31-10319970-n] (the partner of an animal (especially a sexual partner))
            • plant [ENG31-00017402-n] ((botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion)

              • phytoplankton [ENG31-01386537-n] (photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton)

                • planktonic algae [ENG31-01386725-n] (unicellular algae)
                • diatom [ENG31-01403747-n] (microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica)
              • microflora [ENG31-11550459-n] (microscopic plants)
              • crop [ENG31-11550963-n] (a cultivated plant that is grown commercially on a large scale)

                • cash crop [ENG31-13106823-n] (a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco))
                • catch crop [ENG31-13106980-n] (a crop that grows quickly (e.g. lettuce) and can be planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season)
                • cover crop [ENG31-13107198-n] (crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure)
                • field crop [ENG31-13107316-n] (a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes)

                  • field corn [ENG31-12164916-n] (corn grown primarily for animal feed or market grain)

                    • dent corn [ENG31-12165504-n] (corn whose kernels contain both hard and soft starch and become indented at maturity)
                    • flint corn [ENG31-12165665-n] (corn having kernels with a hard outer layer enclosing the soft endosperm)
                    • soft corn [ENG31-12165842-n] (corn having kernels almost entirely of soft starch)
                • root crop [ENG31-13147067-n] (crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets)
              • endemic [ENG31-11551166-n] (a plant that is native to a certain limited area)
              • holophyte [ENG31-11551311-n] (an organism that produces its own food by photosynthesis)
              • non-flowering plant [ENG31-11551441-n] (a plant that does not bear flowers)
              • plantlet [ENG31-11551541-n] (a young plant or a small plant)
              • wilding [ENG31-11551644-n] (a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree))

                • wildflower [ENG31-11692851-n] (wild or uncultivated flowering plant)

                  • sagebrush buttercup [ENG31-11742313-n] (small early-flowering buttercup with shiny yellow flowers of western North America)
                  • pasqueflower [ENG31-11758003-n] (any plant of the genus Pulsatilla)

                    • American pasqueflower [ENG31-11758221-n] (short hairy perennial with early spring blue-violet or lilac flowers)
                    • Western pasqueflower [ENG31-11758532-n] (of western North America)
                    • European pasqueflower [ENG31-11758672-n] (European perennial having usually violet or white spring flowers)
                  • meadow rue [ENG31-11759016-n] (any of various herbs of the genus Thalictrum)
                  • sand verbena [ENG31-11857191-n] (any of various plants of the genus Abronia of western North America and Mexico having flowers resembling verbena)

                    • snowball [ENG31-11857489-n] (plant having heads of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers)
                    • sweet sand verbena [ENG31-11857673-n] (taller than Abronia elliptica and having night-blooming flowers)
                    • yellow sand verbena [ENG31-11857820-n] (plant having hemispherical heads of yellow trumpet-shaped flowers)
                    • beach pancake [ENG31-11858031-n] (plant having hemispherical heads of wine-red flowers)
                    • beach sand verbena [ENG31-11858212-n] (prostrate herb having heads of deep pink to white flowers)
                    • desert sand verbena [ENG31-11858439-n] (soft-haired sticky plant with heads of bright pink trumpet-shaped flowers)
                  • trailing four o'clock [ENG31-11858882-n] (trailing plant having crowded clusters of 3 brilliant deep pink flowers resembling a single flower blooming near the ground)
                  • red maids [ENG31-11879283-n] (succulent carpet-forming plant having small brilliant reddish-pink flowers)
                  • siskiyou lewisia [ENG31-11880677-n] (evergreen perennial having a dense basal rosette of long spatula-shaped leaves and panicles of pink or white-and-red-striped or pink-purple flowers)
                  • bitterroot [ENG31-11881024-n] (showy succulent ground-hugging plant of Rocky Mountains regions having deep to pale pink flowers and fleshy farinaceous roots)
                  • pussy-paw [ENG31-11882769-n] (pink clusters of densely packed flowers on prostrate stems resemble upturned pads of cats' feet)
                  • flame flower [ENG31-11883304-n] (plant with fleshy roots and erect stems with narrow succulent leaves and one reddish-orange flower in each upper leaf axil)

                    • narrow-leaved flame flower [ENG31-11883711-n] (similar to Talinum aurantiacum but with narrower leaves and yellow-orange flowers)
                    • pigmy talinum [ENG31-11883936-n] (low plant with crowded narrow succulent leaves and fairly large deep pink axillary flowers that seem to sit on the ground)
                    • rock pink [ENG31-11884186-n] (pink-flowered perennial of rocky regions of western United States)
                    • jewels-of-opar [ENG31-11884346-n] (erect plant with tuberous roots and terminal panicles of red to yellow flowers)
                    • spiny talinum [ENG31-11884583-n] (low cushion-forming plant with rose to crimson-magenta flowers and leaf midribs that persist as spines when the leaves die)
                  • woolly daisy [ENG31-11944483-n] (tiny grey woolly tufted annual with small golden-yellow flower heads)
                  • heartleaf arnica [ENG31-11947445-n] (wildflower with heart-shaped leaves and broad yellow flower heads)
                  • Arnica montana [ENG31-11947684-n] (herb of pasture and open woodland throughout most of Europe and western Asia having orange-yellow daisylike flower heads that when dried are used as a stimulant and to treat bruises and swellings)
                  • false chamomile [ENG31-11961947-n] (any of various autumn-flowering perennials having white or pink to purple flowers that resemble asters)
                  • oxeye [ENG31-11962956-n] (Eurasian perennial herbs having daisylike flowers with yellow rays and dark centers)

                    • woodland oxeye [ENG31-11963128-n] (hairy Eurasian perennial having deep yellow daisies on lax willowy stems)
                  • golden aster [ENG31-11971980-n] (any of several shrubby herbs or subshrubs of the genus Chrysopsis having bright golden-yellow flower heads that resemble asters)

                    • Maryland golden aster [ENG31-11972289-n] (perennial golden aster of southeastern United States)
                    • grass-leaved golden aster [ENG31-11972430-n] (a variety of golden aster)
                    • sickleweed golden aster [ENG31-11972527-n] (a variety of golden aster)
                  • hawk's-beard [ENG31-11979728-n] (any of various plants of the genus Crepis having loose heads of yellow flowers on top of a long branched leafy stem)
                  • brittlebush [ENG31-11984401-n] (fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers)
                  • sunray [ENG31-11984915-n] (herb having a basal cluster of grey-green leaves and leafless stalks each with a solitary broad yellow flower head)
                  • engelmannia [ENG31-11985317-n] (common erect hairy perennial of plains and prairies of southern and central United States having flowers that resemble sunflowers)
                  • fleabane [ENG31-11986096-n] (any of several North American plants of the genus Erigeron having daisylike flowers)

                    • blue fleabane [ENG31-11986431-n] (widespread weed with pale purple-blue flowers)
                    • daisy fleabane [ENG31-11986552-n] (widely naturalized white-flowered North American herb)
                    • orange daisy [ENG31-11986684-n] (mat-forming herb of Turkestan with nearly double orange-yellow flowers)
                    • spreading fleabane [ENG31-11986854-n] (well-branched plant with hairy leaves and stems each with a solitary flower head with narrow white or pink or lavender rays)
                    • seaside daisy [ENG31-11987086-n] (slightly succulent perennial with basal leaves and hairy sticky stems each bearing a solitary flower head with narrow pink or lavender rays)
                    • Philadelphia fleabane [ENG31-11987365-n] (especially pretty plant having a delicate fringe of threadlike rays around flower heads having very slender white or pink rays)
                    • robin's plantain [ENG31-11987611-n] (common perennial of eastern North America having flowers with usually violet-purple rays)
                    • showy daisy [ENG31-11987784-n] (plant having branching leafy stems each branch with an especially showy solitary flower head with many narrow pink or lavender or white rays)
                  • woolly sunflower [ENG31-11988213-n] (any plant of the genus Eriophyllum)

                    • golden yarrow [ENG31-11988347-n] (greyish woolly leafy perennial with branched stems ending in leafless stalks bearing golden-yellow flower heads)
                  • gaillardia [ENG31-11991055-n] (any plant of western America of the genus Gaillardia having hairy leaves and long-stalked flowers in hot vibrant colors from golden yellow and copper to rich burgundy)

                    • blanket flower [ENG31-11991315-n] (annual of central United States having showy long-stalked yellow flower heads marked with scarlet or purple in the center)
                  • desert sunflower [ENG31-11992760-n] (slender hairy plant with few leaves and golden-yellow flower heads)
                  • goldenbush [ENG31-11996639-n] (a plant of the genus Haplopappus)

                    • camphor daisy [ENG31-11996783-n] (annual of southern United States and Mexico having bristly leaves and pale yellow flowers)
                    • yellow spiny daisy [ENG31-11996980-n] (slender perennial of western North America having weakly bristly leaves and yellow flower heads)
                  • heliopsis [ENG31-12001151-n] (any North American shrubby perennial herb of the genus Heliopsis having large yellow daisylike flowers)
                  • hairy golden aster [ENG31-12001944-n] (hairy perennial with yellow flower heads in branched clusters)
                  • alpine gold [ENG31-12003844-n] (low tufted plant having hairy stems each topped by a flower head with short narrow yellow rays)
                  • dwarf hulsea [ENG31-12004075-n] (similar to but smaller than alpine hulsea)
                  • goldfields [ENG31-12008601-n] (small slender woolly annual with very narrow opposite leaves and branches bearing solitary golden-yellow flower heads)
                  • hawkbit [ENG31-12009362-n] (any of various common wildflowers of the genus Leontodon)

                    • fall dandelion [ENG31-12009556-n] (fall-blooming European herb with a yellow flower)
                  • edelweiss [ENG31-12009862-n] (alpine perennial plant native to Europe having leaves covered with whitish down and small flower heads held in stars of glistening whitish bracts)
                  • north island edelweiss [ENG31-12011389-n] (perennial herb closely resembling European edelweiss)
                  • blazing star [ENG31-12011732-n] (any of various North American plants of the genus Liatris having racemes or panicles of small discoid flower heads)

                    • dotted gayfeather [ENG31-12012018-n] (herb with many stems bearing narrow slender wands of crowded rose-lavender flowers)
                    • dense blazing star [ENG31-12012246-n] (perennial of southeastern and central United States having very dense spikes of purple flowers)
                  • tahoka daisy [ENG31-12013672-n] (wild aster with fernlike leaves and flower heads with very narrow bright purple rays)
                  • sticky aster [ENG31-12013913-n] (wild aster having leafy stems and flower heads with narrow bright reddish-lavender or purple rays)
                  • Mojave aster [ENG31-12014144-n] (wild aster having greyish leafy stems and flower heads with narrow pale lavender or violet rays)
                  • common madia [ENG31-12014805-n] (California annual having red-brown spots near the base of its yellow flower rays)
                  • blackfoot daisy [ENG31-12016309-n] (bushy subshrub having flower heads that resemble asters with broad white rays)
                  • coneflower [ENG31-12027235-n] (a wildflower of the genus Ratibida)

                    • Mexican hat [ENG31-12027399-n] (coneflower with flower heads resembling a Mexican hat with a tall red-brown disk and drooping yellow or yellow and red-brown rays)
                    • long-head coneflower [ENG31-12027665-n] (plant similar to the Mexican hat coneflower)
                    • prairie coneflower [ENG31-12027875-n] (coneflower of central to southwestern United States)
                  • nodding groundsel [ENG31-12031839-n] (plant with erect leafy stems bearing clusters of rayless yellow flower heads on bent individual stalks)
                  • butterweed [ENG31-12032580-n] (American ragwort with yellow flowers)
                  • arrowleaf groundsel [ENG31-12032979-n] (perennial with sharply toothed triangular leaves on leafy stems bearing a cluster of yellow flower heads)
                  • goldenrod [ENG31-12036428-n] (any of numerous chiefly summer-blooming and fall-blooming North American plants especially of the genus Solidago)

                    • silverrod [ENG31-12036903-n] (plant of eastern North America having creamy white flowers)
                    • meadow goldenrod [ENG31-12037036-n] (large North American goldenrod having showy clusters of yellow flowers on arching branches)
                    • Missouri goldenrod [ENG31-12037246-n] (similar to meadow goldenrod but usually smaller)
                    • alpine goldenrod [ENG31-12037383-n] (goldenrod similar to narrow goldenrod but having bristly hairs on edges of leaf stalks)
                    • grey goldenrod [ENG31-12037596-n] (a dyer's weed of Canada and the eastern United States having yellow flowers sometimes used in dyeing)
                    • Blue Mountain tea [ENG31-12037795-n] (goldenrod of eastern America having aromatic leaves from which a medicinal tea is made)
                    • dyer's weed [ENG31-12037980-n] (eastern North American herb whose yellow flowers are (or were) used in dyeing)
                    • seaside goldenrod [ENG31-12038133-n] (vigorous showy goldenrod common along eastern coast and Gulf Coast of North America)
                    • narrow goldenrod [ENG31-12038322-n] (western American goldenrod with long narrow clusters of small yellow flowers)
                    • Boott's goldenrod [ENG31-12038483-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • Elliott's goldenrod [ENG31-12038569-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • Ohio goldenrod [ENG31-12038657-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • rough-stemmed goldenrod [ENG31-12038740-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • showy goldenrod [ENG31-12038832-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • tall goldenrod [ENG31-12038916-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                    • zigzag goldenrod [ENG31-12038999-n] (a variety of goldenrod)
                  • stemless golden weed [ENG31-12039844-n] (dark green erect herb of northwestern United States and southwestern Canada having stiff leaves in dense tufts and yellow flower heads)
                  • northern dune tansy [ENG31-12043290-n] (lightly hairy rhizomatous perennial having aromatic feathery leaves and stems bearing open clusters of small buttonlike yellow flowers)
                  • stemless hymenoxys [ENG31-12045689-n] (perennial having tufted basal leaves and short leafless stalks each bearing a solitary yellow flower head)
                  • old man of the mountain [ENG31-12045976-n] (whitish hairy plant with featherlike leaves and a few stout stems each bearing an especially handsome solitary large yellow flower head)
                  • yellow salsify [ENG31-12047450-n] (European perennial naturalized throughout United States having hollow stems with a few long narrow tapered leaves and each bearing a solitary pale yellow flower)
                  • meadow salsify [ENG31-12048127-n] (weedy European annual with yellow flowers)
                  • mule's ears [ENG31-12052898-n] (balsamic-resinous herb with clumps of lanceolate leaves and stout leafy stems ending in large deep yellow flowers on long stalks)
                  • white-rayed mule's ears [ENG31-12053155-n] (herb with basal leaves and leafy hairy stems bearing solitary flower heads with white or pale cream-colored rays)
                  • Indian pipe [ENG31-12279402-n] (small waxy white or pinkish-white saprophytic woodland plant having scalelike leaves and a nodding flower)
                  • pinesap [ENG31-12279833-n] (fleshy tawny or reddish saprophytic herb resembling the Indian pipe and growing in woodland humus of eastern North America)
                  • snow plant [ENG31-12280305-n] (a fleshy bright red saprophytic plant of the mountains of western North America that appears in early spring while snow is on the ground)
                  • prairie gentian [ENG31-12312476-n] (one of the most handsome prairie wildflowers having large erect bell-shaped bluish flowers)
                  • coast boykinia [ENG31-12817145-n] (plant with leaves mostly at the base and openly branched clusters of small white flowers)
                  • leatherleaf saxifrage [ENG31-12820029-n] (plant with basal leathery elliptic leaves and erect leafless flower stalks each bearing a dense roundish cluster of tiny white flowers)
                  • prairie star [ENG31-12820809-n] (plant with mostly basal leaves and slender open racemes of white or pale pink flowers)
                  • fringed grass of Parnassus [ENG31-12822726-n] (bog plant with broadly heart-shaped basal leaves and cream-colored or white saucer-shaped flowers with fringed petals)
                  • false alumroot [ENG31-12823986-n] (plant growing in clumps with mostly basal leaves and cream-colored or pale pink fringed flowers in several long racemes)
                  • false miterwort [ENG31-12824718-n] (plant with tiny white flowers hanging in loose clusters on leafy stems)
                  • kitten-tails [ENG31-12898929-n] (a plant of the genus Besseya having fluffy spikes of flowers)

                    • Alpine besseya [ENG31-12899085-n] (small pale plant with dense spikes of pale bluish-violet flowers)
                  • Indian paintbrush [ENG31-12900723-n] (any of various plants of the genus Castilleja having dense spikes of hooded flowers with brightly colored bracts)

                    • desert paintbrush [ENG31-12901004-n] (most common paintbrush of western United States dry lands)
                    • giant red paintbrush [ENG31-12901222-n] (wildflower of western North America having ragged clusters of crimson or scarlet flowers)
                    • great plains paintbrush [ENG31-12901398-n] (hairy plant with pinkish flowers)
                    • sulfur paintbrush [ENG31-12901559-n] (plant of moist highland meadows having ragged clusters of pale yellow flowers)
                  • purple chinese houses [ENG31-12902391-n] (white and lavender to pale-blue flowers grow in perfect rings of widely spaced bands around the stems forming a kind of pagoda)
                  • maiden blue-eyed Mary [ENG31-12902673-n] (small widely branching western plant with tiny blue-and-white flowers)
                  • blue-eyed Mary [ENG31-12902918-n] (eastern United States plant with whorls of blue-and-white flowers)
                  • golden-beard penstemon [ENG31-12905805-n] (plant of southwestern United States having long open clusters of scarlet flowers with yellow hairs on lower lip)
                  • scarlet bugler [ENG31-12906025-n] (plant with bright red tubular flowers in long narrow clusters near tips of erect stems)
                  • Platte River penstemon [ENG31-12906514-n] (erect plant with blue-violet flowers in rings near tips of stems)
                  • Davidson's penstemon [ENG31-12906716-n] (mat-forming plant with blue and lavender flowers clustered on short erect stems)
                  • hot-rock penstemon [ENG31-12906945-n] (stems in clumps with cream-colored flowers)
                  • Jones' penstemon [ENG31-12907162-n] (low plant with light blue and violet flowers in short clusters near tips of stems)
                  • shrubby penstemon [ENG31-12907360-n] (low bushy plant with large showy pale lavender or blue-violet flowers in narrow clusters at ends of stems)
                  • narrow-leaf penstemon [ENG31-12907591-n] (plant having small narrow leaves and blue-violet flowers in long open clusters)
                  • mountain pride [ENG31-12907825-n] (mat-forming plant with deep pink flowers on short erect leafy stems)
                  • balloon flower [ENG31-12908053-n] (fragrant puffed-up white to reddish-pink flowers in long narrow clusters on erect stems)
                  • Parry's penstemon [ENG31-12908292-n] (erect stems with pinkish-lavender flowers in long interrupted clusters)
                  • rock penstemon [ENG31-12908473-n] (one of the West's most beautiful wildflowers)
                  • Rydberg's penstemon [ENG31-12908776-n] (plant with whorls of small dark blue-violet flowers)
                  • cascade penstemon [ENG31-12908994-n] (whorls of deep blue to dark purple flowers at tips of erect leafy stems)
                  • Whipple's penstemon [ENG31-12909217-n] (wine and lavender to purple and black flowers in several clusters on the upper half of leafy stems)
                  • wild carrot [ENG31-12957890-n] (a widely naturalized Eurasian herb with finely cut foliage and white compound umbels of small white or yellowish flowers and thin yellowish roots)
              • ornamental [ENG31-11556538-n] (any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value)

                • flowering maple [ENG31-12193423-n] (an ornamental plant of the genus Abutilon having leaves that resemble maple leaves)
              • pot plant [ENG31-11556681-n] (a plant suitable for growing in a flowerpot (especially indoors))
              • acrogen [ENG31-11556820-n] (any flowerless plant such as a fern (pteridophyte) or moss (bryophyte) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem)
              • apomict [ENG31-11557018-n] (a plant that reproduces or is reproduced by apomixis)
              • aquatic [ENG31-11557124-n] (a plant that lives in or on water)
              • cryptogam [ENG31-11572584-n] (formerly recognized taxonomic group including all flowerless and seedless plants that reproduce by means of spores: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi)

                • thallophyte [ENG31-11552152-n] (any of a group of cryptogamic organisms consisting principally of a thallus and thus showing no differentiation into stem and root and leaf)
              • annual [ENG31-11573257-n] ((botany) a plant that completes its entire life cycle within the space of a year)
              • biennial [ENG31-11573427-n] ((botany) a plant having a life cycle that normally takes two seasons from germination to death to complete)
              • perennial [ENG31-11573691-n] ((botany) a plant lasting for three seasons or more)

                • rattlesnake master [ENG31-12959427-n] (coarse prickly perennial eryngo of United States thought to cure rattlesnake bite)
              • escape [ENG31-11573870-n] (a plant originally cultivated but now growing wild)
              • hygrophyte [ENG31-11573973-n] (a plant that grows in a moist habitat)
              • neophyte [ENG31-11574085-n] (a plant that is found in an area where it had not been recorded previously)
              • embryo [ENG31-11706972-n] ((botany) a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium)
              • monocarp [ENG31-11707249-n] (a plant that bears fruit once and dies)
              • sporophyte [ENG31-11707381-n] (the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations)
              • gametophyte [ENG31-11707540-n] (the gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations)

                • megagametophyte [ENG31-11707735-n] (the female gametophyte produced by the megaspore of a plant that produces both microspore and megaspores)
                • microgametophyte [ENG31-11708150-n] (the male gametophyte produced by a microspore)
              • houseplant [ENG31-13103783-n] (any of a variety of plants grown indoors for decorative purposes)

                • Chinese evergreen [ENG31-11802127-n] (erect or partially climbing herb having large green or variegated leaves)
                • anthurium [ENG31-11804389-n] (any of various tropical American plants cultivated for their showy foliage and flowers)

                  • flamingo flower [ENG31-11804595-n] (commonly cultivated anthurium having bright scarlet spathe and spadix)
                • bloodberry [ENG31-11877042-n] (bushy houseplant having white to pale pink flowers followed by racemes of scarlet berries)
                • velvet plant [ENG31-11995723-n] (Javanese foliage plant grown for their handsome velvety leaves with violet-purple hairs)
                • Persian violet [ENG31-12312980-n] (perennial cultivated especially as a houseplant for its fragrant bluish to dark lavender flowers)
                • episcia [ENG31-12852692-n] (any plant of the genus Episcia)
                • gloxinia [ENG31-12853075-n] (any of several plants of the genera Gloxinia or Sinningia (greenhouse gloxinias) having showy bell-shaped flowers)

                  • Canterbury bell [ENG31-12853298-n] (herb of Colombia to Peru having pale purple flowers)
                  • florist's gloxinia [ENG31-12854286-n] (South American herb cultivated in many varieties as a houseplant for its large handsome leaves and large variously colored bell-shaped flowers)
                • kohleria [ENG31-12853582-n] (shrubby herb cultivated for their soft velvety foliage and showy scarlet flowers)
                • plectranthus [ENG31-12883272-n] (any of various ornamental plants of the genus Plectranthus)
              • garden plant [ENG31-13104066-n] (any of a variety of plants usually grown especially in a flower or herb garden)

                • bedder [ENG31-13104221-n] (an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed)
              • vascular plant [ENG31-13104346-n] (green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

                • pteridophyte [ENG31-11565975-n] (plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores)

                  • fern [ENG31-11566165-n] (any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward)

                    • pecopteris [ENG31-11565801-n] (Carboniferous fossil fern characterized by a regular arrangement of the leaflets resembling a comb)
                    • filmy fern [ENG31-12972595-n] (any fern of the genus Hymenophyllum growing in tropical humid regions and having translucent leaves)
                    • bristle fern [ENG31-12972925-n] (any fern of the genus Trichomanes having large pinnatifid often translucent fronds)

                      • hare's-foot bristle fern [ENG31-12973229-n] (a variety of bristle fern)
                      • Killarney fern [ENG31-12973350-n] (large stout fern of extreme western Europe)
                      • kidney fern [ENG31-12973477-n] (large fern of New Zealand having kidney-shaped fronds)
                    • flowering fern [ENG31-12973966-n] (any fern of the genus Osmunda: large ferns with creeping rhizomes)

                      • royal fern [ENG31-12974244-n] (large deeply rooted fern of worldwide distribution with upright bipinnate compound tufted fronds)
                      • interrupted fern [ENG31-12974472-n] (North American fern having tall erect pinnate fronds and a few sporogenous pinnae at or near the center of the fertile fronds)
                      • cinnamon fern [ENG31-12974679-n] (New World fern having woolly cinnamon-colored spore-bearing fronds in early spring later surrounded by green fronds)
                    • crape fern [ENG31-12975113-n] (New Zealand with pinnate fronds and a densely woolly stalks)
                    • crepe fern [ENG31-12975559-n] (fern of rain forests of tropical Australia and New Zealand and South Africa)
                    • curly grass [ENG31-12976174-n] (rare small fern of northeastern North America having numerous slender spiraling fronds and forming dense tufts)
                    • pine fern [ENG31-12976600-n] (fern of Florida and West Indies and Central America with rhizome densely clad in grown hairs)
                    • climbing fern [ENG31-12976930-n] (any of several ferns of the genus Lygodium that climb by twining)

                      • creeping fern [ENG31-12977127-n] (delicate fern of the eastern United States having a twining stem and palmately-lobed sterile fronds and forked fertile fronds)
                      • climbing maidenhair [ENG31-12977348-n] (tropical fern widespread in Old World)
                    • scented fern [ENG31-12977682-n] (sweetly scented African fern with narrow bipinnate fronds)
                    • aquatic fern [ENG31-12977836-n] (ferns that grow in water)

                      • clover fern [ENG31-12978368-n] (any of several water ferns of the genus Marsilea having four leaflets)

                        • nardoo [ENG31-12978563-n] (Australian clover fern)
                        • water clover [ENG31-12978684-n] (water fern of Europe and Asia and the eastern United States distinguished by four leaflets resembling clover leaves)
                      • pillwort [ENG31-12979021-n] (European water fern found around margins of bodies of water or in wet acid soil having small globose sporocarps)
                      • regnellidium [ENG31-12979375-n] (small latex-containing aquatic fern of southern Brazil)
                      • floating-moss [ENG31-12979834-n] (free-floating aquatic ferns)
                      • mosquito fern [ENG31-12980298-n] (small free-floating aquatic fern from the eastern United States to tropical America)
                      • floating fern [ENG31-13192695-n] (aquatic fern of tropical America often used in aquariums)
                      • floating fern [ENG31-13192873-n] (pantropical aquatic fern)
                    • adder's tongue [ENG31-12981138-n] (ferns with fertile spikes shaped like a snake's tongue)

                      • ribbon fern [ENG31-12981312-n] (epiphytic fern with straplike usually twisted fronds of tropical Asia and Polynesia and America)
                    • grape fern [ENG31-12981623-n] (a fern of the genus Botrychium having a fertile frond bearing small grapelike clusters of spore cases)

                      • moonwort [ENG31-12981872-n] (of America and Eurasia and Australia)
                      • daisyleaf grape fern [ENG31-12982002-n] (of North America and Eurasia)
                      • leathery grape fern [ENG31-12982153-n] (European fern with leathery and sparsely hairy fronds)
                      • rattlesnake fern [ENG31-12982296-n] (American fern whose clustered sporangia resemble a snake's rattle)
                    • flowering fern [ENG31-12982639-n] (Australasian fern with clusters of sporangia on stems of fertile fronds)
                    • giant scrambling fern [ENG31-13191738-n] (large scrambling fern forming large patches to 18 feet high)
                    • umbrella fern [ENG31-13192108-n] (large Australasian fern with fanlike repeatedly forked fronds)
                    • polypody [ENG31-13193821-n] (any of numerous ferns of the genus Polypodium)

                      • licorice fern [ENG31-13194030-n] (fern having rootstock of a sweetish flavor)
                      • grey polypody [ENG31-13194157-n] (fern growing on rocks or tree trunks and having fronds greyish and scurfy below)
                      • leatherleaf [ENG31-13194386-n] (stiff leathery-leaved fern of western North America having ovate fronds parted to the midrib)
                      • rock polypody [ENG31-13194595-n] (chiefly lithophytic or epiphytic fern of North America and east Asia)
                      • common polypody [ENG31-13194780-n] (mat-forming lithophytic or terrestrial fern with creeping rootstocks and large pinnatifid fronds found throughout North America and Europe and Africa and east Asia)
                    • bear's-paw fern [ENG31-13195252-n] (epiphytic fern with large fronds)
                    • strap fern [ENG31-13195568-n] (fern with long narrow strap-shaped leaves)

                      • Florida strap fern [ENG31-13195721-n] (common epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial fern having pale yellow-green strap-shaped leaves)
                      • Central American strap fern [ENG31-13195972-n] (fern with shorter and narrower leaves than Florida strap fern)
                    • basket fern [ENG31-13196580-n] (giant epiphytic or lithophytic fern)
                    • lecanopteris [ENG31-13196898-n] (any of several bizarre ferns of the genus Lecanopteris having swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants)
                    • snake polypody [ENG31-13197261-n] (epiphytic ferns with long rhizomes)
                    • climbing bird's nest fern [ENG31-13197612-n] (tropical Africa to Australasia and Polynesia)
                    • golden polypody [ENG31-13197946-n] (tropical American fern with brown scaly rhizomes cultivated for its large deeply lobed deep bluish-green fronds)
                    • staghorn fern [ENG31-13198427-n] (any of various tropical ferns of the genus Platycerium having large flat lobed fronds often resembling the antlers of a stag)

                      • South American staghorn [ENG31-13198666-n] (fern of Peru and Bolivia)
                      • common staghorn fern [ENG31-13198782-n] (commonly cultivated fern of Australia and southeastern Asia and Polynesia)
                    • felt fern [ENG31-13199182-n] (east Asian fern having fronds shaped like tongues)
                    • potato fern [ENG31-13199605-n] (small epiphytic fern of South America with tuberous swellings along rhizomes)
                    • grass fern [ENG31-13200702-n] (epiphytic fern found in lowland forests of tropical America)
                    • spleenwort [ENG31-13201432-n] (any of various chiefly rock-inhabiting ferns of the genus Asplenium)

                      • black spleenwort [ENG31-13201773-n] (spleenwort of Europe and Africa and Asia having pinnate fronds and yielding an astringent)
                      • ebony spleenwort [ENG31-13202142-n] (common North American fern with polished black stripes)
                      • black-stem spleenwort [ENG31-13202304-n] (fern of tropical America: from southern United States to West Indies and Mexico to Brazil)
                      • walking fern [ENG31-13202709-n] (ferns having lanceolate fronds that root at the tip)
                      • maidenhair spleenwort [ENG31-13202886-n] (small rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate zone and Hawaii with pinnate fronds)
                      • green spleenwort [ENG31-13203062-n] (a small fern with slim green fronds)
                      • mountain spleenwort [ENG31-13203236-n] (a spleenwort of eastern North America)
                      • wall rue [ENG31-13203360-n] (small delicate spleenwort found on a steep slope (as a wall or cliff) of Eurasia and North America)
                      • Bradley's spleenwort [ENG31-13203560-n] (a spleenwort of eastern to southern United States)
                      • lobed spleenwort [ENG31-13203697-n] (a spleenwort of eastern and southern United States)
                      • lanceolate spleenwort [ENG31-13203835-n] (a spleenwort of western Europe)
                    • bird's nest fern [ENG31-13201953-n] (tropical Old World or Australian epiphytic fern frequently forming tufts in tree crotches)
                    • hart's-tongue [ENG31-13203954-n] (Eurasian fern with simple lanceolate fronds)
                    • scale fern [ENG31-13204387-n] (small European fern with chaffy leathery fronds)
                    • Schaffneria nigripes [ENG31-13204899-n] (a fern of the genus Schaffneria)
                    • scolopendrium [ENG31-13205292-n] (a fern thought to resemble a millipede)
                    • hard fern [ENG31-13206032-n] (any of several ferns of the genus Blechnum)

                      • deer fern [ENG31-13206167-n] (fern with erect fronds of Europe and western North America)
                    • doodia [ENG31-13206556-n] (any fern of the genus Doodia having pinnate fronds with sharply dentate pinnae)
                    • chain fern [ENG31-13207286-n] (a fern of the genus Woodwardia having the sori in chainlike rows)

                      • Virginia chain fern [ENG31-13207444-n] (North American fern)
                    • tree fern [ENG31-13207552-n] (any of numerous usually tropical ferns having a thick woody stem or caudex and a crown of large fronds)

                      • silver tree fern [ENG31-13208265-n] (a showy tree fern of New Zealand and Australia having a crown of pinnated fronds with whitish undersides)
                      • soft tree fern [ENG31-13211645-n] (of Australia and Tasmania)
                      • Scythian lamb [ENG31-13212046-n] (Asiatic tree fern having dense matted hairs sometimes used as a styptic)
                      • thyrsopteris [ENG31-13212782-n] (a terrestrial tree fern of South America)
                      • angiopteris [ENG31-13236484-n] (highly variable species of very large primitive ferns of the Pacific tropical areas with high rainfall)
                    • davallia [ENG31-13208994-n] (any fern of the genus Davallia)

                      • hare's-foot fern [ENG31-13209166-n] (either of two ferns of the genus Davallia having a soft grey hairy rootstock)

                        • Canary Island hare's foot fern [ENG31-13209360-n] (fern of the Canary Islands and Madeira)
                        • Australian hare's foot [ENG31-13209517-n] (a hare's-foot fern of the genus Davallia)
                      • squirrel's-foot fern [ENG31-13209665-n] (feathery fern of tropical Asia and Malaysia)
                    • hay-scented [ENG31-13210326-n] (fern of eastern North America with pale green fronds and an aroma like hay)
                    • bracken [ENG31-13210742-n] (large coarse fern often several feet high)
                    • bracken [ENG31-13210958-n] (fern of southeastern Asia)
                    • false bracken [ENG31-13212518-n] (resembles Pteridium aquilinum)
                    • shield fern [ENG31-13213523-n] (any of various ferns of the genera Dryopteris or Polystichum or Lastreopsis having somewhat shield-shaped coverings on the sori)

                      • broad buckler-fern [ENG31-13214041-n] (European shield fern)
                      • Goldie's fern [ENG31-13214364-n] (North American fern with a blackish lustrous stipe)
                      • soft shield fern [ENG31-13221549-n] (European shield fern cultivated in many varieties)
                    • wood fern [ENG31-13214540-n] (any of various ferns of the genus Dryopteris)

                      • fragrant cliff fern [ENG31-13214167-n] (fern or northern Eurasia and North America having fragrant fronds)
                      • male fern [ENG31-13214754-n] (fern of North America and Europe whose rhizomes and stalks yield an oleoresin used to expel tapeworms)
                      • marginal wood fern [ENG31-13214934-n] (North American fern with evergreen fronds)
                      • mountain male fern [ENG31-13215110-n] (a fern of the genus Dryopteris)
                    • lady fern [ENG31-13215470-n] (most widely grown fern of the genus Athyrium for its delicate foliage)

                      • Alpine lady fern [ENG31-13215656-n] (a lady fern with deeply cut leaf segments)
                    • silvery spleenwort [ENG31-13215816-n] (North American fern with narrow fronds on yellowish leafstalks)
                    • holly fern [ENG31-13216239-n] (tropical Old World fern having glossy fronds suggestive of holly)
                    • bladder fern [ENG31-13216659-n] (any fern of the genus Cystopteris characterized by a hooded indusium or bladderlike membrane covering the sori)

                      • brittle bladder fern [ENG31-13216901-n] (delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems)
                      • mountain bladder fern [ENG31-13217132-n] (fern of rocky mountainous areas of hemisphere)
                      • bulblet fern [ENG31-13217267-n] (North American fern often bearing bulbils on the leaflets)
                    • silvery spleenwort [ENG31-13217636-n] (fern with elongate silvery outgrowths enclosing the developing spores)
                    • oak fern [ENG31-13218172-n] (bright blue-green fern widely distributed especially in damp acid woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere)
                    • limestone fern [ENG31-13218405-n] (yellow-green fern of rocky areas of northern hemisphere)
                    • ostrich fern [ENG31-13218952-n] (tall fern of northern temperate regions having graceful arched fronds and sporophylls resembling ostrich plumes)
                    • hart's-tongue [ENG31-13219380-n] (tropical American terrestrial fern with leathery lanceolate fronds)
                    • sensitive fern [ENG31-13219812-n] (beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe)
                    • Christmas fern [ENG31-13220615-n] (North American evergreen fern having pinnate leaves and dense clusters of lance-shaped fronds)
                    • holly fern [ENG31-13220868-n] (any of various ferns of the genus Polystichum having fronds with texture and gloss like holly)

                      • Braun's holly fern [ENG31-13221091-n] (North American fern whose more or less evergreen leathery fronds are covered with pale brown chafflike scales)
                      • northern holly fern [ENG31-13221309-n] (evergreen European fern widely cultivated)
                      • western holly fern [ENG31-13221440-n] (North American fern)
                    • leather fern [ENG31-13221884-n] (widely distributed fern of tropical southern hemisphere having leathery pinnatifid fronds)
                    • button fern [ENG31-13222321-n] (Jamaican fern having round buttonlike bulbils)
                    • Indian button fern [ENG31-13222464-n] (fern of tropical Asia having round buttonlike bulbils)
                    • woodsia [ENG31-13222867-n] (any fern of the genus Woodsia)

                      • rusty woodsia [ENG31-13223023-n] (a common rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate regions having rusty-brown stipes and lanceolate pinnate fronds)
                      • Alpine woodsia [ENG31-13223253-n] (slender fern of northern North America with shining chestnut-colored stipes and bipinnate fronds with usually distinct marginal sori)
                      • smooth woodsia [ENG31-13223500-n] (rock-inhabiting fern of Arctic and subarctic Europe to eastern Asia)
                    • oleander fern [ENG31-13225174-n] (tropical fern having leathery fronds resembling oleander)
                    • sword fern [ENG31-13225724-n] (any of several tropical ferns having more or less sword-shaped fronds including one from which the Boston fern developed)

                      • Boston fern [ENG31-13225956-n] (a sword fern with arching or drooping pinnate fronds)
                      • basket fern [ENG31-13226147-n] (tropical American fern cultivated for its finely divided greyish-green foliage)
                    • golden fern [ENG31-13227076-n] (stout tropical swamp fern (especially tropical America) having large fronds with golden yellow sporangia covering the undersides)
                    • maidenhair [ENG31-13227715-n] (any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds)

                      • common maidenhair [ENG31-13227992-n] (delicate maidenhair fern with slender shining black leaf stalks)
                      • American maidenhair fern [ENG31-13228233-n] (hardy palmately branched North American fern with divergent recurved branches borne on lustrous dark reddish stipes)
                      • Bermuda maidenhair [ENG31-13228470-n] (delicate endemic Bermudian fern with creeping rootstock)
                      • brittle maidenhair [ENG31-13228634-n] (tropical American fern with broad pinnae)

                        • Farley maidenhair [ENG31-13228821-n] (named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered)
                    • annual fern [ENG31-13229200-n] (small short-lived fern of Central and South America)
                    • lip fern [ENG31-13229603-n] (any of various terrestrial ferns of the genus Cheilanthes)

                      • smooth lip fern [ENG31-13229863-n] (southeastern United States to northern Mexico and Jamaica)
                      • wooly lip fern [ENG31-13230168-n] (small North American evergreen fern whose stipes and lower frond surfaces are densely wooly)
                      • southwestern lip fern [ENG31-13230358-n] (lip fern of Texas to Oklahoma and Colorado and Arizona and Mexico having tall erect tufted fronds)
                    • lace fern [ENG31-13230027-n] (small tufted fern of northwestern America)
                    • bamboo fern [ENG31-13230706-n] (fast-growing sturdy Japanese fern)
                    • rock brake [ENG31-13231103-n] (dwarf deciduous lithophytic ferns)

                      • American rock brake [ENG31-13231248-n] (rock-inhabiting fern of northern North America growing in massive tufts and having fronds resembling parsley)
                      • European parsley fern [ENG31-13231495-n] (fern of Europe and Asia Minor having short slender rhizome and densely tufted bright green fronds resembling parsley)
                    • hand fern [ENG31-13231918-n] (tropical American fern with coarsely lobed to palmatifid fronds)
                    • cliff brake [ENG31-13232688-n] (any of several small lithophytic ferns of tropical and warm temperate regions)

                      • coffee fern [ENG31-13232923-n] (evergreen fern of California and Baja California)
                      • purple rock brake [ENG31-13233073-n] (very short shallowly creeping North American fern usually growing on cliffs or walls and having dark glossy leaf axes)
                      • bird's-foot fern [ENG31-13233277-n] (cliff brake of California and Baja California having purple-brown leafstalks)
                    • button fern [ENG31-13233457-n] (fern of New Zealand and Australia having trailing fronds with dark green buttonlike leaflets)
                    • silver fern [ENG31-13233964-n] (fern of southern tropical Africa having fronds with white undersides)
                    • silver fern [ENG31-13234133-n] (tropical American fern having fronds with white undersides)
                    • golden fern [ENG31-13234295-n] (tropical American fern having fronds with light golden undersides)
                    • gold fern [ENG31-13234475-n] (fern of West Indies and South America having fronds with bright golden-yellow undersides)
                    • brake [ENG31-13234929-n] (any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants)
                    • Pteris cretica [ENG31-13235115-n] (cultivated in many varieties as houseplants)
                    • spider brake [ENG31-13235238-n] (Asiatic fern introduced in America)
                    • ribbon fern [ENG31-13235383-n] (fern of North Africa and Azores and Canary Islands)
                    • potato fern [ENG31-13236156-n] (large Australasian evergreen fern with an edible rhizome sometimes used as a vegetable by indigenous people)
                    • marsh fern [ENG31-13248676-n] (fern having pinnatifid fronds and growing in wet places)

                      • snuffbox fern [ENG31-13248915-n] (fern of northeastern North America)
                    • christella [ENG31-13249434-n] (any of several tropical ferns of the genus Christella having thin brittle fronds)
                    • mountain fern [ENG31-13250441-n] (common European mountain fern having fragrant lemon or balsam scented fronds)
                    • New York fern [ENG31-13250849-n] (slender shield fern of moist woods of eastern North America)
                    • Massachusetts fern [ENG31-13251088-n] (delicate feathery shield fern of the eastern United States)
                    • beech fern [ENG31-13251560-n] (any fern of the genus Phegopteris having deeply cut triangular fronds)

                      • broad beech fern [ENG31-13251741-n] (beech fern of North American woodlands having straw-colored stripes)
                      • long beech fern [ENG31-13251976-n] (beech fern of North America and Eurasia)
                  • fern ally [ENG31-11568013-n] (pteridophytes of other classes than Filicopsida)

                    • whisk fern [ENG31-13237710-n] (chiefly tropical clump-forming plants of skeletal appearance resembling whisk brooms)

                      • skeleton fork fern [ENG31-13237903-n] (pantropical epiphytic or terrestrial whisk fern with usually dull yellow branches and minute leaves)
                    • horsetail [ENG31-13240320-n] (perennial rushlike flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow toothlike leaves that spread by creeping rhizomes)

                      • common horsetail [ENG31-13240731-n] (of Eurasia and Greenland and North America)
                      • swamp horsetail [ENG31-13240874-n] (Eurasia)
                      • scouring rush [ENG31-13241020-n] (evergreen erect horsetail with rough-edged stems)
                      • marsh horsetail [ENG31-13241253-n] (scouring-rush horsetail widely distributed in wet or boggy areas of northern hemisphere)
                      • wood horsetail [ENG31-13241423-n] (Eurasia except southern Russia)
                      • variegated horsetail [ENG31-13241561-n] (northern North America)
                    • club moss [ENG31-13242427-n] (primitive evergreen moss-like plant with spores in club-shaped strobiles)

                      • shining clubmoss [ENG31-13243775-n] (a variety of club moss)
                      • alpine clubmoss [ENG31-13243883-n] (a variety of club moss)
                      • fir clubmoss [ENG31-13243988-n] (of northern Europe and America)
                      • ground pine [ENG31-13244163-n] (any of several club mosses having long creeping stems and erect branches)

                        • running pine [ENG31-13244383-n] (a variety of club moss)
                        • ground cedar [ENG31-13244486-n] (a variety of club moss)
                        • ground fir [ENG31-13244608-n] (a variety of club moss)
                        • foxtail grass [ENG31-13244741-n] (ground pine thickly covered with bristly leaves)
                      • spikemoss [ENG31-13245571-n] (any of numerous fern allies of the genus Selaginella)

                        • meadow spikemoss [ENG31-13245820-n] (spikemoss forming dense mats)
                        • rock spikemoss [ENG31-13245973-n] (tufted spikemoss forming loose spreading mats)
                        • desert selaginella [ENG31-13246142-n] (prostrate spikemoss)
                        • resurrection plant [ENG31-13246263-n] (densely tufted fern ally of southwestern United States to Peru)
                        • florida selaginella [ENG31-13246515-n] (occurs widely in Florida)
                    • quillwort [ENG31-13247218-n] (any of several spore-bearing aquatic or marsh plants having short rhizomes and leaves resembling quills)
                • spermatophyte [ENG31-11572837-n] (plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores)

                  • seedling [ENG31-11573045-n] (young plant or tree grown from a seed)
                  • balsam [ENG31-11573137-n] (any seed plant yielding balsam)
                  • gymnosperm [ENG31-11616559-n] (plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary)

                    • progymnosperm [ENG31-11616795-n] (an ancestral fossil type from which modern gymnosperms are thought to have derived)
                    • welwitschia [ENG31-11619775-n] (curious plant of arid regions of southwestern Africa having a yard-high and yard-wide trunk like a turnip with a deep taproot and two large persistent woody straplike leaves growing from the base)
                    • cycad [ENG31-11620823-n] (any tropical gymnosperm of the order Cycadales)

                      • sago palm [ENG31-11621628-n] (dwarf palmlike cycad of Japan that yields sago)

                        • false sago [ENG31-11621784-n] (southeastern Indian cycad with palmlike foliage)
                      • zamia [ENG31-11622369-n] (any of various cycads of the genus Zamia)

                        • coontie [ENG31-11622542-n] (small tough woody zamia of Florida and West Indies and Cuba)
                      • ceratozamia [ENG31-11622929-n] (a small cycad of the genus Ceratozamia having a short scaly woody trunk and fernlike foliage and woody cones)
                      • dioon [ENG31-11623324-n] (any cycad of the genus Dioon)
                      • encephalartos [ENG31-11623697-n] (any of numerous cycads of the genus Encephalartos having stout cylindrical trunks and a terminal crown of long often spiny pinnate leaves)
                      • kaffir bread [ENG31-11623913-n] (South African cycad)
                      • macrozamia [ENG31-11624286-n] (any treelike cycad of the genus Macrozamia having erect trunks and pinnate leaves and large cones with sometimes edible nuts)
                      • burrawong [ENG31-11624497-n] (large attractive palmlike evergreen cycad of New South Wales)
                    • seed fern [ENG31-11625993-n] (an extinct seed-producing fernlike plant of the order Cycadofilicales (or group Pteridospermae))
                  • angiosperm [ENG31-11685823-n] (plants having seeds in a closed ovary)

                    • angiocarp [ENG31-11686099-n] (tree bearing fruit enclosed in a shell or involucre or husk)
                    • dicot [ENG31-11687305-n] (flowering plant with two cotyledons)

                      • jiqui [ENG31-12715097-n] (Cuban timber tree with hard wood very resistant to moisture)
                      • barbados cherry [ENG31-12715247-n] (tropical American shrub bearing edible acid red fruit resembling cherries)
                      • Cyrilliaceae [ENG31-12771066-n] (shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and small white flowers in racemes: genera Cyrilla and Cliftonia)
                    • monocot [ENG31-11688568-n] (a monocotyledonous flowering plant)
                    • flower [ENG31-11690372-n] (a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms)

                      • bloomer [ENG31-11692720-n] (a flower that blooms in a particular way)
                      • peony [ENG31-11739755-n] (any of numerous plants widely cultivated for their showy single or double red or pink or white flowers)
                      • lesser celandine [ENG31-11741806-n] (perennial herb native to Europe but naturalized elsewhere having heart-shaped leaves and yellow flowers resembling buttercups)
                      • pheasant's-eye [ENG31-11745129-n] (Eurasian herb cultivated for its deep red flowers with dark centers)
                      • anemone [ENG31-11745484-n] (any woodland plant of the genus Anemone grown for its beautiful flowers and whorls of dissected leaves)

                        • Alpine anemone [ENG31-11745780-n] (silky-foliaged herb of the Rocky Mountains with bluish-white flowers)
                        • Canada anemone [ENG31-11745949-n] (common summer-flowering woodland herb of Labrador to Colorado)
                        • thimbleweed [ENG31-11746092-n] (a common North American anemone with cylindrical fruit clusters resembling thimbles)

                          • longheaded thimbleweed [ENG31-11746614-n] (thimbleweed of northern North America)
                          • Virginia thimbleweed [ENG31-11746902-n] (thimbleweed of central and eastern North America)
                        • wood anemone [ENG31-11746290-n] (European anemone with solitary white flowers common in deciduous woodlands)
                        • wood anemone [ENG31-11746442-n] (common anemone of eastern North America with solitary pink-tinged white flowers)
                        • snowdrop anemone [ENG31-11746738-n] (Eurasian herb with solitary nodding fragrant white flowers)
                      • rue anemone [ENG31-11747176-n] (woodland flower native to eastern North America having cup-shaped flowers reminiscent of anemone but more delicate)
                      • columbine [ENG31-11747560-n] (a plant of the genus Aquilegia having irregular showy spurred flowers)

                        • meeting house [ENG31-11747827-n] (columbine of eastern North America having long-spurred red flowers)
                        • blue columbine [ENG31-11748009-n] (columbine of the Rocky Mountains having long-spurred blue flowers)
                        • granny's bonnets [ENG31-11748207-n] (common European columbine having variously colored (white or blue to purple or red) short-spurred flowers)
                      • rocket larkspur [ENG31-11753036-n] (commonly cultivated larkspur of southern Europe having unbranched spikelike racemes of blue or sometimes purplish or pinkish flowers)
                      • delphinium [ENG31-11753523-n] (any plant of the genus Delphinium having palmately divided leaves and showy spikes of variously colored spurred flowers)

                        • larkspur [ENG31-11753781-n] (any of numerous cultivated plants of the genus Delphinium)
                      • nigella [ENG31-11757163-n] (any plant of the genus Nigella)

                        • love-in-a-mist [ENG31-11757320-n] (European garden plant having finely cut leaves and white or pale blue flowers)
                        • fennel flower [ENG31-11757478-n] (nigella of Spain and southern France)
                        • black caraway [ENG31-11757594-n] (herb of the Mediterranean region having pungent seeds used like those of caraway)
                      • spathiphyllum [ENG31-11812810-n] (any of various plants of the genus Spathiphyllum having a white or green spathe and a spike of fragrant flowers and often cultivated as an ornamental)
                      • calla lily [ENG31-11814248-n] (South African plant widely cultivated for its showy pure white spathe and yellow spadix)

                        • pink calla [ENG31-11814493-n] (calla having a rose-colored spathe)
                        • golden calla [ENG31-11814608-n] (any of several callas of the genus Zantedeschia having yellow spathes)
                      • sandwort [ENG31-11826425-n] (low-growing chiefly perennial plant usually with small white flowers suitable for e.g. rock gardens)

                        • mountain sandwort [ENG31-11826688-n] (boreal or alpine sandwort)
                        • pine-barren sandwort [ENG31-11826838-n] (deep-rooted perennial of southeastern United States)
                        • seabeach sandwort [ENG31-11826990-n] (perennial succulent herb with small solitary axillary or terminal flowers)
                        • rock sandwort [ENG31-11827148-n] (low perennial tufted plant of southeastern North America)
                        • thyme-leaved sandwort [ENG31-11827283-n] (Eurasian annual sprawling plant naturalized throughout North America)
                      • pink [ENG31-11828448-n] (any of various flowers of plants of the genus Dianthus cultivated for their fragrant flowers)

                        • sweet William [ENG31-11828768-n] (Eurasian pink widely cultivated for its flat-topped dense clusters of varicolored flowers)
                        • carnation [ENG31-11828937-n] (Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers)
                        • china pink [ENG31-11829190-n] (Chinese pink with deeply toothed rose-lilac flowers with a purplish eye)

                          • Japanese pink [ENG31-11829401-n] (a flowering variety of China pink distinguished by jagged-edged petals)
                        • maiden pink [ENG31-11829563-n] (low-growing loosely mat-forming Eurasian pink with a single pale pink flower with a crimson center)
                        • cheddar pink [ENG31-11829740-n] (mat-forming perennial of central Europe with large fragrant pink or red flowers)
                        • button pink [ENG31-11829906-n] (much-branched pink with flowers in clusters)
                        • cottage pink [ENG31-11830063-n] (European pink cultivated for its very fragrant pink or rosy flowers)
                        • fringed pink [ENG31-11830223-n] (Eurasian perennial pink having fragrant lilac or rose flowers with deeply fringed margins)
                      • baby's breath [ENG31-11830827-n] (tall plant with small lance-shaped leaves and numerous tiny white or pink flowers)
                      • lychnis [ENG31-11831942-n] (mostly perennial herbs with sticky stems that catch insects)

                        • ragged robin [ENG31-11832175-n] (common perennial native to Europe and western Asia having usually pink flowers with ragged petals)
                        • scarlet lychnis [ENG31-11832390-n] (Eurasian garden perennial having scarlet flowers in dense terminal heads)
                        • mullein pink [ENG31-11832563-n] (an old cottage garden plant of southeastern Europe widely cultivated for its attractive white woolly foliage and showy crimson flowers)
                      • sandwort [ENG31-11833379-n] (low-growing herb having clusters of small white four-petaled flowers)
                      • sandwort [ENG31-11833546-n] (loosely matted plant with moss-like foliage studded with tiny starry four-petaled white blossoms)
                      • soapwort [ENG31-11835053-n] (plant of European origin having pink or white flowers and leaves yielding a detergent when bruised)
                      • silene [ENG31-11835960-n] (any plant of the genus Silene)

                        • moss campion [ENG31-11836190-n] (tuft- or mat-forming dwarf perennial of Arctic regions of western and central Europe and North America)
                        • wild pink [ENG31-11836387-n] (perennial of eastern and central North America having short-stalked pink or white flowers in hairy clusters)
                        • red campion [ENG31-11836590-n] (biennial European catchfly having red or pink flowers)
                        • white campion [ENG31-11836805-n] (bluish-green herb having sticky stems and clusters of large evening-opening white flowers with much-inflated calyx)
                        • fire pink [ENG31-11837118-n] (perennial herb of eastern North America, having red flowers with narrow notched petals)
                        • bladder campion [ENG31-11837298-n] (perennial of Arctic Europe having large white flowers with inflated calyx)
                      • cowherb [ENG31-11839105-n] (European annual with pale rose-colored flowers)
                      • fig marigold [ENG31-11841434-n] (any of several South African plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum cultivated for showy pink or white flowers)

                        • ice plant [ENG31-11841653-n] (Old World annual widely naturalized in warm regions having white flowers and fleshy foliage covered with hairs that resemble ice)
                      • globe amaranth [ENG31-11846667-n] (tropical American herb having rose to red or purple flowers that can be dried without losing color)
                      • scarlet musk flower [ENG31-11856796-n] (viscid branched perennial of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having tuberous roots and deep red flowers)
                      • umbrellawort [ENG31-11859929-n] (a plant of the genus Mirabilis)
                      • four o'clock [ENG31-11860037-n] (any of several plants of the genus Mirabilis having flowers that open in late afternoon)

                        • common four-o'clock [ENG31-11860292-n] (common garden plant of North America having fragrant red or purple or yellow or white flowers that open in late afternoon)
                        • California four o'clock [ENG31-11860536-n] (California four o'clock with purple-red flowers)
                        • sweet four o'clock [ENG31-11860715-n] (leafy wildflower having fragrant slender white or pale pink trumpet-shaped flowers)
                        • desert four o'clock [ENG31-11860945-n] (wildflower having vibrant deep pink tubular evening-blooming flowers)
                        • mountain four o'clock [ENG31-11861233-n] (leafy wildflower with lavender-pink flowers that open in the evening and remain through cool part of the next day)
                      • portulaca [ENG31-11878165-n] (a plant of the genus Portulaca having pink or red or purple or white ephemeral flowers)

                        • rose moss [ENG31-11878344-n] (widely cultivated in many varieties for its fleshy moss-like foliage and profusion of brightly colored flowers)
                      • Carolina spring beauty [ENG31-11879744-n] (similar to Claytonia virginica but having usually pink flowers)
                      • spring beauty [ENG31-11879941-n] (small slender plant having one pair of succulent leaves at the middle of the stem and a loose raceme of white or pink or rose bowl-shaped flowers and an edible corm)
                      • Virginia spring beauty [ENG31-11880206-n] (small cormous perennial grown for its low rosette of succulent foliage and racemes of pink-tinged white flowers)
                      • wallflower [ENG31-11903797-n] (perennial of southern Europe having clusters of fragrant flowers of all colors especially yellow and orange)
                      • prairie rocket [ENG31-11904097-n] (any of several western American plants of the genus Cheiranthus having large yellow flowers)
                      • wallflower [ENG31-11907588-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers)

                        • Siberian wall flower [ENG31-11907945-n] (showy erect biennial or short-lived perennial cultivated for its terminal racemes of orange-yellow flowers)
                      • prairie rocket [ENG31-11907779-n] (any of several North American plants of the genus Erysimum having large yellow flowers)
                      • western wall flower [ENG31-11908219-n] (biennial or short-lived perennial prairie rocket having orange-yellow flowers)
                      • heliophila [ENG31-11908893-n] (any of various South African herbs and subshrubs cultivated for long showy racemes of bright blue flowers with white eyes)
                      • damask violet [ENG31-11909269-n] (long cultivated herb having flowers whose scent is more pronounced in the evening)
                      • candytuft [ENG31-11910088-n] (any of various flowering plants of the genus Iberis cultivated for their showy clusters of white to red or purple flowers)
                      • sweet alyssum [ENG31-11911644-n] (perennial European plant having clusters of small fragrant usually white flowers)
                      • Malcolm stock [ENG31-11912498-n] (any of various ornamental flowering plants of the genus Malcolmia)
                      • Virginian stock [ENG31-11912650-n] (erect branching herb cultivated for its loose racemes of fragrant white or pink or red or lilac flowers)
                      • stock [ENG31-11913106-n] (any of several Old World plants cultivated for their brightly colored flowers)

                        • brompton stock [ENG31-11913286-n] (European plant with racemes of sweet-scented flowers)
                      • schizopetalon [ENG31-11916610-n] (a dainty South American annual having deeply pinnatifid leaves and racemes of fringed almond-scented purple-white flowers)
                      • poppy [ENG31-11921038-n] (annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers)

                        • Iceland poppy [ENG31-11921763-n] (Old World alpine poppy with white or yellow to orange flowers)
                        • western poppy [ENG31-11921921-n] (showy annual of California with red flowers)
                        • prickly poppy [ENG31-11922066-n] (annual Old World poppy with orange-red flowers and bristly fruit)
                        • Iceland poppy [ENG31-11922228-n] (subarctic perennial poppy of both hemispheres having fragrant white or yellow to orange or peach flowers)
                        • oriental poppy [ENG31-11922446-n] (commonly cultivated Asiatic perennial poppy having stiff heavily haired leaves and bright scarlet or pink to orange flowers)
                        • corn poppy [ENG31-11922669-n] (annual European poppy common in grain fields and often cultivated)
                        • opium poppy [ENG31-11922858-n] (southwestern Asian herb with greyish leaves and white or reddish flowers)
                        • celandine [ENG31-11924140-n] (perennial herb with branched woody stock and bright yellow flowers)
                        • California poppy [ENG31-11925861-n] (of Pacific coast of North America)
                        • golden cup [ENG31-11926596-n] (native of Mexican highlands grown for its glossy clear yellow flowers and blue-grey finely dissected foliage)
                        • plume poppy [ENG31-11926983-n] (herb of China and Japan widely cultivated for its plumelike panicles of creamy white flowers)
                        • blue poppy [ENG31-11927386-n] (Chinese perennial having mauve-pink to bright sky blue flowers in drooping cymes)
                        • Welsh poppy [ENG31-11927569-n] (widely cultivated west European plant with showy pale yellow flowers)
                        • creamcups [ENG31-11927874-n] (California plant with small pale yellow flowers)
                        • wind poppy [ENG31-11929018-n] (California wild poppy with bright red flowers)
                        • celandine poppy [ENG31-11929315-n] (perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers)
                      • corydalis [ENG31-11924578-n] (a plant of the genus Corydalis with beautiful compound foliage and spurred tubular flowers)
                      • horn poppy [ENG31-11926218-n] (yellow-flowered Eurasian glaucous herb naturalized in along sandy shores in eastern North America)
                      • composite [ENG31-11935683-n] (considered the most highly evolved dicotyledonous plants, characterized by florets arranged in dense heads that resemble single flowers)

                        • compass plant [ENG31-11936127-n] (any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass)

                          • prickly lettuce [ENG31-12007980-n] (European annual wild lettuce having prickly stems)
                          • rosinweed [ENG31-12035690-n] (North American perennial having a resinous odor and yellow flowers)
                        • everlasting [ENG31-11936368-n] (any of various plants of various genera of the family Compositae having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color)

                          • pink-and-white everlasting [ENG31-11937876-n] (flower of southwestern Australia having bright pink daisylike papery flowers)
                          • pearly everlasting [ENG31-11941864-n] (an American everlasting having foliage with soft wooly hairs and corymbose heads with pearly white bracts)
                          • cudweed [ENG31-11993228-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Gnaphalium having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color)

                            • chafeweed [ENG31-11993428-n] (weedy perennial of north temperate regions having woolly foliage and dirty white flowers in a leafy spike)
                          • strawflower [ENG31-12000787-n] (Australian plant naturalized in Spain having flowers of lemon yellow to deep gold)
                          • strawflower [ENG31-12001661-n] (any of various plants of the genus Helipterum)
                          • cascade everlasting [ENG31-12020125-n] (shrub with white woolly branches and woolly leaves having fragrant flowers forming long sprays)
                          • Swan River everlasting [ENG31-12028235-n] (Australian annual everlasting having light pink nodding flower heads)
                          • immortelle [ENG31-12054178-n] (mostly widely cultivated species of everlasting flowers having usually purple flowers)
                        • mayweed [ENG31-11943643-n] (widespread rank-smelling weed having white-rayed flower heads with yellow discs)
                        • yellow chamomile [ENG31-11943866-n] (Eurasian perennial herb with hairy divided leaves and yellow flowers)
                        • corn chamomile [ENG31-11944106-n] (European white-flowered weed naturalized in North America)
                        • oxeye daisy [ENG31-12010636-n] (similar to oxeye daisy)
                        • shasta daisy [ENG31-12010782-n] (hybrid garden flower derived from Chrysanthemum maximum and Chrysanthemum lacustre having large white flower heads resembling oxeye daisies)
                        • Pyrenees daisy [ENG31-12011096-n] (perennial of Portugal similar to the oxeye daisy)
                        • dusty miller [ENG31-12043876-n] (shrubby perennial of the Canary Islands having white flowers and leaves and hairy stems covered with dustlike down)
                        • tansy [ENG31-12044195-n] (common perennial aromatic herb native to Eurasia having buttonlike yellow flower heads and bitter-tasting pinnate leaves sometimes used medicinally)
                        • crownbeard [ENG31-12051123-n] (any plant of the genus Verbesina having clustered white or yellow flower heads)

                          • wingstem [ENG31-12051377-n] (perennial herb with showy yellow flowers)
                          • cowpen daisy [ENG31-12051608-n] (coarse greyish-green annual yellow-flowered herb)
                          • gravelweed [ENG31-12051857-n] (perennial herb with yellow flowers)
                          • Virginia crownbeard [ENG31-12052016-n] (tall perennial herb having clusters of white flowers)
                      • ageratum [ENG31-11938755-n] (any plant of the genus Ageratum having opposite leaves and small heads of blue or white flowers)

                        • common ageratum [ENG31-11938942-n] (small tender herb grown for its fluffy brushlike blue to lavender blooms)
                      • sweet sultan [ENG31-11939277-n] (Asian plant widely grown for its sweetly fragrant pink flowers)
                      • ammobium [ENG31-11940967-n] (any plant of the genus Ammobium having yellow flowers and silvery foliage)

                        • winged everlasting [ENG31-11941132-n] (Australian plant widely cultivated for its beautiful silvery-white blooms with bright yellow centers on long winged stems)
                      • African daisy [ENG31-11945772-n] (any of several plants of the genus Arctotis having daisylike flowers)
                      • blue-eyed African daisy [ENG31-11945919-n] (bushy perennial of South Africa with white or violet flowers)
                      • aster [ENG31-11952387-n] (any of various chiefly fall-blooming herbs of the genus Aster with showy daisylike flowers)

                        • wood aster [ENG31-11953214-n] (any of several asters of eastern North America usually growing in woods)

                          • heart-leaved aster [ENG31-11953726-n] (perennial wood aster of eastern North America)
                          • white wood aster [ENG31-11953856-n] (rhizomatous perennial wood aster of eastern North America with white flowers)
                          • large-leaved aster [ENG31-11954932-n] (tufted perennial wood aster of North America)
                        • whorled aster [ENG31-11953396-n] (North American perennial with apparently whorled leaves and showy white purple-tinged flowers)
                        • heath aster [ENG31-11953568-n] (common North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small white flower heads)
                        • bushy aster [ENG31-11954015-n] (stiff perennial of the eastern United States having small linear leaves and numerous tiny white flower heads)
                        • heath aster [ENG31-11954197-n] (common much-branched North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small starry white flowers)
                        • white prairie aster [ENG31-11954372-n] (perennial of western North America having white flowers)
                        • stiff aster [ENG31-11954510-n] (wiry tufted perennial of the eastern United States with stiff erect rough stems, linear leaves and large violet flowers)
                        • goldilocks [ENG31-11954708-n] (early-flowering perennial of southern and southeastern Europe with flower heads resembling those of goldenrod)
                        • New England aster [ENG31-11955085-n] (common perennial of eastern North America having showy purplish flowers)
                        • Michaelmas daisy [ENG31-11955276-n] (North American perennial herb having small autumn-blooming purple or pink or white flowers)
                        • upland white aster [ENG31-11955496-n] (tufted rigid North American perennial with loose clusters of white flowers)
                        • Short's aster [ENG31-11955656-n] (perennial of southeastern United States having usually blue flowers)
                        • sea aster [ENG31-11955799-n] (a common European aster that grows in salt marshes)
                        • prairie aster [ENG31-11955938-n] (violet-flowered perennial aster of central United States having solitary heads)
                        • annual salt-marsh aster [ENG31-11956096-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • aromatic aster [ENG31-11956184-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • arrow leaved aster [ENG31-11956263-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • azure aster [ENG31-11956346-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • bog aster [ENG31-11956422-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • crooked-stemmed aster [ENG31-11956496-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • Eastern silvery aster [ENG31-11956582-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • flat-topped white aster [ENG31-11956668-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • late purple aster [ENG31-11956756-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • panicled aster [ENG31-11956838-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • perennial salt marsh aster [ENG31-11956917-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • purple-stemmed aster [ENG31-11957008-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • rough-leaved aster [ENG31-11957093-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • rush aster [ENG31-11957176-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • Schreiber's aster [ENG31-11957251-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • small white aster [ENG31-11957333-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • smooth aster [ENG31-11957415-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • southern aster [ENG31-11957492-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • starved aster [ENG31-11957571-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • tradescant's aster [ENG31-11957664-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • wavy-leaved aster [ENG31-11957747-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • Western silvery aster [ENG31-11957829-n] (a variety of aster)
                        • willow aster [ENG31-11957915-n] (a variety of aster)
                      • daisy [ENG31-11959960-n] (any of numerous composite plants having flower heads with well-developed ray flowers usually arranged in a single whorl)

                        • common daisy [ENG31-11960168-n] (low-growing Eurasian plant with yellow central disc flowers and pinkish-white outer ray flowers)
                      • Swan River daisy [ENG31-11962393-n] (western Australian annual much cultivated for its flower heads with white or bluish to violet or variegated rays)
                      • calendula [ENG31-11963876-n] (any of numerous chiefly annual herbs of the genus Calendula widely cultivated for their yellow or orange flowers)

                        • common marigold [ENG31-11964129-n] (the common European annual marigold)
                      • China aster [ENG31-11964461-n] (valued for their beautiful flowers in a wide range of clear bright colors)
                      • catananche [ENG31-11967196-n] (any of several plants of the genus Catananche having long-stalked heads of blue or yellow flowers)

                        • blue succory [ENG31-11967387-n] (south European plant having dark-eyed flowers with flat blue rays)
                      • cornflower [ENG31-11968271-n] (an annual Eurasian plant cultivated in North America having showy heads of blue or purple or pink or white flowers)
                      • sweet sultan [ENG31-11968938-n] (perennial of mountains of Iran and Iraq)
                      • chrysanthemum [ENG31-11970814-n] (any of numerous perennial Old World herbs having showy brightly colored flower heads of the genera Chrysanthemum, Argyranthemum, Dendranthema, Tanacetum)

                        • corn marigold [ENG31-11971155-n] (European herb with bright yellow flowers)
                        • crown daisy [ENG31-11971346-n] (shrubby annual of the Mediterranean region with yellowish-white flowers)
                        • chop-suey greens [ENG31-11971521-n] (grown for its succulent edible leaves used in Asian cooking)
                        • florist's chrysanthemum [ENG31-11981569-n] (of China)
                      • mistflower [ENG31-11976365-n] (rhizomatous plant of central and southeastern United States and West Indies having large showy heads of clear blue flowers)
                      • cosmos [ENG31-11978549-n] (any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously colored flowers and pinnate leaves)
                      • brass buttons [ENG31-11978968-n] (South African herb with golden-yellow globose flower heads)
                      • billy buttons [ENG31-11979357-n] (any of various plants of the genus Craspedia grown for their downy foliage and globose heads of golden flowers)
                      • dahlia [ENG31-11980714-n] (any of several plants of or developed from the species Dahlia pinnata having tuberous roots and showy rayed variously colored flower heads)
                      • cape marigold [ENG31-11981915-n] (any of several South African plants grown for the profusion of usually yellow daisylike flowers and mounds of aromatic foliage)
                      • coneflower [ENG31-11982741-n] (any of various perennials of the eastern United States having thick rough leaves and long-stalked showy flowers with drooping rays and a conelike center)
                      • blue daisy [ENG31-11990076-n] (hairy South African or Australian subshrub that has daisylike flowers with blue rays)
                      • kingfisher daisy [ENG31-11990275-n] (softly hairy South African herb having flowers with bright blue rays)
                      • cotton rose [ENG31-11990570-n] (any plant of the genus Filago having capitate clusters of small woolly flower heads)

                        • herba impia [ENG31-11990767-n] ((literally an undutiful herb) a variety of cotton rose)
                      • gazania [ENG31-11991717-n] (any plant of the genus Gazania valued for their showy daisy flowers)

                        • treasure flower [ENG31-11991875-n] (decumbent South African perennial with short densely leafy stems and orange flower rays with black eyespots at base)
                      • African daisy [ENG31-11992252-n] (African or Asiatic herbs with daisylike flowers)

                        • Barberton daisy [ENG31-11992396-n] (widely cultivated South African perennial having flower heads with orange to flame-colored rays)
                      • sunflower [ENG31-11998702-n] (any plant of the genus Helianthus having large flower heads with dark disk florets and showy yellow rays)

                        • swamp sunflower [ENG31-11999020-n] (sunflower of eastern North America having narrow leaves and found in bogs)
                        • common sunflower [ENG31-11999182-n] (annual sunflower grown for silage and for its seeds which are a source of oil)
                        • giant sunflower [ENG31-11999430-n] (very tall American perennial of central and the eastern United States to Canada having edible tuberous roots)
                        • showy sunflower [ENG31-11999656-n] (tall rough-leaved perennial with a few large flower heads)
                        • Maximilian's sunflower [ENG31-11999823-n] (tall perennial of central United States to Canada having golden-yellow flowers)
                        • prairie sunflower [ENG31-11999996-n] (similar to the common sunflower with slender usually branching stems common in central United States)
                        • Jerusalem artichoke [ENG31-12000184-n] (tall perennial with hairy stems and leaves)
                      • tidytips [ENG31-12009065-n] (California annual having flower heads with yellow rays tipped with white)
                      • oxeye daisy [ENG31-12010338-n] (tall leafy-stemmed Eurasian perennial with white flowers)
                      • Texas star [ENG31-12012948-n] (Texas annual with coarsely pinnatifid leaves)
                      • African daisy [ENG31-12013275-n] (shrub of southwestern Mediterranean region having yellow daisylike flowers)
                      • cineraria [ENG31-12022176-n] (herb of Canary Islands widely cultivated for its blue or purple or red or variegated daisylike flowers)
                      • florest's cineraria [ENG31-12022393-n] (herb derived from Pericallis cruenta and widely cultivated in a variety of profusely flowering forms with florets from white to pink to red or purple or violet or blue)
                      • coneflower [ENG31-12028721-n] (any of various plants of the genus Rudbeckia cultivated for their large usually yellow daisies with prominent central cones)

                        • black-eyed Susan [ENG31-12028956-n] (the state flower of Maryland)
                        • cutleaved coneflower [ENG31-12029218-n] (tall leafy plant with erect branches ending in large yellow flower heads with downward-arching rays)

                          • golden glow [ENG31-12029516-n] (very tall branching herb with showy much-doubled yellow flower heads)
                      • white-topped aster [ENG31-12033980-n] (herb having corymbose white-rayed flowers with scaly bracts and silky indehiscent fruits)

                        • narrow-leaved white-topped aster [ENG31-12034170-n] (a variety of white-topped aster)
                      • stokes' aster [ENG31-12040653-n] (erect perennial of southeastern United States having large heads of usually blue flowers)
                      • marigold [ENG31-12040976-n] (any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers)

                        • African marigold [ENG31-12041205-n] (a stout branching annual with large yellow to orange flower heads)
                        • French marigold [ENG31-12041410-n] (strong-scented bushy annual with orange or yellow flower heads marked with red)
                      • painted daisy [ENG31-12042523-n] (spring-flowering garden perennial of Asiatic origin having finely divided aromatic leaves and white to pink-purple flowers)
                      • Mexican sunflower [ENG31-12046487-n] (any plant of the genus Tithonia)
                      • Easter daisy [ENG31-12046945-n] (dwarf tufted nearly stemless herb having a rosette of woolly leaves and large white-rayed flower heads and bristly achenes)
                      • ursinia [ENG31-12050561-n] (any of various plants of the genus Ursinia grown for their yellow- or orange- or white-rayed flowers)
                      • xeranthemum [ENG31-12053973-n] (any plant of the genus Xeranthemum native to southern Europe having chaffy or silvery flower heads with purplish tubular flowers)
                      • zinnia [ENG31-12054610-n] (any of various plants of the genus Zinnia cultivated for their variously and brightly colored flower heads)

                        • white zinnia [ENG31-12054853-n] (subshrub with slender woolly stems and long narrow leaves and flower heads with white rays)
                        • little golden zinnia [ENG31-12055063-n] (subshrub having short leafy stems and numerous small flower heads with nearly round yellow-orange rays)
                      • blazing star [ENG31-12056100-n] (biennial of southwestern United States having white stems and toothed leaves that is grown for its large pale yellow flowers that open in early morning)
                      • bartonia [ENG31-12056376-n] (annual grown especially for its fragrant golden nocturnal flowers)
                      • orchid [ENG31-12061915-n] (any of numerous plants of the orchid family usually having flowers of unusual shapes and beautiful colors)

                        • orchis [ENG31-12063913-n] (any of various deciduous terrestrial orchids having fleshy tubers and flowers in erect terminal racemes)

                          • male orchis [ENG31-12064142-n] (Eurasian orchid with showy pink or purple flowers in a loose spike)
                          • butterfly orchid [ENG31-12064305-n] (Mediterranean orchid having usually purple flowers with a fan-shaped spotted or striped rose-red lip)
                          • showy orchis [ENG31-12064510-n] (North American orchid having a spike of violet-purple flowers mixed with white)
                        • aerides [ENG31-12064936-n] (any orchid of the genus Aerides)
                        • angrecum [ENG31-12065253-n] (any of various spectacular orchids of the genus Angraecum having dark green leathery leaves and usually nocturnally scented white or ivory flowers)
                        • jewel orchid [ENG31-12065626-n] (any of several delicate Asiatic orchids grown especially for their velvety leaves with metallic white or gold veining)
                        • puttyroot [ENG31-12065983-n] (North American orchid bearing a single leaf and yellowish-brown flowers)
                        • arethusa [ENG31-12066329-n] (any of several bog orchids of the genus Arethusa having 1 or 2 showy flowers)

                          • bog rose [ENG31-12066497-n] (a bog orchid with usually a solitary fragrant magenta pink blossom with a wide gaping corolla)
                        • bletia [ENG31-12066897-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Bletia having pseudobulbs and erect leafless racemes of large purple or pink flowers)
                        • Bletilla striata [ENG31-12067284-n] (Japanese orchid with white-striped leaves and slender erect racemes of rose to magenta flowers)
                        • brassavola [ENG31-12067814-n] (any of various tropical American orchids with usually solitary fleshy leaves and showy white to green nocturnally fragrant blossoms solitary or in racemes of up to 7)
                        • spider orchid [ENG31-12068353-n] (South American orchid with spiderlike pale-yellow to pale-green flowers)
                        • spider orchid [ENG31-12068525-n] (Central American orchid having spiderlike flowers with prominent green warts)
                        • caladenia [ENG31-12068868-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Caladenia)

                          • zebra orchid [ENG31-12069006-n] (orchid with reddish linear leaves and panicle of purple-marked pale-yellow flowers with deep red or purple lip)
                        • calanthe [ENG31-12069397-n] (any of various showy orchids of the genus Calanthe having white or yellow or rose-colored flowers and broad leaves folded lengthwise)
                        • grass pink [ENG31-12069751-n] (an orchid)
                        • calypso [ENG31-12070031-n] (rare north temperate bog orchid bearing a solitary white to pink flower marked with purple at the tip of an erect reddish stalk above 1 basal leaf)
                        • jumping orchid [ENG31-12070483-n] (orchid having both male and female flowers in the same raceme)
                        • cattleya [ENG31-12071002-n] (any orchid of the genus Cattleya characterized by a three-lobed lip enclosing the column)
                        • helleborine [ENG31-12071428-n] (any of several orchids of the genus Cephalanthera)

                          • red helleborine [ENG31-12071572-n] (orchid of Mediterranean and Asia having a lax spike of bright rose-pink flowers)
                        • spreading pogonia [ENG31-12071983-n] (orchid of northeastern United States with magenta-pink flowers having funnel-shaped lip)
                        • rosebud orchid [ENG31-12072261-n] (orchid of central and northern South America having 1- to 3-blossomed racemes of large showy rose-colored flowers)
                        • satyr orchid [ENG31-12072736-n] (orchid with broad ovate leaves and long-bracted green very irregular flowers)
                        • frog orchid [ENG31-12072916-n] (orchid having hooded long-bracted green to yellow-green flowers suffused with purple)
                        • coelogyne [ENG31-12073256-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Coelogyne with: clusters of fragrant lacy snow-white flowers)
                        • coral root [ENG31-12073874-n] (a wildflower of the genus Corallorhiza growing from a hard mass of rhizomes associated with a fungus that aids in absorbing nutrients from the forest floor)

                          • spotted coral root [ENG31-12074159-n] (common coral root having yellowish- or reddish- or purplish-brown leafless stems bearing loose racemes of similarly colored flowers with white purple-spotted lips)
                          • striped coral root [ENG31-12074431-n] (nearly leafless wildflower with erect reddish-purple stems bearing racemes of pale pinkish and brownish-striped flowers)
                          • early coral root [ENG31-12074664-n] (plant having clumps of nearly leafless pale yellowish to greenish stems bearing similarly colored flowers with white lower lips)
                        • helmetflower [ENG31-12075147-n] (any of several orchids of the genus Coryanthes having racemes of a few musky-scented waxy flowers with a helmet-shaped lip process)
                        • swan orchid [ENG31-12075542-n] (any of several orchids of the genus Cycnoches having slender arching columns of flowers suggesting the neck of a swan)
                        • cymbid [ENG31-12075985-n] (any of various plants of the genus Cymbidium having narrow leaves and a long drooping cluster of numerous showy and variously colored boat-shaped flowers)
                        • cypripedia [ENG31-12076568-n] (a plant or flower of the genus Cypripedium)
                        • lady's slipper [ENG31-12076686-n] (any of several chiefly American wildflowers having an inflated pouchlike lip)

                          • moccasin flower [ENG31-12077102-n] (once common rose pink woodland orchid of eastern North America)
                          • common lady's-slipper [ENG31-12077259-n] (pale pink wild orchid of northeastern America having an inflated pouchlike lip)
                          • ram's-head [ENG31-12077491-n] (orchid of northern North America having a brownish-green flower and red-and-white lip suggestive of a ram's head)
                          • yellow lady's slipper [ENG31-12077712-n] (maroon to purple-brown orchid with yellow lip)

                            • large yellow lady's slipper [ENG31-12077948-n] (plant of eastern and central North America having slightly fragrant purple-marked greenish-yellow flowers)
                          • California lady's slipper [ENG31-12078161-n] (often having many yellow-green orchids with white pouches growing along streams and seeps of southwestern Oregon and northern California)
                          • clustered lady's slipper [ENG31-12078396-n] (clusters of several short stems each having 2 broad leaves and 2-4 drooping brownish to greenish flowers with pouches mottled with purple)
                          • mountain lady's slipper [ENG31-12078693-n] (leafy plant having a few stems in a clump with 1 white and dull purple flower in each upper leaf axil)
                        • marsh orchid [ENG31-12079131-n] (any of several orchids of the genus Dactylorhiza having fingerlike tuberous roots)
                        • common spotted orchid [ENG31-12079323-n] (European orchid having lanceolate leaves spotted purple and pink to white or mauve flowers spotted or lined deep red or purple)
                        • dendrobium [ENG31-12079815-n] (a plant of the genus Dendrobium having stems like cane and usually showy racemose flowers)
                        • disa [ENG31-12080126-n] (any orchid of the genus Disa)
                        • phantom orchid [ENG31-12081047-n] (waxy white nearly leafless plant with stems in clusters and racemes of white flowers)
                        • tulip orchid [ENG31-12081605-n] (Mexican epiphytic orchid with glaucous grey-green leaves and lemon- to golden-yellow flowers appearing only partially opened)
                        • butterfly orchid [ENG31-12081881-n] (orchid of Florida and the Bahamas having showy brightly colored flowers)
                        • butterfly orchid [ENG31-12082115-n] (Mexican epiphytic orchid having pale green or yellow-green flowers with white purple-veined lip)
                        • epidendron [ENG31-12082606-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Epidendrum)
                        • helleborine [ENG31-12082969-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Epipactis)

                          • Epipactis helleborine [ENG31-12083127-n] (European orchid with spikes of green and pinkish or purplish flowers)
                          • stream orchid [ENG31-12083282-n] (orchid growing along streams or ponds of western North America having leafy stems and 1 greenish-brown and pinkish flower in the axil of each upper leaf)
                        • tongueflower [ENG31-12083712-n] (orchid having blue to purple flowers with tongue-shaped or strap-shaped protuberances (calli) at the lip base)
                        • rattlesnake plantain [ENG31-12084140-n] (any of several small temperate and tropical orchids having mottled or striped leaves and spikes of small yellowish-white flowers in a twisted raceme)
                        • fragrant orchid [ENG31-12084890-n] (European orchid having dense spikes of fragrant pink or lilac or red flowers with conspicuous spurs)
                        • short-spurred fragrant orchid [ENG31-12085092-n] (similar to Gymnadenia conopsea but with smaller flowers on shorter stems and having much shorter spurs)
                        • fringed orchis [ENG31-12085817-n] (any of several summer-flowering American orchids distinguished by a fringed or lacerated lip)

                          • white fringed orchis [ENG31-12086762-n] (bog orchid of eastern North America with a spike of pure white fringed flowers)
                          • purple-fringed orchid [ENG31-12087131-n] (North American orchid similar to Habenaria psycodes with larger paler flowers)
                          • Hooker's orchid [ENG31-12087530-n] (a long-spurred orchid with base leaves and petals converging under the upper sepal)
                          • ragged orchid [ENG31-12087694-n] (fringed orchid of the eastern United States having a greenish flower with the lip deeply lacerated)
                          • prairie orchid [ENG31-12087934-n] (orchid of boggy or wet lands of north central United States having racemes of very fragrant creamy or greenish white flowers)
                          • snowy orchid [ENG31-12088173-n] (slender fringed orchid of eastern North America having white flowers)
                          • purple fringeless orchid [ENG31-12088639-n] (orchid of northeastern and alpine eastern North America closely related to the purple fringed orchids but having rosy-purple or violet flowers with denticulate leaf divisions)
                          • purple-fringed orchid [ENG31-12088933-n] (North American orchid with clusters of fragrant purple fringed flowers)
                        • frog orchid [ENG31-12086150-n] (any of several green orchids of the genus Habenaria)
                        • rein orchid [ENG31-12086278-n] (any of several American wildflowers with a kidney-shaped lip)

                          • bog rein orchid [ENG31-12086519-n] (orchid with spikes of many fragrant white flowers on erect leafy stems)
                          • elegant Habenaria [ENG31-12086952-n] (slender inland rein orchid similar to coastal rein orchid but with pale greenish-yellow flowers)
                          • coastal rein orchid [ENG31-12087322-n] (stout orchid of central California to northern Washington having racemes of white fragrant bilaterally symmetrical flowers)
                          • round-leaved rein orchid [ENG31-12088318-n] (orchid having a raceme of large greenish-white flowers on a single flower stalk growing between two elliptic or round basal leaves lying on the ground)
                          • Alaska rein orchid [ENG31-12089116-n] (similar to coastal rein orchid but with smaller flowers)
                        • crested coral root [ENG31-12089510-n] (orchid with yellowish-brown flowers with dark veins)
                        • Texas purple spike [ENG31-12089718-n] (orchid with slender nearly leafless reddish-brown stems with loose racemes of reddish-brown flowers)
                        • lizard orchid [ENG31-12090180-n] (an orchid of the genus Himantoglossum)
                        • laelia [ENG31-12090517-n] (any of various spectacular plants of the genus Laelia having showy flowers in many colors)
                        • liparis [ENG31-12090882-n] (an orchid of the genus Liparis having few leaves and usually fairly small yellow-green or dull purple flowers in terminal racemes)
                        • twayblade [ENG31-12091084-n] (an orchid of the genus Liparis having a pair of leaves)
                        • fen orchid [ENG31-12091213-n] (small terrestrial orchid of eastern North America and Europe having two nearly basal leaves and dull yellow-green racemose flowers)
                        • broad-leaved twayblade [ENG31-12091760-n] (small orchid with two elliptic leaves and a slender raceme of small green flowers)
                        • lesser twayblade [ENG31-12091978-n] (orchid having two triangular leaves and a short lax raceme of green to rust-colored flowers with the lip flushed mauve)
                        • twayblade [ENG31-12092245-n] (orchid having a pair of ovate leaves and a long slender raceme of green flowers sometimes tinged red-brown)
                        • green adder's mouth [ENG31-12092711-n] (North American orchid having a solitary leaf and flowers with threadlike petals)
                        • masdevallia [ENG31-12093223-n] (any of numerous orchids of the genus Masdevallia)
                        • maxillaria [ENG31-12093718-n] (any of numerous orchids of the genus Maxillaria often cultivated for their large brilliantly colored solitary flowers)
                        • pansy orchid [ENG31-12094055-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Miltonia having solitary or loosely racemose showy broadly spreading flowers)
                        • odontoglossum [ENG31-12094492-n] (any of numerous and diverse orchids of the genus Odontoglossum having racemes of few to many showy usually large flowers in many colors)
                        • oncidium [ENG31-12094909-n] (any orchid of the genus Oncidium: characterized by slender branching sprays of small yellow and brown flowers)
                        • bee orchid [ENG31-12095368-n] (European orchid whose flowers resemble bumble bees in shape and color)
                        • fly orchid [ENG31-12095511-n] (European orchid whose flowers resemble flies)
                        • spider orchid [ENG31-12095652-n] (any of several European orchids of the genus Ophrys)

                          • early spider orchid [ENG31-12095800-n] (spring-blooming spider orchid having a flower with yellow or green or pink sepals and a broad brown velvety lip)
                        • Venus' slipper [ENG31-12096331-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Paphiopedilum having slender flower stalks bearing 1 to several waxy flowers with pouchlike lips)
                        • phaius [ENG31-12096724-n] (an orchid of the genus Phaius having large plicate leaves and racemes of showy flowers)
                        • moth orchid [ENG31-12097078-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis having often drooping glossy broad obovate or oval leaves usually dark green flushed purple or mottled grey and silver)

                          • butterfly plant [ENG31-12097353-n] (orchid having large elliptic to obovate fleshy leaves and fragrant pink-and-white flowers dotted with red)
                        • rattlesnake orchid [ENG31-12097745-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Pholidota having numerous white to brown flowers in spiraling racemes clothed in slightly inflated bracts and resembling a rattlesnake's tail)
                        • lesser butterfly orchid [ENG31-12098445-n] (south European orchid having fragrant greenish-white flowers)
                        • greater butterfly orchid [ENG31-12098673-n] (south European orchid with dark green flowers that are larger and less fragrant than Platanthera bifolia)
                        • prairie white-fringed orchid [ENG31-12098952-n] (of central North America)
                        • tangle orchid [ENG31-12099248-n] (an orchid of the genus Plectorrhiza having tangled roots and long wiry stems bearing lax racemes of small fragrant green flowers)
                        • Indian crocus [ENG31-12099621-n] (any of several dwarf orchids of the genus Pleione bearing one or two solitary white or pink to magenta or occasionally yellow flowers with slender stalks)
                        • pleurothallis [ENG31-12100024-n] (any of numerous small tufted orchids of the genus Pleurothallis having leathery to fleshy leaves and racemes of 1 to many small flowers)
                        • pogonia [ENG31-12100464-n] (any hardy bog orchid of the genus Pogonia: terrestrial orchids having slender rootstocks and erect stems bearing one or a few leaves and a solitary terminal flower)
                        • butterfly orchid [ENG31-12100896-n] (any orchid of the genus Psychopsis: spectacular large tiger-striped orchids)

                          • Psychopsis krameriana [ENG31-12101089-n] (orchid of South and Central America having flowers similar to but smaller than Psychopsis papilio)
                          • Psychopsis papilio [ENG31-12101321-n] (orchid of South America and Trinidad having large yellow and reddish-brown flowers)
                        • helmet orchid [ENG31-12101716-n] (any of numerous orchids of the genus Pterostylis having leaves in a basal rosette and green flowers often striped purple or brown or red with the dorsal sepal incurved to form a hood)
                        • foxtail orchid [ENG31-12102150-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Rhyncostylis having pink- to purple-marked white flowers in a dense cylindrical raceme)
                        • orange-blossom orchid [ENG31-12102632-n] (diminutive Australian orchid with loose racemes of fragrant white flowers with purple and orange markings on the lip)
                        • sobralia [ENG31-12103614-n] (any of various showy orchids of the genus Sobralia having leafy stems and bright-colored solitary or racemose flowers similar to those of genus Cattleya)
                        • ladies' tresses [ENG31-12104092-n] (an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having slender often twisted spikes of white flowers)

                          • screw augur [ENG31-12104348-n] (an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having tall erect densely flowered spiraling clusters of creamy white vanilla-scented flowers)
                          • hooded ladies' tresses [ENG31-12104659-n] (orchid having dense clusters of gently spiraling creamy white flowers with 2 upper petals forming a hood)
                          • western ladies' tresses [ENG31-12104901-n] (similar to Spiranthes romanzoffiana)
                          • European ladies' tresses [ENG31-12105072-n] (European orchid having shorter racemes of strongly spiraling snow-white flowers)
                        • stanhopea [ENG31-12105407-n] (any of various orchids of the genus Stanhopea having a single large leaf and loose racemes of large fragrant flowers of various colors)
                        • stelis [ENG31-12105784-n] (any of various small tropical American orchids of the genus Stelis having long slender racemes of numerous small to minute flowers)
                        • fly orchid [ENG31-12106181-n] (any of several dwarf creeping orchids with small bizarre insect-like hairy flowers on slender stalks)
                        • vanda [ENG31-12106529-n] (any of numerous showy orchids of the genus Vanda having many large flowers in loose racemes)

                          • blue orchid [ENG31-12106709-n] (famous orchid of northern India having large pale to deep lilac-blue flowers)
                        • vanilla [ENG31-12107056-n] (any of numerous climbing plants of the genus Vanilla having fleshy leaves and clusters of large waxy highly fragrant white or green or topaz flowers)

                          • vanilla orchid [ENG31-12107295-n] (a climbing orchid bearing a podlike fruit yielding vanilla beans)
                      • cyclamen [ENG31-12113846-n] (Mediterranean plant widely cultivated as a houseplant for its showy dark green leaves splotched with silver and nodding white or pink to reddish flowers with reflexed petals)
                      • sowbread [ENG31-12114117-n] (common wild European cyclamen with pink flowers)
                      • shortia [ENG31-12272685-n] (any plant of the genus Shortia)

                        • oconee bells [ENG31-12272900-n] (plant of southeastern United States having solitary white funnel-shaped flowers flushed with pink and large glossy green leaves that turn bronze-red in fall)
                      • centaury [ENG31-12311265-n] (any of various plants of the genus Centaurium)

                        • rosita [ENG31-12311492-n] (erect plant with small clusters of pink trumpet-shaped flowers of southwestern United States)
                        • lesser centaury [ENG31-12311660-n] (common European glabrous annual centaury with flowers in dense cymes)
                        • tufted centaury [ENG31-12311809-n] (tufted perennial of western Europe and Azores having bright pink to white flowers)
                        • seaside centaury [ENG31-12311976-n] (a variety of centaury found at the seaside)
                        • broad leaved centaury [ENG31-12312081-n] (a variety of centaury with broad leaves)
                        • slender centaury [ENG31-12312188-n] (a slender variety of centaury)
                      • gentian [ENG31-12314240-n] (any of various plants of the family Gentianaceae especially the genera Gentiana and Gentianella and Gentianopsis)

                        • gentianella [ENG31-12314641-n] (low-growing alpine plant cultivated for its dark glossy green leaves in basal rosettes and showy solitary bell-shaped blue flowers)
                        • closed gentian [ENG31-12314848-n] (gentian of eastern North America having tubular blue or white flowers that open little if at all)
                        • explorer's gentian [ENG31-12315059-n] (tufted sometimes sprawling perennial with blue flowers spotted with green)
                        • closed gentian [ENG31-12315240-n] (similar to Gentiana andrewsii but with larger flowers)
                        • great yellow gentian [ENG31-12315388-n] (robust European perennial having clusters of yellow flowers)
                        • marsh gentian [ENG31-12315550-n] (perennial Eurasian gentian with sky-blue funnel-shaped flowers of damp open heaths)
                        • soapwort gentian [ENG31-12315754-n] (erect perennial of wet woodlands of North America having leaves and flower buds resembling those of soapwort)
                        • striped gentian [ENG31-12315946-n] (a perennial marsh gentian of eastern North America)
                        • agueweed [ENG31-12316313-n] (gentian of eastern North America having clusters of bristly blue flowers)
                        • felwort [ENG31-12316562-n] (gentian of Europe and China having creamy white flowers with fringed corollas)
                        • fringed gentian [ENG31-12316949-n] (any of various herbs of the genus Gentianopsis having the margins of the corolla lobes fringed)

                          • Gentianopsis crinita [ENG31-12317252-n] (tall widely distributed fringed gentian of eastern North America having violet-blue or white fringed flowers)
                          • Gentianopsis detonsa [ENG31-12317446-n] (medium-tall fringed gentian with pale-blue to blue-purple flowers)
                          • Gentianopsid procera [ENG31-12317627-n] (small blue-flowered fringed gentian of east central North America)
                          • Gentianopsis thermalis [ENG31-12317797-n] (small blue-flowered fringed gentian of western United States (Rocky Mountains) especially around hot springs in Yellowstone National Park)
                          • tufted gentian [ENG31-12318024-n] (small blue-flowered fringed gentian of Sierra Nevada mountains)
                        • spurred gentian [ENG31-12318363-n] (any of various plants of the genus Halenia having flowers with spurred lobes)
                      • begonia [ENG31-12380625-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Begonia grown for their attractive glossy asymmetrical leaves and colorful flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes)

                        • fibrous-rooted begonia [ENG31-12381051-n] (any of numerous begonias having fibrous rather than tuberous or rhizomatous roots)
                        • tuberous begonia [ENG31-12381201-n] (any of numerous begonias having large tuberous roots)

                          • hybrid tuberous begonia [ENG31-12383185-n] (any of numerous hybrid begonias having tuberous roots and variously colored flowers)
                        • rhizomatous begonia [ENG31-12381334-n] (any of numerous begonias having prominent shaggy creeping stems or rhizomes)
                        • Christmas begonia [ENG31-12381475-n] (hybrid winter-blooming begonia grown for its many large pink flowers)
                        • angel-wing begonia [ENG31-12381652-n] (South American fibrous-rooted begonias having prominent basal leaf lobes suggesting angels' wings and racemes of coral-red flowers)
                        • grape-leaf begonia [ENG31-12381867-n] (tuberous or semi-tuberous South African begonia having shallowly lobed ovate leaves and small white flowers)
                        • beefsteak begonia [ENG31-12382077-n] (rhizomatous begonia with roundish fleshy leaves reddish colored beneath)
                        • star begonia [ENG31-12382271-n] (rhizomatous begonia having leaves with pointed lobes suggestive of stars and pink flowers)
                        • rex begonia [ENG31-12382463-n] (any of numerous usually rhizomatous hybrid begonias derived from an East Indian plant having rough-textured leaves patterned in silver and bronze and purple and red-brown with inconspicuous flowers)
                        • wax begonia [ENG31-12382791-n] (hybrid fibrous-rooted begonia having broad-ovate green to bronze-red leaves and small clusters of white or pink or red flowers)
                        • Socotra begonia [ENG31-12383031-n] (semi-tuberous begonia having peltate leaves and rose-pink flowers)
                      • wandflower [ENG31-12439012-n] (a showy often-cultivated plant with tawny yellow often purple-spotted flowers)
                      • coral drops [ENG31-12464241-n] (half-hardy Mexican herb cultivated for its drooping terminal umbels of showy red-and-white flowers)
                      • Christmas bells [ENG31-12464600-n] (any of several plants of the genus Blandfordia having large orange or crimson flowers)
                      • bellwort [ENG31-12495540-n] (any of various plants of the genus Uvularia having yellowish drooping bell-shaped flowers)

                        • strawflower [ENG31-12495747-n] (plant of southern and southeastern United States grown for its yellow flowers that can be dried)
                      • tuberose [ENG31-12500961-n] (a tuberous Mexican herb having grasslike leaves and cultivated for its spikes of highly fragrant lily-like waxy white flowers)
                      • commelina [ENG31-12627199-n] (any plant of the genus Commelina)
                      • scabious [ENG31-12704168-n] (any of various plants of the genus Scabiosa)

                        • sweet scabious [ENG31-12704332-n] (Old World annual having fragrant purple to deep crimson flower heads)
                        • field scabious [ENG31-12704552-n] (perennial having bluish-lilac flowers)
                      • woodland star [ENG31-12820536-n] (California perennial herb cultivated for its racemose white flowers with widely spreading petals)
                      • achimenes [ENG31-12850982-n] (any plant of the genus Achimenes having showy bell-shaped flowers that resemble gloxinias)
                      • lace-flower vine [ENG31-12851901-n] (low-growing creeping perennial of Central America having deeply fringed white flowers)
                      • African violet [ENG31-12853909-n] (tropical African plant cultivated as a houseplant for its violet or white or pink flowers)
                      • streptocarpus [ENG31-12854745-n] (any of various plants of the genus Streptocarpus having leaves in a basal rosette and flowers like primroses)

                        • Cape primrose [ENG31-12854950-n] (any of various African plants of the genus Streptocarpus widely cultivated especially as houseplants for their showy blue or purple flowers)
                      • scorpionweed [ENG31-12857622-n] (any plant of the genus Phacelia)

                        • California bluebell [ENG31-12857812-n] (annual of southern California with intricately branched stems and lax cymes of aromatic deep blue bell-shaped flowers)
                        • California bluebell [ENG31-12858019-n] (desert plant of southern California with blue or violet tubular flowers in terminal racemes)
                        • fiddleneck [ENG31-12858226-n] (hairy annual of California to Mexico with crowded cymes of small blue to lilac or mauve flowers)
                      • snapdragon [ENG31-12898004-n] (a garden plant of the genus Antirrhinum having showy white or yellow or crimson flowers resembling the face of a dragon)

                        • white snapdragon [ENG31-12898253-n] (California plant with slender racemes of white flowers)
                        • yellow twining snapdragon [ENG31-12898397-n] (southwestern United States plant with yellow flowers on stems that twist and twine through other vegetation)
                        • Mediterranean snapdragon [ENG31-12898598-n] (perennial native to the Mediterranean but widely cultivated for its purple or pink flowers)
                      • calceolaria [ENG31-12900287-n] (any garden plant of the genus Calceolaria having flowers with large inflated slipper-shaped lower lip)
                      • gerardia [ENG31-12904388-n] (any plant of the genus Gerardia)
                      • toadflax [ENG31-12905020-n] (common European perennial having showy yellow and orange flowers)

                        • blue toadflax [ENG31-12904860-n] (North American plant having racemes of blue-violet flowers)
                      • veronica [ENG31-12911025-n] (any plant of the genus Veronica)

                        • field speedwell [ENG31-12911250-n] (European plant with minute axillary blue flowers on long stalks)
                        • corn speedwell [ENG31-12911688-n] (erect or procumbent blue-flowered annual found in waste places of Europe and America)
                        • germander speedwell [ENG31-12912065-n] (Old World plant with axillary racemes of blue-and-white flowers)
                        • common speedwell [ENG31-12912403-n] (common hairy European perennial with pale blue or lilac flowers in axillary racemes)
                        • purslane speedwell [ENG31-12912584-n] (North American annual with small white flowers widely naturalized as a weed in South America and Europe)
                        • thyme-leaved speedwell [ENG31-12912773-n] (perennial decumbent herb having small opposite leaves and racemes of blue flowers)
                      • bush violet [ENG31-12919534-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Browallia cultivated for their blue or violet or white flowers)
                      • petunia [ENG31-12930181-n] (any of numerous tropical herbs having fluted funnel-shaped flowers)

                        • large white petunia [ENG31-12930374-n] (annual herb having large nocturnally fragrant white flowers)
                        • violet-flowered petunia [ENG31-12930519-n] (herb or small shrublet having solitary violet to rose-red flowers)
                        • hybrid petunia [ENG31-12930677-n] (hybrids of Petunia axillaris and Petunia integrifolia: a complex group of petunias having single or double flowers in colors from white to purple)
                      • butterfly flower [ENG31-12933904-n] (any plant of the genus Schizanthus having finely divided leaves and showy variegated flowers)
                      • verbena [ENG31-12935683-n] (any of numerous tropical or subtropical American plants of the genus Verbena grown for their showy spikes of variously colored flowers)
                      • valerian [ENG31-12970886-n] (a plant of the genus Valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or pink flowers)

                        • common valerian [ENG31-12971074-n] (tall rhizomatous plant having very fragrant flowers and rhizomes used medicinally)
                      • red valerian [ENG31-12971906-n] (European herb with small fragrant crimson or white spurred flowers)
                    • madderwort [ENG31-12681362-n] (any of numerous trees or shrubs or vines of the family Rubiaceae)

                      • Indian madder [ENG31-12681806-n] (perennial East Indian creeping or climbing herb used for dye in the orient)
                      • madder [ENG31-12681988-n] (Eurasian herb having small yellow flowers and red roots formerly an important source of the dye alizarin)
                • herb [ENG31-12226211-n] (a plant lacking a permanent woody stem)

                  • barrenwort [ENG31-11719540-n] (slow-growing creeping plant with semi-evergreen leaves on erect wiry stems)
                  • mayapple [ENG31-11720527-n] (North American herb with poisonous root stock and edible though insipid fruit)
                  • buttercup [ENG31-11740822-n] (any of various plants of the genus Ranunculus)

                    • meadow buttercup [ENG31-11741112-n] (perennial European buttercup with yellow spring flowers widely naturalized especially in eastern North America)
                    • common buttercup [ENG31-11741593-n] (perennial Old World buttercup with golden to sulphur yellow flowers in late spring to early summer)
                    • mountain lily [ENG31-11742668-n] (showy white-flowered perennial of New Zealand)
                    • western buttercup [ENG31-11742811-n] (perennial of western North America)
                    • creeping buttercup [ENG31-11742935-n] (perennial European herb with long creeping stolons)
                    • cursed crowfoot [ENG31-11743090-n] (annual herb growing in marshy places)
                  • goldthread [ENG31-11752521-n] (low-growing perennial of North America woodlands having trifoliate leaves and yellow rootstock and white flowers)
                  • winter aconite [ENG31-11754017-n] (small Old World perennial herb grown for its bright yellow flowers which appear in early spring often before snow is gone)
                  • hepatica [ENG31-11755522-n] (any of several plants of the genus Hepatica having three-lobed leaves and white or pinkish flowers in early spring)
                  • goldenseal [ENG31-11756039-n] (perennial herb of northeastern United States having a thick knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves)
                  • false rue anemone [ENG31-11756446-n] (slender erect perennial of eastern North America having tuberous roots and pink-tinged white flowers)
                  • giant buttercup [ENG31-11756831-n] (spectacular perennial native of wet montane grasslands of Peru)
                  • false bugbane [ENG31-11759466-n] (tall perennial of the eastern United States having large basal leaves and white summer flowers)
                  • globeflower [ENG31-11759834-n] (any of several plants of the genus Trollius having globose yellow flowers)
                  • legume [ENG31-11767937-n] (an erect or climbing bean or pea plant of the family Leguminosae)

                    • peanut [ENG31-11768970-n] (widely cultivated American plant cultivated in tropical and warm regions)
                    • chickpea [ENG31-12536216-n] (Asiatic herb cultivated for its short pods with one or two edible seeds)
                    • guar [ENG31-12540911-n] (drought-tolerant herb grown for forage and for its seed which yield a gum used as a thickening agent or sizing material)
                    • soy [ENG31-12552673-n] (erect bushy hairy annual herb having trifoliate leaves and purple to pink flowers)
                    • wild pea [ENG31-12559811-n] (any of various plants of the family Leguminosae that usually grow like vines)

                      • singletary pea [ENG31-12560069-n] (a weak-stemmed winter annual native to Mediterranean region for long established in southern United States)
                      • beach pea [ENG31-12560755-n] (wild pea of seashores of north temperate zone having tough roots and purple flowers and useful as a sand binder)
                      • marsh pea [ENG31-12561471-n] (scrambling perennial of damp or marshy areas of Eurasia and North America with purplish flowers)
                      • common vetchling [ENG31-12561662-n] (scrambling perennial Eurasian wild pea having yellowish flowers and compressed seed pods)
                      • pride of California [ENG31-12562111-n] (shrubby California perennial having large pink or violet flowers)
                      • Tangier pea [ENG31-12562548-n] (North African annual resembling the sweet pea having showy but odorless flowers)
                    • lentil [ENG31-12564745-n] (widely cultivated Eurasian annual herb grown for its edible flattened seeds that are cooked like peas and also ground into meal and for its leafy stalks that are used as fodder)
                    • horse gram [ENG31-12568377-n] (twining herb of Old World tropics cultivated in India for food and fodder)
                    • locoweed [ENG31-12575031-n] (any of several leguminous plants of western North America causing locoism in livestock)

                      • purple locoweed [ENG31-12575234-n] (tufted locoweed of southwestern United States having purple or pink to white flowers)
                    • bean [ENG31-12576812-n] (any of various leguminous plants grown for their edible seeds and pods)

                      • bush bean [ENG31-12577038-n] (a bean plant whose bushy growth needs no supports)

                        • common bean [ENG31-12577298-n] (the common annual twining or bushy bean plant grown for its edible seeds or pods)

                          • kidney bean [ENG31-12577569-n] (the common bean plant grown for the beans rather than the pods (especially a variety with large red kidney-shaped beans))
                          • green bean [ENG31-12577785-n] (a common bean plant cultivated for its slender green edible pods)

                            • haricot [ENG31-12577943-n] (a French variety of green bean plant bearing light-colored beans)
                          • wax bean [ENG31-12578061-n] (a common bean plant grown for its edible golden pod)
                      • pole bean [ENG31-12577161-n] (a climbing bean plant that will climb a wall or tree or trellis)

                        • scarlet runner [ENG31-12578186-n] (tropical American bean with red flowers and mottled black beans similar to Phaseolus vulgaris but perennial)
                      • shell bean [ENG31-12578500-n] (a bean plant grown primarily for its edible seed rather than its pod)

                        • lima bean [ENG31-12578735-n] (bush or tall-growing bean plant having large flat edible seeds)
                        • sieva bean [ENG31-12578930-n] (bush bean plant cultivated especially in southern United States having small flat edible seeds)
                        • tepary bean [ENG31-12579185-n] (twining plant of southwestern United States and Mexico having roundish white or yellow or brown or black beans)
                        • broad bean [ENG31-12596534-n] (Old World upright plant grown especially for its large flat edible seeds but also as fodder)
                    • pea [ENG31-12580521-n] (a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum with small white flowers and long green pods containing edible green seeds)

                      • garden pea [ENG31-12580925-n] (plant producing peas usually eaten fresh rather than dried)
                      • edible-pod pea [ENG31-12581280-n] (a variety of pea plant producing peas having soft thick edible pods lacking the fibrous inner lining of the common pea)

                        • snow pea [ENG31-12581543-n] (variety of pea plant producing peas having thin flat edible pods)
                        • sugar snap pea [ENG31-12581674-n] (variety of pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods)
                      • field pea [ENG31-12581814-n] (variety of pea plant native to the Mediterranean region and North Africa and widely grown especially for forage)
                    • sesbania [ENG31-12589931-n] (any of various plants of the genus Sesbania having pinnate leaves and large showy pea-like flowers)

                      • Colorado River hemp [ENG31-12590121-n] (tall-growing annual of southwestern United States widely grown as green manure)
                    • vetch [ENG31-12595827-n] (any of various climbing plants of the genus Vicia having pinnately compound leaves that terminate in tendrils and small variously colored flowers)

                      • tare [ENG31-12596184-n] (any of several weedy vetches grown for forage)

                        • hairy vetch [ENG31-12597343-n] (European vetch much cultivated as forage and cover crops)
                      • tufted vetch [ENG31-12596317-n] (common perennial climber of temperate regions of Eurasia and North America having dense elongate clusters of flowers)
                      • bitter betch [ENG31-12596956-n] (European perennial toxic vetch)
                      • spring vetch [ENG31-12597060-n] (herbaceous climbing plant valuable as fodder and for soil-building)
                      • bush vetch [ENG31-12597200-n] (European purple-flowered with slender stems)
                    • moth bean [ENG31-12597867-n] (East Indian legume having hairy foliage and small yellow flowers followed by cylindrical pods)
                    • adzuki bean [ENG31-12598191-n] (bushy annual widely grown in China and Japan for the flour made from its seeds)
                    • snailflower [ENG31-12598400-n] (perennial tropical American vine cultivated for its racemes of showy yellow and purple flowers having the corolla keel coiled like a snail shell)
                    • mung [ENG31-12598760-n] (erect bushy annual widely cultivated in warm regions of India and Indonesia and United States for forage and especially its edible seeds)
                    • cowpea [ENG31-12599374-n] (sprawling Old World annual cultivated especially in southern United States for food and forage and green manure)
                    • asparagus bean [ENG31-12599786-n] (South American bean having very long succulent pods)
                  • clover [ENG31-11773047-n] (a plant of the genus Trifolium)

                    • alpine clover [ENG31-11773267-n] (European mountain clover with fragrant usually pink flowers)
                    • hop clover [ENG31-11773406-n] (clover native to Ireland with yellowish flowers)
                    • crimson clover [ENG31-11773612-n] (southern European annual with spiky heads of crimson flower)
                    • red clover [ENG31-11773824-n] (erect to decumbent short-lived perennial having red-purple to pink flowers)
                    • buffalo clover [ENG31-11774031-n] (clover of western United States)
                    • white clover [ENG31-11774169-n] (creeping European clover having white to pink flowers and bright green leaves)
                  • periwinkle [ENG31-11792877-n] (commonly cultivated Old World woody herb having large pinkish to red flowers)
                  • arum [ENG31-11799769-n] (any plant of the family Araceae)

                    • cuckoopint [ENG31-11800617-n] (common European arum with lanceolate spathe and short purple spadix)
                    • black calla [ENG31-11800893-n] (ornamental plant of Middle East cultivated for its dark purple spathe)
                    • alocasia [ENG31-11802505-n] (any plant of the genus Alocasia having large showy basal leaves and boat-shaped spathe and reddish berries)

                      • giant taro [ENG31-11802735-n] (large evergreen with extremely large erect or spreading leaves)
                    • amorphophallus [ENG31-11803230-n] (any plant of the genus Amorphophallus)
                    • pungapung [ENG31-11803347-n] (putrid-smelling aroid of southeastern Asia (especially the Philippines) grown for its edible tuber)
                    • devil's tongue [ENG31-11803631-n] (foul-smelling somewhat fleshy tropical plant of southeastern Asia cultivated for its edible corms or in the greenhouse for its large leaves and showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix)
                    • krubi [ENG31-11803957-n] (malodorous tropical plant having a spathe that resembles the corolla of a morning glory and attains a diameter of several feet)
                    • jack-in-the-pulpit [ENG31-11804966-n] (common American spring-flowering woodland herb having sheathing leaves and an upright club-shaped spadix with overarching green and purple spathe producing scarlet berries)
                    • green dragon [ENG31-11805294-n] (early spring-flowering plant of eastern North America resembling the related jack-in-the-pulpit but having digitate leaves, slender greenish yellow spathe and elongated spadix)
                    • friar's-cowl [ENG31-11805745-n] (tuberous perennial having a cowl-shaped maroon or violet-black spathe)
                    • caladium [ENG31-11806137-n] (any plant of the genus Caladium cultivated for their ornamental foliage variously patterned in white or pink or red)

                      • Caladium bicolor [ENG31-11806344-n] (most popular caladium)
                    • taro [ENG31-11807008-n] (herb of the Pacific islands grown throughout the tropics for its edible root and in temperate areas as an ornamental for its large glossy leaves)
                    • dumb cane [ENG31-11808094-n] (an evergreen plant with large showy dark green leaves)
                    • dracontium [ENG31-11808508-n] (any plant of the genus Dracontium)
                    • dragon arum [ENG31-11808851-n] (European arum resembling the cuckoopint)
                    • nephthytis [ENG31-11810431-n] (any plant of the genus Nephthytis)

                      • Nephthytis afzelii [ENG31-11810558-n] (tropical rhizomatous plant cultivated as an ornamental for its large sagittate leaves)
                    • yautia [ENG31-11813872-n] (tropical American aroid having edible tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes)
                  • ginseng [ENG31-11820201-n] (Chinese herb with palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers and forked aromatic roots believed to have medicinal powers)
                  • American ginseng [ENG31-11820489-n] (North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng)
                  • wild ginger [ENG31-11822681-n] (low-growing perennial herb with pungent gingery leaves and rhizomes)

                    • Canada ginger [ENG31-11822879-n] (deciduous low-growing perennial of Canada and eastern and central United States)
                    • heartleaf [ENG31-11823055-n] (evergreen low-growing perennial having mottled green and silvery-grey heart-shaped pungent leaves)
                    • asarabacca [ENG31-11823464-n] (thick creeping evergreen herb of western Europe)
                  • heartleaf [ENG31-11823269-n] (wild ginger having persistent heart-shaped pungent leaves)
                  • caryophyllaceous plant [ENG31-11825724-n] (a plant of the family Caryophyllaceae)
                  • mouse-ear chickweed [ENG31-11827577-n] (any of various plants related to the common chickweed)

                    • field chickweed [ENG31-11827836-n] (densely tufted perennial chickweed of north temperate zone)
                    • snow-in-summer [ENG31-11827994-n] (chickweed with hairy silver-grey leaves and rather large white flowers)
                    • Alpine mouse-ear [ENG31-11828165-n] (widespread in the Arctic and on mountains in Europe)
                  • drypis [ENG31-11830499-n] (spiny-leaved perennial herb of southern Europe having terminal clusters of small flowers)
                  • coral necklace [ENG31-11831528-n] (glabrous annual with slender taproot and clusters of white flowers)
                  • chickweed [ENG31-11838383-n] (any of various plants of the genus Stellaria)

                    • common chickweed [ENG31-11838538-n] (a common low-growing annual garden weed with small white flowers)
                    • stitchwort [ENG31-11838740-n] (low-growing north temperate herb having small white star-shaped flowers)
                  • New Zealand spinach [ENG31-11842769-n] (coarse sprawling Australasian plant with red or yellow flowers)
                  • amaranth [ENG31-11843512-n] (any of various plants of the genus Amaranthus having dense plumes of green or red flowers)

                    • tumbleweed [ENG31-11843905-n] (bushy plant of western United States)
                    • love-lies-bleeding [ENG31-11844041-n] (young leaves widely used as leaf vegetables)
                    • prince's-feather [ENG31-11844225-n] (tall showy tropical American annual having hairy stems and long spikes of usually red flowers above leaves deeply flushed with purple)
                    • pigweed [ENG31-11844615-n] (leaves sometimes used as potherbs)
                  • thorny amaranth [ENG31-11844813-n] (erect annual of tropical central Asia and Africa having a pair of divergent spines at most leaf nodes)
                  • red fox [ENG31-11845680-n] (weedy annual with spikes of silver-white flowers)
                  • cockscomb [ENG31-11845820-n] (garden annual with featherlike spikes of red or yellow flowers)
                  • cottonweed [ENG31-11846218-n] (any of various plants of the genus Froelichia found in sandy soils and on rocky slopes in warmer regions of America)
                  • goosefoot [ENG31-11848716-n] (any of various weeds of the genus Chenopodium having small greenish flowers)

                    • lamb's-quarters [ENG31-11849046-n] (common weedy European plant introduced into North America)
                    • American wormseed [ENG31-11849273-n] (rank-smelling tropical American pigweed)
                    • good-king-henry [ENG31-11849442-n] (European plant naturalized in North America)
                    • Jerusalem oak [ENG31-11849674-n] (Eurasian aromatic oak-leaved goosefoot with many yellow-green flowers)
                    • strawberry blite [ENG31-11849904-n] (European annual with clusters of greenish flowers followed by red pulpy berrylike fruit)
                    • oak-leaved goosefoot [ENG31-11850141-n] (annual European plant with spikes of greenish flowers and leaves that are white and hairy on the underside)
                    • sowbane [ENG31-11850391-n] (herb considered fatal to swine)
                    • nettle-leaved goosefoot [ENG31-11850514-n] (European annual with coarsely dentate leaves)
                    • red goosefoot [ENG31-11850721-n] (common Eurasian weed)
                    • stinking goosefoot [ENG31-11850869-n] (European goosefoot with strong-scented foliage)
                  • orach [ENG31-11851183-n] (any of various herbaceous plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in deserts and salt marshes)

                    • garden orache [ENG31-11851569-n] (Asiatic plant resembling spinach often used as a potherb)
                  • halogeton [ENG31-11854218-n] (a coarse annual herb introduced into North America from Siberia)
                  • barilla [ENG31-11854468-n] (Algerian plant formerly burned to obtain calcium carbonate)
                  • glasswort [ENG31-11854741-n] (fleshy maritime plant having fleshy stems with rudimentary scalelike leaves and small spikes of minute flowers)
                  • pokeweed [ENG31-11875743-n] (perennial of the genus Phytolacca)

                    • Indian poke [ENG31-11875904-n] (pokeweed of southeastern Asia and China)
                    • poke [ENG31-11876022-n] (tall coarse perennial American herb having small white flowers followed by blackish-red berries on long drooping racemes)
                    • ombu [ENG31-11876311-n] (fast-growing herbaceous evergreen tree of South America having a broad trunk with high water content and dark green oval leaves)
                  • purslane [ENG31-11877789-n] (a plant of the family Portulacaceae having fleshy succulent obovate leaves often grown as a potherb or salad herb)

                    • common purslane [ENG31-11878546-n] (weedy trailing mat-forming herb with bright yellow flowers cultivated for its edible mildly acid leaves eaten raw or cooked especially in Indian and Greek and Middle Eastern cuisine)
                  • rock purslane [ENG31-11879172-n] (a plant of the genus Calandrinia)
                  • Indian lettuce [ENG31-11881490-n] (a plant of the genus Montia having edible pleasant-tasting leaves)

                    • broad-leaved montia [ENG31-11881707-n] (succulent plant with mostly basal leaves)
                    • blinks [ENG31-11881956-n] (small Indian lettuce of northern regions)
                    • toad lily [ENG31-11882110-n] (a floating or creeping Indian lettuce having terminal racemes of pale rose flowers)
                    • winter purslane [ENG31-11882322-n] (succulent herb sometimes grown as a salad or pot herb)
                  • spiderflower [ENG31-11886717-n] (any of various often strong-smelling plants of the genus Cleome having showy spider-shaped flowers)

                    • spider flower [ENG31-11886938-n] (native to South America but naturalized in warm parts of United States)
                    • Rocky Mountain bee plant [ENG31-11887175-n] (plant of western North America having trifoliate leaves and white or pink spider-shaped flowers)
                  • clammyweed [ENG31-11887780-n] (strong-scented herb common in southern United States covered with intermixed gland and hairs)
                  • crucifer [ENG31-11889283-n] (any of various plants of the family Cruciferae)

                    • cress [ENG31-11889820-n] (any of various plants of the family Cruciferae with edible leaves that have a pungent taste)

                      • watercress [ENG31-11890158-n] (any of several water-loving cresses)

                        • American watercress [ENG31-11903105-n] (mat-forming perennial found in cold springs of the eastern United States)
                        • common watercress [ENG31-11913600-n] (perennial Eurasian cress growing chiefly in springs or running water having fleshy pungent leaves used in salads or as a potherb or garnish)
                        • marsh cress [ENG31-11915941-n] (annual or biennial cress growing in damp places sometimes used in salads or as a potherb)
                        • great yellowcress [ENG31-11916183-n] (perennial herb found on streams and riversides throughout Europe except extreme north and Mediterranean)
                      • Arabidopsis thaliana [ENG31-11891965-n] (a small invasive self-pollinating weed with small white flowers)
                      • Arabidopsis lyrata [ENG31-11892217-n] (a small noninvasive cross-pollinating plant with white flowers)
                      • rock cress [ENG31-11892615-n] (any of several rock-loving cresses of the genus Arabis)

                        • sicklepod [ENG31-11892793-n] (North American rock cress having very long curved pods)
                        • tower cress [ENG31-11892942-n] (European cress having stiff erect stems)
                      • tower mustard [ENG31-11893127-n] (or genus Arabis: erect cress widely distributed throughout Europe)
                      • winter cress [ENG31-11894081-n] (any plant of the genus Barbarea: yellow-flowered Eurasian cresses)

                        • Belle Isle cress [ENG31-11894314-n] (of southwestern Europe)
                      • bittercress [ENG31-11902211-n] (any of various herbs of the genus Cardamine, having usually pinnate leaves and racemes of white, pink or purple flowers)

                        • lady's smock [ENG31-11902543-n] (a bitter cress of Europe and America)
                        • coral-root bittercress [ENG31-11902706-n] (European bittercress having a knotted white rootstock)
                        • crinkleroot [ENG31-11902895-n] (North American herb with pungent scaly or toothed roots)
                        • spring cress [ENG31-11903290-n] (small white-flowered cress common in wet places in eastern North America)
                        • purple cress [ENG31-11903441-n] (small perennial herb of cooler regions of North America with racemose purple flowers)
                      • scurvy grass [ENG31-11904414-n] (a widely distributed Arctic cress reputed to have value in treatment or prevention of scurvy)
                      • common garden cress [ENG31-11910976-n] (annual herb used as salad green and garnish)
                    • garlic mustard [ENG31-11890887-n] (European herb that smells like garlic)
                    • alyssum [ENG31-11891216-n] (any garden plant of the genus Alyssum having clusters of small yellow or white flowers)
                    • rose of Jericho [ENG31-11891528-n] (small grey Asiatic desert plant bearing minute white flowers that rolls up when dry and expands when moist)
                    • wild cabbage [ENG31-11895992-n] (wild original of cultivated cabbages)
                    • cabbage [ENG31-11896160-n] (any of various cultivars of the genus Brassica oleracea grown for their edible leaves or flowers)

                      • head cabbage [ENG31-11896407-n] (any of various cultivated cabbage plants having a short thick stalk and large compact head of edible usually green leaves)

                        • savoy cabbage [ENG31-11896673-n] (cabbage plant with a compact head of crinkled leaves)
                        • red cabbage [ENG31-11896785-n] (cabbage plant with a compact head of reddish purple leaves)
                    • brussels sprout [ENG31-11896901-n] (plant grown for its stout stalks of edible small green heads resembling diminutive cabbages)
                    • cauliflower [ENG31-11897103-n] (a plant having a large edible head of crowded white flower buds)
                    • broccoli [ENG31-11897272-n] (plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds)
                    • kale [ENG31-11897445-n] (a hardy cabbage with coarse curly leaves that do not form a head)

                      • collard [ENG31-11897662-n] (variety of kale having smooth leaves)
                    • kohlrabi [ENG31-11897752-n] (plant cultivated for its enlarged fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem)
                    • turnip plant [ENG31-11897942-n] (any of several widely cultivated plants having edible roots)

                      • turnip [ENG31-11898115-n] (widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root)
                      • rutabaga [ENG31-11898329-n] (a cruciferous plant with a thick bulbous edible yellow root)
                    • broccoli raab [ENG31-11898570-n] (plant grown for its pungent edible leafy shoots)
                    • mustard [ENG31-11898752-n] (any of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica)

                      • chinese mustard [ENG31-11899102-n] (Asiatic mustard used as a potherb)
                      • black mustard [ENG31-11899974-n] (widespread Eurasian annual plant cultivated for its pungent seeds)
                      • rape [ENG31-11900191-n] (Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop)
                      • white mustard [ENG31-11916988-n] (Eurasian mustard cultivated for its pungent seeds)
                      • field mustard [ENG31-11917191-n] (weedy Eurasian plant often a pest in grain fields)
                    • Chinese cabbage [ENG31-11899277-n] (plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery)
                    • bok choy [ENG31-11899523-n] (Asiatic plant grown for its cluster of edible white stalks with dark green leaves)
                    • tendergreen [ENG31-11899760-n] (Asiatic plant cultivated for its swollen root crown and edible foliage)
                    • gold of pleasure [ENG31-11901260-n] (annual European false flax having small white flowers)
                    • shepherd's purse [ENG31-11901658-n] (white-flowered annual European herb bearing triangular notched pods)
                    • radish plant [ENG31-11914796-n] (a cruciferous plant of the genus Raphanus having a pungent edible root)

                      • radish [ENG31-11915239-n] (Eurasian plant widely cultivated for its edible pungent root usually eaten raw)
                      • radish [ENG31-11915561-n] (radish of Japan with a long hard durable root eaten raw or cooked)
                    • malheur wire lettuce [ENG31-11918369-n] (a small plant of Oregon resembling mustard)
                  • stonecress [ENG31-11890513-n] (any Old World herb of the genus Aethionema)
                  • horseradish [ENG31-11893442-n] (coarse Eurasian plant cultivated for its thick white pungent root)
                  • hoary alison [ENG31-11894892-n] (tall European annual with downy grey-green foliage and dense heads of small white flowers followed by hairy pods)
                  • sea-rocket [ENG31-11900880-n] (salt-tolerant seashore annual grown for its fragrant rose or violet flowers and fleshy grey-green foliage)
                  • sea kale [ENG31-11904853-n] (perennial of coastal sands and shingles of northern Europe and Baltic and Black Seas having racemes of small white flowers and large fleshy blue-green leaves often used as potherbs)
                  • tansy mustard [ENG31-11905436-n] (North American herb with bitter-tasting pinnate leaves resembling those of tansy)
                  • wall rocket [ENG31-11905761-n] (yellow-flowered European plant that grows on old walls and in waste places)
                  • white rocket [ENG31-11905993-n] (from Mediterranean region)
                  • draba [ENG31-11906325-n] (any of numerous low-growing cushion-forming plants of the genus Draba having rosette-forming leaves and terminal racemes of small flowers with scapose or leafy stems)

                    • whitlow grass [ENG31-11906626-n] (annual weed of Europe and North America having a rosette of basal leaves and tiny flowers followed by oblong seed capsules)
                  • rocket [ENG31-11907006-n] (erect European annual often grown as a salad crop to be harvested when young and tender)
                  • tansy-leaved rocket [ENG31-11909674-n] (perennial stellate and hairy herb with small yellow flowers of mountains of southern Europe)
                  • woad [ENG31-11910491-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Isatis)

                    • dyer's woad [ENG31-11910619-n] (European biennial formerly grown for the blue coloring matter yielded by its leaves)
                  • bladderpod [ENG31-11911353-n] (any of several hairy North American herbs having yellow racemose flowers and inflated pods)
                  • honesty [ENG31-11912010-n] (southeastern European plant cultivated for its fragrant purplish flowers and round flat papery silver-white seedpods that are used for indoor decoration)
                  • bladderpod [ENG31-11914109-n] (any of several plants of the genus Physaria having racemose yellow flowers and inflated pods)
                  • chamois cress [ENG31-11914385-n] (small tufted perennial herb of mountains of central and southern Europe having very small flowers of usually leafless stems)
                  • hedge mustard [ENG31-11917585-n] (stiffly branching Old World annual with pale yellow flowers)
                  • fringepod [ENG31-11919692-n] (annual herb having pinnatifid basal leaves and slender racemes of small white flowers followed by one-seeded winged silicles)
                  • bladderpod [ENG31-11920231-n] (annual or perennial herbs with inflated seed pods)
                  • wasabi [ENG31-11920390-n] (a Japanese plant of the family Cruciferae with a thick green root)
                  • prickly poppy [ENG31-11923178-n] (any plant of the genus Argemone having large white or yellow flowers and prickly leaves and stems and pods)

                    • Mexican poppy [ENG31-11923451-n] (annual herb with prickly stems and large yellow flowers)
                  • bloodroot [ENG31-11928546-n] (perennial woodland native of North America having a red root and red sap and bearing a solitary lobed leaf and white flower in early spring and having acrid emetic properties)
                  • fumitory [ENG31-11929996-n] (delicate European herb with greyish leaves and spikes of purplish flowers)
                  • bleeding heart [ENG31-11930740-n] (garden plant having deep-pink drooping heart-shaped flowers)
                  • Dutchman's breeches [ENG31-11930929-n] (delicate spring-flowering plant of the eastern United States having white flowers with double spurs)
                  • squirrel corn [ENG31-11931135-n] (American plant with cream-colored flowers and tuberous roots resembling kernels of corn)
                  • achillea [ENG31-11936936-n] (any of several plants of the genus Achillea native to Europe and having small white flowers in flat-topped flower heads)

                    • yarrow [ENG31-11937165-n] (ubiquitous strong-scented mat-forming Eurasian herb of wasteland, hedgerow or pasture having narrow serrate leaves and small usually white florets)
                    • sneezeweed yarrow [ENG31-11937434-n] (Eurasian herb having loose heads of button-shaped white flowers and long grey-green leaves that cause sneezing when powdered)
                  • white snakeroot [ENG31-11938304-n] (American herb having flat-topped clusters of small white flower heads)
                  • pellitory [ENG31-11941467-n] (a small Mediterranean plant containing a volatile oil once used to relieve toothache)
                  • andryala [ENG31-11942261-n] (any plant of the genus Andryala having milky sap and heads of bright yellow flowers)
                  • ladies' tobacco [ENG31-11942661-n] (North American perennial propagated by means of runners)
                  • cat's foot [ENG31-11942843-n] (low-growing perennial herb having leaves with whitish down and clusters of small white flowers)

                    • plantain-leaved pussytoes [ENG31-11943130-n] (a variety of pussytoes)
                    • field pussytoes [ENG31-11943224-n] (a variety of pussytoes)
                    • solitary pussytoes [ENG31-11943308-n] (a variety of pussytoes)
                    • mountain everlasting [ENG31-11943395-n] (a variety of cat's foot)
                  • arnica [ENG31-11947302-n] (any of various rhizomatous usually perennial plants of the genus Arnica)
                  • lamb succory [ENG31-11948209-n] (small European herb with small yellow flowers)
                  • ayapana [ENG31-11958161-n] (low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea)
                  • balsamroot [ENG31-11959649-n] (a plant of the genus Balsamorhiza having downy leaves in a basal rosette and yellow flowers and long balsam-scented taproots)
                  • Indian plantain [ENG31-11963602-n] (any of various plants of the genus Cacalia having leaves resembling those of plantain)
                  • safflower [ENG31-11966520-n] (thistlelike Eurasian plant widely grown for its red or orange flower heads and seeds that yield a valuable oil)
                  • chamomile [ENG31-11969871-n] (Eurasian plant with apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally)
                  • chaenactis [ENG31-11970326-n] (any of several United States plants having long stalks of funnel-shaped white or yellow flowers)
                  • chicory [ENG31-11973507-n] (perennial Old World herb having rayed flower heads with blue florets cultivated for its root and its heads of crisp edible leaves used in salads)
                  • endive [ENG31-11973808-n] (widely cultivated herb with leaves valued as salad green)
                  • coreopsis [ENG31-11977319-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Coreopsis having a profusion of showy usually yellow daisylike flowers over long periods)

                    • giant coreopsis [ENG31-11977786-n] (large treelike shrub having feathery leaves and clusters of large yellow flower heads)
                    • sea dahlia [ENG31-11977983-n] (stout herb with flowers one to a stalk)
                    • calliopsis [ENG31-11978147-n] (North American annual widely cultivated for its yellow flowers with purple-red to brownish centers)
                  • leopard's-bane [ENG31-11982340-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Doronicum having alternate often clasping stem leaves cultivated for their long stalks of yellow flower heads)
                  • globe thistle [ENG31-11983136-n] (any of various plants of the genus Echinops having prickly leaves and dense globose heads of bluish flowers)
                  • elephant's-foot [ENG31-11983463-n] (any plant of the genus Elephantopus having heads of blue or purple flowers)
                  • tassel flower [ENG31-11983774-n] (tropical African annual having scarlet tassel-shaped flower heads)
                  • tassel flower [ENG31-11984041-n] (tropical Asiatic annual cultivated for its small tassel-shaped heads of scarlet flowers)
                  • hemp agrimony [ENG31-11988804-n] (coarse European herb with palmately divided leaves and clusters of small reddish-purple flower heads)
                  • dog fennel [ENG31-11988988-n] (weedy plant of southeastern United States having divided leaves and long clusters of greenish flowers)
                  • Joe-Pye weed [ENG31-11989173-n] (North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of small pinkish or purple flower heads)
                  • boneset [ENG31-11989400-n] (perennial herb of southeastern United States having white-rayed flower heads)
                  • Joe-Pye weed [ENG31-11989635-n] (North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of flowers spotted with purple)
                  • gumweed [ENG31-11993810-n] (any of various western American plants of the genus Grindelia having resinous leaves and stems formerly used medicinally)

                    • Grindelia robusta [ENG31-11994103-n] (perennial gumweed of California and Baja California)
                    • curlycup gumweed [ENG31-11994218-n] (perennial gumweed of western and central North America)
                  • vegetable sheep [ENG31-11996127-n] (cushion-forming New Zealand herb having leaves densely covered with tawny hairs)
                  • sneezeweed [ENG31-11997772-n] (any of various plants of the genus Helenium characteristically causing sneezing)

                    • autumn sneezeweed [ENG31-11997981-n] (North American perennial with bright yellow late summer flowers)
                    • orange sneezeweed [ENG31-11998129-n] (stout perennial herb of western United States having flower heads with drooping orange-yellow rays)
                    • rosilla [ENG31-11998356-n] (a sneezeweed of southwestern United States especially southern California)
                  • hawkweed [ENG31-12002584-n] (any of numerous often hairy plants of the genus Hieracium having yellow or orange flowers that resemble the dandelion)

                    • rattlesnake weed [ENG31-12003014-n] (a hawkweed with a rosette of purple-veined basal leaves)
                    • mouse-ear hawkweed [ENG31-12024589-n] (European hawkweed having soft hairy leaves)
                  • alpine coltsfoot [ENG31-12003408-n] (rhizomatous herb with purple-red flowers suitable for groundcover)
                  • inula [ENG31-12005011-n] (any plant of the genus Inula)

                    • elecampane [ENG31-12005128-n] (tall coarse Eurasian herb having daisylike yellow flowers with narrow petals whose rhizomatous roots are used medicinally)
                  • krigia [ENG31-12006208-n] (any small branched yellow-flowered North American herb of the genus Krigia)

                    • dwarf dandelion [ENG31-12006372-n] (small yellow-flowered herb resembling dandelions of central and southeastern United States)
                  • lettuce [ENG31-12006775-n] (any of various plants of the genus Lactuca)

                    • garden lettuce [ENG31-12006980-n] (annual or perennial garden plant having succulent leaves used in salads)
                    • cos lettuce [ENG31-12007198-n] (lettuce with long dark-green spoon-shaped leaves)
                    • head lettuce [ENG31-12007369-n] (distinguished by leaves arranged in a dense rosette that develop into a compact ball)
                    • leaf lettuce [ENG31-12007595-n] (distinguished by leaves having curled or incised leaves forming a loose rosette that does not develop into a compact head)
                    • celtuce [ENG31-12007818-n] (lettuce valued especially for its edible stems)
                  • leopard plant [ENG31-12012635-n] (any of various plants of temperate Eurasia)
                  • tarweed [ENG31-12014619-n] (any of various resinous glandular plants of the genus Madia)

                    • melosa [ENG31-12014996-n] (South American herb with sticky glandular foliage)
                  • sweet false chamomile [ENG31-12015561-n] (annual Eurasian herb similar in fragrance and medicinal uses to chamomile though taste is more bitter and effect is considered inferior)
                  • pineapple weed [ENG31-12015865-n] (annual aromatic weed of Pacific coastal areas (United States and northeastern Asia) having bristle-pointed leaves and rayless yellow flowers)
                  • rattlesnake root [ENG31-12017501-n] (a plant of the genus Nabalus)

                    • white lettuce [ENG31-12017629-n] (herb of northeastern North America having drooping clusters of yellowish-white flowers)
                  • lion's foot [ENG31-12017878-n] (common perennial herb widely distributed in the southern and eastern United States having drooping clusters of pinkish flowers and thick basal leaves suggesting a lion's foot in shape)
                  • butterweed [ENG31-12020660-n] (any of several yellow-flowered plants of the genus Packera)
                  • golden groundsel [ENG31-12020825-n] (weedy herb of the eastern United States to Texas having golden-yellow flowers)
                  • butterbur [ENG31-12022897-n] (small Eurasian herb having broad leaves and lilac-pink rayless flowers)
                  • winter heliotrope [ENG31-12023120-n] (European herb with vanilla-scented white-pink flowers)
                  • sweet coltsfoot [ENG31-12023295-n] (American sweet-scented herb)
                  • hawkweed [ENG31-12024165-n] (any of various plants of the genus Pilosella)
                  • stevia [ENG31-12025016-n] (any plant of the genus Piqueria or the closely related genus Stevia)
                  • rattlesnake root [ENG31-12025456-n] (herb of central and southern Europe having purple florets)
                  • pteropogon [ENG31-12025798-n] (southern Australian plant having feathery hairs surrounding the fruit)
                  • fleabane [ENG31-12026125-n] (hairy perennial Eurasian herb with yellow daisylike flowers reputed to destroy or drive away fleas)
                  • sheep plant [ENG31-12026775-n] (perennial prostrate mat-forming herb with hoary woolly foliage)
                  • creeping zinnia [ENG31-12030261-n] (low-branching leafy annual with flower heads resembling zinnias)
                  • costusroot [ENG31-12030657-n] (annual herb of the eastern Himalayas (Kashmir) having purple florets and a fragrant root that yields a volatile oil used in perfumery and for preserving furs)
                  • black salsify [ENG31-12033504-n] (perennial south European herb having narrow entire leaves and solitary yellow flower heads and long black edible roots shaped like carrots)
                  • sawwort [ENG31-12035392-n] (European perennial whose serrate leaves yield a yellow dye)
                  • milk thistle [ENG31-12035994-n] (tall Old World biennial thistle with large clasping white-blotched leaves and purple flower heads)
                  • stevia [ENG31-12040296-n] (any plant of the genus Stevia or the closely related genus Piqueria having glutinous foliage and white or purplish flowers)
                  • costmary [ENG31-12041968-n] (tansy-scented Eurasian perennial herb with buttonlike yellow flowers)
                  • camphor dune tansy [ENG31-12042351-n] (densely hairy plant with rayless flowers)
                  • pyrethrum [ENG31-12042851-n] (white-flowered pyrethrum of Balkan area whose pinnate leaves are white and silky-hairy below)
                  • feverfew [ENG31-12043577-n] (bushy aromatic European perennial herb having clusters of buttonlike white-rayed flower heads)
                  • dandelion [ENG31-12044645-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Taraxacum having long tap roots and deeply notched leaves and bright yellow flowers followed by fluffy seed balls)

                    • common dandelion [ENG31-12044914-n] (Eurasian plant widely naturalized as a weed in North America)
                    • Russian dandelion [ENG31-12045274-n] (perennial dandelion native to Kazakhstan cultivated for its fleshy roots that have high rubber content)
                  • salsify [ENG31-12047691-n] (Mediterranean biennial herb with long-stemmed heads of purple ray flowers and milky sap and long edible root)
                  • wild vanilla [ENG31-12048481-n] (perennial of southeastern United States with leaves having the fragrance of vanilla)
                  • scentless camomile [ENG31-12048893-n] (ubiquitous European annual weed with white flowers and finely divided leaves naturalized and sometimes cultivated in eastern North America)
                  • turfing daisy [ENG31-12049287-n] (mat-forming perennial herb of Asia Minor)
                  • turfing daisy [ENG31-12049508-n] (low densely tufted perennial herb of Turkey having small white flowers)
                  • coltsfoot [ENG31-12050104-n] (perennial herb with large rounded leaves resembling a colt's foot and yellow flowers appearing before the leaves do)
                  • ironweed [ENG31-12052396-n] (any of various plants of the genus Vernonia of tropical and warm regions of especially North America that take their name from their loose heads of purple to rose flowers that quickly take on a rusty hue)
                  • loasa [ENG31-12055682-n] (any of various perennial South American plants of the genus Loasa having stinging hairs and showy white or yellow or reddish-orange flowers)
                  • campanula [ENG31-12057408-n] (any of various plants of the genus Campanula having blue or white bell-shaped flowers)

                    • harebell [ENG31-12057797-n] (perennial of northern hemisphere with slender stems and bell-shaped blue flowers)
                    • creeping bellflower [ENG31-12057968-n] (erect European herb with creeping rootstocks and nodding spikelike racemes of blue to violet flowers)
                    • Canterbury bell [ENG31-12058160-n] (European biennial widely cultivated for its blue or violet or white flowers)
                    • southern harebell [ENG31-12058333-n] (bellflower of southeastern United States (Maryland to Georgia) having pale blue flowers)
                    • tall bellflower [ENG31-12058507-n] (annual or perennial of eastern North America with long spikes of blue or white flowers)
                    • marsh bellflower [ENG31-12058677-n] (bellflower common in marshes of eastern North America having lanceolate linear leaves and small whitish flowers)
                    • clustered bellflower [ENG31-12058875-n] (bellflower of Europe to temperate Asia having dense spikes of violet-blue to white flowers)
                    • peach bells [ENG31-12059054-n] (perennial European bellflower with racemose white or blue flowers)
                    • chimney plant [ENG31-12059229-n] (bellflower of southeastern Europe)
                    • rampion [ENG31-12059367-n] (bellflower of Europe and Asia and North Africa having bluish flowers and an edible tuberous root used with the leaves in salad)
                    • throatwort [ENG31-12059591-n] (European bellflower with blue-purple to lilac flowers formerly used to treat sore throat)
                    • tussock bellflower [ENG31-12059786-n] (European perennial bellflower that grows in clumps with spreading stems and blue or white flowers)
                  • primrose [ENG31-12111407-n] (any of numerous short-stemmed plants of the genus Primula having tufted basal leaves and showy flowers clustered in umbels or heads)

                    • English primrose [ENG31-12111730-n] (plant of western and southern Europe widely cultivated for its pale yellow flowers)
                    • cowslip [ENG31-12111894-n] (early spring flower common in British isles having fragrant yellow or sometimes purple flowers)
                    • oxlip [ENG31-12112067-n] (Eurasian primrose with yellow flowers clustered in a one-sided umbel)
                    • Chinese primrose [ENG31-12112214-n] (cultivated Asiatic primrose)
                    • auricula [ENG31-12112323-n] (yellow-flowered primrose native to Alps)
                    • polyanthus [ENG31-12112470-n] (florists' primroses)
                  • pimpernel [ENG31-12112779-n] (any of several plants of the genus Anagallis)

                    • scarlet pimpernel [ENG31-12112934-n] (herb with scarlet or white or purple blossoms that close at approach of rainy weather)
                    • bog pimpernel [ENG31-12113146-n] (small creeping European herb having delicate pink flowers)
                  • sea milkwort [ENG31-12114402-n] (a small fleshy herb common along North American seashores and in brackish marshes having pink or white flowers)
                  • loosestrife [ENG31-12115537-n] (any of various herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lysimachia)

                    • gooseneck loosestrife [ENG31-12115798-n] (a variety of the loosestrife herb)
                    • yellow pimpernel [ENG31-12115929-n] (trailing European evergreen with yellow flowers)
                    • fringed loosestrife [ENG31-12116060-n] (of North America)
                    • moneywort [ENG31-12116164-n] (a loosestrife vine)
                    • yellow loosestrife [ENG31-12116298-n] (frequently considered a weed)
                    • swamp candles [ENG31-12116451-n] (North American plant with spikes of yellow flowers, found in wet places)
                    • whorled loosestrife [ENG31-12116606-n] (common North American yellow-flowered plant)
                  • plumbago [ENG31-12118920-n] (any plumbaginaceous plant of the genus Plumbago)
                  • gramineous plant [ENG31-12122387-n] (cosmopolitan herbaceous or woody plants with hollow jointed stems and long narrow leaves)

                    • grass [ENG31-12122650-n] (narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns)

                      • beach grass [ENG31-12123866-n] (tough grasses with strong roots that can grow on exposed sandy shores)
                      • bunchgrass [ENG31-12123993-n] (any of various grasses of many genera that grow in tufts or clumps rather than forming a sod or mat)
                      • midgrass [ENG31-12124197-n] (any of various grasses of moderate height which covered the undisturbed prairie in the United States)
                      • shortgrass [ENG31-12124411-n] (any of various grasses that are short and can tolerate drought conditions)
                      • sword grass [ENG31-12124621-n] (any of various grasses or sedges having sword-shaped leaves with sharp edges)
                      • tallgrass [ENG31-12124755-n] (any of various grasses that are tall and that flourish with abundant moisture)
                      • lemongrass [ENG31-12124901-n] (a tropical grass native to India and Sri Lanka)
                      • goat grass [ENG31-12125251-n] (European grass naturalized as a weed in North America)
                      • wheatgrass [ENG31-12125642-n] (a grass of the genus Agropyron)

                        • crested wheatgrass [ENG31-12125870-n] (Eurasian grass grown in United States great plains area for forage and erosion control)
                        • dog grass [ENG31-12126095-n] (European grass spreading rapidly by creeping rhizomes)
                        • bearded wheatgrass [ENG31-12126345-n] (a wheatgrass with straight terminal awns on the flowering glumes)
                        • western wheatgrass [ENG31-12126498-n] (valuable forage grass of western United States)
                        • intermediate wheatgrass [ENG31-12126651-n] (Asiatic grass introduced into United States rangelands for pasture and fodder)
                        • slender wheatgrass [ENG31-12126840-n] (North American grass cultivated in western United States as excellent forage crop)
                      • bent [ENG31-12127303-n] (grass for pastures and lawns especially bowling and putting greens)

                        • velvet bent [ENG31-12127519-n] (common grass with slender stems and narrow leaves)
                        • cloud grass [ENG31-12127708-n] (Spanish grass with light feathery panicles grown for dried bouquets)
                        • creeping bent [ENG31-12127853-n] (common pasture or lawn grass spread by long runners)
                      • broom grass [ENG31-12128949-n] (any of several grasses of the genus Andropogon)

                        • broom sedge [ENG31-12129130-n] (tall tufted grass of southeastern United States)
                        • broom beard grass [ENG31-12153979-n] (handsome hardy North American grass with foliage turning pale bronze in autumn)
                      • tall oat grass [ENG31-12129388-n] (coarse perennial Eurasian grass resembling oat)
                      • brome [ENG31-12131295-n] (any of various woodland and meadow grasses of the genus Bromus)

                        • awnless bromegrass [ENG31-12131560-n] (drought-resistant perennial with awns lacking or very short and long creeping rhizomes)
                        • chess [ENG31-12131755-n] (weedy annual native to Europe but widely distributed as a weed especially in wheat)
                        • downy brome [ENG31-12131916-n] (annual or winter annual grass with softly hairy leaves of the Mediterranean)
                        • field brome [ENG31-12132144-n] (annual grass of Europe and temperate Asia)
                        • Japanese brome [ENG31-12132261-n] (grass of Mediterranean and temperate Asia)
                      • grama [ENG31-12132525-n] (pasture grass of plains of South America and western North America)

                        • blue grama [ENG31-12132736-n] (a pasture grass of western North America)
                        • black grama [ENG31-12132854-n] (a pasture grass (especially of western coastal regions of North America))
                      • buffalo grass [ENG31-12133126-n] (short grass growing on dry plains of central United States (where buffalo roam))
                      • reed grass [ENG31-12133435-n] (any of various tall perennial grasses of the genus Calamagrostis having feathery plumes)

                        • feather reed grass [ENG31-12133712-n] (a variety of reed grass)
                        • Australian reed grass [ENG31-12133840-n] (tall Australian reedlike grass sometimes used for hay)
                      • burgrass [ENG31-12134174-n] (a grass of the genus Cenchrus)

                        • buffel grass [ENG31-12134527-n] (erect tussock-forming perennial bur grass used particularly in South Africa and Australia for pasture and forage)
                      • sandbur [ENG31-12134307-n] (grass of the eastern United States and tropical America having spikelets enclosed in prickly burs)
                      • finger grass [ENG31-12134914-n] (any grass of the genus Chloris)

                        • Rhodes grass [ENG31-12135107-n] (perennial grass of South Africa introduced into United States)
                        • windmill grass [ENG31-12135287-n] (perennial Australian grass having numerous long spikes arranged like the vanes of a windmill)
                      • pampas grass [ENG31-12135697-n] (tall perennial grass of pampas of South America having silvery plumes and growing in large dense clumps)
                      • plumed tussock [ENG31-12135900-n] (tall grass of New Zealand grown for plumelike flower heads)
                      • Bermuda grass [ENG31-12136265-n] (trailing grass native to Europe now cosmopolitan in warm regions)
                      • giant star grass [ENG31-12136575-n] (perennial grass having stems 3 to 4 feet high)
                      • orchard grass [ENG31-12136946-n] (widely grown stout Old World hay and pasture grass)
                      • crabgrass [ENG31-12137534-n] (grasses with creeping stems that root freely)

                        • Egyptian grass [ENG31-12137251-n] (a creeping grass with spikes like fingers)
                        • smooth crabgrass [ENG31-12137752-n] (a weed)
                        • large crabgrass [ENG31-12137843-n] (a European forage grass grown for hay)
                      • lyme grass [ENG31-12139616-n] (a grass of the genus Elymus)

                        • giant ryegrass [ENG31-12139907-n] (stout perennial grass of western North America)
                        • sea lyme grass [ENG31-12140056-n] (a dune grass of the Pacific seacoast used as a sand binder)
                      • wild rye [ENG31-12139755-n] (any of several grasses of the genus Elymus)

                        • Canada wild rye [ENG31-12140234-n] (North American wild rye)
                        • medusa's head [ENG31-12140339-n] (weedy rye grass having long bristling awns)
                      • love grass [ENG31-12140631-n] (any of various grasses of the genus Eragrostis)

                        • teff [ENG31-12140864-n] (an African grass economically important as a cereal grass (yielding white flour of good quality) as well as for forage and hay)
                        • weeping love grass [ENG31-12141095-n] (perennial South African grass having densely clumped flimsy stems)
                      • plume grass [ENG31-12141550-n] (a reedlike grass of the genus Erianthus having large plumes)

                        • Ravenna grass [ENG31-12141704-n] (grass often cultivated for its long white-ribbed leaves and large plumes resembling those of pampas grass)
                      • fescue [ENG31-12142127-n] (grass with wide flat leaves cultivated in Europe and America for permanent pasture and hay and for lawns)
                      • sheep fescue [ENG31-12142352-n] (cultivated for sheep pasturage in upland regions or used as a lawn grass)
                      • silver grass [ENG31-12142535-n] (of Australia and New Zealand)
                      • velvet grass [ENG31-12143242-n] (tall European perennial grass having a velvety stem)
                      • creeping soft grass [ENG31-12143435-n] (European perennial grass with soft velvety foliage)
                      • rye grass [ENG31-12145144-n] (any of several annual or perennial Eurasian grasses)

                        • perennial ryegrass [ENG31-12145335-n] (European perennial grass widely cultivated for pasture and hay and as a lawn grass)
                        • Italian ryegrass [ENG31-12145518-n] (European grass much used for hay and in United States also for turf and green manure)
                        • darnel [ENG31-12145700-n] (weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land)
                      • nimblewill [ENG31-12146101-n] (slender branching American grass of some value for grazing in central United States)
                      • dallisgrass [ENG31-12148588-n] (tall tufted perennial tropical American grass naturalized as pasture and forage grass in southern United States)
                      • Bahia grass [ENG31-12148823-n] (perennial tropical American grass used as pasture grass in arid areas of the Gulf States)
                      • knotgrass [ENG31-12149007-n] (low-growing weedy grass with spikelets along the leaf stems)
                      • fountain grass [ENG31-12149651-n] (tall perennial ornamental grass with long nodding flower plumes of tropical Africa and Asia)
                      • feathertop [ENG31-12149866-n] (northeastern tropical African plant having feathery panicles)
                      • reed canary grass [ENG31-12150255-n] (perennial grass of marshy meadows and ditches having broad leaves)
                      • canary grass [ENG31-12150503-n] (Canary Islands grass)
                      • hardinggrass [ENG31-12150677-n] (perennial grass of Australia and South Africa)
                      • timothy [ENG31-12151066-n] (grass with long cylindrical spikes grown in northern United States and Europe for hay)
                      • bluegrass [ENG31-12151922-n] (any of various grasses of the genus Poa)

                        • Kentucky bluegrass [ENG31-12152284-n] (valuable meadow and pasture grass in Europe and especially central United States having tall stalks and slender bright green leaves)
                      • meadowgrass [ENG31-12152067-n] (any of various grasses that thrive in the presence of abundant moisture)

                        • foxtail [ENG31-12128487-n] (grasses of the genera Alopecurus and Setaria having dense silky or bristly brushlike flowering spikes)

                          • meadow foxtail [ENG31-12128227-n] (stout erect perennial grass of northern parts of Old World having silky flowering spikes)
                          • bristlegrass [ENG31-12155003-n] (grasses of grasslands and woodlands having large gracefully arching spikes with long bristles beneath each spikelet)
                          • giant foxtail [ENG31-12155212-n] (two species of coarse annual foxtails that are naturalized weeds in United States)
                          • yellow bristlegrass [ENG31-12155353-n] (common weedy and bristly grass found in nearly all temperate areas)
                          • green bristlegrass [ENG31-12155566-n] (European foxtail naturalized in North America)
                          • foxtail millet [ENG31-12155787-n] (coarse drought-resistant annual grass grown for grain, hay, and forage in Europe and Asia and chiefly for forage and hay in United States)

                            • Siberian millet [ENG31-12156093-n] (millet having orange to reddish grains in long bristly spikes)
                            • German millet [ENG31-12156246-n] (millet having yellow grains in large drooping spikes)
                        • manna grass [ENG31-12142762-n] (any of several moisture-loving grasses of the genus Glyceria having sweet flavor or odor)

                          • reed meadow grass [ENG31-12142959-n] (a pasture grass of moist places throughout North America)
                        • wood meadowgrass [ENG31-12152609-n] (slender European grass of shady places)
                      • munj [ENG31-12153668-n] (tough Asiatic grass whose culms are used for ropes and baskets)
                      • bluestem [ENG31-12154199-n] (tall grass with smooth bluish leaf sheaths grown for hay in the United States)
                      • cordgrass [ENG31-12160092-n] (any of several perennial grasses of the genus Spartina)

                        • salt reed grass [ENG31-12160310-n] (tall reedlike grass common in salt meadows)
                        • prairie cordgrass [ENG31-12160438-n] (North American cordgrass having leaves with dry membranous margins and glumes with long awns)
                      • dropseed [ENG31-12160875-n] (a grass of the genus Sporobolus)

                        • smut grass [ENG31-12161028-n] (grass native to West Indies but common in southern United States having tufted wiry stems often infested with a dark fungus)
                        • sand dropseed [ENG31-12161276-n] (erect smooth grass of sandy places in eastern North America)
                      • rush grass [ENG31-12161420-n] (grass having wiry stems and sheathed panicles)
                      • St. Augustine grass [ENG31-12161684-n] (low mat-forming grass of southern United States and tropical America)
                      • cereal [ENG31-12162012-n] (grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat)

                        • oat [ENG31-12130344-n] (annual grass of Europe and North Africa)

                          • cereal oat [ENG31-12130602-n] (widely cultivated in temperate regions for its edible grains)
                          • wild oat [ENG31-12130753-n] (common in meadows and pastures)
                          • slender wild oat [ENG31-12130869-n] (oat of southern Europe and southwestern Asia)
                          • wild red oat [ENG31-12130992-n] (Mediterranean oat held to be progenitor of modern cultivated oat)
                        • barley [ENG31-12143761-n] (cultivated since prehistoric times)

                          • common barley [ENG31-12143967-n] (grass yielding grain used for breakfast food and animal feed and in malt beverages)
                          • barley grass [ENG31-12144258-n] (European annual grass often found as a weed in waste ground especially along roadsides and hedgerows)
                          • squirreltail barley [ENG31-12144449-n] (barley grown for its highly ornamental flower heads with delicate long silky awns)
                          • little barley [ENG31-12144689-n] (annual barley native to western North America and widespread in southern United States and tropical America)
                        • rice [ENG31-12146407-n] (annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses)

                          • cultivated rice [ENG31-12146601-n] (yields the staple food of 50 percent of world's population)
                        • ricegrass [ENG31-12146877-n] (any grass of the genus Oryzopsis)

                          • mountain rice [ENG31-12147033-n] (valuable forage grass of dry upland areas and plains of western North America to northern Mexico)
                          • smilo [ENG31-12147253-n] (perennial mountain rice native to Mediterranean region and introduced into North America)
                        • pearl millet [ENG31-12149342-n] (tall grass having cattail like spikes)
                        • rye [ENG31-12154542-n] (hardy annual cereal grass widely cultivated in northern Europe where its grain is the chief ingredient of black bread and in North America for forage and soil improvement)
                        • millet [ENG31-12156415-n] (any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine)

                          • barnyard grass [ENG31-12138212-n] (a coarse annual panic grass)
                          • Japanese millet [ENG31-12138429-n] (coarse annual grass cultivated in Japan and southeastern Asia for its edible seeds and for forage)
                          • yardgrass [ENG31-12138931-n] (coarse annual grass having fingerlike spikes of flowers)
                          • finger millet [ENG31-12139178-n] (East Indian cereal grass whose seed yield a somewhat bitter flour, a staple in the Orient)
                          • panic grass [ENG31-12147547-n] (any grass of the genus Panicum)

                            • witchgrass [ENG31-12147754-n] (North American grass with slender brushy panicles)
                            • switch grass [ENG31-12147977-n] (grass of western America used for hay)
                            • broomcorn millet [ENG31-12148092-n] (extensively cultivated in Europe and Asia for its grain and in United States sometimes for forage)
                            • goose grass [ENG31-12148285-n] (annual weedy grass used for hay)
                          • sorghum [ENG31-12157637-n] (economically important Old World tropical cereal grass)

                            • great millet [ENG31-12157854-n] (important for human and animal food)
                            • grain sorghum [ENG31-12158086-n] (any of several sorghums cultivated primarily for grain)

                              • durra [ENG31-12158308-n] (sorghums of dry regions of Asia and North Africa)
                              • feterita [ENG31-12158471-n] (a Sudanese sorghum having exceptionally large soft white grains)
                              • hegari [ENG31-12158627-n] (Sudanese sorghums having white seeds)
                              • kaoliang [ENG31-12158765-n] (sorghums of China and Manchuria having small white or brown grains (used for food) and dry pithy stalks (used for fodder, fuel and thatching))
                              • milo [ENG31-12158961-n] (small drought-resistant sorghums having large yellow or whitish grains)
                              • shallu [ENG31-12159095-n] (sorghum having slender dry stalks and small hard grains)
                            • sorgo [ENG31-12159274-n] (any of several sorghums cultivated as a source of syrup)
                            • Johnson grass [ENG31-12159422-n] (tall perennial grass that spreads by creeping rhizomes and is grown for fodder)
                            • broomcorn [ENG31-12159713-n] (tall grasses grown for the elongated stiff-branched panicle used for brooms and brushes)
                        • grain [ENG31-12161902-n] (a cereal grass)
                        • wheat [ENG31-12162602-n] (annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains)

                          • durum [ENG31-12162967-n] (wheat with hard dark-colored kernels high in gluten and used for bread and pasta)
                          • soft wheat [ENG31-12163267-n] (wheat with soft starch kernels used in pastry and breakfast cereals)
                          • common wheat [ENG31-12163391-n] (widely cultivated in temperate regions in many varieties for its commercially important grain)
                          • spelt [ENG31-12163582-n] (hardy wheat grown mostly in Europe for livestock feed)
                          • emmer [ENG31-12163732-n] (hard red wheat grown especially in Russia and Germany)
                          • wild wheat [ENG31-12163922-n] (found wild in Palestine)
                        • corn [ENG31-12164193-n] (tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties)

                          • sweet corn [ENG31-12165259-n] (a corn plant developed in order to have young ears that are sweet and suitable for eating)
                          • popcorn [ENG31-12165994-n] (corn having small ears and kernels that burst when exposed to dry heat)
                        • corn [ENG31-12164634-n] ((Great Britain) any of various cereal plants (especially the dominant crop of the region--wheat in Great Britain or oats in Scotland and Ireland))
                        • wild rice [ENG31-12166436-n] (perennial aquatic grass of North America bearing grain used for food)
                      • zoysia [ENG31-12166828-n] (any of several creeping grasses of the genus Zoysia)

                        • Manila grass [ENG31-12167005-n] (lawn grass common in the Philippines)
                        • Korean lawn grass [ENG31-12167171-n] (lawn grass common in China and Japan)
                        • mascarene grass [ENG31-12167340-n] (Asiatic creeping perennial grass)
                    • sugarcane [ENG31-12153019-n] (tall tropical southeast Asian grass having stout fibrous jointed stalks)

                      • noble cane [ENG31-12153473-n] (sugarcanes representing the highest development of the species)
                    • reed [ENG31-12157237-n] (tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites)

                      • toetoe [ENG31-12129882-n] (used by Maoris for thatching)
                      • giant reed [ENG31-12130015-n] (large rhizomatous perennial grasses found by riversides and in ditches having jointed stems and large grey-white feathery panicles)
                      • ditch reed [ENG31-12151454-n] (tall North American reed having relative wide leaves and large plumelike panicles)
                    • bamboo [ENG31-12167743-n] (woody tropical grass having hollow woody stems)

                      • common bamboo [ENG31-12168352-n] (extremely vigorous bamboo having thin-walled culms striped green and yellow)
                      • giant cane [ENG31-12168770-n] (tall grass of southern United States growing in thickets)
                      • small cane [ENG31-12168956-n] (small cane of watery or moist areas in southern United States)
                      • giant bamboo [ENG31-12169274-n] (immense tropical southeast Asian bamboo with tough hollow culms that resemble tree trunks)
                      • fishpole bamboo [ENG31-12169661-n] (small bamboo of southeastern China having slender culms flexuous when young)
                      • black bamboo [ENG31-12169867-n] (small bamboo having thin green culms turning shining black)
                      • giant timber bamboo [ENG31-12170038-n] (large bamboo having thick-walled culms)
                  • herbage [ENG31-12125018-n] (succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land)
                  • bur reed [ENG31-12177196-n] (marsh plant having elongated linear leaves and round prickly fruit)
                  • lobelia [ENG31-12189082-n] (any plant or flower of the genus Lobelia)

                    • cardinal flower [ENG31-12189267-n] (North American lobelia having brilliant red flowers)
                    • Indian tobacco [ENG31-12189415-n] (North American wild lobelia having small blue flowers and inflated capsules formerly used as an antispasmodic)
                    • water lobelia [ENG31-12189616-n] (erect perennial aquatic herb of Europe and North America having submerged spongy leaves and pendulous racemes of blue flowers above the water)
                    • great lobelia [ENG31-12189837-n] (tall erect and very leafy perennial herb of eastern North America having dense spikes of blue flowers)
                  • okra [ENG31-12192483-n] (tall coarse annual of Old World tropics widely cultivated in southern United States and West Indies for its long mucilaginous green pods used as basis for soups and stews)
                  • vegetable [ENG31-12232878-n] (any of various herbaceous plants cultivated for an edible part such as the fruit or the root of the beet or the leaf of spinach or the seeds of bean plants or the flower buds of broccoli or cauliflower)

                    • beet [ENG31-11852683-n] (biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root)

                      • beetroot [ENG31-11852949-n] (beet having a massively swollen red root)
                      • chard [ENG31-11853140-n] (beet lacking swollen root)
                      • mangel-wurzel [ENG31-11853368-n] (beet with a large yellowish root)
                      • sugar beet [ENG31-11853542-n] (form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained)
                    • spinach [ENG31-11856037-n] (southwestern Asian plant widely cultivated for its succulent edible dark green leaves)
                    • artichoke [ENG31-11980101-n] (Mediterranean thistlelike plant widely cultivated for its large edible flower head)
                    • cardoon [ENG31-11980331-n] (southern European plant having spiny leaves and purple flowers cultivated for its edible leafstalks and roots)
                  • simple [ENG31-12233207-n] (any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties)
                  • galax [ENG31-12271795-n] (tufted evergreen perennial herb having spikes of tiny white flowers and glossy green round to heart-shaped leaves that become coppery to maroon or purplish in fall)
                  • wintergreen [ENG31-12276629-n] (any of several evergreen perennials of the genus Pyrola)

                    • false wintergreen [ENG31-12276842-n] (evergreen of eastern North America with leathery leaves and numerous white flowers)
                    • lesser wintergreen [ENG31-12277039-n] (the common wintergreen having many-flowered racemes of pink-tinged white flowers)
                    • wild lily of the valley [ENG31-12277225-n] (North American evergreen with small pinkish bell-shaped flowers and oblong leaves used formerly for shinplasters)
                    • wild lily of the valley [ENG31-12277437-n] (evergreen with rounded leaves and very fragrant creamy-white flowers)
                  • pipsissewa [ENG31-12278087-n] (any of several plants of the genus Chimaphila)

                    • love-in-winter [ENG31-12278242-n] (Eurasian herb with white or pinkish flowers in a terminal corymb)
                  • one-flowered wintergreen [ENG31-12278618-n] (delicate evergreen dwarf herb of north temperate regions having a solitary white terminal flower)
                  • columbo [ENG31-12313394-n] (any of various tall perennial herbs constituting the genus Frasera)
                  • green gentian [ENG31-12313697-n] (tall herb with panicles of white flowers flushed with green)
                  • marsh felwort [ENG31-12319475-n] (perennial of damp places in mountains of Eurasia and North America having dull-colored blue or violet flowers)
                  • bloodwort [ENG31-12332627-n] (any of various plants of the family Haemodoraceae)
                  • kangaroo paw [ENG31-12333245-n] (sedgelike spring-flowering herb having clustered flowers covered with woolly hairs)
                  • willowherb [ENG31-12362816-n] (a plant of the genus Epilobium having pink or yellow flowers and seeds with silky hairs)

                    • fireweed [ENG31-12363015-n] (tall North American perennial with creeping rootstocks and narrow leaves and spikes of pinkish-purple flowers occurring in great abundance in burned-over areas or recent clearings)
                    • hairy willowherb [ENG31-12363609-n] (plant of Europe and Asia having purplish-red flowers and hairy stems and leaves)
                  • evening primrose [ENG31-12364800-n] (any of several plants of the family Onagraceae)

                    • enchanter's nightshade [ENG31-12362059-n] (any of several erect perennial rhizomatous herbs of the genus Circaea having white flowers that open at dawn)

                      • Alpine enchanter's nightshade [ENG31-12362312-n] (an Alpine variety of enchanter's nightshade)
                      • Circaea lutetiana [ENG31-12362448-n] (tall evening primrose with inconspicuous flowers)
                    • common evening primrose [ENG31-12365000-n] (a coarse biennial of eastern North America with yellow flowers that open in the evening)
                    • sundrops [ENG31-12365217-n] (a day-flowering biennial or perennial of the genus Oenothera)
                    • Missouri primrose [ENG31-12365354-n] (evening-opening primrose of south central United States)
                  • canna [ENG31-12371275-n] (any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers)

                    • canna lily [ENG31-12371476-n] (plants grown for their large bright yellow to red flowers)
                    • achira [ENG31-12371608-n] (canna grown especially for its edible rootstock from which arrowroot starch is obtained)
                  • maranta [ENG31-12372117-n] (any of numerous herbs of the genus Maranta having tuberous starchy roots and large sheathing leaves)

                    • arrowroot [ENG31-12372307-n] (white-flowered West Indian plant whose root yields arrowroot starch)
                  • banana [ENG31-12372804-n] (any of several tropical and subtropical treelike herbs of the genus Musa having a terminal crown of large entire leaves and usually bearing hanging clusters of elongated fruits)

                    • dwarf banana [ENG31-12373156-n] (low-growing Asian banana tree cultivated especially in the West Indies for its clusters of edible yellow fruit)
                    • Japanese banana [ENG31-12373361-n] (Asiatic banana plant cultivated especially as a foliage plant in Japan)
                    • plantain [ENG31-12373507-n] (a banana tree bearing hanging clusters of edible angular greenish starchy fruits)
                    • edible banana [ENG31-12373720-n] (widely cultivated species of banana trees bearing compact hanging clusters of commercially important edible yellow fruit)
                    • abaca [ENG31-12373948-n] (Philippine banana tree having leafstalks that yield Manila hemp used for rope and paper etc)
                  • Abyssinian banana [ENG31-12374271-n] (large evergreen arborescent herb having huge paddle-shaped leaves and bearing inedible fruit that resemble bananas but edible young flower shoots)
                  • bird of paradise [ENG31-12375136-n] (ornamental plant of tropical South Africa and South America having stalks of orange and purplish-blue flowers resembling a bird)
                  • ginger [ENG31-12376277-n] (perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems)

                    • common ginger [ENG31-12376540-n] (tropical Asian plant widely cultivated for its pungent root)
                    • galangal [ENG31-12377477-n] (southeastern Asian perennial with aromatic roots)
                    • lesser galangal [ENG31-12377617-n] (Chinese perennial with pyramidal racemes of white flowers and pungent aromatic roots used medicinally and as flavoring)
                    • red ginger [ENG31-12377860-n] (an ornamental ginger native to Pacific islands)
                    • shellflower [ENG31-12378002-n] (cultivated for its shining oblong leaves and arching clusters of white flowers with pink shading and crinkled yellow lips with variegated magenta stripes)
                  • turmeric [ENG31-12376912-n] (widely cultivated tropical plant of India having yellow flowers and a large aromatic deep yellow rhizome)
                  • grains of paradise [ENG31-12378485-n] (West African plant bearing pungent peppery seeds)
                  • cardamom [ENG31-12378810-n] (rhizomatous herb of India having aromatic seeds used as seasoning)
                  • reseda [ENG31-12405946-n] (any plant of the genus Reseda)

                    • mignonette [ENG31-12406083-n] (Mediterranean woody annual widely cultivated for its dense terminal spikelike clusters greenish or yellowish white flowers having an intense spicy fragrance)
                    • dyer's rocket [ENG31-12406347-n] (European mignonette cultivated as a source of yellow dye)
                  • viola [ENG31-12408150-n] (any of the numerous plants of the genus Viola)

                    • violet [ENG31-12408356-n] (any of numerous low-growing violas with small flowers)

                      • American dog violet [ENG31-12408810-n] (violet of eastern North America having pale violet to white flowers)
                      • sweet white violet [ENG31-12408961-n] (short-stemmed violet of eastern North America having fragrant purple-veined white flowers)
                      • Canada violet [ENG31-12409169-n] (tall North American perennial with heart-shaped leaves and white flowers with purple streaks)
                      • dog violet [ENG31-12409375-n] (Old World leafy-stemmed blue-flowered violet)
                      • two-eyed violet [ENG31-12409647-n] (violet of Pacific coast of North America having white petals tinged with yellow and deep violet)
                      • sweet violet [ENG31-12409834-n] (European violet typically having purple to white flowers)
                      • bird's-foot violet [ENG31-12410018-n] (common violet of the eastern United States with large pale blue or purple flowers resembling pansies)
                      • downy yellow violet [ENG31-12410244-n] (violet of eastern North America having softly pubescent leaves and stems and clear yellow flowers with brown-purple veins)
                      • long-spurred violet [ENG31-12410449-n] (violet of eastern North America having lilac-purple flowers with a long slender spur)
                      • pale violet [ENG31-12410616-n] (leafy-stemmed violet of eastern North America having large white or creamy flowers faintly marked with purple)
                      • hedge violet [ENG31-12410831-n] (common European violet that grows in woods and hedgerows)
                    • field pansy [ENG31-12408660-n] (common Old World viola with creamy often violet-tinged flowers)
                    • horned violet [ENG31-12409506-n] (European viola with an unusually long corolla spur)
                    • pansy [ENG31-12411002-n] (large-flowered garden plant derived chiefly from the wild pansy of Europe and having velvety petals of various colors)
                    • wild pansy [ENG31-12411198-n] (a common and long cultivated European herb from which most common garden pansies are derived)
                  • false nettle [ENG31-12413603-n] (any of several flowering weeds of the genus Boehmeria lacking stinging hairs)

                    • ramie [ENG31-12413786-n] (tall perennial herb of tropical Asia with dark green leaves)
                  • pellitory-of-the-wall [ENG31-12415155-n] (herb that grows in crevices having long narrow leaves and small pink apetalous flowers)
                  • kniphofia [ENG31-12458018-n] (a plant of the genus Kniphofia having long grasslike leaves and tall scapes of red or yellow drooping flowers)

                    • poker plant [ENG31-12458274-n] (clump-forming plant of South Africa with spikes of scarlet flowers)

                      • red-hot poker [ENG31-12458435-n] (widely cultivated hybrid poker plant)
                  • asparagus [ENG31-12461688-n] (plant whose succulent young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable)
                  • asparagus fern [ENG31-12461895-n] (a fernlike plant native to South Africa)
                  • aspidistra [ENG31-12463828-n] (evergreen perennial with large handsome basal leaves)
                  • climbing onion [ENG31-12465403-n] (much-branched leafless twining South African herb cultivated as an ornamental for its bright green stems growing from large aboveground bulbs)
                  • plantain lily [ENG31-12478276-n] (any of numerous perennials having mounds of sumptuous broad ribbed leaves and clusters of white, blue, or lilac flowers)
                  • herb Paris [ENG31-12490022-n] (European herb with yellow-green flowers resembling and closely related to the trilliums)
                  • pia [ENG31-12496279-n] (perennial herb of East Indies to Polynesia and Australia)
                  • flax [ENG31-12507079-n] (plant of the genus Linum that is cultivated for its seeds and for the fibers of its stem)
                  • wild senna [ENG31-12520814-n] (North American perennial herb)
                  • kidney vetch [ENG31-12527496-n] (perennial Eurasian herb having heads of red or yellow flowers and common in meadows and pastures)
                  • crotalaria [ENG31-12540068-n] (any of various plants of the genus Crotalaria having inflated pods within which the seeds rattle)

                    • American rattlebox [ENG31-12540329-n] (tropical American annual herb having an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle)
                    • Indian rattlebox [ENG31-12540520-n] (erect subshrub having purple-tinted flowers and an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle)
                  • prairie mimosa [ENG31-12546683-n] (perennial herb of North American prairies having dense heads of small white flowers)
                  • goat's rue [ENG31-12550005-n] (tall bushy European perennial grown for its pinnate foliage and slender spikes of blue flowers)
                  • licorice [ENG31-12553391-n] (deep-rooted coarse-textured plant native to the Mediterranean region having blue flowers and pinnately compound leaves)
                  • wild licorice [ENG31-12553695-n] (North American plant similar to true licorice and having a root with similar properties)
                  • winged pea [ENG31-12566370-n] (sprawling European annual having a 4-winged edible pod)
                  • medic [ENG31-12568785-n] (any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves)

                    • moon trefoil [ENG31-12569069-n] (evergreen shrub of southern European highlands having downy foliage and a succession of yellow flowers throughout the summer followed by curious snail-shaped pods)
                    • sickle alfalfa [ENG31-12569309-n] (European medic naturalized in North America having yellow flowers and sickle-shaped pods)
                    • Calvary clover [ENG31-12569510-n] (an annual of the Mediterranean area having spiny seed pods and leaves with dark spots)
                    • black medick [ENG31-12569697-n] (prostrate European herb with small yellow flowers and curved black pods)
                    • alfalfa [ENG31-12569925-n] (important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop)
                  • sainfoin [ENG31-12572814-n] (Eurasian perennial herb having pale pink flowers and curved pods)
                  • shamrock pea [ENG31-12576364-n] (trailing trifoliate Asiatic and African herb having cobalt blue flowers)
                  • breadroot [ENG31-12585118-n] (densely hairy perennial of central North America having edible tuberous roots)
                  • bush pea [ENG31-12593761-n] (any of various plants of the genus Thermopsis having trifoliate leaves and yellow or purple racemose flowers)

                    • false lupine [ENG31-12593979-n] (western United States bushy herb having yellow pea-like flowers)
                    • Carolina lupine [ENG31-12594152-n] (eastern United States bush pea)
                  • bird's foot trefoil [ENG31-12594825-n] (Old World herb related to fenugreek)
                  • fenugreek [ENG31-12594975-n] (annual herb or southern Europe and eastern Asia having off-white flowers and aromatic seeds used medicinally and in curry)
                  • plantain [ENG31-12619587-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Plantago)

                    • English plantain [ENG31-12619946-n] (an Old World plantain with long narrow ribbed leaves widely established in temperate regions)
                    • broad-leaved plantain [ENG31-12620196-n] (common European perennial naturalized worldwide)
                    • hoary plantain [ENG31-12620422-n] (widely distributed Old World perennial naturalized in North America having finely hairy leaves and inconspicuous white fragrant flowers)
                    • fleawort [ENG31-12620635-n] (plantain of Mediterranean regions whose seeds swell and become gelatinous when moist and are used as a mild laxative)
                    • rugel's plantain [ENG31-12620856-n] (North American plantain having reddish leafstalks and broad leaves)
                    • hoary plantain [ENG31-12621028-n] (North American annual or biennial with long soft hairs on the leaves)
                  • buckwheat [ENG31-12622255-n] (a member of the genus Fagopyrum)
                  • rhubarb [ENG31-12623741-n] (plants having long green or reddish acidic leafstalks growing in basal clumps)

                    • Himalayan rhubarb [ENG31-12624034-n] (Asian herb (Himalayas))
                    • pie plant [ENG31-12624210-n] (long cultivated hybrid of Rheum palmatum)
                    • Chinese rhubarb [ENG31-12624433-n] (long used for laxative properties)
                  • dock [ENG31-12624720-n] (any of certain coarse weedy plants with long taproots, sometimes used as table greens or in folk medicine)

                    • sour dock [ENG31-12624989-n] (European sorrel with large slightly acidic sagittate leaves grown throughout north temperate zone for salad and spring greens)
                    • sheep sorrel [ENG31-12625221-n] (small plant having pleasantly acid-tasting arrow-shaped leaves)
                    • bitter dock [ENG31-12625400-n] (European dock with broad obtuse leaves and bitter rootstock common as a weed in North America)
                    • French sorrel [ENG31-12625606-n] (low perennial with small silvery-green ovate to hastate leaves)
                  • spiderwort [ENG31-12627306-n] (any plant of the family Commelinaceae)

                    • St.-Bruno's-lily [ENG31-12627449-n] (a variety of spiderwort)
                  • pineapple [ENG31-12628217-n] (a tropical American plant bearing a large fleshy edible fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves)
                  • agrimonia [ENG31-12643636-n] (a plant of the genus Agrimonia having spikelike clusters of small yellow flowers)

                    • harvest-lice [ENG31-12643838-n] (erect perennial Old World herb of dry grassy habitats)
                    • fragrant agrimony [ENG31-12643972-n] (fragrant European perennial herb found at woodland margins on moist soils)
                  • strawberry [ENG31-12650905-n] (any of various low perennial herbs with many runners and bearing white flowers followed by edible fruits having many small achenes scattered on the surface of an enlarged red pulpy berry)

                    • garden strawberry [ENG31-12651239-n] (widely cultivated)
                    • wild strawberry [ENG31-12651402-n] (Europe)
                    • beach strawberry [ENG31-12651524-n] (wild strawberry of western United States and South America)
                    • Virginia strawberry [ENG31-12651760-n] (North American wild strawberry with sweet scarlet fruit)
                  • salad burnet [ENG31-12658246-n] (European garden herb with purple-tinged flowers and leaves that are sometimes used for salads)
                  • bedstraw [ENG31-12685809-n] (any of several plants of the genus Galium)

                    • sweet woodruff [ENG31-12686032-n] (Old World fragrant stoloniferous perennial having small white flowers and narrow leaves used as flavoring and in sachets)
                    • Northern bedstraw [ENG31-12686420-n] (North American stoloniferous perennial having white flowers)
                    • yellow bedstraw [ENG31-12686618-n] (common yellow-flowered perennial bedstraw)
                    • wild licorice [ENG31-12686811-n] (bedstraw with sweetish roots)
                    • cleavers [ENG31-12686920-n] (annual having the stem beset with curved prickles)
                    • wild madder [ENG31-12687130-n] (Eurasian herb with ample panicles of small white flowers)
                  • feverroot [ENG31-12700637-n] (coarse weedy American perennial herb with large usually perfoliate leaves and purple or dull red flowers)
                  • teasel [ENG31-12703172-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Dipsacus native to the Old World having flower heads surrounded by spiny bracts)

                    • common teasel [ENG31-12703429-n] (teasel with lilac flowers native to Old World but naturalized in North America)
                    • fuller's teasel [ENG31-12703643-n] (similar to the common teasel and similarly used)
                    • wild teasel [ENG31-12703857-n] (European teasel with white to pink flowers)
                  • jewelweed [ENG31-12705140-n] (North American annual plant with usually yellow or orange flowers)
                  • geranium [ENG31-12706192-n] (any of numerous plants of the family Geraniaceae)

                    • cranesbill [ENG31-12706592-n] (any of numerous geraniums of the genus Geranium)

                      • wild geranium [ENG31-12706838-n] (common wild geranium of eastern North America with deeply parted leaves and rose-purple flowers)
                      • meadow cranesbill [ENG31-12707035-n] (tall perennial cranesbill with paired violet-blue axillary flowers)
                      • Richardson's geranium [ENG31-12707257-n] (geranium of western North America having branched clusters of white or pale pink flowers)
                      • herb robert [ENG31-12707437-n] (a sticky low herb with small reddish-purple flowers)
                      • sticky geranium [ENG31-12707638-n] (geranium of western North America having pinkish-purple flowers in open clusters)
                      • dove's foot geranium [ENG31-12707805-n] (western geranium with small pink flowers)
                    • rose geranium [ENG31-12708223-n] (any of several southern African geraniums having fragrant three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and pink flowers)
                    • fish geranium [ENG31-12708459-n] (an upright geranium having scalloped leaves with a broad color zone inside the margin and white or pink or red flowers)
                    • ivy geranium [ENG31-12708718-n] (a commonly cultivated trailing South American plant with peltate leaves and rosy flowers)
                    • apple geranium [ENG31-12708948-n] (geranium with round fragrant leaves and small white flowers)
                    • lemon geranium [ENG31-12709133-n] (a common garden geranium with lemon-scented foliage)
                    • storksbill [ENG31-12709477-n] (any of various plants of the genus Erodium)

                      • redstem storksbill [ENG31-12709664-n] (European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up)
                      • musk clover [ENG31-12710066-n] (low annual European herb naturalized in America)
                      • Texas storksbill [ENG31-12710252-n] (of prairies and desert areas of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                  • oxalis [ENG31-12723708-n] (any plant or flower of the genus Oxalis)

                    • common wood sorrel [ENG31-12723950-n] (Eurasian plant with heart-shaped trifoliate leaves and white purple-veined flowers)
                    • Bermuda buttercup [ENG31-12724143-n] (South African bulbous wood sorrel with showy yellow flowers)
                    • creeping oxalis [ENG31-12724317-n] (creeping much-branched mat-forming weed)
                    • goatsfoot [ENG31-12724476-n] (short-stemmed South African plant with bluish flowers)
                    • violet wood sorrel [ENG31-12724616-n] (perennial herb of eastern North America with palmately compound leaves and usually rose-purple flowers)
                    • oca [ENG31-12724801-n] (South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers)
                  • rue [ENG31-12727959-n] (European strong-scented perennial herb with grey-green bitter-tasting leaves)
                  • fraxinella [ENG31-12733386-n] (Eurasian perennial herb with white flowers that emit flammable vapor in hot weather)
                  • nasturtium [ENG31-12740444-n] (any tropical American plant of the genus Tropaeolum having pungent juice and long-spurred yellow to red flowers)

                    • garden nasturtium [ENG31-12740704-n] (strong-growing annual climber having large flowers of all shades of orange from orange-red to yellowish orange and seeds that are pickled and used like capers)
                    • bush nasturtium [ENG31-12740960-n] (annual with deep yellow flowers smaller than the common garden nasturtium)
                    • canarybird flower [ENG31-12741114-n] (a climber having flowers that are the color of canaries)
                  • carnivorous plant [ENG31-12799365-n] (plants adapted to attract and capture and digest primarily insects but also other small animals)

                    • pitcher plant [ENG31-12800363-n] (any of several insectivorous herbs of the order Sarraceniales)

                      • common pitcher plant [ENG31-12800611-n] (perennial bog herb having dark red flowers and decumbent broadly winged pitchers forming a rosette)
                      • hooded pitcher plant [ENG31-12801085-n] (yellow-flowered pitcher plant of southeastern United States having trumpet-shaped leaves with the orifice covered with an arched hood)
                      • huntsman's horn [ENG31-12801323-n] (pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids)
                      • California pitcher plant [ENG31-12801767-n] (marsh or bog herb having solitary pendulous yellow-green flowers and somewhat twisted pitchers with broad wings below)
                      • sun pitcher [ENG31-12802181-n] (any of several herbs of Guiana highlands having racemes of nodding white or pink flowers)
                      • tropical pitcher plant [ENG31-12802700-n] (any of several tropical carnivorous shrubs or woody herbs of the genus Nepenthes)
                    • sundew [ENG31-12803290-n] (any of various bog plants of the genus Drosera having leaves covered with sticky hairs that trap and digest insects)
                    • Venus's flytrap [ENG31-12803675-n] (carnivorous plant of coastal plains of the Carolinas having sensitive hinged marginally bristled leaf blades that close and entrap insects)
                    • waterwheel plant [ENG31-12804076-n] (floating aquatic carnivorous perennial of central and southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia having whorls of 6 to 9 leaves ending in hinged lobes for capturing e.g. water fleas)
                    • Drosophyllum lusitanicum [ENG31-12804490-n] (perennial of dry habitats whose leaves have glandular hairs that secrete adhesive and digestive fluid for capture and digestion of insects)
                    • roridula [ENG31-12805131-n] (either of 2 species of the genus Roridula)
                    • bladderwort [ENG31-12893218-n] (any of numerous aquatic carnivorous plants of the genus Utricularia some of whose leaves are modified as small urn-shaped bladders that trap minute aquatic animals)
                    • butterwort [ENG31-12893674-n] (any of numerous carnivorous bog plants of the genus Pinguicula having showy purple or yellow or white flowers and a rosette of basal leaves coated with a sticky secretion to trap small insects)
                    • genlisea [ENG31-12894101-n] (rootless carnivorous swamp plants having at the base of the stem a rosette of foliage and leaves consisting of slender tubes swollen in the middle to form traps)
                  • Australian pitcher plant [ENG31-12805649-n] (a carnivorous perennial herb having a green pitcher and hinged lid both with red edges)
                  • sedum [ENG31-12806484-n] (any of various plants of the genus Sedum)

                    • stonecrop [ENG31-12806649-n] (any of various northern temperate plants of the genus Sedum having fleshy leaves and red or yellow or white flowers)

                      • wall pepper [ENG31-12806857-n] (mossy European creeping sedum with yellow flowers)
                    • rose-root [ENG31-12807033-n] (Eurasian mountain plant with fleshy pink-tipped leaves and a cluster of yellow flowers)
                    • orpine [ENG31-12807224-n] (perennial northern temperate plant with toothed leaves and heads of small purplish-white flowers)
                  • saxifrage [ENG31-12813775-n] (any of various plants of the genus Saxifraga)

                    • yellow mountain saxifrage [ENG31-12814044-n] (tufted evergreen perennial having ciliate leaves and yellow corymbose flowers often spotted orange)
                    • meadow saxifrage [ENG31-12814254-n] (rosette-forming perennial having compact panicles of white flowers)
                    • mossy saxifrage [ENG31-12814455-n] (tufted or mat-forming perennial of mountains of Europe)
                    • western saxifrage [ENG31-12814646-n] (saxifrage having loose clusters of white flowers on hairy stems growing from a cluster of basal leaves)
                    • purple saxifrage [ENG31-12814895-n] (plants forming dense cushions with bright reddish-lavender flowers)
                    • star saxifrage [ENG31-12815127-n] (small often mat-forming alpine plant having small starlike white flowers)
                    • strawberry geranium [ENG31-12815328-n] (eastern Asiatic saxifrage with racemes of small red-and-white flowers)
                  • astilbe [ENG31-12815745-n] (any plant of the genus Astilbe having compound leaves and showy panicles of tiny colorful flowers)

                    • false goatsbeard [ENG31-12815969-n] (North American astilbe with panicles of creamy white flowers)
                    • dwarf astilbe [ENG31-12816112-n] (mat-forming evergreen Asiatic plant with finely cut leaves and small pink to burgundy flowers)
                    • spirea [ENG31-12816315-n] (a Japanese shrub that resembles members of the genus Spiraea)
                  • bergenia [ENG31-12816782-n] (any plant of the genus Bergenia)
                  • umbrella plant [ENG31-12818128-n] (rhizomatous perennial herb with large dramatic peltate leaves and white to bright pink flowers in round heads on leafless stems)
                  • alumroot [ENG31-12819044-n] (any of several herbs of the genus Heuchera)

                    • rock geranium [ENG31-12819226-n] (plant with basal leaves mottled with white and flowers in lax panicles on erect stems)
                    • poker alumroot [ENG31-12819392-n] (plant with leathery heart-shaped leaf blades clustered at base of long stalks with greenish-white flowers clustered along the upper part)
                    • coralbells [ENG31-12819670-n] (perennial plant of the western United States having bright red flowers in feathery spikes)
                  • miterwort [ENG31-12821346-n] (any of various rhizomatous perennial herbs of the genus Mitella having a capsule resembling a bishop's miter)

                    • fairy cup [ENG31-12821592-n] (miterwort of northeastern North America usually with two opposite leaves on erect flowering stems that terminate in erect racemes of white flowers)
                    • five-point bishop's cap [ENG31-12821832-n] (small plant with leaves in a basal cluster and tiny greenish flowers in slender racemes)
                  • suksdorfia [ENG31-12823202-n] (any of several American plants of the genus Suksdorfia having orbicular to kidney-shaped somewhat succulent leaves and white or rose or violet flowers in terminal panicles)

                    • violet suksdorfia [ENG31-12823467-n] (slender delicate plant with wide roundish deeply lobed leaves and deep pink to violet funnel-shaped flowers)
                  • foamflower [ENG31-12824514-n] (stoloniferous white-flowered spring-blooming woodland plant)
                  • pickaback plant [ENG31-12825112-n] (vigorous perennial herb with flowers in erect racemes and having young plants develop at the junction of a leaf blade and the leafstalk)
                  • polemonium [ENG31-12830125-n] (any plant of the genus Polemonium)

                    • Jacob's ladder [ENG31-12830386-n] (pinnate-leaved European perennial having bright blue or white flowers)
                    • Greek valerian [ENG31-12830628-n] (erect or spreading perennial of the eastern United States)
                    • northern Jacob's ladder [ENG31-12830767-n] (perennial erect herb with white flowers)
                    • skunkweed [ENG31-12830911-n] (tall herb of the Rocky Mountains having sticky leaves and an offensive smell)
                  • phlox [ENG31-12831355-n] (any polemoniaceous plant of the genus Phlox)

                    • chickweed phlox [ENG31-12831607-n] (low mat-forming herb of rocky places in United States)
                    • moss pink [ENG31-12831787-n] (low tufted perennial phlox with needlelike evergreen leaves and pink or white flowers)
                    • ground pink [ENG31-12832261-n] (low wiry-stemmed branching herb or southern California having fringed pink flowers)
                    • evening-snow [ENG31-12832473-n] (small California annual with white flowers)
                  • acanthus [ENG31-12832995-n] (any plant of the genus Acanthus having large spiny leaves and spikes or white or purplish flowers)

                    • bear's breech [ENG31-12833238-n] (widely cultivated southern European acanthus with whitish purple-veined flowers)
                  • borage [ENG31-12837268-n] (hairy blue-flowered European annual herb long used in herbal medicine and eaten raw as salad greens or cooked like spinach)
                  • common amsinckia [ENG31-12837702-n] (annual of western United States with coiled spikes of yellow-orange coiled flowers)
                  • large-flowered fiddleneck [ENG31-12837889-n] (annual of the western United States having large coiled flower spikes)
                  • anchusa [ENG31-12838224-n] (any of various Old World herbs of the genus Anchusa having one-sided clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers)

                    • bugloss [ENG31-12838454-n] (perennial or biennial herb cultivated for its delicate usually blue flowers)
                    • cape forget-me-not [ENG31-12838615-n] (anchusa of southern Africa having blue flowers with white throats)
                    • cape forget-me-not [ENG31-12838764-n] (anchusa of southern Africa having blue to red-purple flowers)
                  • Chinese forget-me-not [ENG31-12839726-n] (biennial east Asian herb grown for its usually bright blue flowers)
                  • hound's-tongue [ENG31-12839901-n] (biennial shrub of Europe and western Asia having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and dark reddish-purple flowers)
                  • hound's-tongue [ENG31-12840114-n] (perennial shrub of North America having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and pale-blue to purple flowers)
                  • blueweed [ENG31-12840488-n] (a coarse prickly European weed with spikes of blue flowers)
                  • stickweed [ENG31-12841052-n] (any of several herbaceous plants having seeds that cling to clothing)

                    • beggar's lice [ENG31-12840873-n] (Eurasian and North American plants having small prickly nutlets that stick to clothing)
                  • gromwell [ENG31-12841429-n] (European perennial branching plant)
                  • puccoon [ENG31-12841613-n] (perennial plant of eastern North America having hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment)
                  • hoary puccoon [ENG31-12841808-n] (perennial North American plant with greyish hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment)
                  • Virginia bluebell [ENG31-12842265-n] (smooth erect herb of eastern North America having entire leaves and showy blue flowers that are pink in bud)
                  • garden forget-me-not [ENG31-12842655-n] (small biennial to perennial herb of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia having blue, purple or white flowers)
                  • forget-me-not [ENG31-12842875-n] (small perennial herb having bright blue or white flowers)
                  • false gromwell [ENG31-12843226-n] (any of several North American perennial herbs with hairy foliage and small yellowish or greenish flowers)
                  • comfrey [ENG31-12843529-n] (perennial herbs of Europe and Iran)

                    • common comfrey [ENG31-12843715-n] (European herb having small white, pink or purple flowers)
                  • gesneria [ENG31-12850735-n] (any plant of the genus Gesneria)
                  • waterleaf [ENG31-12855558-n] (any of several plants of the genus Hydrophyllum)

                    • Virginia waterleaf [ENG31-12855698-n] (showy perennial herb with white flowers)
                  • yellow bells [ENG31-12856091-n] (viscid herb of arid or desert habitats of southwestern United States having pendulous yellow flowers)
                  • nemophila [ENG31-12856972-n] (any plant of the genus Nemophila)

                    • five-spot [ENG31-12857268-n] (California annual having white flowers with a deep purple blotch on each petal)
                  • baby blue-eyes [ENG31-12857097-n] (delicate California annual having blue flowers marked with dark spots)
                  • fiesta flower [ENG31-12858563-n] (straggling California annual herb with deep purple or violet flowers)
                  • basil thyme [ENG31-12860334-n] (fragrant European mint having clusters of small violet-and-white flowers)
                  • giant hyssop [ENG31-12860739-n] (any of a number of aromatic plants of the genus Agastache)

                    • yellow giant hyssop [ENG31-12860928-n] (erect perennial with stout stems and yellow-green flowers)
                    • anise hyssop [ENG31-12861122-n] (much-branched North American herb with an odor like fennel)
                    • Mexican hyssop [ENG31-12861262-n] (erect perennial of Mexico having rose to crimson flowers)
                  • bugle [ENG31-12861509-n] (any of various low-growing annual or perennial evergreen herbs native to Eurasia)

                    • creeping bugle [ENG31-12861767-n] (low rhizomatous European carpeting plant having spikes of blue flowers)
                    • erect bugle [ENG31-12861953-n] (upright rhizomatous perennial with bright blue flowers)
                    • pyramid bugle [ENG31-12862114-n] (European evergreen carpeting perennial)
                    • ground pine [ENG31-12862232-n] (low-growing annual with yellow flowers dotted red)
                  • black horehound [ENG31-12862632-n] (ill-smelling European herb with rugose leaves and whorls of dark purple flowers)
                  • wood mint [ENG31-12863062-n] (American herb of genus Blephilia with more or less hairy leaves and clusters of purplish or bluish flowers)

                    • hairy wood mint [ENG31-12863279-n] (a variety of wood mint)
                    • downy wood mint [ENG31-12863402-n] (a variety of wood mint)
                  • calamint [ENG31-12863647-n] (perennial aromatic herbs growing in hedgerows or scrub or open woodlands from western Europe to central Asia and in North America)

                    • common calamint [ENG31-12863904-n] (mint-scented perennial of central and southern Europe)
                    • large-flowered calamint [ENG31-12864076-n] (aromatic herb with large pink flowers)
                    • lesser calamint [ENG31-12864317-n] (low-growing strongly aromatic perennial herb of southern Europe to Great Britain)
                  • wild basil [ENG31-12864730-n] (aromatic herb having heads of small pink or whitish flowers)
                  • horse balm [ENG31-12865169-n] (erect perennial strong-scented with serrate pointed leaves and a loose panicle of yellowish flowers)
                  • coleus [ENG31-12865699-n] (any of various Old World tropical plants of the genus Coleus having multicolored decorative leaves and spikes of blue flowers)

                    • country borage [ENG31-12865947-n] (an aromatic fleshy herb of India and Ceylon to South Africa)
                    • painted nettle [ENG31-12866173-n] (perennial aromatic herb of southeastern Asia having large usually bright-colored or blotched leaves and spikes of blue-violet flowers)
                  • dragonhead [ENG31-12867095-n] (American herb having sharply serrate lanceolate leaves and spikes of blue to violet flowers)
                  • elsholtzia [ENG31-12867450-n] (any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Elsholtzia having blue or purple flowers in one-sided spikes)
                  • hemp nettle [ENG31-12867768-n] (coarse bristly Eurasian plant with white or reddish flowers and foliage resembling that of a nettle)
                  • pennyroyal [ENG31-12868687-n] (erect hairy branching American herb having purple-blue flowers)
                  • hyssop [ENG31-12869259-n] (a European mint with aromatic and pungent leaves used in perfumery and as a seasoning in cookery)
                  • dead nettle [ENG31-12869821-n] (any of various plants of the genus Lamium having clusters of small usually purplish flowers with two lips)

                    • white dead nettle [ENG31-12870039-n] (European dead nettle with white flowers)
                    • henbit [ENG31-12870176-n] (Eurasian plant having toothed leaves and small two-lipped white or purplish-red flowers)
                  • dagga [ENG31-12871666-n] (relatively nontoxic South African herb smoked like tobacco)
                  • lion's-ear [ENG31-12871854-n] (pantropical herb having whorls of striking lipped flowers)
                  • motherwort [ENG31-12872229-n] (bitter Old World herb of hedgerows and woodland margins having toothed leaves and white or pale pink flowers)
                  • bugleweed [ENG31-12872994-n] (a mildly narcotic and astringent aromatic herb having small whitish flowers)
                  • water horehound [ENG31-12873188-n] (aromatic perennial herb of United States)
                  • gipsywort [ENG31-12873330-n] (hairy Eurasian herb with two-lipped white flowers)
                  • origanum [ENG31-12873840-n] (any of various fragrant aromatic herbs of the genus Origanum used as seasonings)

                    • oregano [ENG31-12874047-n] (aromatic Eurasian perennial)
                    • sweet marjoram [ENG31-12874242-n] (aromatic European plant native to Mediterranean and Turkey)
                    • dittany of crete [ENG31-12874466-n] (dwarf aromatic shrub of Crete)
                  • horehound [ENG31-12874808-n] (any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Marrubium)

                    • common horehound [ENG31-12874953-n] (European aromatic herb with hairy leaves and numerous white flowers in axillary cymes)
                  • lemon balm [ENG31-12875360-n] (bushy perennial Old World mint having small white or yellowish flowers and fragrant lemon-flavored leaves)
                  • mint [ENG31-12875802-n] (any north temperate plant of the genus Mentha with aromatic leaves and small mauve flowers)

                    • corn mint [ENG31-12876125-n] (European mint naturalized in United States)
                    • water-mint [ENG31-12876254-n] (a European mint that thrives in wet places)
                    • bergamot mint [ENG31-12876470-n] (mint with leaves having perfume like that of the bergamot orange)
                    • horsemint [ENG31-12876646-n] (a coarse Old World wild water mint having long leaves and spikelike clusters of flowers)
                    • peppermint [ENG31-12876851-n] (herb with downy leaves and small purple or white flowers that yields a pungent oil used as a flavoring)
                    • spearmint [ENG31-12877047-n] (common garden herb having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used as a flavoring)
                    • apple mint [ENG31-12877239-n] (mint with apple-scented stems of southern and western Europe)
                    • pennyroyal [ENG31-12877440-n] (Eurasian perennial mint have small lilac-blue flowers and ovate leaves)
                  • yerba buena [ENG31-12877964-n] (trailing perennial evergreen herb of northwestern United States with small white flowers)
                  • savory [ENG31-12878216-n] (dwarf aromatic shrub of Mediterranean regions)
                  • molucca balm [ENG31-12878539-n] (aromatic annual with a tall stems of small whitish flowers enclosed in a greatly enlarged saucer-shaped or bell-shaped calyx)
                  • monarda [ENG31-12878910-n] (any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Monarda)

                    • bee balm [ENG31-12879157-n] (perennial aromatic herb of eastern North America having variously colored tubular flowers in dense showy heads)
                    • horsemint [ENG31-12879378-n] (tall erect perennial or annual having lanceolate leaves and heads of purple-spotted creamy flowers)
                    • bee balm [ENG31-12879631-n] (perennial herb of North America)
                    • lemon mint [ENG31-12879747-n] (an annual horsemint of central and western United States and northern Mexico)
                    • plains lemon monarda [ENG31-12879913-n] (annual of southern United States)
                    • basil balm [ENG31-12880032-n] (perennial herb of North America (New York to Illinois and mountains of Alaska) having aromatic leaves and clusters of yellowish-pink balls)
                  • mustang mint [ENG31-12880439-n] (fragrant California annual herb having lanceolate leaves and clusters of rose-purple flowers)
                  • catmint [ENG31-12880746-n] (hairy aromatic perennial herb having whorls of small white purple-spotted flowers in a terminal spike)
                  • basil [ENG31-12881125-n] (any of several Old World tropical aromatic annual or perennial herbs of the genus Ocimum)

                    • common basil [ENG31-12881302-n] (annual or perennial of tropical Asia having spikes of small white flowers and aromatic leaves)
                  • beefsteak plant [ENG31-12881738-n] (plant grown for its ornamental red or purple foliage)
                  • physostegia [ENG31-12882652-n] (any of various plants of the genus Physostegia having sessile linear to oblong leaves and showy white or rose or lavender flowers)

                    • false dragonhead [ENG31-12882876-n] (North American plant having a spike of two-lipped pink or white flowers)
                  • self-heal [ENG31-12883994-n] (decumbent blue-flowered European perennial thought to possess healing properties)
                  • mountain mint [ENG31-12884384-n] (any of a number of perennial herbs of the genus Pycnanthemum)

                    • basil mint [ENG31-12884579-n] (perennial herb of the eastern United States having inconspicuous greenish flowers and narrow leaves that are very aromatic when bruised)
                  • rosemary [ENG31-12884920-n] (widely cultivated for its fragrant grey-green leaves used in cooking and in perfumery)
                  • sage [ENG31-12885305-n] (any of various plants of the genus Salvia)

                    • blue sage [ENG31-12885662-n] (blue-flowered sage of dry prairies of the eastern United States)
                    • clary sage [ENG31-12885797-n] (stout Mediterranean sage with white or pink or violet flowers)
                    • blue sage [ENG31-12885999-n] (Texas sage having intensely blue flowers)
                    • blue sage [ENG31-12886127-n] (sage of western North America to Central America having violet-blue flowers)
                    • purple sage [ENG31-12886322-n] (silvery-leaved California herb with purple flowers)
                    • cancerweed [ENG31-12886468-n] (sage of eastern United States)
                    • common sage [ENG31-12886584-n] (shrubby plant with aromatic greyish-green leaves used as a cooking herb)
                    • meadow clary [ENG31-12886762-n] (tall perennial Old World salvia with violet-blue flowers)
                    • clary [ENG31-12886922-n] (aromatic herb of southern Europe)
                    • pitcher sage [ENG31-12887093-n] (California erect and sparsely branched perennial)
                    • Mexican mint [ENG31-12887219-n] (an herb from Oaxaca that has a powerful hallucinogenic effect)
                    • wild sage [ENG31-12887395-n] (Eurasian sage with blue flowers and foliage like verbena)
                  • savory [ENG31-12887728-n] (any of several aromatic herbs or subshrubs of the genus Satureja having spikes of flowers attractive to bees)

                    • summer savory [ENG31-12887944-n] (erect annual herb with oval leaves and pink flowers)
                    • winter savory [ENG31-12888209-n] (erect perennial subshrub having pink or white flowers and leathery leaves with a flavor of thyme)
                  • skullcap [ENG31-12888586-n] (a herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria which has a calyx that, when inverted, resembles a helmet with its visor raised)
                  • blue pimpernel [ENG31-12888779-n] (an American mint that yields a resinous exudate used especially formerly as an antispasmodic)
                  • hedge nettle [ENG31-12889640-n] (foul-smelling perennial Eurasiatic herb with a green creeping rhizome)
                  • hedge nettle [ENG31-12889821-n] (perennial herb with an odorless rhizome widespread in moist places in northern hemisphere)
                  • thyme [ENG31-12891295-n] (any of various mints of the genus Thymus)

                    • common thyme [ENG31-12891442-n] (common aromatic garden perennial native to the western Mediterranean)
                    • wild thyme [ENG31-12891651-n] (aromatic dwarf shrub common on banks and hillsides in Europe)
                  • martynia [ENG31-12894744-n] (sprawling annual or perennial herb of Central America and West Indies having creamy-white to red-purple bell-shaped flowers followed by unusual horned fruit)
                  • sesame [ENG31-12895543-n] (East Indian annual erect herb)
                  • common unicorn plant [ENG31-12896029-n] (annual of southern United States to Mexico having large whitish or yellowish flowers mottled with purple and a long curving beak)
                  • sand devil's claw [ENG31-12896457-n] (alternatively placed in genus Martynia)
                  • sweet unicorn plant [ENG31-12896621-n] (a herbaceous plant of the genus Proboscidea)
                  • false foxglove [ENG31-12899544-n] (multi-stemmed North American annual having solitary axillary dark golden-yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove)
                  • false foxglove [ENG31-12899828-n] (sparsely branched North American perennial with terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove)
                  • foxglove [ENG31-12903539-n] (any of several plants of the genus Digitalis)

                    • common foxglove [ENG31-12903705-n] (tall leafy European biennial or perennial having spectacular clusters of large tubular pink-purple flowers)
                    • yellow foxglove [ENG31-12904025-n] (European yellow-flowered foxglove)
                  • mullein [ENG31-12909666-n] (any of various plants of the genus Verbascum having large usually woolly leaves and terminal spikes of yellow or white or purplish flowers)

                    • moth mullein [ENG31-12909979-n] (European mullein with smooth leaves and large yellow or purplish flowers)
                    • white mullein [ENG31-12910172-n] (densely hairy Eurasian herb with racemose white flowers)
                    • purple mullein [ENG31-12910339-n] (Eurasian mullein with showy purple or pink flowers)
                    • common mullein [ENG31-12910473-n] (tall-stalked very woolly mullein with densely packed yellow flowers)
                  • eggplant [ENG31-12916760-n] (hairy upright herb native to southeastern Asia but widely cultivated for its large glossy edible fruit commonly used as a vegetable)
                  • belladonna [ENG31-12919102-n] (perennial Eurasian herb with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries)
                  • henbane [ENG31-12925074-n] (poisonous fetid Old World herb having sticky hairy leaves and yellow-brown flowers)
                  • Egyptian henbane [ENG31-12925322-n] (poisonous herb whose leaves are a source of hyoscyamine)
                  • tomato [ENG31-12926577-n] (native to South America)

                    • cherry tomato [ENG31-12926781-n] (plant bearing small red to yellow fruit)

                      • plum tomato [ENG31-12926974-n] (an Italian variety of cherry tomato that is shaped like a plum)
                  • mandrake [ENG31-12927258-n] (a plant of southern Europe and North Africa having purple flowers, yellow fruits and a forked root formerly thought to have magical powers)
                  • apple of Peru [ENG31-12927817-n] (coarse South American herb grown for its blue-and-white flowers followed by a bladderlike fruit enclosing a dry berry)
                  • tobacco [ENG31-12928225-n] (aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs)

                    • flowering tobacco [ENG31-12928431-n] (South American ornamental perennial having nocturnally fragrant greenish-white flowers)
                    • common tobacco [ENG31-12928617-n] (tall erect South American herb with large ovate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers)
                    • wild tobacco [ENG31-12928853-n] (tobacco plant of South America and Mexico)
                    • tree tobacco [ENG31-12928990-n] (evergreen South American shrub naturalized in United States)
                  • cupflower [ENG31-12929405-n] (any of various plants of the genus Nierembergia having upturned bell-shaped flowers)

                    • whitecup [ENG31-12929614-n] (prostrate woody South American herb with white tubular flowers often tinged with blue or rose)
                    • tall cupflower [ENG31-12929828-n] (shrubby Chilean herb having bluish-white tubular flowers used as an ornamental)
                  • ground cherry [ENG31-12931045-n] (any of numerous cosmopolitan annual or perennial herbs of the genus Physalis bearing edible fleshy berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk)

                    • downy ground cherry [ENG31-12931436-n] (decorative American annual having round fleshy yellow berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk)
                    • Chinese lantern plant [ENG31-12931635-n] (Old World perennial cultivated for its ornamental inflated papery orange-red calyx)
                    • cape gooseberry [ENG31-12931839-n] (annual of tropical South America having edible purple fruits)
                    • strawberry tomato [ENG31-12932024-n] (stout hairy annual of eastern North America with sweet yellow fruits)
                    • tomatillo [ENG31-12932200-n] (annual of Mexico and southern United States having edible purplish viscid fruit resembling small tomatoes)
                    • tomatillo [ENG31-12932433-n] (Mexican annual naturalized in eastern North America having yellow to purple edible fruit resembling small tomatoes)
                    • yellow henbane [ENG31-12932674-n] (found on sea beaches from Virginia to South America having greenish-yellow flowers and orange or yellow berries)
                  • salpiglossis [ENG31-12933430-n] (any plant of the genus Salpiglossis)

                    • painted tongue [ENG31-12933561-n] (Chilean herb having velvety funnel-shaped yellowish or violet flowers with long tonguelike styles at the corolla throat)
                  • Scopolia carniolica [ENG31-12934284-n] (herb that is a source of scopolamine)
                  • herb mercury [ENG31-12944796-n] (Eurafrican annual naturalized in America as a weed)
                  • dog's mercury [ENG31-12945044-n] (European perennial weedy plant with greenish flowers)
                  • spurge nettle [ENG31-12945939-n] (a stinging herb of tropical America)
                  • umbellifer [ENG31-12951538-n] (any of numerous aromatic herbs of the family Umbelliferae)

                    • wild parsley [ENG31-12951711-n] (any of various uncultivated umbelliferous plants with foliage resembling that of carrots or parsley)
                  • dill [ENG31-12952302-n] (aromatic Old World herb having aromatic threadlike foliage and seeds used as seasoning)
                  • angelica [ENG31-12952666-n] (any of various tall and stout herbs of the genus Angelica having pinnately compound leaves and small white or greenish flowers in compound umbels)

                    • garden angelica [ENG31-12952933-n] (a biennial cultivated herb)
                    • wild angelica [ENG31-12953125-n] (European herb with compound leaves and white flowers)
                  • chervil [ENG31-12953466-n] (aromatic annual Old World herb cultivated for its finely divided and often curly leaves for use especially in soups and salads)
                  • cow parsley [ENG31-12953726-n] (coarse erect biennial Old World herb introduced as a weed in eastern North America)
                  • wild celery [ENG31-12954034-n] (herb of Europe and temperate Asia)
                  • celery [ENG31-12954163-n] (widely cultivated herb with aromatic leaf stalks that are eaten raw or cooked)
                  • celeriac [ENG31-12954376-n] (grown for its thickened edible aromatic root)
                  • astrantia [ENG31-12954796-n] (any plant of the genus Astrantia)

                    • greater masterwort [ENG31-12954934-n] (European herb with aromatic roots and leaves in a basal tuft and showy compound umbels of white to rosy flowers)
                  • caraway [ENG31-12955239-n] (a Eurasian plant with small white flowers yielding caraway seed)

                    • whorled caraway [ENG31-12955445-n] (a caraway with whorled leaves)
                  • earthnut [ENG31-12956915-n] (a common European plant having edible tubers with the flavor of roasted chestnuts)
                  • coriander [ENG31-12957229-n] (Old World herb with aromatic leaves and seed resembling parsley)
                  • cumin [ENG31-12957586-n] (dwarf Mediterranean annual long cultivated for its aromatic seeds)
                  • carrot [ENG31-12958148-n] (perennial plant widely cultivated as an annual in many varieties for its long conical orange edible roots)
                  • button snakeroot [ENG31-12959205-n] (coarse prickly perennial eryngo with aromatic roots)
                  • fennel [ENG31-12959864-n] (any of several aromatic herbs having edible seeds and leaves and stems)

                    • common fennel [ENG31-12960042-n] (strongly aromatic with a smell of aniseed)
                    • Florence fennel [ENG31-12960239-n] (grown especially for its edible aromatic bulbous stem base)
                  • cow parsnip [ENG31-12960634-n] (tall coarse plant having thick stems and cluster of white to purple flowers)
                  • lovage [ENG31-12960986-n] (herb native to southern Europe)
                  • sweet cicely [ENG31-12961369-n] (European herb with soft ferny leaves and white flowers)
                  • parsnip [ENG31-12962296-n] (a strong-scented plant cultivated for its edible root)

                    • cultivated parsnip [ENG31-12962477-n] (European biennial having a long fusiform root that has been made palatable through cultivation)
                    • wild parsnip [ENG31-12962785-n] (biennial weed in Europe and America having large pinnate leaves and yellow flowers and a bitter and somewhat poisonous root)
                  • parsley [ENG31-12963155-n] (annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves)

                    • Italian parsley [ENG31-12963332-n] (a variety of parsley having flat leaves)
                    • Hamburg parsley [ENG31-12963489-n] (parsley with smooth leaves and enlarged edible taproot resembling a savory parsnip)
                  • anise [ENG31-12963809-n] (native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery)
                  • sanicle [ENG31-12964203-n] (a plant of the genus Sanicula having palmately compound leaves and unisexual flowers in panicled umbels followed by bristly fruit)

                    • footsteps-of-spring [ENG31-12964503-n] (sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow flowers)
                    • purple sanicle [ENG31-12964672-n] (sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow or red or purple flowers)
                    • European sanicle [ENG31-12964855-n] (sanicle of Europe and Asia having white to pale pink flowers)
                  • moon carrot [ENG31-12965150-n] (any plant of the genus Seseli having dense umbels of small white or pink flowers and finely divided foliage)
                  • stone parsley [ENG31-12965483-n] (a slender roadside herb of western Europe and Mediterranean areas that has foliage resembling parsley and has white flowers with aromatic seeds)
                  • Alexander [ENG31-12966588-n] (European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb)
                  • corn salad [ENG31-12971429-n] (a plant of the genus Valerianella)

                    • common corn salad [ENG31-12971556-n] (widely cultivated as a salad crop and pot herb)
                  • wort [ENG31-13106507-n] (usually used in combination: `liverwort')
                  • peperomia [ENG31-13171671-n] (any of various plants of the genus Peperomia)

                    • watermelon begonia [ENG31-13171859-n] (grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage)
                  • yerba mansa [ENG31-13173116-n] (stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone)
                  • asclepiad [ENG31-13254333-n] (any plant of the family Asclepiadaceae)
                  • milkweed [ENG31-13254625-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Asclepias having milky juice and pods that split open releasing seeds with downy tufts)

                    • white milkweed [ENG31-13255012-n] (tall herb with leafless white waxy stems and whitish starlike flowers)
                    • blood flower [ENG31-13255191-n] (tropical herb having orange-red flowers followed by pods suggesting a swallow with outspread wings)
                    • poke milkweed [ENG31-13255417-n] (milkweed of the eastern United States with leaves resembling those of pokeweed)
                    • swamp milkweed [ENG31-13255576-n] (densely branching perennial of the eastern United States with white to crimson or purple flowers)
                    • Mead's milkweed [ENG31-13255755-n] (milkweed of central North America)
                    • purple silkweed [ENG31-13255909-n] (perennial of eastern North America having pink-purple flowers)
                    • showy milkweed [ENG31-13256057-n] (milkweed of southern North America having large starry purple and pink flowers)
                    • poison milkweed [ENG31-13256217-n] (milkweed of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                    • butterfly weed [ENG31-13256401-n] (erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers)
                    • whorled milkweed [ENG31-13256664-n] (milkweed of the eastern United States with narrow leaves in whorls and greenish-white flowers)
                  • stapelia [ENG31-13259273-n] (any of various plants of the genus Stapelia having succulent leafless toothed stems resembling cacti and large foul-smelling (often star-shaped) flowers)

                    • Stapelias asterias [ENG31-13259552-n] (stapelia of Cape Province having mostly dark red-brown flowers with flat starlike corollas)
                • halophyte [ENG31-12407620-n] (plant growing naturally in very salty soil)
                • succulent [ENG31-13104944-n] (a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs)

                  • Hottentot fig [ENG31-11839978-n] (low-growing South African succulent plant having a capsular fruit containing edible pulp)
                  • livingstone daisy [ENG31-11840381-n] (low-growing showy succulent annual of South Africa having white or pink or red or orange flowers and spatulate leaves covered in papillae that resemble small crystals)
                  • lithops [ENG31-11840932-n] (any plant of the genus Lithops native to Africa having solitary yellow or white flowers and thick leaves that resemble stones)
                  • living granite [ENG31-11842398-n] (highly succulent stemless clump-forming plants with grey-green leaves similar in texture to lumps of granite)
                  • cactus [ENG31-11862673-n] (any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines)

                    • pitahaya cactus [ENG31-11863522-n] (cactus of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having edible juicy fruit)
                    • rattail cactus [ENG31-11863910-n] (commonly cultivated tropical American cactus having slender creeping stems and very large showy crimson flowers that bloom for several days)
                    • living rock [ENG31-11864365-n] (usually unbranched usually spineless cactus covered with warty tubercles and having magenta flowers and white or green fruit)
                    • saguaro [ENG31-11864840-n] (extremely large treelike cactus of desert regions of southwestern United States having a thick columnar sparsely branched trunk bearing white flowers and edible red pulpy fruit)
                    • night-blooming cereus [ENG31-11865361-n] (any of several cacti of the genus Cereus)
                    • coryphantha [ENG31-11865746-n] (a cactus of the genus Coryphantha)
                    • echinocactus [ENG31-11866026-n] (any cactus of the genus Echinocactus)

                      • hedgehog cactus [ENG31-11866262-n] (cactus of the genus Echinocactus having stout sharp spines)
                      • golden barrel cactus [ENG31-11866382-n] (large cactus of east central Mexico having golden to pale yellow flowers and spines)
                    • hedgehog cereus [ENG31-11866781-n] (cactus of the genus Echinocereus)
                    • rainbow cactus [ENG31-11866894-n] (a stout cylindrical cactus of the southwest United States and adjacent Mexico)
                    • epiphyllum [ENG31-11867234-n] (any cactus of the genus Epiphyllum having flattened jointed irregularly branching stems and showy tubular flowers)
                    • barrel cactus [ENG31-11867638-n] (a cactus of the genus Ferocactus: unbranched barrel-shaped cactus having deep ribs with numerous spines and usually large funnel-shaped flowers followed by dry fruits)
                    • Easter cactus [ENG31-11868478-n] (spring-blooming South American cactus with oblong joints and coral-red flowers)
                    • night-blooming cereus [ENG31-11868948-n] (any of several cacti of the genus Hylocereus)
                    • chichipe [ENG31-11869336-n] (tall treelike Mexican cactus with edible red fruit)
                    • mescal [ENG31-11869740-n] (a small spineless globe-shaped cactus)
                    • mammillaria [ENG31-11870340-n] (any cactus of the genus Mammillaria)
                    • feather ball [ENG31-11870452-n] (a low tuberculate cactus with white feathery spines)
                    • garambulla [ENG31-11870990-n] (arborescent cactus of western Mexico bearing a small oblong edible berrylike fruit)
                    • Knowlton's cactus [ENG31-11871387-n] (small clustering cactus of southwestern United States)
                    • nopal [ENG31-11871727-n] (any of several cacti of the genus Nopalea resembling prickly pears)
                    • prickly pear [ENG31-11872047-n] (cacti having spiny flat joints and oval fruit that is edible in some species)

                      • nopal [ENG31-11872497-n] (cactus having yellow flowers and purple fruits)
                      • tuna [ENG31-11872617-n] (tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica)
                    • cholla [ENG31-11872308-n] (arborescent cacti having very spiny cylindrical stem segments)
                    • mistletoe cactus [ENG31-11873548-n] (a plant of the genus Rhipsalis)
                    • Christmas cactus [ENG31-11873825-n] (epiphytic cactus of Brazilian ancestry widely cultivated as a houseplant having jointed flat segments and usually rose-purple flowers that bloom in winter)
                    • night-blooming cereus [ENG31-11874282-n] (any of several night-blooming cacti of the genus Selenicereus)

                      • queen of the night [ENG31-11874448-n] (tropical American climbing cactus having triangular branches)
                    • crab cactus [ENG31-11874948-n] (South American jointed cactus with usually red flowers)
                  • aloe [ENG31-12457182-n] (succulent plants having rosettes of leaves usually with fiber like hemp and spikes of showy flowers)

                    • cape aloe [ENG31-12457412-n] (much-branched South African plant with reddish prickly succulent leaves)
                    • burn plant [ENG31-12457552-n] (very short-stemmed plant with thick leaves with soothing mucilaginous juice)
                • cultivar [ENG31-13105594-n] (a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation)
                • cultivated plant [ENG31-13105753-n] (plants that are grown for their produce)
                • weed [ENG31-13105873-n] (any plant that crowds out cultivated plants)

                  • corn cockle [ENG31-11826013-n] (European annual having large trumpet-shaped reddish-purple flowers and poisonous seed)
                  • knawel [ENG31-11835465-n] (widely distributed low-growing Eurasian herb having narrow leaves and inconspicuous green flowers)
                  • corn spurry [ENG31-11837629-n] (small European weed with whorled leaves and white flowers)
                  • sand spurry [ENG31-11837970-n] (prostrate weedy herb with tiny pink flowers)
                  • carpetweed [ENG31-11842003-n] (annual prostrate mat-forming weed having whorled leaves and small greenish-white flowers)
                  • alligator weed [ENG31-11845216-n] (prolific South American aquatic weed having grasslike leaves and short spikes of white flowers)
                  • yellow rocket [ENG31-11894550-n] (noxious cress with yellow flowers)
                  • wormseed mustard [ENG31-11908530-n] (slender yellow-flowered European mustard often troublesome as a weed)
                  • jointed charlock [ENG31-11915027-n] (Eurasian weed having yellow or mauve or white flowers and podlike fruits)
                  • pennycress [ENG31-11919108-n] (any of several plants of the genus Thlaspi)

                    • field pennycress [ENG31-11919244-n] (foetid Eurasian weed having round flat pods)
                  • ragweed [ENG31-11939916-n] (any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma)

                    • common ragweed [ENG31-11940230-n] (annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers)
                    • great ragweed [ENG31-11940444-n] (a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft)
                    • western ragweed [ENG31-11940602-n] (coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                  • thistle [ENG31-11964665-n] (any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves)

                    • welted thistle [ENG31-11965220-n] (European biennial introduced in North America having flower heads in crowded clusters at ends of branches)
                    • musk thistle [ENG31-11965423-n] (Eurasian perennial naturalized in eastern North America having very spiny white cottony foliage and nodding musky crimson flower heads)
                    • carline thistle [ENG31-11965836-n] (a thistle of the genus Carlina)

                      • stemless carline thistle [ENG31-11965983-n] (stemless perennial having large flowers with white or purple-brown florets nestled in a rosette of long spiny leaves hairy beneath)
                      • common carline thistle [ENG31-11966252-n] (Eurasian thistle growing in sand dunes and dry chalky soils)
                    • plume thistle [ENG31-11974353-n] (any of numerous biennial to perennial herbs with handsome purple or yellow or occasionally white flower heads)

                      • Canada thistle [ENG31-11974630-n] (European thistle naturalized in United States and Canada where it is a pernicious weed)
                      • woolly thistle [ENG31-11974953-n] (thistle of western North America having white woolly leaves)

                        • European woolly thistle [ENG31-11975111-n] (woolly thistle of western and central Europe and Balkan Peninsula)
                      • brook thistle [ENG31-11975509-n] (of central and southwestern Europe)
                      • bull thistle [ENG31-11975622-n] (European thistle with rather large heads and prickly leaves)
                    • field thistle [ENG31-11974814-n] (stout North American thistle with purplish-pink flower heads)
                    • melancholy thistle [ENG31-11975267-n] (perennial stoloniferous thistle of northern Europe with lanceolate basal leaves and usually solitary heads of reddish-purple flowers)
                    • blessed thistle [ENG31-11976001-n] (annual of Mediterranean to Portugal having hairy stems and minutely spiny-toothed leaves and large heads of yellow flowers)
                    • cotton thistle [ENG31-12019357-n] (biennial Eurasian white hairy thistle having pale purple flowers)
                    • golden thistle [ENG31-12031097-n] (any of several spiny Mediterranean herbs of the genus Scolymus having yellow flower heads)

                      • Spanish oyster plant [ENG31-12031284-n] (a golden thistle of southwestern Europe cultivated for its edible sweet roots and edible leaves and stalks)
                  • Barnaby's thistle [ENG31-11969484-n] (European weed having a winged stem and hairy leaves)
                  • horseweed [ENG31-11976817-n] (common North American weed with linear leaves and small discoid heads of yellowish flowers)
                  • fireweed [ENG31-11985687-n] (an American weedy plant with small white or greenish flowers)
                  • king devil [ENG31-12002811-n] (European hawkweed introduced into northeastern United States)
                  • cat's-ear [ENG31-12004613-n] (European weed widely naturalized in North America having yellow flower heads and leaves resembling a cat's ears)
                  • bastard feverfew [ENG31-12021546-n] (tropical American annual weed with small radiate heads of white flowers)
                  • oxtongue [ENG31-12023636-n] (widespread European weed with spiny tongue-shaped leaves and yellow flowers)
                  • orange hawkweed [ENG31-12024283-n] (European hawkweed having flower heads with bright orange-red rays)
                  • threadleaf groundsel [ENG31-12032307-n] (bluish-green bushy leafy plant covered with close white wool and bearing branched clusters of yellow flower heads)
                  • ragwort [ENG31-12032722-n] (widespread European weed having yellow daisylike flowers)
                  • groundsel [ENG31-12033224-n] (Eurasian weed with heads of small yellow flowers)
                  • cocklebur [ENG31-12053608-n] (any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs)
                  • nettle [ENG31-12412587-n] (any of numerous plants having stinging hairs that cause skin irritation on contact (especially of the genus Urtica or family Urticaceae))

                    • stinging nettle [ENG31-12413066-n] (perennial Eurasian nettle established in North America having broad coarsely toothed leaves with copious stinging hairs)
                    • Roman nettle [ENG31-12413282-n] (annual European nettle with stinging foliage and small clusters of green flowers)
                    • wood nettle [ENG31-12414635-n] (American perennial herb found in rich woods and provided with stinging hairs)
                    • richweed [ENG31-12415585-n] (a plants of the genus Pilea having drooping green flower clusters and smooth translucent stems and leaves)
                    • artillery plant [ENG31-12415806-n] (tropical American stingless nettle that discharges its pollen explosively)
                    • friendship plant [ENG31-12415980-n] (low stingless nettle of Central and South America having velvety brownish-green toothed leaves and clusters of small green flowers)
                  • tumbleweed [ENG31-12575416-n] (any plant that breaks away from its roots in autumn and is driven by the wind as a light rolling mass)
                • evergreen [ENG31-13120592-n] (a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year)
                • deciduous plant [ENG31-13120758-n] (a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season)
                • vine [ENG31-13121436-n] (a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface)

                  • semi-climber [ENG31-11551785-n] (a plant that tends to climb and on occasion can grow like a vine)
                  • moonseed [ENG31-11733633-n] (plant of the family Menispermaceae having red or black fruit with crescent- or ring-shaped seeds)

                    • common moonseed [ENG31-11733839-n] (a woody vine of eastern North America having large oval leaves and small white flowers and purple to blue-black fruits)
                    • Carolina moonseed [ENG31-11734232-n] (woody vine of southeastern United States resembling the common moonseed but having red fruits)
                  • clematis [ENG31-11749947-n] (any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers)

                    • pine hyacinth [ENG31-11750329-n] (erect clematis of Florida having pink to purple flowers)
                    • blue jasmine [ENG31-11750484-n] (climber of southern United States having bluish-purple flowers)
                    • pipestem clematis [ENG31-11750674-n] (clematis of California)
                    • curly-heads [ENG31-11750781-n] (shrubby clematis of the eastern United States having curly foliage)
                    • golden clematis [ENG31-11750927-n] (Chinese clematis with serrate leaves and large yellow flowers)
                    • scarlet clematis [ENG31-11751071-n] (woody vine of Texas having showy solitary nodding scarlet flowers)
                    • leather flower [ENG31-11751219-n] (woody vine of the southern United States having purple or blue flowers with leathery recurved sepals)
                    • leather flower [ENG31-11751402-n] (scandent subshrub of southeastern United States having large red-purple bell-shaped flowers with leathery recurved sepals)
                    • virgin's bower [ENG31-11751626-n] (common climber of eastern North America that sprawls over other plants and bears numerous panicles of small creamy white flowers)
                    • traveler's joy [ENG31-11751880-n] (vigorous deciduous climber of Europe to Afghanistan and Lebanon having panicles of fragrant green-white flowers in summer and autumn)
                    • purple clematis [ENG31-11752128-n] (climber of northeastern North America having waxy purplish-blue flowers)
                  • allamanda [ENG31-11790090-n] (a plant of the genus Allamanda having large showy funnel-shaped flowers in terminal cymes)

                    • common allamanda [ENG31-11790272-n] (vigorous evergreen climbing plant of South America having glossy leathery foliage and golden yellow flowers)
                  • Nepal trumpet flower [ENG31-11791616-n] (evergreen woody twiner with large glossy leaves and showy corymbs of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers)
                  • star jasmine [ENG31-11798021-n] (evergreen Chinese woody climber with shiny dark green leaves and intensely fragrant white flowers)
                  • ivy [ENG31-11819447-n] (Old World vine with lobed evergreen leaves and black berrylike fruits)
                  • birthwort [ENG31-11821861-n] (creeping plant having curving flowers thought to resemble fetuses)

                    • Dutchman's-pipe [ENG31-11822134-n] (hardy deciduous vine having large leaves and flowers with the calyx tube curved like the bowl of a pipe)
                    • Virginia snakeroot [ENG31-11822360-n] (birthwort of the eastern United States woodlands)
                  • bougainvillea [ENG31-11859385-n] (any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts)

                    • paper flower [ENG31-11859636-n] (Brazilian vine that tends to flower continuously)
                  • Barbados gooseberry [ENG31-11873000-n] (West Indian woody climber with spiny stems and numerous fragrant white flowers in panicles followed by small yellow to orange fruits)
                  • climbing corydalis [ENG31-11924743-n] (annual vine with decompound leaves and racemes of yellow and pink flowers)
                  • climbing fumitory [ENG31-11930333-n] (vine with feathery leaves and white or pinkish flowers)
                  • German ivy [ENG31-11981142-n] (South African succulent evergreen twining climber with yellow flowers grown primarily as a houseplant for its foliage)
                  • climbing hempweed [ENG31-12016720-n] (herb of tropical America having vanilla-scented flowers)
                  • yam [ENG31-12108478-n] (any of a number of tropical vines of the genus Dioscorea many having edible tuberous roots)

                    • white yam [ENG31-12108844-n] (grown in Australasia and Polynesia for its large root with fine edible white flesh)
                    • cinnamon vine [ENG31-12109012-n] (hardy Chinese vine naturalized in United States and cultivated as an ornamental climber for its glossy heart-shaped cinnamon-scented leaves and in the tropics for its edible tubers)
                    • air potato [ENG31-12109285-n] (yam of tropical Africa and Asia cultivated for it large tubers)
                    • cush-cush [ENG31-12110013-n] (tropical American yam with small yellow edible tubers)
                  • elephant's-foot [ENG31-12109426-n] (South African vine having a massive rootstock covered with deeply fissured bark)
                  • wild yam [ENG31-12109837-n] (having a rhizome formerly dried and used to treat rheumatism or liver disorders)
                  • black bryony [ENG31-12110363-n] (common European twining vine with tuberous roots and cordate leaves and red berries)
                  • gourd [ENG31-12178286-n] (any vine of the family Cucurbitaceae that bears fruits with hard rinds)

                    • prairie gourd [ENG31-12182942-n] (perennial vine of dry parts of central and southwestern United States and Mexico having small hard mottled green inedible fruit)
                    • melon [ENG31-12184341-n] (any of various fruit of cucurbitaceous vines including: muskmelons)

                      • watermelon [ENG31-12184582-n] (an African melon)
                      • sweet melon [ENG31-12184880-n] (any of several varieties of vine whose fruit has a netted rind and edible flesh and a musky smell)

                        • cantaloupe [ENG31-12185173-n] (a variety of muskmelon vine having fruit with a tan rind and orange flesh)
                        • winter melon [ENG31-12185398-n] (any of a variety of muskmelon vines having fruit with a smooth white rind and white or greenish flesh that does not have a musky smell)
                        • net melon [ENG31-12185687-n] (a muskmelon vine with fruit that has a thin reticulated rind and sweet green flesh)
                      • cucumber [ENG31-12185901-n] (a melon vine of the genus Cucumis)
                    • squirting cucumber [ENG31-12186275-n] (Mediterranean vine having oblong fruit that when ripe expels its seeds and juice violently when touched)
                    • bottle gourd [ENG31-12186645-n] (Old World climbing plant with hard-shelled bottle-shaped gourds as fruits)
                    • balsam apple [ENG31-12187953-n] (a tropical Old World flowering vine with red or orange warty fruit)
                    • balsam pear [ENG31-12188119-n] (tropical Old World vine with yellow-orange fruit)
                  • squash [ENG31-12179315-n] (any of numerous annual trailing plants of the genus Cucurbita grown for their fleshy edible fruits)

                    • pumpkin [ENG31-12178960-n] (a coarse vine widely cultivated for its large pulpy round orange fruit with firm orange skin and numerous seeds)
                    • summer squash [ENG31-12179572-n] (any of various usually bushy plants producing fruit that is eaten while immature and before the rind or seeds harden)

                      • yellow squash [ENG31-12179905-n] (any of various squash plants grown for their yellow fruits with somewhat elongated necks)
                      • marrow [ENG31-12180072-n] (any of various squash plants grown for their elongated fruit with smooth dark green skin and whitish flesh)

                        • zucchini [ENG31-12180321-n] (marrow squash plant whose fruit are eaten when small)
                        • cocozelle [ENG31-12180459-n] (squash plant having dark green fruit with skin mottled with light green or yellow)
                      • cymling [ENG31-12180642-n] (squash plant having flattened round fruit with a scalloped edge)
                      • spaghetti squash [ENG31-12180820-n] (squash plant bearing oval fruit with smooth yellowish skin and tender stranded flesh resembling spaghetti)
                    • winter squash [ENG31-12181007-n] (any of various plants of the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata producing squashes that have hard rinds and mature in the fall)

                      • acorn squash [ENG31-12181374-n] (squash plant bearing small acorn-shaped fruits having yellow flesh and dark green or yellow rind with longitudinal ridges)
                      • hubbard squash [ENG31-12181573-n] (any of several winter squash plants producing large greyish-green football-shaped fruit with a rough warty rind)
                      • turban squash [ENG31-12181802-n] (squash plants bearing hard-shelled fruit shaped somewhat like a turban with a rounded central portion protruding from the end opposite the stem)

                        • buttercup squash [ENG31-12182094-n] (plant bearing somewhat drum-shaped fruit having dark green rind with greyish markings)
                      • butternut squash [ENG31-12182261-n] (plant bearing buff-colored squash having somewhat bottle-shaped fruit with fine-textured edible flesh and a smooth thin rind)
                      • winter crookneck [ENG31-12182486-n] (any of various plants bearing squash having hard rinds and elongated recurved necks)
                      • cushaw [ENG31-12182698-n] (plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds)
                  • bryony [ENG31-12183552-n] (a vine of the genus Bryonia having large leaves and small flowers and yielding acrid juice with emetic and purgative properties)

                    • white bryony [ENG31-12183796-n] (white-flowered vine having thick roots and bearing small black berries)
                    • red bryony [ENG31-12183973-n] (bryony having fleshy roots pale green flowers and very small red berries)
                  • luffa [ENG31-12186941-n] (any of several tropical annual climbers having large yellow flowers and edible young fruits)

                    • loofah [ENG31-12187310-n] (the loofah climber that has cylindrical fruit)
                    • angled loofah [ENG31-12187446-n] (loofah of Pakistan)
                  • bower actinidia [ENG31-12391719-n] (climbing Asiatic vine having long finely serrate leaves and racemes of white flowers followed by greenish-yellow edible fruit)
                  • Chinese gooseberry [ENG31-12391956-n] (climbing vine native to China)
                  • silvervine [ENG31-12392221-n] (ornamental vine of eastern Asia having yellow edible fruit and leaves with silver-white markings)
                  • passionflower [ENG31-12403919-n] (any of various chiefly tropical American vines some bearing edible fruit)

                    • granadilla [ENG31-12404254-n] (Brazilian passionflower cultivated for its deep purple fruit)
                    • granadilla [ENG31-12404411-n] (considered best for fruit)
                    • granadilla [ENG31-12404554-n] (tropical American passionflower yielding the large granadilla fruit)
                    • maypop [ENG31-12404744-n] (of southern United States)
                    • Jamaica honeysuckle [ENG31-12404892-n] (West Indian passionflower)
                    • banana passion fruit [ENG31-12405086-n] (cultivated for fruit)
                    • sweet calabash [ENG31-12405197-n] (West Indian passionflower with edible apple-sized fruit)
                    • love-in-a-mist [ENG31-12405356-n] (tropical American passion flower with finely dissected bracts)
                  • hop [ENG31-12418369-n] (twining perennials having cordate leaves and flowers arranged in conelike spikes)

                    • common hop [ENG31-12418679-n] (European twining plant whose flowers are used chiefly to flavor malt liquors)
                    • American hop [ENG31-12418889-n] (native American plant sometimes confused with the European hop)
                    • Japanese hop [ENG31-12419031-n] (ornamental vine native to eastern Asia)
                  • salsilla [ENG31-12440383-n] (tropical vine having pink-and-yellow flowers spotted purple and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute)
                  • salsilla [ENG31-12440629-n] (tropical vine having umbels of small purple flowers and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute)
                  • smilax [ENG31-12462057-n] (fragile twining plant of South Africa with bright green flattened stems and glossy foliage popular as a floral decoration)
                  • sarsaparilla [ENG31-12490597-n] (any of various prickly climbing plants of the tropical American genus Smilax having aromatic roots and heart-shaped leaves)

                    • rough bindweed [ENG31-12491412-n] (creeping or climbing evergreen having spiny zigzag stems with shiny leaves and racemes of pale-green flowers)
                  • bullbrier [ENG31-12491017-n] (a very prickly woody vine of the eastern United States growing in tangled masses having tough round stems with shiny leathery leaves and small greenish flowers followed by clusters of inedible shiny black berries)
                  • yellow jasmine [ENG31-12506486-n] (poisonous woody evergreen vine of southeastern United States having fragrant yellow funnel-shaped flowers)
                  • calabar-bean vine [ENG31-12507387-n] (tropical African woody vine yielding calabar beans)
                  • hog peanut [ENG31-12525758-n] (vine widely distributed in eastern North America producing racemes of purple to maroon flowers and abundant (usually subterranean) edible one-seeded pods resembling peanuts)
                  • groundnut [ENG31-12527884-n] (a North American vine with fragrant blossoms and edible tubers)
                  • jack bean [ENG31-12531744-n] (annual semi-erect bushy plant of tropical South America bearing long pods with white seeds grown especially for forage)
                  • sword bean [ENG31-12531993-n] (twining tropical Old World plant bearing long pods usually with red or brown beans)
                  • butterfly pea [ENG31-12533677-n] (large-flowered weakly twining or prostrate vine of New Jersey to tropical eastern North America, sometimes cultivated for its purple and white flowers)
                  • butterfly pea [ENG31-12537950-n] (large-flowered wild twining vine of southeastern and central United States having pale blue flowers)
                  • blue pea [ENG31-12538147-n] (vine of tropical Asia having pinnate leaves and bright blue flowers with yellow centers)
                  • derris root [ENG31-12546258-n] (woody vine having bright green leaves and racemes of rose-tinted white flowers)
                  • Australian pea [ENG31-12547586-n] (South African evergreen partly woody vine grown for its clusters of rosy purple flowers followed by edible pods like snap beans)
                  • Western Australia coral pea [ENG31-12554713-n] (vigorous climber of the forests of western Australia)
                  • coral pea [ENG31-12557376-n] (any of various Australian climbing plants of the genus Kennedia having scarlet flowers)

                    • coral vine [ENG31-12557573-n] (prostrate or twining woody vine with small leathery leaves and umbels of red flowers)
                    • scarlet runner [ENG31-12557758-n] (hairy trailing or prostrate western Australian vine with bright scarlet-pink flowers)
                  • hyacinth bean [ENG31-12558074-n] (perennial twining vine of Old World tropics having trifoliate leaves and racemes of fragrant purple pea-like flowers followed by maroon pods of edible seeds)
                  • vetchling [ENG31-12559579-n] (any of various small plants of the genus Lathyrus)

                    • black pea [ENG31-12560993-n] (perennial of Europe and North Africa)
                    • grass vetch [ENG31-12561152-n] (annual European vetch with red flowers)
                    • grass pea [ENG31-12561908-n] (European annual grown for forage)
                    • spring vetchling [ENG31-12562971-n] (bushy European perennial having nodding racemose violet-blue flowers)
                  • everlasting pea [ENG31-12560337-n] (any of several perennial vines of the genus Lathyrus)

                    • broad-leaved everlasting pea [ENG31-12560506-n] (perennial climber of central and southern Europe having purple or pink or white flowers)
                    • flat pea [ENG31-12562310-n] (European perennial with mottled flowers of purple and pink)
                  • sweet pea [ENG31-12561305-n] (climbing garden plant having fragrant pastel-colored flowers)
                  • heath pea [ENG31-12562745-n] (European herb bearing small tubers used for food and in Scotland to flavor whiskey)
                  • yam bean [ENG31-12575760-n] (Central American twining plant with edible roots and pods)
                  • yam bean [ENG31-12576058-n] (twining plant of Amazon basin having large edible roots)
                  • winged bean [ENG31-12584588-n] (a tuberous twining annual vine bearing clusters of purplish flowers and pods with four jagged wings)
                  • kudzu [ENG31-12587459-n] (fast-growing vine from eastern Asia having tuberous starchy roots and hairy trifoliate leaves and racemes of purple flowers followed by long hairy pods containing many seeds)
                  • wisteria [ENG31-12601205-n] (any flowering vine of the genus Wisteria)

                    • Japanese wistaria [ENG31-12601402-n] (having flowers of pink to mauve or violet-blue)
                    • Chinese wistaria [ENG31-12601534-n] (having deep purple flowers)
                    • American wistaria [ENG31-12601644-n] (an eastern United States native resembling the cultivated Japanese wisteria having pale purple-lilac flowers)
                    • silky wisteria [ENG31-12601858-n] (a wisteria of China having white flowers)
                  • silver lace vine [ENG31-12621867-n] (twining perennial vine having racemes of fragrant greenish flowers)
                  • partridgeberry [ENG31-12689278-n] (creeping woody plant of eastern North America with shiny evergreen leaves and scarlet berries)
                  • soapberry vine [ENG31-12763501-n] (tendril-climbing vine)

                    • heartseed [ENG31-12763638-n] (herbaceous vine of tropical America and Africa)
                    • balloon vine [ENG31-12763769-n] (woody perennial climbing plant with large ornamental seed pods that resemble balloons)
                  • bittersweet [ENG31-12769008-n] (twining shrub of North America having yellow capsules enclosing scarlet seeds)
                  • Japanese bittersweet [ENG31-12769294-n] (ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril)
                  • evergreen bittersweet [ENG31-12770836-n] (broad and bushy Asiatic twining shrub with pinkish fruit)
                  • black-eyed Susan [ENG31-12833949-n] (tropical African climbing plant having yellow flowers with a dark purple center)
                  • cross vine [ENG31-12834763-n] (woody flowering vine of southern United States)
                  • convolvulus [ENG31-12844477-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Convolvulus)

                    • scammony [ENG31-12845049-n] (twining plant of Asia Minor having cream-colored to purple flowers and long thick roots yielding a cathartic resin)
                  • bindweed [ENG31-12844619-n] (any of several vines of the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia having a twining habit)

                    • field bindweed [ENG31-12844813-n] (weakly climbing European perennial with white or pink flowers)
                    • hedge bindweed [ENG31-12845821-n] (common Eurasian and American wild climber with pink flowers)
                  • silverweed [ENG31-12845495-n] (any of various twining shrubs of the genus Argyreia having silvery leaves and showy purple flowers)
                  • dodder [ENG31-12846257-n] (a leafless annual parasitic vine of the genus Cuscuta having whitish or yellow filamentous stems)

                    • love vine [ENG31-12846481-n] (leafless parasitic vine with dense clusters of small white bell-shaped flowers on orange-yellow stems that twine around clover or flax)
                  • dichondra [ENG31-12846903-n] (a creeping perennial herb with hairy stems and orbicular to reniform leaves and small white to greenish flowers)
                  • morning glory [ENG31-12847276-n] (any of various twining vines having funnel-shaped flowers that close late in the day)

                    • common morning glory [ENG31-12847655-n] (pantropical annual climbing herb with funnel-shaped blue, purple, pink or white flowers)
                    • common morning glory [ENG31-12847828-n] (annual or perennial climbing herb of Central America having sky-blue flowers)
                    • cypress vine [ENG31-12848030-n] (tropical American annual climber having red (sometimes white) flowers and finely dissected leaves)
                    • moonflower [ENG31-12848297-n] (pantropical climber having white fragrant nocturnal flowers)
                    • sweet potato [ENG31-12848444-n] (pantropical vine widely cultivated in several varieties for its large sweet tuberous root with orange flesh)
                    • wild potato vine [ENG31-12848667-n] (tropical American prostrate or climbing herbaceous perennial having an enormous starchy root)
                    • red morning-glory [ENG31-12848980-n] (annual herb having scarlet flowers)
                    • man-of-the-earth [ENG31-12849139-n] (a morning glory with long roots of western United States)
                    • scammony [ENG31-12849280-n] (tropical American morning glory)
                    • railroad vine [ENG31-12849388-n] (a prostrate perennial of coastal sand dunes Florida to Texas)
                    • Japanese morning glory [ENG31-12849551-n] (annual Old World tropical climbing herb distinguished by wide color range and frilled or double flowers)
                    • imperial Japanese morning glory [ENG31-12849737-n] (hybrid from Ipomoea nil)
                  • ground ivy [ENG31-12868134-n] (trailing European aromatic plant of the mint family having rounded leaves and small purplish flowers often grown in hanging baskets)
                  • potato tree [ENG31-12915007-n] (hardy climbing shrub of Chile grown as an ornamental for its fragrant flowers)
                  • Uruguay potato [ENG31-12915198-n] (South American potato vine)
                  • wild potato [ENG31-12916338-n] (erect or spreading perennial of southwestern United States and Mexico bearing small pale brown to cream-colored tubers resembling potatoes)
                  • potato vine [ENG31-12916571-n] (copiously branched vine of Brazil having deciduous leaves and white flowers tinged with blue)
                  • potato [ENG31-12918253-n] (annual native to South America having underground stolons bearing edible starchy tubers)
                  • potato vine [ENG31-12918548-n] (vine of Costa Rica sparsely armed with hooklike spines and having large lilac-blue flowers)
                  • cock's eggs [ENG31-12933034-n] (weedy vine of Argentina having solitary white flowers followed by egg-shaped white or yellow fruit)
                  • climber [ENG31-13123168-n] (a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants)

                    • Agdestis [ENG31-11876524-n] (a genus with one species that is a rapidly growing climbing vine with tuberous roots)
                    • root climber [ENG31-13123782-n] (a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy)
                  • liana [ENG31-13140970-n] (a woody climbing usually tropical plant)

                    • white dipladenia [ENG31-11793877-n] (shrubby climber having glossy leaves and white funnel-shaped flowers with yellow throats)
                    • Chilean jasmine [ENG31-11794097-n] (woody vine of Argentina grown as an ornamental for its glossy leaves and racemes of large fragrant funnel-shaped creamy-white flowers)
                    • golden pothos [ENG31-11809196-n] (evergreen liana widely cultivated for its variegated foliage)
                    • monstera [ENG31-11809907-n] (any plant of the genus Monstera)

                      • ceriman [ENG31-11810058-n] (tropical American vine having roots that hang like cords and cylindrical fruit with a pineapple and banana flavor)
                    • philodendron [ENG31-11811810-n] (often grown as a houseplant)
                    • pothos [ENG31-11812498-n] (any of various tropical lianas of the genus Scindapsus)
                    • jade vine [ENG31-12592286-n] (vigorous Philippine evergreen twining liana)
                    • cynancum [ENG31-13257393-n] (any of various mostly giant tropical lianas of Africa and Madagascar having greenish or purple flowers and long smooth pods)
                  • grape [ENG31-13165571-n] (any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries)

                    • fox grape [ENG31-13165817-n] (native grape of northeastern United States)
                    • muscadine [ENG31-13166027-n] (native grape of southeastern United States)
                    • vinifera [ENG31-13166221-n] (common European grape cultivated in many varieties)

                      • Chardonnay [ENG31-13166701-n] (white wine grape)
                      • Pinot [ENG31-13166812-n] (any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes)

                        • Pinot noir [ENG31-13167002-n] (red wine grape)
                        • Pinot blanc [ENG31-13167180-n] (white wine grape)
                      • Sauvignon grape [ENG31-13167360-n] (small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking)
                      • Cabernet Sauvignon grape [ENG31-13167517-n] (superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California)
                      • Sauvignon blanc [ENG31-13167705-n] (white wine grape grown in California)
                      • Merlot [ENG31-13167822-n] (black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux)
                      • Muscadet [ENG31-13167930-n] (white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France)
                      • Riesling [ENG31-13168047-n] (white grape grown in Europe and California)
                      • Zinfandel [ENG31-13168163-n] (small black grape grown chiefly in California)
                      • Chenin blanc [ENG31-13168309-n] (white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France)
                      • malvasia [ENG31-13168466-n] (grape used to make malmsey wine)
                      • muscat [ENG31-13168571-n] (any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes)
                      • Verdicchio [ENG31-13168701-n] (a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy)
                  • Boston ivy [ENG31-13168991-n] (Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries)
                  • Virginia creeper [ENG31-13169167-n] (common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit)
                  • true pepper [ENG31-13170079-n] (any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper)

                    • pepper [ENG31-13170289-n] (climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe)
                    • long pepper [ENG31-13170612-n] (slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas)
                    • betel [ENG31-13170753-n] (Asian pepper plant whose leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians)
                    • cubeb [ENG31-13170955-n] (tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits)
                  • cruel plant [ENG31-13256998-n] (robust twining shrub having racemes of fragrant white or pink flowers with flat spreading terminal petals that trap nocturnal moths and hold them until dawn)
                  • hoya [ENG31-13257785-n] (any plant of the genus Hoya having fleshy leaves and usually nectariferous flowers)

                    • honey plant [ENG31-13257973-n] (a plant that furnishes nectar suitable for making honey)
                    • wax plant [ENG31-13258086-n] (succulent climber of southern Asia with umbels of pink and white star-shaped flowers)
                  • silk vine [ENG31-13258406-n] (deciduous climber for arches and fences having ill-scented but interesting flowers and poisonous yellow fruits)
                  • soma [ENG31-13258886-n] (leafless East Indian vine)
                  • negro vine [ENG31-13260634-n] (twining vine with hairy foliage and dark purplish-brown flowers)
                • creeper [ENG31-13123407-n] (any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping)
                • woody plant [ENG31-13123895-n] (a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems)

                  • bugbane [ENG31-11748999-n] (a plant of the genus Cimicifuga having flowers in long racemes or panicles reported to be distasteful to insects)

                    • American bugbane [ENG31-11749238-n] (bugbane of the eastern United States having erect racemes of white flowers)
                    • black cohosh [ENG31-11749414-n] (North American bugbane found from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin and south to Georgia)
                    • fetid bugbane [ENG31-11749611-n] (bugbane of Siberia and eastern Asia having ill-smelling green-white flowers)
                  • melilotus [ENG31-11771458-n] (erect annual or biennial plant grown extensively especially for hay and soil improvement)

                    • white sweet clover [ENG31-11771682-n] (biennial plant)
                    • yellow sweet clover [ENG31-11771816-n] (biennial yellow-flowered Eurasian plant having aromatic leaves used as carminative or flavoring agent)
                  • aralia [ENG31-11817790-n] (any of various plants of the genus Aralia)
                  • combretum [ENG31-12344573-n] (any of numerous shrubs or small trees of the genus Combretum having spikes of small flowers)
                  • traveler's tree [ENG31-12375540-n] (giant treelike plant having edible nuts and leafstalks that yield a refreshing drink of clear watery sap)
                  • Queensland grass-cloth plant [ENG31-12416423-n] (Australian plant of genus Pipturus whose fiber is used in making cloth)
                  • milk vetch [ENG31-12528814-n] (any of various plants of the genus Astragalus)

                    • wild licorice [ENG31-12529002-n] (European perennial)
                    • alpine milk vetch [ENG31-12529123-n] (perennial of mountainous areas of Eurasia and North America)
                    • purple milk vetch [ENG31-12529267-n] (perennial of southern and western Europe having dense racemes of purple or violet flowers)
                  • wild indigo [ENG31-12529981-n] (any of several plants of the genus Baptisia)

                    • blue false indigo [ENG31-12530170-n] (wild indigo of the eastern United States having racemes of blue flowers)
                    • white false indigo [ENG31-12530326-n] (erect or spreading herb having racemes of creamy white flowers)
                    • indigo broom [ENG31-12530498-n] (much-branched erect herb with bright yellow flowers)
                  • bush clover [ENG31-12563415-n] (shrubby or herbaceous plants widely used for forage, soil improvement, and especially hay in southern United States)

                    • bicolor lespediza [ENG31-12563691-n] (Asian shrub having conspicuous racemose rose-purple flowers widely used as an ornamental and in erosion control and as a source of feed for wild birds)
                    • japanese clover [ENG31-12563960-n] (an annual of tropical Asia naturalized in United States)
                    • Korean lespedeza [ENG31-12564144-n] (annual native to Korea but widely cultivated for forage and hay in hot dry regions)
                    • sericea lespedeza [ENG31-12564331-n] (perennial widely planted as for forage and as hay crop especially on poor land)
                  • lupine [ENG31-12566688-n] (any plant of the genus Lupinus)

                    • white lupine [ENG31-12566925-n] (white-flowered Eurasian herb widely cultivated for forage and erosion control)
                    • yellow lupine [ENG31-12567337-n] (yellow-flowered European lupine cultivated for forage)
                    • bluebonnet [ENG31-12567720-n] (low-growing annual herb of southwestern United States (Texas) having silky foliage and blue flowers)
                    • Texas bluebonnet [ENG31-12568008-n] (closely resembles Lupinus subcarnosus)
                  • bignoniad [ENG31-12834513-n] (any woody plant of the family Bignoniaceae)
                  • gesneriad [ENG31-12850342-n] (any of numerous tropical or subtropical small shrubs or treelets or epiphytic vines of the family Gesneriaceae: African violet)
                  • figwort [ENG31-12897659-n] (any of numerous tall coarse woodland plants of the genus Scrophularia)
                  • nightshade [ENG31-12914223-n] (any of numerous shrubs or herbs or vines of the genus Solanum)

                    • kangaroo apple [ENG31-12914554-n] (Australian annual sometimes cultivated for its racemes of purple flowers and edible yellow egg-shaped fruit)
                    • horse nettle [ENG31-12914753-n] (coarse prickly weed having pale yellow flowers and yellow berrylike fruit)
                    • bittersweet [ENG31-12915367-n] (poisonous perennial Old World vine having violet flowers and oval coral-red berries)
                    • trompillo [ENG31-12915690-n] (weedy nightshade with silvery foliage and violet or blue or white flowers)
                    • African holly [ENG31-12916058-n] (woolly-stemmed biennial arborescent shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia having silvery-white prickly branches, clusters of blue or white flowers, and bright red berries resembling holly berries)
                    • black nightshade [ENG31-12917067-n] (Eurasian herb naturalized in America having white flowers and poisonous hairy foliage and bearing black berries that are sometimes poisonous but sometimes edible)

                      • garden huckleberry [ENG31-12917375-n] (improved garden variety of black nightshade having small edible orange or black berries)
                    • Jerusalem cherry [ENG31-12917622-n] (small South American shrub cultivated as a houseplant for its abundant ornamental but poisonous red or yellow cherry-sized fruit)
                    • buffalo bur [ENG31-12918101-n] (North American nightshade with prickly foliage and racemose yellow flowers)
                  • lignosae [ENG31-13124419-n] (a category in some early taxonomies)
                  • arborescent plant [ENG31-13124509-n] (having the shape or characteristics of a tree)

                    • grass tree [ENG31-12486711-n] (any of several Australian evergreen perennials having short thick woody stems crowned by a tuft of grasslike foliage and yielding acaroid resins)
                  • tree [ENG31-13124818-n] (a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown)

                    • yellowwood [ENG31-11671009-n] (any of various trees having yellowish wood or yielding a yellow extract)

                      • gymnospermous yellowwood [ENG31-11671210-n] (any of various gymnospermous trees having yellow wood)

                        • South-African yellowwood [ENG31-11673204-n] (erect or shrubby tree of Africa having ridged dark grey bark and rigid glossy medium to long leaves)
                        • common yellowwood [ENG31-11674021-n] (medium-sized tree of South Africa)
                      • angiospermous yellowwood [ENG31-11671370-n] (any of various angiospermous trees having yellow wood)

                        • osage orange [ENG31-12420404-n] (small shrubby deciduous yellowwood tree of south central United States having spines, glossy dark green leaves and an inedible fruit that resembles an orange)
                        • Kentucky yellowwood [ENG31-12536670-n] (small handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having showy white flowers in terminal clusters and heavy hardwood yielding yellow dye)
                        • satinwood [ENG31-12736168-n] (West Indian tree with smooth lustrous and slightly oily wood)
                        • Australian sumac [ENG31-12783165-n] (evergreen of Australia yielding a dark yellow wood)
                        • sweetleaf [ENG31-12797318-n] (small yellowwood tree of southern United States having small fragrant white flowers)
                    • lancewood [ENG31-11716919-n] (source of most of the lancewood of commerce)
                    • Guinea pepper [ENG31-11717404-n] (tropical west African evergreen tree bearing pungent aromatic seeds used as a condiment and in folk medicine)
                    • anise tree [ENG31-11729127-n] (any of several evergreen shrubs and small trees of the genus Illicium)

                      • purple anise [ENG31-11729326-n] (small shrubby tree with purple flowers)
                      • star anise [ENG31-11729514-n] (small shrubby tree of Japan and Taiwan)
                      • star anise [ENG31-11729674-n] (small tree of China and Vietnam bearing anise-scented star-shaped fruit used in food and medicinally as a carminative)
                    • winter's bark [ENG31-11760447-n] (South American evergreen tree yielding winter's bark and a light soft wood similar to basswood)
                    • zebrawood [ENG31-11766286-n] (any of various trees or shrubs having mottled or striped wood)

                      • Connarus guianensis [ENG31-11767069-n] (tropical American and east African tree with strikingly marked hardwood used in cabinetwork)
                      • arariba [ENG31-11770072-n] (Brazilian tree with handsomely marked wood)
                      • nakedwood [ENG31-12352305-n] (tree of extreme southern Florida and West Indies having thin scaly bark and aromatic fruits and seeds and yielding hard heavy close-grained zebrawood)
                      • goncalo alves [ENG31-12780428-n] (tall tropical American timber tree especially abundant in eastern Brazil)
                      • marblewood [ENG31-12791845-n] (hard marbled wood)
                    • granadilla tree [ENG31-11769581-n] (West Indian tree yielding a fine grade of green ebony)
                    • acacia [ENG31-11776561-n] (any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia)

                      • shittah [ENG31-11776798-n] (source of a wood mentioned frequently in the Bible)
                      • wattle [ENG31-11777138-n] (any of various Australasian trees yielding slender poles suitable for wattle)

                        • black wattle [ENG31-11777339-n] (Australian tree that yields tanning materials)
                        • gidgee [ENG31-11777486-n] (scrubby Australian acacia having extremely foul-smelling blossoms)
                        • silver wattle [ENG31-11778122-n] (evergreen Australasian tree having white or silvery bark and young leaves and yellow flowers)
                        • golden wattle [ENG31-11778745-n] (shrubby Australian tree having clusters of fragrant golden yellow flowers)
                      • catechu [ENG31-11777659-n] (East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods)
                      • huisache [ENG31-11778320-n] (tropical American thorny shrub or small tree)
                      • fever tree [ENG31-11778952-n] (African tree supposed to mark healthful regions)
                    • coralwood [ENG31-11779268-n] (East Indian tree with racemes of yellow-white flowers)
                    • albizzia [ENG31-11779693-n] (any of numerous trees of the genus Albizia)

                      • silk tree [ENG31-11779873-n] (attractive domed or flat-topped Asiatic tree having bipinnate leaves and flowers with long silky stamens)
                      • siris [ENG31-11780078-n] (large spreading Old World tree having large leaves and globose clusters of greenish-yellow flowers and long seed pods that clatter in the wind)
                      • rain tree [ENG31-11780322-n] (large ornamental tropical American tree with bipinnate leaves and globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens and seed pods that are eaten by cattle)
                    • conacaste [ENG31-11781671-n] (tropical South American tree having a wide-spreading crown of bipinnate leaves and coiled ear-shaped fruits)
                    • inga [ENG31-11782119-n] (any tree or shrub of the genus Inga having pinnate leaves and showy usually white flowers)
                    • ice-cream bean [ENG31-11782305-n] (ornamental evergreen tree with masses of white flowers)
                    • guama [ENG31-11782487-n] (tropical tree of Central America and West Indies and Puerto Rico having spikes of white flowers)
                    • lead tree [ENG31-11782902-n] (low scrubby tree of tropical and subtropical North America having white flowers tinged with yellow resembling mimosa and long flattened pods)
                    • wild tamarind [ENG31-11783396-n] (a tree of the West Indies and Florida and Mexico)
                    • nitta tree [ENG31-11784094-n] (any of several Old World tropical trees of the genus Parkia having heads of red or yellow flowers followed by pods usually containing edible seeds and pulp)

                      • Parkia javanica [ENG31-11784343-n] (tall evergreen rain forest tree with wide-spreading crown having yellow-white flowers)
                    • manila tamarind [ENG31-11784947-n] (common thorny tropical American tree having terminal racemes of yellow flowers followed by sickle-shaped or circinate edible pods and yielding good timber and a yellow dye and mucilaginous gum)
                    • dita [ENG31-11790725-n] (evergreen tree of eastern Asia and Philippines having large leathery leaves and small green-white flowers in compact cymes)
                    • ivory tree [ENG31-11793348-n] (tropical Asian tree with hard white wood and bark formerly used as a remedy for dysentery and diarrhea)
                    • puka [ENG31-11819800-n] (small roundheaded New Zealand tree having large resinous leaves and panicles of green-white flowers)
                    • cockspur [ENG31-11861716-n] (small spiny West Indian tree)
                    • pandanus [ENG31-12175290-n] (any of various Old World tropical palmlike trees having huge prop roots and edible conelike fruits and leaves like pineapple leaves)

                      • textile screw pine [ENG31-12175526-n] (Polynesian screw pine)
                    • lacebark [ENG31-12201402-n] (small tree or shrub of New Zealand having a profusion of axillary clusters of honey-scented paper-white flowers and whose bark is used for cordage)
                    • ribbon tree [ENG31-12205771-n] (deciduous New Zealand tree whose inner bark yields a strong fiber that resembles flax and is called New Zealand cotton)
                    • tulipwood tree [ENG31-12208806-n] (any of various trees yielding variously colored woods similar to true tulipwood)

                      • portia tree [ENG31-12209152-n] (pantropical tree of usually seacoasts sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its rounded heart-shaped leaves and showy yellow and purple flowers)
                      • harpullia [ENG31-12764583-n] (any of various tree of the genus Harpullia)

                        • harpulla [ENG31-12764736-n] (fast-growing tree of India and East Indies yielding a wood used especially for building)
                        • Moreton Bay tulipwood [ENG31-12764902-n] (Australian tree yielding a variegated tulipwood)
                    • red silk-cotton tree [ENG31-12209946-n] (East Indian silk cotton tree yielding fibers inferior to kapok)
                    • Montezuma [ENG31-12211757-n] (evergreen tree with large leathery leaves and large pink to orange flowers)
                    • shaving-brush tree [ENG31-12212649-n] (tree of Mexico to Guatemala having densely hairy flowers with long narrow petals clustered at ends of branches before leaves appear)
                    • quandong [ENG31-12213394-n] (Australian tree having hard white timber and glossy green leaves with white flowers followed by one-seeded glossy blue fruit)
                    • Jamaican cherry [ENG31-12214664-n] (a fast-growing tropical American evergreen having white flowers and white fleshy edible fruit)
                    • breakax [ENG31-12215130-n] (West Indian timber tree having very hard wood)
                    • bottle-tree [ENG31-12216646-n] (an Australian tree of the genus Brachychiton)

                      • flame tree [ENG31-12216853-n] (south Australian tree having panicles of brilliant scarlet flowers)
                      • flame tree [ENG31-12217044-n] (north Australian tree having white flowers and broad leaves)
                      • kurrajong [ENG31-12217211-n] (widely distributed tree of eastern Australia yielding a tough durable fiber and soft light attractively grained wood)
                      • Queensland bottletree [ENG31-12217471-n] (large tree of Queensland having cream-colored flowers blotched with red inside)
                    • Chinese parasol tree [ENG31-12218803-n] (deciduous tree widely grown in southern United States as an ornamental for its handsome maplelike foliage and long racemes of yellow-green flowers followed by curious leaflike pods)
                    • mayeng [ENG31-12221422-n] (Indian tree having fragrant nocturnal white flowers and yielding a reddish wood used for planking)
                    • silver tree [ENG31-12221848-n] (Australian timber tree)
                    • obeche [ENG31-12222455-n] (large west African tree having large palmately lobed leaves and axillary cymose panicles of small white flowers and one-winged seeds)
                    • linden [ENG31-12223453-n] (any of various deciduous trees of the genus Tilia with heart-shaped leaves and drooping cymose clusters of yellowish often fragrant flowers)

                      • American basswood [ENG31-12224046-n] (large American shade tree with large dark green leaves and rounded crown)
                      • small-leaved linden [ENG31-12224216-n] (large spreading European linden with small dark green leaves)
                      • white basswood [ENG31-12224413-n] (American basswood of the Allegheny region)
                      • Japanese linden [ENG31-12224549-n] (medium-sized tree of Japan used as an ornamental)
                      • silver lime [ENG31-12224692-n] (large tree native to eastern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with white tomentum on the under side)
                    • silver tree [ENG31-12241013-n] (small South African tree with long silvery silky foliage)
                    • prickly ash [ENG31-12242607-n] (Australian tree having alternate simple leaves (when young they are pinnate with prickly toothed margins) and slender axillary spikes of white flowers)
                    • wheel tree [ENG31-12243417-n] (eastern Australian tree widely cultivated as a shade tree and for its glossy leaves and circular clusters of showy red to orange-scarlet flowers)
                    • scrub beefwood [ENG31-12243677-n] (tree or tall shrub with shiny leaves and umbels of fragrant creamy-white flowers)
                    • casuarina [ENG31-12245495-n] (any of various trees and shrubs of the genus Casuarina having jointed stems and whorls of scalelike leaves)

                      • she-oak [ENG31-12245739-n] (any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina)
                      • beefwood [ENG31-12245866-n] (any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina yielding heavy hard red wood used in cabinetwork)

                        • Australian pine [ENG31-12246080-n] (common Australian tree widely grown as an ornamental in tropical regions)
                    • beech [ENG31-12281316-n] (any of several large deciduous trees with rounded spreading crowns and smooth grey bark and small sweet edible triangular nuts enclosed in burs)

                      • common beech [ENG31-12281876-n] (large European beech with minutely-toothed leaves)
                      • copper beech [ENG31-12282088-n] (variety of European beech with shining purple or copper-colored leaves)
                      • American beech [ENG31-12282325-n] (North American forest tree with light green leaves and edible nuts)
                      • weeping beech [ENG31-12282535-n] (variety of European beech with pendulous limbs)
                      • Japanese beech [ENG31-12282702-n] (a beech native to Japan having soft light yellowish-brown wood)
                    • chestnut [ENG31-12283070-n] (any of several attractive deciduous trees yellow-brown in autumn)

                      • American chestnut [ENG31-12283555-n] (large tree found from Maine to Alabama)
                      • European chestnut [ENG31-12283721-n] (wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia)
                      • Chinese chestnut [ENG31-12283927-n] (a small tree with small sweet nuts)
                      • Japanese chestnut [ENG31-12284105-n] (a spreading tree of Japan that has a short trunk)
                      • Allegheny chinkapin [ENG31-12284255-n] (shrubby chestnut tree of southeastern United States having small edible nuts)
                      • Ozark chinkapin [ENG31-12284504-n] (shrubby tree closely related to the Allegheny chinkapin but with larger leaves)
                    • oak chestnut [ENG31-12285029-n] (a tree of the genus Castanopsis)
                    • giant chinkapin [ENG31-12285303-n] (small ornamental evergreen tree of Pacific Coast whose glossy yellow-green leaves are yellow beneath)
                    • tanbark oak [ENG31-12285911-n] (evergreen tree of the Pacific coast area having large leathery leaves)

                      • Japanese oak [ENG31-12286117-n] (small evergreen tree of China and Japan)
                    • southern beech [ENG31-12286734-n] (any of various beeches of the southern hemisphere having small usually evergreen leaves)

                      • myrtle beech [ENG31-12287045-n] (large evergreen tree of Tasmania)
                      • Coigue [ENG31-12287161-n] (Chilean evergreen whose leafy boughs are used for thatching)
                      • New Zealand beech [ENG31-12287313-n] (any of several tall New Zealand trees of the genus Nothofagus)

                        • silver beech [ENG31-12287501-n] (New Zealand beech with usually pale silvery bark)
                      • roble beech [ENG31-12287650-n] (tall deciduous South American tree)
                      • rauli beech [ENG31-12287782-n] (large Chilean timber tree yielding coarse lumber)
                      • black beech [ENG31-12287928-n] (New Zealand forest tree)
                      • hard beech [ENG31-12288051-n] (tall New Zealand tree yielding very hard wood)
                    • oak [ENG31-12288763-n] (a deciduous tree of the genus Quercus)

                      • live oak [ENG31-12289758-n] (any of several American evergreen oaks)

                        • coast live oak [ENG31-12289923-n] (highly variable often shrubby evergreen oak of coastal zone of western North America having small thick usually spiny-toothed dark-green leaves)
                        • canyon oak [ENG31-12291463-n] (medium-sized evergreen of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico with oblong leathery often spiny-edged leaves)
                        • southern live oak [ENG31-12300289-n] (medium-sized evergreen native to eastern North America to the east coast of Mexico)
                        • interior live oak [ENG31-12300577-n] (a small shrubby evergreen tree of western North America similar to the coast live oak but occurring chiefly in foothills of mountain ranges removed from the coast)
                      • white oak [ENG31-12290169-n] (any of numerous Old World and American oaks having 6 to 8 stamens in each floret, acorns that mature in one year and leaf veins that never extend beyond the margin of the leaf)

                        • American white oak [ENG31-12290544-n] (large slow-growing deciduous tree of the eastern United States having stout spreading branches and leaves with usually 7 rounded lobes)
                        • Arizona white oak [ENG31-12290795-n] (semi-evergreen shrub or small tree of Arizona and New Mexico having acorns with hemispherical cups)
                        • swamp white oak [ENG31-12290977-n] (large deciduous oak of the eastern United States with a flaky bark and leaves that have fewer lobes than other white oaks)
                        • Oregon white oak [ENG31-12292756-n] (small deciduous tree of western North America with crooked branches and pale grey bark)
                        • California white oak [ENG31-12294456-n] (tall graceful deciduous California oak having leathery leaves and slender pointed acorns)
                        • bur oak [ENG31-12294875-n] (medium to large deciduous oak of central and eastern North America with ovoid acorns deeply immersed in large fringed cups)
                        • durmast [ENG31-12296994-n] (deciduous European oak valued for its tough elastic wood)
                        • common oak [ENG31-12298095-n] (medium to large deciduous European oak having smooth leaves with rounded lobes)
                      • European turkey oak [ENG31-12291258-n] (large deciduous tree of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor having lanceolate leaves with spiked lobes)
                      • scarlet oak [ENG31-12291704-n] (medium-large deciduous tree with a thick trunk found in the eastern United States and southern Canada and having close-grained wood and deeply seven-lobed leaves turning scarlet in autumn)
                      • jack oak [ENG31-12291968-n] (small to medium deciduous oak of east central North America)
                      • red oak [ENG31-12292160-n] (any of numerous American oaks having 4 stamens in each floret, acorns requiring two years to mature and leaf veins usually extending beyond the leaf margin to form points or bristles)

                        • southern red oak [ENG31-12292450-n] (large round-topped deciduous tree with spreading branches having narrow falcate leaves with deeply sinuate lobes and wood similar to that of northern red oaks)
                        • northern red oak [ENG31-12298317-n] (large symmetrical deciduous tree with rounded crown widely distributed in eastern North America)
                        • Shumard oak [ENG31-12298624-n] (large deciduous red oak of southern and eastern United States having large seven-lobed to nine-lobed elliptical leaves, large acorns and medium hard coarse-grained wood)
                      • holm oak [ENG31-12292949-n] (evergreen oak of southern Europe having leaves somewhat resembling those of holly)
                      • shingle oak [ENG31-12293400-n] (small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having leaves that shine like laurel)
                      • bluejack oak [ENG31-12293631-n] (small semi-evergreen shrubby tree of southeastern United States having hairy young branchlets and leaves narrowing to a slender bristly point)
                      • California black oak [ENG31-12293861-n] (large deciduous tree of the Pacific coast having deeply parted bristle-tipped leaves)
                      • American turkey oak [ENG31-12294032-n] (small slow-growing deciduous shrubby tree of dry sandy barrens of southeastern United States having leaves with bristle-tipped lobes resembling turkey's toes)
                      • laurel oak [ENG31-12294285-n] (large nearly semi-evergreen oak of southeastern United States)
                      • overcup oak [ENG31-12294668-n] (medium-large deciduous timber tree of central and southern United States)
                      • scrub oak [ENG31-12295147-n] (any of various chiefly American small shrubby oaks often a dominant form on thin dry soils sometimes forming dense thickets)

                        • bear oak [ENG31-12293252-n] (shrubby oak of southeastern United States usually forming dense thickets)
                        • blackjack oak [ENG31-12295380-n] (a common scrubby deciduous tree of central and southeastern United States having dark bark and broad three-lobed (club-shaped) leaves)
                        • myrtle oak [ENG31-12296405-n] (small evergreen shrub or tree of southeastern United States)
                      • Japanese oak [ENG31-12295834-n] (oak with moderately light fine-grained wood)
                      • chestnut oak [ENG31-12296006-n] (an oak having leaves resembling those of chestnut trees)

                        • swamp chestnut oak [ENG31-12295648-n] (medium to large deciduous tree of moist areas of southeastern United States similar to the basket oak)
                        • chinquapin oak [ENG31-12296192-n] (medium-sized deciduous tree of the eastern United States that yields a strong durable wood)
                        • basket oak [ENG31-12297145-n] (medium to large deciduous tree of the eastern United States)
                        • dwarf chinkapin oak [ENG31-12297851-n] (deciduous shrubby tree of northeastern and central United States having a sweet edible nut and often forming dense thickets)
                      • water oak [ENG31-12296627-n] (relatively tall deciduous water oak of southeastern United States often cultivated as a shade tree)
                      • Nuttall oak [ENG31-12296831-n] (similar to the pin oak)
                      • pin oak [ENG31-12297389-n] (fast-growing medium to large pyramidal deciduous tree of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada having deeply pinnatifid leaves that turn bright red in autumn)
                      • willow oak [ENG31-12297667-n] (medium to large deciduous oak of the eastern United States having long lanceolate leaves and soft strong wood)
                      • post oak [ENG31-12298888-n] (small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having dark green lyrate pinnatifid leaves and tough moisture-resistant wood used especially for fence posts)
                      • cork oak [ENG31-12299167-n] (medium-sized evergreen oak of southern Europe and northern Africa having thick corky bark that is periodically stripped to yield commercial cork)
                      • Spanish oak [ENG31-12299382-n] (small deciduous tree having the trunk branched almost from the base with spreading branches)
                      • Chinese cork oak [ENG31-12299810-n] (medium to large deciduous tree of China, Japan, and Korea having thick corky bark)
                      • black oak [ENG31-12299975-n] (medium to large deciduous timber tree of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada having dark outer bark and yellow inner bark used for tanning)
                    • birch [ENG31-12301758-n] (any betulaceous tree or shrub of the genus Betula having a thin peeling bark)

                      • yellow birch [ENG31-12302305-n] (tree of eastern North America with thin lustrous yellow or grey bark)
                      • American white birch [ENG31-12302491-n] (small American birch with peeling white bark often worked into e.g. baskets or toy canoes)
                      • grey birch [ENG31-12302752-n] (medium-sized birch of eastern North America having white or pale grey bark and valueless wood)
                      • silver birch [ENG31-12303044-n] (European birch with silvery white peeling bark and markedly drooping branches)
                      • downy birch [ENG31-12303254-n] (European birch with dull white to pale brown bark and somewhat drooping hairy branches)
                      • black birch [ENG31-12303450-n] (birch of swamps and river bottoms throughout the eastern United States having reddish-brown bark)
                      • sweet birch [ENG31-12303664-n] (common birch of the eastern United States having spicy brown bark yielding a volatile oil and hard dark wood used for furniture)
                      • Yukon white birch [ENG31-12303912-n] (Alaskan birch with white to pale brown bark)
                      • swamp birch [ENG31-12304059-n] (birch of western United States resembling the paper birch but having brownish bark)
                      • Newfoundland dwarf birch [ENG31-12304307-n] (small shrub of colder parts of North America and Greenland)
                    • alder [ENG31-12304779-n] (north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit)

                      • common alder [ENG31-12305338-n] (medium-sized tree with brown-black bark and woody fruiting catkins)
                      • grey alder [ENG31-12305566-n] (native to Europe but introduced in America)
                      • seaside alder [ENG31-12305712-n] (shrub or small tree of southeastern United States having soft light brown wood)
                      • white alder [ENG31-12305886-n] (tree of western United States)
                      • red alder [ENG31-12306029-n] (large tree of Pacific coast of North America having hard red wood much used for furniture)
                      • speckled alder [ENG31-12306222-n] (common shrub of Canada and northeastern United States having shoots scattered with rust-colored down)
                      • smooth alder [ENG31-12306417-n] (common shrub of the eastern United States with smooth bark)
                      • green alder [ENG31-12306585-n] (shrub of mountainous areas of Europe)
                      • green alder [ENG31-12306714-n] (North American shrub with light green leaves and winged nuts)
                    • hornbeam [ENG31-12307343-n] (any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Carpinus)

                      • European hornbeam [ENG31-12307505-n] (medium-sized Old World tree with smooth grey bark and leaves like beech that turn yellow-orange in autumn)
                      • American hornbeam [ENG31-12307712-n] (tree or large shrub with grey bark and blue-green leaves that turn red-orange in autumn)
                    • hop hornbeam [ENG31-12308159-n] (any of several trees resembling hornbeams with fruiting clusters resembling hops)

                      • Old World hop hornbeam [ENG31-12308353-n] (medium-sized hop hornbeam of southern Europe and Asia Minor)
                      • Eastern hop hornbeam [ENG31-12308522-n] (medium-sized hop hornbeam of eastern North America)
                    • fringe tree [ENG31-12322588-n] (any of various small decorative flowering trees or shrubs of the genus Chionanthus)

                      • fringe bush [ENG31-12322765-n] (small bushy tree of southeastern United States having profuse clusters of white flowers)
                    • ash [ENG31-12323979-n] (any of various deciduous pinnate-leaved ornamental or timber trees of the genus Fraxinus)

                      • white ash [ENG31-12324632-n] (spreading American ash with leaves pale green or silvery beneath and having hard brownish wood)
                      • swamp ash [ENG31-12324803-n] (small ash of swampy areas of southeastern United States)
                      • flowering ash [ENG31-12324937-n] (shrubby ash of southwestern United States having fragrant white flowers)
                      • flowering ash [ENG31-12325089-n] (shrubby California ash with showy off-white flowers)
                      • European ash [ENG31-12325220-n] (tall ash of Europe to the Caucasus having leaves shiny dark-green above and pale downy beneath)
                      • Oregon ash [ENG31-12325416-n] (timber tree of western North America yielding hard light wood)
                      • black ash [ENG31-12325606-n] (vigorous spreading North American tree having dark brown heavy wood)
                      • manna ash [ENG31-12325810-n] (southern Mediterranean ash having fragrant white flowers in dense panicles and yielding manna)
                      • red ash [ENG31-12325992-n] (smallish American tree with velvety branchlets and lower leaf surfaces)

                        • green ash [ENG31-12326171-n] (a variety of red ash having glossy branchlets and lower leaf surfaces)
                      • blue ash [ENG31-12326336-n] (ash of central and southern United States with bluish-green foliage and hard brown wood)
                      • mountain ash [ENG31-12326503-n] (low-growing ash of Texas)
                      • pumpkin ash [ENG31-12326606-n] (timber tree of central and southeastern United States having hairy branchlets and a swollen trunk base)
                      • Arizona ash [ENG31-12326787-n] (small shrubby ash of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico)
                    • devilwood [ENG31-12330147-n] (small tree of southern United States having panicles of dull white flowers followed by dark purple fruits)
                    • dhawa [ENG31-12344182-n] (an Indian tree of the family Combretaceae that is a source of timber and gum)
                    • button tree [ENG31-12345423-n] (evergreen tree or shrub with fruit resembling buttons and yielding heavy hard compact wood)
                    • white mangrove [ENG31-12345751-n] (shrub to moderately large tree that grows in brackish water along the seacoasts of western Africa and tropical America)
                    • bayberry [ENG31-12351408-n] (West Indian tree)
                    • gum tree [ENG31-12354810-n] (any of various trees of the genera Eucalyptus or Liquidambar or Nyssa that are sources of gum)

                      • liquidambar [ENG31-12336961-n] (any tree of the genus Liquidambar)

                        • sweet gum [ENG31-12337089-n] (a North American tree of the genus Liquidambar having prickly spherical fruit clusters and fragrant sap)
                      • eucalyptus [ENG31-12355408-n] (a tree of the genus Eucalyptus)

                        • flooded gum [ENG31-12356000-n] (any of several Australian gum trees growing on moist or alluvial soil)

                          • rose gum [ENG31-12358317-n] (very tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales)
                          • cider gum [ENG31-12358439-n] (small to medium-sized tree of Tasmania)
                          • forest red gum [ENG31-12359172-n] (tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales and Victoria)
                        • mallee [ENG31-12356181-n] (any of several low-growing Australian eucalypts)

                          • white mallee [ENG31-12357648-n] (small shrubby mallee)
                          • black mallee [ENG31-12358971-n] (a small mallee with rough dark-colored bark toward the butt)
                        • stringybark [ENG31-12356317-n] (any of several Australian eucalypts having fibrous inner bark)

                          • white stringybark [ENG31-12357763-n] (stringybark having white wood)
                        • smoothbark [ENG31-12356454-n] (any of several Australian eucalypts having the bark smooth except at or near the base of the trunk)
                        • red gum [ENG31-12356609-n] (red gum tree of Tasmania)
                        • red gum [ENG31-12356741-n] (very large red gum tree)
                        • river red gum [ENG31-12356850-n] (somewhat crooked red gum tree growing chiefly along rivers)
                        • mountain swamp gum [ENG31-12357103-n] (medium-sized swamp gum of New South Wales and Victoria)
                        • snow gum [ENG31-12357244-n] (small to medium-sized tree of Australia and Tasmania having smooth white to light-grey bark shedding in patches or strips)
                        • alpine ash [ENG31-12357490-n] (tall timber tree with hard heavy pinkish or light brown wood)
                        • white mountain ash [ENG31-12357908-n] (large tree with dark compact bark on lower trunk but smooth and white above)
                        • blue gum [ENG31-12358134-n] (tall fast-growing timber tree with leaves containing a medicinal oil)
                        • swamp gum [ENG31-12358551-n] (medium-sized tree of southern Australia)
                        • spotted gum [ENG31-12358663-n] (large gum tree with mottled bark)
                        • lemon-scented gum [ENG31-12358775-n] (similar to but smaller than the spotted gum and having lemon-scented leaves)
                        • mountain ash [ENG31-12359313-n] (tree having wood similar to the alpine ash)
                        • manna gum [ENG31-12359496-n] (tall tree yielding a false manna)
                      • tupelo [ENG31-12360900-n] (any of several gum trees of swampy areas of North America)

                        • water gum [ENG31-12361098-n] (columnar swamp tree of southeastern to midwestern North America yielding pale soft easily worked wood)
                        • sour gum [ENG31-12361272-n] (columnar tree of eastern North America having horizontal limbs and small leaves that emerge late in spring and have brilliant color in early fall)
                    • poon [ENG31-12385121-n] (any of several East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum having shiny leathery leaves and lightweight hard wood)

                      • Alexandrian laurel [ENG31-12385979-n] (East Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers)
                    • calaba [ENG31-12385457-n] (West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice)
                    • Maria [ENG31-12385675-n] (valuable timber tree of Panama)
                    • laurelwood [ENG31-12385802-n] (tropical American tree)
                    • clusia [ENG31-12386417-n] (an aromatic tree of the genus Clusia having large white or yellow or pink flowers)
                    • wild fig [ENG31-12386570-n] (a West Indies clusia having fig-shaped fruit)
                    • rose chestnut [ENG31-12391066-n] (handsome East Indian evergreen tree often planted as an ornamental for its fragrant white flowers that yield a perfume)
                    • souari [ENG31-12394256-n] (large South American evergreen tree trifoliate leaves and drupes with nutlike seeds used as food and a source of cooking oil)
                    • dipterocarp [ENG31-12397715-n] (tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae)

                      • red lauan [ENG31-12398011-n] (valuable Philippine timber tree)
                    • ketembilla [ENG31-12399480-n] (a small shrubby spiny tree cultivated for its maroon-purple fruit with sweet purple pulp tasting like gooseberries)
                    • chaulmoogra [ENG31-12400048-n] (East Indian tree with oily seeds yield chaulmoogra oil used to treat leprosy)
                    • Hydnocarpus laurifolia [ENG31-12400298-n] (leathery-leaved tree of western India bearing round fruits with brown densely hairy rind enclosing oily pulp that yields hydnocarpus oil)
                    • idesia [ENG31-12400822-n] (deciduous roundheaded Asiatic tree widely grown in mild climates as an ornamental for its heart-shaped leaves and fragrant yellow-green flowers followed by hanging clusters of fleshy orange-red berries)
                    • Australian nettle [ENG31-12414845-n] (any of several tall Australian trees of the genus Laportea)
                    • fig tree [ENG31-12421840-n] (any moraceous tree of the tropical genus Ficus)

                      • fig [ENG31-12422189-n] (Mediterranean tree widely cultivated for its edible fruit)

                        • caprifig [ENG31-12422398-n] (wild variety of the common fig used to facilitate pollination of certain figs)
                      • golden fig [ENG31-12422556-n] (a strangler tree native to southern Florida and West Indies)
                      • banyan [ENG31-12422853-n] (East Indian tree that puts out aerial shoots that grow down into the soil forming additional trunks)
                      • pipal [ENG31-12423101-n] (fig tree of India noted for great size and longevity)
                      • India-rubber tree [ENG31-12423345-n] (large tropical Asian tree frequently dwarfed as a houseplant)
                      • mistletoe fig [ENG31-12423580-n] (shrub or small tree often grown as a houseplant having foliage like mistletoe)
                      • Port Jackson fig [ENG31-12423781-n] (Australian tree resembling the banyan often planted for ornament)
                      • sycamore [ENG31-12424018-n] (thick-branched wide-spreading tree of Africa and adjacent southwestern Asia often buttressed with branches rising from near the ground)
                    • elm [ENG31-12426219-n] (any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees)

                      • winged elm [ENG31-12426809-n] (North American elm having twigs and young branches with prominent corky projections)
                      • American elm [ENG31-12426993-n] (large ornamental tree with graceful gradually spreading branches common in eastern North America)
                      • smooth-leaved elm [ENG31-12427220-n] (European elm with lustrous smooth leaves used as an ornamental)
                      • cedar elm [ENG31-12427407-n] (elm of southern United States and Mexico having spreading pendulous corky branches)
                      • witch elm [ENG31-12427584-n] (Eurasian elm often planted as a shade tree)
                      • Dutch elm [ENG31-12427727-n] (any of various hybrid ornamental European shade trees ranging from dwarf to tall)
                      • Huntingdon elm [ENG31-12427901-n] (erect vigorous hybrid ornamental elm tree)
                      • water elm [ENG31-12428050-n] (Eurasian elm closely resembling the American elm)
                      • Chinese elm [ENG31-12428220-n] (small fast-growing tree native to Asia)
                      • English elm [ENG31-12428395-n] (broad spreading rough-leaved elm common throughout Europe and planted elsewhere)
                      • Siberian elm [ENG31-12428582-n] (fast-growing shrubby Asian tree naturalized in United States for shelter or ornament)
                      • slippery elm [ENG31-12428785-n] (North American elm having rough leaves that are red when opening)
                      • Jersey elm [ENG31-12428971-n] (a variety of the English elm with erect branches and broader leaves)
                      • September elm [ENG31-12429222-n] (autumn-flowering elm of southeastern United States)
                      • rock elm [ENG31-12429378-n] (tall widely distributed elm of eastern North America)
                    • hackberry [ENG31-12429736-n] (any of various trees of the genus Celtis having inconspicuous flowers and small berrylike fruits)

                      • European hackberry [ENG31-12429975-n] (bright green deciduous shade tree of southern Europe)
                      • American hackberry [ENG31-12430156-n] (large deciduous shade tree of southern United States with small deep purple berries)
                      • sugarberry [ENG31-12430345-n] (deciduous shade tree with small black berries)
                    • cabbage tree [ENG31-12499273-n] (elegant tree having either a single trunk or a branching trunk each with terminal clusters of long narrow leaves and large panicles of fragrant white, yellow or red flowers)
                    • bonduc [ENG31-12508959-n] (tropical tree with large prickly pods of seeds that resemble beans and are used for jewelry and rosaries)
                    • divi-divi [ENG31-12509214-n] (small thornless tree or shrub of tropical America whose seed pods are a source of tannin)
                    • brazilwood [ENG31-12509773-n] (tropical tree with prickly trunk)
                    • brazilian ironwood [ENG31-12510181-n] (thornless tree yielding heavy wood)
                    • shingle tree [ENG31-12510995-n] (East Indian timber tree with hard durable wood used especially for tea boxes)
                    • msasa [ENG31-12511940-n] (small shrubby African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers)
                    • cassia [ENG31-12512331-n] (any of various trees or shrubs of the genus Cassia having pinnately compound leaves and usually yellow flowers followed by long seedpods)

                      • golden shower tree [ENG31-12512611-n] (deciduous or semi-evergreen tree having scented sepia to yellow flowers in drooping racemes and pods whose pulp is used medicinally)
                      • pink shower [ENG31-12512965-n] (tropical American semi-evergreen tree having erect racemes of pink or rose-colored flowers)
                      • rainbow shower [ENG31-12513187-n] (deciduous ornamental hybrid of southeastern Asia and Hawaii having racemes of flowers ranging in color from cream-colored to orange and red)
                      • horse cassia [ENG31-12513405-n] (East Indian tree having long pods containing a black cathartic pulp used as a horse medicine)
                    • locust tree [ENG31-12515651-n] (any of various hardwood trees of the family Leguminosae)

                      • courbaril [ENG31-11770977-n] (West Indian locust tree having pinnate leaves and panicles of large white or purplish flowers)
                      • water locust [ENG31-12516175-n] (honey locust of swamps and bottomlands of southern United States having short oval pods)
                      • honey locust [ENG31-12516400-n] (tall usually spiny North American tree having small greenish-white flowers in drooping racemes followed by long twisting seed pods)
                      • black locust [ENG31-12588691-n] (large thorny tree of eastern and central United States having pinnately compound leaves and drooping racemes of white flowers)
                      • clammy locust [ENG31-12589154-n] (small rough-barked locust of southeastern United States having racemes of pink flowers and glutinous branches and seeds)
                    • Kentucky coffee tree [ENG31-12516932-n] (handsome tree of central and eastern North America having large bipinnate leaves and green-white flowers followed by large woody brown pods whose seeds are used as a coffee substitute)
                    • palo verde [ENG31-12518560-n] (densely branched spiny tree of southwestern United States having showy yellow flowers and blue-green bark)
                    • angelim [ENG31-12526686-n] (any of several tropical American trees of the genus Andira)

                      • cabbage bark [ENG31-12526846-n] (tree with shaggy unpleasant-smelling toxic bark and yielding strong durable wood)
                    • camwood [ENG31-12529614-n] (small shrubby African tree with hard wood used as a dyewood yielding a red dye)
                    • dhak [ENG31-12530848-n] (East Indian tree bearing a profusion of intense vermilion velvet-textured blooms and yielding a yellow dye)
                    • rosewood [ENG31-12542693-n] (any of those hardwood trees of the genus Dalbergia that yield rosewood--valuable cabinet woods of a dark red or purplish color streaked and variegated with black)

                      • Indian blackwood [ENG31-12543183-n] (East Indian tree having a useful dark purple wood)
                      • Brazilian rosewood [ENG31-12543980-n] (an important Brazilian timber tree yielding a heavy hard dark-colored wood streaked with black)
                      • Honduras rosewood [ENG31-12544203-n] (Central American tree yielding a valuable dark streaked rosewood)
                    • sissoo [ENG31-12543399-n] (East Indian tree whose leaves are used for fodder)
                    • kingwood [ENG31-12543646-n] (Brazilian tree yielding a handsome cabinet wood)
                    • cocobolo [ENG31-12544355-n] (a valuable timber tree of tropical South America)
                    • blackwood [ENG31-12544693-n] (any of several hardwood trees yielding very dark-colored wood)

                      • lightwood [ENG31-11778591-n] (tall Australian acacia yielding highly valued black timber)
                      • logwood [ENG31-12517454-n] (spiny shrub or small tree of Central America and West Indies having bipinnate leaves and racemes of small bright yellow flowers and yielding a hard brown or brownish-red heartwood used in preparing a black dye)
                      • black mangrove [ENG31-12936328-n] (a mangrove of the West Indies and the southern Florida coast)
                    • coral tree [ENG31-12548243-n] (any of various shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Erythrina having trifoliate leaves and racemes of scarlet to coral red flowers and black seeds)

                      • kaffir boom [ENG31-12548614-n] (small semi-evergreen broad-spreading tree of eastern South Africa with orange-scarlet flowers and small coral-red seeds)
                      • coral bean tree [ENG31-12548887-n] (deciduous shrub having racemes of deep red flowers and black-spotted red seeds)
                      • ceibo [ENG31-12549054-n] (small South American spiny tree with dark crimson and scarlet flowers solitary or clustered)
                      • kaffir boom [ENG31-12549273-n] (small semi-evergreen tree of South Africa having dense clusters of clear scarlet flowers and red seeds)
                      • Indian coral tree [ENG31-12549479-n] (small to medium-sized thorny tree of tropical Asia and northern Australia having dense clusters of scarlet or crimson flowers and black seeds)
                      • cork tree [ENG31-12549725-n] (prickly Australian coral tree having soft spongy wood)
                    • gliricidia [ENG31-12552232-n] (any of several small deciduous trees valued for their dark wood and dense racemes of nectar-rich pink flowers grown in great profusion on arching branches)
                    • millettia [ENG31-12570304-n] (any of several tropical trees or shrubs yielding showy streaked dark reddish or chocolate-colored wood)
                    • tolu tree [ENG31-12571678-n] (medium-sized tropical American tree yielding tolu balsam and a fragrant hard wood used for high-grade furniture and cabinetwork)
                    • Peruvian balsam [ENG31-12571962-n] (tree of South and Central America yielding an aromatic balsam)
                    • necklace tree [ENG31-12574078-n] (a tree of the genus Ormosia having seeds used as beads)

                      • bead tree [ENG31-12574247-n] (small tree of West Indies and northeastern Venezuela having large oblong pointed leaflets and panicles of purple flowers)
                      • jumby bead [ENG31-12574534-n] (West Indian tree similar to Ormosia monosperma but larger and having smaller leaflets and smaller seeds)
                    • Jamaica dogwood [ENG31-12580023-n] (small tree of West Indies and Florida having large odd-pinnate leaves and panicles of red-striped purple to white flowers followed by decorative curly winged seedpods)
                    • quira [ENG31-12583082-n] (any of several tropical American trees some yielding economically important timber)

                      • roble [ENG31-12583290-n] (large tree of Trinidad and Guyana having odd-pinnate leaves and violet-scented axillary racemes of yellow flowers and long smooth pods)
                      • Panama redwood tree [ENG31-12583550-n] (large erect shrub of Colombia having large odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and axillary racemes of fragrant yellow flowers)
                    • Indian beech [ENG31-12584207-n] (evergreen Asiatic tree having glossy pinnate leaves and racemose creamy-white scented flowers)
                    • bloodwood tree [ENG31-12585607-n] (deciduous South African tree having large odd-pinnate leaves and profuse fragrant orange-yellow flowers)
                    • padauk [ENG31-12585873-n] (tree native to southeastern Asia having reddish wood with a mottled or striped black grain)
                    • Burma padauk [ENG31-12586235-n] (tree of India and Burma yielding a wood resembling mahogany)
                    • kino [ENG31-12586417-n] (East Indian tree yielding a resin or extract often used medicinally and in e.g. tanning)
                    • red sandalwood [ENG31-12586836-n] (tree of India and East Indies yielding a hard fragrant timber prized for cabinetwork and dark red heartwood used as a dyewood)
                    • carib wood [ENG31-12589542-n] (small Dominican tree bearing masses of large crimson flowers before the fine pinnate foliage emerges)
                    • scarlet wisteria tree [ENG31-12590356-n] (a softwood tree with lax racemes of usually red or pink flowers)
                    • Japanese pagoda tree [ENG31-12590899-n] (handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having compound dark green leaves and profuse panicles of fragrant creamy-white flowers)
                    • mescal bean [ENG31-12591208-n] (shrub or small tree having pinnate leaves poisonous to livestock and dense racemes of intensely fragrant blue flowers and red beans)
                    • kowhai [ENG31-12591477-n] (shrub or small tree of New Zealand and Chile having pendulous racemes of tubular golden-yellow flowers)
                    • tipu [ENG31-12594416-n] (semi-evergreen South American tree with odd-pinnate leaves and golden yellow flowers cultivated as an ornamental)
                    • keurboom [ENG31-12600570-n] (tree with odd-pinnate leaves and racemes of fragrant pink to purple flowers)
                    • keurboom [ENG31-12600760-n] (fast-growing roundheaded tree with fragrant white to deep rose flowers)
                    • palm [ENG31-12602979-n] (any plant of the family Palmae having an unbranched trunk crowned by large pinnate or palmate leaves)

                      • sago palm [ENG31-12603413-n] (any of various tropical Asian palm trees the trunks of which yield sago)

                        • sugar palm [ENG31-12605476-n] (Malaysian feather palm with base densely clothed with fibers)
                        • wine palm [ENG31-12607893-n] (fishtail palm of India to Malay Peninsula)
                        • true sago palm [ENG31-12612463-n] (Malaysian palm whose pithy trunk yields sago--a starch used as a food thickener and fabric stiffener)
                      • feather palm [ENG31-12603594-n] (palm having pinnate or featherlike leaves)

                        • coyol [ENG31-12604429-n] (tropical American palm having edible nuts and yielding a useful fiber)
                        • grugru [ENG31-12604603-n] (tropical American feather palm having a swollen spiny trunk and edible nuts)
                        • areca [ENG31-12604939-n] (any of several tall tropical palms native to southeastern Asia having egg-shaped nuts)

                          • betel palm [ENG31-12605113-n] (southeastern Asian palm bearing betel nuts (scarlet or orange single-seeded fruit with a fibrous husk))
                        • piassava palm [ENG31-12605898-n] (Brazilian palm yielding fibers used in making ropes, mats, and brushes)
                        • wax palm [ENG31-12608248-n] (palm of the Andes yielding a resinous wax which is mixed with tallow to make candles)
                        • oil palm [ENG31-12610993-n] (pinnate-leaved palms of the genus Elaeis having dense clusters of crowded flowers and bright red fruit and yielding high quality palm oils)

                          • African oil palm [ENG31-12611260-n] (oil palm of Africa)
                          • American oil palm [ENG31-12611361-n] (palm of Central and South America)
                        • babassu [ENG31-12613305-n] (tall feather palm of northern Brazil with hard-shelled nuts yielding valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory)
                        • cohune palm [ENG31-12613883-n] (tropical American feather palm whose large nuts yield valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory)
                        • date palm [ENG31-12614755-n] (tall tropical feather palm tree native to Syria bearing sweet edible fruit)
                        • ivory palm [ENG31-12615085-n] (a stemless palm tree of Brazil and Peru bearing ivory nuts)
                      • fan palm [ENG31-12603874-n] (palm having palmate or fan-shaped leaves)

                        • palmetto [ENG31-12604149-n] (any of several low-growing palms with fan-shaped leaves)

                          • cabbage palmetto [ENG31-12617895-n] (low-growing fan-leaved palm of coastal southern United States having edible leaf buds)
                        • palmyra [ENG31-12606390-n] (tall fan palm of Africa and India and Malaysia yielding a hard wood and sweet sap that is a source of palm wine and sugar)
                        • carnauba [ENG31-12609081-n] (Brazilian fan palm having an edible root)
                        • caranday [ENG31-12609541-n] (South American palm yielding a wax similar to carnauba wax)
                        • gebang palm [ENG31-12610219-n] (large-leaved palm of Malay to Philippines and northern Australia)
                        • latanier [ENG31-12610448-n] (fan palms of the southern United States and the Caribbean region)
                        • talipot [ENG31-12610602-n] (tall palm of southern India and Sri Lanka with gigantic leaves used as umbrellas and fans or cut into strips for writing paper)
                        • saw palmetto [ENG31-12618227-n] (small hardy clump-forming spiny palm of southern United States)
                        • thatch palm [ENG31-12618559-n] (small palm of southern Florida and West Indies closely resembling the silvertop palmetto)
                        • key palm [ENG31-12618788-n] (small stocky fan palm of southern Florida and Cuba)
                      • calamus [ENG31-12607059-n] (any tropical Asian palm of the genus Calamus)

                        • rattan [ENG31-12607260-n] (climbing palm of Sri Lanka and southern India remarkable for the great length of the stems which are used for malacca canes)
                        • lawyer cane [ENG31-12607486-n] (tall scrambling spiny palm of northeastern Queensland, Australia)
                      • fishtail palm [ENG31-12607750-n] (attractive East Indian palm having distinctive bipinnate foliage)
                      • coconut [ENG31-12608564-n] (tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits)
                      • corozo [ENG31-12609903-n] (any of several tropical American palms bearing corozo nuts)
                      • cabbage palm [ENG31-12611778-n] (Brazilian palm of genus Euterpe whose leaf buds are eaten like cabbage when young)
                      • cabbage palm [ENG31-12612112-n] (Australian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young)
                      • nipa palm [ENG31-12612819-n] (any creeping semiaquatic feather palm of the genus Nipa found in mangrove swamps and tidal estuaries)
                      • raffia palm [ENG31-12615750-n] (a large feather palm of Africa and Madagascar having very long pinnatisect fronds yielding a strong commercially important fiber from its leafstalks)

                        • jupati [ENG31-12616213-n] (a tall Brazilian feather palm with a terminal crown of very large leathery pinnatisect leaves rising from long strong stems used for structural purposes)
                        • bamboo palm [ENG31-12616460-n] (a palm of the genus Raffia)
                      • lady palm [ENG31-12616725-n] (any of several small palms of the genus Rhapis)

                        • miniature fan palm [ENG31-12616909-n] (small graceful palm with reedlike stems and leaf bases clothed with loose coarse fibers)
                        • reed rhapis [ENG31-12617106-n] (Chinese lady palm with more slender stems and finer sheath fibers than Rhapis excelsa)
                      • royal palm [ENG31-12617470-n] (tall feather palm of southern Florida and Cuba)
                      • cabbage palm [ENG31-12617610-n] (West Indian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young)
                    • dagame [ENG31-12682835-n] (source of a tough elastic wood)
                    • coffee [ENG31-12683533-n] (any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans)

                      • Arabian coffee [ENG31-12683784-n] (shrubby tree of northeastern tropical Africa widely cultivated in tropical or near tropical regions for its seed which form most of the commercial coffee)
                      • Liberian coffee [ENG31-12684015-n] (small tree of West Africa)
                      • robusta coffee [ENG31-12684120-n] (native to West Africa but grown in Java and elsewhere)
                    • cinchona [ENG31-12684565-n] (any of several trees of the genus Cinchona)

                      • Cartagena bark [ENG31-12684766-n] (Colombian tree)
                      • calisaya [ENG31-12684948-n] (Peruvian shrub or small tree having large glossy leaves and cymes of fragrant yellow to green or red flowers)
                      • cinchona tree [ENG31-12685230-n] (small tree of Ecuador and Peru having very large glossy leaves and large panicles of fragrant pink flowers)
                    • opepe [ENG31-12689678-n] (large African forest tree yielding a strong hard yellow to golden brown lumber)
                    • lemonwood [ENG31-12690564-n] (South African evergreen having hard tough wood)
                    • wild medlar [ENG31-12691519-n] (small deciduous tree of southern Africa having edible fruit)
                    • Spanish tamarind [ENG31-12691723-n] (shrubby tree of Madagascar occasionally cultivated for its edible apple-shaped fruit)
                    • incense tree [ENG31-12711414-n] (any of various tropical trees of the family Burseraceae yielding fragrant gums or resins that are burned as incense)

                      • elephant tree [ENG31-12712189-n] (small tree or shrub of the southwestern United States having a spicy odor and odd-pinnate leaves and small clusters of white flowers)
                      • gumbo-limbo [ENG31-12712422-n] (tropical American tree yielding a reddish resin used in cements and varnishes)
                      • Boswellia carteri [ENG31-12712785-n] (tree yielding an aromatic gum resin burned as incense)
                      • salai [ENG31-12712921-n] (East Indian tree yielding a resin used medicinally and burned as incense)
                      • balm of gilead [ENG31-12713282-n] (small evergreen tree of Africa and Asia)
                      • myrrh tree [ENG31-12713475-n] (tree of eastern Africa and Asia yielding myrrh)
                      • Protium heptaphyllum [ENG31-12714005-n] (tropical American tree)
                      • Protium guianense [ENG31-12714113-n] (tropical American tree)
                    • mahogany [ENG31-12715905-n] (any of various tropical timber trees of the family Meliaceae especially the genus Swietinia valued for their hard yellowish- to reddish-brown wood that is readily worked and takes a high polish)

                      • Spanish cedar [ENG31-12717913-n] (tropical American tree yielding fragrant wood used especially for boxes)
                      • African scented mahogany [ENG31-12718787-n] (African tree having rather lightweight cedar-scented wood varying in color from pink to reddish brown)
                      • African mahogany [ENG31-12719791-n] (African tree having hard heavy odorless wood)
                      • true mahogany [ENG31-12720682-n] (mahogany tree of West Indies)
                      • Honduras mahogany [ENG31-12720848-n] (an important Central American mahogany tree)
                      • Philippine mahogany [ENG31-12721117-n] (Philippine timber tree having hard red fragrant wood)
                      • hardtack [ENG31-15125137-n] (a mountain mahogany)
                    • chinaberry [ENG31-12716736-n] (tree of northern India and China having purple blossoms and small inedible yellow fruits)
                    • neem [ENG31-12717253-n] (large semi-evergreen tree of the East Indies)
                    • satinwood [ENG31-12718275-n] (East Indian tree with valuable hard lustrous yellowish wood)
                    • silver ash [ENG31-12719195-n] (any of various timber trees of the genus Flindersia)

                      • native beech [ENG31-12719358-n] (tall Australian timber tree yielding tough hard wood used for staves etc)
                      • bunji-bunji [ENG31-12719534-n] (Australian timber tree whose bark yields a poison)
                    • lanseh tree [ENG31-12720061-n] (East Indian tree bearing an edible yellow berry)
                    • African walnut [ENG31-12720378-n] (tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany)
                    • turreae [ENG31-12721756-n] (any of numerous trees and shrubs grown for their beautiful glossy foliage and sweetly fragrant starry flowers)
                    • lepidobotrys [ENG31-12722426-n] (African tree often classified in other families)
                    • caracolito [ENG31-12722884-n] (large Costa Rican tree having light-colored wood suitable for cabinetry)
                    • cork tree [ENG31-12734626-n] (deciduous tree of China and Manchuria having a turpentine aroma and handsome compound leaves turning yellow in autumn and deeply fissured corky bark)
                    • trifoliate orange [ENG31-12735014-n] (small fast-growing spiny deciduous Chinese orange tree bearing sweetly scented flowers and decorative but inedible fruit: used as a stock in grafting and for hedges)
                    • prickly ash [ENG31-12735515-n] (any of a number of trees or shrubs of the genus Zanthoxylum having spiny branches)

                      • toothache tree [ENG31-12735709-n] (small deciduous aromatic shrub (or tree) having spiny branches and yellowish flowers)
                      • Hercules'-club [ENG31-12735955-n] (densely spiny ornamental of southeastern United States and West Indies)
                    • bitterwood tree [ENG31-12736674-n] (any of various trees or shrubs of the family Simaroubaceae having wood and bark with a bitter taste)

                      • marupa [ENG31-12737160-n] (tree of the Amazon valley yielding a light brittle timber locally regarded as resistant to insect attack)
                      • paradise tree [ENG31-12737354-n] (medium to large tree of tropical North and South America having odd-pinnate leaves and long panicles of small pale yellow flowers followed by scarlet fruits)
                      • Jamaica quassia [ENG31-12739243-n] (West Indian tree yielding the drug Jamaica quassia)
                      • quassia [ENG31-12739755-n] (handsome South American shrub or small tree having bright scarlet flowers and yielding a valuable fine-grained yellowish wood)
                    • pepper tree [ENG31-12738834-n] (small African deciduous tree with spreading crown having leaves clustered toward ends of branches and clusters of creamy flowers resembling lilacs)
                    • willow [ENG31-12745702-n] (any of numerous deciduous trees and shrubs of the genus Salix)

                      • osier [ENG31-12746281-n] (any of various willows having pliable twigs used in basketry and furniture)

                        • golden willow [ENG31-12746919-n] (European willow having greyish leaves and yellow-orange twigs used in basketry)
                        • almond willow [ENG31-12748720-n] (Old World willow with light green leaves cultivated for use in basketry)
                        • purple willow [ENG31-12750489-n] (Eurasian osier having reddish or purple twigs and bark rich in tannin)
                        • common osier [ENG31-12751789-n] (willow with long flexible twigs used in basketry)
                      • white willow [ENG31-12746498-n] (large willow tree of Eurasia and North Africa having greyish canescent leaves and grey bark)
                      • silver willow [ENG31-12746700-n] (North American willow with greyish silky pubescent leaves that usually blacken in drying)
                      • cricket-bat willow [ENG31-12747117-n] (Eurasian willow tree having greyish leaves and ascending branches)
                      • arctic willow [ENG31-12747288-n] (low creeping shrub of Arctic Europe and America)
                      • weeping willow [ENG31-12747430-n] (willow with long drooping branches and slender leaves native to China)
                      • Wisconsin weeping willow [ENG31-12747662-n] (hybrid willow usually not strongly weeping in habit)
                      • pussy willow [ENG31-12747861-n] (small willow of eastern North America having greyish leaves and silky catkins that come before the leaves)
                      • sallow [ENG31-12748061-n] (any of several Old World shrubby broad-leaved willows having large catkins)

                        • goat willow [ENG31-12748278-n] (much-branched Old World willow having large catkins and relatively large broad leaves)
                      • peachleaf willow [ENG31-12748489-n] (willow of the western United States with leaves like those of peach or almond trees)
                      • hoary willow [ENG31-12748924-n] (North American shrub with whitish canescent leaves)
                      • crack willow [ENG31-12749082-n] (large willow tree with stiff branches that are easily broken)
                      • prairie willow [ENG31-12749268-n] (slender shrubby willow of dry areas of North America)
                      • dwarf willow [ENG31-12749416-n] (widely distributed boreal shrubby willow with partially underground creeping stems and bright green glossy leaves)
                      • grey willow [ENG31-12749624-n] (Eurasian shrubby willow with whitish tomentose twigs)
                      • arroyo willow [ENG31-12749783-n] (shrubby willow of the western United States)
                      • shining willow [ENG31-12749924-n] (common North American shrub with shiny lanceolate leaves)
                      • swamp willow [ENG31-12750075-n] (North American shrubby willow having dark bark and linear leaves growing close to streams and lakes)
                      • bay willow [ENG31-12750281-n] (European willow tree with shining leathery leaves)
                      • balsam willow [ENG31-12750710-n] (small shrubby tree of eastern North America having leaves exuding an odor of balsam when crushed)
                      • creeping willow [ENG31-12750903-n] (small trailing bush of Europe and Asia having straggling branches with silky green leaves of which several varieties are cultivated)
                      • Sitka willow [ENG31-12751130-n] (small shrubby tree of western North America (Alaska to Oregon))
                      • dwarf grey willow [ENG31-12751304-n] (willow shrub of dry places in the eastern United States having long narrow leaves canescent beneath)
                      • bearberry willow [ENG31-12751536-n] (dwarf prostrate mat-forming shrub of Arctic and alpine regions of North America and Greenland having deep green elliptic leaves that taper toward the base)
                    • sandalwood tree [ENG31-12755920-n] (parasitic tree of Indonesia and Malaysia having fragrant close-grained yellowish heartwood with insect repelling properties and used, e.g., for making chests)
                    • quandong [ENG31-12757363-n] (Australian tree with edible flesh and edible nutlike seed)
                    • aalii [ENG31-12761727-n] (a small Hawaiian tree with hard dark wood)
                    • soapberry [ENG31-12761982-n] (a tree of the genus Sapindus whose fruit is rich in saponin)

                      • wild China tree [ENG31-12762346-n] (deciduous tree of southwestern United States having pulpy fruit containing saponin)
                      • China tree [ENG31-12762552-n] (evergreen of tropical America having pulpy fruit containing saponin which was used as soap by Native Americans)
                    • aroeira blanca [ENG31-12785738-n] (small resinous tree or shrub of Brazil)
                    • pepper tree [ENG31-12785875-n] (small Peruvian evergreen with broad rounded head and slender pendant branches with attractive clusters of greenish flowers followed by clusters of rose-pink fruits)
                    • Brazilian pepper tree [ENG31-12786162-n] (small Brazilian evergreen resinous tree or shrub having dark green leaflets and white flowers followed by bright red fruit)
                    • ebony [ENG31-12791289-n] (tropical tree of southern Asia having hard dark-colored heartwood used in cabinetwork)
                    • marblewood [ENG31-12791652-n] (large Asiatic tree having hard marbled zebrawood)
                    • balata [ENG31-12795059-n] (a tropical hardwood tree yielding balata gum and heavy red timber)
                    • gutta-percha tree [ENG31-12795830-n] (one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha)
                    • gutta-percha tree [ENG31-12796153-n] (one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha)
                    • marmalade tree [ENG31-12796679-n] (tropical American tree having wood like mahogany and sweet edible egg-shaped fruit)
                    • Christmas bush [ENG31-12808124-n] (Australian tree or shrub with red flowers)
                    • plane tree [ENG31-12827492-n] (any of several trees of the genus Platanus having thin pale bark that scales off in small plates and lobed leaves and ball-shaped heads of fruits)

                      • London plane [ENG31-12828011-n] (very large fast-growing tree much planted as a street tree)
                      • American sycamore [ENG31-12828169-n] (very large spreading plane tree of eastern and central North America to Mexico)
                      • oriental plane [ENG31-12828384-n] (large tree of southeastern Europe to Asia Minor)
                      • California sycamore [ENG31-12828533-n] (tall tree of Baja California having deciduous bark and large alternate palmately lobed leaves and ball-shaped clusters of flowers)
                      • Arizona sycamore [ENG31-12828767-n] (medium-sized tree of Arizona and adjacent regions having deeply lobed leaves and collective fruits in groups of 3 to 5)
                    • calabash [ENG31-12836428-n] (tropical American evergreen that produces large round gourds)
                    • princewood [ENG31-12839361-n] (tropical American timber tree)
                    • white mangrove [ENG31-12936571-n] (a small to medium-sized tree growing in brackish water especially along the shores of the southwestern Pacific)
                    • black mangrove [ENG31-12936939-n] (an Australian tree resembling the black mangrove of the West Indies and Florida)
                    • teak [ENG31-12937271-n] (tall East Indian timber tree now planted in western Africa and tropical America for its hard durable wood)
                    • snag [ENG31-13124636-n] (a dead tree that is still standing, usually in an undisturbed forest)
                    • timber tree [ENG31-13128453-n] (any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber)
                    • treelet [ENG31-13128566-n] (a small tree)
                    • arbor [ENG31-13128650-n] (tree (as opposed to shrub))
                    • bean tree [ENG31-13128890-n] (any of several trees having seedpods as fruits)

                      • tonka bean [ENG31-11770389-n] (tall tropical South American tree having pulpy egg-shaped pods of fragrant black almond-shaped seeds used for flavoring)
                      • carob [ENG31-12513713-n] (evergreen Mediterranean tree with edible pods)
                      • tamarind [ENG31-12521707-n] (long-lived tropical evergreen tree with a spreading crown and feathery evergreen foliage and fragrant flowers yielding hard yellowish wood and long pods with edible chocolate-colored acidic pulp)
                      • Moreton Bay chestnut [ENG31-12533179-n] (Australian tree having pinnate leaves and orange-yellow flowers followed by large woody pods containing 3 or 4 seeds that resemble chestnuts)
                      • catalpa [ENG31-12835403-n] (tree of the genus Catalpa with large leaves and white flowers followed by long slender pods)

                        • Catalpa bignioides [ENG31-12835617-n] (catalpa tree of southern United States)
                        • Catalpa speciosa [ENG31-12835720-n] (catalpa tree of central United States)
                    • pollard [ENG31-13129082-n] (a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage)
                    • sapling [ENG31-13129240-n] (young tree)
                    • shade tree [ENG31-13129304-n] (a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight)
                    • gymnospermous tree [ENG31-13129421-n] (any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta)

                      • gnetum [ENG31-11618108-n] (small tropical tree with tiered branches and divaricate branchlets having broad glossy dark green leaves)
                      • ginkgo [ENG31-11684869-n] (deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds)
                      • conifer [ENG31-13129600-n] (any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones)

                        • pine [ENG31-11628701-n] (a coniferous tree)

                          • pinon [ENG31-11629926-n] (any of several low-growing pines of western North America)

                            • nut pine [ENG31-11630135-n] (any of several pinons bearing edible nutlike seeds)

                              • pinon pine [ENG31-11630313-n] (a small two-needled or three-needled pinon of Mexico and southern Texas)
                              • Rocky mountain pinon [ENG31-11630498-n] (small compact two-needled pinon of southwestern United States)
                              • single-leaf [ENG31-11630666-n] (pinon of southwestern United States having solitary needles and often many stems)
                            • bishop pine [ENG31-11630888-n] (two-needled or three-needled pinon mostly of northwestern California coast)
                            • California single-leaf pinyon [ENG31-11631053-n] (very small tree similar to Rocky mountain pinon but having a single needle per fascicle)
                            • Parry's pinyon [ENG31-11631274-n] (five-needled pinon of southern California and northern Baja California having (sometimes three-needled or four-needled showing hybridization from Pinus californiarum))
                          • spruce pine [ENG31-11631538-n] (large two-needled pine of southeastern United States with light soft wood)
                          • black pine [ENG31-11631684-n] (large two-needled timber pine of southeastern Europe)
                          • pitch pine [ENG31-11631807-n] (large three-needled pine of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada)
                          • pond pine [ENG31-11632012-n] (large three-needled pine of sandy swamps of southeastern United States)
                          • stone pine [ENG31-11632209-n] (medium-sized two-needled pine of southern Europe having a spreading crown)
                          • Swiss pine [ENG31-11632469-n] (large five-needled European pine)
                          • Swiss mountain pine [ENG31-11632800-n] (low shrubby pine of central Europe with short bright green needles in bunches of two)
                          • ancient pine [ENG31-11633026-n] (small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine)
                          • white pine [ENG31-11633374-n] (any of several five-needled pines with white wood and smooth usually light grey bark when young)

                            • American white pine [ENG31-11633670-n] (tall-growing pine of eastern North America)
                            • western white pine [ENG31-11633910-n] (tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles)
                            • southwestern white pine [ENG31-11634143-n] (medium-size pine of northwestern Mexico)
                            • limber pine [ENG31-11634318-n] (western North American pine with long needles and very flexible limbs and dark-grey furrowed bark)
                            • whitebark pine [ENG31-11634490-n] (small pine of western North America)
                          • yellow pine [ENG31-11634701-n] (any of various pines having yellow wood)

                            • ponderosa [ENG31-11634871-n] (common and widely distributed tall timber pine of western North America having dark green needles in bunches of 2 to 5 and thick bark with dark brown plates when mature)
                            • longleaf pine [ENG31-11636418-n] (large three-needled pine of southeastern United States having very long needles and gnarled twisted limbs)
                            • shortleaf pine [ENG31-11636711-n] (large pine of southern United States having short needles in bunches of 2-3 and red-brown bark when mature)
                          • Jeffrey pine [ENG31-11635164-n] (tall symmetrical pine of western North America having long blue-green needles in bunches of 3 and elongated cones on spreading somewhat pendulous branches)
                          • shore pine [ENG31-11635477-n] (shrubby two-needled pine of coastal northwestern United States)
                          • Sierra lodgepole pine [ENG31-11635710-n] (tall subspecies of lodgepole pine)
                          • loblolly pine [ENG31-11635838-n] (tall spreading three-needled pine of southeastern United States having reddish-brown fissured bark and a full bushy upper head)
                          • jack pine [ENG31-11636058-n] (slender medium-sized two-needled pine of eastern North America)
                          • swamp pine [ENG31-11636263-n] (any of several pines that prefer or endure moist situations such as loblolly pine or longleaf pine)
                          • red pine [ENG31-11636937-n] (pine of eastern North America having long needles in bunches of two and reddish bark)
                          • Scotch pine [ENG31-11637113-n] (medium large two-needled pine of northern Europe and Asia having flaking red-brown bark)
                          • scrub pine [ENG31-11637303-n] (common small shrubby pine of the eastern United States having straggling often twisted or branches and short needles in bunches of 2)
                          • Monterey pine [ENG31-11637541-n] (tall California pine with long needles in bunches of 3, a dense crown, and dark brown deeply fissured bark)
                          • bristlecone pine [ENG31-11637723-n] (small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales)
                          • table-mountain pine [ENG31-11638082-n] (a small two-needled upland pine of the eastern United States (Appalachians) having dark brown flaking bark and thorn-tipped cone scales)
                          • knobcone pine [ENG31-11638329-n] (medium-sized three-needled pine of the Pacific coast of the United States having a prominent knob on each scale of the cone)
                          • Japanese red pine [ENG31-11638530-n] (pine native to Japan and Korea having a wide-spreading irregular crown when mature)
                          • Japanese black pine [ENG31-11638741-n] (large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2)
                          • Torrey pine [ENG31-11638976-n] (medium-sized five-needled pine of southwestern California having long cylindrical cones)
                        • larch [ENG31-11639312-n] (any of numerous conifers of the genus Larix all having deciduous needlelike leaves)

                          • American larch [ENG31-11639678-n] (medium-sized larch of Canada and northern United States including Alaska having a broad conic crown and rust-brown scaly bark)
                          • western larch [ENG31-11639906-n] (tall larch of western North America have pale green sharply pointed leaves and oblong cones)
                          • subalpine larch [ENG31-11640138-n] (medium-sized larch of the Rocky Mountains)
                          • European larch [ENG31-11640296-n] (tall European tree having a slender conic crown, flat needlelike leaves, and hairy cone scales)
                          • Siberian larch [ENG31-11640467-n] (medium-sized larch of northeastern Russia and Siberia having narrowly conic crown and soft narrow bright-green leaves)
                        • golden larch [ENG31-11640840-n] (Chinese deciduous conifer resembling a larch with golden yellow leaves)
                        • fir [ENG31-11641124-n] (any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies)

                          • silver fir [ENG31-11641480-n] (any of various true firs having leaves white or silvery white beneath)

                            • amabilis fir [ENG31-11641732-n] (medium to tall fir of western North America having a conic crown and branches in tiers)
                            • European silver fir [ENG31-11641998-n] (tall timber tree of central and southern Europe having a regular crown and grey bark)
                            • white fir [ENG31-11642178-n] (medium to tall fir of central to western United States having a narrow erect crown and soft wood)
                            • balsam fir [ENG31-11642401-n] (medium-sized fir of northeastern North America)
                            • Fraser fir [ENG31-11642635-n] (small fast-growing but short-lived fir of southern Alleghenies similar to balsam fir but with very short leaves)
                            • lowland fir [ENG31-11642819-n] (lofty fir of the Pacific coast of northwestern America having long curving branches and deep green leaves)
                            • Alpine fir [ENG31-11643042-n] (medium-tall timber tree of the Rocky Mountains having a narrowly conic to columnar crown)
                          • Santa Lucia fir [ENG31-11643222-n] (a pyramidal fir of southwestern California having spiny pointed leaves and cone scales with long spines)
                        • cedar [ENG31-11643556-n] (any cedar of the genus Cedrus)

                          • cedar of Lebanon [ENG31-11644266-n] (cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height)
                          • deodar [ENG31-11644418-n] (tall East Indian cedar having spreading branches with nodding tips)
                          • Atlas cedar [ENG31-11644643-n] (tall Algerian evergreen of Atlas mountains with blue-green leaves)
                        • spruce [ENG31-11644982-n] (any coniferous tree of the genus Picea)

                          • Norway spruce [ENG31-11645454-n] (tall pyramidal spruce native to northern Europe having dark green foliage on spreading branches with pendulous branchlets and long pendulous cones)
                          • weeping spruce [ENG31-11645674-n] (medium-sized spruce of California and Oregon having pendulous branches)
                          • Engelmann spruce [ENG31-11645842-n] (tall spruce of Rocky Mountains and British Columbia with blue-green needles and acutely conic crown)
                          • white spruce [ENG31-11646083-n] (medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones)
                          • black spruce [ENG31-11646255-n] (small spruce of boggy areas of northeastern North America having spreading branches with dense foliage)
                          • Siberian spruce [ENG31-11646461-n] (tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia)
                          • Sitka spruce [ENG31-11646603-n] (a large spruce that grows only along the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada)
                          • oriental spruce [ENG31-11646860-n] (evergreen tree of the Caucasus and Asia Minor used as an ornamental having pendulous branchlets)
                          • Colorado spruce [ENG31-11647036-n] (tall spruce with blue-green needles and dense conic crown)
                          • red spruce [ENG31-11647277-n] (medium-sized spruce of eastern North America)
                        • hemlock [ENG31-11647619-n] (an evergreen tree)

                          • eastern hemlock [ENG31-11647963-n] (common forest tree of the eastern United States and Canada)
                          • Carolina hemlock [ENG31-11648165-n] (medium-sized evergreen of southeastern United States having spreading branches and widely diverging cone scales)
                          • mountain hemlock [ENG31-11648359-n] (large evergreen of western United States)
                          • western hemlock [ENG31-11648538-n] (tall evergreen of western North America)
                        • douglas fir [ENG31-11648907-n] (tall evergreen timber tree of western North America having resinous wood and short needles)

                          • green douglas fir [ENG31-11649244-n] (lofty douglas fir of northwestern North America having short needles and egg-shaped cones)
                          • big-cone spruce [ENG31-11649498-n] (douglas fir of California having cones 4-8 inches long)
                        • Cathaya [ENG31-11649805-n] (Chinese evergreen conifer discovered in 1955)
                        • cedar [ENG31-11650468-n] (any of numerous trees of the family Cupressaceae that resemble cedars)

                          • Chilean cedar [ENG31-11653735-n] (a small South American evergreen having coppery bark and pretty foliage)
                          • incense cedar [ENG31-11655187-n] (tall tree of the Pacific coast of North America having foliage like cypress and cinnamon-red bark)
                          • southern white cedar [ENG31-11655603-n] (slow-growing medium-sized cedar of east coast of the United States)
                          • Oregon cedar [ENG31-11655884-n] (large timber tree of western North America with trunk diameter to 12 feet and height to 200 feet)
                          • yellow cypress [ENG31-11656281-n] (tall evergreen of the Pacific coast of North America often cultivated for ornament)
                          • Japanese cedar [ENG31-11656655-n] (tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood)
                          • incense cedar [ENG31-11659535-n] (any of several attractive trees of southwestern South America and New Zealand and New Caledonia having glossy evergreen leaves and scented wood)
                          • kawaka [ENG31-11659757-n] (New Zealand timber tree resembling the cypress)
                          • pahautea [ENG31-11659896-n] (evergreen tree of New Zealand resembling the kawaka)
                        • cypress [ENG31-11650940-n] (any of numerous evergreen conifers of the genus Cupressus of north temperate regions having dark scalelike leaves and rounded cones)

                          • gowen cypress [ENG31-11651610-n] (small sometimes shrubby tree native to California)
                          • pygmy cypress [ENG31-11651856-n] (rare small cypress native to northern California)
                          • Santa Cruz cypress [ENG31-11652070-n] (rare California cypress taller than but closely related to gowen cypress and sometimes considered the same species)
                          • Arizona cypress [ENG31-11652305-n] (Arizona timber tree with bluish silvery foliage)
                          • Guadalupe cypress [ENG31-11652436-n] (relatively low wide-spreading endemic on Guadalupe Island)
                          • Monterey cypress [ENG31-11652618-n] (tall California cypress endemic on Monterey Bay)
                          • Mexican cypress [ENG31-11652827-n] (tall spreading evergreen found in Mexico having drooping branches)
                          • Italian cypress [ENG31-11653070-n] (tall Eurasian cypress with thin grey bark and ascending branches)
                        • King William pine [ENG31-11653380-n] (evergreen of Tasmanian mountains having sharp-pointed leaves that curve inward)
                        • metasequoia [ENG31-11660583-n] (large fast-growing Chinese monoecious tree having flat bright-green deciduous leaves and small globular cones)
                        • arborvitae [ENG31-11664286-n] (any of several Asian and North American conifers of the genera Thuja and Thujopsis)

                          • western red cedar [ENG31-11664497-n] (large valuable arborvitae of northwestern United States)
                          • American arborvitae [ENG31-11664677-n] (small evergreen of eastern North America having tiny scalelike leaves on flattened branchlets)
                          • Oriental arborvitae [ENG31-11664913-n] (Asiatic shrub or small tree widely planted in United States and Europe)
                          • hiba arborvitae [ENG31-11665323-n] (slow-growing medium-large Japanese evergreen used as an ornamental)
                        • keteleeria [ENG31-11665614-n] (Asiatic conifers resembling firs)
                        • Wollemi pine [ENG31-11666041-n] (newly discovered (1994) pine thought to have been long extinct)
                        • araucaria [ENG31-11666365-n] (any of several tall South American or Australian trees with large cones and edible seeds)

                          • monkey puzzle [ENG31-11666618-n] (large Chilean evergreen conifer having intertwined branches and bearing edible nuts)
                          • norfolk island pine [ENG31-11666795-n] (evergreen of Australia and Norfolk Island in the South Pacific)
                          • new caledonian pine [ENG31-11666968-n] (very tall evergreen of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides similar to norfolk island pine)
                          • bunya bunya [ENG31-11667145-n] (Australian conifer bearing two-inch seeds tasting like roasted chestnuts)
                          • hoop pine [ENG31-11667406-n] (pine of Australia and New Guinea)
                        • kauri pine [ENG31-11667757-n] (any of various trees of the genus Agathis)

                          • kauri [ENG31-11668154-n] (tall timber tree of New Zealand having white straight-grained wood)
                          • amboina pine [ENG31-11668319-n] (native to the Moluccas and Philippines)
                          • dundathu pine [ENG31-11668490-n] (Australian timber tree resembling the kauri but having wood much lighter in weight and softer)
                          • red kauri [ENG31-11668719-n] (New Zealand tree with glossy leaves and scaly reddish-brown bark)
                        • plum-yew [ENG31-11669227-n] (any of several evergreen trees and shrubs of eastern Asia resembling yew and having large seeds enclosed in a fleshy envelope)
                        • celery pine [ENG31-11670329-n] (Australasian evergreen conifer having a graceful head of foliage resembling celery that is composed of phyllodes borne in the axils of scalelike leaves)

                          • celery top pine [ENG31-11670611-n] (medium tall celery pine of Tasmania)
                          • tanekaha [ENG31-11670758-n] (medium tall celery pine of New Zealand)
                          • Alpine celery pine [ENG31-11670881-n] (small shrubby celery pine of New Zealand)
                        • podocarp [ENG31-11672490-n] (any evergreen in the southern hemisphere of the genus Podocarpus having a pulpy fruit with one hard seed)
                        • yacca [ENG31-11672668-n] (West Indian evergreen with medium to long leaves)
                        • brown pine [ENG31-11672827-n] (large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure)
                        • cape yellowwood [ENG31-11673029-n] (South African tree or shrub having a rounded crown)
                        • totara [ENG31-11673577-n] (valuable timber tree of New Zealand yielding hard reddish wood used for furniture and bridges and wharves)
                        • kahikatea [ENG31-11674355-n] (New Zealand evergreen valued for its light easily worked wood)
                        • rimu [ENG31-11674744-n] (tall New Zealand timber tree)
                        • tarwood [ENG31-11674889-n] (New Zealand silver pine of conical habit with long slender flexuous branches)
                        • common sickle pine [ENG31-11675435-n] (small tropical rain forest tree of Indonesia and Malaysia)
                        • yellow-leaf sickle pine [ENG31-11675603-n] (a rain forest tree or shrub of New Caledonia having a conic crown and pale green sickle-shaped leaves)
                        • tarwood [ENG31-11676043-n] (New Zealand shrub)
                        • westland pine [ENG31-11676425-n] (timber tree of New Zealand having shiny white wood)
                        • huon pine [ENG31-11676574-n] (Tasmanian timber tree with yellow aromatic wavy-grained wood used for carving and ship building)
                        • nagi [ENG31-11678036-n] (medium-sized tree having glossy lanceolate leaves)
                        • miro [ENG31-11678782-n] (New Zealand conifer used for lumber)
                        • matai [ENG31-11678995-n] (conifer of Australia and New Zealand)
                        • plum-fruited yew [ENG31-11679160-n] (South American evergreen tree or shrub)
                        • Prince Albert yew [ENG31-11679699-n] (small yew having attractive foliage and partially weeping branches cultivated as an ornamental)
                        • Sundacarpus amara [ENG31-11680078-n] (a large fast-growing monoecious tropical evergreen tree having large glossy lanceolate leaves)
                        • Japanese umbrella pine [ENG31-11680751-n] (tall evergreen having a symmetrical spreading crown and needles growing in whorls that resemble umbrellas at ends of twigs)
                        • yew [ENG31-11681823-n] (any of numerous evergreen trees or shrubs having red cup-shaped berries and flattened needlelike leaves)

                          • California nutmeg [ENG31-11669601-n] (California evergreen having a fruit resembling a nutmeg but with a strong turpentine flavor)
                          • stinking cedar [ENG31-11669810-n] (rare small evergreen of northern Florida)
                          • Old World yew [ENG31-11682360-n] (predominant yew in Europe)
                          • Pacific yew [ENG31-11682579-n] (small or medium irregularly branched tree of the Pacific coast of North America)
                          • Japanese yew [ENG31-11682822-n] (shrubby hardy evergreen of China and Japan having lustrous dark green foliage)
                          • Florida yew [ENG31-11683036-n] (small bushy yew of northern Florida having spreading branches and very narrow leaves)
                          • New Caledonian yew [ENG31-11683388-n] (large yew native to New Caledonia)
                          • white-berry yew [ENG31-11683714-n] (yew of southeastern China, differing from the Old World yew in having white berries)
                    • angiospermous tree [ENG31-13130492-n] (any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary)

                      • ilang-ilang [ENG31-11716443-n] (evergreen Asian tree with aromatic greenish-yellow flowers yielding a volatile oil)
                      • katsura tree [ENG31-11723182-n] (rapidly growing deciduous tree of low mountainsides of China and Japan)
                      • laurel [ENG31-11724138-n] (any of various aromatic trees of the laurel family)

                        • true laurel [ENG31-11724562-n] (small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking)
                        • camphor tree [ENG31-11725089-n] (large evergreen tree of warm regions whose aromatic wood yields camphor)
                        • cinnamon [ENG31-11725260-n] (tropical Asian tree with aromatic yellowish-brown bark)
                        • cassia [ENG31-11725640-n] (Chinese tree with aromatic bark)
                        • Saigon cinnamon [ENG31-11726042-n] (tropical southeast Asian tree with aromatic bark)
                        • laurel-tree [ENG31-11727411-n] (small tree of southern United States having dark red heartwood)
                        • sassafras [ENG31-11727698-n] (yellowwood tree with brittle wood and aromatic leaves and bark)
                        • California laurel [ENG31-11728296-n] (Pacific coast tree having aromatic foliage and small umbellate flowers followed by olivelike fruit)
                      • magnolia [ENG31-11730143-n] (any shrub or tree of the genus Magnolia)

                        • southern magnolia [ENG31-11730605-n] (evergreen tree of southern United States having large stiff glossy leaves and huge white sweet-smelling flowers)
                        • umbrella tree [ENG31-11730862-n] (small deciduous tree of eastern North America having creamy white flowers and large leaves in formations like umbrellas at the ends of branches)
                        • earleaved umbrella tree [ENG31-11731127-n] (small erect deciduous tree with large leaves in coiled formations at branch tips)
                        • cucumber tree [ENG31-11731296-n] (American deciduous magnolia having large leaves and fruit like a small cucumber)
                        • large-leaved magnolia [ENG31-11731456-n] (large deciduous shrub or tree of southeastern United States having huge leaves in dense false whorls and large creamy flowers tinged purple toward the base)
                        • saucer magnolia [ENG31-11731758-n] (large deciduous shrub or small tree having large open rosy to purplish flowers)
                        • star magnolia [ENG31-11732006-n] (deciduous shrubby magnolia from Japan having fragrant white starlike flowers blooming before leaves unfold)
                        • sweet bay [ENG31-11732233-n] (shrub or small tree having rather small fragrant white flowers)
                      • manglietia [ENG31-11732440-n] (a genus of flowering tree of the family Magnoliaceae found from Malay to southern China)
                      • tulip tree [ENG31-11732751-n] (tall North American deciduous timber tree having large tulip-shaped greenish yellow flowers and conelike fruit)
                      • bocconia [ENG31-11923802-n] (small Central American tree having loose racemes of purple-tinted green flowers)
                      • cream-of-tartar tree [ENG31-12210296-n] (Australian tree having an agreeably acid fruit that resembles a gourd)
                      • baobab [ENG31-12210504-n] (African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread)
                      • kapok [ENG31-12210927-n] (massive tropical tree with deep ridges on its massive trunk and bearing large pods of seeds covered with silky floss)
                      • balsa [ENG31-12212104-n] (forest tree of lowland Central America having a strong very light wood)
                      • sterculia [ENG31-12215908-n] (any tree of the genus Sterculia)

                        • Panama tree [ENG31-12216050-n] (large deciduous tree native to Panama and from which the country takes its name)
                        • kalumpang [ENG31-12216251-n] (large tree of Old World tropics having foul-smelling orange-red blossoms followed by red pods enclosing oil-rich seeds sometimes used as food)
                      • red beech [ENG31-12220307-n] (large tree of Australasia)
                      • looking glass tree [ENG31-12220499-n] (large evergreen tree of India and Burma whose leaves are silvery beneath)
                      • looking-glass plant [ENG31-12220660-n] (small tree of coastal regions of Old World tropics whose leaves are silvery beneath)
                      • cacao [ENG31-12222097-n] (tropical American tree producing cacao beans)

                        • cacao bean [ENG31-07770870-n] (seed of the cacao tree)
                      • rewa-rewa [ENG31-12240185-n] (slender elegant tree of New Zealand having racemes of red flowers and yielding valuable mottled red timber)
                      • sorrel tree [ENG31-12262926-n] (deciduous shrubby tree of eastern North America having deeply fissured bark and sprays of small fragrant white flowers and sour-tasting leaves)
                      • iron tree [ENG31-12337813-n] (a small slow-growing deciduous tree of northern Iran having a low domed shape)
                      • bush willow [ENG31-12344905-n] (small deciduous tree of the Transvaal having spikes of yellow flowers)
                      • bush willow [ENG31-12345075-n] (small South African tree having creamy yellow fragrant flowers usually growing on stream banks)
                      • Queen's crape myrtle [ENG31-12349990-n] (native to Asia, Australia, and East Indies, where it provides timber called pyinma)
                      • myrtaceous tree [ENG31-12350756-n] (trees and shrubs)
                      • myrtle [ENG31-12350986-n] (any evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Myrtus)

                        • common myrtle [ENG31-12351104-n] (European shrub with white or rosy flowers followed by black berries)
                      • mangrove [ENG31-12366416-n] (a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building)
                      • dillenia [ENG31-12383818-n] (any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of the genus Dillenia grown for their foliage and nodding flowers resembling magnolias which are followed by fruit that is used in curries and jellies and preserves)
                      • gamboge tree [ENG31-12387387-n] (low spreading tree of Indonesia yielding an orange to brown gum resin (gamboge) used as a pigment when powdered)
                      • Pipturus albidus [ENG31-12416608-n] (Hawaiian tree of genus Pipturus having a bark (tapa) from which tapa cloth is made)
                      • paper mulberry [ENG31-12424499-n] (shrubby Asiatic tree having bark (tapa) that resembles cloth)
                      • trumpetwood [ENG31-12425234-n] (tropical American tree with large peltate leaves and hollow stems)
                      • mountain ebony [ENG31-12511522-n] (small East Indian tree having orchid-like flowers and hard dark wood)
                      • royal poinciana [ENG31-12515299-n] (showy tropical tree or shrub native to Madagascar)
                      • Judas tree [ENG31-12534118-n] (small tree of the eastern Mediterranean having abundant purplish-red flowers growing on old wood directly from stems and appearing before the leaves: widely cultivated in mild regions)
                      • redbud [ENG31-12534438-n] (small shrubby tree of eastern North America similar to the Judas tree having usually pink flowers)
                      • cherry laurel [ENG31-12663874-n] (small flowering evergreen tree of southern United States)
                      • fruit tree [ENG31-12672582-n] (tree bearing edible fruit)

                        • custard apple [ENG31-11714450-n] (any of several tropical American trees bearing fruit with soft edible pulp)

                          • cherimoya [ENG31-11714769-n] (small tropical American tree bearing round or oblong fruit)
                          • ilama [ENG31-11714938-n] (tropical American tree grown in southern United States having a whitish pink-tinged fruit)
                          • soursop [ENG31-11715133-n] (small tropical American tree bearing large succulent slightly acid fruit)
                          • bullock's heart [ENG31-11715335-n] (small tropical American tree bearing a bristly heart-shaped acid tropical fruit)
                          • sweetsop [ENG31-11715554-n] (tropical American tree bearing sweet pulpy fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds)
                          • pond apple [ENG31-11715754-n] (small evergreen tree of tropical America with edible fruit)
                          • pawpaw [ENG31-11716068-n] (small tree native to the eastern United States having oblong leaves and fleshy fruit)
                        • avocado [ENG31-11727230-n] (tropical American tree bearing large pulpy green fruits)
                        • durian [ENG31-12211386-n] (tree of southeastern Asia having edible oval fruit with a hard spiny rind)
                        • toothbrush tree [ENG31-12320157-n] (glabrous or pubescent evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Salvadora)
                        • olive tree [ENG31-12321357-n] (a tree of the genus Olea cultivated for its fruit)

                          • olive [ENG31-12321697-n] (evergreen tree cultivated in the Mediterranean region since antiquity and now elsewhere)
                          • black maire [ENG31-12322130-n] (northern Zealand tree having dense hard light-brown wood)
                          • white maire [ENG31-12322283-n] (small New Zealand tree having red pulpy one-seeded fruit)
                        • anchovy pear [ENG31-12348045-n] (West Indian tree bearing edible fruit resembling mango)
                        • sour cherry [ENG31-12352172-n] (Australian tree with sour red fruit)
                        • Surinam cherry [ENG31-12352547-n] (Brazilian tree with spicy red fruit)
                        • rose apple [ENG31-12352735-n] (tropical tree of the East Indies cultivated for its edible fruit)
                        • jaboticaba [ENG31-12353570-n] (small evergreen tropical tree native to Brazil and West Indies but introduced into southern United States)
                        • guava [ENG31-12354047-n] (small tropical American shrubby tree)
                        • guava [ENG31-12354288-n] (small tropical shrubby tree bearing small yellowish fruit)
                        • cattley guava [ENG31-12354478-n] (small tropical shrubby tree bearing deep red oval fruit)
                        • Brazilian guava [ENG31-12354670-n] (South American tree having fruit similar to the true guava)
                        • pomegranate [ENG31-12365797-n] (shrub or small tree native to southwestern Asia having large red many-seeded fruit)
                        • mangosteen [ENG31-12387192-n] (East Indian tree with thick leathery leaves and edible fruit)
                        • mammee apple [ENG31-12390691-n] (tropical American tree having edible fruit with a leathery rind)
                        • papaya [ENG31-12393617-n] (tropical American shrub or small tree having huge deeply palmately cleft leaves and large oblong yellow fruit)
                        • mulberry [ENG31-12419637-n] (any of several trees of the genus Morus having edible fruit that resembles the blackberry)

                          • white mulberry [ENG31-12419889-n] (Asiatic mulberry with white to pale red fruit)
                          • black mulberry [ENG31-12420039-n] (European mulberry having dark foliage and fruit)
                          • red mulberry [ENG31-12420161-n] (North American mulberry having dark purple edible fruit)
                        • breadfruit [ENG31-12420994-n] (native to Pacific islands and having edible fruit with a texture like bread)
                        • jackfruit [ENG31-12421225-n] (East Indian tree cultivated for its immense edible fruit and seeds)
                        • marang [ENG31-12421429-n] (Philippine tree similar to the breadfruit tree bearing edible fruit)
                        • coco plum [ENG31-12645764-n] (small tropical American tree bearing edible plumlike fruit)
                        • quince [ENG31-12649747-n] (small Asian tree with pinkish flowers and pear-shaped fruit)
                        • loquat [ENG31-12650427-n] (evergreen tree of warm regions having fuzzy yellow olive-sized fruit with a large free stone)
                        • apple tree [ENG31-12654399-n] (any tree of the genus Malus especially those bearing firm rounded edible fruits)

                          • apple [ENG31-12654755-n] (native Eurasian tree widely cultivated in many varieties for its firm rounded edible fruits)
                          • wild apple [ENG31-12654972-n] (any of numerous wild apple trees usually with small acidic fruit)

                            • wild crab [ENG31-12655747-n] (wild crab apple native to Europe)
                            • American crab apple [ENG31-12655912-n] (medium-sized tree of the eastern United States having pink blossoms and small yellow fruit)
                            • Oregon crab apple [ENG31-12656120-n] (small tree or shrub of western United States having white blossoms and tiny yellow or red fruit)
                            • Iowa crab [ENG31-12656505-n] (wild crab apple of western United States with fragrant pink flowers)

                              • Bechtel crab [ENG31-12656716-n] (derived from the Iowa crab and cultivated for its large double pink blossoms)
                          • crab apple [ENG31-12655190-n] (any of numerous varieties of crab apples cultivated for their small acidic (usually bright red) fruit used for preserves or as ornamentals for their blossoms)

                            • Siberian crab [ENG31-12655495-n] (Asian wild crab apple cultivated in many varieties for it small acid usually red fruit used for preserving)
                            • Southern crab apple [ENG31-12656293-n] (small tree or shrub of southeastern United States)
                        • medlar [ENG31-12656985-n] (small deciduous Eurasian tree cultivated for its fruit that resemble crab apples)
                        • plum [ENG31-12658979-n] (any of several trees producing edible oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single hard stone)

                          • wild plum [ENG31-12659317-n] (an uncultivated plum tree or shrub)

                            • Allegheny plum [ENG31-12659514-n] (wild plum of northeastern United States having dark purple fruits with yellow flesh)
                            • American red plum [ENG31-12659725-n] (wild plum trees of eastern and central North America having red-orange fruit with yellow flesh)
                            • chickasaw plum [ENG31-12659929-n] (small native American shrubby tree bearing small edible yellow to reddish fruit)
                            • beach plum [ENG31-12660137-n] (seacoast shrub of northeastern North America having showy white blossoms and edible purple fruit)
                            • holly-leaved cherry [ENG31-12667158-n] (California evergreen wild plum with spiny leathery leaves and white flowers)
                          • common plum [ENG31-12660345-n] (any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas)
                          • bullace [ENG31-12660497-n] (small wild or half-domesticated Eurasian plum bearing small ovoid fruit in clusters)

                            • damson plum [ENG31-12660671-n] (plum tree long cultivated for its edible fruit)
                          • big-tree plum [ENG31-12660842-n] (small tree of southwestern United States having purplish-red fruit sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its large leaves)
                          • Canada plum [ENG31-12661045-n] (small tree native to northeastern North America having oblong orange-red fruit)
                          • cherry plum [ENG31-12664074-n] (small Asiatic tree bearing edible red or yellow fruit)
                          • Japanese plum [ENG31-12669454-n] (small tree of China and Japan bearing large yellow to red plums usually somewhat inferior to European plums in flavor)
                          • Sierra plum [ENG31-12670627-n] (shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States bearing small red insipid fruit)
                        • plumcot [ENG31-12661196-n] (hybrid produced by crossing Prunus domestica and Prunus armeniaca)
                        • apricot [ENG31-12661368-n] (Asian tree having clusters of usually white blossoms and edible fruit resembling the peach)

                          • Japanese apricot [ENG31-12661600-n] (Japanese ornamental tree with fragrant white or pink blossoms and small yellow fruits)
                          • common apricot [ENG31-12661768-n] (temperate zone tree bearing downy yellow to rosy fruits)
                          • purple apricot [ENG31-12661941-n] (small hybrid apricot of Asia and Asia Minor having purplish twigs and white flowers following by inferior purple fruit)
                        • cherry [ENG31-12662174-n] (any of numerous trees and shrubs producing a small fleshy round fruit with a single hard stone)

                          • wild cherry [ENG31-12662692-n] (an uncultivated cherry tree)

                            • bird cherry [ENG31-12668137-n] (any of several small-fruited cherry trees frequented or fed on by birds)

                              • hagberry tree [ENG31-12668321-n] (small European cherry tree closely resembling the American chokecherry)
                              • pin cherry [ENG31-12668654-n] (small shrubby North American wild cherry with small bright red acid fruit)
                            • black cherry [ENG31-12669649-n] (large North American wild cherry with round black sour edible fruit)
                          • sweet cherry [ENG31-12662961-n] (large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation)

                            • heart cherry [ENG31-12663196-n] (any of several cultivated sweet cherries having sweet juicy heart-shaped fruits)
                            • gean [ENG31-12663361-n] (wild or seedling sweet cherry used as stock for grafting)
                          • capulin [ENG31-12663725-n] (Mexican black cherry tree having edible fruit)
                          • sour cherry [ENG31-12664234-n] (rather small Eurasian tree producing red to black acid edible fruit)

                            • amarelle [ENG31-12664449-n] (any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing pale red fruit with colorless juice)
                            • morello [ENG31-12664638-n] (any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing fruit with dark skin and juice)
                            • marasca [ENG31-12664818-n] (Dalmatian bitter wild cherry tree bearing fruit whose juice is made into maraschino liqueur)
                          • Catalina cherry [ENG31-12667992-n] (evergreen shrub or small tree found on Catalina Island (California))
                          • flowering cherry [ENG31-12669826-n] (any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Prunus cultivated for their showy white or pink single or double blossoms)

                            • fuji [ENG31-12667366-n] (shrubby Japanese cherry tree having pale pink blossoms)
                            • oriental cherry [ENG31-12670078-n] (ornamental tree with inedible fruits widely cultivated in many varieties for its white blossoms)
                            • Japanese flowering cherry [ENG31-12670300-n] (ornamental tree with inedible fruit widely cultivated in many varieties for its pink blossoms)
                            • rosebud cherry [ENG31-12670799-n] (shrub or tree native to Japan cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-pink flowers)
                          • chokecherry [ENG31-12671317-n] (a common wild cherry of eastern North America having small bitter black berries favored by birds)

                            • western chokecherry [ENG31-12671676-n] (chokecherry of western United States)
                        • almond tree [ENG31-12665663-n] (any of several small bushy trees having pink or white blossoms and usually bearing nuts)

                          • almond [ENG31-12665935-n] (small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull)

                            • jordan almond [ENG31-12666833-n] (variety of large almond from Malaga, Spain)
                          • bitter almond [ENG31-12666291-n] (almond trees having white blossoms and poisonous nuts yielding an oil used for flavoring and for medicinal purposes)
                          • dwarf flowering almond [ENG31-12666958-n] (small Chinese shrub with smooth unfurrowed dark red fruit grown especially for its red or pink or white flowers)
                          • flowering almond [ENG31-12667501-n] (woody oriental plant with smooth unfurrowed red fruit grown especially for its white or pale pink blossoms)
                          • Russian almond [ENG31-12670990-n] (Asiatic shrub cultivated for its rosy red flowers)
                          • flowering almond [ENG31-12671140-n] (deciduous Chinese shrub or small tree with often trilobed leaves grown for its pink-white flowers)
                        • peach [ENG31-12668806-n] (cultivated in temperate regions)
                        • nectarine [ENG31-12668957-n] (variety or mutation of the peach bearing fruit with smooth skin and (usually) yellow flesh)
                        • pear [ENG31-12672372-n] (Old World tree having sweet gritty-textured juicy fruit)
                        • genipa [ENG31-12688167-n] (any tree of the genus Genipa bearing yellow flowers and edible fruit with a thick rind)

                          • genipap fruit [ENG31-12688343-n] (tree of the West Indies and northern South America bearing succulent edible orange-sized fruit)
                        • carambola [ENG31-12725103-n] (East Indian tree bearing deeply ridged yellow-brown fruit)
                        • bilimbi [ENG31-12725273-n] (East Indian evergreen tree bearing very acid fruit)
                        • citrus [ENG31-12728541-n] (any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rinds)

                          • orange [ENG31-12729053-n] (any citrus tree bearing oranges)

                            • sour orange [ENG31-12729414-n] (any of various common orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit)
                            • bergamot [ENG31-12729701-n] (small tree with pear-shaped fruit whose oil is used in perfumery)
                            • sweet orange [ENG31-12731453-n] (probably native to southern China)
                            • temple orange [ENG31-12731677-n] (large citrus tree having large sweet deep orange fruit that is easily peeled)
                          • pomelo [ENG31-12729863-n] (southeastern Asian tree producing large fruits resembling grapefruits)
                          • citron [ENG31-12730109-n] (thorny evergreen small tree or shrub of India widely cultivated for its large lemonlike fruits that have thick warty rind)
                          • grapefruit [ENG31-12730448-n] (citrus tree bearing large round edible fruit having a thick yellow rind and juicy somewhat acid pulp)
                          • mandarin [ENG31-12730661-n] (shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed)

                            • tangerine [ENG31-12731055-n] (a variety of mandarin orange)
                            • clementine [ENG31-12731175-n] (a variety of mandarin orange that is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africa)
                            • satsuma [ENG31-12731337-n] (a variety of mandarin orange)
                          • tangelo [ENG31-12731942-n] (hybrid between grapefruit and mandarin orange)
                          • rangpur [ENG31-12732158-n] (hybrid between mandarin orange and lemon having very acid fruit with orange peel)
                          • lemon [ENG31-12732356-n] (a small evergreen tree that originated in Asia but is widely cultivated for its fruit)

                            • sweet lemon [ENG31-12732577-n] (lemon tree having fruit with a somewhat insipid sweetish pulp)
                          • lime [ENG31-12732744-n] (any of various related trees bearing limes)
                          • citrange [ENG31-12733080-n] (more aromatic and acidic than oranges)
                          • kumquat [ENG31-12733823-n] (any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Fortunella bearing small orange-colored edible fruits with thick sweet-flavored skin and sour pulp)

                            • marumi [ENG31-12734118-n] (shrub bearing round-fruited kumquats)
                            • nagami [ENG31-12734281-n] (shrub bearing oval-fruited kumquats)
                        • wild mango [ENG31-12738404-n] (African tree with edible yellow fruit resembling mangos)
                        • akee [ENG31-12763050-n] (widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its fragrant flowers and colorful fruits)
                        • longan [ENG31-12764112-n] (tree of southeastern Asia to Australia grown primarily for its sweet edible fruit resembling litchi nuts)
                        • litchi [ENG31-12765147-n] (Chinese tree cultivated especially in Philippines and India for its edible fruit)
                        • Spanish lime [ENG31-12765610-n] (tropical American tree bearing a small edible fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp)
                        • rambutan [ENG31-12766146-n] (Malayan tree bearing spiny red fruit)
                        • pulasan [ENG31-12766324-n] (East Indian fruit tree bearing fruit similar to but sweeter than that of the rambutan)
                        • mango [ENG31-12782044-n] (large evergreen tropical tree cultivated for its large oval fruit)
                        • hog plum [ENG31-12786606-n] (tropical American tree having edible yellow fruit)
                        • mombin [ENG31-12786803-n] (common tropical American shrub or small tree with purplish fruit)
                        • persimmon [ENG31-12791952-n] (any of several tropical trees of the genus Diospyros)

                          • Japanese persimmon [ENG31-12792150-n] (small deciduous Asiatic tree bearing large red or orange edible astringent fruit)
                          • American persimmon [ENG31-12792357-n] (medium-sized tree of dry woodlands in the southern and eastern United States bearing yellow or orange very astringent fruit that is edible when fully ripe)
                          • date plum [ENG31-12792650-n] (an Asiatic persimmon tree cultivated for its small yellow or purplish-black edible fruit much valued by Afghan tribes)
                        • star apple [ENG31-12794411-n] (evergreen tree of West Indies and Central America having edible purple fruit star-shaped in cross section and dark green leaves with golden silky undersides)
                        • sapodilla [ENG31-12795401-n] (large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit)
                        • canistel [ENG31-12796477-n] (tropical tree of Florida and West Indies yielding edible fruit)
                      • mountain ash [ENG31-12678879-n] (any of various trees of the genus Sorbus)

                        • rowan [ENG31-12679069-n] (Eurasian tree with orange-red berrylike fruits)
                        • American mountain ash [ENG31-12679364-n] (a variety of mountain ash)
                        • Western mountain ash [ENG31-12679476-n] (an ash of the western coast of North America)
                        • service tree [ENG31-12679607-n] (medium-sized European tree resembling the rowan but bearing edible fruit)

                          • wild service tree [ENG31-12679825-n] (European tree bearing edible small speckled brown fruit)
                      • ailanthus [ENG31-12737832-n] (any of several deciduous Asian trees of the genus Ailanthus)

                        • tree of heaven [ENG31-12737984-n] (deciduous rapidly growing tree of China with foliage like sumac and sweetish fetid flowers)
                      • palo santo [ENG31-12742237-n] (South American tree of dry interior regions of Argentina and Paraguay having resinous heartwood used for incense)
                      • lignum vitae [ENG31-12742831-n] (small evergreen tree of Caribbean and southern Central America to northern South America)
                      • bastard lignum vitae [ENG31-12743327-n] (small evergreen tree of the southern United States and West Indies a source of lignum vitae wood)
                      • poplar [ENG31-12752161-n] (any of numerous trees of north temperate regions having light soft wood and flowers borne in catkins)

                        • balsam poplar [ENG31-12752595-n] (poplar of northeastern North America with broad heart-shaped leaves)
                        • white poplar [ENG31-12752769-n] (a poplar that is widely cultivated in the United States)
                        • grey poplar [ENG31-12753012-n] (large rapidly growing poplar with faintly lobed dentate leaves grey on the lower surface)
                        • black poplar [ENG31-12753251-n] (large European poplar)

                          • Lombardy poplar [ENG31-12753365-n] (distinguished by its columnar fastigiate shape and erect branches)
                        • cottonwood [ENG31-12753516-n] (any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed)

                          • Eastern cottonwood [ENG31-12753726-n] (a common poplar of eastern and central United States)
                          • black cottonwood [ENG31-12753978-n] (cottonwood of western North America with dark green leaves shining above and rusty or silvery beneath)
                          • swamp cottonwood [ENG31-12754188-n] (North American poplar with large rounded scalloped leaves and brownish bark and wood)
                        • aspen [ENG31-12754407-n] (any of several trees of the genus Populus having leaves on flattened stalks so that they flutter in the lightest wind)

                          • quaking aspen [ENG31-12754630-n] (Old World aspen with a broad much-branched crown)
                          • American quaking aspen [ENG31-12754830-n] (slender aspen native to North America)
                          • Canadian aspen [ENG31-12754975-n] (aspen with a narrow crown)
                      • titi [ENG31-12771932-n] (tree of low-lying coastal areas of southeastern United States having glossy leaves and racemes of fragrant white flowers)
                      • maple [ENG31-12772965-n] (any of numerous trees or shrubs of the genus Acer bearing winged seeds in pairs)

                        • silver maple [ENG31-12773767-n] (a common North American maple tree)
                        • sugar maple [ENG31-12774005-n] (maple of eastern and central North America having three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and hard close-grained wood much used for cabinet work especially the curly-grained form)
                        • red maple [ENG31-12774333-n] (maple of eastern and central America)
                        • moosewood [ENG31-12774522-n] (maple of eastern North America with striped bark and large two-lobed leaves clear yellow in autumn)
                        • Oregon maple [ENG31-12774763-n] (maple of western North America having large 5-lobed leaves orange in autumn)
                        • dwarf maple [ENG31-12774934-n] (small maple of northwestern North America)
                        • mountain maple [ENG31-12775071-n] (small shrubby maple of eastern North America)
                        • vine maple [ENG31-12775228-n] (small maple of northwestern North America having prostrate stems that root freely and form dense thickets)
                        • hedge maple [ENG31-12775408-n] (shrubby Eurasian maple often used as a hedge)
                        • Norway maple [ENG31-12775541-n] (a large Eurasian maple tree naturalized in North America)
                        • sycamore [ENG31-12775741-n] (Eurasian maple tree with pale grey bark that peels in flakes like that of a sycamore tree)
                        • box elder [ENG31-12775985-n] (common shade tree of eastern and central United States)

                          • California box elder [ENG31-12776147-n] (maple of the Pacific coast of the United States)
                        • pointed-leaf maple [ENG31-12776319-n] (small shrubby Japanese plant with leaves having 5 to 7 acuminate lobes)
                        • Japanese maple [ENG31-12776487-n] (leaves deeply incised and bright red in autumn)
                        • Japanese maple [ENG31-12776636-n] (ornamental shrub or small tree of Japan and Korea with deeply incised leaves)
                      • holly [ENG31-12777217-n] (any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges)

                        • bearberry [ENG31-12778063-n] (deciduous shrub of southeastern and central United States)
                        • inkberry [ENG31-12778218-n] (evergreen holly of eastern North America with oblong leathery leaves and small black berries)
                        • mate [ENG31-12778428-n] (South American holly)
                        • American holly [ENG31-12778576-n] (an evergreen tree)
                        • low gallberry holly [ENG31-12778690-n] (an evergreen shrub)
                        • tall gallberry holly [ENG31-12778774-n] (an evergreen shrub)
                        • yaupon holly [ENG31-12778859-n] (an evergreen shrub)
                        • deciduous holly [ENG31-12778936-n] (a holly tree)
                        • juneberry holly [ENG31-12779010-n] (a holly shrub)
                        • largeleaf holly [ENG31-12779085-n] (a holly tree)
                        • Geogia holly [ENG31-12779159-n] (a holly shrub)
                        • common winterberry holly [ENG31-12779231-n] (a holly shrub)
                        • smooth winterberry holly [ENG31-12779315-n] (a holly shrub)
                      • terebinth [ENG31-12782665-n] (a Mediterranean tree yielding Chian turpentine)
                      • horse chestnut [ENG31-12789129-n] (tree having palmate leaves and large clusters of white to red flowers followed by brown shiny inedible seeds)

                        • sweet buckeye [ENG31-12789569-n] (a tall and often cultivated buckeye of the central United States)
                        • Ohio buckeye [ENG31-12789693-n] (a buckeye with scaly grey bark that is found in the central United States)
                        • dwarf buckeye [ENG31-12789825-n] (a spreading shrub with pink flowers)
                        • red buckeye [ENG31-12789979-n] (a shrub buckeye of southern United States)
                        • particolored buckeye [ENG31-12790078-n] (a buckeye marked by different colors or tints)
                      • satinleaf [ENG31-12794677-n] (tropical American timber tree with dark hard heavy wood and small plumlike purple fruit)
                      • silver bell [ENG31-12798979-n] (any of various deciduous trees of the genus Halesia having white bell-shaped flowers)

                        • silver-bell tree [ENG31-12799158-n] (medium-sized tree of West Virginia to Florida and Texas)
                      • Spanish elm [ENG31-12839106-n] (large tropical American tree of the genus Cordia grown for its abundant creamy white flowers and valuable wood)
                      • physic nut [ENG31-12946343-n] (small tropical American tree yielding purple dye and a tanning extract and bearing physic nuts containing a purgative oil that is poisonous in large quantities)
                      • Para rubber tree [ENG31-12946799-n] (deciduous tree of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellow-white flowers)
                      • candlenut [ENG31-12948254-n] (large tree native to southeastern Asia)
                      • tung tree [ENG31-12948518-n] (Chinese tree bearing seeds that yield tung oil)
                      • dogwood [ENG31-12967609-n] (a tree of shrub of the genus Cornus often having showy bracts resembling flowers)

                        • common white dogwood [ENG31-12968073-n] (deciduous tree)
                        • red osier [ENG31-12968304-n] (common North American shrub with reddish purple twigs and white flowers)
                        • silky dogwood [ENG31-12968516-n] (shrub of eastern North America closely resembling silky cornel)
                        • silky cornel [ENG31-12968655-n] (shrub of eastern North America having purplish stems and blue fruit)
                        • common European dogwood [ENG31-12968813-n] (European deciduous shrub turning red in autumn having dull white flowers)
                        • bunchberry [ENG31-12969011-n] (creeping perennial herb distinguished by red berries and clustered leaf whorls at the tips of shoots)
                        • cornelian cherry [ENG31-12969255-n] (deciduous European shrub or small tree having bright red fruit)
                      • nut tree [ENG31-13131674-n] (tree bearing edible nuts)

                        • kola [ENG31-12217876-n] (tree bearing large brown nuts containing e.g. caffeine)
                        • macadamia [ENG31-12241708-n] (any tree of the genus Macadamia)

                          • Macadamia integrifolia [ENG31-12241885-n] (medium-sized tree of eastern Australia having creamy-white flowers)
                          • macadamia nut [ENG31-12242039-n] (small Australian tree with racemes of pink flowers)
                          • Queensland nut [ENG31-12242318-n] (bushy tree with pink to purple flowers)
                        • hazelnut [ENG31-12309340-n] (any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk)

                          • American hazel [ENG31-12309827-n] (nut-bearing shrub of eastern North America)
                          • cobnut [ENG31-12309950-n] (small nut-bearing tree much grown in Europe)
                          • beaked hazelnut [ENG31-12310102-n] (hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts)
                        • walnut [ENG31-12338895-n] (any of various trees of the genus Juglans)

                          • California black walnut [ENG31-12339299-n] (medium-sized tree with somewhat aromatic compound leaves and edible nuts)
                          • butternut [ENG31-12339482-n] (North American walnut tree having light-brown wood and edible nuts)
                          • black walnut [ENG31-12339721-n] (North American walnut tree with hard dark wood and edible nut)
                          • English walnut [ENG31-12339931-n] (Eurasian walnut valued for its large edible nut and its hard richly figured wood)
                        • hickory [ENG31-12340527-n] (American hardwood tree bearing edible nuts)

                          • water hickory [ENG31-12340931-n] (hickory of southern United States having many narrow leaflets and rather bitter nuts)
                          • pignut [ENG31-12341144-n] (an American hickory tree having bitter nuts)
                          • bitternut [ENG31-12341323-n] (hickory of the eastern United States having a leaves with 7 or 9 leaflets and thin-shelled very bitter nuts)
                          • big shellbark [ENG31-12341912-n] (hickory of the eastern United States resembling the shagbark but having a much larger nut)
                          • nutmeg hickory [ENG31-12342186-n] (hickory of southern United States and Mexico having hard nutmeg-shaped nuts)
                          • shagbark [ENG31-12342390-n] (North American hickory having loose grey shaggy bark and edible nuts)
                          • mockernut [ENG31-12342616-n] (smooth-barked North American hickory with 7 to 9 leaflets bearing a hard-shelled edible nut)
                        • pecan [ENG31-12341594-n] (tree of southern United States and Mexico cultivated for its nuts)
                        • wing nut [ENG31-12343018-n] (any tree of the genus Pterocarya)

                          • Caucasian walnut [ENG31-12343216-n] (medium-sized Caucasian much-branched tree distinguished from other walnut trees by its winged fruit)
                        • brazil nut [ENG31-12348363-n] (tall South American tree bearing brazil nuts)
                        • cashew [ENG31-12780033-n] (tropical American evergreen tree bearing kidney-shaped nuts that are edible only when roasted)
                        • pistachio [ENG31-12782462-n] (small tree of southern Europe and Asia Minor bearing small hard-shelled nuts)
                      • spice tree [ENG31-13131933-n] (tree bearing aromatic bark or berries)

                        • nutmeg [ENG31-11734851-n] (East Indian tree widely cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed)
                        • allspice [ENG31-12351583-n] (aromatic West Indian tree that produces allspice berries)
                        • allspice tree [ENG31-12351780-n] (tropical American tree having small white flowers and aromatic berries)
                        • clove [ENG31-12360043-n] (moderate sized very symmetrical red-flowered evergreen widely cultivated in the tropics for its flower buds which are source of cloves)
                    • fever tree [ENG31-13132099-n] (any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever)
                    • bonsai [ENG31-13132640-n] (a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot)

                      • ming tree [ENG31-13132794-n] (a dwarfed evergreen conifer or shrub shaped to have flat-topped asymmetrical branches and grown in a container)
                      • ming tree [ENG31-13132960-n] (an artificial plant resembling a bonsai)
                    • nakedwood [ENG31-13163684-n] (any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood)
                    • hazel [ENG31-13164861-n] (Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts)
                    • tree of knowledge [ENG31-13261260-n] (the biblical tree in the Garden of Eden whose forbidden fruit was tasted by Adam and Eve)
                  • shrub [ENG31-13133423-n] (a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems)

                    • Catha edulis [ENG31-11618738-n] (a shrub that is cultivated by Arabs for its leaves which are chewed or used to make tea)
                    • ephedra [ENG31-11619137-n] (jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds)

                      • mahuang [ENG31-11619337-n] (Chinese ephedra yielding ephedrine)
                    • alpine totara [ENG31-11673417-n] (low wide-spreading coniferous shrub of New Zealand mountains)
                    • Chilean rimu [ENG31-11677000-n] (about the hardiest Podocarpaceae species)
                    • mountain rimu [ENG31-11677222-n] (low-growing to prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches)
                    • Tasman dwarf pine [ENG31-11677604-n] (small shrub or Tasmania having short stiff branches)
                    • barberry [ENG31-11718029-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Berberis having prickly stems and yellow flowers followed by small red berries)

                      • American barberry [ENG31-11718271-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern North America whose leaves turn scarlet in autumn and having racemes of yellow flowers followed by ellipsoid glossy red berries)
                      • common barberry [ENG31-11718511-n] (upright deciduous European shrub widely naturalized in United States having clusters of juicy berries)
                      • Japanese barberry [ENG31-11718714-n] (compact deciduous shrub having persistent red berries)
                    • blue cohosh [ENG31-11719031-n] (tall herb of eastern North America and Asia having blue berrylike fruit and a thick knotty rootstock formerly used medicinally)
                    • Oregon grape [ENG31-11719911-n] (ornamental evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having dark green pinnate leaves and racemes of yellow flowers followed by blue-black berries)
                    • Oregon grape [ENG31-11720220-n] (small shrub with grey-green leaves and yellow flowers followed by glaucous blue berries)
                    • allspice [ENG31-11721333-n] (deciduous shrubs having aromatic bark)

                      • Carolina allspice [ENG31-11721535-n] (hardy shrub of southeastern United States having clove-scented wood and fragrant red-brown flowers)
                      • spicebush [ENG31-11721771-n] (straggling aromatic shrub of southwestern United States having fragrant brown flowers)
                    • Japan allspice [ENG31-11722167-n] (deciduous Japanese shrub cultivated for its fragrant yellow flowers)
                    • spicebush [ENG31-11726794-n] (deciduous shrub of the eastern United States having highly aromatic leaves and bark and yellow flowers followed by scarlet or yellow berries)
                    • pepper shrub [ENG31-11760883-n] (evergreen shrub or small tree whose foliage is conspicuously blotched with red and yellow and having small black fruits)
                    • sweet gale [ENG31-11761644-n] (bog shrub of north temperate zone having bitter-tasting fragrant leaves)
                    • wax myrtle [ENG31-11761819-n] (any shrub or small tree of the genus Myrica with aromatic foliage and small wax-coated berries)

                      • bay myrtle [ENG31-11762044-n] (evergreen aromatic shrubby tree of southeastern United States having small hard berries thickly coated with white wax used for candles)
                      • bayberry [ENG31-11762266-n] (deciduous aromatic shrub of eastern North America with grey-green wax-coated berries)
                    • sweet fern [ENG31-11762779-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern North America with sweet scented fernlike leaves and tiny white flowers)
                    • corkwood [ENG31-11763347-n] (very small deciduous dioecious tree or shrub of damp habitats in southeastern United States having extremely light wood)
                    • mimosa [ENG31-11775362-n] (any of various tropical shrubs or trees of the genus Mimosa having usually yellow flowers and compound leaves)

                      • sensitive plant [ENG31-11775579-n] (semi-climbing prickly evergreen shrub of tropical America having compound leaves sensitive to light and touch)
                      • sensitive plant [ENG31-11775788-n] (prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America, and Australia)
                    • Anadenanthera colubrina [ENG31-11780763-n] (Brazilian shrub having twice-pinnate leaves and small spicate flowers followed by flat or irregularly torulose pods)
                    • calliandra [ENG31-11781254-n] (any of various shrubs and small trees valued for their fine foliage and attractive spreading habit and clustered white to deep pink or red flowers)
                    • sabicu [ENG31-11783611-n] (West Indian tree yielding a hard dark brown wood resembling mahogany in texture and value)
                    • cat's-claw [ENG31-11785283-n] (erect shrub with small if any spines having racemes of white to yellow flowers followed by curved pointed pods and black shiny seeds)
                    • mesquite [ENG31-11785746-n] (any of several small spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Prosopis having small flowers in axillary cylindrical spikes followed by large pods rich in sugar)

                      • honey mesquite [ENG31-11786037-n] (thorny deep-rooted drought-resistant shrub native to southwestern United States and Mexico bearing pods rich in sugar and important as livestock feed)
                      • algarroba [ENG31-11786328-n] (mesquite of Gulf Coast and Caribbean Islands from Mexico to Venezuela)
                      • screw bean [ENG31-11786658-n] (shrub or small tree of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico having spirally twisted pods)
                    • winter sweet [ENG31-11788974-n] (medium-sized shrubby tree of South Africa having thick leathery evergreen leaves and white or pink flowers and globose usually two-seeded purplish black fruits)
                    • bushman's poison [ENG31-11789285-n] (evergreen shrub or tree of South Africa)
                    • impala lily [ENG31-11789645-n] (South African shrub having a swollen succulent stem and bearing showy pink and white flowers after the leaves fall)
                    • carissa [ENG31-11792008-n] (a shrub of the genus Carissa having fragrant white flowers and plumlike red to purple-black fruits)

                      • hedge thorn [ENG31-11792215-n] (South African shrub having forked spines and plumlike fruit)
                      • natal plum [ENG31-11792393-n] (very large closely branched South African shrub having forked bright green spines and shiny leaves)
                    • frangipani [ENG31-11794982-n] (any of various tropical American deciduous shrubs or trees of the genus Plumeria having milky sap and showy fragrant funnel-shaped variously colored flowers)

                      • pagoda tree [ENG31-11795264-n] (frangipani of India having an erect habit and conical form)
                      • West Indian jasmine [ENG31-11795441-n] (tall sparingly branched conical tree having large fragrant yellow flowers with white centers)
                    • rauwolfia [ENG31-11795809-n] (any shrub or small tree of the genus Rauwolfia having leaves in whorls and cymose flowers)

                      • snakewood [ENG31-11796095-n] (East Indian climbing shrub with twisted limbs and roots resembling serpents)
                    • strophanthus [ENG31-11796428-n] (any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Strophanthus having whorled leaves and showy flowers of various colors in dense and corymbose clusters)

                      • Strophanthus kombe [ENG31-11796703-n] (plant that is a source of strophanthin)
                    • crape jasmine [ENG31-11796980-n] (tropical shrub having glossy foliage and fragrant nocturnal flowers with crimped or wavy corollas)
                    • yellow oleander [ENG31-11797549-n] (tropical American shrub or small tree having glossy dark green leaves and fragrant saffron yellow to orange or peach- colored flowers)
                    • American angelica tree [ENG31-11817977-n] (small deciduous clump-forming tree or shrub of eastern United States)
                    • Japanese angelica tree [ENG31-11818965-n] (deciduous clump-forming Asian shrub or small tree)
                    • Chinese angelica [ENG31-11819157-n] (similar to American angelica tree but less prickly)
                    • umbrella tree [ENG31-11821034-n] (erect evergreen shrub or small tree of Australia and northern New Guinea having palmately compound leaves)
                    • saltwort [ENG31-11848010-n] (low-growing strong-smelling coastal shrub of warm parts of the New World having unisexual flowers in conelike spikes and thick succulent leaves)
                    • saltbush [ENG31-11851375-n] (any of various shrubby plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in dry alkaline soil)

                      • desert holly [ENG31-11851766-n] (handsome low saltbush of arid southwestern United States and Mexico having blue-green prickly-edged leaves often used for Christmas decoration)
                      • quail bush [ENG31-11851990-n] (spiny shrub with silvery-scurfy foliage of alkaline plains of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                    • summer cypress [ENG31-11852343-n] (densely branched Eurasian plant)
                    • winged pigweed [ENG31-11853842-n] (bushy annual weed of central North America having greenish flowers and winged seeds)
                    • saltwort [ENG31-11855123-n] (bushy plant of Old World salt marshes and sea beaches having prickly leaves)
                    • Russian thistle [ENG31-11855359-n] (prickly bushy Eurasian plant)
                    • greasewood [ENG31-11855720-n] (low hardy much-branched spiny shrub common in alkaline soils of western America)
                    • caper [ENG31-11885540-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Capparis)

                      • native pomegranate [ENG31-11885745-n] (small Australian tree bearing edible fruit resembling the pomegranate)
                      • caper tree [ENG31-11885898-n] (shrub of southern Florida to West Indies)
                      • caper tree [ENG31-11886043-n] (shrub or small tree of southern Florida to Central and South America)
                      • native orange [ENG31-11886207-n] (small Australian tree bearing edible dark purple fruit)
                      • common caper [ENG31-11886343-n] (prostrate spiny shrub of the Mediterranean region cultivated for its greenish flower buds which are pickled)
                    • buckler mustard [ENG31-11895347-n] (plant of southeastern Europe having yellow flowers like those of mustard and pods with open valves resembling bucklers)
                    • bush poppy [ENG31-11925504-n] (evergreen shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico often cultivated for its fragrant golden yellow flowers)
                    • silversword [ENG31-11946834-n] (low-growing plant found only in volcanic craters on Hawaii having rosettes of narrow pointed silver-green leaves and clusters of profuse red-purple flowers on a tall stem)
                    • artemisia [ENG31-11948821-n] (any of various composite shrubs or herbs of the genus Artemisia having aromatic green or greyish foliage)

                      • tarragon [ENG31-11950672-n] (aromatic perennial of southeastern Russia)
                    • groundsel tree [ENG31-11958730-n] (a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies)
                    • mule fat [ENG31-11959025-n] (California shrub with slender leafy shoots that are important browse for mule deer)
                    • coyote brush [ENG31-11959201-n] (widely spreading evergreen shrub of southwestern United States with flower heads in a leafy panicle)
                    • goldenbush [ENG31-11972815-n] (any of various much-branched yellow-flowered shrubs of the genus Chrysothamnus)

                      • rabbit brush [ENG31-11973010-n] (pleasantly aromatic shrub having erect slender flexible hairy branches and dense clusters of small yellow flowers covering vast areas of western alkali plains and affording a retreat for jackrabbits)
                    • hoary golden bush [ENG31-11997402-n] (western American shrubs having white felted foliage and yellow flowers that become red-purple)
                    • mutisia [ENG31-12017146-n] (any of various plants of the genus Mutisia)
                    • daisybush [ENG31-12018438-n] (any of various mostly Australian attractively shaped shrubs of the genus Olearia grown for their handsome and sometimes fragrant evergreen foliage and profusion of daisy flowers with white or purple or blue rays)

                      • muskwood [ENG31-12018786-n] (musk-scented shrub or tree of southern and southeastern Australia having creamy-yellow flower heads)
                      • New Zealand daisybush [ENG31-12018961-n] (bushy New Zealand shrub cultivated for its fragrant white flower heads)
                    • othonna [ENG31-12019747-n] (a South African plant of the genus Othonna having smooth often fleshy leaves and heads of yellow flowers)
                    • lavender cotton [ENG31-12029889-n] (branching aromatic Mediterranean shrub with woolly stems and leaves and yellow flowers)
                    • dusty miller [ENG31-12032089-n] (stiff much-branched perennial of the Mediterranean region having very white woolly stems and leaves)
                    • sow thistle [ENG31-12039229-n] (any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs having milky juice and yellow flowers)

                      • milkweed [ENG31-12039504-n] (annual Eurasian sow thistle with soft spiny leaves and rayed yellow flower heads)
                    • coralberry [ENG31-12117913-n] (shrub with coral-red berries)
                    • marlberry [ENG31-12118073-n] (tropical American shrub or small tree with brown wood and dark berries)
                    • leadwort [ENG31-12119041-n] (a plant of the genus Plumbago with blue flowers)
                    • bracelet wood [ENG31-12120489-n] (small West Indian shrub or tree with hard glossy seeds patterned yellow and brown that are used to make bracelets)
                    • barbasco [ENG31-12120704-n] (West Indian shrub or small tree having leathery saponaceous leaves and extremely hard wood)
                    • mallow [ENG31-12191102-n] (any of various plants of the family Malvaceae)

                      • musk mallow [ENG31-12191615-n] (erect Old World perennial with faintly musk-scented foliage and white or pink flowers)
                      • common mallow [ENG31-12191833-n] (annual Old World plant with clusters of pink or white flowers)
                      • tall mallow [ENG31-12192020-n] (erect or decumbent Old World perennial with axillary clusters of rosy-purple flowers)
                      • abelmosk [ENG31-12192998-n] (bushy herb of tropical Asia grown for its yellow or pink to scarlet blooms that resemble the hibiscus)
                      • velvetleaf [ENG31-12193586-n] (tall annual herb or subshrub of tropical Asia having velvety leaves and yellow flowers and yielding a strong fiber)
                      • hollyhock [ENG31-12194181-n] (any of various tall plants of the genus Alcea)

                        • rose mallow [ENG31-12194429-n] (plant with terminal racemes of showy white to pink or purple flowers)
                      • althea [ENG31-12194828-n] (any of various plants of the genus Althaea)

                        • marsh mallow [ENG31-12195038-n] (European perennial plant naturalized in United States having triangular ovate leaves and lilac-pink flowers)
                      • poppy mallow [ENG31-12195443-n] (a plant of the genus Callirhoe having palmately cleft leaves and white to red or purple flowers borne throughout the summer)

                        • fringed poppy mallow [ENG31-12195698-n] (perennial poppy mallow of United States southern plains states having rose-red or rose-purple flowers)
                        • purple poppy mallow [ENG31-12195887-n] (hairy perennial of central United States having round deeply lobed leaves and loose panicles of large crimson-purple or cherry-red flowers)
                        • clustered poppy mallow [ENG31-12196115-n] (densely hairy perennial having mostly triangular basal leaves and rose-purple flowers in panicled clusters)
                      • hibiscus [ENG31-12198361-n] (any plant of the genus Hibiscus)

                        • kenaf [ENG31-12198646-n] (valuable fiber plant of East Indies now widespread in cultivation)
                        • Cuban bast [ENG31-12199011-n] (erect forest tree of Cuba and Jamaica having variably hairy leaves and orange-yellow or orange-red flowers)
                        • sorrel tree [ENG31-12199297-n] (Australian tree with acid foliage)
                        • rose mallow [ENG31-12199413-n] (showy shrub of salt marshes of the eastern United States having large rose-colored flowers)
                        • cotton rose [ENG31-12199639-n] (Chinese shrub or small tree having white or pink flowers becoming deep red at night)
                        • China rose [ENG31-12199908-n] (large showy Asiatic shrub or small tree having large single or double red to deep-red flowers)
                        • roselle [ENG31-12200149-n] (East Indian sparsely prickly annual herb or perennial subshrub widely cultivated for its fleshy calyxes used in tarts and jelly and for its bast fiber)
                        • rose of Sharon [ENG31-12200424-n] (Asiatic shrub or small shrubby tree having showy bell-shaped rose or purple or white flowers and usually three-lobed leaves)
                        • mahoe [ENG31-12200685-n] (shrubby tree widely distributed along tropical shores)
                        • flower-of-an-hour [ENG31-12200973-n] (annual weedy herb with ephemeral yellow purple-eyed flowers)
                      • wild hollyhock [ENG31-12201869-n] (a rare mallow found only in Illinois resembling the common hollyhock and having pale rose-mauve flowers)
                      • mountain hollyhock [ENG31-12202129-n] (perennial of northwestern United States and western Canada resembling a hollyhock and having white or pink flowers)
                      • seashore mallow [ENG31-12202566-n] (any of various plants of the genus Kosteletzya predominantly of coastal habitats)

                        • salt marsh mallow [ENG31-12202793-n] (subshrub of southeastern United States to New York)
                      • chaparral mallow [ENG31-12203543-n] (shrub of coastal ranges of California and Baja California having hairy branches and spikes of numerous mauve flowers)
                      • malope [ENG31-12203969-n] (western Mediterranean annual having deep purple-red flowers subtended by 3 large cordate bracts)
                      • false mallow [ENG31-12204333-n] (an American plant of the genus Malvastrum)
                      • waxmallow [ENG31-12204612-n] (any of various plants of the genus Malvaviscus having brilliant bell-shaped drooping flowers like incompletely opened hibiscus flowers)
                      • glade mallow [ENG31-12204985-n] (tall coarse American herb having palmate leaves and numerous small white dioecious flowers)
                      • Virginia mallow [ENG31-12206869-n] (tall handsome perennial herb of southeastern United States having maplelike leaves and white flowers)
                      • Queensland hemp [ENG31-12207071-n] (herb widely distributed in tropics and subtropics used for forage and medicinally as a demulcent and having a fine soft bast stronger than jute)
                      • Indian mallow [ENG31-12207356-n] (tropical American weed having pale yellow or orange flowers naturalized in southern United States)
                      • checkerbloom [ENG31-12207764-n] (perennial purple-flowered wild mallow of western North America that is also cultivated)
                      • globe mallow [ENG31-12208180-n] (genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs of arid North and South America having pink or scarlet flowers and globose fruits)

                        • prairie mallow [ENG31-12208408-n] (false mallow of western United States having racemose red flowers)
                    • cotton [ENG31-12196466-n] (erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers)

                      • tree cotton [ENG31-12196795-n] (East Indian shrub cultivated especially for ornament for its pale yellow to deep purple blossoms)
                      • sea island cotton [ENG31-12196970-n] (small bushy tree grown on islands of the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States)
                      • Levant cotton [ENG31-12197226-n] (Old World annual having heart-shaped leaves and large seeds with short greyish lint removed with difficulty)
                      • upland cotton [ENG31-12197470-n] (native tropical American plant now cultivated in the United States yielding short-staple cotton)
                      • Peruvian cotton [ENG31-12197646-n] (cotton with long rough hairy fibers)
                      • Egyptian cotton [ENG31-12197766-n] (fine somewhat brownish long-staple cotton grown in Egypt)
                      • wild cotton [ENG31-12197972-n] (shrub of southern Arizona and Mexico)
                    • tree mallow [ENG31-12203132-n] (arborescent perennial shrub having palmately lobed furry leaves and showy red-purple flowers)
                    • pavonia [ENG31-12205429-n] (any of various evergreen plants of the genus Pavonia having white or yellow or purple flowers)
                    • bush hibiscus [ENG31-12206376-n] (southern and western Australian shrub with unlobed or shallowly lobed toothed leaves and purple flowers)
                    • makomako [ENG31-12214182-n] (graceful deciduous shrub or small tree having attractive foliage and small red berries that turn black at maturity and are used for making wine)
                    • dombeya [ENG31-12218418-n] (any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Dombeya grown for their rounded clusters of exquisite often sweet-scented flowers usually hanging beneath the leaves)
                    • flannelbush [ENG31-12219310-n] (any of several handsome evergreen shrubs of California and northern Mexico having downy lobed leaves and showy yellow flowers)
                    • screw tree [ENG31-12219783-n] (a tree or shrub of the genus Helicteres)

                      • nut-leaved screw tree [ENG31-12219916-n] (East Indian shrub often cultivated for its hairy leaves and orange-red flowers)
                    • honey bell [ENG31-12221021-n] (African shrub having decumbent stems and slender yellow honey-scented flowers either solitary or in pairs)
                    • phalsa [ENG31-12225621-n] (drought-resistant Asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets)
                    • African hemp [ENG31-12225977-n] (large shrub of South Africa having many conspicuously hairy branches with large hairy leaves and clusters of conspicuous white flowers)
                    • protea [ENG31-12235306-n] (any tropical African shrub of the genus Protea having alternate rigid leaves and dense colorful flower heads resembling cones)

                      • honeypot [ENG31-12235539-n] (South African shrub whose flowers when open are cup-shaped resembling artichokes)
                      • honeyflower [ENG31-12235727-n] (Australian shrub whose flowers yield honey copiously)
                    • banksia [ENG31-12236096-n] (any shrub or tree of the genus Banksia having alternate leathery leaves apetalous yellow flowers often in showy heads and conelike fruit with winged seeds)

                      • honeysuckle [ENG31-12236341-n] (shrubby tree with silky foliage and spikes of cylindrical yellow nectarous flowers)
                    • smoke bush [ENG31-12236732-n] (any of various shrubs of the genus Conospermum with panicles of mostly white woolly flowers)
                    • Chilean firebush [ENG31-12237145-n] (grown for outstanding display of brilliant usually scarlet-crimson flowers)
                    • Chilean nut [ENG31-12237485-n] (Chilean shrub bearing coral-red fruit with an edible seed resembling a hazelnut)
                    • grevillea [ENG31-12237970-n] (any shrub or tree of the genus Grevillea)

                      • silk oak [ENG31-12238103-n] (any of several Australian timber trees having usually fernlike foliage and mottled wood used in cabinetry and veneering)

                        • red-flowered silky oak [ENG31-12238368-n] (tall shrub with cylindrical racemes of red flowers and pinnatifid leaves silky and grey beneath)
                        • silver oak [ENG31-12238571-n] (small slender tree with usually entire grey-green pendulous leaves and white or cream-colored flowers)
                        • silky oak [ENG31-12238791-n] (medium to tall fast-growing tree with orange flowers and feathery bipinnate leaves silky-hairy beneath)
                        • beefwood [ENG31-12239007-n] (tree yielding hard heavy reddish wood)
                    • cushion flower [ENG31-12239385-n] (tall straggling shrub with large globose crimson-yellow flowers)
                    • needlewood [ENG31-12239582-n] (large bushy shrub with pungent pointed leaves and creamy white flowers)
                    • needlebush [ENG31-12239806-n] (shrub with pungent rigid needle-shaped leaves and white flowers)
                    • honeyflower [ENG31-12240536-n] (erect bushy shrub of eastern Australia having terminal clusters of red flowers yielding much nectar)
                    • lomatia [ENG31-12241346-n] (any of various ornamental evergreens of the genus Lomatia having attractive fragrant flowers)
                    • geebung [ENG31-12243010-n] (any of numerous shrubs and small trees having hard narrow leaves and long-lasting yellow or white flowers followed by small edible but insipid fruits)
                    • waratah [ENG31-12244086-n] (tall shrub of eastern Australia having oblanceolate to obovate leaves and red flowers in compact racemes)
                    • waratah [ENG31-12244281-n] (straggling shrub with narrow leaves and conspicuous red flowers in dense globular racemes)
                    • native pear [ENG31-12244657-n] (tree bearing pear-shaped fruit with a thick woody epicarp)
                    • heath [ENG31-12247449-n] (a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae)

                      • erica [ENG31-12247937-n] (any plant of the genus Erica)

                        • tree heath [ENG31-12248175-n] (evergreen treelike Mediterranean shrub having fragrant white flowers in large terminal panicles and hard woody roots used to make tobacco pipes)
                        • winter heath [ENG31-12248746-n] (dwarf European shrub with very early blooming bell-shaped red flowers)
                        • bell heather [ENG31-12248904-n] (common low European shrub with purple-red flowers)
                        • cross-leaved heath [ENG31-12249063-n] (dwarf European shrub with rose-colored flowers)
                        • Cornish heath [ENG31-12249206-n] (bushy shrub having pink to white flowers)
                        • Spanish heath [ENG31-12249403-n] (erect dense shrub native to western Iberian peninsula having profuse white or pink flowers)
                        • Prince-of-Wales'-heath [ENG31-12249628-n] (South African shrub grown for its profusion of white flowers)
                      • spike heath [ENG31-12253368-n] (small evergreen mat-forming shrub of southern Europe and Asia Minor having stiff stems and terminal clusters of small bell-shaped flowers)
                      • heather [ENG31-12254046-n] (common Old World heath represented by many varieties)
                      • white heather [ENG31-12254515-n] (heath of mountains of western United States having bell-shaped white flowers)
                      • Connemara heath [ENG31-12255186-n] (low straggling evergreen shrub of western Europe represented by several varieties with flowers from white to rose-purple)
                      • mountain heath [ENG31-12263367-n] (small shrub with tiny evergreen leaves and pink or purple flowers)
                      • purple heather [ENG31-12263626-n] (semi-prostrate evergreen herb of western United States)
                    • andromeda [ENG31-12249960-n] (any of several shrubs of the genus Andromeda having leathery leaves and clusters of small flowers)

                      • bog rosemary [ENG31-12250168-n] (wiry evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers)
                      • marsh andromeda [ENG31-12250404-n] (erect to procumbent evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers)
                    • arbutus [ENG31-12250864-n] (any of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Arbutus of temperate Europe and America)

                      • madrona [ENG31-12251057-n] (evergreen tree of the Pacific coast of North America having glossy leathery leaves and orange-red edible berries)
                      • strawberry tree [ENG31-12251311-n] (small evergreen European shrubby tree bearing many-seeded scarlet berries that are edible but bland)
                    • bearberry [ENG31-12251709-n] (chiefly evergreen subshrubs of northern to Arctic areas)

                      • common bearberry [ENG31-12251875-n] (evergreen mat-forming shrub of North America and northern Eurasia having small white flowers and red berries)
                      • alpine bearberry [ENG31-12252226-n] (deciduous creeping shrub bright red in autumn having black or blue-black berries)
                    • manzanita [ENG31-12252435-n] (chiefly evergreen shrubs of warm dry areas of western North America)

                      • heartleaf manzanita [ENG31-12252631-n] (erect California shrub having leaves with heart-shaped lobes at the base)
                      • Parry manzanita [ENG31-12252797-n] (erect treelike shrub forming dense thickets and having drooping panicles of white or pink flowers and red berrylike drupes)
                      • downy manzanita [ENG31-12253020-n] (erect openly branched California shrub whose twigs are woolly when young)
                    • bryanthus [ENG31-12253766-n] (procumbent Old World mat-forming evergreen shrub with racemes of pinkish-white flowers)
                    • leatherleaf [ENG31-12254835-n] (north temperate bog shrub with evergreen leathery leaves and small white cylindrical flowers)
                    • trailing arbutus [ENG31-12255568-n] (low-growing evergreen shrub of eastern North America with leathery leaves and clusters of fragrant pink or white flowers)
                    • salal [ENG31-12256677-n] (small evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having edible dark purple grape-sized berries)
                    • huckleberry [ENG31-12257063-n] (any of several shrubs of the genus Gaylussacia bearing small berries resembling blueberries)

                      • black huckleberry [ENG31-12257285-n] (low shrub of the eastern United States bearing shiny black edible fruit)
                      • dangleberry [ENG31-12257494-n] (huckleberry of the eastern United States with pink flowers and sweet blue fruit)
                      • box huckleberry [ENG31-12257669-n] (creeping evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small shiny boxlike leaves and flavorless berries)
                    • kalmia [ENG31-12258003-n] (any plant of the genus Kalmia)

                      • mountain laurel [ENG31-12258158-n] (a North American evergreen shrub having glossy leaves and white or rose-colored flowers)
                      • swamp laurel [ENG31-12258372-n] (laurel of bogs of northwestern United States having small purple flowers and pale leaves that are glaucous beneath)
                      • sheep laurel [ENG31-12258590-n] (North American dwarf shrub resembling mountain laurel but having narrower leaves and small red flowers)
                    • Labrador tea [ENG31-12259008-n] (evergreen shrub of eastern North America having white or creamy bell-shaped flowers and dark green hairy leaves used for tea during American Revolution)
                    • trapper's tea [ENG31-12259273-n] (a Rocky Mountain shrub similar to Ledum groenlandicum)
                    • wild rosemary [ENG31-12259430-n] (bog shrub of northern and central Europe and eastern Siberia to Korea and Japan)
                    • sand myrtle [ENG31-12259757-n] (low-growing evergreen shrub of New Jersey to Florida grown for its many white star-shaped flowers and glossy foliage)
                    • leucothoe [ENG31-12260164-n] (any plant of the genus Leucothoe)
                    • dog laurel [ENG31-12260397-n] (fast-growing evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having arching interlaced branches and racemes of white flowers)
                    • sweet bells [ENG31-12260667-n] (bushy deciduous shrub of the eastern United States with long racemes of pinkish flowers)
                    • alpine azalea [ENG31-12260994-n] (creeping mat-forming evergreen shrub of high mountain regions of northern hemisphere grown for its rose-pink flowers)
                    • staggerbush [ENG31-12261482-n] (deciduous shrub of coastal plain of the eastern United States having nodding pinkish-white flowers)
                    • maleberry [ENG31-12261709-n] (deciduous much-branched shrub with dense downy panicles of small bell-shaped white flowers)
                    • fetterbush [ENG31-12261943-n] (showy evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with shiny leaves and angled branches and clusters of pink to reddish flowers that resemble an umbel)
                    • false azalea [ENG31-12262397-n] (straggling shrub of northwestern North America having foliage with a bluish tinge and umbels of small bell-shaped flowers)
                    • minniebush [ENG31-12262640-n] (low shrub of the eastern United States with downy twigs)
                    • andromeda [ENG31-12263976-n] (broad-leaved evergreen Asiatic shrub with glossy leaves and drooping clusters of white flowers)
                    • fetterbush [ENG31-12264210-n] (ornamental evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small white bell-shaped flowers)
                    • rhododendron [ENG31-12264670-n] (any shrub of the genus Rhododendron: evergreen shrubs or small shrubby trees having leathery leaves and showy clusters of campanulate (bell-shaped) flowers)

                      • coast rhododendron [ENG31-12264975-n] (medium-sized rhododendron of Pacific coast of North America having large rosy brown-spotted flowers)
                      • rosebay [ENG31-12265167-n] (late-spring-blooming rhododendron of eastern North America having rosy to pink-purple flowers)
                      • swamp azalea [ENG31-12265336-n] (shrub growing in swamps throughout the eastern United States and having small white to pinkish flowers resembling honeysuckle)
                      • azalea [ENG31-12265836-n] (any of numerous ornamental shrubs grown for their showy flowers of various colors)
                    • cranberry [ENG31-12266212-n] (any of numerous shrubs of genus Vaccinium bearing cranberries)

                      • American cranberry [ENG31-12266402-n] (trailing red-fruited plant)
                      • European cranberry [ENG31-12266554-n] (small red-fruited trailing cranberry of Arctic and cool regions of the northern hemisphere)
                      • cowberry [ENG31-12270059-n] (low evergreen shrub of high north temperate regions of Europe and Asia and America bearing red edible berries)
                    • blueberry [ENG31-12266749-n] (any of numerous shrubs of the genus Vaccinium bearing blueberries)

                      • huckleberry [ENG31-12267158-n] (any of various dark-fruited as distinguished from blue-fruited blueberries)
                      • farkleberry [ENG31-12267290-n] (shrub or small tree of eastern United States having black inedible berries)
                      • low-bush blueberry [ENG31-12267458-n] (low-growing deciduous shrub of northeastern North America having flowers in compact racemes and bearing sweet dark blue berries)
                      • rabbiteye blueberry [ENG31-12267719-n] (shrub of southeastern United States grown commercially especially for canning industry)
                      • dwarf bilberry [ENG31-12267924-n] (low-growing tufted deciduous shrub of northern and alpine North America having pink to coral-red flowers followed by sweet blue berries)
                      • high-bush blueberry [ENG31-12268181-n] (high-growing deciduous shrub of eastern North America bearing edible blueish to blackish berries with a distinct bloom)
                      • evergreen blueberry [ENG31-12268480-n] (shrub of the eastern United States having shining evergreen leaves and bluish-black fruit)
                      • evergreen huckleberry [ENG31-12268658-n] (stiff bushy evergreen shrub of western North America having sour black berries and glossy green foliage used in floral arrangements)
                      • bilberry [ENG31-12268876-n] (erect blueberry of western United States having solitary flowers and somewhat sour berries)
                      • bilberry [ENG31-12269091-n] (erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries)
                      • bog bilberry [ENG31-12269297-n] (an evergreen shrub with leathery leaves)
                      • dryland blueberry [ENG31-12269458-n] (low deciduous shrub of the eastern United States bearing dark blue sweet berries)
                      • grouseberry [ENG31-12269639-n] (shrub of northwestern North America bearing red berries)
                      • deerberry [ENG31-12269811-n] (small branching blueberry common in marshy areas of the eastern United States having greenish or yellowish unpalatable berries reputedly eaten by deer)
                    • sweet pepperbush [ENG31-12270697-n] (shrub of eastern and southern coastal United States having beautiful racemes of spice-scented white flowers)
                    • pyxie [ENG31-12272257-n] (creeping evergreen shrub having narrow overlapping leaves and early white star-shaped flowers)
                    • Australian heath [ENG31-12273383-n] (any heathlike plant of the family Epacridaceae)

                      • epacris [ENG31-12273746-n] (any heathlike evergreen shrub of the genus Epacris grown for their showy and crowded spikes of small bell-shaped or tubular flowers)

                        • common heath [ENG31-12274004-n] (spindly upright shrub of southern Australia and Tasmania having white to rose or purple-red flowers)
                        • common heath [ENG31-12274181-n] (small erect shrub of Australia and Tasmania with fragrant ivory flowers)
                        • Port Jackson heath [ENG31-12274352-n] (small shrub of southern and western Australia having pinkish to rosy purple tubular flowers)
                      • Australian grass tree [ENG31-12275184-n] (stout Australian shrub with narrow leaves crowded at ends of branches and terminal clusters of white or pink flowers)
                      • tree heath [ENG31-12275408-n] (gaunt Tasmanian evergreen shrubby tree with slender tapering leaves 3 to 5 feet long)
                    • native cranberry [ENG31-12274685-n] (small prostrate or ascending shrub having scarlet flowers and succulent fruit resembling cranberries)
                    • pink fivecorner [ENG31-12275742-n] (heathlike shrub of southwestern Australia grown for its sharply scented foliage and pink flowers followed by pentagonal fruit)
                    • dwarf golden chinkapin [ENG31-12285600-n] (evergreen shrub similar to golden chinkapin)
                    • huckleberry oak [ENG31-12299577-n] (a low spreading or prostrate shrub of southwestern United States with small acorns and leaves resembling those of the huckleberry)
                    • forestiera [ENG31-12323082-n] (any plant of the genus Forestiera)

                      • tanglebush [ENG31-12323209-n] (spiny branching deciduous shrub of southwestern United States having clusters of insignificant yellow-white flowers appearing before leaves followed by attractive black berrylike fruits)
                    • forsythia [ENG31-12323600-n] (any of various early blooming oleaceous shrubs of the genus Forsythia)
                    • jasmine [ENG31-12327234-n] (any of several shrubs and vines of the genus Jasminum chiefly native to Asia)

                      • primrose jasmine [ENG31-12327455-n] (evergreen rambling yellow-flowered shrub of western China)
                      • winter jasmine [ENG31-12327593-n] (deciduous rambling shrub widely cultivated for its winter-blooming yellow flowers)
                      • common jasmine [ENG31-12327757-n] (a climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant white or yellow or red flowers used in perfume and to flavor tea)
                      • Arabian jasmine [ENG31-12327972-n] (East Indian evergreen vine cultivated for its profuse fragrant white flowers)
                    • privet [ENG31-12328273-n] (any of various Old World shrubs having smooth entire leaves and terminal panicles of small white flowers followed by small black berries)

                      • Amur privet [ENG31-12328629-n] (eastern Asian shrub cultivated especially for its persistent foliage)
                      • ibolium privet [ENG31-12328776-n] (fast-growing and tightly branched hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum obtusifolium)
                      • Japanese privet [ENG31-12328964-n] (evergreen shrub of Japan and Korea having small dark leaves and flowers in loose panicles)
                      • Chinese privet [ENG31-12329181-n] (erect evergreen treelike shrub of China and Korea and Japan having acuminate leaves and flowers in long erect panicles)
                      • Ligustrum obtusifolium [ENG31-12329424-n] (small deciduous shrub having graceful arching branches and luxuriant foliage)
                      • California privet [ENG31-12329569-n] (semi-evergreen Japanese shrub having malodorous flowers)
                      • common privet [ENG31-12329794-n] (deciduous semi-evergreen shrub used for hedges)
                    • mock privet [ENG31-12330538-n] (evergreen shrub with white flowers and olivelike fruits)
                    • lilac [ENG31-12330866-n] (any of various plants of the genus Syringa having large panicles of usually fragrant flowers)

                      • Himalayan lilac [ENG31-12331155-n] (robust upright shrub of mountains of northern India having oblong-elliptic leaves and pale lilac or white malodorous flowers)
                      • Hungarian lilac [ENG31-12331357-n] (central European upright shrub having elliptic leaves and upright clusters of lilac or deep violet flowers)
                      • Persian lilac [ENG31-12331562-n] (small densely branching Asiatic shrub having lanceolate leaves and panicles of fragrant lilac flowers)
                      • Japanese tree lilac [ENG31-12331741-n] (small tree of Japan having narrow pointed leaves and creamy-white flowers)
                      • Japanese lilac [ENG31-12331930-n] (lilac of northern China having ovate leaves and profuse early summer rose-lilac flowers)
                      • common lilac [ENG31-12332096-n] (large European lilac naturalized in North America having heart-shaped ovate leaves and large panicles of highly fragrant lilac or white flowers)
                    • witch hazel [ENG31-12335325-n] (any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Hamamelis)

                      • Virginian witch hazel [ENG31-12335577-n] (common shrub of eastern North America having small yellow flowers after the leaves have fallen)
                      • vernal witch hazel [ENG31-12335762-n] (fragrant shrub of lower Mississippi valley having very small flowers from midwinter to spring)
                    • winter hazel [ENG31-12336115-n] (any of several Asiatic deciduous shrubs cultivated for their nodding racemes of yellow flowers that appear before the leaves)
                    • fothergilla [ENG31-12336516-n] (any of several deciduous low-growing shrubs of the genus Fothergilla having showy brushlike spikes of white flowers in spring and fiery red and orange autumn color)
                    • hiccup nut [ENG31-12344739-n] (ornamental African shrub or climber with red flowers)
                    • oleaster [ENG31-12346304-n] (any of several shrubs of the genus Elaeagnus having silver-white twigs and yellow flowers followed by olivelike fruits)

                      • wild olive [ENG31-12346550-n] (erect shrub or climber of India and China with red olivelike fruit)
                      • silverberry [ENG31-12346695-n] (deciduous unarmed North American shrub with silvery leaves and fruits)
                      • Russian olive [ENG31-12346886-n] (deciduous shrubby tree of Europe and western Asia having grey leaves and small yellow fruits covered in silvery scales)
                    • crape myrtle [ENG31-12349777-n] (ornamental shrub from eastern India commonly planted in the southern United States)
                    • feijoa [ENG31-12353072-n] (South American shrub having edible greenish plumlike fruit)
                    • fuchsia [ENG31-12363997-n] (any of various tropical shrubs widely cultivated for their showy drooping purplish or reddish or white flowers)

                      • lady's-eardrop [ENG31-12364270-n] (erect or climbing shrub of Brazil with deep pink to red flowers)
                      • konini [ENG31-12364468-n] (erect deciduous shrub or tree to 10 feet with maroon flowers)
                    • daphne [ENG31-12367095-n] (any of several ornamental shrubs with shiny mostly evergreen leaves and clusters of small bell-shaped flowers)

                      • garland flower [ENG31-12367330-n] (widely cultivated low evergreen shrub with dense clusters of fragrant pink to deep rose flowers)
                      • spurge laurel [ENG31-12367503-n] (bushy Eurasian shrub with glossy leathery oblong leaves and yellow-green flowers)
                      • mezereon [ENG31-12367675-n] (small European deciduous shrub with fragrant lilac-colored flowers followed by red berries on highly toxic twigs)
                    • leatherwood [ENG31-12368156-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern North America having tough flexible branches and pliable bark and small yellow flowers)
                    • Indian rhododendron [ENG31-12369832-n] (evergreen spreading shrub of India and southeastern Asia having large purple flowers)
                    • Medinilla magnifica [ENG31-12370228-n] (a beautiful tropical evergreen epiphytic shrub grown for its lush foliage and huge panicles of pink flowers)
                    • guinea gold vine [ENG31-12384285-n] (any of several Australasian evergreen vines widely cultivated in warm regions for their large bright yellow single flowers)
                    • wild cinnamon [ENG31-12392750-n] (large evergreen shrub or small tree having white aromatic bark and leathery leaves and small purple to red flowers in terminal cymes)
                    • rockrose [ENG31-12394935-n] (small shrubs of scrub and dry woodland regions of southern Europe and North Africa)

                      • white-leaved rockrose [ENG31-12395222-n] (compact white pubescent shrub of southwestern Europe having pink flowers)
                      • common gum cistus [ENG31-12395379-n] (shrub having white flowers and viscid stems and leaves yielding a fragrant oleoresin used in perfumes especially as a fixative)
                    • helianthemum [ENG31-12396035-n] (any plant of the genus Helianthemum)

                      • frostweed [ENG31-12396286-n] (perennial of the eastern United States having early solitary yellow flowers followed by late petalless flowers)
                      • rockrose [ENG31-12396590-n] (any of numerous varieties of helianthemums having small rose-like yellow or white or reddish flowers)
                      • rush rose [ENG31-12396757-n] (woody yellow-flowered perennial of southeastern United States)
                    • governor's plum [ENG31-12398766-n] (small shrubby tree of Madagascar cultivated in tropical regions as a hedge plant and for its deep red acid fruits resembling small plums)
                    • kei apple [ENG31-12399270-n] (vigorous South African spiny shrub grown for its round yellow juicy edible fruits)
                    • wild peach [ENG31-12401278-n] (large much-branched shrub grown primarily for its evergreen foliage)
                    • xylosma [ENG31-12401612-n] (shrub or small tree grown as an ornamental in mild climates for its neat evergreen foliage and fragrant late flowers)
                    • candlewood [ENG31-12402028-n] (any of several resinous trees or shrubs often burned for light)

                      • ocotillo [ENG31-12402448-n] (desert shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico having slender naked spiny branches that after the rainy season put forth foliage and clusters of red flowers)
                      • boojum tree [ENG31-12402750-n] (candlewood of Mexico and southwestern California having tall columnar stems and bearing honey-scented creamy yellow flowers)
                    • bird's-eye bush [ENG31-12403392-n] (shrub with narrow-elliptic glossy evergreen leaves and yellow flowers with leathery petaloid sepals)
                    • tamarisk [ENG31-12406979-n] (any shrub or small tree of the genus Tamarix having small scalelike or needle-shaped leaves and feathery racemes of small white or pinkish flowers)
                    • false tamarisk [ENG31-12407462-n] (Eurasian shrub resembling the tamarisk)
                    • cannabis [ENG31-12417441-n] (any plant of the genus Cannabis)

                      • marijuana [ENG31-12417727-n] (a strong-smelling plant whose dried leaves can be smoked for a pleasant effect or pain reduction)
                      • Indian hemp [ENG31-12417936-n] (source of e.g. bhang and hashish as well as fiber)
                    • butcher's broom [ENG31-12483639-n] (shrub with stiff flattened stems resembling leaves (cladophylls))
                    • ti [ENG31-12499011-n] (shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing)
                    • yucca [ENG31-12502536-n] (any of several evergreen plants of the genus Yucca having usually tall stout stems and a terminal cluster of white flowers)

                      • Spanish bayonet [ENG31-12502942-n] (a stiff yucca with a short trunk)
                      • Spanish bayonet [ENG31-12503173-n] (tall yucca of the southwestern United States and Mexico having a woody stem and stiff swordlike pointed leaves and a large cluster of white flowers)
                      • Joshua tree [ENG31-12503398-n] (a large branched arborescent yucca of southwestern United States having short leaves and clustered greenish white flowers)
                      • Spanish dagger [ENG31-12503596-n] (arborescent yucca of southwestern United States and northern Mexico with sword-shaped leaves and white flowers)
                      • soapweed [ENG31-12503787-n] (tall arborescent yucca of southwestern United States)
                      • Adam's needle [ENG31-12503932-n] (yucca with long stiff leaves having filamentlike appendages)
                      • bear grass [ENG31-12504130-n] (yucca of west central United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers)
                      • Spanish dagger [ENG31-12504346-n] (yucca of southeastern United States similar to the Spanish bayonets but with shorter trunk and smoother leaves)
                      • bear grass [ENG31-12504534-n] (yucca of southern United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers)
                      • Our Lord's candle [ENG31-12504749-n] (yucca of southwestern United States and Mexico with a tall spike of creamy white flowers)
                    • butterfly bush [ENG31-12506158-n] (tropical shrub having clusters of white or violet or yellow flowers)
                    • Mysore thorn [ENG31-12509551-n] (spreading thorny shrub of tropical Asia bearing large erect racemes of red-marked yellow flowers)
                    • butterfly flower [ENG31-12511332-n] (shrub or small tree of Dutch Guiana having clusters of pink flowers streaked with purple)
                    • paloverde [ENG31-12514373-n] (a thorny shrub of the genus Cercidium that grows in dry parts of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico)
                    • Jerusalem thorn [ENG31-12518174-n] (large shrub or shrubby tree having sharp spines and pinnate leaves with small deciduous leaflets and sweet-scented racemose yellow-orange flowers)
                    • Dalmatian laburnum [ENG31-12518962-n] (erect shrub having large trifoliate leaves and dense clusters of yellow flowers followed by poisonous seeds)
                    • senna [ENG31-12519668-n] (any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow flowers)

                      • ringworm bush [ENG31-12519944-n] (tropical shrub (especially of Americas) having yellow flowers and large leaves whose juice is used as a cure for ringworm and poisonous bites)
                      • avaram [ENG31-12520262-n] (evergreen Indian shrub with vivid yellow flowers whose bark is used in tanning)
                      • Alexandria senna [ENG31-12520484-n] (erect shrub having racemes of tawny yellow flowers)
                      • coffee senna [ENG31-12521256-n] (very leafy malodorous tropical weedy shrub whose seeds have been used as an adulterant for coffee)
                    • amorpha [ENG31-12524599-n] (any plant of the genus Amorpha having odd-pinnate leaves and purplish spicate flowers)

                      • leadplant [ENG31-12524811-n] (shrub of sandy woodlands and stream banks of western United States having hoary pinnate flowers and dull-colored racemose flowers)
                      • false indigo [ENG31-12525075-n] (an erect to spreading hairy shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having racemes of red to indigo flowers)
                      • false indigo [ENG31-12525288-n] (dense shrub of moist riverbanks and flood plains of the eastern United States having attractive fragrant foliage and dense racemes of dark purple flowers)
                    • bean trefoil [ENG31-12526257-n] (shrub with trifoliate leaves and yellow flowers followed by backward curving seed pods)
                    • Jupiter's beard [ENG31-12527289-n] (silvery hairy European shrub with evergreen foliage and pale yellow flowers)
                    • rooibos [ENG31-12528328-n] (South African shrub having flat acuminate leaves and yellow flowers)
                    • pigeon pea [ENG31-12531279-n] (tropical woody herb with showy yellow flowers and flat pods)
                    • pea tree [ENG31-12532361-n] (any plant of the genus Caragana having even-pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers followed by seeds in a linear pod)

                      • Siberian pea tree [ENG31-12532600-n] (large spiny shrub of eastern Asia having clusters of yellow flowers)
                      • Chinese pea tree [ENG31-12532799-n] (shrub with dark-green glossy foliage and solitary pale yellow flowers)
                    • western redbud [ENG31-12534643-n] (shrub of western United States having pink or crimson flowers)
                    • tagasaste [ENG31-12535097-n] (shrub of Canary Islands having bristle-tipped oblanceolate leaves)
                    • flame pea [ENG31-12535898-n] (any of several small shrubs or twining vines having entire or lobed leaves and racemes of yellow to orange-red flowers)
                    • glory pea [ENG31-12537089-n] (any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Clianthus having compound leaves and pea-like red flowers in drooping racemes)

                      • desert pea [ENG31-12537333-n] (sprawling shrubby perennial noted for its scarlet black-marked flowers)
                      • parrot's beak [ENG31-12537582-n] (evergreen shrub with scarlet to white clawlike or beaklike flowers)
                    • telegraph plant [ENG31-12538518-n] (erect tropical Asian shrub whose small lateral leaflets rotate on their axes and jerk up and down under the influence of sunshine)
                    • bladder senna [ENG31-12538986-n] (yellow-flowered European shrub cultivated for its succession of yellow flowers and very inflated bladdery pods and as a source of wildlife food)
                    • coronilla [ENG31-12539384-n] (any of various plants of the genus Coronilla having purple or pink or yellow flowers in long axillary heads or umbels)

                      • axseed [ENG31-12539594-n] (European herb resembling vetch)
                    • broom [ENG31-12541369-n] (any of various shrubs of the genera Cytisus or Genista or Spartium having long slender branches and racemes of yellow flowers)

                      • weeping tree broom [ENG31-12535497-n] (small shrubby tree of New Zealand having weeping branches and racemes of white to violet flowers followed by woolly indehiscent two-seeded pods)
                      • white broom [ENG31-12541691-n] (low European broom having trifoliate leaves and yellowish-white flowers)
                      • common broom [ENG31-12541899-n] (deciduous erect spreading broom native to western Europe)
                      • broom tree [ENG31-12550944-n] (prickly yellow-flowered shrub of the moors of New England and Europe)
                      • Spanish broom [ENG31-12551134-n] (erect shrub of southwestern Europe having racemes of golden yellow flowers)
                      • woodwaxen [ENG31-12551323-n] (small Eurasian shrub having clusters of yellow flowers that yield a dye)
                      • Spanish broom [ENG31-12591835-n] (tall thornless shrub having pale yellow flowers and flexible rushlike twigs used in basketry)
                    • smoke tree [ENG31-12545138-n] (greyish-green shrub of desert regions of southwestern United States and Mexico having sparse foliage and terminal spikes of bluish violet flowers)
                    • bitter pea [ENG31-12545673-n] (any of several spiny shrubs of the genus Daviesia having yellow flowers and triangular seeds)
                    • derris [ENG31-12546018-n] (any of various usually woody vines of the genus Derris of tropical Asia whose roots yield the insecticide rotenone)
                    • poison bush [ENG31-12550410-n] (any of various Australian evergreen shrubs of the genus Gastrolobium having whorled compound leaves poisonous to livestock and showy yellow to deep reddish-orange flowers followed by two-seeded pods)
                    • chanar [ENG31-12551833-n] (thorny shrub or small tree common in central Argentina having small orange or yellow flowers followed by edible berries)
                    • salt tree [ENG31-12554235-n] (spiny shrub of the Caspian salt plains and Siberia having elegant silvery, downy young foliage and mildly fragrant pink-purple blooms)
                    • hovea [ENG31-12556098-n] (any of several attractive evergreen shrubs of Australia grown for their glossy deep green foliage and flowers in rich blues and intense violets)
                    • indigo [ENG31-12556545-n] (deciduous subshrub of southeastern Asia having pinnate leaves and clusters of red or purple flowers)

                      • anil [ENG31-12556796-n] (shrub of West Indies and South America that is a source of indigo dye)
                    • tree lupine [ENG31-12567122-n] (evergreen shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having showy yellow or blue flowers)
                    • mucuna [ENG31-12570715-n] (any of several erect or climbing woody plants of the genus Mucuna)

                      • cowage [ENG31-12570913-n] (the annual woody vine of Asia having long clusters of purplish flowers and densely hairy pods)
                    • chaparral pea [ENG31-12579549-n] (spiny evergreen xerophytic shrub having showy rose and purple flowers and forming dense thickets)
                    • flat pea [ENG31-12582402-n] (evergreen shrub having almost heart-shaped foliage and bright yellow pea-like flowers followed by flat pods with flat wings)
                    • common flat pea [ENG31-12582646-n] (low spreading evergreen shrub of southern Australia having triangular to somewhat heart-shaped foliage and orange-yellow flowers followed by flat winged pods)
                    • retem [ENG31-12587995-n] (desert shrub of Syria and Arabia having small white flowers)
                    • bristly locust [ENG31-12588455-n] (large shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having bristly stems and large clusters of pink flowers)
                    • coral bush [ENG31-12592693-n] (Australian shrub having simple obovate leaves and brilliant scarlet flowers)
                    • gorse [ENG31-12595371-n] (very spiny and dense evergreen shrub with fragrant golden-yellow flowers)
                    • swamp oak [ENG31-12600152-n] (Australian leafless shrub resembling broom and having small yellow flowers)
                    • rose [ENG31-12640957-n] (any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses)

                      • mountain rose [ENG31-12641422-n] (European alpine rose with crimson flowers)
                      • ground rose [ENG31-12641540-n] (low-growing bristly shrub of southern Oregon and California with creeping rootstocks and usually corymbose flowers)
                      • banksia rose [ENG31-12641730-n] (Chinese evergreen climbing rose with yellow or white single flowers)
                      • dog rose [ENG31-12641871-n] (prickly wild rose with delicate pink or white scentless flowers)
                      • China rose [ENG31-12642021-n] (shrubby Chinese rose)
                      • damask rose [ENG31-12642171-n] (large hardy very fragrant pink rose)
                      • sweetbrier [ENG31-12642380-n] (Eurasian rose with prickly stems and fragrant leaves and bright pink flowers followed by scarlet hips)
                      • Cherokee rose [ENG31-12642706-n] (Chinese climbing rose with fragrant white blossoms)
                      • multiflora [ENG31-12642833-n] (vigorously growing rose having clusters of numerous small flowers)
                      • musk rose [ENG31-12643058-n] (rose native to Mediterranean region having curved or climbing branches and loose clusters of musky-scented flowers)
                      • tea rose [ENG31-12643244-n] (any of several hybrid bush roses derived from a tea-scented Chinese rose with pink or yellow flowers)
                    • Juneberry [ENG31-12644285-n] (any of various North American trees or shrubs having showy white flowers and edible blue-black or purplish fruit)

                      • alderleaf Juneberry [ENG31-12644579-n] (shrub or small tree of northwestern North America having fragrant creamy white flowers and small waxy purple-red fruits)
                      • Bartram Juneberry [ENG31-12644816-n] (open-growing shrub of eastern North America having pure white flowers and small waxy almost black fruits)
                    • flowering quince [ENG31-12645142-n] (Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms)

                      • japonica [ENG31-12645329-n] (deciduous thorny shrub native to Japan having red blossoms)
                      • Japanese quince [ENG31-12645482-n] (deciduous thorny shrub native to China having red or white blossoms)
                    • cotoneaster [ENG31-12646144-n] (any shrub of the genus Cotoneaster: erect or creeping shrubs having richly colored autumn foliage and many small white to pinkish flowers followed by tiny red or black fruits)

                      • Cotoneaster dammeri [ENG31-12646431-n] (climbing evergreen shrub with white flowers and red berries)
                      • Cotoneaster horizontalis [ENG31-12646584-n] (deciduous flat-growing shrub with a fanned herringbone pattern and having reddish flowers and orange-red berries)
                    • hawthorn [ENG31-12647114-n] (a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus)

                      • parsley haw [ENG31-12647435-n] (southern United States hawthorn with pinnately lobed leaves)
                      • scarlet haw [ENG31-12647639-n] (common shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having few thorns and white flowers in corymbs followed by bright orange-red berries)
                      • blackthorn [ENG31-12647880-n] (erect and almost thornless American hawthorn with somewhat pear-shaped berries)
                      • cockspur thorn [ENG31-12648108-n] (eastern United States hawthorn with long straight thorns)
                      • mayhaw [ENG31-12648287-n] (hawthorn of southern United States bearing a juicy, acidic, scarlet fruit that is often used in jellies or preserves)
                      • whitethorn [ENG31-12648511-n] (thorny Eurasian shrub of small tree having dense clusters of white to scarlet flowers followed by deep red berries)
                      • English hawthorn [ENG31-12648821-n] (European hawthorn having deeply cleft leaves and bright red fruits)
                      • red haw [ENG31-12649117-n] (American red-fruited hawthorn with stems and leaves densely covered with short woolly hairs)
                      • evergreen thorn [ENG31-12649340-n] (evergreen hawthorn of southeastern Europe)
                      • red haw [ENG31-12649466-n] (American red-fruited hawthorn with dense corymbs of pink-red flowers)
                    • toyon [ENG31-12653822-n] (ornamental evergreen treelike shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having large white flowers and red berrylike fruits)
                    • cinquefoil [ENG31-12657646-n] (any of a numerous plants grown for their five-petaled flowers)

                      • silverweed [ENG31-12657884-n] (low-growing perennial having leaves silvery beneath)
                    • cherry laurel [ENG31-12667711-n] (frequently cultivated Eurasian evergreen shrub or small tree having showy clusters of white flowers and glossy foliage and yielding oil similar to bitter almond oil)
                    • sand cherry [ENG31-12669185-n] (small straggling American cherry growing on sandy soil and having minute scarcely edible purplish-black fruit)
                    • blackthorn [ENG31-12670484-n] (a thorny Eurasian bush with plumlike fruits)
                    • Pyracantha [ENG31-12671990-n] (any of various thorny shrubs of the genus Pyracantha bearing small white flowers followed by hard red or orange-red berries)
                    • spirea [ENG31-12680117-n] (any rosaceous plant of the genus Spiraea)

                      • bridal wreath [ENG31-12680300-n] (shrub having copious small white flowers in spring)
                    • blolly [ENG31-12683140-n] (evergreen climbing shrub of southern Florida and West Indies grown for its racemes of fragrant white to creamy flowers followed by globose white succulent berries)
                    • gardenia [ENG31-12687529-n] (any of various shrubs and small trees of the genus Gardenia having large fragrant white or yellow flowers)

                      • cape jasmine [ENG31-12687726-n] (evergreen shrub widely cultivated for its large fragrant waxlike white flowers and glossy leaves)
                    • hamelia [ENG31-12688725-n] (any of several flowering tropical or subtropical shrubs of the genus Hamelia)

                      • scarlet bush [ENG31-12688892-n] (handsome shrub with showy orange to scarlet or crimson flowers)
                    • fever tree [ENG31-12690123-n] (ornamental shrub or small tree of swampy areas in southwestern United States having large pink or white sepals and yielding Georgia bark for treating fever)
                    • negro peach [ENG31-12691095-n] (a stout spreading or semi-climbing tropical shrub with round brownish-red warty fruit)
                    • abelia [ENG31-12692412-n] (any of various deciduous or evergreen ornamental shrubs of the genus Abelia having opposite simple leaves and cymes of small white or pink or purplish flowers)
                    • bush honeysuckle [ENG31-12692844-n] (spreading bush of northeastern United States having small clusters of fragrant green and yellow flowers)
                    • bush honeysuckle [ENG31-12693050-n] (bush honeysuckle of southeastern United States having large crowded clusters of sulfur-yellow flowers)
                    • beauty bush [ENG31-12693392-n] (Chinese deciduous shrub with yellow-throated pinkish flowers and bristly fruit)
                    • Himalaya honeysuckle [ENG31-12693773-n] (shrub honeysuckle with drooping spikes of purplish flowers)
                    • honeysuckle [ENG31-12694881-n] (shrub or vine of the genus Lonicera)

                      • white honeysuckle [ENG31-12695245-n] (bushy honeysuckle with twining branches and white or yellow-white flowers)
                      • American fly honeysuckle [ENG31-12695446-n] (erect deciduous North American shrub with yellow-white flowers)

                        • swamp fly honeysuckle [ENG31-12698092-n] (a variety of fly honeysuckle)
                      • Italian honeysuckle [ENG31-12695656-n] (deciduous climbing shrub with fragrant yellow-white flowers in axillary whorls)
                      • yellow honeysuckle [ENG31-12695861-n] (twining deciduous shrub with clusters of purple-tinged yellow-green flowers)
                      • yellow honeysuckle [ENG31-12696060-n] (climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant yellow (later orange) flowers in terminal whorls)
                      • hairy honeysuckle [ENG31-12696276-n] (twining deciduous shrub with hairy leaves and spikes of yellow-orange flowers)
                      • twinberry [ENG31-12696477-n] (shrubby honeysuckle with purple flowers)
                      • Japanese honeysuckle [ENG31-12696637-n] (an Asiatic trailing evergreen honeysuckle with half-evergreen leaves and fragrant white flowers turning yellow with age)
                      • Hall's honeysuckle [ENG31-12696895-n] (a variety of Japanese honeysuckle that grows like a vine)
                      • Morrow's honeysuckle [ENG31-12697131-n] (a grey deciduous honeysuckle shrub paired white flowers turning yellow)
                      • woodbine [ENG31-12697295-n] (European twining honeysuckle with fragrant red and yellow-white flowers)
                      • trumpet honeysuckle [ENG31-12697464-n] (evergreen North American honeysuckle vine having coral-red or orange flowers)
                      • bush honeysuckle [ENG31-12697701-n] (a honeysuckle shrub of southern Russia to central Asia)
                      • European fly honeysuckle [ENG31-12697881-n] (cultivated Eurasian shrub with twin yellowish-white flowers and scarlet fruit)
                    • coralberry [ENG31-12698602-n] (North American deciduous shrub cultivated for it abundant clusters of coral-red berrylike fruits)
                    • elder [ENG31-12698985-n] (any of numerous shrubs or small trees of temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere having white flowers and berrylike fruit)

                      • American elder [ENG31-12699309-n] (common elder of central and eastern North America bearing purple-black berries)
                      • blue elder [ENG31-12699555-n] (shrub or small tree of western United States having white flowers and blue berries)
                      • dwarf elder [ENG31-12699784-n] (dwarf herbaceous elder of Europe having pink flowers and a nauseous odor)
                      • bourtree [ENG31-12699962-n] (a common shrub with black fruit or a small tree of Europe and Asia)
                      • American red elder [ENG31-12700193-n] (common North American shrub or small tree)
                      • European red elder [ENG31-12700354-n] (Eurasian shrub)
                    • cranberry bush [ENG31-12701163-n] (deciduous North American shrub or small tree having three-lobed leaves and red berries)
                    • wayfaring tree [ENG31-12701413-n] (vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub common along waysides)
                    • guelder rose [ENG31-12701625-n] (deciduous thicket-forming Old World shrub with clusters of white flowers and small bright red berries)
                    • arrow wood [ENG31-12701902-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern North America having blue-black berries and tough pliant wood formerly used to make arrows)
                    • arrow wood [ENG31-12702137-n] (closely related to southern arrow wood)
                    • black haw [ENG31-12702340-n] (upright deciduous shrub having frosted dark-blue fruit)
                    • weigela [ENG31-12702654-n] (deciduous shrub widely cultivated for its white or pink or red flowers)
                    • Erythroxylon coca [ENG31-12710807-n] (a South American shrub whose leaves are chewed by natives of the Andes)
                    • Erythroxylon truxiuense [ENG31-12711001-n] (a South American shrub whose leaves are a source of cocaine)
                    • bean caper [ENG31-12741882-n] (perennial shrub of the eastern Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia having flowers whose buds are used as capers)
                    • creosote bush [ENG31-12743822-n] (desert shrub of southwestern United States and New Mexico having persistent resinous aromatic foliage and small yellow flowers)
                    • box [ENG31-12766866-n] (evergreen shrubs or small trees)

                      • common box [ENG31-12767013-n] (large slow-growing evergreen shrub or small tree with multiple stems)
                    • staff tree [ENG31-12768591-n] (any small tree or twining shrub of the genus Celastrus)
                    • spindle tree [ENG31-12769809-n] (any shrubby trees or woody vines of the genus Euonymus having showy usually reddish berries)

                      • common spindle tree [ENG31-12770049-n] (small erect deciduous shrub having tough white wood and cathartic bark and fruit)
                      • winged spindle tree [ENG31-12770216-n] (bushy deciduous shrub with branches having thin wide corky longitudinal wings)
                    • wahoo [ENG31-12770439-n] (deciduous shrub having purple capsules enclosing scarlet seeds)
                    • strawberry bush [ENG31-12770612-n] (upright deciduous plant with crimson pods and seeds)
                    • cyrilla [ENG31-12771527-n] (shrub or small tree of southeastern United States to West Indies and Brazil)
                    • crowberry [ENG31-12772435-n] (a low evergreen shrub with small purple flowers and black berrylike fruit)
                    • Chinese holly [ENG31-12777875-n] (dense rounded evergreen shrub of China having spiny leaves)
                    • smoke tree [ENG31-12780892-n] (any of several shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Cotinus)

                      • American smokewood [ENG31-12781076-n] (shrubby tree of southern United States having large plumes of feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke)
                      • Venetian sumac [ENG31-12781299-n] (Old World shrub having large plumes of yellowish feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke)
                    • laurel sumac [ENG31-12781635-n] (small aromatic evergreen shrub of California having paniculate leaves and whitish berries)
                    • mastic [ENG31-12782809-n] (an evergreen shrub of the Mediterranean region that is cultivated for its resin)
                    • sumac [ENG31-12783656-n] (a shrub or tree of the genus Rhus (usually limited to the non-poisonous members of the genus))

                      • fragrant sumac [ENG31-12784051-n] (sweet-scented sumac of eastern America having ternate leaves and yellowish-green flowers in spikes resembling catkins followed by red hairy fruits)
                      • smooth sumac [ENG31-12784289-n] (common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with waxy compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries)
                      • dwarf sumac [ENG31-12784522-n] (common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries)
                      • sugar-bush [ENG31-12784768-n] (evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with spikes of reddish yellow flowers and glandular hairy fruits)
                      • staghorn sumac [ENG31-12784962-n] (deciduous shrubby tree or eastern North America with compound leaves that turn brilliant red in fall and dense panicles of greenish yellow flowers followed by crimson acidic berries)
                      • squawbush [ENG31-12785267-n] (deciduous shrub of California with unpleasantly scented usually trifoliate leaves and edible fruit)
                    • buckthorn [ENG31-12793513-n] (any shrub or small tree of the genus Bumelia)

                      • southern buckthorn [ENG31-12793668-n] (shrubby thorny deciduous tree of southeastern United States with white flowers and small black drupaceous fruit)
                      • false buckthorn [ENG31-12793902-n] (deciduous tree of southeastern United States and Mexico)
                    • styrax [ENG31-12798196-n] (any shrub or small tree of the genus Styrax having fragrant bell-shaped flowers that hang below the dark green foliage)

                      • snowbell [ENG31-12798440-n] (small tree native to Japan)
                      • Japanese snowbell [ENG31-12798538-n] (shrubby tree of China and Japan)
                      • Texas snowbell [ENG31-12798652-n] (styrax of southwestern United States)
                    • hydrangea [ENG31-12808961-n] (any of various deciduous or evergreen shrubs of the genus Hydrangea)

                      • climbing hydrangea [ENG31-12809247-n] (deciduous climber with aerial roots having white to creamy flowers in fairly flat heads)
                      • wild hydrangea [ENG31-12809438-n] (deciduous shrub with creamy white flower clusters)
                      • hortensia [ENG31-12809614-n] (deciduous shrub bearing roundheaded flower clusters opening green and aging to pink or blue)
                      • fall-blooming hydrangea [ENG31-12809814-n] (deciduous shrub or small tree with pyramidal flower clusters)
                      • climbing hydrangea [ENG31-12809986-n] (deciduous climber with aerial roots having large flat flower heads)
                      • carpenteria [ENG31-12810314-n] (California evergreen shrub having glossy opposite leaves and terminal clusters of a few fragrant white flowers)
                      • decumary [ENG31-12810737-n] (woody climber of southeastern United States having white flowers in compound terminal clusters)
                      • deutzia [ENG31-12811190-n] (any of various shrubs of the genus Deutzia having usually toothed opposite leaves and shredding bark and white or pink flowers in loose terminal clusters)
                    • philadelphus [ENG31-12811824-n] (any of various chiefly deciduous ornamental shrubs of the genus Philadelphus having white sweet-scented flowers, single or in clusters)

                      • mock orange [ENG31-12812089-n] (large hardy shrub with showy and strongly fragrant creamy-white flowers in short terminal racemes)
                    • climbing hydrangea [ENG31-12812550-n] (climbing shrub with adhesive aerial roots having opposite leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymes)
                    • bridal wreath [ENG31-12818620-n] (Chilean evergreen shrub having delicate spikes of small white flowers)
                    • currant [ENG31-12825906-n] (any of various deciduous shrubs of the genus Ribes bearing currants)

                      • red currant [ENG31-12826133-n] (cultivated European current bearing small edible red berries)
                      • black currant [ENG31-12826321-n] (widely cultivated current bearing edible black aromatic berries)
                      • white currant [ENG31-12826522-n] (garden currant bearing small white berries)
                      • winter currant [ENG31-12826659-n] (a flowering shrub)
                    • gooseberry [ENG31-12826775-n] (spiny Eurasian shrub having greenish purple-tinged flowers and ovoid yellow-green or red-purple berries)
                    • caricature plant [ENG31-12833561-n] (tropical Old World shrub having purple or red tubular flowers and leaf markings resembling the profile of a human face)
                    • desert willow [ENG31-12835958-n] (evergreen shrubby tree resembling a willow of dry regions of southwestern North America having showy purplish flowers and long seed pods)
                    • columnea [ENG31-12852295-n] (tropical plant having thick hairy somewhat toothed leaves and solitary or clustered yellow to scarlet flowers)
                    • yerba santa [ENG31-12856526-n] (viscid evergreen shrub of western United States with white to deep lilac flowers)
                    • Apalachicola rosemary [ENG31-12866668-n] (small shrub of Apalachicola River area in southeastern United States having highly aromatic pinkish flowers)
                    • lavender [ENG31-12870477-n] (any of various Old World aromatic shrubs or subshrubs with usually mauve or blue flowers)

                      • English lavender [ENG31-12870712-n] (aromatic Mediterranean shrub widely cultivated for its lilac flowers which are dried and used in sachets)
                      • French lavender [ENG31-12870928-n] (shrubby greyish lavender of southwestern Europe having usually reddish-purple flowers)
                      • spike lavender [ENG31-12871096-n] (Mediterranean plant with pale purple flowers that yields spike lavender oil)
                    • pitcher sage [ENG31-12872620-n] (California plant with woolly stems and leaves and large white flowers)
                    • patchouli [ENG31-12883588-n] (small East Indian shrubby mint)
                    • red shrubby penstemon [ENG31-12906270-n] (low branching dark green shrub with bunches of brick-red flowers at ends of branches)
                    • naranjilla [ENG31-12917878-n] (small perennial shrub cultivated in uplands of South America for its edible bright orange fruits resembling tomatoes or oranges)
                    • potato tree [ENG31-12918759-n] (South American shrub or small tree widely cultivated in the tropics)
                    • lady-of-the-night [ENG31-12919926-n] (West Indian shrub with fragrant showy yellowish-white flowers)
                    • angel's trumpet [ENG31-12920297-n] (a South American plant that is cultivated for its large fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers)
                    • angel's trumpet [ENG31-12920512-n] (South American plant cultivated for its very large nocturnally fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers)
                    • red angel's trumpet [ENG31-12920731-n] (arborescent South American shrub having very large orange-red flowers)
                    • capsicum [ENG31-12921222-n] (any of various tropical plants of the genus Capsicum bearing peppers)

                      • cone pepper [ENG31-12921543-n] (plant bearing erect pungent conical red or yellow or purple fruits)
                      • cayenne [ENG31-12921747-n] (plant bearing very hot and finely tapering long peppers)
                      • sweet pepper [ENG31-12922024-n] (plant bearing large mild thick-walled usually bell-shaped fruits)
                      • cherry pepper [ENG31-12922325-n] (plant bearing small rounded usually pungent fruits)
                      • bird pepper [ENG31-12922484-n] (plant bearing very small and very hot oblong red fruits)
                      • tabasco pepper [ENG31-12922781-n] (plant bearing very hot medium-sized oblong red peppers)
                    • day jessamine [ENG31-12923226-n] (West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped white flowers that are fragrant by day)
                    • night jasmine [ENG31-12923422-n] (West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped yellow-white flowers that are fragrant by night)
                    • tree tomato [ENG31-12923774-n] (South American arborescent shrub having pale pink blossoms followed by egg-shaped reddish-brown edible fruit somewhat resembling a tomato in flavor)
                    • thorn apple [ENG31-12924127-n] (any of several plants of the genus Datura)

                      • jimsonweed [ENG31-12924263-n] (intensely poisonous tall coarse annual tropical weed having rank-smelling foliage, large white or violet trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly fruits)
                    • pichi [ENG31-12924724-n] (Peruvian shrub with small pink to lavender tubular flowers)
                    • matrimony vine [ENG31-12925698-n] (any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Lycium with showy flowers and bright berries)

                      • common matrimony vine [ENG31-12925895-n] (deciduous erect or spreading shrub with spiny branches and violet-purple flowers followed by orange-red berries)
                    • Christmasberry [ENG31-12926172-n] (spiny evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having spreading branches usually blue or mauve flowers and red berries)
                    • chalice vine [ENG31-12934551-n] (Mexican evergreen climbing plant having large solitary funnel-shaped fragrant yellow flowers with purple-brown ridges in the throat)
                    • marmalade bush [ENG31-12934953-n] (evergreen South American shrub having showy trumpet-shaped orange flowers)
                    • spurge [ENG31-12938661-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Euphorbia)

                      • caper spurge [ENG31-12939164-n] (poisonous Old World spurge)
                      • sun spurge [ENG31-12939369-n] (not unattractive European weed whose flowers turn toward the sun)
                      • petty spurge [ENG31-12939570-n] (an Old World spurge introduced as a weed in the eastern United States)
                      • medusa's head [ENG31-12939751-n] (African dwarf succulent perennial shrub with numerous slender drooping branches)
                      • wild spurge [ENG31-12939955-n] (common perennial United States spurge having showy white petallike bracts)
                      • snow-on-the-mountain [ENG31-12940163-n] (annual spurge of western United States having showy white-bracted flower clusters and very poisonous milk)
                      • cypress spurge [ENG31-12940406-n] (Old World perennial having foliage resembling cypress)
                      • leafy spurge [ENG31-12940607-n] (tall European perennial naturalized and troublesome as a weed in eastern North America)
                      • hairy spurge [ENG31-12940803-n] (much-branched hirsute weed native to northeastern North America)
                      • poinsettia [ENG31-12940964-n] (tropical American plant having poisonous milk and showy tapering usually scarlet petallike leaves surrounding small yellow flowers)
                      • Japanese poinsettia [ENG31-12941281-n] (showy poinsettia found from the southern United States to Peru)
                      • fire-on-the-mountain [ENG31-12941479-n] (poinsettia of United States and eastern Mexico)
                      • wood spurge [ENG31-12941715-n] (European perennial herb with greenish yellow terminal flower clusters)
                      • candelilla [ENG31-12941886-n] (wax-coated shrub of northern Mexico and southwestern United States)
                      • dwarf spurge [ENG31-12942075-n] (European erect or depressed annual weedy spurge adventive in northeastern United States)
                      • scarlet plume [ENG31-12942259-n] (Mexican shrub often cultivated for its scarlet-bracted flowers)
                      • naboom [ENG31-12942420-n] (small tree of dry open parts of southern Africa having erect angled branches suggesting candelabra)
                      • crown of thorns [ENG31-12942628-n] (somewhat climbing bushy spurge of Madagascar having long woody spiny stems with few leaves and flowers with scarlet bracts)
                      • toothed spurge [ENG31-12942879-n] (an annual weed of northeastern North America with dentate leaves)
                    • three-seeded mercury [ENG31-12943218-n] (weedy herb of eastern North America)
                    • croton [ENG31-12943523-n] (tropical Asiatic shrub)

                      • cascarilla [ENG31-12943868-n] (West Indian shrub with aromatic bark)
                    • croton [ENG31-12944412-n] (grown in many varieties for their brightly colored foliage)
                    • castor-oil plant [ENG31-12945383-n] (large shrub of tropical Africa and Asia having large palmate leaves and spiny capsules containing seeds that are the source of castor oil and ricin)
                    • cassava [ENG31-12947240-n] (any of several plants of the genus Manihot having fleshy roots yielding a nutritious starch)

                      • bitter cassava [ENG31-12947449-n] (cassava with long tuberous edible roots and soft brittle stems)
                      • sweet cassava [ENG31-12947954-n] (South American plant with roots used as a vegetable and herbage used for stock feed)
                    • slipper spurge [ENG31-12948831-n] (any of several tropical American shrubby succulent plants resembling cacti but having foot-shaped bracts)

                      • candelilla [ENG31-12949067-n] (wax-coated Mexican shrub related to Euphorbia antisyphilitica)
                      • Jewbush [ENG31-12949251-n] (low tropical American shrub having powerful emetic properties)
                    • camellia [ENG31-12950163-n] (any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers)

                      • japonica [ENG31-12950360-n] (greenhouse shrub with glossy green leaves and showy fragrant rose-like flowers)
                    • tea [ENG31-12950543-n] (a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India)
                    • sea holly [ENG31-12958953-n] (European evergreen eryngo with twisted spiny leaves naturalized on United States east coast)
                    • puka [ENG31-12969920-n] (South American shrub or small tree having long shining evergreen leaves and panicles of green or yellow flowers)
                    • kapuka [ENG31-12970121-n] (small New Zealand broadleaf evergreen tree often cultivated in warm regions as an ornamental)
                    • undershrub [ENG31-13139089-n] (a low shrub)
                    • burning bush [ENG31-13139157-n] ((Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses)
                    • shrublet [ENG31-13139328-n] (dwarf shrub)

                      • creeping snowberry [ENG31-12255996-n] (slow-growing procumbent evergreen shrublet of northern North America and Japan having white flowers and numerous white fleshy rough and hairy seeds)
                      • teaberry [ENG31-12256282-n] (creeping shrub of eastern North America having white bell-shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil)
                      • California fuchsia [ENG31-12363369-n] (shrublet of southwestern United States to Mexico having brilliant scarlet flowers)
                    • subshrub [ENG31-13139466-n] (low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base)

                      • darling pea [ENG31-11772234-n] (either of two Australian plants of the genus Swainsona that are poisonous to sheep)

                        • smooth darling pea [ENG31-11772443-n] (erect or trailing perennial of eastern Australia having axillary racemes of blue to purple or red flowers)
                        • hairy darling pea [ENG31-11772637-n] (shrubby perennial of southern Australia having downy or woolly stems and undersides of leaves and racemes of red to pink flowers)
                      • blue star [ENG31-11791222-n] (subshrubs of southeastern United States forming slow-growing clumps and having blue flowers in short terminal cymes)
                      • periwinkle [ENG31-11798398-n] (chiefly trailing poisonous plants with blue flowers)

                        • myrtle [ENG31-11798561-n] (widely cultivated as a groundcover for its dark green shiny leaves and usually blue-violet flowers)
                        • large periwinkle [ENG31-11798726-n] (plant having variegated foliage and used for window boxes)
                      • wild sarsaparilla [ENG31-11818191-n] (common perennial herb having aromatic roots used as a substitute for sarsaparilla)
                      • American spikenard [ENG31-11818450-n] (unarmed woody rhizomatous perennial plant distinguished from wild sarsaparilla by more aromatic roots and panicled umbels)
                      • bristly sarsaparilla [ENG31-11818739-n] (bristly herb of eastern and central North America having black fruit and medicinal bark)
                      • bloodleaf [ENG31-11847038-n] (any plant of the genus Iresine having colored foliage)

                        • beefsteak plant [ENG31-11847184-n] (South American plant having green to purple or red branches with green to purple ornamental foliage and spikes of insignificant woolly flowers with dry membranous bracts)
                      • desert plume [ENG31-11917935-n] (perennial of southwestern United States having leathery blue-green pinnatifid leaves and thick plumelike spikes of yellow flowers)
                      • matilija poppy [ENG31-11928158-n] (tall branching subshrub of California and Mexico often cultivated for its silvery-blue foliage and large fragrant white flowers)
                      • burdock [ENG31-11944914-n] (any of several erect biennial herbs of temperate Eurasia having stout taproots and producing burs)

                        • common burdock [ENG31-11945130-n] (a plant that is ubiquitous in all but very acid soil)
                        • great burdock [ENG31-11945318-n] (burdock having heart-shaped leaves found in open woodland, hedgerows and rough grassland of Europe (except extreme N) and Asia Minor)
                      • marguerite [ENG31-11946367-n] (perennial subshrub of the Canary Islands having usually pale yellow daisylike flowers)
                      • wormwood [ENG31-11949018-n] (any of several low composite herbs of the genera Artemisia or Seriphidium)

                        • mugwort [ENG31-11949327-n] (any of several weedy composite plants of the genus Artemisia)

                          • western mugwort [ENG31-11951257-n] (perennial cottony-white herb of southwestern United States)
                          • common mugwort [ENG31-11952009-n] (European tufted aromatic perennial herb having hairy red or purple stems and dark green leaves downy white below and red-brown florets)
                        • southernwood [ENG31-11949760-n] (shrubby European wormwood naturalized in North America)
                        • common wormwood [ENG31-11949946-n] (aromatic herb of temperate Eurasia and North Africa having a bitter taste used in making the liqueur absinthe)
                        • sweet wormwood [ENG31-11950212-n] (wormwood of southeastern Europe to Iran)
                        • field wormwood [ENG31-11950507-n] (European wormwood similar to common wormwood in its properties)
                        • wormwood sage [ENG31-11951040-n] (silky-leaved aromatic perennial of dry northern parts of the northern hemisphere)
                        • Roman wormwood [ENG31-11951463-n] (European wormwood)
                        • dusty miller [ENG31-11951781-n] (herb with greyish leaves found along the east coast of North America)
                        • sea wormwood [ENG31-12034824-n] (plants of western and northern European coasts)
                      • sagebrush [ENG31-11949496-n] (any of several North American composite subshrubs of the genera Artemis or Seriphidium)

                        • California sagebrush [ENG31-11950349-n] (low ashy-grey California shrub)
                        • sand sage [ENG31-11950822-n] (silver-haired shrub of central and southern United States and Mexico)
                        • bud brush [ENG31-11951604-n] (a perennial that is valuable as sheep forage in the United States)
                        • silver sage [ENG31-12034554-n] (low much-branched perennial of western United States having silvery leaves)
                        • big sagebrush [ENG31-12034993-n] (aromatic shrub of arid regions of western North America having hoary leaves)
                      • bur marigold [ENG31-11960475-n] (any of several plants of the genus Bidens having yellow flowers and prickly fruits that cling to fur and clothing)

                        • Spanish needles [ENG31-11960818-n] (common bur marigold of the eastern United States)
                        • tickseed sunflower [ENG31-11961068-n] (North American bur marigold with large flowers)
                        • European beggar-ticks [ENG31-11961219-n] (bur marigold of temperate Eurasia)
                        • swampy beggar-ticks [ENG31-11961384-n] (bur marigold of eastern and northern United States and Canada common in wet pastures and meadows)
                      • centaury [ENG31-11967720-n] (any plant of the genus Centaurea)

                        • basket flower [ENG31-11967898-n] (annual of southwestern United States cultivated for its purple flower heads and its bracts that resemble small baskets)
                        • dusty miller [ENG31-11968098-n] (a plant having leaves and stems covered with down that resembles dust)
                        • star-thistle [ENG31-11968513-n] (Mediterranean annual or biennial herb having pinkish to purple flowers surrounded by spine-tipped scales)
                        • knapweed [ENG31-11968733-n] (any of various plants of the genus Centaurea having purple thistlelike flowers)

                          • slender knapweed [ENG31-11961563-n] (a variety of knapweed)
                          • Jersey knapweed [ENG31-11961647-n] (a variety of knapweed)
                          • lesser knapweed [ENG31-11969125-n] (a weedy perennial with tough wiry stems and purple flowers)
                          • great knapweed [ENG31-11969333-n] (tall European perennial having purple flower heads)
                      • matchweed [ENG31-11994595-n] (any of several plants of the genus Gutierrezia having tiny flower heads that resemble the heads of matches)

                        • little-head snakeweed [ENG31-11994842-n] (similar to Gutierrezia sarothrae but with flower heads having fewer rays and disk flowers)
                        • rabbitweed [ENG31-11995026-n] (low-growing sticky subshrub of southwestern United States having narrow linear leaves on many slender branches and hundreds of tiny yellow flower heads)
                        • broomweed [ENG31-11995357-n] (annual of southwestern United States having rigid woody branches with sticky foliage and yellow flowers)
                      • guayule [ENG31-12021320-n] (much-branched subshrub with silvery leaves and small white flowers of Texas and northern Mexico)
                      • American feverfew [ENG31-12021763-n] (stout perennial herb of the eastern United States with whitish flowers)
                      • chaffweed [ENG31-12113447-n] (weedy plant having short dry chafflike leaves)
                      • thrift [ENG31-12119344-n] (any of numerous sun-loving low-growing evergreens of the genus Armeria having round heads of pink or white flowers)

                        • cliff rose [ENG31-12119548-n] (tufted thrift of seacoasts and mountains of north temperate zone)
                      • sea lavender [ENG31-12119859-n] (any of various plants of the genus Limonium of temperate salt marshes having spikes of white or mauve flowers)
                      • corchorus [ENG31-12225247-n] (any of various plants of the genus Corchorus having large leaves and cymose clusters of yellow flowers)
                      • diapensia [ENG31-12271518-n] (any boreal low-growing evergreen plant of the genus Diapensia)
                      • loosestrife [ENG31-12348915-n] (any of numerous herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lythrum)

                        • purple loosestrife [ENG31-12349084-n] (marsh herb with a long spike of purple flowers)
                        • grass poly [ENG31-12349318-n] (annual with small solitary pink flowers)
                      • deer grass [ENG31-12370549-n] (any of several plants of the genus Rhexia usually having pink-purple to magenta flowers)
                      • St John's wort [ENG31-12388128-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Hypericum having yellow flowers and transparently dotted leaves)

                        • common St John's wort [ENG31-12388545-n] (deciduous bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers and reddish-purple fruits from which a soothing salve is made in Spain)
                        • great St John's wort [ENG31-12388774-n] (perennial shrub having large star-shaped yellow flowers in narrowly pyramidal cymes)
                        • creeping St John's wort [ENG31-12388968-n] (creeping evergreen shrub with bright yellow star-shaped summer flowers)
                        • orange grass [ENG31-12389154-n] (annual wiry-stemmed North American weed with minute scalelike leaves and small yellow flowers)
                        • St Andrews's cross [ENG31-12389364-n] (shrubby plant having yellow to apricot flowers with four petals arranged in a cross)
                        • low St Andrew's cross [ENG31-12389583-n] (low shrubby plant having yellow flowers with four petals arranged in a cross)
                        • klammath weed [ENG31-12389826-n] (yellow-flowered perennial common in fields and waste places but a weed in rangelands)
                        • shrubby St John's wort [ENG31-12389993-n] (stiff shrub having oblong entire leaves and dense cymes of yellow flowers)
                        • St Peter's wort [ENG31-12390182-n] (European perennial St John's wort)
                        • marsh St-John's wort [ENG31-12390362-n] (perennial marsh herb with pink to mauve flowers)
                      • false heather [ENG31-12397070-n] (North American decumbent evergreen heathlike plant with yellow flowers)
                      • beach heather [ENG31-12397257-n] (small heathlike plant covered with white down growing on beaches in northeastern North America)
                      • partridge pea [ENG31-12514863-n] (tropical American plant having leaflets somewhat sensitive to the touch)
                      • sicklepod [ENG31-12521023-n] (cosmopolitan tropical herb or subshrub with yellow flowers and slender curved pods)
                      • tick trefoil [ENG31-12547021-n] (any of various tropical and subtropical plants having trifoliate leaves and rough sticky pod sections or loments)

                        • beggarweed [ENG31-12547259-n] (West Indian forage plant cultivated in southern United States as forage and to improve soil)
                      • sweet vetch [ENG31-12555130-n] (perennial of western United States having racemes of pink to purple flowers followed by flat pods that separate into nearly orbicular joints)
                      • French honeysuckle [ENG31-12555367-n] (perennial of southern Europe cultivated for forage and for its nectar-rich pink flowers that make it an important honey crop)
                      • horseshoe vetch [ENG31-12555759-n] (European woody perennial with yellow umbellate flowers followed by flattened pods that separate into horseshoe-shaped joints)
                      • cube [ENG31-12565367-n] (any of several tropical American woody plants of the genus Lonchocarpus whose roots are used locally as a fish poison and commercially as a source of rotenone)
                      • prairie bird's-foot trefoil [ENG31-12565737-n] (North American annual with red or rose-colored flowers)
                      • coral gem [ENG31-12565934-n] (low-growing much-branched perennial of Canary Islands having orange-red to scarlet or purple flowers)
                      • bird's foot trefoil [ENG31-12566140-n] (European forage plant having claw-shaped pods introduced in America)
                      • wild lupine [ENG31-12567467-n] (stout perennial of eastern and central North America having palmate leaves and showy racemose blue flowers)
                      • restharrow [ENG31-12573398-n] (European woody plant having pink flowers and unifoliate leaves and long tough roots)
                      • restharrow [ENG31-12573619-n] (Eurasian plant having loose racemes of pink or purple flowers and spiny stems and tough roots)
                      • hoary pea [ENG31-12593051-n] (a plant of the genus Tephrosia having pinnate leaves and white or purplish flowers and flat hairy pods)

                        • bastard indigo [ENG31-12593264-n] (East Indian shrub)
                        • catgut [ENG31-12593363-n] (perennial subshrub of eastern North America having downy leaves yellowish and rose flowers and)
                      • prince's-feather [ENG31-12622566-n] (annual with broadly ovate leaves and slender drooping spikes of crimson flowers)
                      • eriogonum [ENG31-12623023-n] (any plant of the genus Eriogonum with small clustered flowers)

                        • umbrella plant [ENG31-12623195-n] (late blooming perennial plant of shale barrens of Virginia having flowers in flat-topped clusters)
                        • wild buckwheat [ENG31-12623373-n] (low-growing shrub with spreading branches and flowers in loose heads)
                      • mountain avens [ENG31-12650066-n] (creeping evergreen shrub with large white flowers)
                      • avens [ENG31-12652092-n] (any of various perennials of the genus Geum having usually pinnate basal leaves and variously colored flowers)

                        • yellow avens [ENG31-12652398-n] (erect subshrub with deep yellow flowers)
                        • bennet [ENG31-12652574-n] (North American white-flowered avens)
                        • yellow avens [ENG31-12652693-n] (hairy yellow-flowered plant of eastern Asia and North America)
                        • water avens [ENG31-12652833-n] (erect perennial of north temperate zone having pinnate leaves and a few nodding flowers with a brown-purple calyx and orange and pink petals)
                        • prairie smoke [ENG31-12653096-n] (North American perennial with hairy basal pinnate leaves and purple flowers and plume-tipped fruits)
                        • herb bennet [ENG31-12653287-n] (hairy Eurasian plant with small yellow flowers and an astringent root formerly used medicinally)
                        • bennet [ENG31-12653494-n] (avens of Virginia having pale or greenish yellow flowers)
                      • Western sand cherry [ENG31-12663495-n] (dwarf ornamental shrub of western United States having large black to red and yellow sweet edible fruit)
                      • woodruff [ENG31-12682299-n] (any plant of the genus Asperula)

                        • dyer's woodruff [ENG31-12682422-n] (creeping European perennial having red or pinkish-white flowers and red roots sometimes used as a substitute for madder in dyeing)
                      • twinflower [ENG31-12694089-n] (creeping evergreen subshrub of the northern parts of Europe and Asia with delicate fragrant tubular bell-shaped usually pink flowers borne in pairs)

                        • American twinflower [ENG31-12694349-n] (similar to the twinflower of northern Europe and Asia)
                      • milkwort [ENG31-12725773-n] (any of various plants of the genus Polygala)

                        • senega [ENG31-12725980-n] (perennial bushy herb of central and southern United States having white flowers with green centers and often purple crest)
                        • orange milkwort [ENG31-12726218-n] (bog plant of pine barrens of southeastern United States having spikes of irregular yellow-orange flowers)
                        • flowering wintergreen [ENG31-12726458-n] (common trailing perennial milkwort of eastern North America having leaves like wintergreen and usually rosy-purple flowers with winged sepals)
                        • Seneca snakeroot [ENG31-12726738-n] (eastern North American plant having a terminal cluster of small white flowers and medicinal roots)
                        • common milkwort [ENG31-12727170-n] (small European perennial with numerous branches having racemes of blue, pink or white flowers)
                      • caltrop [ENG31-12744370-n] (tropical annual procumbent poisonous subshrub having fruit that splits into five spiny nutlets)
                      • pachysandra [ENG31-12767644-n] (any plant of the genus Pachysandra)

                        • Allegheny spurge [ENG31-12767880-n] (low semi-evergreen perennial herb having small spikes of white or pinkish flowers)
                        • Japanese spurge [ENG31-12768131-n] (slow-growing Japanese evergreen subshrub having terminal spikes of white flowers)
                      • pinwheel [ENG31-12807596-n] (perennial subshrub of Tenerife having leaves in rosettes resembling pinwheels)
                      • phlomis [ENG31-12882105-n] (any of various plants of the genus Phlomis)
                      • Jerusalem sage [ENG31-12882301-n] (a spreading subshrub of Mediterranean regions cultivated for dense axillary whorls of purple or yellow flowers)
                      • germander [ENG31-12890238-n] (any of various plants of the genus Teucrium)

                        • American germander [ENG31-12890428-n] (subshrub with serrate leaves and cream-colored to pink or purple flowers in spikelike racemes)
                        • wall germander [ENG31-12890634-n] (European perennial subshrub with red-purple or bright rose flowers with red and white spots)
                        • cat thyme [ENG31-12890808-n] (Mediterranean germander having small hairy leaves and reddish purple flowers)
                        • wood sage [ENG31-12890985-n] (European germander with one-sided racemes of yellow flowers)
                      • blue curls [ENG31-12892032-n] (any of several plants of the genus Trichostema having whorls of small blue flowers)

                        • black sage [ENG31-12892244-n] (an aromatic plant with wooly leaves found in southern California and Mexico)
                        • turpentine camphor weed [ENG31-12892456-n] (aromatic plant of western United States)
                        • bastard pennyroyal [ENG31-12892619-n] (aromatic plant of the eastern United States)
                      • eryngo [ENG31-12958841-n] (any plant of the genus Eryngium)
                    • flowering shrub [ENG31-13140762-n] (shrub noted primarily for its flowers)

                      • bird of paradise [ENG31-12510320-n] (a tropical flowering shrub having bright orange or red flowers)
                      • pride of barbados [ENG31-12510559-n] (tropical shrub or small tree having showy yellow to orange-red flowers)
                      • Scotch laburnum [ENG31-12558714-n] (an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum)
                      • common laburnum [ENG31-12558885-n] (an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum)
                      • Asiatic sweetleaf [ENG31-12797534-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern Asia bearing decorative bright blue fruit)
                    • buckthorn [ENG31-13161918-n] (a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus)

                      • cascara buckthorn [ENG31-13162341-n] (shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States)
                      • Carolina buckthorn [ENG31-13162749-n] (deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit)
                      • coffeeberry [ENG31-13162959-n] (evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits)
                      • alder buckthorn [ENG31-13163157-n] (small tree common in Europe)
                      • redberry [ENG31-13163281-n] (small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries)
                    • jujube [ENG31-13164062-n] (spiny tree having dark red edible fruits)
                    • lotus tree [ENG31-13164260-n] (shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region)
                    • Christ's-thorn [ENG31-13164535-n] (thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit)
                    • stephanotis [ENG31-13259886-n] (any of various evergreen climbing shrubs of the genus Stephanotis having fragrant waxy flowers)

                      • Madagascar jasmine [ENG31-13260075-n] (twining woody vine of Madagascar having thick dark waxy evergreen leaves and clusters of large fragrant waxy white flowers along the stems)
                  • bramble [ENG31-13140629-n] (any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines)

                    • bramble bush [ENG31-12673979-n] (any prickly shrub of the genus Rubus bearing edible aggregate fruits)

                      • lawyerbush [ENG31-12674197-n] (stout-stemmed trailing shrub of New Zealand that scrambles over other growth)
                      • stone bramble [ENG31-12674394-n] (European trailing bramble with red berrylike fruits)
                      • blackberry [ENG31-12674523-n] (bramble with sweet edible black or dark purple berries that usually do not separate from the receptacle)

                        • true blackberry [ENG31-12674773-n] (the true blackberry of Europe as well as any of numerous varieties having sweet edible black or dark purple berries)
                        • sand blackberry [ENG31-12674988-n] (stiff shrubby blackberry of the eastern United States (Connecticut to Florida))
                        • dewberry [ENG31-12675148-n] (any of several trailing blackberry brambles especially of North America)

                          • American dewberry [ENG31-12676006-n] (North American dewberry)
                          • Northern dewberry [ENG31-12676112-n] (of eastern North America)
                          • Southern dewberry [ENG31-12676259-n] (of southern North America)
                          • swamp dewberry [ENG31-12676366-n] (of eastern North America)
                          • European dewberry [ENG31-12676487-n] (creeping European bramble bearing dewberries)
                        • western blackberry [ENG31-12675420-n] (American blackberry with oblong black fruit)

                          • boysenberry [ENG31-12675618-n] (cultivated hybrid bramble of California having large dark wine-red fruit with a flavor resembling raspberries)
                          • loganberry [ENG31-12675823-n] (red-fruited bramble native from Oregon to Baja California)
                      • raspberry [ENG31-12676630-n] (woody brambles bearing usually red but sometimes black or yellow fruits that separate from the receptacle when ripe and are rounder and smaller than blackberries)

                        • red raspberry [ENG31-12676990-n] (any of several raspberries bearing red fruit)

                          • wild raspberry [ENG31-12677130-n] (the common European raspberry)
                          • American raspberry [ENG31-12677289-n] (red raspberry of North America)
                        • black raspberry [ENG31-12677446-n] (raspberry native to eastern North America having black thimble-shaped fruit)
                        • salmonberry [ENG31-12677670-n] (large erect red-flowered raspberry of western North America having large pinkish-orange berries)
                        • salmonberry [ENG31-12677843-n] (white-flowered raspberry of western North America and northern Mexico with thimble-shaped orange berries)
                        • cloudberry [ENG31-12678055-n] (creeping raspberry of north temperate regions with yellow or orange berries)
                        • flowering raspberry [ENG31-12678270-n] (shrubby raspberry of eastern North America having showy rose to purplish flowers and red or orange thimble-shaped fruit)
                        • wineberry [ENG31-12678516-n] (raspberry of China and Japan having pale pink flowers grown for ornament and for the small red acid fruits)
                • geophyte [ENG31-13141717-n] (a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms)
                • desert plant [ENG31-13141863-n] (plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water)

                  • agave [ENG31-12497015-n] (tropical American plants with basal rosettes of fibrous sword-shaped leaves and flowers in tall spikes)

                    • American agave [ENG31-12497668-n] (widely cultivated American monocarpic plant with greenish-white flowers on a tall stalk)
                    • sisal [ENG31-12497906-n] (Mexican or West Indian plant with large fleshy leaves yielding a stiff fiber used in e.g. rope)
                    • maguey [ENG31-12498088-n] (Philippine plant yielding a hard fibre used in making coarse twine)
                    • maguey [ENG31-12498252-n] (Mexican plant used especially for making pulque which is the source of the colorless Mexican liquor, mescal)
                    • Agave tequilana [ENG31-12498488-n] (Mexican plant used especially for making tequila)
                    • dracaena [ENG31-12500042-n] (an agave that is often cultivated for its decorative foliage)

                      • dragon tree [ENG31-12500194-n] (tall tree of the Canary Islands)
                    • bear grass [ENG31-12500509-n] (stemless plant with tufts of grasslike leaves and erect panicle of minute creamy white flowers)
                    • sansevieria [ENG31-12501400-n] (grown as a houseplant for its mottled fleshy sword-shaped leaves or as a source of fiber)

                      • African bowstring hemp [ENG31-12501655-n] (bowstring hemp of South Africa)
                      • Ceylon bowstring hemp [ENG31-12501794-n] (plant having thick fibrous leaves transversely banded in light and dark green)
                      • mother-in-law's tongue [ENG31-12501963-n] (stemless plant having narrow rigid leaves often cultivated as a houseplant)
                • mesophyte [ENG31-13142108-n] (land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water)
                • aquatic plant [ENG31-13142303-n] (a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth)

                  • hornwort [ENG31-11722721-n] (any aquatic plant of the genus Ceratophyllum)
                  • water lily [ENG31-11735322-n] (an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae)

                    • water nymph [ENG31-11735899-n] (a water lily having large leaves and showy fragrant flowers that float on the water)
                    • European white lily [ENG31-11736147-n] (a water lily with white flowers)
                    • lotus [ENG31-11736279-n] (white Egyptian lotus: water lily of Egypt to southeastern Africa)
                    • blue lotus [ENG31-11736510-n] (blue Egyptian lotus: held sacred by the Egyptians)
                    • blue lotus [ENG31-11736636-n] (blue lotus of India and southeastern Asia)
                    • spatterdock [ENG31-11736891-n] (common water lily of eastern and central North America, having broad leaves and globe-shaped yellow flowers)
                    • southern spatterdock [ENG31-11737167-n] (of flowing waters of the southeastern United States)
                    • yellow water lily [ENG31-11737346-n] (a water lily with yellow flowers)
                    • lotus [ENG31-11737868-n] (native to eastern Asia)
                    • water chinquapin [ENG31-11738046-n] (water lily of eastern North America having pale yellow blossoms and edible globular nutlike seeds)
                    • water-shield [ENG31-11738765-n] (common aquatic plant of eastern North America having floating and submerged leaves and white yellow-spotted flowers)
                    • water-shield [ENG31-11739150-n] (aquatic plant with floating oval leaves and purple flowers)
                  • water crowfoot [ENG31-11741360-n] (plant of ponds and slow streams having submerged and floating leaves and white flowers)
                  • cryptocoryne [ENG31-11807659-n] (any plant of the genus Cryptocoryne)
                  • golden club [ENG31-11810859-n] (aquatic plant of the southeastern United States having blue-green leaves and a spadix resembling a club covered with tiny yellow flowers)
                  • arrow arum [ENG31-11811257-n] (an aquatic plant of the genus Peltandra)

                    • green arrow arum [ENG31-11811405-n] (perennial herb of the eastern United States having arrowhead-shaped leaves and an elongate pointed spathe and green berries)
                  • pistia [ENG31-11812038-n] (pantropical floating plant forming a rosette of wedge-shaped leaves)
                  • duckweed [ENG31-11814988-n] (any small or minute aquatic plant of the family Lemnaceae that float on or near the surface of shallow ponds)

                    • common duckweed [ENG31-11815518-n] (of temperate regions except eastern Asia and Australia)
                    • star-duckweed [ENG31-11815685-n] (cosmopolitan in temperate regions except North America)
                    • great duckweed [ENG31-11816049-n] (cosmopolitan except South America and New Zealand and some oceanic islands)
                    • watermeal [ENG31-11816474-n] (any of various aquatic plants of the genus Wolffia)

                      • common wolffia [ENG31-11816657-n] (smallest flowering plants known)
                    • mud midget [ENG31-11817042-n] (having narrow flat sickle-shaped submerged fronds)
                  • awlwort [ENG31-11918740-n] (small aquatic plant having tufted awl-shaped leaves in a basal rosette and minute white flowers)
                  • featherfoil [ENG31-12114761-n] (a plant of the genus Hottonia)

                    • water gillyflower [ENG31-12114918-n] (a featherfoil of the eastern United States with submerged spongy inflated flower stalks and white flowers)
                    • water violet [ENG31-12115129-n] (featherfoil of Europe and western Asia having submerged and floating leaves and violet flowers)
                  • water pimpernel [ENG31-12116912-n] (a white-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Samolus)

                    • brookweed [ENG31-12117080-n] (water pimpernel of Europe to China)
                    • brookweed [ENG31-12117191-n] (American water pimpernel)
                  • water milfoil [ENG31-12347539-n] (an aquatic plant of the genus Myriophyllum having feathery underwater leaves and small inconspicuous flowers)
                  • water chestnut [ENG31-12368811-n] (a plant of the genus Trapa bearing spiny four-pronged edible nutlike fruits)

                    • water caltrop [ENG31-12369035-n] (a variety of water chestnut)
                    • ling [ENG31-12369152-n] (water chestnut whose spiny fruit has two rather than 4 prongs)
                  • water shamrock [ENG31-12505289-n] (perennial plant of Europe and America having racemes of white or purplish flowers and intensely bitter trifoliate leaves)
                  • pipewort [ENG31-12630140-n] (aquatic perennial of North America and Ireland and Hebrides having translucent green leaves in a basal spiral and dense buttonlike racemes of minute white flowers)
                  • pickerelweed [ENG31-12630729-n] (American plant having spikes of blue flowers and growing in shallow water of streams and ponds)
                  • water hyacinth [ENG31-12631089-n] (a tropical floating aquatic plant having spikes of large blue flowers)
                  • water star grass [ENG31-12631501-n] (grassy-leaved North American aquatic plant with yellow star-shaped blossoms)
                  • naiad [ENG31-12632401-n] (submerged aquatic plant having narrow leaves and small flowers)
                  • frogbit [ENG31-12634169-n] (European floating plant with roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers)
                  • hydrilla [ENG31-12634467-n] (submersed plant with whorled lanceolate leaves and solitary axillary flowers)
                  • American frogbit [ENG31-12634857-n] (American plant with roundish heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves)
                  • waterweed [ENG31-12635238-n] (a weedy aquatic plant of genus Elodea)

                    • Canadian pondweed [ENG31-12635386-n] (North American waterweed)
                    • dense-leaved elodea [ENG31-12635524-n] (aquatic plant with deep green foliage useful to oxygenate an aquarium)
                  • tape grass [ENG31-12635993-n] (submerged aquatic plant with ribbonlike leaves)
                  • pondweed [ENG31-12636471-n] (any of several submerged or floating freshwater perennial aquatic weeds belonging to the family Potamogetonaceae)

                    • curled leaf pondweed [ENG31-12637009-n] (European herb naturalized in the eastern United States and California)
                    • variously-leaved pondweed [ENG31-12637203-n] (of Europe (except the Mediterranean area) and the northern United States)
                    • loddon pondweed [ENG31-12637391-n] (pondweed with floating leaves)
                    • frog's lettuce [ENG31-12637757-n] (very similar to Potamogeton)
                    • horned pondweed [ENG31-12638907-n] (found in still or slow-moving fresh or brackish water)
                  • eelgrass [ENG31-12639488-n] (submerged marine plant with very long narrow leaves found in abundance along North Atlantic coasts)
                  • water starwort [ENG31-12714626-n] (any of several aquatic plants having a star-shaped rosette of floating leaves)
                  • golden saxifrage [ENG31-12817609-n] (any of various low aquatic herbs of the genus Chrysosplenium)

                    • water carpet [ENG31-12817785-n] (aquatic herb with yellowish flowers)
                  • water speedwell [ENG31-12912229-n] (plant of wet places in Eurasia and America)
                  • marsh plant [ENG31-13143123-n] (a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land)

                    • lesser spearwort [ENG31-11742111-n] (semiaquatic Eurasian perennial crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears)
                    • greater spearwort [ENG31-11742505-n] (semiaquatic European crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears)
                    • marsh marigold [ENG31-11748568-n] (swamp plant of Europe and North America having bright yellow flowers resembling buttercups)
                    • rush [ENG31-11763763-n] (grasslike plants growing in wet places and having cylindrical often hollow stems)

                      • bulrush [ENG31-11764241-n] (tall rush with soft erect or arching stems found in Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, and common in North America)
                      • jointed rush [ENG31-11764480-n] (rush of Australia)
                      • toad rush [ENG31-11764577-n] (low-growing annual rush of damp low-lying ground)
                      • hard rush [ENG31-11764720-n] (tall rush of temperate regions)
                      • salt rush [ENG31-11764824-n] (rush of the Pacific coast of North America)
                      • slender rush [ENG31-11764940-n] (tufted wiry rush of wide distribution)
                    • sweet flag [ENG31-11801399-n] (perennial marsh plant having swordlike leaves and aromatic roots)
                    • wild calla [ENG31-11806600-n] (plant of wetlands and bogs of temperate regions having small greenish flowers partly enclosed in a white spathe and red berries)
                    • skunk cabbage [ENG31-11809535-n] (clump-forming deciduous perennial swamp plant of western North America similar to Symplocarpus foetidus but having a yellow spathe)
                    • skunk cabbage [ENG31-11813211-n] (deciduous perennial low-growing fetid swamp plant of eastern North America having minute flowers enclosed in a mottled greenish or purple cowl-shaped spathe)
                    • marsh elder [ENG31-12005522-n] (any of various coarse shrubby plants of the genus Iva with small greenish flowers)

                      • burweed marsh elder [ENG31-12005790-n] (tall annual marsh elder common in moist rich soil in central North America that can cause contact dermatitis)
                    • sedge [ENG31-12170545-n] (grasslike or rushlike plant growing in wet places having solid stems, narrow grasslike leaves and spikelets of inconspicuous flowers)

                      • umbrella plant [ENG31-12171239-n] (African sedge widely cultivated as an ornamental water plant for its terminal umbrellalike cluster of slender grasslike leaves)
                      • chufa [ENG31-12171486-n] (European sedge having small edible nutlike tubers)
                      • galingale [ENG31-12171687-n] (European sedge having rough-edged leaves and spikelets of reddish flowers and aromatic roots)
                      • papyrus [ENG31-12171882-n] (tall sedge of the Nile valley yielding fiber that served many purposes in historic times)
                      • nutgrass [ENG31-12172132-n] (a widely distributed perennial sedge having small edible nutlike tubers)
                      • sand sedge [ENG31-12172548-n] (European maritime sedge naturalized along Atlantic coast of United States)
                      • cypress sedge [ENG31-12172768-n] (tufted sedge of temperate regions)
                      • cotton grass [ENG31-12173049-n] (any sedge of the genus Eriophorum)

                        • common cotton grass [ENG31-12173239-n] (having densely tufted white cottony or downlike glumes)
                      • hardstem bulrush [ENG31-12173550-n] (widely distributed North American sedge having rigid olive green stems)
                      • wool grass [ENG31-12173741-n] (sedge of eastern North America having numerous clustered woolly spikelets)
                      • spike rush [ENG31-12174097-n] (a sedge of the genus Eleocharis)

                        • water chestnut [ENG31-12174258-n] (Chinese sedge yielding edible bulb-shaped tubers)
                        • needle spike rush [ENG31-12174431-n] (fine-leaved aquatic spike rush)
                        • creeping spike rush [ENG31-12174631-n] (cylindrical-stemmed sedge)
                    • cattail [ENG31-12176100-n] (tall erect herbs with sword-shaped leaves)

                      • cat's-tail [ENG31-12176290-n] (tall marsh plant with cylindrical seed heads that explode when mature shedding large quantities of down)
                      • lesser bullrush [ENG31-12176634-n] (reed maces of America, Europe, North Africa, Asia)
                    • sabbatia [ENG31-12318682-n] (any of various plants of the genus Sabbatia having usually pink cymose flowers)

                      • marsh pink [ENG31-12318912-n] (any of several pink-flowered marsh plant of the eastern United States resembling a true centaury)
                      • prairia Sabbatia [ENG31-12319154-n] (prairie herb with solitary lilac-colored flowers)
                    • yellow-eyed grass [ENG31-12626444-n] (any of several rushlike plants, especially of the pine barrens of southern United States)

                      • tall yellow-eye [ENG31-12626633-n] (of Australia)
                    • water plantain [ENG31-12632931-n] (marsh plant having clusters of small white or pinkish flowers and broad pointed or rounded leaves)

                      • ribbon-leaved water plantain [ENG31-12633470-n] (a variety of water plantain)
                      • narrow-leaved water plantain [ENG31-12633572-n] (a variety of water plantain)
                    • arrow grass [ENG31-12638320-n] (tufted perennial found in shallow water or marshland)
                    • parnassia [ENG31-12822280-n] (any of various usually evergreen bog plants of the genus Parnassia having broad smooth basal leaves and a single pale flower resembling a buttercup)

                      • bog star [ENG31-12822541-n] (plant having ovate leaves in a basal rosette and white starlike flowers netted with green)
                    • shellflower [ENG31-12901865-n] (showy perennial of marshlands of eastern and central North America having waxy lanceolate leaves and flower with lower part creamy white and upper parts pale pink to deep purple)
                    • brooklime [ENG31-12911445-n] (plant of western North America and northeastern Asia having prostrate stems with dense racemes of pale violet to lilac flowers)
                    • brooklime [ENG31-12911853-n] (European plant having low-lying stems with blue flowers)
                    • water parsnip [ENG31-12965937-n] (stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water)
                    • greater water parsnip [ENG31-12966126-n] (large stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water)
                    • skirret [ENG31-12966309-n] (an Asiatic herb cultivated in Europe for its sweet edible tuberous root)
                    • lizard's-tail [ENG31-13172752-n] (North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers)
                • tuberous plant [ENG31-13149037-n] (plant growing from a tuber)
                • bulbous plant [ENG31-13155061-n] (plant growing from a bulb)

                  • iridaceous plant [ENG31-12431966-n] (any bulbous plant of the family Iridaceae)

                    • iris [ENG31-12432427-n] (plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals)

                      • bearded iris [ENG31-12432860-n] (any of numerous wild or cultivated irises with hairlike structures on the falls (the drooping sepals))

                        • Florentine iris [ENG31-12433924-n] (German iris having large white flowers with lavender-tinged falls and a fragrant rhizome)
                        • German iris [ENG31-12434385-n] (a large iris with purple or white flowers, native to central and southern Europe)
                        • German iris [ENG31-12434664-n] (iris of northern Italy having deep blue-purple flowers)
                        • Dalmatian iris [ENG31-12434834-n] (European iris having soft lilac-blue flowers)
                      • beardless iris [ENG31-12433111-n] (any of numerous wild or cultivated irises having no hairs on the drooping sepals (the falls))

                        • Dutch iris [ENG31-12433806-n] (bulbous Spanish iris with red-violet flowers)
                        • Japanese iris [ENG31-12434540-n] (iris native to Japan having large showy flowers)
                        • Dutch iris [ENG31-12435323-n] (bulbous Spanish iris having blue flowers)
                        • Spanish iris [ENG31-12436100-n] (bulbous iris of western Mediterranean region having usually violet-purple flowers)
                      • bulbous iris [ENG31-12433355-n] (any of various irises having a rootstock formed like a bulb)
                      • dwarf iris [ENG31-12433670-n] (low-growing summer-flowering iris of northeastern United States)
                      • stinking iris [ENG31-12434147-n] (iris with purple flowers and foul-smelling leaves)
                      • Persian iris [ENG31-12434954-n] (bulbous iris native to Asia Minor cultivated for its pale lilac-colored flowers)
                      • yellow iris [ENG31-12435107-n] (common yellow-flowered iris of Europe and North Africa, naturalized in United States and often cultivated)
                      • dwarf iris [ENG31-12435437-n] (low-growing spring-flowering American iris with bright blue-lilac flowers)
                      • blue flag [ENG31-12435594-n] (a common iris of the eastern United States having blue or blue-violet flowers)
                      • southern blue flag [ENG31-12435777-n] (similar to blue flag)
                      • English iris [ENG31-12435906-n] (bulbous iris native to the Pyrenees)
                    • blackberry-lily [ENG31-12436578-n] (garden plant whose capsule discloses when ripe a mass of seeds resembling a blackberry)
                    • crocus [ENG31-12436928-n] (any of numerous low-growing plants of the genus Crocus having slender grasslike leaves and white or yellow or purple flowers)

                      • saffron [ENG31-12437208-n] (Old World crocus having purple or white flowers with aromatic pungent orange stigmas used in flavoring food)
                    • freesia [ENG31-12437567-n] (any of several plants of the genus Freesia valued for their one-sided clusters of usually fragrant yellow or white or pink tubular flowers)
                    • gladiolus [ENG31-12437887-n] (any of numerous plants of the genus Gladiolus native chiefly to tropical and South Africa having sword-shaped leaves and one-sided spikes of brightly colored funnel-shaped flowers)
                    • corn lily [ENG31-12438341-n] (any of several South African plants of the genus Ixia having grasslike leaves and clusters of showy variously colored lily-like flowers)
                    • blue-eyed grass [ENG31-12438726-n] (plant with grasslike foliage and delicate blue flowers)
                  • amaryllis [ENG31-12439542-n] (bulbous plant having showy white to reddish flowers)

                    • belladonna lily [ENG31-12439899-n] (amaryllis of South Africa often cultivated for its fragrant white or rose flowers)
                    • hippeastrum [ENG31-12441642-n] (amaryllis of tropical America often cultivated as a houseplant for its showy white to red flowers)
                    • Jacobean lily [ENG31-12443064-n] (Mexican bulbous herb cultivated for its handsome bright red solitary flower)
                  • blood lily [ENG31-12441040-n] (any of various deciduous or evergreen herbs of the genus Haemanthus)

                    • Cape tulip [ENG31-12441227-n] (spectacular plant having large prostrate leaves barred in reddish-purple and flowers with a clump of long yellow stamens in a coral-red cup of fleshy bracts)
                  • narcissus [ENG31-12441972-n] (bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters)

                    • daffodil [ENG31-12442188-n] (any of numerous varieties of Narcissus plants having showy often yellow flowers with a trumpet-shaped central crown)

                      • jonquil [ENG31-12442634-n] (often used colloquially for any yellow daffodil)
                      • paper white [ENG31-12442735-n] (a daffodil having star-shaped white blossoms)
                    • jonquil [ENG31-12442422-n] (widely cultivated ornamental plant native to southern Europe but naturalized elsewhere having fragrant yellow or white clustered flowers)
                  • liliaceous plant [ENG31-12445786-n] (plant growing from a bulb or corm or rhizome or tuber)

                    • lily [ENG31-12446753-n] (any liliaceous plant of the genus Lilium having showy pendulous flowers)

                      • mountain lily [ENG31-12447128-n] (Japanese lily with golden rays)
                      • Canada lily [ENG31-12447254-n] (common lily of the eastern United States having nodding yellow or reddish flowers spotted with brown)
                      • Madonna lily [ENG31-12447483-n] (lily of eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans with broad funnel-shaped white flowers)
                      • tiger lily [ENG31-12447689-n] (lily of southeastern United States having cup-shaped flowers with deep yellow to scarlet recurved petals)
                      • Columbia tiger lily [ENG31-12447896-n] (lily of western North America with showy orange-red purple-spotted flowers)
                      • tiger lily [ENG31-12448071-n] (east Asian perennial having large reddish-orange black-spotted flowers with reflexed petals)
                      • Easter lily [ENG31-12448262-n] (tall lily have large white trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom in the spring)
                      • coast lily [ENG31-12448451-n] (orange-flowered lily of Pacific coast of United States)
                      • Turk's-cap [ENG31-12448581-n] (lily with small dull purple flowers of northwestern Europe and northwestern Asia)
                      • Michigan lily [ENG31-12448747-n] (lily of central North America having recurved orange-red flowers with deep crimson spots)
                      • leopard lily [ENG31-12448917-n] (lily of western United States having orange-red to crimson maroon-spotted flowers)
                      • wood lily [ENG31-12449092-n] (lily of eastern North America having orange to orange-red purple-spotted flowers)
                      • Turk's-cap [ENG31-12449252-n] (lily of the eastern United States with orange to red maroon-spotted flowers)
                    • agapanthus [ENG31-12449653-n] (any of various plants of the genus Agapanthus having umbels of showy blue to purple flowers)

                      • African lily [ENG31-12449857-n] (African plant with bright green evergreen leaves and umbels of many usually deep violet-blue flowers)
                    • albuca [ENG31-12450275-n] (any of various plants of the genus Albuca having large clusters of pale yellow flowers)
                    • colicroot [ENG31-12450703-n] (any of several perennials of the genus Aletris having grasslike leaves and bitter roots reputed to cure colic)

                      • ague root [ENG31-12450976-n] (colicroot having a scurfy or granuliferous perianth and white flowers)
                      • yellow colicroot [ENG31-12451180-n] (colicroot with yellow-bracted racemose flowers)
                    • alliaceous plant [ENG31-12451939-n] (bulbous plants having a characteristic pungent onion odor)

                      • wild onion [ENG31-12452366-n] (any of various plants of the genus Allium with edible bulbs found growing wild)

                        • Hooker's onion [ENG31-12452574-n] (a common North American wild onion with a strong onion odor and an umbel of pink flowers atop a leafless stalk)
                        • nodding onion [ENG31-12454274-n] (widely distributed North American wild onion with white to rose flowers)
                        • crow garlic [ENG31-12455991-n] (pungent Old World wild onion)
                      • wild leek [ENG31-12452861-n] (coarse Old World perennial having a large bulb and tall stalk of greenish purple-tinged flowers)
                      • Canada garlic [ENG31-12453079-n] (North American bulbous plant)
                      • keeled garlic [ENG31-12453212-n] (Eurasian bulbous plant)
                      • onion [ENG31-12453313-n] (bulbous plant having hollow leaves cultivated worldwide for its rounded edible bulb)

                        • shallot [ENG31-12453683-n] (type of onion plant producing small clustered mild-flavored bulbs used as seasoning)
                        • tree onion [ENG31-12454045-n] (type of perennial onion grown chiefly as a curiosity or for early salad onions)
                        • Welsh onion [ENG31-12454457-n] (Asiatic onion with slender bulbs)
                        • red-skinned onion [ENG31-12454611-n] (onion with white to deep red tunic)
                      • leek [ENG31-12454744-n] (plant having a large slender white bulb and flat overlapping dark green leaves)
                      • daffodil garlic [ENG31-12454988-n] (European onion with white flowers)
                      • few-flowered leek [ENG31-12455139-n] (leek producing bulbils instead of flowers)
                      • garlic [ENG31-12455280-n] (bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized)
                      • sand leek [ENG31-12455490-n] (European leek cultivated and used like leeks)
                      • chives [ENG31-12455657-n] (perennial having hollow cylindrical leaves used for seasoning)
                      • ramp [ENG31-12455843-n] (North American perennial having a slender bulb and whitish flowers)
                      • wild garlic [ENG31-12456154-n] (pungent Old World weedy plant)
                      • garlic chive [ENG31-12456282-n] (a plant of eastern Asia)
                      • round-headed leek [ENG31-12456470-n] (Old World leek with a spherical bulb)
                      • three-cornered leek [ENG31-12456595-n] (European leek naturalized in Great Britain)
                    • alstroemeria [ENG31-12459076-n] (any of various South American plants of the genus Alstroemeria valued for their handsome umbels of beautiful flowers)

                      • Peruvian lily [ENG31-12459288-n] (an Andean herb having umbels of showy pinkish-purple lily-like flowers)
                    • fly poison [ENG31-12459659-n] (all parts of plant are highly toxic)
                    • Saint-Bernard's-lily [ENG31-12460131-n] (southern European plant commonly cultivated for its spikes of small starry greenish-white flowers)
                    • amber lily [ENG31-12460335-n] (plant having basal grasslike leaves and a narrow open cluster of starlike yellowish-orange flowers atop a leafless stalk)
                    • asphodel [ENG31-12462463-n] (any of various chiefly Mediterranean plants of the genera Asphodeline and Asphodelus having linear leaves and racemes of white or pink or yellow flowers)

                      • Jacob's rod [ENG31-12463053-n] (asphodel having erect smooth unbranched stem either flexuous or straight)
                      • king's spear [ENG31-12463202-n] (asphodel with leafy stem and fragrant yellow flowers)
                    • golden star [ENG31-12464995-n] (California plant having grasslike leaves and showy orange flowers)
                    • brodiaea [ENG31-12465892-n] (any of several plants of the genus Brodiaea having basal grasslike leaves and globose flower heads on leafless stems resembling those of genus Allium)

                      • elegant brodiaea [ENG31-12466133-n] (brodiaea having an umbel of violet or blue-violet flowers atop a leafless stalk)
                    • mariposa [ENG31-12466705-n] (any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having tulip-shaped flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals)

                      • star tulip [ENG31-12468086-n] (small plant with slender bent stems bearing branched clusters of a few white star-shaped flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears)
                      • desert mariposa tulip [ENG31-12468396-n] (mariposa with clusters of bell-shaped vermilion or orange or yellow flowers atop short stems)
                      • yellow mariposa tulip [ENG31-12468641-n] (mariposa having clusters of a few large deep yellow bell-shaped flowers atop slender stems)
                      • sagebrush mariposa tulip [ENG31-12468866-n] (mariposa having loose clusters of one to three handsome lilac flowers resembling umbels atop stout erect stems)
                    • globe lily [ENG31-12467024-n] (any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having egg-shaped flowers)

                      • white globe lily [ENG31-12467413-n] (globe lily having open branched clusters of egg-shaped white flowers)
                      • yellow globe lily [ENG31-12467626-n] (globe lily having open branched clusters of clear yellow egg-shaped flowers)
                      • rose globe lily [ENG31-12467851-n] (globe lily with deep rose-pink or purple egg-shaped flowers on flexuous stems)
                    • cat's-ear [ENG31-12467242-n] (any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears)
                    • sego lily [ENG31-12469205-n] (perennial plant having clusters of one to four showy white bell-shaped flowers atop erect unbranched stems)
                    • camas [ENG31-12469801-n] (any of several plants of the genus Camassia)

                      • common camas [ENG31-12470031-n] (plant having a large edible bulb and linear basal leaves and racemes of light to deep violet-blue star-shaped flowers on tall green scapes)
                      • Leichtlin's camas [ENG31-12470289-n] (camas found to the west of Cascade Mountains)
                      • wild hyacinth [ENG31-12470439-n] (eastern camas)
                    • dogtooth violet [ENG31-12470849-n] (perennial woodland spring-flowering plant)

                      • white dogtooth violet [ENG31-12471112-n] (North American dogtooth having solitary white flowers with yellow centers and blue or pink exteriors)
                      • yellow adder's tongue [ENG31-12471345-n] (eastern North American dogtooth having solitary yellow flowers marked with brown or purple and spotted interiors)
                      • European dogtooth [ENG31-12471575-n] (sturdy European dogtooth with rose to mauve flowers)
                      • fawn lily [ENG31-12471745-n] (California dogtooth violet with creamy white flowers sometimes yellow-tinged)
                      • glacier lily [ENG31-12471904-n] (dogtooth violet of western North America having bright yellow flowers)
                    • avalanche lily [ENG31-12472071-n] (perennial herb having large white flowers marked with orange)
                    • tulip [ENG31-12474664-n] (any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower)

                      • dwarf tulip [ENG31-12474941-n] (small early blooming tulip)
                      • lady tulip [ENG31-12475061-n] (Eurasian tulip with small flowers blotched at the base)
                      • Tulipa gesneriana [ENG31-12475210-n] (tall late blooming tulip)
                      • cottage tulip [ENG31-12475298-n] (any of several long-stemmed tulips that flower in May)
                      • Darwin tulip [ENG31-12475454-n] (any of several very tall, late blooming tulips bearing large squarish flowers on sturdy stems)
                    • day lily [ENG31-12477350-n] (any of numerous perennials having tuberous roots and long narrow bladelike leaves and usually yellow lily-like flowers that bloom for only a day)

                      • lemon lily [ENG31-12477596-n] (a day lily with yellow flowers)
                    • hyacinth [ENG31-12478888-n] (any of numerous bulbous perennial herbs)

                      • common hyacinth [ENG31-12479055-n] (widely grown for its fragrance and its white, pink, blue, or purplish flowers)
                      • Roman hyacinth [ENG31-12479218-n] (hyacinth with loosely flowered spikes, several growing from one bulb)
                      • summer hyacinth [ENG31-12479379-n] (southern African herb with white bell-shaped flowers)
                    • wild hyacinth [ENG31-12479780-n] (sometimes placed in genus Scilla)
                    • grape hyacinth [ENG31-12481202-n] (any of various early flowering spring hyacinths native to Eurasia having dense spikes of rounded blue flowers resembling bunches of small grapes)

                      • common grape hyacinth [ENG31-12481462-n] (prolific species having particularly beautiful dark blue flowers)
                      • tassel hyacinth [ENG31-12481614-n] (large beautiful Mediterranean species having sterile bluish-violet flowers with fringed corollas forming a tuft above the fertile flowers)
                    • scilla [ENG31-12481971-n] (an Old World plant of the genus Scilla having narrow basal leaves and pink or blue or white racemose flowers)

                      • spring squill [ENG31-12482178-n] (European scilla with small blue or purple flowers)
                    • false asphodel [ENG31-12482537-n] (a plant of the genus Tofieldia having linear chiefly basal leaves and small spicate flowers)

                      • Scotch asphodel [ENG31-12482726-n] (false asphodel having spikes of white flowers)
                    • sea squill [ENG31-12483087-n] (having dense spikes of small white flowers and yielding a bulb with medicinal properties)
                    • bog asphodel [ENG31-12484248-n] (either of two herbaceous rushlike bog plants having small yellow flowers and grasslike leaves)

                      • European bog asphodel [ENG31-12484480-n] (of western Europe: Scandinavia to northern Spain and Portugal)
                      • American bog asphodel [ENG31-12484633-n] (of the eastern United States: New Jersey to South Carolina)
                    • hellebore [ENG31-12484981-n] (perennial herbs of the lily family having thick toxic rhizomes)

                      • white hellebore [ENG31-12485154-n] (North American plant having large leaves and yellowish green flowers growing in racemes)
                    • squaw grass [ENG31-12486062-n] (plant of western North America having woody rhizomes and tufts of stiff grasslike basal leaves and spikes of creamy white flowers)
                    • death camas [ENG31-12487232-n] (any of various plants of the genus Zigadenus having glaucous leaves and terminal racemes of mostly white flowers)

                      • alkali grass [ENG31-12487523-n] (plant of western North America having grasslike leaves and greenish-white flowers)
                      • white camas [ENG31-12487702-n] (plant of eastern and central North America having creamy white flowers tinged with brown or purple)
                      • poison camas [ENG31-12487938-n] (a common perennial death camas)
                      • grassy death camas [ENG31-12488097-n] (plant of western North America to Mexico)
                    • trillium [ENG31-12488748-n] (any liliaceous plant of the genus Trillium having a whorl of three leaves at the top of the stem with a single three-petaled flower)

                      • prairie wake-robin [ENG31-12489050-n] (trillium of central United States having dark purple sessile flowers)
                      • dwarf-white trillium [ENG31-12489224-n] (a low perennial white-flowered trillium found in the southeastern United States)
                      • purple trillium [ENG31-12489405-n] (trillium of eastern North America having malodorous pink to purple flowers and an astringent root used in folk medicine especially to ease childbirth)
                      • red trillium [ENG31-12489662-n] (trillium of northeastern United States with sessile leaves and red or purple flowers having a pungent odor)
                    • lily of the valley [ENG31-12492049-n] (low-growing perennial plant having usually two large oblong lanceolate leaves and a raceme of small fragrant nodding bell-shaped flowers followed by scarlet berries)
                    • clintonia [ENG31-12492529-n] (any temperate liliaceous plant of the genus Clintonia having broad basal leaves and white or yellowish or purplish flowers followed by blue or black berries)

                      • red Clintonia [ENG31-12492831-n] (plant with nearly leafless stalk topped by a cluster of red or reddish lavender flowers)
                      • yellow clintonia [ENG31-12493064-n] (common woodland herb of temperate North America having yellow nodding flowers and small round blue fruits)
                      • queen's cup [ENG31-12493283-n] (plant with 1 or 2 white starlike flowers on short leafless stalks)
                    • lilyturf [ENG31-12493676-n] (Asiatic perennial tufted herb with grasslike evergreen foliage and clusters of dark mauve grapelike flowers)
                    • false lily of the valley [ENG31-12494113-n] (small two-leaved herb of the northern United States and parts of Canada having racemes of small fragrant white flowers)
                    • false lily of the valley [ENG31-12494345-n] (small white-flowered plant of western Europe to Japan)
                    • Solomon's-seal [ENG31-12494672-n] (any of several plants of the genus Polygonatum having paired drooping yellowish-green flowers and a thick rootstock with scars shaped like Solomon's seal)

                      • great Solomon's-seal [ENG31-12494923-n] (North American perennial herb with smooth foliage and drooping tubular greenish flowers)
                  • fritillary [ENG31-12472420-n] (any liliaceous plant of the genus Fritillaria having nodding variously colored flowers)

                    • mission bells [ENG31-12472761-n] (herb of northwestern America having green-and-purple bell-shaped flowers)
                    • mission bells [ENG31-12472985-n] (herb of southwestern United States having dark purple bell-shaped flowers mottled with green)
                    • stink bell [ENG31-12473178-n] (a malodorous California herb with bell-shaped flowers)
                    • crown imperial [ENG31-12473341-n] (Eurasian herb with a cluster of leaves and orange-red bell-shaped flowers at the top of the stem)
                    • white fritillary [ENG31-12473523-n] (California herb with white conic or bell-shaped flowers usually tinged with green)
                    • snake's head fritillary [ENG31-12473691-n] (Eurasian checkered lily with pendant flowers usually veined and checkered with purple or maroon on a pale ground and shaped like the bells carried by lepers in medieval times)
                    • brown bells [ENG31-12474044-n] (California herb with brownish-purple or greenish bell-shaped flowers)
                    • adobe lily [ENG31-12474219-n] (California herb with pinkish purple flowers)
                    • scarlet fritillary [ENG31-12474362-n] (western United States herb with scarlet and yellow narrow bell-shaped flowers)
                  • autumn crocus [ENG31-12476045-n] (bulbous autumn-flowering herb with white, purple or lavender-and-white flowers)
                  • star-of-Bethlehem [ENG31-12480134-n] (any of several perennial plants of the genus Ornithogalum native to the Mediterranean and having star-shaped flowers)

                    • starflower [ENG31-12480387-n] (common Old World herb having grasslike leaves and clusters of star-shaped white flowers with green stripes)
                    • bath asparagus [ENG31-12480651-n] (Old World star of Bethlehem having edible young shoots)
                    • chincherinchee [ENG31-12480813-n] (South African perennial with long-lasting spikes of white blossoms that are shipped in to Europe and America for use as winter cut flowers)
                • cormous plant [ENG31-13155603-n] (plant growing from a corm)

                  • star grass [ENG31-12443716-n] (any plant of the genus Hypoxis having long grasslike leaves and yellow star-shaped flowers: Africa)

                    • American star grass [ENG31-12443949-n] (perennial star grass of North America)
                • psilophyte [ENG31-13238392-n] (any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant)
                • psilophyton [ENG31-13238891-n] (any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton)
              • poisonous plant [ENG31-13120915-n] (a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism)

                • aconite [ENG31-11743451-n] (any of various usually poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum having tuberous roots and palmately lobed leaves and blue or white flowers)

                  • monkshood [ENG31-11743696-n] (a poisonous herb native to northern Europe having hooded blue-purple flowers)
                  • wolfsbane [ENG31-11743921-n] (poisonous Eurasian perennial herb with broad rounded leaves and yellow flowers and fibrous rootstock)
                • baneberry [ENG31-11744239-n] (a plant of the genus Actaea having acrid poisonous berries)

                  • red baneberry [ENG31-11744578-n] (North American perennial herb with alternately compound leaves and racemes of small white flowers followed by bright red oval poisonous berries)
                  • white baneberry [ENG31-11744832-n] (North American herb with white poisonous berries)
                • hellebore [ENG31-11754373-n] (any plant of the Eurasian genus Helleborus)

                  • stinking hellebore [ENG31-11754562-n] (digitate-leaved hellebore with an offensive odor and irritant qualities when taken internally)
                  • Christmas rose [ENG31-11754769-n] (European evergreen plant with white or purplish rose-like winter-blooming flowers)
                  • lenten rose [ENG31-11754962-n] (slightly hairy perennial having deep green leathery leaves and flowers that are ultimately purplish-green)
                  • green hellebore [ENG31-11755167-n] (deciduous plant with large deep green pedate leaves and nodding saucer-shaped green flowers)
                • dogbane [ENG31-11787823-n] (any of several poisonous perennial plants of the genus Apocynum having acrid milky juice and bell-shaped white or pink flowers and a very bitter root)

                  • common dogbane [ENG31-11788099-n] (North American perennial having pinkish flowers in loose cymes)
                  • Indian hemp [ENG31-11788346-n] (Canadian dogbane yielding a tough fiber used as cordage by Native Americans)
                  • Rocky Mountain dogbane [ENG31-11788577-n] (North American plant similar to common dogbane)
                • oleander [ENG31-11794456-n] (an ornamental but poisonous flowering shrub having narrow evergreen leaves and clusters of fragrant white to pink or red flowers: native to East Indies but widely cultivated in warm regions)
                • gloriosa [ENG31-12476455-n] (any plant of the genus Gloriosa of tropical Africa and Asia)
                • snowberry [ENG31-12698373-n] (deciduous shrub of western North America having spikes of pink flowers followed by round white berries)
                • poison ash [ENG31-12787355-n] (smooth American swamp shrub with pinnate leaves and greenish flowers followed by greenish white berries)
                • poison ivy [ENG31-12787629-n] (climbing plant common in eastern and central United States with ternate leaves and greenish flowers followed by white berries)
                • western poison oak [ENG31-12787968-n] (poisonous shrub of the Pacific coast of North America that causes a rash on contact)
                • eastern poison oak [ENG31-12788183-n] (poisonous shrub of southeastern United States causing a rash on contact)
                • varnish tree [ENG31-12788408-n] (small Asiatic tree yielding a toxic exudate from which lacquer is obtained)
                • lantana [ENG31-12935900-n] (a flowering shrub)
                • fool's parsley [ENG31-12951991-n] (European weed naturalized in America that resembles parsley but causes nausea and poisoning when eaten)
                • water hemlock [ENG31-12955745-n] (tall erect highly poisonous Eurasiatic perennial herb locally abundant in marshy areas)
                • spotted cowbane [ENG31-12955926-n] (tall biennial water hemlock of northeastern North America having purple-spotted stems and clusters of extremely poisonous tuberous roots resembling small sweet potatoes)
                • hemlock [ENG31-12956369-n] (large branching biennial herb native to Eurasia and Africa and adventive in North America having large fernlike leaves and white flowers)
                • water dropwort [ENG31-12961699-n] (European poisonous herb having tuberous roots, yellow juice that stains the skin, yellow flowers and foliage resembling celery)
                • water fennel [ENG31-12961980-n] (European poisonous herb with fibrous roots)
              • air plant [ENG31-13143744-n] (plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain)

                • waxflower [ENG31-12386703-n] (epiphytic clusia of British Guiana)
                • Spanish moss [ENG31-12628888-n] (dense festoons of greenish-grey hairlike flexuous strands anchored to tree trunks and branches by sparse wiry roots)
                • aeschynanthus [ENG31-12851328-n] (a plant of the genus Aeschynanthus having somewhat red or orange flowers and seeds having distinctive hairs at base and apex)

                  • lipstick plant [ENG31-12851549-n] (epiphyte or creeping on rocks)
                • hemiepiphyte [ENG31-13144068-n] (a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life)
                • strangler [ENG31-13144190-n] (an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree)

                  • pitch apple [ENG31-12386830-n] (a common tropical American clusia having solitary white or rose flowers)
              • rock plant [ENG31-13144440-n] (plant that grows on or among rocks or is suitable for a rock garden)

                • lithophyte [ENG31-13144600-n] (plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere)
                • rupestral plant [ENG31-13144778-n] (plants growing among rocks)
              • autophyte [ENG31-13145413-n] (plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances)
              • myrmecophyte [ENG31-13199954-n] (plant that affords shelter or food to ants that live in symbiotic relations with it)
            • native [ENG31-00019226-n] (indigenous plants and animals)
            • recombinant [ENG31-01316379-n] (a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred)
            • conspecific [ENG31-01316517-n] (an organism belonging to the same species as another organism)
            • carrier [ENG31-01316636-n] ((genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele)
            • denizen [ENG31-01317553-n] (a plant or animal naturalized in a region)
            • amphidiploid [ENG31-01322423-n] ((genetics) an organism or cell having a diploid set of chromosomes from each parent)
            • diploid [ENG31-01322584-n] ((genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell)
            • haploid [ENG31-01322805-n] ((genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes)
            • heteroploid [ENG31-01322970-n] ((genetics) an organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not an even multiple of the haploid chromosome number for that species)
            • polyploid [ENG31-01323183-n] ((genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes)
            • animalcule [ENG31-01326660-n] (microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium)
            • microorganism [ENG31-01328932-n] (any organism of microscopic size)

              • monad [ENG31-01329392-n] ((biology) a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan))
              • intestinal flora [ENG31-01331156-n] (harmless microorganisms (as Escherichia coli) that inhabit the intestinal tract and are essential for its normal functioning)
              • virus [ENG31-01331343-n] ((virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts)

                • arbovirus [ENG31-01331827-n] (a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions)

                  • Bunyaviridae [ENG31-01333986-n] (a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods))
                  • Togaviridae [ENG31-01334988-n] (a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods)
                  • Flaviviridae [ENG31-01335294-n] (a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods)
                  • Arenaviridae [ENG31-01335723-n] (a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods)
                  • Rhabdoviridae [ENG31-01335942-n] (a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods)
                  • Reoviridae [ENG31-01336251-n] (a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods)
                • bacteriophage [ENG31-01337503-n] (a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria)

                  • coliphage [ENG31-01337859-n] (a bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli)
                  • typhoid bacteriophage [ENG31-01337974-n] (a bacteriophage specific for the bacterium Salmonella typhi)
                • plant virus [ENG31-01338101-n] (a plant pathogen that is a virus consisting of a single strand of RNA)

                  • tobacco mosaic virus [ENG31-01337159-n] (the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic)
                  • viroid [ENG31-01337331-n] (the smallest of viruses)
                  • onion yellow-dwarf virus [ENG31-01344221-n] (the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of onion plants)
                  • potato yellow-dwarf virus [ENG31-01344368-n] (the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of potato plants)
                • animal virus [ENG31-01338300-n] (an animal pathogen that is a virus)

                  • adenovirus [ENG31-01332767-n] (any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye)

                    • parainfluenza virus [ENG31-01332955-n] (a virus that causes upper respiratory infection (including the common cold and bronchiolitis))
                  • arenavirus [ENG31-01333138-n] (animal viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae)

                    • Junin virus [ENG31-01333337-n] (the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever)
                    • Lassa virus [ENG31-01333493-n] (the RNA virus that causes Lassa fever)
                    • lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [ENG31-01333607-n] (the RNA virus that causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis)
                    • Machupo virus [ENG31-01333829-n] (the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever)
                  • bunyavirus [ENG31-01334163-n] (an animal virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae)
                  • filovirus [ENG31-01334508-n] (animal viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae)

                    • Ebola virus [ENG31-01334650-n] (a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever)
                    • Marburg virus [ENG31-01334822-n] (a filovirus that causes Marburg disease)
                  • alphavirus [ENG31-01335129-n] (an arbovirus of the family Togaviridae that can cause a variety of encephalitis in horses)
                  • flavivirus [ENG31-01335436-n] (animal viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae)

                    • West Nile virus [ENG31-01335581-n] (the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis)
                  • vesiculovirus [ENG31-01336124-n] (an animal virus that causes vesicular stomatitis)
                  • poxvirus [ENG31-01336372-n] (any of a group of viruses that can cause pox diseases in vertebrates)

                    • myxoma virus [ENG31-01336531-n] (a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus)
                    • variola virus [ENG31-01336677-n] (the virus that causes smallpox in humans)

                      • variola major [ENG31-01336858-n] (a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent)
                      • variola minor [ENG31-01337009-n] (a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent)
                  • hepadnavirus [ENG31-01338717-n] (a group of animal DNA viruses including viruses of ducks and woodchucks and squirrels and others as well as the virus causing hepatitis B in humans)
                  • retrovirus [ENG31-01338923-n] (any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA))

                    • human T-cell leukemia virus-1 [ENG31-01339240-n] (retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia)
                    • human immunodeficiency virus [ENG31-01339359-n] (the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS))
                  • myxovirus [ENG31-01339551-n] (any of a group of RNA viruses including those that cause influenza and mumps)

                    • orthomyxovirus [ENG31-01339719-n] (a group of viruses including those causing influenza)
                    • paramyxovirus [ENG31-01339832-n] (a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles)

                      • respiratory syncytial virus [ENG31-01339970-n] (a paramyxovirus that forms syncytia in tissue culture and that is responsible for severe respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia (especially in children))
                  • picornavirus [ENG31-01340224-n] (a group of single-strand RNA viruses with a protein coat)

                    • enterovirus [ENG31-01340556-n] (any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system))

                      • poliovirus [ENG31-01340375-n] (the virus causing poliomyelitis)
                      • hepatitis A virus [ENG31-01340463-n] (the virus causing hepatitis A)
                      • coxsackievirus [ENG31-01340819-n] (enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis)
                      • echovirus [ENG31-01340974-n] (any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants)
                    • rhinovirus [ENG31-01341178-n] (any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections)
                  • herpes [ENG31-01341326-n] (any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin)

                    • herpes simplex [ENG31-01341549-n] (a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system)

                      • herpes simplex 1 [ENG31-01341724-n] (a herpes virus that causes oral herpes)
                      • herpes simplex 2 [ENG31-01341847-n] (a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes)
                    • herpes zoster [ENG31-01341977-n] (a herpes virus that causes shingles)

                      • herpes varicella zoster [ENG31-01342112-n] (a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles)
                    • Epstein-Barr virus [ENG31-01342264-n] (the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis)
                    • cytomegalovirus [ENG31-01342442-n] (any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects)
                    • varicella zoster virus [ENG31-01342655-n] (the member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for chickenpox)
                  • papovavirus [ENG31-01342796-n] (any of a group of animal viruses associated with or causing papillomas or polyomas)

                    • human papilloma virus [ENG31-01342972-n] (any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital tumors)
                    • polyoma [ENG31-01343163-n] (a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice)
                  • rhabdovirus [ENG31-01343289-n] (any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies)
                  • lyssavirus [ENG31-01343426-n] (a neurotropic non-arbovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae that causes rabies)
                  • reovirus [ENG31-01343576-n] (any of a group of non-arboviruses including the rotavirus causing infant enteritis)

                    • rotavirus [ENG31-01343731-n] (the reovirus causing infant enteritis)
                  • parvovirus [ENG31-01343824-n] (any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle)
                • slow virus [ENG31-01344051-n] (a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear)
                • tumor virus [ENG31-01374418-n] (a cell-free filtrate held to be a virus responsible for a specific neoplasm)

                  • wound tumor virus [ENG31-01374569-n] (a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers)
                • vector [ENG31-01374679-n] ((genetics) a virus or other agent that is used to deliver DNA to a cell)

                  • cosmid [ENG31-01374840-n] ((genetics) a large vector that is made from a bacteriophage and used to clone genes or gene fragments)
              • moneran [ENG31-01344910-n] (organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)

                • archaebacteria [ENG31-01350224-n] (considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae)

                  • methanogen [ENG31-01350499-n] (archaebacteria found in anaerobic environments such as animal intestinal tracts or sediments or sewage and capable of producing methane)
                  • halophile [ENG31-01350716-n] (archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival)

                    • halobacteria [ENG31-01350873-n] (halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats)
                  • thermoacidophile [ENG31-01351029-n] (archaebacteria that thrive in strongly acidic environments at high temperatures)
                • eubacteria [ENG31-01357967-n] (a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls)

                  • bacillus [ENG31-01352589-n] (aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium)

                    • Bacillus anthracis [ENG31-01352867-n] (a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs))
                    • Bacillus subtilis [ENG31-01353126-n] (a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter)
                    • Yersinia pestis [ENG31-01353342-n] (a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague)
                  • coccus [ENG31-01353496-n] (any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria)

                    • staphylococcus [ENG31-01382030-n] (spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies)
                  • coccobacillus [ENG31-01353635-n] (a bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus)

                    • Brucella [ENG31-01353811-n] (an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis)
                  • spirillum [ENG31-01353956-n] (any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form)
                  • clostridium [ENG31-01359797-n] (spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore)
                  • botulinus [ENG31-01359969-n] (anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism)
                  • clostridium perfringens [ENG31-01360148-n] (anaerobic Gram-positive rod bacterium that produces epsilon toxin)
                  • cyanobacteria [ENG31-01361213-n] (predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll)

                    • nostoc [ENG31-01362006-n] (found in moist places as rounded jellylike colonies)
                    • trichodesmium [ENG31-01362403-n] (large colonial bacterium common in tropical open-ocean waters)
                  • phototrophic bacteria [ENG31-01362586-n] (green and purple bacteria)

                    • purple bacteria [ENG31-01362821-n] (free-living Gram-negative pink to purplish-brown bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll)
                  • pseudomonad [ENG31-01363902-n] (bacteria usually producing greenish fluorescent water-soluble pigment)

                    • ring rot bacteria [ENG31-01363754-n] (causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc)
                  • xanthomonad [ENG31-01364324-n] (bacteria producing yellow non-water-soluble pigments)
                  • nitric bacteria [ENG31-01364977-n] (soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates)
                  • nitrosobacteria [ENG31-01365264-n] (soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites)
                  • thiobacillus [ENG31-01365762-n] (small rod-shaped bacteria living in sewage or soil and oxidizing sulfur)

                    • thiobacteria [ENG31-01365929-n] (any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus)
                  • spirillum [ENG31-01366360-n] (spirally twisted elongate rodlike bacteria usually living in stagnant water)

                    • ratbite fever bacterium [ENG31-01366528-n] (a bacterium causing ratbite fever)
                  • vibrio [ENG31-01366803-n] (curved rodlike motile bacterium)

                    • comma bacillus [ENG31-01366970-n] (comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera)
                    • Vibrio fetus [ENG31-01367113-n] (bacteria that cause abortion in sheep)
                  • corynebacterium [ENG31-01368917-n] (any species of the genus Corynebacterium)

                    • Corynebacterium diphtheriae [ENG31-01369341-n] (a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria)
                  • listeria [ENG31-01369724-n] (any species of the genus Listeria)

                    • Listeria monocytogenes [ENG31-01369849-n] (the type species of the genus Listeria)
                  • enteric bacteria [ENG31-01370413-n] (rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria)

                    • escherichia [ENG31-01370857-n] (a genus of enteric bacteria)

                      • Escherichia coli [ENG31-01370979-n] (a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals)
                    • klebsiella [ENG31-01371313-n] (a genus of nonmotile rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria)
                    • salmonella [ENG31-01371614-n] (rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria)

                      • Salmonella enteritidis [ENG31-01371851-n] (a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans)
                      • Salmonella typhimurium [ENG31-01371999-n] (a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans)
                      • typhoid bacillus [ENG31-01372125-n] (a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever)
                    • shigella [ENG31-01372901-n] (rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria)

                      • shiga bacillus [ENG31-01373106-n] (a bacillus that causes dysentery)
                    • erwinia [ENG31-01373339-n] (rod-shaped motile bacteria that attack plants)
                  • endospore-forming bacteria [ENG31-01373457-n] (a group of true bacteria)
                  • rickettsia [ENG31-01374124-n] (any of a group of very small rod-shaped bacteria that live in biting arthropods (as ticks and mites) and cause disease in vertebrate hosts)
                  • chlamydia [ENG31-01375350-n] (coccoid rickettsia infesting birds and mammals)

                    • Chlamydia psittaci [ENG31-01375585-n] (bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia)
                    • Chlamydia trachomatis [ENG31-01375731-n] (bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum)
                  • mycoplasma [ENG31-01376467-n] (any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen)

                    • pleuropneumonialike organism [ENG31-01376704-n] (a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans)
                  • actinomycete [ENG31-01377845-n] (any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales)

                    • streptomyces [ENG31-01378878-n] (aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin))

                      • Streptomyces erythreus [ENG31-01379078-n] (source of the antibiotic erythromycin)
                      • Streptomyces griseus [ENG31-01379184-n] (source of the antibiotic streptomycin)
                      • potato scab bacteria [ENG31-01379288-n] (cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue)
                  • actinomyces [ENG31-01378401-n] (soil-inhabiting saprophytes and disease-producing plant and animal parasites)
                  • mycobacteria [ENG31-01379733-n] (rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases)

                    • tubercle bacillus [ENG31-01379919-n] (cause of tuberculosis)
                    • leprosy bacillus [ENG31-01380445-n] (cause of leprosy)
                  • myxobacteria [ENG31-01381186-n] (bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime)
                  • lactobacillus [ENG31-01382759-n] (a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk))

                    • acidophilus [ENG31-01382939-n] (a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics)
                  • streptococcus [ENG31-01383685-n] (spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains)
                  • spirochete [ENG31-01384674-n] (parasitic or free-living bacteria)

                    • treponema [ENG31-01385340-n] (spirochete that causes disease in humans (e.g. syphilis and yaws))
                    • borrelia [ENG31-01385668-n] (cause of e.g. European and African relapsing fever)
                    • Borrelia burgdorferi [ENG31-01385792-n] (cause of Lyme disease)
                    • leptospira [ENG31-01386143-n] (important pathogens causing Weil's disease or canicola fever)
              • bacteria [ENG31-01351171-n] ((microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission)

                • acidophil [ENG31-01351974-n] (an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment)
                • probiotic [ENG31-01352136-n] (a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals)
                • bacteroid [ENG31-01352376-n] (a rodlike bacterium (especially any of the rod-shaped or branched bacteria in the root nodules of nitrogen-fixing plants))
                • Calymmatobacterium [ENG31-01367763-n] (a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale)
                • Francisella [ENG31-01368115-n] (a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans))
                • gonococcus [ENG31-01368526-n] (the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea)
                • Legionella pneumophilia [ENG31-01376865-n] (the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease)
                • nitrobacterium [ENG31-01377098-n] (any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle)

                  • nitrate bacterium [ENG31-01377344-n] (any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates)
                  • nitrite bacterium [ENG31-01377487-n] (any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites)
                • penicillin-resistant bacteria [ENG31-01380033-n] (bacteria that are unaffected by penicillin)
                • pus-forming bacteria [ENG31-01380151-n] (bacteria that produce pus)
                • rod [ENG31-01380243-n] (any rod-shaped bacterium)

                  • streptobacillus [ENG31-01380335-n] (any of various rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria)
                • diplococcus [ENG31-01383251-n] (Gram-positive bacteria usually occurring in pairs)

                  • pneumococcus [ENG31-01383395-n] (bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans)
                • superbug [ENG31-02250602-n] (a strain of bacteria that is resistant to all antibiotics)
              • microbe [ENG31-01387132-n] (a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium))
              • pathogen [ENG31-01388648-n] (any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism))
              • protoctist [ENG31-01389706-n] (any of the unicellular protists)

                • protozoan [ENG31-01392148-n] (any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic)

                  • sarcodinian [ENG31-01392764-n] (protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods)

                    • actinopod [ENG31-01393107-n] (protozoa having stiff rodlike radiating pseudopods)

                      • heliozoan [ENG31-01393404-n] (protozoa with spherical bodies and stiff radiating pseudopods)
                      • radiolarian [ENG31-01393669-n] (protozoa with amoeba-like bodies and radiating filamentous pseudopods)
                  • rhizopod [ENG31-01394032-n] (protozoa characterized by a pseudopod)

                    • ameba [ENG31-01395021-n] (naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion)

                      • endameba [ENG31-01394916-n] (any ameba of the genus Endamoeba)

                        • Endamoeba histolytica [ENG31-01395333-n] (the parasitic ameba that causes amebic dysentery in human beings)
                    • foram [ENG31-01395671-n] (marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude)

                      • globigerina [ENG31-01396127-n] (marine protozoan having a rounded shell with spiny processes)
                      • nummulite [ENG31-01396394-n] (large fossil protozoan of the Tertiary period)
                    • testacean [ENG31-01396681-n] (any of various rhizopods of the order Testacea characterized by having a shell)
                  • arcella [ENG31-01397133-n] (an amoeba-like protozoan with a chitinous shell resembling an umbrella)
                  • difflugia [ENG31-01397412-n] (a protozoan with an ovoid shell of cemented sand grains)
                  • ciliate [ENG31-01397895-n] (a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell)

                    • infusorian [ENG31-01398414-n] (any member of the subclass Infusoria)
                    • paramecium [ENG31-01398689-n] (any member of the genus Paramecium)
                    • tetrahymena [ENG31-01398963-n] (relative of the paramecium)
                    • stentor [ENG31-01399258-n] (any of several trumpet-shaped ciliate protozoans that are members of the genus Stentor)
                    • vorticella [ENG31-01399592-n] (any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk)
                  • euglena [ENG31-01409377-n] (minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella)
                  • flagellate [ENG31-01419226-n] (a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages)

                    • dinoflagellate [ENG31-01420002-n] (chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella)

                      • noctiluca [ENG31-01420315-n] (large bioluminescent marine protozoan)
                      • peridinian [ENG31-01420755-n] (flagellate with a thick test composed of plates)
                    • Leishmania [ENG31-01421139-n] (flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis)
                    • zoomastigote [ENG31-01421261-n] (flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics)
                    • hypermastigote [ENG31-01421588-n] (flagellate symbiotic in the intestines of e.g. termites)
                    • polymastigote [ENG31-01421973-n] (flagellates with several flagella)
                    • costia [ENG31-01422214-n] (a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis)
                    • giardia [ENG31-01422529-n] (a suspected cause of diarrhea in humans)
                    • trichomonad [ENG31-01423166-n] (cause of trichomoniasis in women and cattle and birds)
                  • plantlike flagellate [ENG31-01423501-n] (unicellular organisms having many characteristics of typical algae)
                  • sporozoan [ENG31-01424448-n] (parasitic spore-forming protozoan)

                    • sporozoite [ENG31-01424826-n] (one of the minute active bodies into which sporozoans divide in one stage of their life cycle)
                    • trophozoite [ENG31-01424976-n] (a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle)
                    • merozoite [ENG31-01425091-n] (a cell that arises from the asexual division of a parent sporozoan during its life cycle)
                    • coccidium [ENG31-01425943-n] (parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates)
                    • gregarine [ENG31-01426258-n] (vermiform protozoans parasitic in insects and other invertebrates)
                    • haemosporidian [ENG31-01426612-n] (minute protozoans parasitic at some stage of the life cycle in blood cells of vertebrates including many pathogens)
                    • plasmodium [ENG31-01427061-n] (parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans)
                    • haemoproteid [ENG31-01427423-n] (related to malaria parasite and having a phase in the viscera of various birds)
                    • leucocytozoan [ENG31-01427864-n] (parasitic in birds)
                    • piroplasm [ENG31-01428275-n] (minute parasite of red blood cells of mammals transmitted by a tick and causing diseases of domestic animals)
                    • sarcosporidian [ENG31-01428955-n] (parasite of the muscles of vertebrates)
                    • haplosporidian [ENG31-01429266-n] (parasite in invertebrates and lower vertebrates of no known economic importance)
                    • actinomyxidian [ENG31-01429784-n] (parasites of worms)
                    • microsporidian [ENG31-01430040-n] (parasite of arthropods and fishes that invade and destroy host cells)
                    • myxosporidian [ENG31-01430344-n] (mostly parasitic in fishes and including various serious pathogens)
                • alga [ENG31-01399755-n] (primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves)

                  • seaweed [ENG31-01400138-n] (plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae)

                    • arame [ENG31-01400331-n] (an edible seaweed with a mild flavor)
                    • wrack [ENG31-01400419-n] (dried seaweed especially that cast ashore)
                    • seagrass [ENG31-01400512-n] (any of various seaweeds that grow underwater in shallow beds)
                    • sea wrack [ENG31-01400705-n] (growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp)
                    • tang [ENG31-01406354-n] (any of various coarse seaweeds)
                  • golden algae [ENG31-01402888-n] (algae having the pigments chlorophyll and carotene and xanthophyll)
                  • yellow-green algae [ENG31-01403032-n] (any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment)

                    • conferva [ENG31-01404483-n] (any of various algae of the genus Tribonema)
                  • confervoid algae [ENG31-01404680-n] (algae resembling confervae especially in having branching filaments)
                  • brown algae [ENG31-01405241-n] (algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments)

                    • kelp [ENG31-01406098-n] (large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds)

                      • sea tangle [ENG31-01406236-n] (any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria)
                    • fucoid [ENG31-01407006-n] (any of various algae of the family Fucaceae)
                    • rockweed [ENG31-01407269-n] (coarse brown seaweed growing on rocks exposed at low tide)

                      • fucus [ENG31-01407648-n] (any member of the genus Fucus)
                      • bladderwrack [ENG31-01407891-n] (a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure)
                      • bladderwrack [ENG31-01408257-n] (similar to and found with black rockweed)
                    • serrated wrack [ENG31-01407748-n] (brown algae seaweed with serrated edges)
                    • gulfweed [ENG31-01408499-n] (brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea)
                  • euglenoid [ENG31-01409545-n] (marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism)
                  • green algae [ENG31-01410439-n] (algae that are clear green in color)

                    • sea lettuce [ENG31-01411384-n] (seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds)
                    • pond scum [ENG31-01413098-n] (free-floating freshwater green algae)
                    • spirogyra [ENG31-01413330-n] (freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands)
                    • stonewort [ENG31-01415335-n] (any of various submerged aquatic algae of the genus Chara having nodes with whorled filamentlike branches)
                    • desmid [ENG31-01416098-n] (freshwater green algae)
                  • chlorella [ENG31-01414091-n] (any alga of the genus Chlorella)
                  • red algae [ENG31-01416583-n] (marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment)

                    • sea moss [ENG31-01416857-n] (any of various red algae having graceful rose to purple fronds (e.g. dulse or carrageen))
                    • Irish moss [ENG31-01417274-n] (dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America)
                    • dulse [ENG31-01417780-n] (coarse edible red seaweed)
                    • red laver [ENG31-01418165-n] (edible red seaweeds)
                  • cryptomonad [ENG31-01423974-n] (common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms)
              • protist [ENG31-01390092-n] (free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes)
            • aerobe [ENG31-01329538-n] (an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life)
            • anaerobe [ENG31-01329669-n] (an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live)

              • obligate anaerobe [ENG31-01329845-n] (an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen)
            • hybrid [ENG31-01329963-n] ((genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock)

              • dihybrid [ENG31-01330406-n] (a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each)
              • monohybrid [ENG31-01330550-n] (a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas))
            • polymorph [ENG31-01330762-n] (an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites)
            • relative [ENG31-01330943-n] (an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus))
            • plankton [ENG31-01386279-n] (the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water)
            • nekton [ENG31-01386954-n] (the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales)
            • parasite [ENG31-01387328-n] (an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant))

              • endoparasite [ENG31-01387658-n] (any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms))
              • ectoparasite [ENG31-01387971-n] (any external parasitic organism (as fleas))
              • parasitic plant [ENG31-13141205-n] (plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it)

                • parasite yew [ENG31-11678355-n] (rare and endangered monoecious parasitic conifer of New Caledonia)
                • buckleya [ENG31-12756577-n] (parasitic shrub of the eastern United States having opposite leaves and insignificant greenish flowers followed by oily dull green olivelike fruits)
                • bastard toadflax [ENG31-12756988-n] (woody creeping parasite of western North America having numerous thick powdery leaves and panicles of small dull-white flowers)
                • rabbitwood [ENG31-12757759-n] (shrub of southeastern United States parasitic on roots of hemlocks having sparse spikes of greenish flowers and pulpy drupes)
                • Loranthaceae [ENG31-12758143-n] (in some classification includes Viscaceae: parasitic or hemiparasitic shrublets or shrubs or small trees of tropical and temperate regions)
                • mistletoe [ENG31-12758658-n] (shrub of central and southeastern Europe)
                • American mistletoe [ENG31-12759019-n] (small herb with scalelike leaves on reddish-brown stems and berrylike fruits)
                • flame tree [ENG31-12759359-n] (a terrestrial evergreen shrub or small tree of western Australia having brilliant yellow-orange flowers)
                • mistletoe [ENG31-12760092-n] (Old World parasitic shrub having branching greenish stems with leathery leaves and waxy white glutinous berries)
                • mistletoe [ENG31-12760561-n] (American plants closely resembling Old World mistletoe)

                  • American mistletoe [ENG31-12760726-n] (the traditional mistletoe of Christmas in America: grows on deciduous trees and can severely weaken the host plant)
                • hemiparasite [ENG31-13141534-n] (a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis)
            • host [ENG31-01388168-n] (an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite)

              • intermediate host [ENG31-01388390-n] (a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle)
              • definitive host [ENG31-01388519-n] (the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place)
            • commensal [ENG31-01388823-n] (either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent)
            • myrmecophile [ENG31-01388995-n] (an organism such as an insect that habitually shares the nest of a species of ant)
            • eukaryote [ENG31-01418267-n] (an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria)
            • prokaryote [ENG31-01418561-n] (a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei)
            • zooid [ENG31-01418854-n] (one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan)
            • clone [ENG31-07956482-n] (a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction)
            • atavist [ENG31-09839265-n] (an organism that has the characteristics of a more primitive type of that organism)
            • individual [ENG31-10223458-n] (a single organism)

              • head [ENG31-10182947-n] (an individual person)
            • mascot [ENG31-10316895-n] (a character, animal or object that is adopted by a team or group as a symbolic figure)
            • mutant [ENG31-10361391-n] ((biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration)

              • freak [ENG31-10129212-n] (a person or animal that is markedly unusual or deformed)

                • leviathan [ENG31-10275425-n] (the largest or most massive thing of its kind)
            • postdiluvian [ENG31-10476169-n] (anything living after Noah's flood)
            • sitter [ENG31-10623367-n] (an organism (person or animal) that sits)
            • stander [ENG31-10667472-n] (an organism (person or animal) that stands)

              • standee [ENG31-10667184-n] (someone who stands in a place where one might otherwise sit (as a spectator who uses standing room in a theater or a passenger on a crowded bus or train))
            • utterer [ENG31-10763332-n] (an organism that can utter vocal sounds)
            • fungus [ENG31-13013628-n] (an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter)

              • Dutch elm fungus [ENG31-12985680-n] (fungus causing Dutch elm disease)
              • ergot [ENG31-12986386-n] (a fungus that infects various cereal plants forming compact black masses of branching filaments that replace many grains of the plant)

                • rye ergot [ENG31-12986711-n] (a sclerotium or hardened mass of mycelium)
              • black root rot fungus [ENG31-12987564-n] (fungus causing black root rot in apples)
              • dead-man's-fingers [ENG31-12987705-n] (the fruiting bodies of the fungi of the genus Xylaria)
              • sclerotinia [ENG31-12988896-n] (any fungus of the genus Sclerotinia)

                • brown cup [ENG31-12989069-n] (a variety of sclerotinia)
              • earthball [ENG31-12989891-n] (any of various fungi of the genus Scleroderma having hard-skinned subterranean fruiting bodies resembling truffles)

                • Scleroderma citrinum [ENG31-12990185-n] (an earthball fungus that is a dingy brownish yellow and a dark purplish interior)
                • Scleroderma flavidium [ENG31-12990430-n] (an earthball with a smooth upper surface that is at first buried in sand)
                • Scleroderma bovista [ENG31-12990687-n] (an earthball with a peridium that is firm dry and smooth when young but developing cracks when mature)
              • stalked puffball [ENG31-12991493-n] (mushroom of the genus Tulostoma that resembles a puffball)
              • false truffle [ENG31-12992160-n] (any of various fungi of the family Rhizopogonaceae having subterranean fruiting bodies similar to the truffle)

                • Rhizopogon idahoensis [ENG31-12992564-n] (a large whitish Rhizopogon that becomes greyish brown in maturity)
                • Truncocolumella citrina [ENG31-12992896-n] (a fungus with a round yellow to orange fruiting body that is found on the surface of the ground or partially buried)
              • slime mold [ENG31-12995747-n] (a naked mass of protoplasm having characteristics of both plants and animals)

                • true slime mold [ENG31-12996564-n] (a slime mold of the class Myxomycetes)
                • cellular slime mold [ENG31-12996958-n] (differing from true slime molds in being cellular and nucleate throughout the life cycle)

                  • dictostylium [ENG31-12997314-n] (any slime mold of the genus Dictostylium)
              • pond-scum parasite [ENG31-12998836-n] (an aquatic fungus of genus Synchytriaceae that is parasitic on pond scum)
              • potato wart fungus [ENG31-13000076-n] (fungus causing potato wart disease in potato tubers)
              • white fungus [ENG31-13000589-n] (a fungus that attacks living fish and tadpoles and spawn causing white fungus disease: a coating of white hyphae on especially peripheral parts (as fins))
              • white rust [ENG31-13002714-n] (fungus causing a disease characterized by a white powdery mass of conidia)
              • pythium [ENG31-13003228-n] (any fungus of the genus Pythium)

                • damping off fungus [ENG31-13003350-n] (fungus causing damping off disease in seedlings)
              • Phytophthora citrophthora [ENG31-13003675-n] (causes brown rot gummosis in citrus fruits)
              • Phytophthora infestans [ENG31-13003808-n] (fungus causing late blight in solanaceous plants especially tomatoes and potatoes)
              • clubroot fungus [ENG31-13004414-n] (a fungus resembling slime mold that causes swellings or distortions of the roots of cabbages and related plants)
              • truffle [ENG31-13006180-n] (any of various highly prized edible subterranean fungi of the genus Tuber)
              • coral fungus [ENG31-13006617-n] (any of numerous fungi of the family Clavariaceae often brightly colored that grow in often intricately branched clusters like coral)

                • club fungus [ENG31-13006533-n] (a club-shaped coral fungus)
              • tooth fungus [ENG31-13006987-n] (a fungus of the family Hydnaceae)
              • lichen [ENG31-13007816-n] (any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes)

                • ascolichen [ENG31-13008183-n] (a lichen in which the fungus component is an ascomycete)
                • basidiolichen [ENG31-13008295-n] (a lichen in which the fungus component is a basidiomycete)
                • lecanora [ENG31-13008918-n] (any lichen of the genus Lecanora)

                  • manna lichen [ENG31-13009101-n] (any of several Old World partially crustaceous or shrubby lecanoras that roll up and are blown about over African and Arabian deserts and used as food by people and animals)
                  • archil [ENG31-13009332-n] (any of various lecanoras that yield the dye archil)
                • roccella [ENG31-13009767-n] (a source of the dye archil and of litmus)
                • beard lichen [ENG31-13010698-n] (greenish grey pendulous lichen growing on trees)
                • horsehair lichen [ENG31-13011357-n] (any of several lichens of the genus Alectoria having a thallus consisting of filaments resembling hair)
                • reindeer moss [ENG31-13011944-n] (an erect greyish branching lichen of Arctic and even some north temperate regions constituting the chief food for reindeer and caribou and sometimes being eaten by humans)
                • crottle [ENG31-13012597-n] (any of several lichens of the genus Parmelia from which reddish brown or purple dyes are made)
                • Iceland moss [ENG31-13012937-n] (lichen with branched flattened partly erect thallus that grows in mountainous and Arctic regions)
              • true fungus [ENG31-13016361-n] (any of numerous fungi of the division Eumycota)
              • basidiomycete [ENG31-13018414-n] (any of various fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota)

                • mushroom [ENG31-13018679-n] (any of various fleshy fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota consisting of a cap at the end of a stem arising from an underground mycelium)

                  • morel [ENG31-13052875-n] (any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap)

                    • common morel [ENG31-13053141-n] (an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges)
                    • Disciotis venosa [ENG31-13053378-n] (an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide)
                    • Verpa [ENG31-13053683-n] (a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top)

                      • Verpa bohemica [ENG31-13053894-n] (resembles a thimble on a finger)
                      • Verpa conica [ENG31-13054156-n] (a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface)
                    • black morel [ENG31-13054337-n] (a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it)
                    • Morchella crassipes [ENG31-13054639-n] (a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits)
                    • Morchella semilibera [ENG31-13054822-n] (a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length)
                • agaric [ENG31-13019575-n] (a saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrellalike cap with gills on the underside)

                  • mushroom [ENG31-13021651-n] (mushrooms and related fleshy fungi (including toadstools, puffballs, morels, coral fungi, etc.))
                  • mushroom [ENG31-13021801-n] (common name for an edible agaric (contrasting with the inedible toadstool))
                  • toadstool [ENG31-13021966-n] (common name for an inedible or poisonous agaric (contrasting with the edible mushroom))
                  • horse mushroom [ENG31-13022126-n] (coarse edible mushroom with a hollow stem and a broad white cap)
                  • meadow mushroom [ENG31-13022289-n] (common edible mushroom found naturally in moist open soil)
                  • royal agaric [ENG31-13023510-n] (widely distributed edible mushroom resembling the fly agaric)
                  • false deathcap [ENG31-13023685-n] (agaric often confused with the death cup)
                  • fly agaric [ENG31-13023821-n] (poisonous (but rarely fatal) woodland fungus having a scarlet cap with white warts and white gills)
                  • death cap [ENG31-13024014-n] (extremely poisonous usually white fungus with a prominent cup-shaped base)
                  • blushing mushroom [ENG31-13024282-n] (yellowish edible agaric that usually turns red when touched)
                  • destroying angel [ENG31-13024472-n] (fungus similar to Amanita phalloides)
                  • chanterelle [ENG31-13025183-n] (widely distributed edible mushroom rich yellow in color with a smooth cap and a pleasant apricot aroma)
                  • floccose chanterelle [ENG31-13025400-n] (a mildly poisonous fungus with a fruiting body shaped like a hollow trumpet)
                  • pig's ears [ENG31-13025586-n] (an edible agaric with a brown fruiting body that is often compound)
                  • cinnabar chanterelle [ENG31-13025752-n] (mushroom with a distinctive pink to vermillion fruiting body)
                  • jack-o-lantern fungus [ENG31-13026089-n] (a large poisonous agaric with orange caps and narrow clustered stalks)
                  • inky cap [ENG31-13026744-n] (having a cap that melts into an inky fluid after spores have matured)
                  • shaggymane [ENG31-13026931-n] (common edible mushroom having an elongated shaggy white cap and black spores)
                  • milkcap [ENG31-13027391-n] (edible mushroom)
                  • fairy-ring mushroom [ENG31-13027654-n] (mushroom that grows in a fairy ring)
                  • oyster mushroom [ENG31-13028177-n] (edible agaric with a soft greyish cap growing in shelving masses on dead wood)
                  • olive-tree agaric [ENG31-13028389-n] (red luminescent mushroom of Europe)
                  • Pholiota astragalina [ENG31-13028917-n] (a fungus with a smooth orange cap and yellow gills and pale yellow stalk)
                  • Pholiota aurea [ENG31-13029075-n] (a beautiful yellow gilled fungus found from Alaska south along the coast)
                  • Pholiota destruens [ENG31-13029245-n] (a large fungus with whitish scales on the cap and remnants of the veil hanging from the cap)
                  • Pholiota flammans [ENG31-13029449-n] (a fungus with a yellow cap covered with fine scales as is the stalk)
                  • Pholiota flavida [ENG31-13029599-n] (a fungus that grows in clusters on the ground)
                  • nameko [ENG31-13029845-n] (one of the most important fungi cultivated in Japan)
                  • Pholiota squarrosa-adiposa [ENG31-13030004-n] (a gilled fungus having yellow slimy caps with conspicuous tawny scales on the caps and stalks)
                  • Pholiota squarrosa [ENG31-13030189-n] (a gilled fungus with a cap and stalk that are conspicuously scaly with upright scales)
                  • Pholiota squarrosoides [ENG31-13030416-n] (a pale buff fungus with tawny scales)
                  • Stropharia ambigua [ENG31-13031454-n] (a gilled fungus with a long stalk and a yellow slimy cap from which fragments of the broken veil hang)
                  • Stropharia hornemannii [ENG31-13031711-n] (a gilled fungus with a large slimy purple or olive cap)
                  • Stropharia rugoso-annulata [ENG31-13031981-n] (a large gilled fungus with a broad cap and a long stalk)
                  • Entoloma lividum [ENG31-13033013-n] (a deadly poisonous agaric)
                  • Entoloma aprile [ENG31-13033229-n] (an agaric with a dark brown conical cap)
                  • Chlorophyllum molybdites [ENG31-13033733-n] (a poisonous agaric with a fibrillose cap and brown scales on a white ground color)
                  • lepiota [ENG31-13034294-n] (any fungus of the genus Lepiota)

                    • poisonous parasol [ENG31-13034725-n] (an agaric regarded as poisonous)
                    • Lepiota naucina [ENG31-13034857-n] (an agaric with greyish white fruiting body and gills that change from pink to dingy red)
                    • Lepiota rhacodes [ENG31-13035025-n] (an agaric with a large cap with brown scales and a thick stalk)
                    • American parasol [ENG31-13035169-n] (an agaric with a pallid cap and a stalk that is enlarged near the base)
                    • Lepiota rubrotincta [ENG31-13035341-n] (an agaric with a relatively small pink to red cap and white gills and stalk)
                    • Lepiota clypeolaria [ENG31-13035501-n] (an agaric with a ragged stalk and a soft floccose cap)
                    • onion stem [ENG31-13035639-n] (a white agaric that tends to cluster and has a club-shaped base)
                  • parasol mushroom [ENG31-13034524-n] (edible long-stalked mushroom with white flesh and gills and spores)
                  • blewits [ENG31-13037862-n] (edible agaric that is pale lilac when young)
                  • sandy mushroom [ENG31-13038000-n] (an edible agaric that fruits in great clusters (especially in sandy soil under cottonwood trees))
                  • Tricholoma pessundatum [ENG31-13038199-n] (a mildly poisonous agaric with a viscid reddish brown cap and white gills and stalk)
                  • Tricholoma sejunctum [ENG31-13038370-n] (an agaric with a cap that is coated with dark fibrils in the center and has yellowish margins)
                  • man-on-a-horse [ENG31-13038549-n] (an edible agaric with yellow gills and a viscid yellow cap that has a brownish center)
                  • Tricholoma venenata [ENG31-13038739-n] (a poisonous white agaric)
                  • Tricholoma pardinum [ENG31-13038848-n] (a poisonous agaric having a pale cap with fine grey fibrils)
                  • Tricholoma vaccinum [ENG31-13038992-n] (an agaric with a cap that is densely covered with reddish fibrils and pale gills and stalk)
                  • Tricholoma aurantium [ENG31-13039167-n] (an orange tan agaric whose gills become brown by maturity)
                  • Pluteus aurantiorugosus [ENG31-13040256-n] (an agaric with a brilliant scarlet cap and a slender stalk)
                  • Pluteus magnus [ENG31-13040403-n] (an edible agaric found in piles of hardwood sawdust)
                  • deer mushroom [ENG31-13040595-n] (a small edible agaric with a slender stalk)
                  • straw mushroom [ENG31-13040951-n] (small tropical and subtropical edible mushroom having a white cap and long stem)
                  • Volvariella bombycina [ENG31-13041241-n] (a mushroom with a dry yellowish to white fibrillose cap)
                  • Clitocybe clavipes [ENG31-13041724-n] (an agaric with a flat cap that is greyish or yellowish brown with pallid gills and a stalk that bulges toward the base)
                  • Clitocybe dealbata [ENG31-13041926-n] (a small poisonous agaric)
                  • Clitocybe inornata [ENG31-13042092-n] (a fungus with a cap that is creamy grey when young and turns brown with age and a whitish stalk that stains yellow when handled)
                  • Clitocybe robusta [ENG31-13042303-n] (a large white agaric)
                  • Clitocybe irina [ENG31-13042449-n] (an edible agaric with large silky white caps and thick stalks)
                  • Clitocybe subconnexa [ENG31-13042627-n] (an edible white agaric that fruits in dense clusters)
                  • winter mushroom [ENG31-13042970-n] (an edible agaric that is available in early spring or late fall when few other mushrooms are)
                  • waxycap [ENG31-13091068-n] (any fungus of the family Hygrophoraceae having gills that are more or less waxy in appearance)

                    • Hygrocybe acutoconica [ENG31-13091635-n] (a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks)
                    • Hygrophorus borealis [ENG31-13092131-n] (a fungus with a white convex cap and arcuate white gills and a stalk that tapers toward the base)
                    • Hygrophorus caeruleus [ENG31-13092313-n] (a fungus with a broadly convex cap that is cream color with a tint of blue over the margin)
                    • Hygrophorus inocybiformis [ENG31-13092575-n] (a fungus with a drab squamulose cap and grey-brown squamules over the white background of the stalk and waxy grey-white gills)
                    • Hygrophorus kauffmanii [ENG31-13092791-n] (a fungus with a slightly viscid cap)
                    • Hygrophorus marzuolus [ENG31-13092969-n] (a grey fungus frequently found near melting snow banks)
                    • Hygrophorus purpurascens [ENG31-13093110-n] (a fungus with a viscid purplish red cap and stalk)
                    • Hygrophorus russula [ENG31-13093288-n] (an edible fungus with a reddish cap and close pale gills and dry stalk)
                    • Hygrophorus sordidus [ENG31-13093466-n] (an edible fungus with a large white cap and a dry stalk and white gills)
                    • Hygrophorus tennesseensis [ENG31-13093623-n] (a fungus having a brownish sticky cap with a white margin and white gills and an odor of raw potatoes)
                    • Hygrophorus turundus [ENG31-13093815-n] (a small fungus with orange cap and yellow gills found in sphagnum bogs)
                    • Hygrotrama foetens [ENG31-13094140-n] (a small grey-brown fungus with an unpleasant odor of mothballs)
                    • Neohygrophorus angelesianus [ENG31-13094463-n] (a fungus with a small brown convex cap with a depressed disc)
                  • Cortinarius armillatus [ENG31-13095379-n] (a fungus with large tawny caps and pale cinnamon gills and a red band of veil around the stalk)
                  • Cortinarius atkinsonianus [ENG31-13095574-n] (an edible fungus with a slimy viscid cap that is initially yellow but turns olive and then tawny)
                  • Cortinarius corrugatus [ENG31-13095780-n] (a fungus with a viscid wrinkled tawny cap)
                  • Cortinarius gentilis [ENG31-13096032-n] (a poisonous fungus with a bright yellow brown cap and a long cinnamon colored stalk)
                  • Cortinarius mutabilis [ENG31-13096201-n] (a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface)
                  • Cortinarius semisanguineus [ENG31-13096444-n] (a fungus with a dry brown cap and rusty red gills and a yellowish stalk)
                  • Cortinarius subfoetidus [ENG31-13096607-n] (a fungus with a sticky lavender cap and stalk that whitish above and covered with a silky lavender sheath)
                  • Cortinarius violaceus [ENG31-13096801-n] (a fungus that is violet overall with a squamulose cap)
                  • Gymnopilus spectabilis [ENG31-13097165-n] (a fungus with a brownish orange fruiting body and a ring near the top of the stalk)
                  • Gymnopilus validipes [ENG31-13097403-n] (a poisonous fungus with a dry cap and a cortina that does not leave much of a ring on the robust stalk)
                  • Gymnopilus ventricosus [ENG31-13097591-n] (a giant fungus of the Pacific Northwest)
                  • shoestring fungus [ENG31-13252576-n] (any of several fungi of the genus Armillaria that form brown stringy rhizomorphs and cause destructive rot of the roots of some trees such as apples or maples)
                  • Armillaria caligata [ENG31-13252817-n] (fungus with a brown cap and white gills and a membranous ring halfway up the stalk)
                  • Armillaria ponderosa [ENG31-13253004-n] (a large white mushroom that develops brown stains as it ages)
                  • Armillaria zelleri [ENG31-13253261-n] (a large fungus with viscid cap that dries and turns brown with age)
                  • honey mushroom [ENG31-13253677-n] (a honey-colored edible mushroom commonly associated with the roots of trees in late summer and fall)
                • gill fungus [ENG31-13032355-n] (a basidiomycete with gills)
                • polypore [ENG31-13070713-n] (woody pore fungi)

                  • bracket fungus [ENG31-13071157-n] (a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures)
                  • Albatrellus dispansus [ENG31-13071465-n] (a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor)
                  • Albatrellus ovinus [ENG31-13071700-n] (a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk)
                  • Neolentinus ponderosus [ENG31-13072106-n] (a gilled polypore with a large cap (up to 15 inches in diameter) and a broad stalk)
                  • Nigroporus vinosus [ENG31-13072454-n] (a woody pore fungus with a dark brown to red brown cap and spore surface and small pores)
                  • Oligoporus leucospongia [ENG31-13072774-n] (a pore fungus with a whitish cottony soft cap found on conifer logs in forests at high elevation in the western United States and adjacent Canada)
                  • Polyporus tenuiculus [ENG31-13073008-n] (a fungus with a whitish kidney-shaped cap and elongated pores)
                  • Polyporus squamosus [ENG31-13073691-n] (a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity)
                  • beefsteak fungus [ENG31-13074368-n] (a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat)
              • shiitake [ENG31-13022690-n] (edible east Asian mushroom having a golden or dark brown to blackish cap and an inedible stipe)
              • scaly lentinus [ENG31-13022969-n] (a fungus with a scaly cap and white flesh and a ring on the stalk (with scales below the ring))
              • pink disease fungus [ENG31-13036269-n] (fungus causing pink disease in citrus and coffee and rubber trees etc)
              • bottom rot fungus [ENG31-13036448-n] (fungus causing bottom rot in lettuce)
              • potato fungus [ENG31-13036836-n] (fungus causing a disease in potatoes characterized by black scurfy spots on the tubers)
              • coffee fungus [ENG31-13037049-n] (fungus causing a disease in coffee and some other tropical plants)
              • Volvaria bombycina [ENG31-13039666-n] (a parasite on various trees)
              • sac fungus [ENG31-13043894-n] (any of various ascomycetous fungi in which the spores are formed in a sac or ascus)
              • ascomycete [ENG31-13044772-n] (any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus)

                • Geglossaceae [ENG31-13004633-n] (a type of ascomycetous fungus)
                • Sarcosomataceae [ENG31-13004721-n] (a type of ascomycetous fungus)

                  • black felt cup [ENG31-13004920-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                  • Rufous rubber cup [ENG31-13005027-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                  • charred pancake cup [ENG31-13005137-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                  • devil's cigar [ENG31-13005249-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                  • devil's urn [ENG31-13005355-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                  • winter urn [ENG31-13005459-n] (a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae)
                • Clavicipitaceae [ENG31-13045260-n] (any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes)

                  • grainy club [ENG31-13045413-n] (a variety of grainy club mushrooms)

                    • soldier grainy club [ENG31-12982819-n] (a variety of grainy club)
                • discomycete [ENG31-13049371-n] (any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes)

                  • Leotia lubrica [ENG31-13049697-n] (a discomycete that develops in clusters of slippery rubbery gelatinous fruiting bodies that are dingy yellow to tan in color)
                  • Mitrula elegans [ENG31-13049882-n] (a discomycete that is 3-8 cm high with an orange to yellow fertile portion and white or pinkish stalks often half in and half out of the water)
                  • Sarcoscypha coccinea [ENG31-13050086-n] (a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring)
                  • Caloscypha fulgens [ENG31-13050370-n] (an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup)
                  • Aleuria aurantia [ENG31-13050520-n] (a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors)
                  • Peziza domicilina [ENG31-13051376-n] (a discomycetous fungus of the genus Peziza)
                  • blood cup [ENG31-13051612-n] (a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp)
                  • Urnula craterium [ENG31-13051953-n] (an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior)
                  • Galiella rufa [ENG31-13052083-n] (the cup-shaped fruiting body of this discomycete has a jellylike interior and a short stalk)
                  • Jafnea semitosta [ENG31-13052234-n] (the fruiting bodies of this discomycete have a firm texture and long retain their cup shape)
              • yeast [ENG31-13046407-n] (any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division)

                • baker's yeast [ENG31-13046614-n] (used as a leaven in baking and brewing)
                • wine-maker's yeast [ENG31-13046775-n] (used in making wine)
              • Aspergillus fumigatus [ENG31-13048317-n] (a mold causing aspergillosis in birds and man)
              • brown root rot fungus [ENG31-13048639-n] (fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families)
              • Wynnea americana [ENG31-13055315-n] (a fungus composed of several apothecia that look like elongated rabbit ears)
              • Wynnea sparassoides [ENG31-13055548-n] (a fungus with a long solid stalk embedded in soil and a yellow-brown head shaped like a cauliflower)
              • false morel [ENG31-13056001-n] (a fungus of the family Helvellaceae)

                • helvella [ENG31-13056467-n] (any fungus of the genus Helvella having the ascocarps stalked or pleated or often in folds)

                  • Helvella crispa [ENG31-13056685-n] (a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color)
                  • Helvella acetabulum [ENG31-13056876-n] (a helvella with a cup-shaped fertile body having a brown interior)
                  • Helvella sulcata [ENG31-13057072-n] (a helvella with an irregularly convoluted cap that is dark brown when young and becomes dull grey with age)
                • discina [ENG31-13057564-n] (any fungus of the genus Discina)

                  • Discina macrospora [ENG31-13057667-n] (a discina with a flat or saucer-shaped fertile body that is brown on the upper surface)
              • lorchel [ENG31-13056149-n] (a large fungus of the family Helvellaceae)

                • Gyromitra fastigiata [ENG31-13059337-n] (a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk)
              • gyromitra [ENG31-13058166-n] (any fungus of the genus Gyromitra)

                • Gyromitra californica [ENG31-13058345-n] (a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk)
                • Gyromitra sphaerospora [ENG31-13058565-n] (a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores)
                • Gyromitra esculenta [ENG31-13058828-n] (a poisonous gyromitra)
                • Gyromitra infula [ENG31-13059136-n] (a poisonous fungus)
                • Gyromitra gigas [ENG31-13059504-n] (a gyromitra with a large irregular stalk and fertile part that is yellow to brown and wrinkled)
              • gasteromycete [ENG31-13060109-n] (any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes)

                • Podaxaceae [ENG31-12990953-n] (a variety of gastromycete)

                  • stalked puffball [ENG31-12991053-n] (a variety of Podaxaceae)
                • Calostoma lutescens [ENG31-13062703-n] (a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body that is globose and has a pale yellow spore case)
                • Calostoma cinnabarina [ENG31-13062894-n] (a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body this globose and has a red spore case)
                • Calostoma ravenelii [ENG31-13063076-n] (a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body with a thin gelatinous spore case and elliptical spores)
              • stinkhorn [ENG31-13061063-n] (any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales)

                • common stinkhorn [ENG31-13061389-n] (a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism)
                • Phallus ravenelii [ENG31-13061556-n] (this stinkhorn has a cap with a granulose surface at the apex and smells like decaying flesh)
                • dog stinkhorn [ENG31-13062072-n] (a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap)
                • stinky squid [ENG31-13063742-n] (a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus)
              • puffball [ENG31-13064686-n] (any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature)

                • giant puffball [ENG31-13065135-n] (huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight)
              • earthstar [ENG31-13065538-n] (any fungus of the family Geastraceae)

                • Geastrum coronatum [ENG31-13065970-n] (an earthstar with a bluish spore sac and a purplish brown gleba)
                • Astreus pteridis [ENG31-13066735-n] (the largest earthstar)
                • Astreus hygrometricus [ENG31-13066890-n] (a common species of earthstar widely distributed in sandy soil)
              • Radiigera fuscogleba [ENG31-13066354-n] (a fungus similar to an earthstar except that it does not open up)
              • bird's-nest fungus [ENG31-13067429-n] (any of various fungi of the family Nidulariaceae having a cup-shaped body containing several egg-shaped structure enclosing the spores)
              • Gastrocybe lateritia [ENG31-13068622-n] (a species of Gastrocybe fungus that has a conic cap and a thin stalk)
              • Macowanites americanus [ENG31-13069207-n] (a small fungus with a fragile cap that cracks to expose the white context and a white stalk that is practically enclosed by the cap)
              • Gastroboletus scabrosus [ENG31-13069692-n] (a dingy yellow brown fungus with a rough stalk that superficially resembles a bolete)
              • Gastroboletus turbinatus [ENG31-13069865-n] (a fungus with a cap that can vary from red to dark brown)
              • hen-of-the-woods [ENG31-13073430-n] (large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees)
              • agaric [ENG31-13074833-n] (fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses)
              • bolete [ENG31-13075320-n] (any fungus of the family Boletaceae)

                • Boletus chrysenteron [ENG31-13076183-n] (a fungus convex cap and a dingy yellow under surface and a dry stalk)
                • Boletus edulis [ENG31-13076337-n] (an edible and choice fungus)
                • Frost's bolete [ENG31-13076552-n] (a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk)
                • Boletus luridus [ENG31-13076709-n] (a poisonous fungus with a dingy yellow cap and orange red undersurface and a cylindrical reticulate stalk)
                • Boletus mirabilis [ENG31-13076895-n] (a fungus that is edible when young and fresh)
                • Boletus pallidus [ENG31-13077109-n] (a fungus that has an off-white cap when it is young but later becomes dingy brown and a stalk of the same color)
                • Boletus pulcherrimus [ENG31-13077367-n] (a beautiful but poisonous bolete)
                • Boletus pulverulentus [ENG31-13077559-n] (an edible fungus with a broadly convex blackish brown cap and a pore surface that is yellow when young and darkens with age)
                • Boletus roxanae [ENG31-13077814-n] (a fungus with a rusty red cap and a white pore surface that becomes yellow with age and a pale yellow stalk)
                • Boletus subvelutipes [ENG31-13078002-n] (a fungus with a velvety stalk and usually a dingy brown cap)
                • Boletus variipes [ENG31-13078182-n] (an edible (but not choice) fungus found on soil under hardwoods)
                • Boletus zelleri [ENG31-13078399-n] (an edible and choice fungus that has a brown cap with greenish yellow under surface and a stalk that become dull red with age)
                • Fuscoboletinus paluster [ENG31-13078797-n] (an edible fungus with a pinkish purple cap and stalk and a pore surface that is yellow with large angular pores that become like gills in maturity)
                • Fuscoboletinus serotinus [ENG31-13079032-n] (an edible fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and a whitish pore surface and stalk)
                • Leccinum fibrillosum [ENG31-13079368-n] (an edible fungus with a dark reddish brown cap and a wide light tan stalk that expands toward the base)
                • Phylloporus boletinoides [ENG31-13079723-n] (a fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and pores that extend part way down the stalk)
                • Suillus albivelatus [ENG31-13080058-n] (a short squat edible fungus with a reddish brown cap and white stalk)
                • old-man-of-the-woods [ENG31-13080417-n] (edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America)
                • Boletellus russellii [ENG31-13080777-n] (a fungus with a long coarsely shaggy reticulate stalk and a rimose areolate cap surface)
              • jelly fungus [ENG31-13080950-n] (any fungus of the order Tremellales or Auriculariales whose fruiting body is jellylike in consistency when fresh)

                • snow mushroom [ENG31-13081932-n] (popular in China and Japan and Taiwan)
                • witches' butter [ENG31-13082108-n] (a yellow jelly fungus)
                • Tremella foliacea [ENG31-13082231-n] (a jelly fungus with a fruiting body 5-15 cm broad and gelatinous in consistency)
                • Tremella reticulata [ENG31-13082464-n] (a jelly fungus with an erect whitish fruiting body and a highly variable shape (sometimes resembling coral fungi))
                • Jew's-ear [ENG31-13083181-n] (widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood)
              • rust [ENG31-13084029-n] (any of various fungi causing rust disease in plants)

                • flax rust [ENG31-13084871-n] (fungus causing flax rust)
                • blister rust [ENG31-13085217-n] (fungus causing white pine blister rust and having a complex life cycle requiring a plant of genus Ribes as alternate host)
                • wheat rust [ENG31-13085849-n] (rust fungus that attacks wheat)
                • apple rust [ENG31-13086274-n] (rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc)
              • smut [ENG31-13086889-n] (any fungus of the order Ustilaginales)

                • covered smut [ENG31-13087208-n] (a smut fungus causing a smut disease of grains in which the spore masses are covered or held together by the grain membranes)
                • loose smut [ENG31-13087739-n] (a smut fungus of the genus Ustilago causing a smut disease of grains in which the entire head is transformed into a dusty mass of spores)
                • cornsmut [ENG31-13087951-n] (a smut fungus attacking Indian corn)

                  • boil smut [ENG31-13088090-n] (a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass)
                • Sphacelotheca [ENG31-13088292-n] (genus of smut fungus)
                • head smut [ENG31-13088432-n] (smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut)
                • bunt [ENG31-13089015-n] (fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores)
                • bunt [ENG31-13089194-n] (similar to Tilletia caries)
                • onion smut [ENG31-13089495-n] (smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions)
                • flag smut fungus [ENG31-13089677-n] (a smut fungus causing a smut in cereals and other grasses that chiefly affects leaves and stems and is characterized chains of sori within the plant tissue that later rupture releasing black masses of spores)

                  • wheat flag smut [ENG31-13089984-n] (fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat)
              • felt fungus [ENG31-13090533-n] (fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States)
              • mold [ENG31-13097793-n] (a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter)

                • mucor [ENG31-12994203-n] (any mold of the genus Mucor)
                • rhizopus [ENG31-12994551-n] (any of various rot causing fungi of the genus Rhizopus)

                  • bread mold [ENG31-12994697-n] (a mold of the genus Rhizopus)
                • water mold [ENG31-13000840-n] (parasitic or saprobic organisms living chiefly in fresh water or moist soil)
              • mildew [ENG31-13098055-n] (a fungus that produces a superficial (usually white) growth on organic matter)

                • powdery mildew [ENG31-12984388-n] (any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe producing powdery conidia on the host surface)
                • downy mildew [ENG31-13001600-n] (any of various fungi of the family Peronosporaceae parasitic on e.g. grapes and potatoes and melons)

                  • blue mold fungus [ENG31-13001846-n] (fungus causing a serious disease in tobacco plants characterized by bluish-grey mildew on undersides of leaves)
                  • onion mildew [ENG31-13002061-n] (fungus causing a downy mildew on onions)
                  • tobacco mildew [ENG31-13002203-n] (fungus causing a downy mildew on growing tobacco)
              • verticillium [ENG31-13098781-n] (a fungus of the genus Verticillium)
              • monilia [ENG31-13099833-n] (any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Monilia)
              • candida [ENG31-13100179-n] (any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida)

                • Candida albicans [ENG31-13100327-n] (a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina)
              • blastomycete [ENG31-13101066-n] (any of various yeastlike budding fungi of the genus Blastomyces)
              • yellow spot fungus [ENG31-13101626-n] (fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia))
              • green smut fungus [ENG31-13101989-n] (fungus causing green smut in rice)
              • dry rot [ENG31-13102759-n] (a fungus causing dry rot)
              • rhizoctinia [ENG31-13103328-n] (any fungus now or formerly belonging to the form genus Rhizoctinia)
              • earthtongue [ENG31-13247769-n] (any club-shaped fungus of the genus Geoglossum)
            • nonvascular organism [ENG31-13105239-n] (organisms without vascular tissue: e.g. algae, lichens, fungi, mosses)

              • bryophyte [ENG31-11557778-n] (any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta)

                • moss [ENG31-11557957-n] (tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants)

                  • acrocarp [ENG31-11559740-n] (a moss in which the main axis is terminated by the archegonium (and hence the capsule))
                  • pleurocarp [ENG31-11559918-n] (a moss having the archegonium or antheridium on a short side branch rather than the main stalk)
                  • sphagnum [ENG31-11562588-n] (any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat)
                • liverwort [ENG31-11563091-n] (any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses)

                  • hornwort [ENG31-11559271-n] (liverworts with slender hornlike capsules)
                  • leafy liverwort [ENG31-11563556-n] (moss-like liverwort with tiny scalelike leaves)
                  • hepatica [ENG31-11564466-n] (a common liverwort)
            • relict [ENG31-13105393-n] (an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated)
            • saprophyte [ENG31-13144923-n] (an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium)
            • saprobe [ENG31-13145117-n] (an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water)
            • katharobe [ENG31-13145288-n] (an organism that lives in an oxygenated medium lacking organic matter)
          • life [ENG31-00006269-n] (living things collectively)

            • wildlife [ENG31-08010218-n] (all living things (except people) that are undomesticated)
          • biont [ENG31-00006400-n] (a discrete unit of living matter)
          • cell [ENG31-00006484-n] ((biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms)

            • blastomere [ENG31-01462305-n] (any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg)
            • flagellated cell [ENG31-01909790-n] (any cell or one-celled organism equipped with a flagellum)

              • choanocyte [ENG31-01909928-n] (any of the flagellated cells in sponges having a collar of cytoplasm around the flagellum)
            • fiber [ENG31-05236952-n] (any of several elongated, threadlike cells (especially a muscle fiber or a nerve fiber))

              • muscle cell [ENG31-05466808-n] (an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body)

                • striated muscle cell [ENG31-05467345-n] (an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue)
                • smooth muscle cell [ENG31-05468335-n] (cells of the smooth muscles)
              • nerve fiber [ENG31-05471756-n] (a threadlike extension of a nerve cell)

                • medullated nerve fiber [ENG31-05472030-n] (a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin)
                • effector [ENG31-05472880-n] (a nerve fiber that terminates on a muscle or gland and stimulates contraction or secretion)
                • axon [ENG31-05476501-n] (long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron)
                • dendrite [ENG31-05477513-n] (short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron)
                • motor fiber [ENG31-05482628-n] (a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands)
                • sensory fiber [ENG31-05483049-n] (a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system)
            • Kupffer's cell [ENG31-05250095-n] (specialized cells in the liver that destroy bacteria, foreign proteins, and worn-out blood cells)
            • beta cell [ENG31-05275882-n] (a cell that produces insulin in the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas)
            • somatic cell [ENG31-05438205-n] (any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells)

              • skin cell [ENG31-05248415-n] (any of the cells making up the skin)

                • epidermal cell [ENG31-05248561-n] (any of the cells making up the epidermis)

                  • melanoblast [ENG31-05248717-n] (an epidermal cell that is a precursor of a melanocyte)
                  • melanocyte [ENG31-05248828-n] (a cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin under the control of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
                • prickle cell [ENG31-05249005-n] (a cell in the germinal layer of the skin (the prickle-cell layer))
              • epithelial cell [ENG31-05249170-n] (one of the closely packed cells forming the epithelium)

                • columnar cell [ENG31-05249413-n] (an epithelial cell that is shaped like a column)

                  • spongioblast [ENG31-05249582-n] (any of various columnar epithelial cells in the central nervous system that develop into neuroglia)
                • cuboidal cell [ENG31-05249739-n] (an epithelial cell that shaped like a cube)
                • goblet cell [ENG31-05249868-n] (an epithelial cell that secretes mucous)
                • hair cell [ENG31-05249965-n] (a sensory epithelial cell present in the organ of Corti)
                • squamous cell [ENG31-05250271-n] (an epithelial cell that is flat like a plate and form a single layer of epithelial tissue)
                • taste cell [ENG31-05312888-n] (an epithelial cell in a taste bud that activates sensory fibers of the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve)
              • neoplastic cell [ENG31-05438753-n] (a cell that is part of tumor)

                • cancer cell [ENG31-05438861-n] (a cell that is part of a malignant tumor)
              • bone cell [ENG31-05455175-n] (a cell that is part of a bone)

                • megakaryocyte [ENG31-05456504-n] (a large bone marrow cell)
                • osteoclast [ENG31-05456649-n] (cell that functions in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue)
                • osteocyte [ENG31-05456772-n] (mature bone cell)
              • blood cell [ENG31-05456844-n] (either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets)

                • leukocyte [ENG31-05457535-n] (blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi)

                  • myelocyte [ENG31-05456173-n] (an immature leukocyte normally found in bone marrow)
                  • myeloblast [ENG31-05456280-n] (a precursor of leukocytes that normally occurs only in bone marrow)
                  • lymphocyte [ENG31-05458960-n] (an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection)

                    • B cell [ENG31-05459271-n] (a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity)
                    • T cell [ENG31-05459557-n] (a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus)

                      • helper T cell [ENG31-05459780-n] (T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells)
                      • killer T cell [ENG31-05460092-n] (T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it)
                    • lymphoblast [ENG31-05460341-n] (an immature lymphocyte)
                    • plasma cell [ENG31-05460421-n] (a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen)

                      • plasmablast [ENG31-05460633-n] (the precursor of a plasma cell)
                  • granulocyte [ENG31-05460721-n] (a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm)
                  • monocyte [ENG31-05460843-n] (a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria)

                    • monoblast [ENG31-05460988-n] (a large immature monocyte normally found in bone marrow)
                  • basophil [ENG31-05461099-n] (a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains)
                  • neutrophil [ENG31-05461233-n] (the chief phagocytic leukocyte)

                    • microphage [ENG31-05461391-n] (a neutrophil that ingests small things (as bacteria))
                  • eosinophil [ENG31-05461519-n] (a leukocyte readily stained with eosin)
                • packed cells [ENG31-05457946-n] (a preparation of blood cells separated from the liquid plasma)
                • red blood cell [ENG31-05461646-n] (a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues)

                  • megalocyte [ENG31-05457237-n] (abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia))
                  • megaloblast [ENG31-05457373-n] (abnormally large red blood cell present in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency)
                  • acanthocyte [ENG31-05462028-n] (an abnormal red blood cell that has thorny projections of protoplasm)
                  • microcyte [ENG31-05462154-n] (an abnormally small red blood cell (less than 5 microns in diameter))
                  • reticulocyte [ENG31-05462278-n] (an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules)
                  • sickle cell [ENG31-05462409-n] (an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin)
                  • siderocyte [ENG31-05462554-n] (an abnormal red blood cell containing granules of iron not bound in hemoglobin)
                  • spherocyte [ENG31-05462689-n] (an abnormal spherical red blood cell)
                  • target cell [ENG31-05462782-n] (an abnormal red blood cell with the appearance of a dark ring surrounding a dark center)
              • phagocyte [ENG31-05458464-n] (a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms)

                • macrophage [ENG31-05458316-n] (a large phagocyte)

                  • histiocyte [ENG31-05458193-n] (a macrophage that is found in connective tissue)
                • fixed phagocyte [ENG31-05458675-n] (a phagocyte that does not circulate in the blood but is fixed in the liver or spleen or bone marrow etc.)
                • free phagocyte [ENG31-05458841-n] (a phagocyte that circulates in the blood)
              • visual cell [ENG31-05463488-n] (one of the cells of the retina that is sensitive to light)

                • cone [ENG31-05463833-n] (a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color)
                • rod [ENG31-05464032-n] (a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light)
              • fat cell [ENG31-05464198-n] (cells composed of fat)
              • Schwann cell [ENG31-05472723-n] (any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath)
              • nerve cell [ENG31-05473219-n] (a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses)

                • ganglion cell [ENG31-05434923-n] (a nerve cell whose body is outside the central nervous system)
                • brain cell [ENG31-05473520-n] (a nerve cell in the brain)

                  • Golgi's cell [ENG31-05473657-n] (a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter)
                  • Purkinje cell [ENG31-05473896-n] (a large densely branching neuron that is the characteristic cell of the cerebellar cortex)
                • motor neuron [ENG31-05474348-n] (a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord)
                • sensory neuron [ENG31-05474544-n] (a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord)
              • neurogliacyte [ENG31-05475084-n] (a cell of the neuroglia)

                • astrocyte [ENG31-05475410-n] (comparatively large neuroglial cell)

                  • fibrous astrocyte [ENG31-05475574-n] (star-shaped cells with long processes)
                  • protoplasmic astrocyte [ENG31-05475750-n] (a kind of astrocyte found in the grey matter)
                • microgliacyte [ENG31-05476003-n] (a cell of the microglia that may become phagocytic and collect waste products of nerve tissue)
                • oligodendrocyte [ENG31-05476391-n] (a cell of the oligodendroglia)
              • hybridoma [ENG31-05477665-n] (a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumor cell)
              • mast cell [ENG31-05615357-n] (a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation)
              • stem cell [ENG31-05615618-n] (an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells))

                • hematopoeitic stem cell [ENG31-05615799-n] (blood forming stem cells in the bone marrow)
              • target cell [ENG31-05615961-n] (any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug, or is the focus of contact by a virus or phagocyte or nerve fiber etc.)
            • blastema [ENG31-05438978-n] (a mass of undifferentiated cells from which an organ or body part develops)
            • zygote [ENG31-05439502-n] ((genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell))

              • heterozygote [ENG31-05439806-n] ((genetics) an organism having two different alleles of a particular gene and so giving rise to varying offspring)
              • homozygote [ENG31-05439996-n] ((genetics) an organism having two identical alleles of a particular gene and so breeding true for the particular characteristic)
            • parthenote [ENG31-05440199-n] (a cell resulting from parthenogenesis)
            • embryonic cell [ENG31-05455333-n] (a cell of an embryo)

              • blastocyte [ENG31-05455538-n] (an undifferentiated embryonic cell)
              • ameloblast [ENG31-05455629-n] (a cell from which tooth enamel develops)
              • osteoblast [ENG31-05455725-n] (a cell from which bone develops)
              • erythroblast [ENG31-05455833-n] (a nucleated cell in bone marrow from which red blood cells develop)

                • sideroblast [ENG31-05456403-n] (an erythroblast having granules of ferritin)
              • fibroblast [ENG31-05455976-n] (a cell from which connective tissue develops)
              • neuroblast [ENG31-05456077-n] (a cell from which a nerve cell develops)
            • akaryocyte [ENG31-05457114-n] (a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte))
            • reproductive cell [ENG31-05464308-n] (a spermatozoon or an ovum)

              • gamete [ENG31-05464521-n] (a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes)

                • anisogamete [ENG31-05464777-n] (either of a pair of unlike gametes especially those unlike in size)
                • isogamete [ENG31-05464919-n] (either of a pair of conjugating gametes of the same size and structure)
                • sperm [ENG31-05465045-n] (the male reproductive cell)
                • ovum [ENG31-05465549-n] (the female reproductive cell)

                  • egg [ENG31-01463098-n] (animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes)

                    • nit [ENG31-01463787-n] (egg or young of an insect parasitic on mammals especially a sucking louse)
                    • spawn [ENG31-01463956-n] (the mass of eggs deposited by fish or amphibians or molluscs)

                      • roe [ENG31-01464173-n] (the egg mass or spawn of certain crustaceans such as the lobster)
                    • roe [ENG31-01464086-n] (the eggs or egg-laden ovary of a fish)
                    • silkworm seed [ENG31-01467407-n] (eggs of a silkworm)
                    • roe [ENG31-02325276-n] (eggs of female fish)
                  • ootid [ENG31-05465749-n] (mature ovum after penetration by sperm but before the formation of a zygote)
                  • ovule [ENG31-05465876-n] (a small or immature ovum)
                • spermatid [ENG31-05466677-n] (an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte)
                • oosphere [ENG31-11569842-n] (a gamete)
                • antherozoid [ENG31-13116302-n] (a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm)
            • gametocyte [ENG31-05465988-n] (an immature animal or plant cell that develops into a gamete by meiosis)

              • oocyte [ENG31-05466152-n] (a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions)
              • spermatocyte [ENG31-05466566-n] (a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids)
            • polar body [ENG31-05466279-n] (a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded)
            • Leydig cell [ENG31-05467033-n] (a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone)
            • Sertoli cell [ENG31-05467166-n] (elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis)
            • plant cell [ENG31-11550600-n] (a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant)
            • archespore [ENG31-11708847-n] (primitive cell or group of cells from which a mother cell develops)
            • daughter cell [ENG31-11709021-n] (a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell)
            • mother cell [ENG31-11709219-n] (cell from which another cell of an organism (usually of a different sort) develops)

              • spore mother cell [ENG31-11709427-n] (cell from which a spore develops)
            • arthrospore [ENG31-13113144-n] (one of a string of thick walled vegetative resting cells formed by some algae and fungi)
            • arthrospore [ENG31-13113307-n] (a body that resembles a spore but is not an endospore)
        • natural object [ENG31-00019308-n] (an object occurring naturally)

          • cocoon [ENG31-02315396-n] (silky envelope spun by the larvae of many insects to protect pupas and by spiders to protect eggs)
          • body [ENG31-05223633-n] (the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being))

            • life form [ENG31-05224317-n] (the characteristic bodily form of a mature organism)
            • human body [ENG31-05224424-n] (alternative names for the body of a human being)

              • person [ENG31-05224944-n] (a human body (usually including the clothing))
              • juvenile body [ENG31-05226571-n] (the body of a young person)

                • child's body [ENG31-05226694-n] (the body of a human child)
              • adult body [ENG31-05226835-n] (the body of an adult human being)

                • adult female body [ENG31-05227400-n] (the body of an adult woman)
                • adult male body [ENG31-05227580-n] (the body of an adult man)
              • male body [ENG31-05226998-n] (the body of a male human being)
              • female body [ENG31-05227197-n] (the body of a female human being)
            • live body [ENG31-05226062-n] (the body of a living animal or person)

              • system [ENG31-05226371-n] (the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole)
          • body [ENG31-05225115-n] (a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person)

            • kill [ENG31-01325752-n] (the body of an animal, or bodies of animals, killed by a person or another animal)
            • carcase [ENG31-01761398-n] (the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food)
            • carrion [ENG31-01761536-n] (the dead and rotting body of an animal)
            • roadkill [ENG31-01761650-n] (the dead body of an animal that has been killed on a road by a vehicle)
            • cadaver [ENG31-05225393-n] (the dead body of a human being)

              • cremains [ENG31-05225807-n] (the remains of a dead body after cremation)
            • mummy [ENG31-05225904-n] (a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt))
          • asterism [ENG31-09231384-n] ((astronomy) a cluster of stars (or a small constellation))
          • black body [ENG31-09245313-n] (a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it)
          • body [ENG31-09247818-n] (an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects)

            • chromosome [ENG31-05449707-n] (a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order)

              • sex chromosome [ENG31-05451227-n] ((genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual)

                • X chromosome [ENG31-05450170-n] (the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females)
                • XX [ENG31-05450365-n] ((genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female)
                • XXX [ENG31-05450492-n] ((genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female)
                • XXY [ENG31-05450626-n] ((genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome)
                • XY [ENG31-05450787-n] ((genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male)
                • XYY [ENG31-05450909-n] ((genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes)
                • Y chromosome [ENG31-05451060-n] (the sex chromosome that is carried by men)
              • autosome [ENG31-05451542-n] (any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome)
              • acentric chromosome [ENG31-05452186-n] (a chromosome lacking a centromere)
              • acrocentric chromosome [ENG31-05452285-n] (a chromosome with the centromere near one end so that one chromosomal arm is short and one is long)
              • metacentric chromosome [ENG31-05452675-n] (a chromosome having two equal arms because the centromere is in median position)
              • telocentric chromosome [ENG31-05452823-n] (a chromosome like a straight rod with the centromere in terminal position)
            • inclusion body [ENG31-09333712-n] (any small intracellular body found within another (characteristic of certain diseases))

              • plasmid [ENG31-09418159-n] (a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication)
              • Russell's body [ENG31-09440804-n] (an inclusion body found in plasma cells in cases of cancer)
            • mass [ENG31-09370952-n] (a body of matter without definite shape)

              • coprolith [ENG31-09279266-n] (a hard mass of fecal matter)
              • drift [ENG31-09293139-n] (a large mass of material that is heaped up by the wind or by water currents)

                • drumlin [ENG31-09293563-n] (a mound of glacial drift)
                • snowdrift [ENG31-09461844-n] (a mass of snow heaped up by the wind)
              • mat [ENG31-09371724-n] (a mass that is densely tangled or interwoven)
              • pulp [ENG31-09423701-n] (any soft or soggy mass)
            • particle [ENG31-09409315-n] (a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions)

              • virion [ENG31-01332576-n] ((virology) a complete viral particle)
              • alpha particle [ENG31-09216930-n] (a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom)
              • beta particle [ENG31-09242499-n] (a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope)
              • boson [ENG31-09249904-n] (any particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle)

                • gauge boson [ENG31-09310321-n] (a particle that mediates the interaction of two elementary particles)

                  • gluon [ENG31-09312708-n] (a gauge boson that mediates strong interaction among quarks)
                  • graviton [ENG31-09314539-n] (a gauge boson that mediates the (extremely weak) gravitational interactions between particles)
                  • intermediate vector boson [ENG31-09337034-n] (a gauge boson that mediates weak interactions between particles)
                  • photon [ENG31-09414116-n] (a quantum of electromagnetic radiation)
                • meson [ENG31-09375179-n] (an elementary particle responsible for the forces in the atomic nucleus)

                  • b-meson [ENG31-09247735-n] (exceedingly short-lived meson)
                  • J particle [ENG31-09345255-n] (a neutral meson with a large mass)
                  • kaon [ENG31-09346566-n] (an unstable meson produced as the result of a high-energy particle collision)
                  • pion [ENG31-09415549-n] (a meson involved in holding the nucleus together)
              • deuteron [ENG31-09289193-n] (the nucleus of deuterium)
              • elementary particle [ENG31-09294991-n] ((physics) a particle that is less complex than an atom)

                • antilepton [ENG31-09222219-n] (the antiparticle of a lepton)

                  • antimuon [ENG31-09222459-n] (the antiparticle of a muon)
                  • antineutrino [ENG31-09222606-n] (the antiparticle of a neutrino)
                  • antitauon [ENG31-09223297-n] (an antilepton of very great mass)
                  • positron [ENG31-09420771-n] (an elementary particle with positive charge)
                • antiparticle [ENG31-09222782-n] (a particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite values for its other properties)
                • antiquark [ENG31-09223195-n] (the antiparticle of a quark)
                • hadron [ENG31-09323580-n] (any elementary particle that interacts strongly with other particles)

                  • antibaryon [ENG31-09222097-n] (the antiparticle of a baryon)
                  • antimeson [ENG31-09222376-n] (the antiparticle of a meson)
                  • baryon [ENG31-09237930-n] (any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions)

                    • hyperon [ENG31-09331148-n] (any baryon that is not a nucleon)

                      • lambda particle [ENG31-09357172-n] (an electrically neutral baryon with isotopic spin 1)
                    • nucleon [ENG31-09397798-n] (a constituent (proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus)

                      • antineutron [ENG31-09222695-n] (the antiparticle of a neutron)
                      • antiproton [ENG31-09223071-n] (an unstable negatively charged proton)
                      • neutron [ENG31-09392431-n] (an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton)
                      • proton [ENG31-09422912-n] (a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron)

                        • hydrogen ion [ENG31-09330625-n] (a positively charged atom of hydrogen)
                • lepton [ENG31-09360919-n] (an elementary particle that participates in weak interactions)

                  • electron [ENG31-09294810-n] (an elementary particle with negative charge)

                    • delta ray [ENG31-09287931-n] (an electron ejected from matter by ionizing radiation)
                    • free electron [ENG31-09308554-n] (electron that is not attached to an atom or ion or molecule but is free to move under the influence of an electric field)
                    • photoelectron [ENG31-09413982-n] (an electron that is emitted from an atom or molecule by an incident photon)
                    • valence electron [ENG31-09491577-n] (an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules)
                  • muon [ENG31-09386111-n] (an elementary particle with a negative charge and a half-life of 2 microsecond)
                  • neutrino [ENG31-09392309-n] (an elementary, electrically neutral particle with a very small mass)
                  • tauon [ENG31-09478336-n] (a lepton of very great mass)
                • quark [ENG31-09424709-n] ((physics) hypothetical truly fundamental particle in mesons and baryons)

                  • bottom quark [ENG31-09250437-n] (a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron)
                  • charm quark [ENG31-09265138-n] (a quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 2900 times that of an electron and a charm of +1)
                  • down quark [ENG31-09292479-n] (a stable quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron)
                  • strange quark [ENG31-09471066-n] (a quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 988 times that of an electron and a strangeness of -1)
                  • top quark [ENG31-09482942-n] (a hypothetical quark with a charge of +2/3 and a mass more than 100,000 times that of an electron)
                  • up quark [ENG31-09490173-n] (a stable quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron)
                • strange particle [ENG31-09470955-n] (an elementary particle with non-zero strangeness)
                • string [ENG31-09472431-n] ((cosmology) a hypothetical one-dimensional subatomic particle having a concentration of energy and the dynamic properties of a flexible loop)
                • weakly interacting massive particle [ENG31-09499847-n] (a hypothetical subatomic particle of large mass that interacts weakly with ordinary matter through gravitation)
              • fermion [ENG31-09302067-n] (any particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics and is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle)
              • ion [ENG31-09338065-n] (a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative))

                • anion [ENG31-09220693-n] (a negatively charged ion)

                  • hydroxide ion [ENG31-14939096-n] (the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom)
                  • superoxide [ENG31-15089296-n] (the univalent anion O2-)
                • cation [ENG31-09261200-n] (a positively charged ion)

                  • diazonium [ENG31-14795992-n] (the univalent cation R-N:N- (where R is an aromatic hydrocarbon))
              • magnetic monopole [ENG31-09368689-n] (a hypothetical particle with a single magnetic pole instead of the usual two)
              • micelle [ENG31-09376500-n] (an electrically charged particle built up from polymeric molecules or ions and occurring in certain colloidal electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents)
              • prion [ENG31-09421810-n] ((microbiology) an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid)
              • virino [ENG31-09422073-n] ((microbiology) a hypothetical infectious particle thought to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system)
              • scintilla [ENG31-09448916-n] (a sparkling glittering particle)
              • superstring [ENG31-09474508-n] (a hypothetical particle that is the elementary particle in a theory of space-time)
              • thermion [ENG31-09480329-n] (an electrically charged particle (electron or ion) emitted by a substance at a high temperature)
          • carpet [ENG31-09259672-n] (a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet)
          • celestial body [ENG31-09262646-n] (natural objects visible in the sky)

            • minor planet [ENG31-09378520-n] (any of numerous small celestial bodies that move around the sun)

              • asteroid [ENG31-09231590-n] (any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter))

                • Chiron [ENG31-09266928-n] (an asteroid discovered in 1977)
              • Kuiper belt object [ENG31-09350611-n] (any of many minor planets in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune at the edge of the solar system)
            • planet [ENG31-09416900-n] ((astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light)

              • inferior planet [ENG31-09335905-n] (any of the planets whose orbit lies inside the earth's orbit)
              • Jovian planet [ENG31-09344993-n] (any of the four outermost planets in the solar system)
              • morning star [ENG31-09382368-n] (a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky)
              • outer planet [ENG31-09404392-n] ((astronomy) a major planet whose orbit is outside the asteroid belt (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto))
              • superior planet [ENG31-09474015-n] (any of the planets whose orbit lies outside the earth's orbit)
              • terrestrial planet [ENG31-09479499-n] (a planet having a compact rocky surface like the Earth's)
            • planet [ENG31-09417539-n] (any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star)
            • planetesimal [ENG31-09417979-n] (one of many small solid celestial bodies thought to have existed at an early stage in the development of the solar system)
            • primary [ENG31-09421644-n] ((astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it)
            • quasar [ENG31-09425245-n] (a starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy)
            • satellite [ENG31-09447148-n] (any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star)

              • Galilean satellite [ENG31-09308885-n] (one of the four satellites of Jupiter that were discovered by Galileo)
              • moon [ENG31-09381123-n] (any natural satellite of a planet)
            • star [ENG31-09467004-n] ((astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior)

              • binary star [ENG31-09243977-n] (a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation)
              • fixed star [ENG31-09303901-n] (any star in the Ptolemaic theory of planetary motion)
              • giant star [ENG31-09311675-n] (a very bright star of large diameter and low density (relative to the Sun))
              • lodestar [ENG31-09365469-n] (guiding star)
              • multiple star [ENG31-09385961-n] (a system of three or more stars associated by gravity)

                • Trapezium [ENG31-09484199-n] (a multiple star in the constellation of Orion)
              • neutron star [ENG31-09392603-n] (a star that has collapsed under its own gravity)

                • pulsar [ENG31-09423862-n] (a degenerate neutron star)
              • nova [ENG31-09397404-n] (a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and becomes more luminous in the process)
              • red dwarf [ENG31-09429076-n] (a small, old, relatively cool star)

                • flare star [ENG31-09304158-n] (a red dwarf star in which luminosity can change several magnitudes in a few minutes)
              • red giant [ENG31-09429246-n] (a large, old, luminous star)
              • sun [ENG31-09473603-n] (any star around which a planetary system revolves)
              • supergiant [ENG31-09473857-n] (an extremely bright star of very large diameter and low density)
              • supernova [ENG31-09474367-n] (a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process)
              • variable star [ENG31-09492282-n] (a star that varies noticeably in brightness)
              • white dwarf [ENG31-09501699-n] (a faint star of enormous density)
            • star [ENG31-09467687-n] (any celestial body visible (as a point of light) from the Earth at night)

              • starlet [ENG31-09467846-n] (a small star)
          • consolidation [ENG31-09275492-n] (something that has consolidated into a compact mass)
          • constellation [ENG31-09275876-n] (a configuration of stars as seen from the earth)
          • covering [ENG31-09280855-n] (a natural object that covers or envelops)

            • scale [ENG31-01905518-n] (a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals)

              • fish scale [ENG31-01905751-n] (scale of the kind that covers the bodies of fish)
              • squama [ENG31-01905875-n] (a protective structure resembling a scale)

                • alula [ENG31-02193117-n] (scalelike structure between the base of the wing and the halter of a two-winged fly)
            • shell [ENG31-01906823-n] (the hard largely calcareous covering of a mollusc or a brachiopod)

              • valve [ENG31-01907102-n] (one of the paired hinged shells of certain molluscs and of brachiopods)
              • valve [ENG31-01907224-n] (the entire one-piece shell of a snail and certain other molluscs)
              • scallop shell [ENG31-01907447-n] (a shell of a scallop)
              • oyster shell [ENG31-01907527-n] (a shell of an oyster)
              • phragmocone [ENG31-01907606-n] (the thin conical chambered internal shell (either straight or curved) of a belemnite)
              • seashell [ENG31-01959405-n] (the shell of a marine organism)
              • clamshell [ENG31-01959490-n] (the shell of a clam)
            • test [ENG31-01907340-n] (a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins)
            • body covering [ENG31-05245085-n] (any covering for the body or a body part)

              • hide [ENG31-01898376-n] (body covering of a living animal)
              • feather [ENG31-01898672-n] (the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds)

                • down [ENG31-01899202-n] (soft fine feathers)

                  • duck down [ENG31-01899376-n] (down of the duck)

                    • eiderdown [ENG31-01899485-n] (down of the eider duck)
                  • goose down [ENG31-01899601-n] (down of the goose)
                  • swan's down [ENG31-01899694-n] (down of the swan)
                  • plumule [ENG31-01899787-n] (down feather of young birds)
                • aftershaft [ENG31-01899898-n] (a supplementary feather (usually small) on the underside of the base of the shaft of some feathers in some birds)
                • contour feather [ENG31-01900177-n] (feathers covering the body of an adult bird and determining its shape)
                • bastard wing [ENG31-01900308-n] (tuft of small stiff feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing)
                • marabou [ENG31-01900492-n] (the downy feathers of marabou storks are used for trimming garments)
                • hackle [ENG31-01901100-n] (long slender feather on the necks of e.g. turkeys and pheasants)

                  • saddle hackle [ENG31-01901234-n] (a long narrow feather on the back (saddle) of a domestic fowl)
                • flight feather [ENG31-02471495-n] (any of the larger wing or tail feathers of a bird)

                  • primary [ENG31-02471711-n] (one of the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of a bird's wing)
                  • tail feather [ENG31-02471975-n] (feather growing from the tail (uropygium) of a bird)

                    • sickle feather [ENG31-01900067-n] (one of the long curved tail feathers of a rooster)
                • scapular [ENG31-02471879-n] (a feather covering the shoulder of a bird)
              • protective covering [ENG31-01905209-n] (the tough natural covering of some organisms)

                • armor [ENG31-01905391-n] (tough more-or-less rigid protective covering of an animal or plant)
                • scute [ENG31-01905987-n] (large bony or horny plate as on an armadillo or turtle or the underside of a snake)

                  • carapace [ENG31-01906397-n] (hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles)

                    • cuticula [ENG31-01898271-n] (the outer body wall of an insect)
                • sclerite [ENG31-01906139-n] (hard plate or element of the exoskeleton of some arthropods)
                • clypeus [ENG31-01906272-n] (a shield-like plate on the front of an insect's head)
              • exuviae [ENG31-05247419-n] (cast-off skins or coverings of various organisms during ecdysis)
              • hair [ENG31-05262259-n] (a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head))

                • coat [ENG31-01901372-n] (growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal)

                  • fur [ENG31-01901703-n] (dense coat of fine silky hairs on mammals (e.g., cat or seal or weasel))

                    • undercoat [ENG31-01901879-n] (thick soft fur lying beneath the longer and coarser guard hair)
                  • wool [ENG31-01902234-n] (outer coat of especially sheep and yaks)
                • guard hair [ENG31-01901547-n] (coarse hairs that form the outer fur and protect the underfur of certain mammals)
                • mane [ENG31-01902387-n] (long coarse hair growing from the crest of the animal's neck)

                  • encolure [ENG31-01902535-n] (the mane of a horse)
                • forelock [ENG31-01902647-n] (a lock of a horse's mane that grows forward between the ears)
                • beard [ENG31-02418916-n] (hairy growth on or near the face of certain mammals)
                • body hair [ENG31-05263061-n] (short hair growing over a person's body)
                • down [ENG31-05263175-n] (fine soft dense hair (as the fine short hair of cattle or deer or the wool of sheep or the undercoat of certain dogs))

                  • lanugo [ENG31-05263422-n] (the fine downy hair covering a human fetus)
                • mane [ENG31-05263568-n] (growth of hair covering the scalp of a human being)
                • cowlick [ENG31-05264185-n] (a tuft of hair that grows in a different direction from the rest of the hair and usually will not lie flat)
                • hairdo [ENG31-05264345-n] (the arrangement of the hair (especially a woman's hair))

                  • beehive [ENG31-05264876-n] (a hairdo resembling a beehive)
                  • bouffant [ENG31-05264959-n] (a woman's hairstyle in which the hair gives a puffy appearance)
                  • haircut [ENG31-05265076-n] (the style in which hair has been cut)

                    • brush cut [ENG31-05268197-n] (a short haircut with hairs standing up like a brush)
                    • crew cut [ENG31-05268304-n] (a closely cropped haircut)
                    • mohawk [ENG31-05268427-n] (haircut in which the head is shaved except for a band of hair down the middle of the scalp)
                  • Afro [ENG31-05266372-n] (a rounded thickly curled hairdo)
                  • bang [ENG31-05266468-n] (a border of hair that is cut short and hangs across the forehead)
                  • bob [ENG31-05266592-n] (a hair style for women and children)
                  • wave [ENG31-05266723-n] (a hairdo that creates undulations in the hair)

                    • finger wave [ENG31-05266909-n] (a wave made with the fingers)
                    • permanent wave [ENG31-05268016-n] (a series of waves in the hair made by applying heat and chemicals)
                  • braid [ENG31-05266995-n] (a hairdo formed by braiding or twisting the hair)

                    • queue [ENG31-05267306-n] (a braid of hair at the back of the head)
                    • pigtail [ENG31-05267397-n] (a plait of braided hair)
                  • chignon [ENG31-05267209-n] (a roll of hair worn at the nape of the neck)
                  • marcel [ENG31-05267474-n] (a hairdo characterized by deep regular waves that are made by a heated curling iron)
                  • pageboy [ENG31-05267610-n] (a smooth hair style with the ends of the hair curled inward)
                  • pompadour [ENG31-05267723-n] (a hair style in which the front hair is swept up from the forehead)
                  • ponytail [ENG31-05267863-n] (a hair style that draws the hair back so that it hangs down in back of the head like a pony's tail)
                  • roach [ENG31-05268587-n] (a roll of hair brushed back from the forehead)
                  • scalp lock [ENG31-05268702-n] (a long tuft of hair left on top of the shaven head)
                  • thatch [ENG31-05268809-n] (hair resembling thatched roofing material)
                • lock [ENG31-05265220-n] (a strand or cluster of hair)

                  • sausage curl [ENG31-05265450-n] (a fat sausage-shaped curl)
                  • forelock [ENG31-05265534-n] (a lock of hair growing (or falling) over the forehead)

                    • quiff [ENG31-05265660-n] (a prominent forelock (especially one brushed upward from the forehead))
                  • crimp [ENG31-05265782-n] (a lock of hair that has been artificially waved or curled)

                    • pin curl [ENG31-05265945-n] (a curl of hair made by dampening a strand of hair and curling it and holding the curl with a clip or bobby pin)
                    • spit curl [ENG31-05266110-n] (a spiral curl plastered on the forehead or cheek)
                  • dreadlock [ENG31-05266226-n] (one of many long thin braids of hair radiating from the scalp)
                • facial hair [ENG31-05268903-n] (hair on the face (especially on the face of a man))

                  • beard [ENG31-05269065-n] (the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face)

                    • fuzz [ENG31-05269393-n] (the first beard of an adolescent boy)
                    • imperial [ENG31-05269498-n] (a small tufted beard worn by Emperor Napoleon III)
                    • beaver [ENG31-05269619-n] (a full beard)
                    • goatee [ENG31-05270528-n] (a small chin beard trimmed to a point)
                    • stubble [ENG31-05270682-n] (short stiff hairs growing on a man's face when he has not shaved for a few days)
                    • vandyke beard [ENG31-05270815-n] (a short pointed beard (named after the artist Anthony Vandyke))
                    • soul patch [ENG31-05270947-n] (a small patch of facial hair just below the lower lip and above the chin)
                  • mustache [ENG31-05269684-n] (an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip)

                    • soup-strainer [ENG31-05269921-n] (slang for a mustache)
                    • mustachio [ENG31-05270033-n] (a large bushy moustache (with hair growing sometimes down the sides of the mouth))
                    • walrus mustache [ENG31-05270197-n] (a bushy droopy mustache)
                  • sideburn [ENG31-05270301-n] (facial hair that has grown down the side of a man's face in front of the ears (especially when the rest of the beard is shaved off))
                • pubic hair [ENG31-05271086-n] (hair growing in the pubic area)
                • eyebrow [ENG31-05321060-n] (the arch of hair above each eye)
                • eyelash [ENG31-05322469-n] (any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids)
              • headful [ENG31-05262918-n] (a covering over the surface of your head)
              • epicranium [ENG31-05547467-n] (the muscle and aponeurosis and skin covering the cranium)
            • sheath [ENG31-05245366-n] (an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part)

              • theca [ENG31-01907962-n] (outer sheath of the pupa of certain insects)
              • lorica [ENG31-01908057-n] (a hard protective sheath (as secreted by certain protoctists, for example))
              • medullary sheath [ENG31-05472337-n] (a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers)
              • neurolemma [ENG31-05472591-n] (thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber)
              • husk [ENG31-13160424-n] (outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds)

                • cornhusk [ENG31-13160614-n] (the husk of an ear of corn)
                • hull [ENG31-13160695-n] (dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut)

                  • shell [ENG31-11704025-n] (the hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts)

                    • nutshell [ENG31-11704216-n] (the shell around the kernel of a nut)
                • pod [ENG31-13160826-n] (the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves))

                  • pea pod [ENG31-13161019-n] (husk of a pea)
                • bract [ENG31-13175636-n] (a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence)

                  • epicalyx [ENG31-11712577-n] (a group of bracts simulating a calyx as in a carnation or hibiscus)
                  • bracteole [ENG31-13175890-n] (a small bract)
                  • spathe [ENG31-13175970-n] (a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence)
                  • involucre [ENG31-13176100-n] (a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence)
                  • glume [ENG31-13176406-n] (small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae)

                    • lemma [ENG31-13176246-n] (the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae)
            • integument [ENG31-05246573-n] (an outer protective covering such as the skin of an animal or a cuticle or seed coat or rind or shell)
            • blanket [ENG31-09246632-n] (anything that covers)
            • crust [ENG31-09283124-n] (a hard outer layer that covers something)

              • tartar [ENG31-09478055-n] (an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums)
            • envelope [ENG31-09296682-n] (a natural covering (as by a fluid))
            • hood [ENG31-09328264-n] (a protective covering that is part of a plant)
            • indumentum [ENG31-09335000-n] (a covering of fine hairs (or sometimes scales) as on a leaf or insect)
            • roof [ENG31-09439768-n] (the inner top surface of a covered area or hollow space)
            • shell [ENG31-09455187-n] (a rigid covering that envelops an object)
            • shell [ENG31-09455334-n] (the exterior covering of a bird's egg)
            • skim [ENG31-09459435-n] (a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid)
            • slough [ENG31-09460959-n] (any outer covering that can be shed or cast off (such as the cast-off skin of a snake))
            • snowcap [ENG31-09461748-n] (a covering of snow (as on a mountain peak))
            • vesture [ENG31-09494479-n] (something that covers or cloaks like a garment)
            • peridium [ENG31-11553816-n] (outer layer of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi)
            • pericarp [ENG31-11704733-n] (the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary)

              • epicarp [ENG31-11704968-n] (outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape)
              • mesocarp [ENG31-11705123-n] (the middle layer of a pericarp)
              • stone [ENG31-11705208-n] (the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed)

                • peach pit [ENG31-11710557-n] (the stone seed of a peach)
                • cherry stone [ENG31-11710638-n] (the stone seed of a cherry)
              • capsule [ENG31-11705648-n] (a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses)

                • bilocular capsule [ENG31-11705869-n] (a capsule divided into two cells or compartments)
                • boll [ENG31-11705981-n] (the rounded seed-bearing capsule of a cotton or flax plant)
                • silique [ENG31-11706090-n] (narrow elongated seed capsule peculiar to the family Cruciferae)

                  • silicle [ENG31-11706235-n] (short broad silique occurring in some cruciferous plants)
              • bur [ENG31-12056837-n] (seed vessel having hooks or prickles)

                • Spanish needles [ENG31-11960947-n] (the seed of bur marigolds)
            • perianth [ENG31-11712734-n] (collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils)

              • falls [ENG31-12436270-n] (the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris))
            • theca [ENG31-13113481-n] (a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule)
            • indusium [ENG31-13115140-n] (a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern)
            • bark [ENG31-13183195-n] (tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants)

              • cinnamon [ENG31-11725521-n] (aromatic bark used as a spice)
              • cassia bark [ENG31-11725856-n] (aromatic bark of the cassia-bark tree)
              • cinnamon bark [ENG31-11726245-n] (aromatic bark of Saigon cinnamon used medicinally as a carminative)
              • magnolia [ENG31-11730477-n] (dried bark of various magnolias)
              • tanbark [ENG31-12286257-n] (bark rich in tannin)
              • mezereum [ENG31-12367897-n] (the dried bark of the shrub mezereon)
              • canella [ENG31-12393037-n] (highly aromatic inner bark of the Canella winterana used as a condiment and a tonic)
              • cinchona [ENG31-12685471-n] (medicinal bark of cinchona trees)
              • cascarilla bark [ENG31-12944017-n] (aromatic bark of cascarilla)
              • cascara [ENG31-13162574-n] (dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative)
              • winter's bark [ENG31-13183713-n] (aromatic bark having tonic and stimulant properties)
              • tapa [ENG31-13183843-n] (the thin fibrous bark of the paper mulberry and Pipturus albidus)
              • angostura bark [ENG31-13183991-n] (the bitter bark of a South American tree)
              • cork [ENG31-14847397-n] (outer bark of the cork oak)
              • phellem [ENG31-14847717-n] ((botany) outer tissue of bark)
          • extraterrestrial object [ENG31-09300592-n] (a natural object existing outside the earth and outside the earth's atmosphere)

            • comet [ENG31-09274313-n] ((astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit)
            • meteoroid [ENG31-09376006-n] ((astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere)

              • meteorite [ENG31-09375746-n] (stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface)

                • aerolite [ENG31-09212186-n] (a stony meteorite consisting of silicate minerals)
                • micrometeorite [ENG31-09376815-n] (a meteorite or meteoroid so small that it drifts down to earth without becoming intensely heated in the atmosphere)
                • pallasite [ENG31-09406999-n] (a meteorite composed principally of olivine and metallic iron)
                • siderite [ENG31-09457141-n] (a meteorite consisting principally of nickel and iron)
              • meteor swarm [ENG31-09376235-n] (a group of meteoroids with similar paths)
          • mechanism [ENG31-09372694-n] (a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function)

            • barrier [ENG31-09237488-n] (anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access)

              • bar [ENG31-09236967-n] (a submerged (or partly submerged) ridge in a river or along a shore)

                • sandbar [ENG31-09444829-n] (a bar of sand)
              • blood-brain barrier [ENG31-09246818-n] (a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood)
              • curtain [ENG31-09285139-n] (any barrier to communication or vision)
            • transmission mechanism [ENG31-09483810-n] (any mechanism whereby an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a human being)

              • airborne transmission [ENG31-09214305-n] (a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract)
              • direct transmission [ENG31-09290133-n] (a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth)
              • indirect transmission [ENG31-09334791-n] (a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred to the person by a fomite of vector)

                • vector-borne transmission [ENG31-09492874-n] (indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vector bites or touches a person)
                • vehicle-borne transmission [ENG31-09493157-n] (indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vehicle (or fomite) touches a person's body or is ingested)
            • biological clock [ENG31-15160488-n] (an innate mechanism in living organisms that controls the periodicity of many physiological functions)
          • nest [ENG31-09392066-n] (a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young)

            • beehive [ENG31-09241066-n] (a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees)
            • bird's nest [ENG31-09244478-n] (nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young)

              • aerie [ENG31-09212054-n] (the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle))
            • drey [ENG31-09293066-n] (the nest of a squirrel)
            • mouse nest [ENG31-09385104-n] (where mice bear and raise their young)
            • nidus [ENG31-09393939-n] (a nest in which spiders or insects deposit their eggs)

              • wasp's nest [ENG31-09498174-n] (habitation for wasps or hornets)
          • radiator [ENG31-09426086-n] (any object that radiates energy)

            • radio source [ENG31-09426208-n] (an object that radiates radio waves)
          • rock [ENG31-09438954-n] (a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter)

            • achondrite [ENG31-09209825-n] (a stony meteor lacking chondrules)
            • bedrock [ENG31-09240951-n] (solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil)
            • boulder [ENG31-09250746-n] (a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin)

              • glacial boulder [ENG31-09312083-n] (a boulder that has been carried by a glacier to a place far distant from its place of origin)
              • river boulder [ENG31-09438671-n] (a boulder that has been carried by a river to a place remote from its place of origin)
              • shore boulder [ENG31-09456625-n] (a boulder found on a shore remote from its place of origin)
            • calculus [ENG31-09253675-n] (a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts)

              • bladder stone [ENG31-09246394-n] (a calculus formed in the bladder)
              • enterolith [ENG31-09296587-n] (a calculus occurring in the intestines)
              • gallstone [ENG31-09309106-n] (a calculus formed in the gall bladder or its ducts)
              • kidney stone [ENG31-09348730-n] (a calculus formed in the kidney)
              • ptyalith [ENG31-09423459-n] (calculus in a salivary gland)
              • sialolith [ENG31-09457029-n] (a stone formed in the salivary gland)
              • urolith [ENG31-09490826-n] (a urinary stone)
            • chondrite [ENG31-09267097-n] (a rock of meteoric origin containing chondrules)
            • clastic rock [ENG31-09269198-n] ((geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks)
            • crystal [ENG31-09283372-n] (a rock formed by the solidification of a substance)

              • crystallite [ENG31-09283650-n] (any of numerous minute rudimentary crystalline bodies of unknown composition found in glassy igneous rock)
            • intrusion [ENG31-09337870-n] (rock produced by an intrusive process)
            • outcrop [ENG31-09404154-n] (the part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land)

              • belay [ENG31-09241401-n] (something to which a mountain climber's rope can be secured)
              • outthrust [ENG31-09404674-n] (an outcropping of rock that extends outward)
            • pebble [ENG31-09410916-n] (a small smooth rounded rock)
            • petrifaction [ENG31-09413573-n] (a rock created by petrifaction)
            • sill [ENG31-09458136-n] ((geology) a flat (usually horizontal) mass of igneous rock between two layers of older sedimentary rock)
            • stepping stone [ENG31-09468339-n] (a stone in a marsh or shallow water that can be stepped on in crossing)
            • tor [ENG31-09483176-n] (a prominent rock or pile of rocks on a hill)
            • wall rock [ENG31-09497793-n] (a rock immediately adjacent to a vein or fault)
            • whinstone [ENG31-09501340-n] (any of various hard colored rocks (especially rocks consisting of chert or basalt))
            • xenolith [ENG31-09504250-n] ((geology) a piece of rock of different origin from the igneous rock in which it is embedded)
          • sample [ENG31-09444303-n] (all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class)

            • specimen [ENG31-05274378-n] (a bit of tissue or blood or urine that is taken for diagnostic purposes)

              • cytologic specimen [ENG31-05274572-n] (a specimen used for cytologic examination and diagnosis)

                • smear [ENG31-05272638-n] (a thin tissue or blood sample spread on a glass slide and stained for cytologic examination and diagnosis under a microscope)

                  • alimentary tract smear [ENG31-05272916-n] (any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the alimentary tract)

                    • esophageal smear [ENG31-05273235-n] (alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the esophagus)
                    • gastric smear [ENG31-05273360-n] (alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the stomach)
                    • oral smear [ENG31-05273480-n] (alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the mouth)
                    • paraduodenal smear [ENG31-05273595-n] (alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the duodenum)
                  • cervical smear [ENG31-05273738-n] (a sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus)
                  • lower respiratory tract smear [ENG31-05273985-n] (any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the lower respiratory tract)
                  • vaginal smear [ENG31-05274258-n] (smear taken from the vaginal mucosa for cytological analysis)
            • core [ENG31-09279801-n] (a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained with a hollow drill)
          • tangle [ENG31-09477542-n] (a twisted and tangled mass that is highly interwoven)

            • hairball [ENG31-09323950-n] (a compact mass of hair that forms in the alimentary canal (especially in the stomach of animals as a result of licking fur))
            • shag [ENG31-09454187-n] (a matted tangle of hair or fiber)
          • universe [ENG31-09489410-n] (everything that exists anywhere)

            • closed universe [ENG31-09269977-n] ((cosmology) a universe that is spatially closed and in which there is sufficient matter to halt the expansion that began with the big bang)
            • natural order [ENG31-09389494-n] (the physical universe considered as an orderly system subject to natural (not human or supernatural) laws)
            • nature [ENG31-09389659-n] (the natural physical world including plants and animals and landscapes etc.)
          • plant part [ENG31-13107668-n] (any part of a plant or fungus)

            • stub [ENG31-09472806-n] (a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost)
            • button [ENG31-11552367-n] (any of various plant parts that resemble buttons)
            • thallus [ENG31-11552468-n] (a plant body without true stems or roots or leaves or vascular system)

              • crustose thallus [ENG31-11552645-n] (thin crusty lichen thallus)
            • cap [ENG31-11552802-n] (a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella or a cone that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom)
            • calyptra [ENG31-11552998-n] (the hood or cap covering the calyx of certain plants: e.g., the California poppy)
            • volva [ENG31-11553133-n] (cuplike structure around the base of the stalk of certain fungi)
            • domatium [ENG31-11554450-n] (a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has been modified to provide protection for insects or mites or fungi)
            • pycnidium [ENG31-11571071-n] (flask-shaped asexual structure containing conidia)
            • stipule [ENG31-11571341-n] (a small leafy outgrowth at the base of a leaf or its stalk)
            • tepal [ENG31-11571495-n] (an undifferentiated part of a perianth that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (as in lilies and tulips))
            • gynostegium [ENG31-11695855-n] (the crown of the stamen in plants of the genus Asclepias)
            • chalaza [ENG31-11699536-n] (basal part of a plant ovule opposite the micropyle)
            • nucellus [ENG31-11699701-n] (central part of a plant ovule)
            • germ tube [ENG31-11700926-n] ((botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a spore in germination)
            • pollen tube [ENG31-11701065-n] ((botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma for a flower)
            • mentum [ENG31-11711206-n] (a projection like a chin formed by the sepals and base of the column in some orchids)
            • corona [ENG31-11711801-n] ((botany) the trumpet-shaped or cup-shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower)
            • lip [ENG31-11712326-n] ((botany) either of the two parts of a bilabiate corolla or calyx)
            • mycelium [ENG31-13043469-n] (the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae)

              • sclerotium [ENG31-13043663-n] (compact usually dark-colored mass of hardened mycelium constituting a vegetative food-storage body in various true fungi)
            • plant organ [ENG31-13108385-n] (a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus)

              • reproductive structure [ENG31-11696293-n] (the parts of a plant involved in its reproduction)

                • agamete [ENG31-11568188-n] (an asexual reproductive cell)

                  • spore [ENG31-11568306-n] (a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion)

                    • basidiospore [ENG31-11568916-n] (a sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium)
                    • endospore [ENG31-11569045-n] (a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae)
                    • carpospore [ENG31-11569179-n] (a nonmotile spore of red algae)
                    • chlamydospore [ENG31-11569321-n] (thick-walled asexual resting spore of certain fungi and algae)

                      • teliospore [ENG31-11570089-n] (a chlamydospore that develops in the last stage of the life cycle of the rust fungus)
                    • conidium [ENG31-11569460-n] (an asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore)
                    • oospore [ENG31-11569696-n] (a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae and fungi)
                    • resting spore [ENG31-11569938-n] (a spore of certain algae or fungi that lies dormant)
                    • tetraspore [ENG31-11570230-n] (one of the four asexual spores produced within a sporangium)
                    • zoospore [ENG31-11570346-n] (an asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella)
                    • fern seed [ENG31-11570473-n] (the asexual spore of ferns that resembles dust)
                    • pollen [ENG31-11695988-n] (the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant)

                      • pollinium [ENG31-11696189-n] (a coherent mass of pollen grains (as in orchids))
                      • ragweed pollen [ENG31-14609572-n] (pollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen)
                    • microspore [ENG31-11708258-n] (smaller of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants)
                    • megaspore [ENG31-11708668-n] (larger of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants)
                    • aeciospore [ENG31-13084426-n] (spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium)
                    • ascospore [ENG31-13112999-n] (sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus)
                    • zygospore [ENG31-13260819-n] (a plant spore formed by two similar sexual cells)
                • fructification [ENG31-11570656-n] (organs of fruiting (especially the reproductive parts of ferns and mosses))
                • gleba [ENG31-11570791-n] (fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of e.g. a puffball or stinkhorn)
                • hymenium [ENG31-11570925-n] (spore-bearing layer of cells in certain fungi containing asci or basidia)
                • sporocarp [ENG31-11571176-n] (specialized leaf branch in certain aquatic ferns that encloses the sori or clusters of sporangia)
                • flower [ENG31-11689786-n] (reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts)

                  • floret [ENG31-11690237-n] (a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower))
                  • apetalous flower [ENG31-11694470-n] (flower having no petals)
                  • inflorescence [ENG31-11694783-n] (the flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers on a stalk)

                    • flower head [ENG31-11694556-n] (a shortened compact cluster of flowers so arranged that the whole gives the effect of a single flower as in clover or members of the family Compositae)
                    • catkin [ENG31-11695249-n] (a cylindrical spikelike inflorescence)
                    • umbel [ENG31-13151787-n] (flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point)
                    • corymb [ENG31-13152041-n] (flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height)
                    • flower cluster [ENG31-13153097-n] (an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers)

                      • raceme [ENG31-13153245-n] (usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first)

                        • panicle [ENG31-13153415-n] (compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers)
                      • thyrse [ENG31-13153515-n] (a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose)
                    • cyme [ENG31-13153699-n] (more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first)

                      • cymule [ENG31-13153899-n] (a small cyme, generally with few flowers)
                      • glomerule [ENG31-13153992-n] (a compacted or sessile cyme)
                      • scorpioid cyme [ENG31-13154075-n] (a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks)
                    • spike [ENG31-13154197-n] ((botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis)
                  • ray flower [ENG31-11695054-n] (small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower)
                  • bud [ENG31-11695365-n] (a partially opened flower)

                    • rosebud [ENG31-11695476-n] (the bud of a rose)
                  • chrysanthemum [ENG31-11971740-n] (the flower of a chrysanthemum plant)
                • stamen [ENG31-11695547-n] (the male reproductive organ of a flower)
                • anther [ENG31-11695696-n] (the part of the stamen that contains pollen)
                • pistil [ENG31-11696951-n] (the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma)

                  • simple pistil [ENG31-11697414-n] (consists of one carpel)
                  • compound pistil [ENG31-11697496-n] (consists of two or more fused carpels)
                  • pistillode [ENG31-11697595-n] (a sterile vestigial pistil remaining in a staminate flower)
                  • carpel [ENG31-11698194-n] (a simple pistil or one element of a compound pistil)

                    • mericarp [ENG31-11698828-n] (a carpel with one seed)
                • style [ENG31-11697710-n] ((botany) the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma)

                  • stylopodium [ENG31-11697936-n] (an enlargement at the base of the style in some Umbelliferae)
                  • cornsilk [ENG31-12166155-n] (each of the long filamentous styles that grow as a silky tuft at the tip of an ear of Indian corn)
                • stigma [ENG31-11698054-n] (the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil)
                • ovary [ENG31-11699086-n] (the organ that bears the ovules of a flower)
                • ovule [ENG31-11699219-n] (a small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant)

                  • amphitropous ovule [ENG31-11699979-n] (a partly inverted ovule turned back 90 degrees on its stalk)
                  • anatropous ovule [ENG31-11700103-n] (a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk)
                  • campylotropous ovule [ENG31-11700230-n] (a curved ovule with the micropyle almost touching the funiculus)
                  • orthotropous ovule [ENG31-11700360-n] (a completely straight ovule with the micropyle at the apex)
                  • seed [ENG31-11704458-n] (a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa)
                • placenta [ENG31-11701307-n] (that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form)
                • placentation [ENG31-11701464-n] (arrangement of the ovules in the placenta and of the placentas in the ovary)

                  • apical placentation [ENG31-11701724-n] (where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary)
                  • axile placentation [ENG31-11701862-n] (ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa)
                  • basal placentation [ENG31-11702023-n] (where one or few ovules develop at the base of a simple or compound ovary)
                  • free central placentation [ENG31-11702161-n] (where ovules develop on a central column in a compound ovary lacking septa or with septa at base only)
                  • lamellate placentation [ENG31-11702334-n] (with ovules on thin extensions of the placentae into a compound ovary)
                  • marginal placentation [ENG31-11702472-n] (with ovules borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary)
                  • parietal placentation [ENG31-11702635-n] (where ovules develop on the wall or slight outgrowths of the wall forming broken partitions within a compound ovary)
                • testa [ENG31-11702818-n] (protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants)
                • endosperm [ENG31-11702981-n] (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants)
                • gemma [ENG31-11703128-n] (small asexual reproductive structure in e.g. liverworts and mosses that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual)
                • cone [ENG31-11703311-n] (cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts)

                  • fir cone [ENG31-11703574-n] (the seed-producing cone of a fir tree)
                  • galbulus [ENG31-11703685-n] (the seed-producing cone of a cypress tree)
                  • pinecone [ENG31-11703800-n] (the seed-producing cone of a pine tree)
                • basidium [ENG31-13015235-n] (a small club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the ends of minute projections)

                  • promycelium [ENG31-13015652-n] (the basidium of various fungi)
                • antheridium [ENG31-13112071-n] (the male sex organ of spore-producing plants)
                • sporangium [ENG31-13112533-n] (organ containing or producing spores)

                  • megasporangium [ENG31-11707901-n] (a plant structure that produces megaspores)
                  • microsporangium [ENG31-11708433-n] (a plant structure that produces microspores)
                  • eusporangium [ENG31-13113746-n] (a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells)
                  • leptosporangium [ENG31-13113861-n] (a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell)
                  • tetrasporangium [ENG31-13114034-n] (a sporangium containing four asexual spores)
                • ascus [ENG31-13112837-n] (saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes)
                • sporophore [ENG31-13114139-n] (a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores)
                • gametangium [ENG31-13114388-n] (cell or organ in which gametes develop)
                • gametoecium [ENG31-13114484-n] (gametangia and surrounding bracts)

                  • gynoecium [ENG31-13114611-n] (a female gametoecium)
                  • androecium [ENG31-13114687-n] (a male gametoecium)
                • gametophore [ENG31-13114762-n] (a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts)

                  • antheridiophore [ENG31-13112251-n] (gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts)
                • sorus [ENG31-13114904-n] (cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond)
                • sorus [ENG31-13115032-n] (a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi)
                • fruit [ENG31-13155706-n] (the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant)

                  • edible fruit [ENG31-07721676-n] (edible reproductive body of a seed plant especially one having sweet flesh)

                    • freestone [ENG31-07754081-n] (fruit (especially peach) whose flesh does not adhere to the pit)
                    • cling [ENG31-07754200-n] (fruit (especially peach) whose flesh adheres strongly to the pit)
                    • windfall [ENG31-07755011-n] (fruit that has fallen from the tree)
                    • apple [ENG31-07755101-n] (fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh)

                      • crab apple [ENG31-07755320-n] (small sour apple)
                      • eating apple [ENG31-07755482-n] (an apple used primarily for eating raw without cooking)

                        • Baldwin [ENG31-07755899-n] (an American eating apple with red or yellow and red skin)
                        • Cortland [ENG31-07756009-n] (large apple with a red skin)
                        • Delicious [ENG31-07756196-n] (variety of sweet eating apples)

                          • Golden Delicious [ENG31-07756318-n] (a sweet eating apple with yellow skin)
                          • Red Delicious [ENG31-07756437-n] (a sweet eating apple with bright red skin)
                        • Empire [ENG31-07756573-n] (an eating apple that somewhat resembles a McIntosh)
                        • Grimes' golden [ENG31-07756720-n] (yellow apple that ripens in late autumn)
                        • Jonathan [ENG31-07756831-n] (red late-ripening apple)
                        • McIntosh [ENG31-07756930-n] (early-ripening apple popular in the northeastern United States)

                          • Macoun [ENG31-07757114-n] (similar to McIntosh)
                        • Northern Spy [ENG31-07757211-n] (large late-ripening apple with skin striped with yellow and red)
                        • Pearmain [ENG31-07757333-n] (any of several varieties of apples with red skins)
                        • Pippin [ENG31-07757437-n] (any of numerous superior eating apples with yellow or greenish yellow skin flushed with red)

                          • Cox's Orange Pippin [ENG31-07756091-n] (a yellow Pippin with distinctive flavor)
                        • Prima [ENG31-07757599-n] (used primarily as eating apples)
                        • Stayman [ENG31-07757682-n] (apple grown chiefly in the Shenandoah Valley)
                        • Winesap [ENG31-07757780-n] (crisp apple with dark red skin)
                        • Stayman Winesap [ENG31-07757864-n] (crisp tart apple)
                        • Granny Smith [ENG31-07758289-n] (apple with a green skin and hard tart flesh)
                      • cooking apple [ENG31-07757988-n] (an apple used primarily in cooking for pies and applesauce etc)

                        • Bramley's Seedling [ENG31-07758200-n] (very large cooking apple)
                        • Lane's Prince Albert [ENG31-07758391-n] (apple used primarily in cooking)
                        • Newtown Wonder [ENG31-07758489-n] (apple used primarily in cooking)
                        • Rome Beauty [ENG31-07758581-n] (large red apple used primarily for baking)
                    • berry [ENG31-07758680-n] (any of numerous small and pulpy edible fruits)

                      • bilberry [ENG31-07759200-n] (blue-black berries similar to American blueberries)
                      • huckleberry [ENG31-07759360-n] (blue-black berry similar to blueberries and bilberries of the eastern United States)
                      • blueberry [ENG31-07759520-n] (sweet edible dark-blue berries of either low-growing or high-growing blueberry plants)
                      • wintergreen [ENG31-07759699-n] (spicy red berrylike fruit)
                      • cranberry [ENG31-07759878-n] (very tart red berry used for sauce or juice)
                      • lingonberry [ENG31-07760033-n] (tart red berries similar to American cranberries but smaller)
                      • currant [ENG31-07760222-n] (any of several tart red or black berries used primarily for jellies and jams)

                        • gooseberry [ENG31-07760406-n] (currant-like berry used primarily in jams and jellies)
                        • black currant [ENG31-07760535-n] (small black berries used in jams and jellies)
                        • red currant [ENG31-07760658-n] (small red berries used primarily in jams and jellies)
                      • blackberry [ENG31-07760787-n] (large sweet black or very dark purple edible aggregate fruit of any of various bushes of the genus Rubus)
                      • boysenberry [ENG31-07761022-n] (large raspberry-flavored fruit)
                      • dewberry [ENG31-07761173-n] (blackberry-like fruits of any of several trailing blackberry bushes)
                      • loganberry [ENG31-07761333-n] (large red variety of the dewberry)
                      • raspberry [ENG31-07761442-n] (red or black edible aggregate berries usually smaller than the related blackberries)
                      • saskatoon [ENG31-07761637-n] (edible purple or red berries)
                      • strawberry [ENG31-07761916-n] (sweet fleshy red fruit)
                      • sugarberry [ENG31-07762014-n] (small edible dark purple to black berry with large pits)
                      • persimmon [ENG31-07762162-n] (orange fruit resembling a plum)
                      • acerola [ENG31-07762310-n] (acid red or yellow cherry-like fruit of a tropical American shrub very rich in vitamin C)
                      • mulberry [ENG31-07783147-n] (sweet usually dark purple blackberry-like fruit of any of several mulberry trees of the genus Morus)
                    • lanseh [ENG31-07761779-n] (East Indian tart yellow berrylike fruit)
                    • carambola [ENG31-07762527-n] (deeply ridged yellow-brown tropical fruit)
                    • ceriman [ENG31-07762725-n] (tropical cylindrical fruit resembling a pinecone with pineapple-banana flavor)
                    • carissa plum [ENG31-07762886-n] (edible scarlet plumlike fruit of a South African plant)
                    • citrus [ENG31-07763031-n] (any of numerous fruits of the genus Citrus having thick rind and juicy pulp)

                      • orange [ENG31-07763583-n] (round yellow to orange fruit of any of several citrus trees)

                        • temple orange [ENG31-07763787-n] (large sweet easily-peeled Florida fruit with deep orange rind)
                        • bitter orange [ENG31-07764729-n] (highly acidic orange used especially in marmalade)
                        • sweet orange [ENG31-07764888-n] (orange with sweet juicy pulp)

                          • Jaffa orange [ENG31-07765071-n] (sweet almost seedless orange of Israel)
                          • navel orange [ENG31-07765168-n] (seedless orange enclosing a small secondary fruit at the apex)
                          • Valencia orange [ENG31-07765288-n] (variety of sweet orange cultivated extensively in Florida and California)
                      • mandarin [ENG31-07763927-n] (a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of China)

                        • clementine [ENG31-07764133-n] (a mandarin orange of a deep reddish orange color and few seeds)
                        • satsuma [ENG31-07764252-n] (medium-sized largely seedless mandarin orange with thin smooth skin)
                        • tangerine [ENG31-07764392-n] (any of various deep orange mandarins grown in the United States and southern Africa)
                      • kumquat [ENG31-07765422-n] (small oval citrus fruit with thin sweet rind and very acid pulp)
                      • lemon [ENG31-07765558-n] (yellow oval fruit with juicy acidic flesh)
                      • lime [ENG31-07765707-n] (the green acidic fruit of any of various lime trees)

                        • key lime [ENG31-07765846-n] (small yellow-green limes of southern Florida)
                      • grapefruit [ENG31-07765945-n] (large yellow fruit with somewhat acid juicy pulp)
                      • pomelo [ENG31-07766122-n] (large pear-shaped fruit similar to grapefruit but with coarse dry pulp)
                      • citrange [ENG31-07766275-n] (more aromatic and acid tasting than oranges)
                      • citron [ENG31-07766425-n] (large lemonlike fruit with thick aromatic rind)
                    • tangelo [ENG31-07764550-n] (large sweet juicy hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit having a thick wrinkled skin)
                    • apricot [ENG31-07766848-n] (downy yellow to rosy-colored fruit resembling a small peach)
                    • peach [ENG31-07766980-n] (downy juicy fruit with sweet yellowish or whitish flesh)
                    • nectarine [ENG31-07767124-n] (a variety or mutation of the peach that has a smooth skin)
                    • pitahaya [ENG31-07767256-n] (highly colored edible fruit of pitahaya cactus having bright red juice)
                    • plum [ENG31-07767427-n] (any of numerous varieties of small to medium-sized round or oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single pit)

                      • damson [ENG31-07767713-n] (dark purple plum of the damson tree)
                      • greengage [ENG31-07767834-n] (sweet green or greenish-yellow variety of plum)
                      • beach plum [ENG31-07767953-n] (small dark purple fruit used especially in jams and pies)
                      • sloe [ENG31-07768085-n] (small sour dark purple fruit of especially the Allegheny plum bush)
                      • Victoria plum [ENG31-07768240-n] (a large red plum served as dessert)
                    • dried fruit [ENG31-07768353-n] (fruit preserved by drying)

                      • dried apricot [ENG31-07768490-n] (apricots preserved by drying)
                      • prune [ENG31-07768578-n] (dried plum)
                      • raisin [ENG31-07768640-n] (dried grape)

                        • seedless raisin [ENG31-07768758-n] (dried seedless grape)
                        • seeded raisin [ENG31-07768850-n] (seeded grape that has been dried)
                        • currant [ENG31-07768942-n] (small dried seedless raisin grown in the Mediterranean region and California)
                    • fig [ENG31-07769089-n] (fleshy sweet pear-shaped yellowish or purple multiple fruit eaten fresh or preserved or dried)
                    • pineapple [ENG31-07769251-n] (large sweet fleshy tropical fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves)
                    • anchovy pear [ENG31-07769424-n] (West Indian fruit resembling the mango)
                    • banana [ENG31-07769568-n] (elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh)
                    • passion fruit [ENG31-07769719-n] (egg-shaped tropical fruit of certain passionflower vines)

                      • granadilla [ENG31-07769956-n] (the egg-shaped edible fruit of tropical American vines related to passionflowers)
                      • sweet calabash [ENG31-07770131-n] (apple-sized passion fruit of the West Indies)
                      • bell apple [ENG31-07770255-n] (the edible yellow fruit of the Jamaica honeysuckle)
                    • breadfruit [ENG31-07770427-n] (a large round seedless or seeded fruit with a texture like bread)
                    • jackfruit [ENG31-07770660-n] (immense East Indian fruit resembling breadfruit)
                    • canistel [ENG31-07771238-n] (ovoid orange-yellow mealy sweet fruit of Florida and West Indies)
                    • melon [ENG31-07771387-n] (any of numerous fruits of the gourd family having a hard rind and sweet juicy flesh)

                      • melon ball [ENG31-07771595-n] (a bite of melon cut as a sphere)
                      • muskmelon [ENG31-07771683-n] (the fruit of a muskmelon vine)

                        • cantaloup [ENG31-07771905-n] (the fruit of a cantaloup vine)
                        • winter melon [ENG31-07772072-n] (the fruit of the winter melon vine)

                          • honeydew [ENG31-07772301-n] (the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine)
                          • Persian melon [ENG31-07772475-n] (the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine)
                          • casaba [ENG31-07772814-n] (melon having yellowish rind and whitish flesh)
                        • net melon [ENG31-07772617-n] (the fruit of a variety of muskmelon vine)
                      • watermelon [ENG31-07772927-n] (large oblong or roundish melon with a hard green rind and sweet watery red or occasionally yellowish pulp)
                    • cherry [ENG31-07773108-n] (a red fruit with a single hard stone)

                      • sweet cherry [ENG31-07773288-n] (any of several fruits of cultivated cherry trees that have sweet flesh)

                        • bing cherry [ENG31-07773487-n] (dark red or blackish sweet cherry)
                        • heart cherry [ENG31-07773578-n] (large heart-shaped sweet cherry with soft flesh)

                          • blackheart [ENG31-07773729-n] (heart cherry with dark flesh and skin cherry)
                      • capulin [ENG31-07773850-n] (Mexican black cherry)
                      • sour cherry [ENG31-07773966-n] (acid cherries used for pies and preserves)

                        • amarelle [ENG31-07774101-n] (pale red sour cherry with colorless or nearly colorless juice)
                        • morello [ENG31-07774236-n] (cultivated sour cherry with dark-colored skin and juice)
                    • cocoa plum [ENG31-07774383-n] (plum-shaped whitish to almost black fruit used for preserves)
                    • grape [ENG31-07774656-n] (any of various juicy fruit of the genus Vitis with green or purple skins)

                      • muscadine [ENG31-07775400-n] (dull-purple grape of southern United States)

                        • scuppernong [ENG31-07775552-n] (amber-green muscadine grape of southeastern United States)
                      • slipskin grape [ENG31-07775667-n] (a grape whose skin slips readily from the pulp)

                        • fox grape [ENG31-07774926-n] (purplish-black wild grape of the eastern United States with tough skins that slip easily from the flesh)

                          • Concord grape [ENG31-07775170-n] (slipskin grape)
                          • Catawba [ENG31-07775300-n] (slipskin grape)
                      • vinifera grape [ENG31-07775792-n] (grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe)

                        • emperor [ENG31-07776046-n] (red table grape of California)
                        • muscat [ENG31-07776129-n] (sweet aromatic grape used for raisins and wine)
                        • ribier [ENG31-07776273-n] (dark reddish-purple table grape of California)
                        • sultana [ENG31-07776371-n] (pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine)
                        • Tokay [ENG31-07776477-n] (variety of wine grape originally grown in Hungary)

                          • flame tokay [ENG31-07776649-n] (purplish-red table grape)
                        • Thompson Seedless [ENG31-07776731-n] (seedless green table grape of California)
                    • custard apple [ENG31-07776835-n] (the fruit of any of several tropical American trees of the genus Annona having soft edible pulp)

                      • cherimoya [ENG31-07777117-n] (large tropical fruit with leathery skin and soft pulp)
                      • soursop [ENG31-07777285-n] (large spiny tropical fruit with tart pulp related to custard apples)
                      • bullock's heart [ENG31-07777437-n] (large heart-shaped tropical fruit with soft acid pulp)
                      • sweetsop [ENG31-07777587-n] (sweet pulpy tropical fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds)
                      • ilama [ENG31-07777753-n] (whitish tropical fruit with a pinkish tinge related to custard apples)
                      • pond apple [ENG31-07777930-n] (ovoid yellow fruit with very fragrant peach-colored flesh)
                    • papaw [ENG31-07778090-n] (fruit with yellow flesh)
                    • papaya [ENG31-07778220-n] (large oval melon-like tropical fruit with yellowish flesh)
                    • kai apple [ENG31-07778349-n] (South African fruit smelling and tasting like apricots)
                    • ketembilla [ENG31-07778510-n] (maroon-purple gooseberry-like fruit of India having tart-sweet purple pulp used especially for preserves)
                    • ackee [ENG31-07778716-n] (red pear-shaped tropical fruit with poisonous seeds)
                    • durian [ENG31-07778889-n] (huge fruit native to southeastern Asia `smelling like Hell and tasting like Heaven')
                    • feijoa [ENG31-07779083-n] (dark-green kiwi-sized tropical fruit with white flesh)
                    • genip [ENG31-07779266-n] (round one-inch Caribbean fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp)
                    • genipap [ENG31-07779459-n] (a succulent orange-sized tropical fruit with a thick rind)
                    • kiwi [ENG31-07779605-n] (fuzzy brown egg-shaped fruit with slightly tart green flesh)
                    • loquat [ENG31-07779768-n] (yellow olive-sized semitropical fruit with a large free stone and relatively little flesh)
                    • mangosteen [ENG31-07779963-n] (two- to three-inch tropical fruit with juicy flesh suggestive of both peaches and pineapples)
                    • mango [ENG31-07780131-n] (large oval tropical fruit having smooth skin, juicy aromatic pulp, and a large hairy seed)
                    • sapodilla [ENG31-07780291-n] (tropical fruit with a rough brownish skin and very sweet brownish pulp)
                    • sapote [ENG31-07780462-n] (brown oval fruit flesh makes excellent sherbet)
                    • tamarind [ENG31-07780606-n] (large tropical seed pod with very tangy pulp that is eaten fresh or cooked with rice and fish or preserved for curries and chutneys)
                    • avocado [ENG31-07780823-n] (a pear-shaped tropical fruit with green or blackish skin and rich yellowish pulp enclosing a single large seed)
                    • date [ENG31-07781049-n] (sweet edible fruit of the date palm with a single long woody seed)
                    • elderberry [ENG31-07781184-n] (berrylike fruit of an elder used for e.g. wines and jellies)
                    • guava [ENG31-07781337-n] (tropical fruit having yellow skin and pink pulp)
                    • mombin [ENG31-07781493-n] (purplish tropical fruit)
                    • hog plum [ENG31-07781588-n] (yellow oval tropical fruit)
                    • hog plum [ENG31-07781704-n] (fruit of the wild plum of southern United States)
                    • jaboticaba [ENG31-07781838-n] (tough-skinned purple grapelike tropical fruit grown in Brazil)
                    • jujube [ENG31-07781975-n] (dark red plumlike fruit of Old World buckthorn trees)
                    • litchi [ENG31-07782149-n] (Chinese fruit having a thin brittle shell enclosing a sweet jellylike pulp and a single seed)
                    • longanberry [ENG31-07782385-n] (Asian fruit similar to litchi)
                    • mamey [ENG31-07782506-n] (globular or ovoid tropical fruit with thick russet leathery rind and juicy yellow or reddish flesh)
                    • marang [ENG31-07782699-n] (tropical fruit from the Philippines having a mass of small seeds embedded in sweetish white pulp)
                    • medlar [ENG31-07782867-n] (crabapple-like fruit used for preserves)
                    • medlar [ENG31-07782978-n] (a South African globular fruit with brown leathery skin and pithy flesh having a sweet-acid taste)
                    • pear [ENG31-07783823-n] (sweet juicy gritty-textured fruit available in many varieties)

                      • bosc [ENG31-07784044-n] (greenish-yellow pear)
                      • anjou [ENG31-07784115-n] (a pear with firm flesh and a green skin)
                      • bartlett [ENG31-07784206-n] (juicy yellow pear)
                      • seckel [ENG31-07784294-n] (small yellowish- to reddish-brown pear)
                    • plumcot [ENG31-07784566-n] (hybrid between plum and apricot)
                    • pomegranate [ENG31-07784670-n] (large globular fruit having many seeds with juicy red pulp in a tough brownish-red rind)
                    • prickly pear [ENG31-07784834-n] (round or pear-shaped spiny fruit of any of various prickly pear cacti)
                    • garambulla [ENG31-07784981-n] (small berrylike fruit)
                    • Barbados gooseberry [ENG31-07785078-n] (small yellow to orange fruit of the Barbados gooseberry cactus used in desserts and preserves and jellies)
                    • quandong [ENG31-07785282-n] (red Australian fruit)
                    • quince [ENG31-07785560-n] (aromatic acid-tasting pear-shaped fruit used in preserves)
                    • rambutan [ENG31-07785707-n] (pleasantly acid bright red oval Malayan fruit covered with soft spines)
                    • pulasan [ENG31-07785862-n] (fruit of an East Indian tree similar to the rambutan but sweeter)
                    • rose apple [ENG31-07786010-n] (fragrant oval yellowish tropical fruit used in jellies and confections)
                    • sorb [ENG31-07786156-n] (acid gritty-textured fruit)
                    • sour gourd [ENG31-07786265-n] (acid-tasting Australian gourd-like fruit with a woody rind and large seeds)
                    • sour gourd [ENG31-07786415-n] (African gourd-like fruit with edible pulp)
                  • juniper berry [ENG31-11657286-n] (berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper)
                  • May apple [ENG31-11720748-n] (edible but insipid fruit of the May apple plant)
                  • achene [ENG31-12056536-n] (small dry indehiscent fruit with the seed distinct from the fruit wall)

                    • samara [ENG31-12056695-n] (a winged often one-seed indehiscent fruit as of the ash or elm or maple)
                  • gourd [ENG31-12178548-n] (any of numerous inedible fruits with hard rinds)

                    • calabash [ENG31-12836598-n] (round gourd of the calabash tree)
                  • prairie gourd [ENG31-12183275-n] (small hard green-and-white inedible fruit of the prairie gourd plant)
                  • quandong [ENG31-12213851-n] (the fruit of the Brisbane quandong tree)
                  • acorn [ENG31-12288194-n] (fruit of the oak tree: a smooth thin-walled nut in a woody cup-shaped base)
                  • olive [ENG31-12321962-n] (small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree)
                  • hip [ENG31-12641307-n] (the fruit of a rose plant)
                  • wild cherry [ENG31-12662851-n] (the fruit of the wild cherry tree)
                  • marasca [ENG31-12665044-n] (small bitter fruit of the marasca cherry tree from whose juice maraschino liqueur is made)
                  • hagberry [ENG31-12668548-n] (small cherry much liked by birds)
                  • chokecherry [ENG31-12671566-n] (the fruit of the chokecherry tree)
                  • rowanberry [ENG31-12679242-n] (decorative red berrylike fruit of a rowan tree)
                  • buffalo nut [ENG31-12758011-n] (oily drupaceous fruit of rabbitwood)
                  • ear [ENG31-13154372-n] (fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn)

                    • mealie [ENG31-12164830-n] (an ear of corn)
                  • fruitlet [ENG31-13156451-n] (a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit)
                  • seed [ENG31-13156591-n] (a small hard fruit)

                    • edible seed [ENG31-07786547-n] (many are used as seasoning)

                      • pumpkin seed [ENG31-07786739-n] (the edible seed of a pumpkin)
                      • betel nut [ENG31-07786845-n] (seed of betel palm)
                      • water chinquapin [ENG31-07788607-n] (edible nutlike seeds of an American lotus having the flavor of a chinquapin)
                      • dika nut [ENG31-07789676-n] (edible oil-rich seed of wild mango)
                      • sunflower seed [ENG31-07791173-n] (edible seed of sunflowers)
                      • cumin [ENG31-07830610-n] (aromatic seeds of the cumin herb of the carrot family)
                    • coffee bean [ENG31-07945591-n] (a seed of the coffee tree)
                    • pip [ENG31-11705560-n] (a small hard seed found in some fruits)
                    • bonduc nut [ENG31-11709666-n] (hard shiny grey seed of a bonduc tree)
                    • Job's tears [ENG31-11709836-n] (hard pearly seeds of an Asiatic grass)
                    • oilseed [ENG31-11709952-n] (any of several seeds that yield oil)

                      • castor bean [ENG31-11710147-n] (the toxic seed of the castor-oil plant)
                      • cottonseed [ENG31-11710284-n] (seed of cotton plants)
                      • candlenut [ENG31-11710426-n] (seed of candlenut tree)
                      • rapeseed [ENG31-11900364-n] (seed of rape plants)
                      • linseed [ENG31-15110814-n] (the seed of flax used as a source of oil)
                    • safflower seed [ENG31-11966782-n] (seed of the safflower)
                    • grain [ENG31-12177336-n] (dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corn)

                      • amaranth [ENG31-11843774-n] (seed of amaranth plants used as a native cereal in Central and South America)
                      • barleycorn [ENG31-12144165-n] (a grain of barley)
                      • wheat berry [ENG31-12162874-n] (a grain of wheat)
                      • kernel [ENG31-12177573-n] (a single whole grain of a cereal)

                        • corn [ENG31-12165097-n] (the dried grains or kernels or corn used as animal feed or ground for meal)
                      • rye [ENG31-12177696-n] (the seed of the cereal grass)
                    • ash-key [ENG31-12326936-n] (winged seed of the ash tree)
                    • coquilla nut [ENG31-12606134-n] (nut having a hard hazel-brown shell used like vegetable ivory)
                    • babassu nut [ENG31-12613600-n] (hard-shelled nut of the babassu palm)
                    • cohune nut [ENG31-12614102-n] (nut of the cohune palm having hard white shells like those of ivory nuts)
                    • ivory nut [ENG31-12615294-n] (nutlike seed of a South American palm)
                    • neem seed [ENG31-12717591-n] (seed of neem trees)
                    • buckeye [ENG31-12789442-n] (the inedible nutlike seed of the horse chestnut)
                    • jumping bean [ENG31-12949579-n] (seed of Mexican shrubs of the genus Sebastiana containing the larva of a moth whose movements cause the bean to jerk or tumble)
                    • bean [ENG31-13157075-n] (any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans)

                      • tonka bean [ENG31-11770642-n] (fragrant black nutlike seeds of the tonka bean tree)
                      • algarroba [ENG31-11786515-n] (mesquite pod used in tanning and dyeing)
                      • calabar bean [ENG31-12507563-n] (dark brown highly poisonous seed of the calabar-bean vine)
                      • divi-divi [ENG31-12509419-n] (twisted seed pods of the divi-divi tree)
                      • carob [ENG31-12513931-n] (long pod containing small beans and sweetish edible pulp)
                      • soy [ENG31-12553069-n] (a source of oil)
                      • broad bean [ENG31-12596828-n] (seed of the broad-bean plant)
                      • mung [ENG31-12599160-n] (seed of the mung bean plant)
                    • nut [ENG31-13157333-n] (usually large hard-shelled seed)

                      • edible nut [ENG31-07753057-n] (a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell)

                        • bunya bunya [ENG31-07753570-n] (nut tasting like roasted chestnuts)
                        • peanut [ENG31-07753721-n] (pod of the peanut vine containing usually 2 nuts or seeds)
                        • almond [ENG31-07766562-n] (oval-shaped edible seed of the almond tree)

                          • Jordan almond [ENG31-07766712-n] (an almond covered with a sugar coating that is hard and flavored and colored)
                        • quandong nut [ENG31-07785441-n] (edible nutlike seed of the quandong fruit)
                        • beechnut [ENG31-07787058-n] (small sweet triangular nut of any of various beech trees)
                        • walnut [ENG31-07787188-n] (nut of any of various walnut trees having a wrinkled two-lobed seed with a hard shell)

                          • black walnut [ENG31-07787381-n] (American walnut having a very hard and thick woody shell)
                          • English walnut [ENG31-07787515-n] (nut with a wrinkled two-lobed seed and hard but relatively thin shell)
                        • brazil nut [ENG31-07787707-n] (three-sided tropical American nut with white oily meat and hard brown shell)
                        • butternut [ENG31-07787867-n] (oily egg-shaped nut of an American tree of the walnut family)
                        • souari nut [ENG31-07788002-n] (a large nutlike seed of a South American tree)
                        • cashew [ENG31-07788123-n] (kidney-shaped nut edible only when roasted)
                        • chestnut [ENG31-07788250-n] (edible nut of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea)
                        • chincapin [ENG31-07788389-n] (small nut of either of two small chestnut trees of the southern United States)
                        • hazelnut [ENG31-07788764-n] (nut of any of several trees of the genus Corylus)
                        • coconut [ENG31-07788911-n] (large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk)
                        • grugru nut [ENG31-07790158-n] (nut of Brazilian or West Indian palms)
                        • hickory nut [ENG31-07790271-n] (small hard-shelled nut of North American hickory trees especially the shagbark hickories)
                        • macadamia nut [ENG31-07790572-n] (nutlike seed with sweet and crisp white meat)
                        • pecan [ENG31-07790695-n] (smooth brown oval nut of south central United States)
                        • pine nut [ENG31-07790818-n] (edible seed of any of several nut pines especially some pinons of southwestern North America)
                        • pistachio [ENG31-07791026-n] (nut of Mediterranean trees having an edible green kernel)
                      • cembra nut [ENG31-11632686-n] (the seed of the Swiss pine)
                      • kola nut [ENG31-12218118-n] (bitter brown seed containing caffein)
                      • mast [ENG31-12300881-n] (nuts of forest trees (as beechnuts and acorns) accumulated on the ground)
                      • palm nut [ENG31-12611476-n] (seed of any oil palm)
                      • nutlet [ENG31-13157558-n] (a small nut)

                        • pyrene [ENG31-13157640-n] (the small hard nutlet of a drupe or drupelet)
                  • berry [ENG31-13158186-n] (a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry))

                    • baneberry [ENG31-11744455-n] (a poisonous berry of a plant of the genus Actaea)
                    • simple fruit [ENG31-13158728-n] (an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape)
                  • aggregate fruit [ENG31-13158449-n] (fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry)

                    • syconium [ENG31-13158002-n] (the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets)
                  • drupe [ENG31-13159085-n] (fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond)

                    • olive [ENG31-07783320-n] (one-seeded fruit of the European olive tree usually pickled and used as a relish)

                      • black olive [ENG31-07783525-n] (olives picked ripe and cured in brine then dried or pickled or preserved canned or in oil)
                      • green olive [ENG31-07783685-n] (olives picked green and pickled in brine)
                    • drupelet [ENG31-13159435-n] (a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe)

                      • acinus [ENG31-13158932-n] (one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry)
                  • pome [ENG31-13159619-n] (a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part)
                  • pod [ENG31-13159832-n] (a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant)

                    • legume [ENG31-11768471-n] (the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case)

                      • chickpea [ENG31-12536430-n] (the seed of the chickpea plant)
                      • lentil [ENG31-12565044-n] (the fruit or seed of a lentil plant)
                      • pea [ENG31-12580787-n] (the fruit or seed of a pea plant)

                        • garden pea [ENG31-12581126-n] (the flattened to cylindric inflated multi-seeded fruit of the common pea plant)
                      • field pea [ENG31-12582099-n] (seed of the field pea plant)
                      • cowpea [ENG31-12599664-n] (fruit or seed of the cowpea plant)
                    • peanut [ENG31-11769280-n] (underground pod of the peanut vine)
                    • screw bean [ENG31-11786901-n] (spirally twisted sweet pod of screwbean mesquite that is used for fodder or ground into meal for feed)
                    • okra [ENG31-12192881-n] (long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant)
                    • cowage [ENG31-12571293-n] (pods of the cowage plant or the stinging hairs covering them)
                    • loment [ENG31-13160098-n] (seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments)
                  • pyxidium [ENG31-13160259-n] (fruit of such plants as the plantain)
                  • accessory fruit [ENG31-13161144-n] (fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary)
                  • buckthorn berry [ENG31-13162192-n] (fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments)
                  • cubeb [ENG31-13171155-n] (spicy fruit of the cubeb vine)
                  • schizocarp [ENG31-13171369-n] (a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed)
              • septum [ENG31-11703912-n] (a partition or wall especially in an ovary)
              • nectary [ENG31-11704307-n] (a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar)
              • archegonium [ENG31-11709523-n] (a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms)
              • hypanthium [ENG31-11710723-n] (the cuplike or ringlike or tubular structure of a flower which bears the sepals and stamens and calyx (as in Rosaceae))
              • mescal button [ENG31-11869936-n] (the button-shaped top of the mescal cactus)
              • cup [ENG31-12288358-n] (cup-shaped plant organ)

                • cupule [ENG31-12288448-n] (cup-shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn)
              • hypobasidium [ENG31-13015471-n] (special cell constituting the base of the basidium in various fungi especially of the order Tremellales)
              • galea [ENG31-13032221-n] (an organ shaped like a helmet)
              • gill [ENG31-13032439-n] (any of the radiating leaflike spore-producing structures on the underside of the cap of a mushroom or similar fungus)
              • fruiting body [ENG31-13110006-n] (an organ specialized for producing spores)

                • ascocarp [ENG31-11553267-n] (mature fruiting body of an ascomycetous fungus)

                  • ascoma [ENG31-11553923-n] (an ascocarp having the spore-bearing layer of cells (the hymenium) on a broad disklike receptacle)
                  • apothecium [ENG31-11554073-n] (a cuplike ascocarp in many lichens and ascomycetous fungi)

                    • elf cup [ENG31-13051097-n] (apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae)
                  • cleistothecium [ENG31-11554223-n] (closed spore-bearing structure of some fungi (especially Aspergillaceae and Erysiphaceae) from which spores are released only by decay or disintegration)
                  • perithecium [ENG31-12983070-n] (flask-shaped ascocarp)
                • acervulus [ENG31-11553477-n] (small asexual fruiting body resembling a cushion or blister consisting of a mat of hyphae that is produced on a host by some fungi)
                • basidiocarp [ENG31-11553663-n] (the fruiting body of a basidiomycete which bears its spores on special cells)
                • aecium [ENG31-13084274-n] (fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores)
              • root [ENG31-13145876-n] ((botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes)

                • calamus [ENG31-11801645-n] (the aromatic root of the sweet flag used medicinally)
                • taro [ENG31-11807312-n] (edible starchy tuberous root of taro plants)
                • ginseng [ENG31-11820705-n] (aromatic root of ginseng plants)
                • horseradish [ENG31-11893651-n] (the root of the horseradish plant)
                • radish [ENG31-11915427-n] (pungent edible root of any of various cultivated radish plants)
                • chicory [ENG31-11974079-n] (the dried root of the chicory plant: used as a coffee substitute)
                • salsify [ENG31-12048007-n] (edible root of the salsify plant)
                • Hottentot bread [ENG31-12109695-n] (thick edible rootstock of elephant's-foot)
                • briarroot [ENG31-12248426-n] (hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea)
                • orrisroot [ENG31-12433492-n] (fragrant rootstock of various irises especially Florentine iris)
                • sarsaparilla root [ENG31-12490834-n] (dried root of any of various plants of the genus Smilax used as a flavoring agent)
                • licorice root [ENG31-12553942-n] (root of licorice used in flavoring e.g. candy and liqueurs and medicines)
                • senega [ENG31-12727000-n] (dried root of two plants of the genus Polygala containing an irritating saponin)
                • mandrake root [ENG31-12927531-n] (the root of the mandrake plant)
                • cassava [ENG31-12947773-n] (cassava root eaten as a staple food after drying and leaching)
                • carrot [ENG31-12958438-n] (deep orange edible root of the cultivated carrot plant)
                • parsnip [ENG31-12962674-n] (the whitish root of cultivated parsnip)
                • pneumatophore [ENG31-13146641-n] (an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant)
                • taproot [ENG31-13146809-n] ((botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem)
                • adventitious root [ENG31-13146951-n] (root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem)
                • rootlet [ENG31-13147339-n] (small root or division of a root)
                • prop root [ENG31-13147615-n] (a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves)
              • root cap [ENG31-13147187-n] (thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root)
              • root hair [ENG31-13147443-n] (thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip)
              • stolon [ENG31-13148602-n] (a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips)
              • stalk [ENG31-13149924-n] (a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ)

                • gynophore [ENG31-11697301-n] (the stalk of a pistil that raises it above the receptacle)
                • carpophore [ENG31-11698353-n] (a slender stalk that furnishes an axis for a carpel)
                • cornstalk [ENG31-11698461-n] (the stalk of a corn plant)
                • filament [ENG31-11698574-n] (the stalk of a stamen)
                • funicle [ENG31-11698650-n] (the stalk of a plant ovule or seed)
                • petiolule [ENG31-11698750-n] (the stalk of a leaflet)
                • cane [ENG31-12156723-n] (a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane)

                  • sugarcane [ENG31-12153271-n] (juicy canes whose sap is a source of molasses and commercial sugar)
                  • rattan [ENG31-12156909-n] (the stem of various climbing palms of the genus Calamus and related genera used to make wickerwork and furniture and canes)
                  • malacca [ENG31-12157098-n] (stem of the rattan palm used for making canes and umbrella handles)
                • sporangiophore [ENG31-13112741-n] (stalk bearing one or more sporangia)
                • cutting [ENG31-13148232-n] (a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting)

                  • quickset [ENG31-13148425-n] (cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines)
                • tuber [ENG31-13149124-n] (a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage)

                  • water chestnut [ENG31-07753956-n] (edible bulbous tuber of a Chinese marsh plant)
                  • groundnut [ENG31-07790008-n] (nutlike tuber)
                  • Jerusalem artichoke [ENG31-12000433-n] (edible tuber of the Jerusalem artichoke)
                  • yam [ENG31-12108740-n] (edible tuber of any of several yams)
                • rhizome [ENG31-13149341-n] (a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure)
                • axis [ENG31-13149530-n] (the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged)

                  • rachis [ENG31-13149735-n] (axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence)
                  • spadix [ENG31-13154691-n] (the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe)
                • caudex [ENG31-13149837-n] (woody stem of palms and tree ferns)
                • beanstalk [ENG31-13150697-n] (stem of a bean plant)
                • cladode [ENG31-13150773-n] (a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf)
                • stock [ENG31-13151064-n] (persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant)
                • stipe [ENG31-13151328-n] (supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap)
                • scape [ENG31-13151485-n] (erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip)

                  • peduncle [ENG31-13152793-n] (stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower)

                    • pedicel [ENG31-13152915-n] (a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence)

                      • ray [ENG31-13152275-n] (a branch of an umbel or an umbelliform inflorescence)
                • petiole [ENG31-13152377-n] (the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf)

                  • phyllode [ENG31-13152511-n] (an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade)
                • bulb [ENG31-13154818-n] (a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure)

                  • onion [ENG31-12453586-n] (the bulb of an onion plant)
                  • shallot [ENG31-12453934-n] (aggregate bulb of the multiplier onion)
                  • squill [ENG31-12483310-n] (bulb of the sea squill, which is sliced, dried, and used as an expectorant)
                  • bulbil [ENG31-13155290-n] (small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers)
                • corm [ENG31-13155439-n] (solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure)
                • branch [ENG31-13184148-n] (a division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the main stem of a plant)

                  • deadwood [ENG31-13184451-n] (a branch or a part of a tree that is dead)
                  • limb [ENG31-13184701-n] (any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree)

                    • stick [ENG31-13186544-n] (a small thin branch of a tree)
                    • bough [ENG31-13186625-n] (any of the larger branches of a tree)
                  • branchlet [ENG31-13184889-n] (a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division))

                    • brier [ENG31-13110778-n] (a thorny stem or twig)
                    • wand [ENG31-13185183-n] (a thin supple twig or rod)
                    • withe [ENG31-13185301-n] (strong flexible twig)

                      • osier [ENG31-13185399-n] (flexible twig of a willow tree)
                • culm [ENG31-13184369-n] (stem of plants of the Gramineae)
                • haulm [ENG31-13184547-n] (stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding)
                • trunk [ENG31-13186713-n] (the main stem of a tree)
              • capitulum [ENG31-13154545-n] (a dense cluster of flowers or foliage)
              • leaf [ENG31-13173519-n] (the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants)

                • cataphyll [ENG31-11706664-n] (a reduced or scarcely developed leaf at the start of a plant's life (i.e., cotyledons) or in the early stages of leaf development)

                  • cotyledon [ENG31-11706867-n] (embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants)
                • floral leaf [ENG31-11711362-n] (a modified leaf that is part of a flower)

                  • petal [ENG31-11710924-n] (part of the perianth that is usually brightly colored)
                  • sepal [ENG31-11711081-n] (one of the green parts that form the calyx of a flower)
                • dandelion green [ENG31-12045159-n] (the foliage of the dandelion plant)
                • pitcher [ENG31-12800928-n] ((botany) a leaf that that is modified in such a way as to resemble a pitcher or ewer)
                • sporophyll [ENG31-13112379-n] (leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia)

                  • megasporophyll [ENG31-11708022-n] (in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only megasporangia)
                  • microsporophyll [ENG31-11708538-n] (in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only microsporangia)
                • blade [ENG31-13152642-n] (especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole)
                • amplexicaul leaf [ENG31-13174327-n] (a leaf with its base clasping the stem)
                • greenery [ENG31-13174428-n] (green foliage)
                • leaflet [ENG31-13174872-n] (part of a compound leaf)

                  • pinna [ENG31-13175183-n] (division of a usually pinnately divided leaf)
                • frond [ENG31-13175289-n] (compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad)
                • pad [ENG31-13175381-n] (the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant (as the water lily))

                  • lily pad [ENG31-13175531-n] (floating leaves of a water lily)
                • scale [ENG31-13176554-n] (a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin)

                  • squamule [ENG31-13176694-n] (a minute scale)
                • betel leaf [ENG31-13176801-n] (a leaf of a vine from the betel pepper)
                • fig leaf [ENG31-13176904-n] (a leaf from a fig tree)
                • simple leaf [ENG31-13176981-n] (a leaf that is not divided into parts)

                  • acerate leaf [ENG31-13178493-n] (the leaf of a conifer)
                  • acuminate leaf [ENG31-13178582-n] (a leaf narrowing to a slender point)
                  • cordate leaf [ENG31-13178678-n] (a heart-shaped leaf)
                  • cuneate leaf [ENG31-13178756-n] (a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base)
                  • deltoid leaf [ENG31-13178869-n] (a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta)
                  • elliptic leaf [ENG31-13178969-n] (a simple leaf shaped like an ellipse)
                  • ensiform leaf [ENG31-13179065-n] (a sword-shaped leaf)
                  • hastate leaf [ENG31-13179156-n] (a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base)
                  • lanceolate leaf [ENG31-13179284-n] (a leaf shaped like a lance head)
                  • linear leaf [ENG31-13179410-n] (a long slender leaf)
                  • lyrate leaf [ENG31-13179503-n] (a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre)
                  • obtuse leaf [ENG31-13179612-n] (a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip)
                  • oblanceolate leaf [ENG31-13179713-n] (a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base)
                  • oblong leaf [ENG31-13179823-n] (a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides)
                  • obovate leaf [ENG31-13179942-n] (an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base)
                  • ovate leaf [ENG31-13180053-n] (an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base)
                  • orbiculate leaf [ENG31-13180161-n] (circular or nearly circular leaf)
                  • pandurate leaf [ENG31-13180255-n] (a fiddle-shaped leaf)
                  • peltate leaf [ENG31-13180355-n] (a shield-shaped leaf)
                  • perfoliate leaf [ENG31-13180456-n] (a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem)
                  • reniform leaf [ENG31-13180589-n] (a simple kidney-shaped leaf)
                  • sagittate-leaf [ENG31-13180676-n] (a leaf shaped like an arrow head)
                  • spatulate leaf [ENG31-13180788-n] (spatula-shaped leaf)
                • compound leaf [ENG31-13177490-n] (a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk)

                  • trifoliolate leaf [ENG31-13177697-n] (having three leaflets)
                  • quinquefoliate leaf [ENG31-13177782-n] (a compound leaf having five leaflets)
                  • palmate leaf [ENG31-13177884-n] (a leaf resembling an open hand)

                    • pedate leaf [ENG31-13181263-n] (a leaf having the radiating lobes each deeply cleft or divided)
                  • pinnate leaf [ENG31-13178035-n] (a leaf resembling a feather)

                    • bijugate leaf [ENG31-13178244-n] (a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets)
                    • bipinnate leaf [ENG31-13180913-n] (a leaf having pinnate leaflets)
                    • even-pinnate leaf [ENG31-13181014-n] (a pinnate leaf with a pair of leaflets at the apex)
                    • odd-pinnate leaf [ENG31-13181152-n] (a pinnate leaf with a single leaflet at the apex)
                  • decompound leaf [ENG31-13178379-n] (a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound)
                • entire leaf [ENG31-13181383-n] (a leaf having a smooth margin without notches or indentations)
                • crenate leaf [ENG31-13181502-n] (a leaf having a scalloped margin)
                • serrate leaf [ENG31-13181593-n] (a leaf having a margin notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex)
                • dentate leaf [ENG31-13181729-n] (a leaf having a toothed margin)

                  • denticulate leaf [ENG31-13181836-n] (a leaf having a finely toothed margin)
                • emarginate leaf [ENG31-13181954-n] (a leaf having a notch at the apex)
                • erose leaf [ENG31-13182049-n] (a leaf having a jagged margin as though gnawed)
                • runcinate leaf [ENG31-13182152-n] (a leaf having incised margins with the lobes or teeth curved toward the base)
                • lobed leaf [ENG31-13182310-n] (a leaf having deeply indented margins)
                • parallel-veined leaf [ENG31-13182537-n] (a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem)
                • parted leaf [ENG31-13182652-n] (a leaf having margins incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes)
                • prickly-edged leaf [ENG31-13182802-n] (a leaf having prickly margins)
                • rosette [ENG31-13182896-n] (a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown (usually at or close to the ground))
              • sprout [ENG31-13185481-n] (any new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud)

                • shoot [ENG31-13185661-n] (a new branch)

                  • sucker [ENG31-13185779-n] (a shoot arising from a plant's roots)
                  • tiller [ENG31-13185868-n] (a shoot that sprouts from the base of a grass)
                • bud [ENG31-13185984-n] (a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals)

                  • leaf bud [ENG31-13186184-n] (a bud from which leaves (but not flowers) develop)
                  • flower bud [ENG31-13186307-n] (a bud from which only a flower or flowers develop)

                    • clove [ENG31-12360348-n] (aromatic flower bud of a clove tree)
                  • mixed bud [ENG31-13186450-n] (a bud yielding both leaves and flowers)
            • aril [ENG31-13111631-n] (fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelops the seed)
            • duct [ENG31-13111816-n] (a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls)

              • laticifer [ENG31-13111986-n] (a plant duct containing latex)
            • veil [ENG31-13115315-n] (a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms)

              • universal veil [ENG31-13115491-n] (membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth)
              • partial veil [ENG31-13115772-n] (membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth)

                • cortina [ENG31-13094739-n] (a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils)
            • annulus [ENG31-13116107-n] ((Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar)
            • plant tissue [ENG31-13116444-n] (the tissue of a plant)

              • perisperm [ENG31-11707121-n] (the nutritive tissue outside the sac containing the embryo in some seeds)
              • stroma [ENG31-12983149-n] (the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast)
              • stroma [ENG31-12983248-n] (a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in it or on it)
              • pulp [ENG31-13116794-n] (a soft moist part of a fruit)
              • pith [ENG31-13116918-n] (soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants)
              • parenchyma [ENG31-13117076-n] (the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature)

                • chlorenchyma [ENG31-13117436-n] (parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts)
              • lignum [ENG31-13117538-n] (woody tissue)
              • vascular tissue [ENG31-13117622-n] (tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants)

                • stele [ENG31-13117946-n] (the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant)
                • cambium [ENG31-13118097-n] (a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth)
                • vascular bundle [ENG31-13118708-n] (a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem)

                  • vein [ENG31-13118945-n] (any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ)

                    • midrib [ENG31-13119179-n] (the vein in the center of a leaf)
                • vascular ray [ENG31-13119274-n] (a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles)
                • xylem [ENG31-13119407-n] (the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels)
                • tracheid [ENG31-13119612-n] (long tubular cell peculiar to xylem)
                • phloem [ENG31-13119721-n] ((botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed)
                • sieve tube [ENG31-13119953-n] (tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae)
              • pseudophloem [ENG31-13120132-n] (false phloem)
              • gall [ENG31-13120345-n] (abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by insects or microorganisms or injury)

                • oak apple [ENG31-13120493-n] (oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp)
              • meristem [ENG31-13151644-n] (undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root)
            • tendril [ENG31-13123534-n] (slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support)

              • cirrus [ENG31-13123705-n] (usually coiled)
            • stump [ENG31-13132263-n] (the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled)

              • stool [ENG31-13132459-n] ((forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings)
            • prophyll [ENG31-13147760-n] (a plant structure resembling a leaf)
            • stock [ENG31-13147850-n] (a plant or stem onto which a graft is made)

              • rootstock [ENG31-13148062-n] (root or part of a root used for plant propagation)
            • receptacle [ENG31-13150920-n] (enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts)

              • gynobase [ENG31-11697194-n] (the enlarged receptacle in which the pistil is borne)
            • kernel [ENG31-13157787-n] (the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone)
            • lobe [ENG31-13182404-n] ((botany) a part into which a leaf is divided)
            • ligule [ENG31-13183062-n] ((botany) any appendage to a plant that is shaped like a strap)
        • artifact [ENG31-00022119-n] (a man-made object taken as a whole)

          • article [ENG31-00023083-n] (one of a class of artifacts)

            • article of commerce [ENG31-02748096-n] (an article that is offered for sale)

              • tinware [ENG31-04447620-n] (articles of commerce made of tin plate)
            • breakable [ENG31-02897286-n] (an article that is fragile and easily broken)
            • knickknack [ENG31-03628657-n] (a small inexpensive mass-produced article)
            • notion [ENG31-03838339-n] ((usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items)

              • ribbon [ENG31-04095011-n] (notion consisting of a narrow strip of fine material used for trimming)

                • riband [ENG31-04094544-n] (a ribbon used as a decoration)
            • ware [ENG31-04558126-n] (articles of the same kind or material)

              • metalware [ENG31-03757753-n] (household articles made of metal (especially for use at table))

                • tole [ENG31-04456317-n] (enameled or lacquered metalware (usually gilded and elaborately painted))
              • tableware [ENG31-04389081-n] (articles for use at the table (dishes and silverware and glassware))

                • chopstick [ENG31-03029438-n] (one of a pair of slender sticks used as oriental tableware to eat food with)
                • crockery [ENG31-03138189-n] (tableware (eating and serving dishes) collectively)

                  • chinaware [ENG31-03022147-n] (dishware made of high quality porcelain)

                    • willowware [ENG31-04592230-n] (chinaware decorated with a blue Chinese design on a white background depicting a willow tree and often a river)
                  • cup [ENG31-03152175-n] (a small open container usually used for drinking)

                    • beaker [ENG31-02818884-n] (a cup (usually without a handle))
                    • chalice [ENG31-03006552-n] (a bowl-shaped drinking vessel)
                    • coffee cup [ENG31-03067076-n] (a cup from which coffee is drunk)

                      • demitasse [ENG31-03179397-n] (small coffee cup)
                    • Dixie cup [ENG31-03221413-n] (a disposable cup made of paper)
                    • grace cup [ENG31-03456197-n] (cup to be passed around for the final toast after a meal)
                    • kylix [ENG31-03634811-n] (a shallow drinking cup with two handles)
                    • mustache cup [ENG31-03808183-n] (a drinking cup with a bar inside the rim to keep a man's mustache out of the drink)
                    • scyphus [ENG31-04165199-n] (an ancient Greek drinking cup)
                    • teacup [ENG31-04404587-n] (a cup from which tea is drunk)
                  • dish [ENG31-03211629-n] (a piece of dishware normally used as a container for holding or serving food)

                    • bowl [ENG31-02884182-n] (a dish that is round and open at the top for serving foods)

                      • cereal bowl [ENG31-03001517-n] (a bowl for holding breakfast cereal)
                      • finger bowl [ENG31-03346551-n] (small bowl for rinsing the fingers at table)
                      • mixing bowl [ENG31-03781079-n] (bowl used with an electric mixer)
                      • porringer [ENG31-03991117-n] (a shallow metal bowl (usually with a handle))
                      • punch bowl [ENG31-04030089-n] (a large bowl for serving beverages)
                      • salad bowl [ENG31-04137340-n] (a large bowl for mixing and serving a salad)
                      • slop basin [ENG31-04249832-n] (a bowl into which the dregs of teacups and coffee cups are emptied at the table)
                      • soup bowl [ENG31-04270367-n] (a bowl for serving soup)
                    • butter dish [ENG31-02931148-n] (a small dish (often with a cover) for holding butter at the table)
                    • casserole [ENG31-02982212-n] (large deep dish in which food can be cooked and served)

                      • cocotte [ENG31-03066339-n] (a small casserole in which individual portions can be cooked and served)
                    • coquille [ENG31-03109865-n] (a dish in the form of a scallop shell)
                    • gravy boat [ENG31-03460968-n] (a dish (often boat-shaped) for serving gravy or sauce)

                      • argyll [ENG31-02740171-n] (a covered gravy holder of silver or other metal containing a detachable central vessel for hot water to keep the gravy warm)
                    • Petri dish [ENG31-03926410-n] (a shallow dish used to culture bacteria)
                    • ramekin [ENG31-04058045-n] (a small fireproof dish used for baking and serving individual portions)
                    • serving dish [ENG31-04183251-n] (a dish used for serving food)

                      • tureen [ENG31-04506357-n] (large deep serving dish with a cover)
                    • sugar bowl [ENG31-04357659-n] (a dish in which sugar is served)
                    • watch glass [ENG31-04563950-n] (laboratory glassware)
                  • eggcup [ENG31-03271409-n] (dishware consisting of a small cup for serving a boiled egg)
                  • ovenware [ENG31-03868504-n] (heat-resistant dishware in which food can be cooked as well as served)
                • cutlery [ENG31-03158041-n] (tableware implements for cutting and eating food)

                  • fork [ENG31-03388794-n] (cutlery used for serving and eating food)

                    • carving fork [ENG31-02977264-n] (a large fork used in carving cooked meat)
                    • salad fork [ENG31-04137440-n] (a fork intended for eating salads)
                    • tablefork [ENG31-04387342-n] (a fork for eating at a dining table)
                    • toasting fork [ENG31-04449716-n] (long-handled fork for cooking or toasting frankfurters or bread etc. (especially over an open fire))
                  • spoon [ENG31-04291140-n] (a piece of cutlery with a shallow bowl-shaped container and a handle)

                    • dessert spoon [ENG31-03185050-n] (a spoon larger than a teaspoon and smaller than a tablespoon)
                    • runcible spoon [ENG31-04126724-n] (a fork-like spoon with a cutting edge)
                    • soupspoon [ENG31-04270612-n] (a spoon with a rounded bowl for eating soup)
                    • sugar spoon [ENG31-04357847-n] (a spoon for serving sugar)
                    • tablespoon [ENG31-04388160-n] (a spoon larger than a dessert spoon)
                    • tea maker [ENG31-04404995-n] (a covered spoon with perforations)
                    • teaspoon [ENG31-04405823-n] (a small spoon used for stirring tea or coffee)

                      • iced-tea spoon [ENG31-03562450-n] (a teaspoon with a long handle)
                    • wooden spoon [ENG31-04605240-n] (a spoon made of wood)
                  • Spork [ENG31-04291576-n] (trademark for a plastic eating utensil that has both tines and a bowl like a spoon)
                  • table knife [ENG31-04387433-n] (a knife used for eating at dining table)

                    • butter knife [ENG31-02931433-n] (a small knife with a dull blade)
                    • case knife [ENG31-02979708-n] (a metal blade with a handle)
                    • fish knife [ENG31-03357212-n] (a small table knife with a spatula blade used for eating fish)
                    • steak knife [ENG31-04315124-n] (a sharp table knife used in eating steak)
                • dinnerware [ENG31-03207306-n] (the tableware (plates and platters and serving bowls etc.) used in serving a meal)
                • flatware [ENG31-03366791-n] (tableware that is relatively flat and fashioned as a single piece)

                  • plate [ENG31-03965779-n] (dish on which food is served or from which food is eaten)

                    • dessert plate [ENG31-03184946-n] (a small plate on which dessert can be served)
                    • dinner plate [ENG31-03206807-n] (a plate from which a diner eats during the main course of a meal)
                    • paper plate [ENG31-03893300-n] (a disposable plate made of cardboard)
                    • salad plate [ENG31-04137530-n] (a plate or bowl for individual servings of salad)
                    • soup plate [ENG31-04270527-n] (a deep plate with a wide rim)
                    • steel plate [ENG31-04318937-n] (a plate of steel)
                  • platter [ENG31-03969492-n] (a large shallow dish used for serving food)
                  • saucer [ENG31-04146374-n] (a small shallow dish for holding a cup at the table)
                • glassware [ENG31-03443988-n] (an article of tableware made of glass)

                  • crystal [ENG31-03147485-n] (glassware made of quartz)
                  • cut glass [ENG31-03157811-n] (glass decorated by cutting or grinding facets)
                  • glass [ENG31-03443585-n] (glassware collectively)
                  • Venetian glass [ENG31-04533024-n] (fine glassware made near Venice)
                • gold plate [ENG31-03450405-n] (tableware that is plated with gold)
                • service [ENG31-04182441-n] (tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table)

                  • dinner service [ENG31-03206930-n] (a table service for serving dinner)
                  • place setting [ENG31-03960019-n] (a table service for one person)
                • silver plate [ENG31-04228012-n] (tableware that is plated with silver)
                • silverware [ENG31-04228491-n] (tableware made of silver or silver plate or pewter or stainless steel)

                  • flatware [ENG31-03366683-n] (silverware eating utensils)
                  • hollowware [ENG31-03532329-n] (silverware serving dishes)
                • tea service [ENG31-04405444-n] (a set of china or silverware for serving tea)
              • woodenware [ENG31-04605131-n] (ware for domestic use made of wood)
          • facility [ENG31-00586443-n] (something designed and created to serve a particular function and to afford a particular convenience or service)

            • public toilet [ENG31-04025061-n] (a toilet that is available to the public)

              • ladies' room [ENG31-03638254-n] (a woman's restroom in a public (or semipublic) building)
              • latrine [ENG31-03652123-n] (a public toilet in a military area)
              • men's room [ENG31-03751977-n] (a public toilet for men)
          • Americana [ENG31-02704252-n] (any artifact (such as books or furniture or art) that is distinctive of America)
          • anachronism [ENG31-02709895-n] (an artifact that belongs to another time)
          • antiquity [ENG31-02726951-n] (an artifact surviving from the past)

            • antique [ENG31-02726679-n] (any piece of furniture or decorative object or the like produced in a former period and valuable because of its beauty or rarity)
            • relic [ENG31-04080659-n] (an antiquity that has survived from the distant past)

              • archeological remains [ENG31-09226555-n] (a relic that has been excavated from the soil)
            • Roman building [ENG31-04111594-n] (a building constructed by the ancient Romans)

              • basilica [ENG31-02804213-n] (a Roman building used for public administration)
            • stele [ENG31-04320766-n] (an ancient upright stone slab bearing markings)
          • block [ENG31-02855782-n] (a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides))

            • anvil [ENG31-02728797-n] (a heavy block of iron or steel on which hot metals are shaped by hammering)
            • briquette [ENG31-02905715-n] (a block made from charcoal or coal dust and burned as fuel)
            • cake [ENG31-02940853-n] (a block of solid substance (such as soap or wax))

              • tablet [ENG31-04388270-n] (a small flat compressed cake of some substance)
            • chock [ENG31-03027561-n] (a block of wood used to prevent the sliding or rolling of a heavy object)

              • sprag [ENG31-04294589-n] (a chock or bar wedged under a wheel or between the spokes to prevent a vehicle from rolling down an incline)
            • chopping block [ENG31-03029040-n] (a steady wooden block on which food can be cut or diced or wood can be split)
            • crosshead [ENG31-03141695-n] (metal block that connects to a piston)
            • cube [ENG31-03149258-n] (a block in the (approximate) shape of a cube)

              • die [ENG31-03195713-n] (a small cube with 1 to 6 spots on the six faces)

                • five-spot [ENG31-03358629-n] (a playing card or a domino or a die whose upward face shows five pips)
                • four-spot [ENG31-03393672-n] (a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows four pips)
                • one-spot [ENG31-03852734-n] (a domino or die whose upward face shows one pip)
                • six-spot [ENG31-04232479-n] (a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows six pips)
              • ice cube [ENG31-03562321-n] (a small cube of artificial ice)
            • domino [ENG31-03225505-n] (a small rectangular block used in playing the game of dominoes)
            • ingot [ENG31-03575706-n] (metal that is cast in the shape of a block for convenient handling)

              • bullion [ENG31-02920867-n] (gold or silver in bars or ingots)
              • pig [ENG31-03941274-n] (a crude block of metal (lead or iron) poured from a smelting furnace)
            • nog [ENG31-03832824-n] (a wooden block built into a masonry wall so that joinery structure can be nailed to it)
            • nut [ENG31-03841711-n] (a small (usually square or hexagonal) metal block with internal screw thread to be fitted onto a bolt)

              • hex nut [ENG31-03522590-n] (a nut with a hexagonal shape)
              • locknut [ENG31-03689664-n] (supplementary nut that is screwed down on a primary nut to prevent it from loosening)
              • square nut [ENG31-04299050-n] (nut with a square shape)
              • stuffing nut [ENG31-04352865-n] (a nut used to tighten a stuffing box)
              • wing nut [ENG31-04600512-n] (a threaded nut with winglike projections for thumb and forefinger leverage in turning)
            • pad [ENG31-03878563-n] (a block of absorbent material saturated with ink)
            • slab [ENG31-04240514-n] (block consisting of a thick piece of something)

              • butcher board [ENG31-02930270-n] (a thick wooden slab formed by bonding together thick laminated strips of unpainted hardwood)
              • tablet [ENG31-04388389-n] (a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription)

                • abacus [ENG31-02668977-n] (a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave)
                • slate [ENG31-04241776-n] ((formerly) a writing tablet made of slate)
              • tile [ENG31-04442314-n] (a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces)

                • tessera [ENG31-04422044-n] (a small square tile of stone or glass used in making mosaics)

                  • tessella [ENG31-04421956-n] (a small tessera)
            • starting block [ENG31-04311695-n] (block providing bracing for a runner's feet at start of a race)
            • step [ENG31-04322323-n] (a solid block joined to the beams in which the heel of a ship's mast or capstan is fixed)
            • swage block [ENG31-04375322-n] (an iron block cut with holes and grooves to assist in cold working metal)
            • type [ENG31-04511781-n] (a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end)

              • kern [ENG31-03616382-n] (the part of a metal type that projects beyond its body)
              • quad [ENG31-04037131-n] ((printing) a block of type without a raised letter)

                • hair space [ENG31-03481966-n] ((printing) the narrowest of the spaces used to separate words or letters)
          • button [ENG31-02932225-n] (any artifact that resembles a button)
          • commodity [ENG31-03080712-n] (articles of commerce)

            • basic [ENG31-02803952-n] ((usually in the plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant)
            • consumer goods [ENG31-03098030-n] (goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption)

              • clothing [ENG31-03055525-n] (a covering designed to be worn on a person's body)

                • accessory [ENG31-02674410-n] (clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing)

                  • belt [ENG31-02830790-n] (a band to tie or buckle around the body (usually at the waist))

                    • baldric [ENG31-02781299-n] (a wide (ornamented) belt worn over the right shoulder to support a sword or bugle by the left hip)
                    • cartridge belt [ENG31-02975856-n] (a broad belt with loops or pockets for holding ammunition)

                      • bandoleer [ENG31-02789634-n] (a broad cartridge belt worn over the shoulder by soldiers)
                    • holster [ENG31-03532745-n] (a belt with loops or slots for carrying small hand tools)
                    • money belt [ENG31-03787216-n] (belt with a concealed section for holding money)
                    • safety belt [ENG31-04132954-n] (belt attaching you to some object as a restraint in order to prevent you from getting hurt)

                      • seat belt [ENG31-04169767-n] (a safety belt used in a car or plane to hold you in your seat in case of an accident)
                    • Sam Browne belt [ENG31-04139548-n] (leather belt supported by a strap over the right shoulder)
                  • furnishing [ENG31-03410505-n] ((usually plural) accessory wearing apparel)
                • apparel [ENG31-02731365-n] (clothing in general)

                  • workwear [ENG31-04611230-n] (heavy-duty clothes for manual or physical work)

                    • jeans [ENG31-03599921-n] ((used in the plural) close-fitting trousers of heavy denim for manual work or casual wear)

                      • Levi's [ENG31-03665450-n] (a popular brand of jeans)
                    • work-shirt [ENG31-04610314-n] (heavy-duty shirts worn for manual or physical work)
                • array [ENG31-02745327-n] (especially fine or decorative clothing)

                  • war paint [ENG31-04559383-n] (full ceremonial regalia)
                • attire [ENG31-02759103-n] (clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion)

                  • ao dai [ENG31-02728942-n] (the traditional dress of Vietnamese women consisting of a tunic with long sleeves and panels front and back)
                  • costume [ENG31-03118308-n] (the attire worn in a play or at a fancy dress ball)

                    • fancy dress [ENG31-03325464-n] (a costume worn as a disguise at a masquerade party)
                  • costume [ENG31-03118486-n] (the attire characteristic of a country or a time or a social class)

                    • academic costume [ENG31-02672164-n] (a costume worn on formal occasions by the faculty or students of a university or college)
                    • rigout [ENG31-04099280-n] (a person's costume (especially if bizarre))
                  • costume [ENG31-03118692-n] (unusual or period attire not characteristic of or appropriate to the time and place)
                  • costume [ENG31-03118887-n] (the prevalent fashion of dress (including accessories and hair style as well as garments))
                  • disguise [ENG31-03211439-n] (any attire that modifies the appearance in order to conceal the wearer's identity)

                    • mask [ENG31-03730361-n] (a covering to disguise or conceal the face)

                      • domino [ENG31-03225762-n] (a mask covering the upper part of the face but with holes for the eyes)
                      • false face [ENG31-03324402-n] (a mask worn as part of a masquerade costume)
                  • ecclesiastical attire [ENG31-03268041-n] (attire that is appropriate to wear in a church)

                    • purple [ENG31-03268195-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) official dress of a cardinal)
                  • finery [ENG31-03345868-n] (elaborate or showy attire and accessories)

                    • Sunday best [ENG31-04362193-n] (the best attire you have which is worn to church on Sunday)
                  • formalwear [ENG31-03389737-n] (attire to wear on formal occasions in the evening)

                    • balldress [ENG31-02783727-n] (a suit or dress for formal occasions)
                    • dinner dress [ENG31-03206322-n] (a gown for evening wear)
                    • dinner jacket [ENG31-03206460-n] (semiformal evening dress for men)
                    • dress suit [ENG31-03243757-n] (formalwear consisting of full evening dress for men)
                  • habit [ENG31-03479089-n] (a distinctive attire worn by a member of a religious order)

                    • frock [ENG31-03402989-n] (a habit worn by clerics)
                    • monastic habit [ENG31-03787000-n] (a long loose habit worn by monks in a monastery)
                    • nun's habit [ENG31-03841461-n] (a long loose habit worn by nuns in a convent)
                  • habit [ENG31-03479290-n] (attire that is typically worn by a horseback rider (especially a woman's attire))
                  • hairpiece [ENG31-03481206-n] (a covering or bunch of human or artificial hair used for disguise or adornment)

                    • Afro-wig [ENG31-02686308-n] (a wig that gives the appearance of an Afro hairdo)
                    • switch [ENG31-04380035-n] (hairpiece consisting of a tress of false hair)
                    • toupee [ENG31-04466253-n] (a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness)
                    • wig [ENG31-04591493-n] (hairpiece covering the head and made of real or synthetic hair)

                      • grizzle [ENG31-03465969-n] (a grey wig)
                      • horsehair wig [ENG31-03544137-n] (a wig made of horsehair)
                      • periwig [ENG31-03923449-n] (a wig for men that was fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries)
                  • morning dress [ENG31-03791727-n] (formal attire for men during the daytime)
                  • outfit [ENG31-03865478-n] (a set of clothing (with accessories))

                    • bib-and-tucker [ENG31-02837711-n] (an attractive outfit)
                    • ensemble [ENG31-03294896-n] (a coordinated outfit (set of clothing))

                      • sailor suit [ENG31-04136849-n] (a boy's ensemble)
                    • playsuit [ENG31-03970905-n] (a sports outfit for women or children)
                    • trousseau [ENG31-04496990-n] (the personal outfit of a bride)
                  • sportswear [ENG31-04292941-n] (attire worn for sport or for casual wear)

                    • gym suit [ENG31-03477795-n] (clothes prescribed for wear while participating in gymnastic exercise)
                    • running suit [ENG31-04127789-n] (a matching jacket and pants worn by joggers and made of fabric that absorbs perspiration)
                • beachwear [ENG31-02817909-n] (clothing to be worn at a beach)
                • black [ENG31-02849379-n] (black clothing (worn as a sign of mourning))
                • blue [ENG31-02859205-n] (blue clothing)
                • change [ENG31-03009373-n] (a different or fresh set of clothes)
                • civilian clothing [ENG31-03040454-n] (ordinary clothing as distinguished from uniforms, work clothes, clerical garb, etc.)

                  • civies [ENG31-03040326-n] (civilian garb as opposed to a military uniform)
                  • mufti [ENG31-03802786-n] (civilian dress worn by a person who is entitled to wear a military uniform)
                • drag [ENG31-03236179-n] (clothing that is conventionally worn by the opposite sex (especially women's clothing when worn by a man))
                • footwear [ENG31-03385972-n] (clothing worn on a person's feet)

                  • hosiery [ENG31-03545447-n] (socks and stockings and tights collectively (the British include underwear))

                    • sock [ENG31-04261887-n] (hosiery consisting of a cloth covering for the foot)

                      • anklet [ENG31-02716077-n] (a sock that reaches just above the ankle)
                      • argyle [ENG31-02739803-n] (a sock knitted or woven with an argyle design (usually used in the plural))
                      • athletic sock [ENG31-02755501-n] (a sock worn for athletic events)
                      • knee-high [ENG31-03628140-n] (a sock or stocking that reaches up to just below the knees)
                      • tabi [ENG31-04386043-n] (a sock with a separation for the big toe)
                    • stocking [ENG31-04330957-n] (close-fitting hosiery to cover the foot and leg)

                      • boothose [ENG31-02877578-n] (protective stockings worn with or in place of boots)
                      • Christmas stocking [ENG31-03030189-n] (a stocking that is filled with small Christmas presents)
                      • nylons [ENG31-03842496-n] (women's stockings made from a sheer material (nylon or rayon or silk))
                      • support hose [ENG31-04368001-n] (elasticized stocking intended to reduce pressure on the veins of the leg (as in case of varicose veins))
                    • tights [ENG31-04442066-n] (skintight knit hose covering the body from the waist to the feet worn by acrobats and dancers and as stockings by women and girls)

                      • maillot [ENG31-03716176-n] (tights for dancers or gymnasts)
                      • pantyhose [ENG31-03891601-n] (a woman's tights consisting of underpants and stockings)
                • garment [ENG31-03423924-n] (an article of clothing)

                  • breechcloth [ENG31-02899556-n] (a garment that provides covering for the loins)

                    • dhoti [ENG31-03190883-n] (a long loincloth worn by Hindu men)
                  • burqa [ENG31-02925962-n] (a loose garment (usually with veiled holes for the eyes) worn by Muslim women especially in India and Pakistan)
                  • camlet [ENG31-02947830-n] (a garment made of camlet fabric)
                  • diaper [ENG31-03193215-n] (garment consisting of a folded cloth drawn up between the legs and fastened at the waist)
                  • fur [ENG31-03409064-n] (a garment made of animal pelts or synthetic fur)
                  • gown [ENG31-03455678-n] (protective garment worn by surgeons during operations)
                  • haik [ENG31-03480544-n] (an outer garment consisting of a large piece of white cloth)
                  • hand-me-down [ENG31-03492725-n] (outgrown garment passed down from one person to another)
                  • head covering [ENG31-03507475-n] (a garment that covers the head and face)

                    • chador [ENG31-03002448-n] (a cloth used as a head covering (and veil and shawl) by Muslim and Hindu women)
                    • face veil [ENG31-03319829-n] (a piece of more-or-less transparent material that covers the face)

                      • niqab [ENG31-03831579-n] (a face veil covering the lower part of the face (up to the eyes) worn by observant Muslim women)
                    • yashmak [ENG31-04619516-n] (the face veil worn by Muslim women)
                  • hose [ENG31-03545270-n] (man's close-fitting garment of the 16th and 17th centuries covering the legs and reaching up to the waist)
                  • ironing [ENG31-03591044-n] (garments (clothes or linens) that are to be (or have been) ironed)

                    • flatwork [ENG31-03366965-n] (ironing that can be done mechanically)
                  • jump suit [ENG31-03610811-n] (one-piece garment fashioned after a parachutist's uniform)
                  • kanzu [ENG31-03613717-n] ((Swahili) a long garment (usually white) with long sleeves)
                  • laundry [ENG31-03653533-n] (garments or white goods that can be cleaned by laundering)
                  • legging [ENG31-03660398-n] (a garment covering the leg (usually extending from the knee to the ankle))

                    • chap [ENG31-03010507-n] ((usually in the plural) leather leggings without a seat)
                    • gaiter [ENG31-03415848-n] (legging consisting of a cloth or leather covering for the leg from the knee to the ankle)
                    • puttee [ENG31-04034411-n] (a strip of cloth wound around the leg to form legging)
                    • spat [ENG31-04276932-n] (a cloth covering (a legging) that covers the instep and ankles)
                  • leotard [ENG31-03662837-n] (a tight-fitting garment of stretchy material that covers the body from the shoulders to the thighs (and may have long sleeves or legs reaching down to the ankles))
                  • mending [ENG31-03750978-n] (garments that must be repaired)
                  • motley [ENG31-03795327-n] (a garment made of motley (especially a court jester's costume))
                  • neckwear [ENG31-03821545-n] (articles of clothing worn about the neck)

                    • cravat [ENG31-03132736-n] (neckwear worn in a slipknot with long ends overlapping vertically in front)

                      • ascot [ENG31-02750068-n] (a cravat with wide square ends)
                      • neckcloth [ENG31-03820267-n] (an ornamental white cravat)
                    • necktie [ENG31-03821155-n] (neckwear consisting of a long narrow piece of material worn (mostly by men) under a collar and tied in knot at the front)

                      • bolo tie [ENG31-02868691-n] (a cord fastened around the neck with an ornamental clasp and worn as a necktie)
                      • bow tie [ENG31-02886446-n] (a man's tie that ties in a bow)

                        • black tie [ENG31-02850869-n] (a black bow tie worn with a dinner jacket)
                        • white tie [ENG31-04588280-n] (bow tie worn as part of a man's formal evening dress)
                      • four-in-hand [ENG31-03393169-n] (a long necktie that is tied in a slipknot with one end hanging in front of the other)
                      • old school tie [ENG31-03851510-n] (necktie indicating the school the wearer attended)
                      • string tie [ENG31-04346269-n] (a very narrow necktie usually tied in a bow)
                      • Windsor tie [ENG31-04598460-n] (a wide necktie worn in a loose bow)
                  • overgarment [ENG31-03869443-n] (a garment worn over other garments)

                    • aba [ENG31-02668709-n] (a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth)
                    • cloak [ENG31-03049322-n] (a loose outer garment)

                      • burnous [ENG31-02926919-n] (a long hooded cloak woven of wool in one piece)
                      • caftan [ENG31-02939786-n] (a (cotton or silk) cloak with full sleeves and sash reaching down to the ankles)
                      • cape [ENG31-02959203-n] (a sleeveless garment like a cloak but shorter)

                        • chlamys [ENG31-03024911-n] (a short mantle or cape fastened at the shoulder)
                        • mantelet [ENG31-03725051-n] (short cape worn by women)
                        • pelisse [ENG31-03912908-n] (a sleeveless cape that is lined or trimmed with fur)
                        • tippet [ENG31-04447731-n] (a woman's fur shoulder cape with hanging ends)
                      • capote [ENG31-02960319-n] (a long cloak with a hood that can be pulled over the head)
                      • capuchin [ENG31-02961700-n] (a hooded cloak for women)
                      • cope [ENG31-03108555-n] (a long cloak)
                      • dolman [ENG31-03224562-n] (a woman's cloak with dolman sleeves)
                      • domino [ENG31-03225908-n] (a loose hooded cloak worn with a half mask as part of a masquerade costume)
                      • jellaba [ENG31-03600248-n] (a loose cloak with a hood)
                      • opera cloak [ENG31-03855463-n] (a large cloak worn over evening clothes)
                      • pallium [ENG31-03885729-n] (cloak or mantle worn by men in ancient Rome)
                      • poncho [ENG31-03987232-n] (a blanket-like cloak with a hole in the center for the head)
                      • shawl [ENG31-04193498-n] (cloak consisting of an oblong piece of cloth used to cover the head and shoulders)

                        • prayer shawl [ENG31-04004691-n] ((Judaism) a shawl with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner)
                        • serape [ENG31-04180968-n] (a long brightly colored shawl)
                      • toga [ENG31-04452174-n] (a one-piece cloak worn by men in ancient Rome)

                        • toga virilis [ENG31-04452288-n] ((ancient Rome) a toga worn by a youth as a symbol of manhood and citizenship)
                      • tunic [ENG31-04504865-n] (any of a variety of loose fitting cloaks extending to the hips or knees)

                        • chiton [ENG31-03024804-n] (a woolen tunic worn by men and women in ancient Greece)
                        • gymslip [ENG31-03477919-n] (a sleeveless tunic worn by English girls as part of a school uniform)
                        • kameez [ENG31-03613136-n] (a long tunic worn by many people from the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars))
                        • kirtle [ENG31-03624484-n] (a garment resembling a tunic that was worn by men in the Middle Ages)
                        • surcoat [ENG31-04369024-n] (a tunic worn over a knight's armor)
                        • tabard [ENG31-04385576-n] (a short sleeveless outer tunic emblazoned with a coat of arms)
                      • wrap [ENG31-04612804-n] (cloak that is folded or wrapped around a person)
                    • coat [ENG31-03061006-n] (an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down)

                      • box coat [ENG31-02888474-n] (a short coat that hangs loosely from the shoulders)
                      • coatee [ENG31-03061826-n] (a short close-fitting coat)
                      • cutaway [ENG31-03157496-n] (a man's coat cut diagonally from the waist to the back of the knees)
                      • duffel coat [ENG31-03258749-n] (a warm coat made of duffel)
                      • frock coat [ENG31-03403143-n] (a man's coat having knee-length skirts front and back)

                        • Prince Albert [ENG31-04009717-n] (a man's double-breasted frock coat)
                      • fur coat [ENG31-03409161-n] (a coat made of fur)

                        • mink [ENG31-03776487-n] (fur coat made from the soft lustrous fur of minks)
                        • sable coat [ENG31-04129586-n] (a fur coat made of sable furs)
                      • greatcoat [ENG31-03461607-n] (a heavy coat worn over clothes in winter)

                        • capote [ENG31-02960444-n] (a long overcoat with a hood that can be pulled over the head)
                        • chesterfield [ENG31-03018706-n] (a fitted overcoat with a velvet collar)
                        • surtout [ENG31-04372316-n] (a man's overcoat in the style of a frock coat)
                        • ulster [ENG31-04513697-n] (loose long overcoat of heavy fabric)
                      • jacket [ENG31-03594978-n] (a short coat)

                        • banyan [ENG31-02791485-n] (a loose fitting jacket)
                        • bed jacket [ENG31-02823810-n] (a lightweight jacket worn over bedclothes (as when sitting in bed))
                        • blazer [ENG31-02853596-n] (lightweight single-breasted jacket)
                        • bolero [ENG31-02867844-n] (a short jacket)
                        • bomber jacket [ENG31-02871306-n] (a jacket gathered into a band at the waist)
                        • bush jacket [ENG31-02928769-n] (a loose fitting jacket)
                        • dolman [ENG31-03224669-n] (a hussar's jacket worn over the shoulders)
                        • donkey jacket [ENG31-03226243-n] (a short thick jacket)
                        • double-breasted jacket [ENG31-03231078-n] (a jacket having fronts that overlap enough for two separate rows of buttons)
                        • doublet [ENG31-03232957-n] (a man's close-fitting jacket)
                        • dressing sack [ENG31-03242989-n] (a woman's loose jacket)
                        • Eton jacket [ENG31-03306120-n] (a jacket hanging to the waist and cut square at the bottom)
                        • hug-me-tight [ENG31-03553500-n] (a woman's fitted jacket)
                        • jerkin [ENG31-03600457-n] (a tight sleeveless and collarless jacket (often made of leather) worn by men in former times)
                        • jumper [ENG31-03609749-n] (a loose jacket or blouse worn by workmen)
                        • lumberjack [ENG31-03702243-n] (a short warm outer jacket)
                        • Mao jacket [ENG31-03725496-n] (a light weight jacket with a high collar)
                        • mess jacket [ENG31-03756760-n] (waist-length jacket tapering to a point at the back)
                        • Norfolk jacket [ENG31-03835397-n] (loose-fitting single-breasted jacket)
                        • parka [ENG31-03896748-n] (a kind of heavy jacket (`windcheater' is a British term))

                          • cagoule [ENG31-02940394-n] (lightweight parka)
                          • ski parka [ENG31-04237449-n] (a parka to be worn while skiing)
                        • pea jacket [ENG31-03908834-n] (a sailor's heavy woolen double-breasted jacket)
                        • sack [ENG31-04130120-n] (a woman's full loose hiplength jacket)
                        • single-breasted jacket [ENG31-04229374-n] (a jacket having fronts that overlap only enough for a single row of buttons)
                        • swallow-tailed coat [ENG31-04375583-n] (a man's full-dress jacket with two long tapering tails at the back)
                      • lab coat [ENG31-03635674-n] (a light coat worn to protect clothing from substances used while working in a laboratory)
                      • mackinaw [ENG31-03709002-n] (a short plaid coat made of made of thick woolen material)
                      • newmarket [ENG31-03827438-n] (a long close-fitting coat worn for riding in the 19th century)
                      • raincoat [ENG31-04056517-n] (a water-resistant coat)

                        • Burberry [ENG31-02924790-n] (a lightweight belted raincoat typically made of tan gabardine with a distinctive tartan lining)
                        • macintosh [ENG31-03708258-n] (a waterproof raincoat made of rubberized fabric)

                          • oilskin [ENG31-03850335-n] (a macintosh made from cotton fabric treated with oil and pigment to make it waterproof)
                        • trench coat [ENG31-04486281-n] (a military style raincoat)
                      • sack coat [ENG31-04130542-n] (man's hiplength coat with a straight back)
                      • sheepskin coat [ENG31-04195013-n] (a coat made of sheepskin)
                      • surcoat [ENG31-04370864-n] (a loose outer coat usually of rich material)
                      • topper [ENG31-04462850-n] (a woman's short coat)
                    • frock [ENG31-03403064-n] (a long, loose outer garment)
                    • izar [ENG31-03593385-n] (a voluminous cotton outer garment (usually white) traditionally worn by Muslim women of northern Africa and the Middle East)
                    • snowsuit [ENG31-04259670-n] (a child's overgarment for cold weather)
                  • peplos [ENG31-03920049-n] (a garment worn by women in ancient Greece)
                  • raglan [ENG31-04053370-n] (a garment (coat or sweater) that has raglan sleeves)
                  • reversible [ENG31-04092686-n] (a garment (especially a coat) that can be worn inside out (with either side of the cloth showing))
                  • robe [ENG31-04104960-n] (any loose flowing garment)

                    • abaya [ENG31-02669723-n] ((Arabic) a loose black robe from head to toe)
                    • bathrobe [ENG31-02810801-n] (a loose-fitting robe of towelling)
                    • dressing gown [ENG31-03242695-n] (a robe worn before dressing or while lounging)
                    • kimono [ENG31-03622689-n] (a loose robe)
                  • romper [ENG31-04111864-n] (a one-piece garment for children to wear at play)
                  • sackcloth [ENG31-04130411-n] (a garment made of coarse sacking)
                  • scapular [ENG31-04150557-n] (garment consisting of a long wide piece of woolen cloth worn over the shoulders with an opening for the head)
                  • scarf [ENG31-04150962-n] (a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration)

                    • feather boa [ENG31-03330529-n] (a long thin fluffy scarf of feathers or fur)
                    • fichu [ENG31-03337118-n] (a lightweight triangular scarf worn by a woman)
                    • kerchief [ENG31-03616205-n] (a square scarf that is folded into a triangle and worn over the head or about the neck)

                      • headscarf [ENG31-03510648-n] (a kerchief worn over the head and tied under the chin)

                        • babushka [ENG31-02769173-n] (a woman's headscarf folded into a triangle and tied under the chin)
                        • hijab [ENG31-03525656-n] (a headscarf worn by Muslim women)
                        • khimar [ENG31-03620864-n] (a headscarf worn by observant Muslim women that hangs down to just above the waist)
                      • neckerchief [ENG31-03820357-n] (a kerchief worn around the neck)
                    • lambrequin [ENG31-03640527-n] (a scarf that covers a knight's helmet)
                    • mantilla [ENG31-03725234-n] (a woman's silk or lace scarf)
                    • muffler [ENG31-03802704-n] (a scarf worn around the neck)
                    • patka [ENG31-03906106-n] (a scarf worn by Sikh men)
                    • rebozo [ENG31-04067560-n] (a long woolen or linen scarf covering the head and shoulders (also used as a sling for holding a baby))
                    • sable [ENG31-04129356-n] (a scarf (or trimming) made of sable)
                    • stole [ENG31-04332842-n] (a wide scarf worn about their shoulders by women)
                    • tudung [ENG31-04502993-n] (a scarf worn around the head by Muslim women in Malaysia)
                  • sealskin [ENG31-04167322-n] (a garment (as a jacket or coat or robe) made of sealskin)
                  • separate [ENG31-04179965-n] (a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments)
                  • shirt [ENG31-04204434-n] (a garment worn on the upper half of the body)

                    • camise [ENG31-02947419-n] (a loose shirt or tunic)
                    • dashiki [ENG31-03168047-n] (a loose and brightly colored African shirt)
                    • dress shirt [ENG31-03243582-n] (a man's white shirt (with a starch front) for evening wear (usually with a tuxedo))
                    • hair shirt [ENG31-03481665-n] (an uncomfortable shirt made of coarse animal hair)
                    • jersey [ENG31-03600807-n] (a close-fitting pullover shirt)

                      • turtleneck [ENG31-04509492-n] (a sweater or jersey with a high close-fitting collar)
                    • kurta [ENG31-03634522-n] (a loose collarless shirt worn by many people on the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars or pyjama))
                    • polo shirt [ENG31-03985324-n] (a shirt with short sleeves designed for comfort and casual wear)
                    • tank top [ENG31-04397664-n] (a tight-fitting sleeveless shirt with wide shoulder straps and low neck and no front opening)
                  • silks [ENG31-04226647-n] (the brightly colored garments of a jockey)
                  • skirt [ENG31-04237870-n] (a garment hanging from the waist)

                    • ballet skirt [ENG31-02783838-n] (very short skirt worn by ballerinas)
                    • culotte [ENG31-03151443-n] (a divided skirt)
                    • full skirt [ENG31-03407426-n] (a long skirt gathered at the waist)
                    • gathered skirt [ENG31-03433913-n] (a skirt whose fabric is drawn together around the waist)

                      • dirndl [ENG31-03210390-n] (a full skirt with a gathered waistband)
                    • grass skirt [ENG31-03459386-n] (a skirt made of long blades of grass)
                    • hobble skirt [ENG31-03528669-n] (a long skirt very narrow below the knees, worn between 1910 and 1914)
                    • hoopskirt [ENG31-03539760-n] (a skirt stiffened with hoops)
                    • kilt [ENG31-03622521-n] (a knee-length pleated tartan skirt worn by men as part of the traditional dress in the Highlands of northern Scotland)
                    • lavalava [ENG31-03654317-n] (a skirt consisting of a rectangle of calico or printed cotton)
                    • maxi [ENG31-03737949-n] (a long skirt ending below the calf)
                    • miniskirt [ENG31-03775972-n] (a very short skirt)
                    • overskirt [ENG31-03871760-n] (an outer skirt worn over another skirt)
                    • sarong [ENG31-04143416-n] (a loose skirt consisting of brightly colored fabric wrapped around the body)
                  • stomacher [ENG31-04332942-n] (garment consisting of a V-shaped panel of stiff material worn over the chest and stomach in the 16th century)
                  • straitjacket [ENG31-04339718-n] (a garment similar to a jacket that is used to bind the arms tightly against the body as a means of restraining a violent person)
                  • suit [ENG31-04357983-n] (a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color)

                    • business suit [ENG31-02928903-n] (a suit of clothes traditionally worn by businessmen)

                      • three-piece suit [ENG31-04434850-n] (a business suit consisting of a jacket and vest and trousers)
                      • two-piece [ENG31-04511436-n] (a business suit consisting of a matching jacket and skirt or trousers)
                    • double-breasted suit [ENG31-03231241-n] (a suit with a double-breasted jacket)
                    • pinstripe [ENG31-03950196-n] (a suit made from a fabric with very thin stripes)
                    • single-breasted suit [ENG31-04229537-n] (a suit having a single-breasted jacket)
                    • slack suit [ENG31-04240938-n] (casual dress consisting of slacks and matching jacket)

                      • pants suit [ENG31-03891366-n] (a pair of pants and a matching jacket worn by women)
                    • zoot suit [ENG31-04623001-n] (a flashy suit of extreme cut)
                  • sunsuit [ENG31-04364618-n] (a child's garment consisting of a brief top and shorts)
                  • swaddling clothes [ENG31-04375037-n] (a garment (a gown or narrow strips of cloth) for an infant)
                  • sweater [ENG31-04377135-n] (a crocheted or knitted garment covering the upper part of the body)

                    • cardigan [ENG31-02966595-n] (knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper)
                    • pullover [ENG31-04027422-n] (a sweater that is put on by pulling it over the head)

                      • sweatshirt [ENG31-04377543-n] (cotton knit pullover with long sleeves worn during athletic activity)
                  • sweat suit [ENG31-04377861-n] (garment consisting of sweat pants and a sweatshirt)
                  • swimsuit [ENG31-04378650-n] (tight fitting garment worn for swimming)

                    • bikini [ENG31-02841003-n] (a woman's very brief bathing suit)
                    • maillot [ENG31-03716260-n] (a woman's one-piece bathing suit)
                    • swimming trunks [ENG31-04378517-n] (swimsuit worn by men while swimming)
                  • trouser [ENG31-04495786-n] (a garment (or part of a garment) designed for or relating to trousers)
                  • trousers [ENG31-04496264-n] ((usually in the plural) a garment extending from the waist to the knee or ankle, covering each leg separately)

                    • bellbottom trousers [ENG31-02828584-n] ((used in the plural) trousers with legs that flare)
                    • breeches [ENG31-02899704-n] ((used in the plural) trousers ending above the knee)

                      • britches [ENG31-02906120-n] ((used in the plural) informal term for breeches)
                      • buckskins [ENG31-02914189-n] ((used in the plural) breeches made of buckskin)
                      • plus fours [ENG31-03976721-n] (men's baggy knickers hanging below the knees)
                      • trunk hose [ENG31-04499229-n] (puffed breeches of the 16th and 17th centuries usually worn over hose)
                    • chinos [ENG31-03023088-n] ((plural) trousers made with chino cloth)
                    • churidars [ENG31-03032979-n] (tight trousers worn by people from the Indian subcontinent (typically with a kameez or kurta))
                    • cords [ENG31-03112139-n] (cotton trousers made of corduroy cloth)
                    • flannel [ENG31-03361927-n] ((usually in the plural) trousers made of flannel or gabardine or tweed or white cloth)
                    • jodhpurs [ENG31-03605477-n] ((used in the plural) flared trousers ending at the calves)
                    • long trousers [ENG31-03693931-n] (trousers reaching to the foot)
                    • pajama [ENG31-03883371-n] (a pair of loose trousers tied by a drawstring around the waist)
                    • pantaloon [ENG31-03890251-n] (trousers worn in former times)
                    • pedal pushers [ENG31-03909811-n] ((used in the plural) snug trousers ending at the calves)
                    • salwar [ENG31-04139241-n] (a pair of light loose trousers with a tight fit around the ankles)
                    • short pants [ENG31-04212364-n] ((used in the plural) trousers that end at or above the knee)

                      • Bermuda shorts [ENG31-02834779-n] ((used in the plural) short pants that end at the knee)
                      • hot pants [ENG31-03548292-n] (skin-tight very short pants worn by young women as an outer garment)
                      • lederhosen [ENG31-03659159-n] (leather shorts often worn with suspenders)
                    • slacks [ENG31-04240824-n] ((used in the plural) pants for casual wear)
                    • stretch pants [ENG31-04344425-n] (trousers made of a stretchy fabric)
                    • sweat pants [ENG31-04377375-n] (loose-fitting trousers with elastic cuffs)
                    • trews [ENG31-04487538-n] ((used in the plural) tight-fitting trousers)
                  • undergarment [ENG31-04515458-n] (a garment worn under other garments)

                    • body stocking [ENG31-02866354-n] (a one-piece tight-fitting undergarment for women that covers the torso (and may have sleeves and legs))
                    • brassiere [ENG31-02896008-n] (an undergarment worn by women to support their breasts)

                      • uplift [ENG31-04521536-n] (a brassiere that lifts and supports the breasts)
                    • camisole [ENG31-02947601-n] (a short sleeveless undergarment for women)
                    • chemise [ENG31-03017234-n] (a woman's sleeveless undergarment)
                    • foundation garment [ENG31-03392169-n] (a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body)

                      • corset [ENG31-03117520-n] (a woman's close-fitting foundation garment)

                        • panty girdle [ENG31-03891485-n] (a woman's undergarment that combines a girdle and panties)
                      • roll-on [ENG31-04110759-n] (a woman's foundation garment rolled on to the hips)
                    • garter belt [ENG31-03426234-n] (a wide belt of elastic with straps hanging from it)
                    • long underwear [ENG31-03694033-n] (an undergarment with shirt and drawers in one piece)
                    • petticoat [ENG31-03926859-n] (undergarment worn under a skirt)

                      • crinoline [ENG31-03137427-n] (a full stiff petticoat made of crinoline fabric)
                    • singlet [ENG31-04230374-n] (a collarless men's undergarment for the upper part of the body)
                    • underpants [ENG31-04515784-n] (an undergarment that covers the body from the waist no further than to the thighs)

                      • bikini pants [ENG31-02841101-n] ((used in the plural) small and tight-fitting underpants)
                      • bloomers [ENG31-02857998-n] ((used in the plural) underpants worn by women)
                      • briefs [ENG31-02904397-n] ((used in the plural) short tight-fitting underpants (trade name Jockey shorts))
                      • drawers [ENG31-03238867-n] (underpants worn by men)
                      • pantie [ENG31-03890725-n] (short underpants for women or children (usually used in the plural))
                      • thong [ENG31-04433562-n] (underpants resembling a G-string)
                    • underwear [ENG31-04516244-n] (undergarment worn next to the skin and under the outer garments)

                      • BVD [ENG31-02933598-n] (trademark for men's underwear)
                      • lingerie [ENG31-03678776-n] (women's underwear and nightclothes)

                        • nightgown [ENG31-03829921-n] (lingerie consisting of a loose dress designed to be worn in bed by women)
                        • undies [ENG31-04516466-n] (women's underwear)
                      • long johns [ENG31-03693518-n] (warm underwear with long legs)
                      • skivvies [ENG31-04238967-n] ((used in the plural) men's underwear consisting of cotton undershirt and underpants)
                  • vest [ENG31-04539168-n] (a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat)

                    • bulletproof vest [ENG31-02920282-n] (a vest capable of resisting the impact of a bullet)
                  • weeds [ENG31-04577818-n] (a black garment (dress) worn by a widow as a sign of mourning)
                  • wet suit [ENG31-04581353-n] (a close-fitting garment made of a permeable material)
                  • wraparound [ENG31-04612930-n] (a garment (as a dress or coat) with a full length opening)
                • grey [ENG31-03461130-n] (clothing that is a grey color)
                • handwear [ENG31-03495425-n] (clothing for the hands)

                  • glove [ENG31-03446036-n] (handwear: covers the hand and wrist)

                    • batting glove [ENG31-02814339-n] (a glove worn by batters in baseball to give a firmer grip on the bat)
                    • gauntlet [ENG31-03434592-n] (a glove with long sleeve)
                    • gauntlet [ENG31-03434681-n] (a glove of armored leather)
                    • golf glove [ENG31-03452019-n] (a glove worn by golfers to give a firm grip on the handle of the golf club)
                    • kid glove [ENG31-03622188-n] (a glove made of fine soft leather (as kidskin))
                    • mitten [ENG31-03780604-n] (glove that encases the thumb separately and the other four fingers together)
                  • muff [ENG31-03802496-n] (a warm tubular covering for the hands)
                • headdress [ENG31-03507653-n] (clothing for the head)

                  • cap [ENG31-02957776-n] (a tight-fitting headdress)

                    • balaclava [ENG31-02779830-n] (a cap that is close-fitting and woolen and covers all of the head but the face)
                    • Balmoral [ENG31-02786590-n] (a brimless dark blue Scottish cap with a flat top and a plume on one side)
                    • baseball cap [ENG31-02802482-n] (a cap with a bill)
                    • bathing cap [ENG31-02810318-n] (a tight-fitting cap that keeps hair dry while swimming)
                    • beret [ENG31-02834421-n] (a cap with no brim or bill)
                    • biggin [ENG31-02840523-n] (a child's tight-fitting cap)
                    • biretta [ENG31-02847147-n] (a stiff cap with ridges across the crown)
                    • calpac [ENG31-02944683-n] (a high-crowned black cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by men in Turkey and Iran and the Caucasus)
                    • cloth cap [ENG31-03053909-n] (a flat woolen cap with a stiff peak)
                    • cockscomb [ENG31-03065896-n] (a cap worn by court jesters)
                    • coonskin cap [ENG31-03108214-n] (a raccoon cap with the tail hanging down the back)
                    • fez [ENG31-03336022-n] (a felt cap (usually red) for a man)
                    • garrison cap [ENG31-03425711-n] (a wedge-shaped wool or cotton cap)
                    • Glengarry [ENG31-03444555-n] (a Scottish cap with straight sides and a crease along the top from front to back)
                    • kalansuwa [ENG31-03612740-n] (a cap that is wrapped around by a turban and worn by Muslim religious elders)
                    • kepi [ENG31-03615895-n] (a cap with a flat circular top and a visor)
                    • liberty cap [ENG31-03665720-n] (close-fitting conical cap worn as a symbol of liberty during the French Revolution and in the U.S. before 1800)
                    • mobcap [ENG31-03781700-n] (large high frilly cap with a full crown)
                    • mortarboard [ENG31-03792565-n] (an academic cap with a flat square with a tassel on top)
                    • nightcap [ENG31-03829824-n] (a cloth cap worn in bed)
                    • pinner [ENG31-03949724-n] (a woman's cap with two long flaps pinned on)
                    • sailor cap [ENG31-04136771-n] (a cap worn by sailors)
                    • shower cap [ENG31-04216200-n] (a tight cap worn to keep hair dry while showering)
                    • ski cap [ENG31-04235755-n] (a close-fitting woolen cap)
                    • skullcap [ENG31-04239262-n] (rounded brimless cap fitting the crown of the head)

                      • beanie [ENG31-02819903-n] (a small skullcap)
                      • coif [ENG31-03069247-n] (a skullcap worn by nuns under a veil or by soldiers under a hood of mail or formerly by British sergeants-at-law)
                      • yarmulke [ENG31-04619383-n] (a skullcap worn by religious Jews (especially at prayer))
                    • tam [ENG31-04394182-n] (a woolen cap of Scottish origin)
                    • watch cap [ENG31-04563694-n] (a knitted dark blue wool cap worn by seamen in cold or stormy weather)
                    • wishing cap [ENG31-04603443-n] (a magical cap that secures whatever one wishes for)
                  • hat [ENG31-03502782-n] (headdress that protects the head from bad weather)

                    • bearskin [ENG31-02820651-n] (tall hat)
                    • boater [ENG31-02862524-n] (a stiff hat made of straw with a flat crown)
                    • bonnet [ENG31-02873198-n] (a hat tied under the chin)

                      • sunbonnet [ENG31-04361667-n] (a large bonnet that shades the face)
                    • bowler hat [ENG31-02884998-n] (a felt hat that is round and hard with a narrow brim)
                    • campaign hat [ENG31-02949419-n] (a broad-brimmed felt hat with a high crown)
                    • cavalier hat [ENG31-02990834-n] (a soft felt hat with a wide flexible brim)
                    • cocked hat [ENG31-03065053-n] (hat with opposing brims turned up and caught together to form points)

                      • bicorn [ENG31-02837847-n] (a cocked hat with the brim turned up to form two points)
                      • tricorn [ENG31-04489433-n] (cocked hat with the brim turned up to form three points)
                    • cowboy hat [ENG31-03128821-n] (a hat with a wide brim and a soft crown)
                    • deerstalker [ENG31-03175538-n] (a tight-fitting hat with visors front and back)
                    • dress hat [ENG31-03242119-n] (a man's hat with a tall crown)
                    • dunce cap [ENG31-03261334-n] (a cone-shaped paper hat formerly placed on the head of slow or lazy pupils)
                    • fedora [ENG31-03330886-n] (a hat made of felt with a creased crown)
                    • fur hat [ENG31-03409270-n] (a hat made of fur)

                      • beaver [ENG31-02821270-n] (a hat made with the fur of a beaver (or similar material))
                    • millinery [ENG31-03771857-n] (hats for women)

                      • church hat [ENG31-03032468-n] (a fanciful hat of the kind worn by Black women for Sunday worship)
                      • cloche [ENG31-03050014-n] (a woman's close-fitting hat that resembles a helmet)
                      • picture hat [ENG31-03938123-n] (a woman's dressy hat with a wide brim)
                      • pillbox [ENG31-03944111-n] (a small round woman's hat)
                    • shovel hat [ENG31-04215649-n] (a stiff broad-brimmed hat with the brim turned up at the sides and projecting in front)
                    • snap-brim hat [ENG31-04255617-n] (a hat with a snap brim)

                      • porkpie [ENG31-03991001-n] (man's hat with a low, flat crown and a snap brim)
                    • sombrero [ENG31-04266740-n] (a straw hat with a tall crown and broad brim)
                    • sou'wester [ENG31-04271471-n] (waterproof hat with wide slanting brim longer in back than in front)
                    • sunhat [ENG31-04363682-n] (a hat with a broad brim that protects the face from direct exposure to the sun)

                      • pith hat [ENG31-03957175-n] (a lightweight hat worn in tropical countries for protection from the sun)
                    • titfer [ENG31-04448662-n] (a hat (Cockney rhyming slang: `tit for tat' rhymes with `hat'))
                    • toque [ENG31-04463282-n] (a tall white hat with a pouched crown)
                    • tyrolean [ENG31-04513183-n] (soft green felt hat with a feather or brush cockade)
                  • helmet [ENG31-03518281-n] (a protective headgear made of hard material to resist blows)

                    • batting helmet [ENG31-02814485-n] (a helmet worn by the batter in baseball)
                    • crash helmet [ENG31-03132398-n] (a padded helmet worn by people riding bicycles or motorcycles)

                      • skid lid [ENG31-04236169-n] (a crash helmet)
                    • football helmet [ENG31-03383897-n] (a padded helmet with a face mask to protect the head of football players)
                    • hard hat [ENG31-03498023-n] (a lightweight protective helmet (plastic or metal) worn by construction workers)
                    • headpiece [ENG31-03509349-n] (a protective helmet for the head)
                    • space helmet [ENG31-04272538-n] (a helmet worn by astronauts while in outer space)
                  • hood [ENG31-03536461-n] (a headdress that protects the head and face)

                    • calash [ENG31-02941479-n] (a woman's large folded hooped hood)
                    • camail [ENG31-02945300-n] (a medieval hood of mail suspended from a basinet to protect the head and neck)
                    • cowl [ENG31-03129125-n] (a loose hood or hooded robe (as worn by a monk))
                  • jewelled headdress [ENG31-03602510-n] (a headdress adorned with jewels)

                    • crown [ENG31-03143320-n] (an ornamental jeweled headdress signifying sovereignty)

                      • coronet [ENG31-03116215-n] (a small crown)
                      • crown of thorns [ENG31-03144382-n] (a mock crown made of thorn branches that Roman soldiers placed on Jesus before the Crucifixion)
                    • tiara [ENG31-04439337-n] (a jeweled headdress worn by women on formal occasions)
                  • kaffiyeh [ENG31-03612399-n] (an Arab headdress consisting of a square piece of cloth folded into a triangle and fastened over the crown by an agal)
                  • miter [ENG31-03779503-n] (a liturgical headdress worn by bishops on formal occasions)
                  • topknot [ENG31-04462319-n] (headdress consisting of a decorative ribbon or bow worn in the hair)
                  • turban [ENG31-04505684-n] (a traditional Muslim headdress consisting of a long scarf wrapped around the head)
                  • wimple [ENG31-04592604-n] (headdress of cloth)
                • knitwear [ENG31-03631234-n] (knitted clothing)
                • leisure wear [ENG31-03661046-n] (informal clothing designed to be worn when you are relaxing)
                • loungewear [ENG31-03697705-n] (clothing suitable for relaxation)

                  • lounger [ENG31-03697330-n] (an article of clothing designed for comfort and leisure wear)
                  • lounging jacket [ENG31-03697462-n] (a man's soft jacket usually with a tie belt)
                  • lounging pajama [ENG31-03697598-n] (pajamas worn while lounging)
                • man's clothing [ENG31-03751821-n] (clothing that is designed for men to wear)

                  • athletic supporter [ENG31-02755620-n] (a support for the genitals worn by men engaging in strenuous exercise)
                  • brace [ENG31-02890730-n] (elastic straps that hold trousers up (usually used in the plural))
                • neckpiece [ENG31-03821022-n] (an article of apparel worn about the neck)

                  • collar [ENG31-03073002-n] (anything worn or placed about the neck)
                  • fur-piece [ENG31-03411669-n] (a neckpiece made of fur)
                • nightwear [ENG31-03830620-n] (garments designed to be worn in bed)

                  • nightshirt [ENG31-03830539-n] (nightclothes worn by men)
                  • pajama [ENG31-03883150-n] ((usually plural) loose-fitting nightclothes worn for sleeping or lounging)

                    • sleeper [ENG31-04242877-n] (pajamas with feet)
                • outerwear [ENG31-03865015-n] (clothing for use outdoors)

                  • gown [ENG31-03455460-n] (outerwear consisting of a long flowing garment used for official or ceremonial occasions)

                    • academic gown [ENG31-02672353-n] (a gown worn by academics or judges)

                      • Geneva gown [ENG31-03439740-n] (black academic gown widely used by Protestant clergymen)
                    • vestment [ENG31-04539401-n] (gown (especially ceremonial garments) worn by the clergy)

                      • alb [ENG31-02697825-n] (a white linen liturgical vestment with sleeves)
                      • cassock [ENG31-02982975-n] (a black garment reaching down to the ankles)

                        • soutane [ENG31-04271343-n] (a long cassock with buttons down the front)
                      • chasuble [ENG31-03014449-n] (a long sleeveless vestment worn by a priest when celebrating Mass)
                      • humeral veil [ENG31-03554110-n] (a vestment worn by a priest at High Mass in the Roman Catholic Church)
                      • pallium [ENG31-03885826-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) vestment consisting of a band encircling the shoulders with two lappets hanging in front and back)
                      • pontifical [ENG31-03987698-n] (the vestments and other insignia of a pontiff (especially a bishop))
                      • surplice [ENG31-04372081-n] (a loose-fitting white ecclesiastical vestment with wide sleeves)
                • protective garment [ENG31-04021598-n] (clothing that is intended to protect the wearer from injury)

                  • apron [ENG31-02733935-n] (a garment of cloth or leather or plastic that is tied about the waist and worn to protect your clothing)
                  • arm guard [ENG31-02741864-n] (a pad worn by football players and hockey goalkeepers)
                  • biohazard suit [ENG31-02845085-n] (a loose one-piece garment worn to protect the wearer against dangerous biological or chemical agents)
                  • body pad [ENG31-02866680-n] (a pad worn by hockey goalkeeper)
                  • chest protector [ENG31-03019132-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn in baseball by catchers and by football players)
                  • coverall [ENG31-03126548-n] (a loose-fitting protective garment that is worn over other clothing)

                    • duster [ENG31-03263433-n] (a loose coverall (coat or frock) reaching down to the ankles)
                    • jumper [ENG31-03609976-n] (a coverall worn by children)
                    • overall [ENG31-03868782-n] (a loose protective coverall or smock worn over ordinary clothing for dirty work)
                  • diving suit [ENG31-03221105-n] (a weighted and hermetically sealed garment supplied with air)
                  • elbow pad [ENG31-03273556-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the elbow by football and hockey players)
                  • foul-weather gear [ENG31-03391716-n] (protective garment that is intended to keep the wearer dry and warm in bad weather)
                  • hip pad [ENG31-03526934-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football and hockey players)
                  • knee pad [ENG31-03628407-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football or baseball or hockey players)
                  • pressure suit [ENG31-04008203-n] (protective garment consisting of an inflatable suit for space or high altitude flying)

                    • anti-G suit [ENG31-02723487-n] (pressure suit worn by fliers and astronauts to counteract the forces of gravity and acceleration)
                    • spacesuit [ENG31-04273485-n] (a pressure suit worn by astronauts while in outer space)
                  • shin guard [ENG31-04201170-n] (a stiff protective garment worn by hockey players or a catcher in baseball to protect the shins)
                  • shoulder pad [ENG31-04214970-n] (protective garment consisting of a hard rounded pad worn by football players to protect their shoulders)
                  • thigh pad [ENG31-04430687-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the thighs by football players)
                  • throat protector [ENG31-04436172-n] (protective garment worn by hockey goalkeeper and catcher in baseball)
                  • wrist pad [ENG31-04614998-n] (protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football players)
                • ready-to-wear [ENG31-04066269-n] (ready-made clothing)
                • slip-on [ENG31-04248377-n] (an article of clothing (garment or shoe) that is easily slipped on or off)
                • slops [ENG31-04250270-n] (cheap clothing (as formerly issued to sailors in Britain))
                • street clothes [ENG31-04342831-n] (ordinary clothing suitable for public appearances (as opposed to costumes or sports apparel or work clothes etc.))
                • tailor-made [ENG31-04392166-n] (custom-made clothing)
                • togs [ENG31-04453296-n] (informal terms for clothing)
                • uniform [ENG31-04516887-n] (clothing of distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification)

                  • jump suit [ENG31-03610717-n] (one-piece uniform worn by parachutists)
                  • livery [ENG31-03684500-n] (uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs)
                  • military uniform [ENG31-03769503-n] (prescribed identifying uniform for soldiers)

                    • battle dress [ENG31-02814854-n] (a military uniform designed for field service)
                    • dress uniform [ENG31-03243962-n] (a military uniform worn on formal occasions)

                      • dress blues [ENG31-03241915-n] (a dress uniform for formal occasions)
                    • fatigues [ENG31-03329873-n] (military uniform worn by military personnel when doing menial labor)
                    • full-dress uniform [ENG31-03407103-n] (the naval or military uniform that is specified by regulations to be worn on ceremonial occasions)
                    • khakis [ENG31-03620772-n] (a military uniform made of khaki fabric)
                    • olive drab [ENG31-03851754-n] (military uniform of the United States Army)
                    • regimentals [ENG31-04078505-n] (the military uniform and insignia of a regiment)
                • vestiture [ENG31-04539317-n] (an archaic term for clothing)
                • woman's clothing [ENG31-04604179-n] (clothing that is designed for women to wear)

                  • A-line [ENG31-02700080-n] (women's clothing that has a fitted top and a flared skirt that is widest at the hemline)
                  • dress [ENG31-03241438-n] (a one-piece garment for a woman)

                    • caftan [ENG31-02939954-n] (a woman's dress style that imitates the caftan cloaks worn by men in the Near East)
                    • chemise [ENG31-03017092-n] (a loose-fitting dress hanging straight from the shoulders without a waist)
                    • coatdress [ENG31-03061709-n] (a dress that is tailored like a coat and buttons up the front)
                    • cocktail dress [ENG31-03066018-n] (a dress suitable for formal occasions)
                    • dirndl [ENG31-03210295-n] (a dress with a tight bodice and full skirt)
                    • gown [ENG31-03455174-n] (a woman's dress, usually with a close-fitting bodice and a long flared skirt, often worn on formal occasions)

                      • ball gown [ENG31-02784144-n] (the most formal gown)
                      • bridal gown [ENG31-02901868-n] (a gown worn by the bride at a wedding)
                      • mantua [ENG31-03725402-n] (loose gown of the 17th and 18th centuries)
                      • tea gown [ENG31-04404780-n] (a long loose-fitting gown formerly popular for wear at afternoon tea)
                    • jumper [ENG31-03609613-n] (a sleeveless dress resembling an apron)
                    • kirtle [ENG31-03624405-n] (a long dress worn by women)
                    • morning dress [ENG31-03791629-n] (a woman's informal dress for housework)
                    • Mother Hubbard [ENG31-03794447-n] (a woman's loose unbelted dress)
                    • polonaise [ENG31-03985173-n] (a woman's dress with a tight bodice and an overskirt drawn back to reveal a colorful underskirt)
                    • sari [ENG31-04143244-n] (a dress worn primarily by Hindu women)
                    • shirtdress [ENG31-04204921-n] (a dress that is tailored like a shirt and has buttons all the way down the front)
                    • strapless [ENG31-04341243-n] (a woman's garment that exposes the shoulders and has no shoulder straps)
                    • sundress [ENG31-04362589-n] (a light loose sleeveless summer dress with a wide neckline and thin shoulder straps that expose the arms and shoulders)
                  • G-string [ENG31-03468985-n] (minimal clothing worn by stripteasers)
                  • negligee [ENG31-03823187-n] (a loose dressing gown for women)

                    • brunch coat [ENG31-02911448-n] (a woman's short housecoat or wrapper)
                    • camisole [ENG31-02947530-n] (a short negligee)
                  • top [ENG31-04460937-n] (a garment (especially for women) that extends from the shoulders to the waist or hips)

                    • blouse [ENG31-02858206-n] (a top worn by women)

                      • garibaldi [ENG31-03423659-n] (a loose high-necked blouse with long sleeves)
                      • guimpe [ENG31-03472186-n] (a short blouse with sleeves that is worn under a jumper or pinafore dress)
                      • middy [ENG31-03767773-n] (blouse with a sailor collar)
                      • shirtwaist [ENG31-04205605-n] (a blouse with buttons down the front)
                    • bodice [ENG31-02864727-n] (part of a dress above the waist)
                    • bustier [ENG31-02929810-n] (a close-fitting and strapless top without sleeves that is worn by women either as lingerie or for evening dress)
                    • halter [ENG31-03485662-n] (a woman's top that fastens behind the back and neck leaving the back and arms uncovered)
                • work-clothing [ENG31-04608239-n] (clothing worn for doing manual labor)

                  • overall [ENG31-03868628-n] ((usually plural) work clothing consisting of denim trousers (usually with a bib and shoulder straps))
              • durables [ENG31-03262580-n] (consumer goods that are not destroyed by use)

                • appliance [ENG31-02732781-n] (durable goods for home or office use)

                  • dryer [ENG31-03256469-n] (an appliance that removes moisture)

                    • clothes dryer [ENG31-03054640-n] (a dryer that dries clothes wet from washing)

                      • mangle [ENG31-03722824-n] (clothes dryer for drying and ironing laundry by passing it between two heavy heated rollers)
                      • spin dryer [ENG31-04284964-n] (a clothes dryer that uses centrifugal motion to dry the clothes that are put into it)
                      • tumble-dryer [ENG31-04504021-n] (a clothes dryer that spins wet clothes inside a cylinder with heated air)
                      • wringer [ENG31-04614600-n] (a clothes dryer consisting of two rollers between which the wet clothes are squeezed)
                    • hand blower [ENG31-03488399-n] (a hand-held electric blower that can blow warm air onto the hair)
                  • home appliance [ENG31-03533443-n] (an appliance that does a particular job in the home)

                    • curling iron [ENG31-03155177-n] (a cylindrical metal home appliance that heats a lock of hair that has been curled around it)
                    • iron [ENG31-03589998-n] (home appliance consisting of a flat metal base that is heated and used to smooth cloth)

                      • flatiron [ENG31-03366040-n] (an iron that was heated by placing it on a stove)
                      • goffer [ENG31-03448699-n] (an iron used to press pleats and ridges)
                      • steam iron [ENG31-04316971-n] (a pressing iron that can emit steam)
                      • travel iron [ENG31-04482866-n] (a small lightweight iron that can be carried while traveling)
                    • kitchen appliance [ENG31-03625261-n] (a home appliance used in preparing food)

                      • coffee maker [ENG31-03067341-n] (a kitchen appliance for brewing coffee automatically)

                        • espresso maker [ENG31-03302424-n] (a coffee maker that forces live steam under pressure through dark roasted coffee grounds)
                        • Silex [ENG31-04226252-n] (a vacuum coffee maker)
                      • disposal [ENG31-03216835-n] (a kitchen appliance for disposing of garbage)
                      • food processor [ENG31-03383020-n] (a kitchen appliance with interchangeable blades)
                      • hot plate [ENG31-03548434-n] (a portable electric appliance for heating or cooking or keeping food warm)
                      • ice maker [ENG31-03562872-n] (an appliance included in some electric refrigerators for making ice cubes)
                      • microwave [ENG31-03766619-n] (kitchen appliance that cooks food by passing an electromagnetic wave through it)
                      • oven [ENG31-03868196-n] (kitchen appliance used for baking or roasting)

                        • broiler [ENG31-02908361-n] (an oven or part of a stove used for broiling)
                        • Dutch oven [ENG31-03263983-n] (an oven consisting of a metal box for cooking in front of a fire)
                        • gas oven [ENG31-03430151-n] (a domestic oven fueled by gas)
                        • rotisserie [ENG31-04118625-n] (an oven or broiler equipped with a rotating spit on which meat cooks as it turns)
                        • tandoor [ENG31-04395560-n] (a clay oven used in northern India and Pakistan)
                      • stove [ENG31-04337478-n] (a kitchen appliance used for cooking food)

                        • charcoal burner [ENG31-03011684-n] (a stove that burns charcoal as fuel)
                        • cookstove [ENG31-03107022-n] (a stove for cooking (especially a wood- or coal-burning kitchen stove))
                        • electric range [ENG31-03278651-n] (a kitchen range in which the heat for cooking is provided by electric power)
                        • gas range [ENG31-03430505-n] (a range with gas rings and an oven for cooking with gas)
                        • potbelly [ENG31-03997560-n] (a bulbous stove in which wood or coal is burned)
                        • Primus stove [ENG31-04009599-n] (a portable paraffin cooking stove)
                        • spirit stove [ENG31-04287625-n] (a stove that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol)
                      • toaster [ENG31-04449446-n] (a kitchen appliance (usually electric) for toasting bread)
                      • toaster oven [ENG31-04449575-n] (kitchen appliance consisting of a small electric oven for toasting or warming food)
                      • waffle iron [ENG31-04550229-n] (a kitchen appliance for baking waffles)
                    • sewing machine [ENG31-04186974-n] (a textile machine used as a home appliance for sewing)

                      • serger [ENG31-04181162-n] (a sewing machine that overcasts the raw edges of a fabric with a V-shaped stitch)
                    • trouser press [ENG31-04496113-n] (a home appliance in which trousers can be hung and the wrinkles pressed out)
                    • vacuum [ENG31-04525118-n] (an electrical home appliance that cleans by suction)

                      • Hoover [ENG31-03539956-n] (a kind of vacuum cleaner)
                    • white goods [ENG31-04587779-n] (large electrical home appliances (refrigerators or washing machines etc.) that are typically finished in white enamel)

                      • dishwasher [ENG31-03212662-n] (a machine for washing dishes)
                      • refrigerator [ENG31-04077839-n] (white goods in which food can be stored at low temperatures)

                        • cooler [ENG31-03107305-n] (a refrigerator for cooling liquids)
                        • electric refrigerator [ENG31-03278824-n] (a refrigerator in which the coolant is pumped around by an electric motor)

                          • deep-freeze [ENG31-03175301-n] (electric refrigerator (trade name Deepfreeze) in which food is frozen and stored for long periods of time)
                          • ice machine [ENG31-03562770-n] (an electric refrigerator to supply ice cubes)
                      • washer [ENG31-04561970-n] (a home appliance for washing clothes and linens automatically)
                  • air conditioner [ENG31-04047719-n] (an appliance designed to extract humidity from the air and thereby cool it)
                  • humidifier [ENG31-04047920-n] (an appliance designed to add moisture to the air in a building)
                  • dehumidifier [ENG31-04048114-n] (an applicance to extract moisture from the air and make the environment more comfortable)
              • fashion [ENG31-03328538-n] (consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode)
              • grocery [ENG31-03466051-n] ((usually plural) consumer goods sold by a grocer)

                • greengrocery [ENG31-03462735-n] (groceries sold by a greengrocer)
                • packaged goods [ENG31-03876933-n] (groceries that are packaged for sale)
            • drygoods [ENG31-03256767-n] (textiles or clothing and related merchandise)

              • haberdashery [ENG31-03478827-n] (the drygoods sold by a haberdasher)
              • white goods [ENG31-04587584-n] (drygoods for household use that are typically made of white cloth)

                • linen [ENG31-03677678-n] (white goods or clothing made with linen cloth)

                  • bath linen [ENG31-02810445-n] (linens for use in the bathroom)

                    • bath mat [ENG31-02810586-n] (a heavy towel or mat to stand on while drying yourself after a bath)
                    • bath towel [ENG31-02811464-n] (a large towel)

                      • Turkish towel [ENG31-04506741-n] (a bath towel with rough loose pile)
                    • washcloth [ENG31-04561809-n] (bath linen consisting of a piece of cloth used to wash the face and body)
                  • bed linen [ENG31-02824165-n] (linen or cotton articles for a bed (as sheets and pillowcases))

                    • case [ENG31-02978871-n] (bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow)
                    • pillow sham [ENG31-03945001-n] (bed linen consisting of a decorative cover for a pillow)
                    • sheet [ENG31-04195222-n] (bed linen consisting of a large rectangular piece of cotton or linen cloth)

                      • fitted sheet [ENG31-03358313-n] (a sheet (usually with elastic edges) tailored to fit a particular mattress)
                  • doily [ENG31-03223713-n] (a small round piece of linen placed under a dish or bowl)
                  • table linen [ENG31-04387704-n] (linens for the dining table)

                    • damask [ENG31-03165560-n] (a table linen made from linen with a damask pattern)
                    • napkin [ENG31-03813077-n] (a small piece of table linen that is used to wipe the mouth and to cover the lap in order to protect clothing)

                      • bib [ENG31-02837500-n] (a napkin tied under the chin of a child while eating)
                      • dinner napkin [ENG31-03206579-n] (a large napkin used when dinner is served)
                      • tea napkin [ENG31-04405084-n] (a small napkin used when tea is served)
                    • place mat [ENG31-03959162-n] (a mat serving as table linen for an individual place setting)
                    • tablecloth [ENG31-04387230-n] (a covering spread over a dining table)

                      • tea cloth [ENG31-04404513-n] (a small tablecloth)
                    • tray cloth [ENG31-04483761-n] (table linen consisting of a small cloth for a tray)
            • entrant [ENG31-03296154-n] (a commodity that enters competition with established merchandise)
            • export [ENG31-03311152-n] (commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country)
            • fancy goods [ENG31-03325680-n] (goods that are chiefly ornamental)
            • fungible [ENG31-03408084-n] (a commodity that is freely interchangeable with another in satisfying an obligation)
            • future [ENG31-03413631-n] (bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date)

              • oil future [ENG31-03849244-n] (petroleum bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date)
              • soybean future [ENG31-04271595-n] (soybeans bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date)
              • wheat future [ENG31-04582147-n] (wheat bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date)
            • import [ENG31-03569847-n] (commodities (goods or services) bought from a foreign country)
            • merchandise [ENG31-03754377-n] (commodities offered for sale)

              • cargo [ENG31-02967841-n] (goods carried by a large vehicle)
              • contraband [ENG31-03100924-n] (goods whose importation or exportation or possession is prohibited by law)
              • feature [ENG31-03330714-n] (an article of merchandise that is displayed or advertised more than other articles)

                • drawing card [ENG31-03239498-n] (a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers)
              • generic [ENG31-03439338-n] (any product that can be sold without a brand name)

                • generic drug [ENG31-03439459-n] (when the patent protection for a brand-name drug expires generic versions of the drug can be offered for sale if the FDA agrees)
              • ironmongery [ENG31-03591800-n] (the merchandise that is sold in an ironmonger's shop)
              • irregular [ENG31-03592219-n] (merchandise that has imperfections)
              • line [ENG31-03676994-n] (a particular kind of product or merchandise)

                • sideline [ENG31-04221938-n] (an auxiliary line of merchandise)
              • number [ENG31-03840952-n] (an item of clothing)
              • refill [ENG31-04075167-n] (a commercial product that refills a container with its appropriate contents)
              • release [ENG31-04080320-n] (merchandise issued for sale or public showing (especially a record or film))
              • schlock [ENG31-04152800-n] (merchandise that is shoddy or inferior)
              • software package [ENG31-04264643-n] (merchandise consisting of a computer program that is offered for sale)
              • stock [ENG31-04328672-n] (the merchandise that a shop has on hand)
              • top of the line [ENG31-04462713-n] (the best (most expensive) in a given line of merchandise)
              • yard goods [ENG31-04619011-n] (merchandise in the form of fabrics sold by the yard)
            • middling [ENG31-03767602-n] (any commodity of intermediate quality or size (especially when coarse particles of ground wheat are mixed with bran))
            • shopping [ENG31-04210932-n] (the commodities purchased from stores)
            • sporting goods [ENG31-04291873-n] (sports equipment sold as a commodity)
            • worldly possession [ENG31-04607458-n] (a commodity or good associated with the earthly, rather than the spiritual, existence of human beings)
            • salvage [ENG31-13268453-n] (property or goods saved from damage or destruction)
          • cone [ENG31-03093804-n] (any cone-shaped artifact)
          • covering [ENG31-03127399-n] (an artifact that covers something else (usually to protect or shelter or conceal it))

            • artificial skin [ENG31-02749230-n] (a synthetic covering with two layers used experimentally to treat burn victims)
            • bootleg [ENG31-02877884-n] (the part of a boot above the instep)
            • bubble [ENG31-02912378-n] (a dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic)
            • canopy [ENG31-02955673-n] (the transparent covering of an aircraft cockpit)
            • casing [ENG31-02981281-n] (the outermost covering of a pneumatic tire)
            • chafing gear [ENG31-03002879-n] (covering (usually rope or canvas) of a line or spar to protect it from friction)
            • cloak [ENG31-03049683-n] (anything that covers or conceals)
            • cloth covering [ENG31-03054011-n] (a covering made of cloth)

              • antimacassar [ENG31-02724738-n] (a piece of ornamented cloth that protects the back of a chair from hair oils)
              • back [ENG31-02770670-n] (the part of a garment that covers the back of your body)
              • bedclothes [ENG31-02823345-n] (coverings that are used on a bed)

                • bedroll [ENG31-02824678-n] (bedding rolled up for carrying)
                • bedspread [ENG31-02825355-n] (decorative cover for a bed)

                  • coverlet [ENG31-03128204-n] (a decorative bedspread (usually quilted))
                  • quilted bedspread [ENG31-04040738-n] (a bedspread constructed like a thin quilt)
                • blanket [ENG31-02852392-n] (bedding that keeps a person warm in bed)

                  • afghan [ENG31-02686177-n] (a blanket knitted or crocheted in strips or squares)
                  • electric blanket [ENG31-03275765-n] (a blanket containing and electric heating element that can be controlled to the desired temperature by a rheostat)
                  • mackinaw [ENG31-03708859-n] (a thick plaid blanket formerly used in the northwestern United States)
                  • manta [ENG31-03724788-n] (a blanket that is used as a cloak or shawl)
                  • security blanket [ENG31-04172736-n] (a blanket (or toy) that a child carries around in order to reduce anxiety)
                • mattress cover [ENG31-03736974-n] (bedclothes that provide a cover for a mattress)
                • quilt [ENG31-04040471-n] (bedding made of two layers of cloth filled with stuffing and stitched together)

                  • eiderdown [ENG31-03271660-n] (a soft quilt usually filled with the down of the eider)
                  • patchwork [ENG31-03904330-n] (a quilt made by sewing patches of different materials together)

                    • crazy quilt [ENG31-03133078-n] (a patchwork quilt without a design)
                • throw [ENG31-04437105-n] (bedclothes consisting of a lightweight cloth covering (an afghan or bedspread) that is casually thrown over something)
              • blindfold [ENG31-02855198-n] (a cloth used to cover the eyes)
              • bosom [ENG31-02879326-n] (cloth that covers the chest or breasts)
              • burial garment [ENG31-02925543-n] (cloth used to cover a corpse in preparation for burial)

                • pall [ENG31-03884813-n] (burial garment in which a corpse is wrapped)
              • cosy [ENG31-03119030-n] (a padded cloth covering to keep a teapot warm)
              • dressing [ENG31-03242342-n] (a cloth covering for a wound or sore)

                • bandage [ENG31-02788671-n] (a piece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body)

                  • adhesive bandage [ENG31-02682964-n] (bandage consisting of a medical dressing of plain absorbent gauze held in place by a plastic or fabric tape coated with adhesive)

                    • Band Aid [ENG31-02789081-n] (trade name for an adhesive bandage to cover small cuts or blisters)
                    • Elastoplast [ENG31-03273053-n] (an elastic adhesive bandage for covering cuts or wounds)
                  • capeline bandage [ENG31-02959380-n] (bandage that covers the head or an amputation stump like a cap)
                  • cast [ENG31-02983295-n] (bandage consisting of a firm covering (often made of plaster of Paris) that immobilizes broken bones while they heal)
                  • compression bandage [ENG31-03086660-n] (bandage that stops the flow of blood from an artery by applying pressure)
                  • elastic bandage [ENG31-03272732-n] (a bandage containing stretchable material that can apply local pressure)
                  • four-tailed bandage [ENG31-03394199-n] (a bandage consisting of a strip of cloth split in two on both ends)
                  • immovable bandage [ENG31-03567745-n] (a bandage of cloth impregnated with a substance (e.g., plaster of Paris) that hardens soon after it is applied)
                  • oblique bandage [ENG31-03844268-n] (a bandage in which successive turns proceed obliquely up or down a limb)

                    • spiral bandage [ENG31-04286996-n] (an oblique bandage in which successive turns overlap preceding turns)
                  • roller bandage [ENG31-04108954-n] (bandage consisting of a strip of sterile fabric (of variable width) rolled into a cylinder to facilitate application)
                  • sling [ENG31-04246543-n] (bandage to support an injured forearm)
                  • suspensory [ENG31-04373919-n] (a bandage of elastic fabric applied to uplift a dependant part (as the scrotum or a pendulous breast))
                  • swathe [ENG31-04376112-n] (an enveloping bandage)
                  • truss [ENG31-04499880-n] ((medicine) a bandage consisting of a pad and belt)
                • compress [ENG31-03086454-n] (a cloth pad or dressing (with or without medication) applied firmly to some part of the body (to relieve discomfort or reduce fever))
                • poultice [ENG31-03999761-n] (a medical dressing consisting of a soft heated mass of meal or clay that is spread on a cloth and applied to the skin to treat inflamed areas or improve circulation etc.)

                  • mustard plaster [ENG31-03808340-n] (a plaster containing powdered black mustard)
                • surgical dressing [ENG31-04371484-n] (a loosely woven cotton dressing for incisions made during surgery)
              • elbow [ENG31-03273222-n] (the part of a sleeve that covers the elbow joint)
              • eyepatch [ENG31-03314301-n] (a protective cloth covering for an injured eye)
              • havelock [ENG31-03504755-n] (a cloth covering for a service cap with a flap extending over the back of the neck to protect the neck from direct rays of the sun)
              • knee [ENG31-03627907-n] (the part of a trouser leg that provides the cloth covering for the knee)
              • lap [ENG31-03647261-n] (the part of a piece of clothing that covers the thighs)
              • leg [ENG31-03659902-n] (a cloth covering consisting of the part of a pair of trousers that covers a person's leg)

                • pant leg [ENG31-03890990-n] (the leg of a pair of trousers)
              • seat [ENG31-04169494-n] (the cloth covering for the buttocks)
              • shoulder [ENG31-04214218-n] (the part of a garment that covers or fits over the shoulder)
              • skirt [ENG31-04238334-n] (cloth covering that forms the part of a garment below the waist)
              • sleeve [ENG31-04243483-n] (the part of a garment that is attached at the armhole and that provides a cloth covering for the arm)

                • dolman sleeve [ENG31-03224798-n] (a sleeve with a large armhole and tight cuff)
                • long sleeve [ENG31-03693731-n] (a sleeve extending from shoulder to wrist)
                • raglan sleeve [ENG31-04053493-n] (a sleeve that extends in one piece to the neckline of a coat or sweater with seams from the armhole to the neck)
                • shirtsleeve [ENG31-04205398-n] (the sleeve of a shirt)
                • short sleeve [ENG31-04212572-n] (a sleeve extending from the shoulder to the elbow)
              • slipcover [ENG31-04247880-n] (a removable fitted cloth covering for upholstered furniture)
            • coating [ENG31-03062092-n] (a thin layer covering something)

              • bitumastic [ENG31-02849223-n] (a protective coating of asphalt and filter used on structural metals that are exposed to weathering)
              • coat of paint [ENG31-03062970-n] (a layer of paint covering something else)

                • flat coat [ENG31-03365691-n] (the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surface)

                  • couch [ENG31-03120548-n] (a flat coat of paint or varnish used by artists as a primer)
              • emulsion [ENG31-03289393-n] (a light-sensitive coating on paper or film)
              • enamel [ENG31-03289654-n] (any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze)

                • nail polish [ENG31-03811265-n] (a cosmetic lacquer that dries quickly and that is applied to the nails to color them or make them shiny)
              • facing [ENG31-03320935-n] (an ornamental coating to a building)
              • finish coat [ENG31-03347602-n] (the final coating of (eg., paint, plaster, varnish, etc.))
              • gilt [ENG31-03442340-n] (a coating of gold or of something that looks like gold)
              • lacquer [ENG31-03637102-n] (a hard glossy coating)

                • japan [ENG31-03598409-n] (lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient)
              • overcoat [ENG31-03869177-n] (an additional protective coating (as of paint or varnish))
              • paint [ENG31-03880896-n] (a substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid))

                • acrylic [ENG31-02679990-n] (used especially by artists)
                • antifouling paint [ENG31-02722959-n] (a paint used to protect against the accumulation of barnacles etc. on underwater surfaces)
                • distemper [ENG31-03217419-n] (paint made by mixing the pigments with water and a binder)
                • enamel [ENG31-03289797-n] (a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish)
                • encaustic [ENG31-03290489-n] (a paint consisting of pigment mixed with melted beeswax)
                • finger paint [ENG31-03346960-n] (paint that has the consistency of jelly)
                • house paint [ENG31-03551292-n] (paint used to cover the exterior woodwork of a house)
                • oil paint [ENG31-03849753-n] (paint in which a drying oil is the vehicle)

                  • oil [ENG31-03848612-n] (oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist)
                • semigloss [ENG31-04179291-n] (a paint that dries with a finish between glossy and flat)
                • spray paint [ENG31-04295036-n] (paint applied with a spray gun)
                • water-base paint [ENG31-04564594-n] (paint in which water is used as the vehicle)

                  • calcimine [ENG31-02941705-n] (a water-base paint containing zinc oxide and glue and coloring)
                  • casein paint [ENG31-02979453-n] (a water-base paint made with a protein precipitated from milk)
                  • latex paint [ENG31-03651334-n] (a water-base paint that has a latex binder)
                  • tempera [ENG31-04414392-n] (pigment mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size and egg yolk)
                  • wash [ENG31-04560675-n] (a thin coat of water-base paint)

                    • blackwash [ENG31-02851090-n] (a wash that colors a surface black)
                    • color wash [ENG31-03076686-n] (a wash of whitewash or other water-base paint tinted with a colored pigment)
                    • whitewash [ENG31-04588388-n] (wash consisting of lime and size in water)
                  • watercolor [ENG31-04566090-n] (a water-base paint (with water-soluble pigments))

                    • gouache [ENG31-03454161-n] (an opaque watercolor prepared with gum)
              • patina [ENG31-03905309-n] (a fine coating of oxide (produced by oxidation over a long period of time) on the surface of a metal (particularly copper))

                • verdigris [ENG31-04535374-n] (a green patina that forms on copper or brass or bronze that has been exposed to the air or water for long periods of time)
              • patina [ENG31-03905538-n] (a gloss or sheen on wooden furniture produced by age, polishing, or handling)
              • patina [ENG31-03905667-n] (an acquired change in the appearance of something (other than metal or wood))
              • plating [ENG31-03969322-n] (a thin coating of metal deposited on a surface)

                • gold plate [ENG31-03450259-n] (a thin plating of gold on something)
                • silver plate [ENG31-04227872-n] (a thin layer of silver deposited on something)
              • rendering [ENG31-04082827-n] (a coat of stucco applied to a masonry wall)
              • seal [ENG31-04166606-n] (a finishing coat applied to exclude moisture)

                • undercoat [ENG31-04514984-n] (seal consisting of a coating of a tar or rubberlike material on the underside of a motor vehicle to retard corrosion)
              • varnish [ENG31-04529282-n] (a coating that provides a hard, lustrous, transparent finish to a surface)

                • fixative [ENG31-03358797-n] (a varnish dissolved in alcohol and sprayed over pictures to prevent smudging)
                • shellac [ENG31-04198193-n] (a thin varnish made by dissolving lac in ethanol)

                  • French polish [ENG31-03400092-n] (a varnish for wood consisting of shellac dissolved in alcohol)
              • veneer [ENG31-04532712-n] (coating consisting of a thin layer of superior wood glued to a base of inferior wood)
              • waterproofing [ENG31-04569143-n] (a coating capable of making a surface waterproof)
            • cover plate [ENG31-03128317-n] (covering consisting of a plate used to cover over or close in a chamber or receptacle)
            • drape [ENG31-03237626-n] (a sterile covering arranged over a patient's body during a medical examination or during surgery in order to reduce the possibility of contamination)
            • earmuff [ENG31-03266306-n] (either of a pair of ear coverings (usually connected by a headband) that are worn to keep the ears warm in cold weather)
            • fig leaf [ENG31-03340406-n] (a covering consisting of anything intended to conceal something regarded as shameful)
            • finger [ENG31-03346098-n] (one of the parts of a glove that provides covering for a finger or thumb)
            • flap [ENG31-03362222-n] (any broad thin and limber covering attached at one edge)

              • barndoor [ENG31-02796707-n] (an opaque adjustable flap on a lamp fixture)
              • coattail [ENG31-03063239-n] (the loose back flap of a coat that hangs below the waist)
              • codpiece [ENG31-03066654-n] ((15th-16th century) a flap for the crotch of men's tight-fitting breeches)
              • earflap [ENG31-03265722-n] (one of two flaps attached to a cap to keep the ears warm)
              • jag [ENG31-03597088-n] (a flap along the edge of a garment)
              • lap [ENG31-03647020-n] (a flap that lies over another part)

                • cuff [ENG31-03150509-n] (the lap consisting of a turned-back hem encircling the end of the sleeve or leg)

                  • trouser cuff [ENG31-04495998-n] (a cuff on the bottoms of trouser legs)
                • lapel [ENG31-03647758-n] (lap at the front of a coat)

                  • revers [ENG31-04092001-n] (a lapel on a woman's garment)
                • lappet [ENG31-03648030-n] (a small lap on a garment or headdress)
              • pocket flap [ENG31-03979760-n] (a flap that covers the access to a pocket)
              • tent-fly [ENG31-04419232-n] (flap consisting of a piece of canvas that can be drawn back to provide entrance to a tent)
              • tongue [ENG31-04458265-n] (the flap of material under the laces of a shoe or boot)
            • floor cover [ENG31-03371669-n] (a covering for a floor)

              • mat [ENG31-03733328-n] (a thick flat pad used as a floor covering)

                • doormat [ENG31-03228002-n] (a mat placed outside an exterior door for wiping the shoes before entering)
              • parquetry [ENG31-03898122-n] (a patterned wood inlay used to cover a floor)
              • rug [ENG31-04125115-n] (floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile))

                • broadloom [ENG31-02907558-n] (a carpet woven on a wide loom to obviate the need for seams)
                • Brussels carpet [ENG31-02912098-n] (a carpet with a strong linen warp and a heavy pile of colored woolen yarns drawn up in uncut loops to form a pattern)
                • drugget [ENG31-03253538-n] (a rug made of a coarse fabric having a cotton warp and a wool filling)
                • flying carpet [ENG31-03378948-n] ((Asian folktale) an imaginary carpet that will fly people anywhere they wish to go)
                • hearthrug [ENG31-03512602-n] (a rug spread out in front of a fireplace)
                • Kurdistan [ENG31-03634391-n] (an oriental rug woven by Kurds that is noted for fine colors and durability)
                • numdah [ENG31-03841249-n] (an embroidered rug made from a coarse Indian felt)
                • prayer rug [ENG31-04004552-n] (a small rug used by Muslims during their devotions)
                • red carpet [ENG31-04073382-n] (a strip of red carpeting laid down for dignitaries to walk on)
                • runner [ENG31-04127360-n] (a long narrow carpet)
                • scatter rug [ENG31-04151604-n] (a small rug)
                • shag rug [ENG31-04190260-n] (a rug with long pile)

                  • rya [ENG31-04128520-n] (a shag rug made in Sweden)
                • stair-carpet [ENG31-04304985-n] (a strip of carpet for laying on stairs)
                • Wilton [ENG31-04592414-n] (a carpet woven on a Jacquard loom with loops like a Brussels carpet but having the loops cut to form a close velvety pile)
            • folder [ENG31-03381125-n] (covering that is folded over to protect the contents)

              • file folder [ENG31-03342328-n] (folder that holds papers together in a filing cabinet)
              • matchbook [ENG31-03734799-n] (a small folder of paper safety matches)
            • footwear [ENG31-03385713-n] (covering for a person's feet)

              • boot [ENG31-02876113-n] (footwear that covers the whole foot and lower leg)

                • buskin [ENG31-02929050-n] (a boot reaching halfway up to the knee)
                • cowboy boot [ENG31-03128694-n] (a boot with a high arch and fancy stitching)
                • Hessian boot [ENG31-03522007-n] ((19th century) a man's high tasseled boot)
                • hip boot [ENG31-03526707-n] (a very high boot)

                  • waders [ENG31-04550001-n] (waterproof hip boots (sometimes extending to the chest) worn by anglers)
                • riding boot [ENG31-04096778-n] (a boot without laces that is worn for riding horses)

                  • jodhpur [ENG31-03605688-n] (a short riding boot that fastens with a buckle at the side)
                • rubber boot [ENG31-04123388-n] (a high boot made of rubber)
                • ski boot [ENG31-04235643-n] (a stiff boot that is fastened to a ski with a ski binding)
              • clog [ENG31-03051675-n] (footwear usually with wooden soles)
              • flats [ENG31-03366396-n] (footwear (shoes or slippers) with no heel (or a very low heel))
              • overshoe [ENG31-03871627-n] (footwear that protects your shoes from water or snow or cold)

                • arctic [ENG31-02738543-n] (a waterproof overshoe that protects shoes from water or snow)
              • shoe [ENG31-04206070-n] (footwear shaped to fit the foot (below the ankle) with a flexible upper of leather or plastic and a sole and heel of heavier material)

                • anklet [ENG31-02716223-n] (a shoe for a child or woman that has a strap around the ankle)
                • baby shoe [ENG31-02770152-n] (a shoe designed to be worn by infants)
                • balmoral [ENG31-02786731-n] (a sturdy laced walking shoe)
                • blucher [ENG31-02858981-n] (a high shoe with laces over the tongue)
                • bowling shoe [ENG31-02886135-n] (a special shoe worn when bowling)
                • brogan [ENG31-02908252-n] (a thick and heavy shoe)
                • calceus [ENG31-02941602-n] (a shoe covering the ankle)
                • chopine [ENG31-03028933-n] (a woman's shoe with a very high thick sole)
                • chukka [ENG31-03031308-n] (a shoe that comes up to the ankle and is laced through two or three pairs of eyelets)
                • cleats [ENG31-03045434-n] (shoes with leather or metal projections on the soles)
                • congress boot [ENG31-03095166-n] (an ankle high shoe with elastic gussets in the sides)
                • flipper [ENG31-03369002-n] (a shoe for swimming)
                • gaiter [ENG31-03415989-n] (a shoe covering the ankle with elastic gores in the sides)
                • ghillie [ENG31-03441200-n] (a shoe without a tongue and with decorative lacing up the instep)
                • gym shoe [ENG31-03477658-n] (a canvas shoe with a pliable rubber sole)

                  • plimsoll [ENG31-03973602-n] (a light gym shoe with a rubber sole and a canvas top)
                • Loafer [ENG31-03685681-n] (a low leather step-in shoe)
                • moccasin [ENG31-03782410-n] (soft leather shoe)
                • oxford [ENG31-03874084-n] (a low shoe laced over the instep)

                  • saddle oxford [ENG31-04131471-n] (an oxford with a saddle of contrasting color)
                • pump [ENG31-04028726-n] (a low-cut shoe without fastenings)

                  • spectator pump [ENG31-04279508-n] (a woman's pump with medium heel)
                • running shoe [ENG31-04127583-n] (a light comfortable shoe designed for running)
                • sabot [ENG31-04129672-n] (a shoe carved from a single block of wood)
                • sandal [ENG31-04140872-n] (a shoe consisting of a sole fastened by straps to the foot)

                  • espadrille [ENG31-03302032-n] (a sandal with a sole made of rope or rubber and a cloth upper part)
                  • flip-flop [ENG31-03368854-n] (a backless sandal held to the foot by a thong between the big toe and the second toe)
                  • huarache [ENG31-03552710-n] (a sandal with flat heels and an upper of woven leather straps)
                  • pusher [ENG31-04034182-n] (a sandal attached to the foot by a thong over the toes)
                  • scuffer [ENG31-04163472-n] (a lightweight flexible sandal with a sturdy sole)
                  • talaria [ENG31-04393751-n] (a winged sandal (as worn by Hermes in Graeco-Roman art))
                • slingback [ENG31-04246893-n] (a shoe that has a strap that wraps around the heel)
                • walker [ENG31-04553034-n] (a shoe designed for comfortable walking)
                • walking shoe [ENG31-04553367-n] (a light comfortable shoe designed for vigorous walking)
                • wedgie [ENG31-04577404-n] (a shoe with a wedge heel)
                • wing tip [ENG31-04600851-n] (a shoe having a wing-tip toecap)
              • slipper [ENG31-04248522-n] (low footwear that can be slipped on and off easily)

                • bootee [ENG31-02876975-n] (a slipper that is soft and wool (for babies))
                • mule [ENG31-03803583-n] (a slipper that has no fitting around the heel)
            • hood [ENG31-03536726-n] (metal covering leading to a vent that exhausts smoke or fumes)

              • range hood [ENG31-04060789-n] (exhaust hood over a kitchen range)
            • hood [ENG31-03536871-n] ((falconry) a leather covering for a hawk's head)
            • imbrication [ENG31-03566837-n] (covering with a design in which one element covers a part of another (as with tiles or shingles))
            • instep [ENG31-03579394-n] (the part of a shoe or stocking that covers the arch of the foot)
            • matting [ENG31-03736384-n] (a covering of coarse fabric (usually of straw or hemp))
            • mercy seat [ENG31-03755928-n] (the golden covering of the ark of the covenant)
            • paddle box [ENG31-03879674-n] (a wooden covering for the upper part of a paddlewheel)
            • planking [ENG31-03962899-n] ((nautical) a covering or flooring constructed of planks (as on a ship))
            • protective covering [ENG31-04020673-n] (a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury)

              • armor [ENG31-02742673-n] (protective covering made of metal and used in combat)

                • body armor [ENG31-02865388-n] (armor that protects the wearer's whole body)

                  • chain mail [ENG31-03003851-n] ((Middle Ages) flexible armor made of interlinked metal rings)

                    • brigandine [ENG31-02904785-n] (a medieval coat of chain mail consisting of metal rings sewn onto leather or cloth)
                    • habergeon [ENG31-03478940-n] ((Middle Ages) a light sleeveless coat of chain mail worn under the hauberk)
                    • hauberk [ENG31-03504612-n] (a long (usually sleeveless) tunic of chain mail formerly worn as defensive armor)
                    • voider [ENG31-04546934-n] (a piece of chain mail covering a place unprotected by armor plate)
                  • corselet [ENG31-03117370-n] (a piece of body armor for the trunk)
                  • cuirass [ENG31-03150885-n] (medieval body armor that covers the chest and back)
                • shield [ENG31-04199741-n] (armor carried on the arm to intercept blows)

                  • escutcheon [ENG31-03301407-n] (a shield)
                  • pavis [ENG31-03907416-n] ((Middle Ages) a large heavy oblong shield protecting the whole body)
              • bell jar [ENG31-02829231-n] (a bell-shaped glass cover used to protect and display delicate objects or to cover scientific apparatus or to contain gases)
              • binder [ENG31-02843474-n] (holds loose papers or magazines)
              • binding [ENG31-02843848-n] (the protective covering on the front, back, and spine of a book)

                • half binding [ENG31-03482635-n] (book binding in which the spine and part of the sides are bound in one material and the rest in another)
                • three-quarter binding [ENG31-04434992-n] (the spine and much of the sides are a different material from the rest of the cover)
              • blind [ENG31-02854358-n] (a protective covering that keeps things out or hinders sight)

                • curtain [ENG31-03155743-n] (hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window))

                  • drop curtain [ENG31-03251157-n] (a curtain that can be lowered and raised onto a stage from the flies)
                  • festoon [ENG31-03335610-n] (a curtain of fabric draped and bound at intervals to form graceful curves)
                  • frontal [ENG31-03403865-n] (a drapery that covers the front of an altar)
                  • portiere [ENG31-03993215-n] (a heavy curtain hung across a doorway)
                  • shower curtain [ENG31-04216306-n] (a curtain that keeps water from splashing out of the shower area)
                  • theater curtain [ENG31-04425492-n] (a hanging cloth that conceals the stage from the view of the audience)

                    • safety curtain [ENG31-04133642-n] (a fireproof theater curtain to be dropped in case of fire)
                • shutter [ENG31-04218423-n] (a hinged blind for a window)

                  • deadlight [ENG31-03170879-n] (a strong shutter over a ship's porthole that is closed in stormy weather)
                  • jalousie [ENG31-03597856-n] (a shutter made of angled slats)
                • window blind [ENG31-04596493-n] (a blind for privacy or to keep out light)

                  • Venetian blind [ENG31-04532879-n] (a window blind made of horizontal strips that overlap when closed)
                  • window shade [ENG31-04597432-n] (an opaque window blind that can cover or uncover a window)

                    • roller blind [ENG31-04109379-n] (a window shade that rolls up out of the way)
                • winker [ENG31-04600956-n] (blind consisting of a leather eyepatch sewn to the side of the halter that prevents a horse from seeing something on either side)
              • bracer [ENG31-02891511-n] (a protective covering for the wrist or arm that is used in archery and fencing and other sports)
              • cap [ENG31-02958501-n] (something serving as a cover or protection)

                • distributor cap [ENG31-03218241-n] (the cap of the distributor that holds in place the wires from the distributor to the spark plugs)
                • ferrule [ENG31-03334481-n] (a metal cap or band placed on a wooden pole to prevent splitting)
                • hubcap [ENG31-03553266-n] (cap that fits over the hub of a wheel)
                • lens cap [ENG31-03662447-n] (cap used to keep lens free of dust when not in use)
                • thimble [ENG31-04430980-n] (a small metal cap to protect the finger while sewing)
              • cloche [ENG31-03050118-n] (a low transparent cover put over young plants to protect them from cold)
              • coaster [ENG31-03060686-n] (a covering (plate or mat) that protects the surface of a table (i.e., from the condensation on a cold glass or bottle))
              • cold frame [ENG31-03071522-n] (protective covering consisting of a wooden frame with a glass top in which small plants are protected from the cold)
              • crystal [ENG31-03147330-n] (a protective cover that protects the face of a watch)
              • dust cover [ENG31-03263159-n] (a removable plastic protective covering for a piece of equipment)
              • faceplate [ENG31-03319553-n] (a protective covering for the front of a machine or device (as a door lock or computer component))
              • facing [ENG31-03320589-n] (a protective covering that protects the outside of a building)

                • revetment [ENG31-04092985-n] (a facing (usually masonry) that supports an embankment)
              • fallboard [ENG31-03323928-n] (the hinged protective covering that protects the keyboard of a piano when it is not being played)
              • finger plate [ENG31-03347207-n] (a flat protective covering (on a door or wall etc) to prevent soiling by dirty fingers)
              • heat shield [ENG31-03515216-n] (a protective covering that protects a spacecraft from overheating on reentry)
              • hood [ENG31-03536090-n] (protective covering consisting of a metal part that covers the engine)
              • housing [ENG31-03551946-n] (a protective cover designed to contain or support a mechanical component)

                • binnacle [ENG31-02844416-n] (a nonmagnetic housing for a ship's compass (usually in front of the helm))
                • cabinet [ENG31-02936724-n] (housing for electronic instruments, as radio or television)
                • crankcase [ENG31-03131854-n] (housing for a crankshaft)
                • distributor housing [ENG31-03218418-n] (the housing that supports the distributor cam)
                • journal box [ENG31-03608003-n] (metal housing for a journal bearing)
                • lamp house [ENG31-03642318-n] (housing that holds a lamp (as in a movie projector))
                • radome [ENG31-04052335-n] (a housing for a radar antenna)
                • shell [ENG31-04197790-n] (the housing or outer covering of something)

                  • boot [ENG31-02876762-n] (protective casing for something that resembles a leg)
                  • gearbox [ENG31-03436480-n] (the shell (metal casing) in which a train of gears is sealed)
                  • jacket [ENG31-03595662-n] (the tough metal shell casing for certain kinds of ammunition)
              • lampshade [ENG31-03642609-n] (a protective ornamental covering for a lamp, used to screen a light bulb from direct view)
              • lining [ENG31-03679093-n] (a protective covering that protects an inside surface)

                • brake lining [ENG31-02893754-n] (the lining on the brake shoes that comes in contact with the brake drum)
                • bushing [ENG31-02928491-n] (a cylindrical metal lining used to reduce friction)
                • facing [ENG31-03320750-n] (a lining applied to the edge of a garment for ornamentation or strengthening)
                • furnace lining [ENG31-03409810-n] (lining consisting of material with a high melting point)
              • mask [ENG31-03730526-n] (a protective covering worn over the face)

                • face mask [ENG31-03319323-n] (mask that provides a protective covering for the face in such sports as baseball or football or hockey)

                  • catcher's mask [ENG31-02986644-n] (a mask to protect the face of the catcher in baseball)

                    • bar mask [ENG31-02796437-n] (a catcher's mask with bars)
                    • birdcage mask [ENG31-02846603-n] (a catcher's mask with a strong wire face)
                  • face guard [ENG31-03319172-n] (face mask consisting of a strong wire mesh on the front of football helmets)
                  • fencing mask [ENG31-03332498-n] (a face mask made of fine mesh that is worn over a fencer's face)
                  • ski mask [ENG31-04236878-n] (a woolen face mask to protect the face from cold while skiing on snow)
                • gasmask [ENG31-03429235-n] (a protective mask with a filter)
                • welder's mask [ENG31-04579407-n] (a mask that you wear for protection when doing welding)
              • mulch [ENG31-03803418-n] (a protective covering of rotting vegetable matter spread to reduce evaporation and soil erosion)
              • roof [ENG31-04112162-n] (a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building)

                • curb roof [ENG31-03154067-n] (a roof with two or more slopes on each side of the ridge)

                  • mansard [ENG31-03724328-n] (a hip roof having two slopes on each side)

                    • French roof [ENG31-03400237-n] (a mansard roof with sides that are nearly perpendicular)
                • dome [ENG31-03225216-n] (a hemispherical roof)

                  • astrodome [ENG31-02754072-n] (a transparent dome on top of an airplane where the navigator can make celestial observations)
                  • cupola [ENG31-03153393-n] (a roof in the form of a dome)
                  • geodesic dome [ENG31-03440503-n] (a lightweight dome constructed of interlocking polygons)
                  • onion dome [ENG31-03852991-n] (a dome that is shaped like a bulb)
                  • pressure dome [ENG31-04007755-n] (a dome-shaped building that is pressurized)
                  • whispering gallery [ENG31-04586516-n] (a space beneath a dome or arch in which sounds produced at certain points are clearly audible at certain distant points)
                • gable roof [ENG31-03414501-n] (a double sloping roof with a ridge and gables at each end)

                  • gambrel [ENG31-03418594-n] (a gable roof with two slopes on each side and the lower slope being steeper)
                • hip roof [ENG31-03527263-n] (a roof having sloping ends as well as sloping sides)
                • housetop [ENG31-03551415-n] (the roof of a house)
                • slate roof [ENG31-04241993-n] (a roof covered with slate)
                • sunroof [ENG31-04364208-n] (an automobile roof having a sliding or raisable panel)
                • thatch [ENG31-04424807-n] (a house roof made with a plant material (as straw))
                • tile roof [ENG31-04442787-n] (a roof made of fired clay tiles)
                • vault [ENG31-04530820-n] (an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof)

                  • barrel vault [ENG31-02799366-n] (the simplest form of vault)
                  • groined vault [ENG31-03466814-n] (two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles)
                  • ribbed vault [ENG31-04094821-n] (vault that resembles a groined vault but has ribbed arches)
              • roof [ENG31-04112532-n] (protective covering on top of a motor vehicle)

                • hood [ENG31-03536627-n] (the folding roof of a carriage)

                  • calash [ENG31-02941342-n] (the folding hood of a horse-drawn carriage)
              • screen [ENG31-04158646-n] (a protective covering consisting of netting)

                • fire screen [ENG31-03351883-n] (a metal screen before an open fire for protection (especially against flying sparks))
                • mosquito net [ENG31-03793898-n] (a fine net or screen (especially around beds) to protect against mosquitos)
                • smoke screen [ENG31-04254139-n] ((military) screen consisting of a cloud of smoke that obscures movements)
                • window screen [ENG31-04597193-n] (screen to keep insects from entering a building through the open window)
                • windshield [ENG31-04597856-n] (transparent screen (as of glass) to protect occupants of a vehicle)
              • shade [ENG31-04188779-n] (protective covering that protects something from direct sunlight)

                • parasol [ENG31-03895568-n] (a handheld collapsible source of shade)
                • sun visor [ENG31-04364882-n] (a shade (sometimes of green mica) affixed above the windshield of an automobile)
              • sheath [ENG31-04194104-n] (a protective covering (as for a knife or sword))

                • aglet [ENG31-02687508-n] (metal or plastic sheath over the end of a shoelace or ribbon)
                • fingerstall [ENG31-03347377-n] (a sheath worn to protect a finger)
                • holster [ENG31-03532624-n] (a sheath (usually leather) for carrying a handgun)

                  • shoulder holster [ENG31-04214830-n] (a holster worn over your shoulder so a gun can be concealed under your jacket)
                • scabbard [ENG31-04148392-n] (a sheath for a sword or dagger or bayonet)
              • sheathing [ENG31-04194276-n] (protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior)
              • shelter [ENG31-04198986-n] (protective covering that provides protection from the weather)

                • bell cote [ENG31-02828820-n] (a small shelter for bells)
                • birdhouse [ENG31-02846922-n] (a shelter for birds)

                  • dovecote [ENG31-03233395-n] (a birdhouse for pigeons)
                • canopy [ENG31-02955279-n] (a covering (usually of cloth) that serves as a roof to shelter an area from the weather)

                  • awning [ENG31-02766906-n] (a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun)
                  • baldachin [ENG31-02781136-n] (ornamented canopy supported by columns or suspended from a roof or projected from a wall (as over an altar))
                  • marquee [ENG31-03728644-n] (permanent canopy over an entrance of a hotel etc.)
                  • porte-cochere [ENG31-03992429-n] (canopy extending out from a building entrance to shelter those getting in and out of vehicles)
                  • tester [ENG31-04422489-n] (a flat canopy (especially one over a four-poster bed))
                  • umbrella [ENG31-04514450-n] (a lightweight handheld collapsible canopy)

                    • gamp [ENG31-03420162-n] (colloquial terms for an umbrella)
                • cote [ENG31-03119285-n] (a small shelter for domestic animals (as sheep or pigeons))
                • kennel [ENG31-03615737-n] (outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog)
                • lean-to [ENG31-03658055-n] (rough shelter whose roof has only one slope)
                • roost [ENG31-04115078-n] (a shelter with perches for fowl or other birds)

                  • henroost [ENG31-03520038-n] (a roost for hens at night)
                • sconce [ENG31-04156001-n] (a shelter or screen providing protection from enemy fire or from the weather)
                • sentry box [ENG31-04179837-n] (a small shelter with an open front to protect a sentry from the weather)
              • shield [ENG31-04199901-n] (a protective covering or structure)

                • nipple shield [ENG31-03831453-n] (a rubber or plastic shield to protect the nipples of nursing women)
                • plate [ENG31-03965995-n] (a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners))

                  • armor plate [ENG31-02743769-n] (specially hardened steel plate used to protect fortifications or vehicles from enemy fire)

                    • backplate [ENG31-02773083-n] (plate armor protecting the back)
                    • beaver [ENG31-02821389-n] (a movable piece of armor on a medieval helmet used to protect the lower face)
                    • brassard [ENG31-02895633-n] (armor plate that protects the arm)
                    • breastplate [ENG31-02898416-n] (armor plate that protects the chest)

                      • plastron [ENG31-03965308-n] (a metal breastplate that was worn under a coat of mail)
                    • cannon [ENG31-02954068-n] ((Middle Ages) a cylindrical piece of armor plate to protect the arm)

                      • rerebrace [ENG31-04084706-n] (cannon that provides plate armor for the upper arm)
                      • vambrace [ENG31-04527182-n] (cannon of plate armor protecting the forearm)
                    • chanfron [ENG31-03009223-n] (medieval plate armor to protect a horse's head)
                    • cubitiere [ENG31-03149539-n] (body armor that protects the elbow)
                    • cuisse [ENG31-03151008-n] (armor plate that protects the thigh)
                    • epauliere [ENG31-03297273-n] (armor plate that protects the shoulder)
                    • fauld [ENG31-03330233-n] (a piece of armor plate below the breastplate)
                    • gorget [ENG31-03453534-n] (armor plate that protects the neck)
                    • greave [ENG31-03462393-n] (armor plate that protects legs below the knee)
                    • helmet [ENG31-03518520-n] (armor plate that protects the head)

                      • armet [ENG31-02741746-n] (a medieval helmet with a visor and a neck guard)
                      • basinet [ENG31-02804989-n] (a medieval steel helmet)
                      • casque [ENG31-02981664-n] ((15-16th century) any armor for the head)

                        • casquet [ENG31-02981826-n] (a light open casque without a visor or beaver)
                      • heaume [ENG31-03515528-n] (a large medieval helmet supported on the shoulders)
                      • morion [ENG31-03791254-n] (a metal helmet worn by common soldiers in the 16th century)
                      • pickelhaube [ENG31-03936093-n] (a spiked helmet worn by German soldiers)
                      • sallet [ENG31-04137990-n] (a light medieval helmet with a slit for vision)
                    • knee piece [ENG31-03628547-n] (armor plate that protects the knee)
                    • nosepiece [ENG31-03837439-n] (armor plate that protects the nose)
                    • pallette [ENG31-03885402-n] (one of the rounded armor plates at the armpits of a suit of armor)
                    • roundel [ENG31-04121163-n] (round piece of armor plate that protects the armpit)
                    • skirt of tasses [ENG31-04238506-n] (armor plate that protects the body below the waist)
                    • solleret [ENG31-04266578-n] (armor plate that protects the foot)
                    • tasset [ENG31-04402467-n] (one of two pieces of armor plate hanging from the fauld to protect the upper thighs)
                    • tuille [ENG31-04503699-n] (armor plate that protects the hip and thigh)
                    • visor [ENG31-04546173-n] (a piece of armor plate (with eye slits) fixed or hinged to a medieval helmet to protect the face)
                  • horseshoe [ENG31-03544613-n] (U-shaped plate nailed to underside of horse's hoof)
                  • shell plating [ENG31-04198389-n] (the plates covering the frame of a steel ship and corresponding to the planking of a wooden ship)
                • shielding [ENG31-04200078-n] (a shield of lead or concrete intended as a barrier to radiation emitted in nuclear decay)
                • shielding [ENG31-04200222-n] (shield consisting of an arrangement of metal mesh or plates designed to protect electronic equipment from ambient electromagnetic interference)
              • splashboard [ENG31-04288513-n] (protective covering consisting of a panel to protect people from the splashing water or mud etc.)
              • splasher [ENG31-04288709-n] (a protective covering over or beside a wheel to protect the upper part of a vehicle from splashes of mud)
              • testudo [ENG31-04423140-n] (a movable protective covering that provided protection from above)
              • thumbstall [ENG31-04438782-n] (protective covering for an injured thumb)
              • toecap [ENG31-04451883-n] (a protective leather or steel cover for the toe of a boot or shoe, reinforcing or decorating it)

                • wing tip [ENG31-04600703-n] (a decorative toecap having a point extending toward the throat of the shoe)
              • washboard [ENG31-04561497-n] (protective covering consisting of a broad plank along a gunwale to keep water from splashing over the side)
            • screen [ENG31-04159023-n] (a covering that serves to conceal or shelter something)

              • blind [ENG31-02854643-n] (a hiding place sometimes used by hunters (especially duck hunters))
              • camouflage [ENG31-02947914-n] (device or stratagem for concealment or deceit)
              • shoji [ENG31-04208340-n] (a translucent screen made of a wooden frame covered with rice paper)
              • stalking-horse [ENG31-04306204-n] (screen consisting of a figure of a horse behind which a hunter hides while stalking game)
            • swathing [ENG31-04376233-n] (cloth coverings wrapped around something (as a wound or a baby))
            • thumb [ENG31-04438030-n] (the part of a glove that provides a covering for the thumb)
            • toe [ENG31-04451352-n] (the part of footwear that provides a covering for the toes)
            • top [ENG31-04461181-n] (covering for a hole (especially a hole in the top of a container))

              • cap [ENG31-02958374-n] (a top (as for a bottle))

                • bottlecap [ENG31-02881007-n] (a cap that seals a bottle)
                • nipple [ENG31-03831328-n] (a flexible cap on a baby's feeding bottle or pacifier)
                • radiator cap [ENG31-04048323-n] (cap on the opening in the top of a radiator through which a coolant liquid can be added)
              • lid [ENG31-03666666-n] (a movable top or cover (hinged or separate) for closing the opening at the top of a box, chest, jar, pan, etc.)

                • trunk lid [ENG31-04499355-n] (hinged lid for a trunk)
              • manhole cover [ENG31-03723161-n] (a flush iron cover for a manhole (as in a street))
              • screwtop [ENG31-04162129-n] (the top of a container that must be screwed off and on)
            • upholstery [ENG31-04521122-n] (covering (padding and springs and webbing and fabric) on a piece of furniture)
            • wrapping [ENG31-04613084-n] (the covering (usually paper or cellophane) in which something is wrapped)

              • envelope [ENG31-03296652-n] (any wrapper or covering)
              • film [ENG31-03344241-n] (a thin sheet of (usually plastic and usually transparent) material used to wrap or cover things)

                • Polaroid [ENG31-03982626-n] ((trade mark) a plastic film that can polarize a beam of light)
                • shrink-wrap [ENG31-04217658-n] (the clinging transparent plastic film that is used to shrinkwrap something)
              • gift wrapping [ENG31-03441459-n] (ornamental wrapping for gifts)
              • jacket [ENG31-03595493-n] (an outer wrapping or casing)

                • record jacket [ENG31-04071419-n] (the jacket for a phonograph record)
                • book jacket [ENG31-07262988-n] (a paper jacket for a book)
              • plastic wrap [ENG31-03965046-n] (wrapping consisting of a very thin transparent sheet of plastic)

                • cellophane [ENG31-02995823-n] (a transparent paperlike product that is impervious to moisture and used to wrap candy or cigarettes etc.)
                • cling film [ENG31-04142793-n] (a thin plastic film made of saran (trade name Saran Wrap) that sticks to itself)
          • creation [ENG31-03133774-n] (an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone)

            • art [ENG31-02746552-n] (the products of human creativity)

              • artificial flower [ENG31-02748400-n] (a handmade imitation of a blossom)
              • commercial art [ENG31-03080302-n] (art used for commercial purposes (as in advertising))
              • cyberart [ENG31-03159721-n] (art that is produced with the help of computer hardware and software)
              • decoupage [ENG31-03174958-n] (art produced by decorating a surface with cutouts and then coating it with several layers of varnish or lacquer)
              • diptych [ENG31-03209494-n] (a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on two panels (usually hinged like a book))
              • gem [ENG31-03437882-n] (art highly prized for its beauty or perfection)
              • genre [ENG31-03439853-n] (a class of art (or artistic endeavor) having a characteristic form or technique)

                • abstractionism [ENG31-02671709-n] (an abstract genre of art)

                  • op art [ENG31-03853142-n] (a style of abstractionism popular in the 1960s)
                • chinoiserie [ENG31-03023218-n] (a style in art reflecting Chinese influence)
                • folk art [ENG31-03382297-n] (genre of art of unknown origin that reflects traditional values of a society)
                • genre painting [ENG31-03440200-n] (a genre depicting everyday life)
                • landscape [ENG31-03645325-n] (a genre of art dealing with the depiction of natural scenery)
                • magic realism [ENG31-03710465-n] (a literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative or meticulously realistic painting are combined with surreal elements of fantasy or dreams)
                • modernism [ENG31-03783494-n] (genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres)
                • outsider art [ENG31-03867479-n] (a genre of art and outdoor constructions made by untrained artists who do not recognize themselves as artists)
                • pointillism [ENG31-03981777-n] (a genre of painting characterized by the application of paint in dots and small strokes)
                • postmodernism [ENG31-03996383-n] (genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism)
                • primitivism [ENG31-04009468-n] (a genre characteristic of (or imitative of) primitive artists or children)
                • synthetism [ENG31-04383802-n] (a genre of French painting characterized by bright flat shapes and symbolic treatments of abstract ideas)
              • graphic art [ENG31-03458753-n] (the arts of drawing or painting or printmaking)

                • graphics [ENG31-03458929-n] (the drawings and photographs in the layout of a book)

                  • computer graphics [ENG31-03088689-n] (the pictorial representation and manipulation of data by a computer)

                    • clip art [ENG31-03048263-n] (ready-made pieces of computerized graphic art that can be used to decorate a document)
                • painting [ENG31-03882197-n] (graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface)

                  • abstraction [ENG31-02671631-n] (an abstract painting)
                  • cityscape [ENG31-03040134-n] (painting depicting a city or urban area)
                  • daub [ENG31-03169198-n] (an unskillful painting)
                  • distemper [ENG31-03217256-n] (a painting created with paint that is made by mixing the pigments with water and a binder)
                  • finger-painting [ENG31-03347072-n] (a painting produced by spreading paint with the fingers)
                  • icon [ENG31-03564151-n] (a conventional religious painting in oil on a small wooden panel)
                  • landscape [ENG31-03645480-n] (painting depicting an expanse of natural scenery)
                  • miniature [ENG31-03774932-n] (painting or drawing included in a book (especially in illuminated medieval manuscripts))
                  • monochrome [ENG31-03788837-n] (painting done in a range of tones of a single color)
                  • mural [ENG31-03805232-n] (a painting that is applied to a wall surface)

                    • fresco [ENG31-03400466-n] (a mural done with watercolors on wet plaster)
                  • nude [ENG31-03840737-n] (a painting of a naked human figure)
                  • oil painting [ENG31-03849869-n] (a picture painted with oil paints)

                    • canvas [ENG31-02957504-n] (an oil painting on canvas fabric)
                  • pentimento [ENG31-03919048-n] (the reappearance in a painting of an underlying image that had been painted over (usually when the later painting becomes transparent with age))
                  • sand painting [ENG31-04141945-n] (a painting done by Amerindians (especially Navaho))
                  • seascape [ENG31-04168294-n] (a painting of the sea (as distinguished from a landscape))
                  • semi-abstraction [ENG31-04178434-n] (a semiabstract painting)
                  • still life [ENG31-04326570-n] (a painting of inanimate objects such as fruit or flowers)
                  • tanka [ENG31-04396427-n] (a Tibetan religious painting on fabric)
                  • trompe l'oeil [ENG31-04494832-n] (a painting rendered in such great detail as to deceive the viewer concerning its reality)
                  • watercolor [ENG31-04565864-n] (a painting produced with watercolors)

                    • gouache [ENG31-03454047-n] (a watercolor executed with opaque watercolors mixed with gum)
                    • wash [ENG31-04560531-n] (a watercolor made by applying a series of monochrome washes one over the other)
                • print [ENG31-04009955-n] (a picture or design printed from an engraving)

                  • contact print [ENG31-03098998-n] (a print made by exposing a photosensitive surface to direct contact with a photographic negative)
                  • copperplate [ENG31-03109064-n] (a print made from an engraved copperplate)
                  • engraving [ENG31-03294179-n] (a print made from an engraving)

                    • dry point [ENG31-03257245-n] (a print produced by dry point engraving)
                    • etching [ENG31-03304466-n] (an impression made from an etched plate)

                      • aquatint [ENG31-02735300-n] (an etching made by a process that makes it resemble a water color)
                    • halftone [ENG31-03483483-n] (a print obtained from photoengraving)
                    • linecut [ENG31-03677571-n] (a print obtained from a line drawing)
                    • steel engraving [ENG31-04318623-n] (an impression taken from an engraved steel plate)
                    • woodcut [ENG31-04605033-n] (a print made from a woodcut)
                  • gravure [ENG31-03460746-n] (an intaglio print produced by gravure)
                  • linocut [ENG31-03680272-n] (a print that is made from a design carved in relief into a block of linoleum)
                  • lithograph [ENG31-03683546-n] (a print produced by lithography)

                    • photolithograph [ENG31-03932995-n] (a lithograph produced by photographically produced plates)
                  • mezzotint [ENG31-03764007-n] (print produced by an engraving that has been scraped to represent light or shade)
                  • monotype [ENG31-03871242-n] (the sole print made by pressing paper against a painted or inked glass or metal plate)
                  • overprint [ENG31-03871382-n] (something added by overprinting)
                  • silkscreen [ENG31-04226785-n] (a print made using a stencil process in which an image or design is superimposed on a very fine mesh screen and printing ink is squeegeed onto the printing surface through the area of the screen that is not covered by the stencil)
                • scene [ENG31-04151847-n] (graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept)
              • grotesque [ENG31-03467373-n] (art characterized by an incongruous mixture of parts of humans and animals interwoven with plants)
              • kitsch [ENG31-03627144-n] (excessively garish or sentimental art)
              • mosaic [ENG31-03793292-n] (art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass)
              • plastic art [ENG31-03964391-n] (the arts of shaping or modeling)

                • sculpture [ENG31-04164381-n] (a three-dimensional work of plastic art)

                  • bronze [ENG31-02909500-n] (a sculpture made of bronze)
                  • bust [ENG31-02929572-n] (a sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person)
                  • carving [ENG31-02977017-n] (a sculpture created by removing material (as wood or ivory or stone) in order to create a desired shape)

                    • cinquefoil [ENG31-03036438-n] (an ornamental carving consisting of five arcs arranged in a circle)
                    • glyptic art [ENG31-03447212-n] (carvings or engravings (especially on precious stones))

                      • anaglyph [ENG31-02710047-n] (anything carved in low relief)

                        • cameo [ENG31-02946032-n] (engraving or carving in low relief on a stone (as in a brooch or ring))
                      • glyph [ENG31-03447088-n] (glyptic art in the form of a symbolic figure carved or incised in relief)
                      • glyptics [ENG31-03447411-n] (the art of engraving on precious stones)
                      • intaglio [ENG31-03581612-n] (glyptic art consisting of a sunken or depressed engraving or carving on a stone or gem (as opposed to cameo))
                    • scrimshaw [ENG31-04162796-n] (a carving (or engraving) on whalebone, whale ivory, walrus tusk, etc., usually by American whalers)
                    • vermiculation [ENG31-04535785-n] (a decoration consisting of wormlike carvings)
                    • woodcarving [ENG31-04604636-n] (a carving created by carving wood)
                  • marble [ENG31-03726660-n] (a sculpture carved from marble)
                  • mobile [ENG31-03781824-n] (sculpture suspended in midair whose delicately balanced parts can be set in motion by air currents)
                  • mold [ENG31-03785154-n] (sculpture produced by molding)
                  • relief [ENG31-04080781-n] (sculpture consisting of shapes carved on a surface so as to stand out from the surrounding background)

                    • alto relievo [ENG31-02703281-n] (a sculptural relief in which forms extend out from the background to at least half their depth)
                    • bas relief [ENG31-02806295-n] (a sculptural relief in which forms extend only slightly from the background)
                    • mezzo-relievo [ENG31-03763863-n] (a sculptural relief between low relief and high relief)
                  • stabile [ENG31-04301179-n] (a sculpture having fixed units (usually constructed of sheet metal) and attached to a fixed support)
                  • statue [ENG31-04313985-n] (a sculpture representing a human or animal)

                    • herm [ENG31-03520891-n] (a statue consisting of a squared stone pillar with a carved head (usually a bearded Hermes) on top)
                    • nude [ENG31-03840838-n] (a statue of a naked human figure)
                    • Olympian Zeus [ENG31-03851951-n] (a seated statue of the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology created for the temple at Olympia)
                    • sphinx [ENG31-04281926-n] (one of a number of large stone statues with the body of a lion and the head of a man that were built by the ancient Egyptians)
                    • terminus [ENG31-04420858-n] ((architecture) a statue or a human bust or an animal carved out of the top of a square pillar)
              • triptych [ENG31-04492679-n] (art consisting of a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on three panels (usually hinged together))
              • work of art [ENG31-04609048-n] (art that is a product of one of the fine arts (especially a painting or sculpture of artistic merit))

                • magnum opus [ENG31-03714993-n] (a great work of art or literature)
                • objet d'art [ENG31-03844055-n] (a work of art of some artistic value)

                  • virtu [ENG31-04545111-n] (objet d'art collectively (especially fine antiques))
                • pastiche [ENG31-03903217-n] (a work of art that imitates the style of some previous work)
                • period piece [ENG31-03922700-n] (any work of art whose special value lies in its evocation of a historical period)
                • warhorse [ENG31-04558924-n] (a work of art (composition or drama) that is part of the standard repertory but has become hackneyed from much repetition)
              • dance [ENG31-07033652-n] (an artistic form of nonverbal communication)

                • extension [ENG31-05221867-n] (the ability to raise the working leg high in the air)
                • choreography [ENG31-07033877-n] (the representation of dancing by symbols as music is represented by notes)
            • classic [ENG31-03042580-n] (a creation of the highest excellence)
            • composition [ENG31-03085664-n] (something that is created by arranging several things to form a unified whole)

              • paste-up [ENG31-03903031-n] (a composition of flat objects pasted on a board or other backing)

                • collage [ENG31-03071916-n] (a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image)

                  • photomontage [ENG31-03933439-n] (a montage that uses photographic images)
            • improvisation [ENG31-03570582-n] (a creation spoken or written or composed extemporaneously (without prior preparation))
            • invention [ENG31-03587827-n] (a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation)
            • master [ENG31-03732765-n] (an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made)
            • needlework [ENG31-03822389-n] (a creation created or assembled by needle and thread)

              • crochet [ENG31-03137530-n] (needlework done by interlocking looped stitches with a hooked needle)
              • embroidery [ENG31-03287844-n] (decorative needlework)

                • candlewick [ENG31-02952270-n] (loops of soft yarn are cut to give a tufted pattern)
                • crewelwork [ENG31-03135976-n] (embroidery done with loosely twisted worsted yarn)
                • cross-stitch [ENG31-03142395-n] (embroidery done with pairs of stitches that cross each other)
                • cutwork [ENG31-03159561-n] (embroidery in which the design is outlined in a buttonhole stitch and the intervening material is cut away)
                • drawnwork [ENG31-03240136-n] (ornamental needlework done by drawing threads to form lacelike patterns)
                • fagoting [ENG31-03322285-n] (embroidery in which groups of parallel threads are tied together with fagot stitches)
                • hemstitch [ENG31-03519732-n] (embroidery similar to drawnwork)
                • needlepoint [ENG31-03822199-n] (embroidery consisting of allover embroidered canvas resembling tapestry)

                  • gros point [ENG31-03467143-n] (needlepoint embroidery done with large stitches)
                  • petit point [ENG31-03926209-n] (needlepoint done with small stitches)
                • sampler [ENG31-04140294-n] (a piece of embroidery demonstrating skill with various stitches)
                • smocking [ENG31-04253399-n] (embroidery consisting of ornamental needlework on a garment that is made by gathering the cloth tightly in stitches)
              • knit [ENG31-03630175-n] (needlework created by interlacing yarn in a series of connected loops using straight eyeless needles or by machine)
              • sewing [ENG31-04186446-n] (needlework on which you are working with needle and thread)

                • applique [ENG31-02733435-n] (a decorative design made of one material sewn over another)
                • binding [ENG31-02844156-n] (strip sewn over or along an edge for reinforcement or decoration)
                • gather [ENG31-03433715-n] (sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching)
                • mend [ENG31-03750776-n] (sewing that repairs a worn or torn hole (especially in a garment))
                • patchwork [ENG31-03904197-n] (sewing consisting of pieces of different materials sewn together in a pattern)
                • stitch [ENG31-04328376-n] (a link or loop or knot made by an implement in knitting, crocheting, embroidery, or sewing)

                  • crochet stitch [ENG31-03137828-n] (any one of a number of stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop with a crochet needle)

                    • chain stitch [ENG31-03004570-n] (the most basic of all crochet stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop)
                    • double crochet [ENG31-03231446-n] (a kind of crochet stitch)
                    • shell stitch [ENG31-04198545-n] (a crochet stitch)
                    • single crochet [ENG31-04229661-n] (the basic crochet stitch)
                  • knitting stitch [ENG31-03631074-n] (a stitch taken in knitting)

                    • garter stitch [ENG31-03426395-n] (a knitting stitch that results in a pattern of horizontal ridges formed by knitting both sides (instead of purling one side))
                    • knit [ENG31-03630435-n] (a basic knitting stitch made by putting the needle through the front of the stitch from the lefthand side)
                    • purl [ENG31-04032574-n] (a basic knitting stitch made by putting the needle through the front of the stich from the righthand side)
                    • stockinette stitch [ENG31-04330783-n] (knitting stitch having alternate rows of knit stitches and purl stitches, producing a fabric as for stockings)
                  • sewing stitch [ENG31-04187375-n] (a stitch made with thread and a threaded sewing needle through fabric or leather)

                    • backstitch [ENG31-02774388-n] (an overlapping stitch made by starting the next stitch at the middle of the preceding one)
                    • bargello [ENG31-02795845-n] (needlepoint embroidery stitch that produces zigzag lines)
                    • baste [ENG31-02808296-n] (a loose temporary sewing stitch to hold layers of fabric together)
                    • blanket stitch [ENG31-02852803-n] (a strong reinforcing stitch for edges of blanket and other thick material)
                    • buttonhole stitch [ENG31-02932443-n] (a reinforcing looped stitch for edges, as around a buttonhole)
                    • chain stitch [ENG31-03004412-n] (a looped stitch resembling the links of a chain)

                      • lazy daisy stitch [ENG31-03656299-n] (long chain stitches arranged in flower patterns)
                    • cross-stitch [ENG31-03142514-n] (two stitches forming a cross or X)

                      • half cross stitch [ENG31-03482797-n] (a single cross stitch at a diagonal)
                    • fagot stitch [ENG31-03322455-n] (the stitch that ties a group of parallel threads together in fagoting)
                    • French knot [ENG31-03399931-n] (a stitch made by looping the thread several times around the needle before inserting it into the fabric)
                    • gros point [ENG31-03467247-n] (a needlepoint stitch covering two horizontal and two vertical threads)
                    • hemming-stitch [ENG31-03519484-n] (a stitch used in sewing hems on skirts and dresses)
                    • hemstitch [ENG31-03519837-n] (a stitch in which parallel threads are drawn and exposed threads are caught together in groups)
                    • machine stitch [ENG31-03707606-n] (a sewing stitch made by a sewing machine, sometimes using more than one thread)

                      • lockstitch [ENG31-03689937-n] (machine stitch in which the top thread interlocks with the bobbin thread)
                    • overhand stitch [ENG31-03869792-n] (a stitch passing over an edge vertically)
                    • petit point [ENG31-03926303-n] (a small diagonal needlepoint stitch)
                    • picot [ENG31-03937184-n] (an edging of small loops, as on lace or ribbon)
                    • quilting [ENG31-04040953-n] (stitching through layers of fabric and a filling so as to create a design)
                    • running stitch [ENG31-04127687-n] (small, even, hand stitches run in and out)
                    • saddle stitch [ENG31-04131988-n] (a decorative overcast or running stitch, especially in a contrasting color)
                    • satin stitch [ENG31-04145643-n] (flat stitches worked so closely as to resemble satin)
                    • slip stitch [ENG31-04248910-n] (a loose stitch catching only a thread or two of fabric)
                    • tailor's tack [ENG31-04392359-n] (a loose, looped, sewing stitch used to transfer marking for darts, etc., from a pattern to material)
                    • whipstitch [ENG31-04585845-n] (a sewing stitch passing over an edge diagonally)

                      • overcast [ENG31-03868962-n] (a long whipstitch or overhand stitch overlying an edge to prevent raveling)
              • tatting [ENG31-04402630-n] (needlework consisting of handmade lace made by looping and knotting a single thread on a small shuttle)
            • product [ENG31-04014270-n] (an artifact that has been created by someone or some process)

              • book [ENG31-02873453-n] (physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together)

                • album [ENG31-02697938-n] (a book of blank pages with pockets or envelopes)

                  • autograph album [ENG31-02762620-n] (an album for autographs)
                  • phonograph album [ENG31-03929923-n] (an album for holding phonograph records)
                  • photograph album [ENG31-03932299-n] (an album for photographs)
                  • scrapbook [ENG31-04157925-n] (an album into which clippings or notes or pictures can be pasted)
                  • stamp album [ENG31-04307419-n] (an album for stamps)
                • coffee-table book [ENG31-03068121-n] (an elaborate oversize book suitable for displaying on a coffee table)
                • folio [ENG31-03382091-n] (a book (or manuscript) consisting of large sheets of paper folded in the middle to make two leaves or four pages)
                • hardback [ENG31-03497492-n] (a book with cardboard or cloth or leather covers)
                • journal [ENG31-03607775-n] (a record book as a physical object)

                  • daybook [ENG31-03169877-n] (an accounting journal as a physical object)
                  • diary [ENG31-03194391-n] (a personal journal (as a physical object))
                • novel [ENG31-03838605-n] (a printed and bound book that is an extended work of fiction)
                • order book [ENG31-03859108-n] (a book in which customers' orders are entered)
                • paperback book [ENG31-03892129-n] (a book with paper covers)

                  • pocketbook [ENG31-03979528-n] (pocket-sized paperback book)
                • picture book [ENG31-03937889-n] (a book consisting chiefly of pictures)

                  • coloring book [ENG31-03075786-n] (a picture book with line drawings intended to be colored with crayons by children)
                • sketchbook [ENG31-04234432-n] (a book containing sheets of paper on which sketches can be drawn)
                • notebook [ENG31-06427062-n] (a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda)

                  • commonplace book [ENG31-06427227-n] (a notebook in which you enter memorabilia)
                  • jotter [ENG31-06427331-n] (a small notebook for rough notes)
                  • playbook [ENG31-06428409-n] (a notebook containing descriptions and diagrams of the plays that a team has practiced (especially an American football team))
              • book [ENG31-02873887-n] (a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge)
              • by-product [ENG31-02933876-n] (a product made during the manufacture of something else)
              • deliverable [ENG31-03178402-n] (something that can be provided as the product of development)
              • end product [ENG31-03292089-n] (final product)

                • crop [ENG31-03139246-n] (the output of something in a season)
                • oeuvre [ENG31-03846937-n] (the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it))

                  • writing [ENG31-06375185-n] ((usually plural) the collected work of an author)

                    • patristics [ENG31-06375411-n] (the writings of the early Church Fathers)
                • turning [ENG31-04507799-n] (the end-product created by shaping something on a lathe)
              • inspiration [ENG31-03579155-n] (a product of your creative thinking and work)
              • job [ENG31-03604953-n] (an object worked on)
              • magazine [ENG31-03709749-n] (product consisting of a paperback periodic publication as a physical object)
              • newspaper [ENG31-03827711-n] (the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher)
              • output [ENG31-03866402-n] (what is produced in a given time period)

                • throughput [ENG31-04436890-n] (output relative to input)
              • turnery [ENG31-04507589-n] (products made on a lathe)
              • work [ENG31-04606723-n] (a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing)

                • follow-up [ENG31-03382428-n] (a piece of work that exploits or builds on earlier work)
                • handicraft [ENG31-03490738-n] (a work produced by hand labor)
                • ironwork [ENG31-03591929-n] (work made of iron (gratings or rails or railings etc))
                • lacework [ENG31-03637001-n] (work consisting of (or resembling) lace fabric)
                • lacquerware [ENG31-03637213-n] (a decorative work made of wood and covered with lacquer and often inlaid with ivory or precious metals)

                  • japan [ENG31-03598549-n] (lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer)
                • leatherwork [ENG31-03658702-n] (work made of leather)
                • masterpiece [ENG31-03733096-n] (the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman)
                • metalwork [ENG31-03758012-n] (the metal parts of something)
                • openwork [ENG31-03855199-n] (ornamental work (such as embroidery or latticework) having a pattern of openings)
                • polychrome [ENG31-03985458-n] (a piece of work composed of or decorated in many colors)
                • silverwork [ENG31-04228653-n] (decorative work made of silver)
                • wicker [ENG31-04589491-n] (work made of interlaced slender branches (especially willow branches))
                • woodwork [ENG31-04606119-n] (work made of wood)

                  • cabinetwork [ENG31-02937033-n] (woodwork finished by hand by a cabinetmaker)
                  • joinery [ENG31-03605935-n] (fine woodwork done by a joiner)
                  • millwork [ENG31-03772898-n] (woodwork that has been machined at a mill)
                • work in progress [ENG31-04608945-n] (a piece of work that is not yet finished)
                • workpiece [ENG31-04609296-n] (work consisting of a piece of metal being machined)
                • publication [ENG31-06601855-n] (a copy of a printed work offered for distribution)

                  • reissue [ENG31-06280961-n] (a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale)
                  • new edition [ENG31-06281194-n] (a publication (such as a book) that has been modified or updated and offered again for sale)
                  • book [ENG31-06422547-n] (a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together))

                    • authority [ENG31-06423235-n] (an authoritative written work)

                      • last word [ENG31-06423856-n] (an authoritative statement)
                    • curiosa [ENG31-06423396-n] (books on strange or unusual subjects (especially erotica))
                    • formulary [ENG31-06423526-n] ((pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation)
                    • trade book [ENG31-06423993-n] (a book intended for general readership)

                      • best seller [ENG31-06424140-n] (a book that has had a large and rapid sale)
                    • bestiary [ENG31-06424253-n] (a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals)
                    • catechism [ENG31-06424414-n] (an elementary book summarizing the principles of a Christian religion)
                    • pop-up book [ENG31-06424903-n] (a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened)
                    • storybook [ENG31-06425102-n] (a book containing a collection of stories (usually for children))
                    • tome [ENG31-06425222-n] (a (usually) large and scholarly book)
                    • booklet [ENG31-06425532-n] (a small book usually having a paper cover)

                      • blue book [ENG31-06425794-n] (a blue booklet used in universities for writing examinations)
                      • ticket book [ENG31-06425910-n] (a book of tickets that can be torn out and used)
                    • textbook [ENG31-06426015-n] (a book prepared for use in schools or colleges)

                      • crammer [ENG31-06426370-n] (a textbook designed for cramming)
                      • introduction [ENG31-06426492-n] (a basic or elementary instructional text)
                      • primer [ENG31-06426591-n] (an introductory textbook)

                        • speller [ENG31-06426966-n] (an introductory textbook to teach spelling)
                        • hornbook [ENG31-06433181-n] (a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge)
                      • reader [ENG31-06426704-n] (one of a series of texts for students learning to read)

                        • McGuffey Eclectic Readers [ENG31-06426829-n] (readers that combined lessons in reading with moralistic messages)
                    • workbook [ENG31-06427434-n] (a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them)
                    • copybook [ENG31-06427565-n] (a book containing models of good penmanship)
                    • appointment book [ENG31-06427692-n] (a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments)
                    • catalog [ENG31-06427849-n] (a book or pamphlet containing an enumeration of things)

                      • course catalog [ENG31-06687692-n] (a catalog listing the courses offered by a college or university)

                        • preliminary prospectus [ENG31-07180429-n] (a first draft of a prospectus)
                    • phrase book [ENG31-06428095-n] (a book containing common expressions in a foreign language along with their translations)
                    • playbook [ENG31-06428241-n] (a book containing the scripts of one or more dramatic plays)
                    • prayer book [ENG31-06428589-n] (a book containing prayers)

                      • breviary [ENG31-06428739-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a book of prayers to be recited daily certain priests and members of religious orders)
                      • missal [ENG31-06428922-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a book containing all the prayers and responses needed to celebrate Mass throughout the year)
                      • Psalter [ENG31-06429110-n] (a collection of Psalms for liturgical use)
                    • reference book [ENG31-06429241-n] (a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts)

                      • cookbook [ENG31-06424663-n] (a book of recipes and cooking directions)
                      • instruction book [ENG31-06424773-n] (a book of directions for using or operating some piece of equipment)
                      • source book [ENG31-06430201-n] (a collection of historically important documents published together as a book)
                      • wordbook [ENG31-06430336-n] (a reference book containing words (usually with their meanings))

                        • dictionary [ENG31-06430544-n] (a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them)

                          • bilingual dictionary [ENG31-06430877-n] (a dictionary giving equivalent words in two languages)
                          • desk dictionary [ENG31-06430997-n] (an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand)
                          • etymological dictionary [ENG31-06431146-n] (a dictionary giving the historical origins of each word)
                          • gazetteer [ENG31-06431271-n] (a geographical dictionary (as at the back of an atlas))
                          • learner's dictionary [ENG31-06431400-n] (a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language)
                          • pocket dictionary [ENG31-06431555-n] (a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket)
                          • spell-checker [ENG31-06431696-n] (an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words)
                          • unabridged dictionary [ENG31-06431862-n] (a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions)
                        • onomasticon [ENG31-06432216-n] (a list of proper nouns naming persons or places)
                        • vocabulary [ENG31-06432321-n] (a listing of the words used in some enterprise)
                        • glossary [ENG31-06432424-n] (an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge)
                        • thesaurus [ENG31-06432659-n] (a book containing a classified list of synonyms)

                          • word finder [ENG31-06432797-n] (a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of)
                      • handbook [ENG31-06432944-n] (a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location)

                        • manual [ENG31-06433328-n] (a small handbook)

                          • consuetudinary [ENG31-06433487-n] (a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order))
                          • grimoire [ENG31-06433675-n] (a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons))
                          • instruction manual [ENG31-06433787-n] (a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it)
                          • reference manual [ENG31-06434007-n] (a manual containing information organized in a summary manner)
                          • sex manual [ENG31-06434131-n] (a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques)
                        • bible [ENG31-06434286-n] (a book regarded as authoritative in its field)
                        • guidebook [ENG31-06434383-n] (something that offers basic information or instruction)

                          • field guide [ENG31-06434555-n] (a guidebook describing natural objects of some type that might be encountered in the field)
                          • roadbook [ENG31-06434733-n] (a guidebook describing the roads of a country)
                          • travel guidebook [ENG31-06435021-n] (a guidebook for travelers)

                            • baedeker [ENG31-06434876-n] (any of a series of travel guidebooks published by the German firm founded by Karl Baedeker)
                        • reckoner [ENG31-06435139-n] (a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation)
                      • directory [ENG31-06435262-n] (an alphabetical list of names and addresses)

                        • phonebook [ENG31-06435397-n] (a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers)

                          • white pages [ENG31-07265816-n] (a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on white paper) where the names of people are listed alphabetically along with their telephone numbers)
                          • yellow pages [ENG31-07266041-n] (a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on yellow paper) where business products and services are listed alphabetically by field along with classified advertising)
                        • blue book [ENG31-06519702-n] (a register of persons who are socially prominent)
                      • annual [ENG31-06438138-n] (a reference book that is published regularly once every year)

                        • almanac [ENG31-06437949-n] (an annual publication containing tabular information in a particular field or fields arranged according to the calendar of a given year)
                        • almanac [ENG31-06438325-n] (an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year)
                        • ephemeris [ENG31-06438535-n] (an annual publication containing astronomical tables that give the positions of the celestial bodies throughout the year)
                      • atlas [ENG31-06438756-n] (a collection of maps in book form)

                        • dialect atlas [ENG31-06438910-n] (an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features)
                      • encyclopedia [ENG31-06439057-n] (a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty)

                        • book of knowledge [ENG31-06439380-n] (an elementary encyclopedia dealing with general knowledge)
                    • review copy [ENG31-06429649-n] (a copy of a newly published book that is sent for review to a writer or periodical)
                    • songbook [ENG31-06429789-n] (a book containing a collection of songs)

                      • hymnal [ENG31-06429901-n] (a songbook containing a collection of hymns)
                    • yearbook [ENG31-07297202-n] (a book published annually by the graduating class of a high school or college usually containing photographs of faculty and graduating students)
                  • volume [ENG31-06425309-n] (a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications)
                  • read [ENG31-06602346-n] (something that is read)
                  • impression [ENG31-06602491-n] (all the copies of a work printed at one time)

                    • edition [ENG31-06602727-n] (the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published)

                      • limited edition [ENG31-06602882-n] (an edition that is restricted to a specific number of copies)
                      • variorum [ENG31-06603004-n] (an edition containing various versions of a text or notes by various scholars or editors)
                    • proof [ENG31-06603166-n] ((printing) an impression made to check for errors)

                      • galley proof [ENG31-06603389-n] (a proof taken before the type is broken up to print pages)
                      • foundry proof [ENG31-06603505-n] (a proof taken from a form before duplicate plates are made)
                    • mackle [ENG31-06603623-n] (a printed impression that is blurred or doubled)
                  • collection [ENG31-06603723-n] (a publication containing a variety of works)

                    • anthology [ENG31-06603890-n] (a collection of selected literary passages)

                      • divan [ENG31-06604780-n] (a collection of Persian or Arabic poems (usually by one author))
                      • florilegium [ENG31-06604903-n] (an anthology of short literary pieces and poems and ballads etc.)
                      • omnibus [ENG31-06605048-n] (an anthology of articles on a related subject or an anthology of the works of a single author)
                    • archives [ENG31-06605195-n] (collection of records especially about an institution)
                    • compilation [ENG31-06605303-n] (something that is compiled (as into a single book or file))
                  • periodical [ENG31-06605500-n] (a publication that appears at fixed intervals)

                    • digest [ENG31-06605746-n] (a periodical that summarizes the news)
                    • pictorial [ENG31-06605872-n] (a periodical (magazine or newspaper) containing many pictures)
                    • series [ENG31-06606007-n] (a periodical that appears at scheduled times)

                      • semiweekly [ENG31-06606334-n] (a periodical that is published twice each week (or 104 issues per year))
                      • weekly [ENG31-06606462-n] (a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year))
                      • semimonthly [ENG31-06606580-n] (a periodical that is published twice each month (or 24 issues per year))
                      • monthly [ENG31-06606709-n] (a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year))
                      • quarterly [ENG31-06606829-n] (a periodical that is published every quarter (or four issues per year))
                      • bimonthly [ENG31-06606955-n] (a periodical that is published twice a month or every two months (either 24 or 6 issues per year))
                      • biweekly [ENG31-06607108-n] (a periodical that is published twice a week or every two weeks (either 104 or 26 issues per year))
                    • organ [ENG31-06607260-n] (a periodical that is published by a special interest group)

                      • house organ [ENG31-06607424-n] (a periodical published by a business firm for its employees and customers)
                    • issue [ENG31-06609182-n] (one of a series published periodically)

                      • edition [ENG31-06609557-n] (an issue of a newspaper)

                        • extra [ENG31-06609702-n] (an additional edition of a newspaper (usually to report a crisis))
                    • journal [ENG31-06609819-n] (a periodical dedicated to a particular subject)

                      • annals [ENG31-06609970-n] (reports of the work of a society or learned body etc)
                    • review [ENG31-06610111-n] (a periodical that publishes critical essays on current affairs or literature or art)

                      • literary review [ENG31-06610283-n] (a review devoted to literary criticism)
                  • magazine [ENG31-06607555-n] (a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it)

                    • colour supplement [ENG31-06608383-n] ((British) a magazine that is printed in color and circulated with a newspaper (especially on weekends))
                    • comic book [ENG31-06608568-n] (a magazine devoted to comic strips)
                    • news magazine [ENG31-06608678-n] (a magazine devoted to reports of current events)
                    • pulp [ENG31-06608811-n] (an inexpensive magazine printed on poor quality paper)
                    • slick [ENG31-06608931-n] (a magazine printed on good quality paper)
                    • trade magazine [ENG31-06609049-n] (a magazine published for and read by members of a particular trade group)
                  • tip sheet [ENG31-06608001-n] (a publication containing the latest information or tips or predictions for a particular business or stock market information or horse racing results, etc.)

                    • dope sheet [ENG31-06608229-n] (a racing publication giving information on horses and the outcomes of horse races)
                  • reference [ENG31-07273332-n] (a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to)
                  • republication [ENG31-07273632-n] (something that has been published again)
              • yield [ENG31-04620079-n] (an amount of a product)
              • movie [ENG31-06626039-n] (a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement)

                • telefilm [ENG31-06626981-n] (a movie that is made to be shown on television)
                • feature [ENG31-06627379-n] (the principal (full-length) film in a program at a movie theater)

                  • Western [ENG31-06628388-n] (a film about life in the western United States during the period of exploration and development)

                    • spaghetti Western [ENG31-06631160-n] (a low-budget Western movie produced by a European (especially an Italian) film company)
                • final cut [ENG31-06627569-n] (the final edited version of a movie as approved by the director and producer)
                • home movie [ENG31-06627811-n] (a film made at home by an amateur photographer)
                • collage film [ENG31-06628171-n] (a movie that juxtaposes different kinds of footage)
                • coming attraction [ENG31-06628280-n] (a movie that is advertised to draw customers)
                • shoot-'em-up [ENG31-06628569-n] (a movie featuring shooting and violence)
                • short subject [ENG31-06628667-n] (a brief film)

                  • cartoon [ENG31-06628817-n] (a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when projected in rapid sequence)
                  • newsreel [ENG31-06629210-n] (a short film and commentary about current events)
                • documentary [ENG31-06629313-n] (a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event)
                • cinema verite [ENG31-06629518-n] (a movie that shows ordinary people in actual activities without being controlled by a director)
                • film noir [ENG31-06629672-n] (a movie that is marked by a mood of pessimism, fatalism, menace, and cynical characters)
                • skin flick [ENG31-06629920-n] (a pornographic movie)

                  • peepshow [ENG31-06630034-n] (a short pornographic film shown in a small coin-operated booth)
                • rough cut [ENG31-06630151-n] (the first print of a movie after preliminary editing)
                • silent movie [ENG31-06630259-n] (a movie without a soundtrack)
                • slow motion [ENG31-06630373-n] (a movie that apparently takes place at a slower than normal speed)
                • talking picture [ENG31-06631329-n] (a movie with synchronized speech and singing)
                • three-D [ENG31-06631444-n] (a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance)
                • musical [ENG31-07032286-n] (a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing)
            • remake [ENG31-04081441-n] (creation that is created again or anew)
            • representation [ENG31-04083958-n] (a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something)

              • adumbration [ENG31-02685061-n] (a sketchy or imperfect or faint representation)
              • audiogram [ENG31-02760216-n] (a graphical representation of a person's auditory sensitivity to sound)
              • copy [ENG31-03109245-n] (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing)

                • anamorphosis [ENG31-02711744-n] (a distorted projection or perspective)
                • carbon [ENG31-02965287-n] (a copy made with carbon paper)
                • cast [ENG31-02983121-n] (object formed by a mold)

                  • death mask [ENG31-03171719-n] (a cast taken from the face of a dead person)
                  • engine block [ENG31-03293136-n] (a metal casting containing the cylinders and cooling ducts of an engine)
                  • life mask [ENG31-03668658-n] (a cast taken from the face of a living person)
                • duplicate [ENG31-03262046-n] (a copy that corresponds to an original exactly)

                  • backup [ENG31-02774845-n] ((computer science) a copy of a file or directory on a separate storage device)
                  • counterpart [ENG31-03122590-n] (a duplicate copy)
                  • match [ENG31-03734302-n] (an exact duplicate)
                • facsimile [ENG31-03321219-n] (an exact copy or reproduction)
                • imitation [ENG31-03567306-n] (something copied or derived from an original)

                  • fake [ENG31-03323383-n] (something that is a counterfeit)

                    • fake book [ENG31-03323652-n] (a fake in the form of an imitation book)
                    • Potemkin village [ENG31-03997679-n] (something that seems impressive but in fact lacks substance)
                  • counterfeit [ENG31-03567442-n] (a copy that is represented as the original)
                • knockoff [ENG31-03632216-n] (an unauthorized copy or imitation)
                • miniature [ENG31-03774770-n] (a copy that reproduces a person or thing in greatly reduced size)
                • modification [ENG31-03783835-n] (slightly modified copy)
                • photocopy [ENG31-03930933-n] (a photographic copy of written or printed or graphic work)

                  • photostat [ENG31-03933777-n] (a photocopy made on a Photostat machine)
                • print [ENG31-04010358-n] (a copy of a movie on film (especially a particular version of it))
                • quadruplicate [ENG31-04037642-n] (any four copies)
                • replica [ENG31-04083645-n] (copy that is not the original)

                  • toy [ENG31-04469337-n] (a nonfunctional replica of something else (frequently used as a modifier))
                • triplicate [ENG31-04492036-n] (one of three copies)
                • xerox [ENG31-04616593-n] (a copy made by a xerographic copier)
              • cosmography [ENG31-03117988-n] (a representation of the earth or the heavens)
              • creche [ENG31-03134287-n] (a representation of Christ's nativity in the stable at Bethlehem)
              • cutaway [ENG31-03157617-n] (a representation (drawing or model) of something in which the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts)
              • display [ENG31-03215661-n] (a visual representation of something)

                • float [ENG31-03369621-n] (an elaborate display mounted on a platform carried by a truck (or pulled by a truck) in a procession or parade)
                • Snellen chart [ENG31-04256815-n] (display consisting of a printed card with letters and numbers in lines of decreasing size)
                • spectacle [ENG31-04279001-n] (an elaborate and remarkable display on a lavish scale)

                  • bullfight [ENG31-02920509-n] (a Spanish or Portuguese or Latin American spectacle)

                    • novillada [ENG31-03838834-n] (a bullfight in which the bulls are less than four years old)
                  • naumachy [ENG31-03816703-n] (a naval spectacle)
              • document [ENG31-03222161-n] (anything serving as a representation of a person's thinking by means of symbolic marks)

                • letter [ENG31-06636668-n] (a written message addressed to a person or organization)

                  • business letter [ENG31-06637231-n] (a letter dealing with business)
                  • covering letter [ENG31-06637323-n] (a letter sent along with other documents to provide additional information)
                  • crank letter [ENG31-06637474-n] (a hostile (usually anonymous) letter)
                  • encyclical [ENG31-06637569-n] (a letter from the pope sent to all Roman Catholic bishops throughout the world)
                  • fan letter [ENG31-06637724-n] (a letter that is a piece of fan mail)
                  • personal letter [ENG31-06637836-n] (a letter dealing with personal affairs)

                    • note [ENG31-06638793-n] (a short personal letter)

                      • excuse [ENG31-06638953-n] (a note explaining an absence)
                    • love letter [ENG31-06639125-n] (a personal letter to a loved one expressing affection)
                  • form letter [ENG31-06637972-n] (a letter that is printed in multiple copies and mailed to a list of recipients)
                  • open letter [ENG31-06638108-n] (a letter of protest)
                  • chain letter [ENG31-06638246-n] (a letter that is sent successively to several people)
                  • pastoral [ENG31-06638357-n] (a letter from a pastor to the congregation)
                  • round robin [ENG31-06638472-n] (a letter signed by a number of people)
                  • airmail letter [ENG31-06638567-n] (a letter sent by air mail)
                  • epistle [ENG31-06638690-n] (a specially long, formal letter)
                  • dead letter [ENG31-06639250-n] (mail that can neither be delivered nor returned)
                  • letter of intent [ENG31-06639367-n] (any letter expressing an intention to take (or forgo) some action)

                    • investment letter [ENG31-13440928-n] (a letter of intent saying that a letter security is being bought for investment and not for resale)
                  • invitation [ENG31-07200808-n] (a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something)

                    • bidding [ENG31-07201188-n] (a request to be present)
                    • invite [ENG31-07201321-n] (a colloquial expression for invitation)
              • drawing [ENG31-03239009-n] (a representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines)

                • charcoal [ENG31-03011559-n] (a drawing made with a stick of black carbon material)
                • delineation [ENG31-03178190-n] (a drawing of the outlines of forms or objects)

                  • animalization [ENG31-02715766-n] (a depiction in the form of an animal)
                • diagram [ENG31-03191083-n] (a drawing intended to explain how something works)

                  • block diagram [ENG31-02857250-n] (a diagram showing the interconnections between the components of system (especially an electronic system))
                  • horoscope [ENG31-03542895-n] (a diagram of the positions of the planets and signs of the zodiac at a particular time and place)
                  • schematic [ENG31-04152643-n] (diagram of an electrical or mechanical system)

                    • wiring diagram [ENG31-04603325-n] (a schematic drawing of the wiring of an electrical system)
                  • Venn diagram [ENG31-04533116-n] (a diagram that uses circles to represent mathematical or logical sets pictorially inside a rectangle (the universal set))
                  • zodiac [ENG31-04622813-n] ((astrology) a circular diagram representing the 12 zodiacal constellations and showing their signs)
                • mechanical drawing [ENG31-03743403-n] (scale drawing of a machine or architectural plan etc,)

                  • horizontal section [ENG31-03541150-n] (a mechanical drawing of an object as if made by a plane cutting through it horizontally)
                  • vertical section [ENG31-04537090-n] (a mechanical drawing showing the interior of an object as if made by a vertical plane passing through it)
                • pen-and-ink [ENG31-03914230-n] (a drawing executed with pen and ink)
                • plan [ENG31-03960475-n] (scale drawing of a structure)

                  • elevation [ENG31-03285963-n] (drawing of an exterior of a structure)
                  • floor plan [ENG31-03371993-n] (scale drawing of a horizontal section through a building at a given level)

                    • ground plan [ENG31-03468493-n] (a floor plan for the ground level of a building)
                • rendering [ENG31-04082727-n] (perspective drawing of an architect's design)
                • scribble [ENG31-04162371-n] (an aimless drawing)
                • silhouette [ENG31-04226344-n] (a drawing of the outline of an object)
                • silverpoint [ENG31-04228143-n] (a drawing made on specially prepared paper with an instrument having a silver tip (15th and 16th centuries))
                • sketch [ENG31-04234206-n] (preliminary drawing for later elaboration)

                  • design [ENG31-03183984-n] (a preliminary sketch indicating the plan for something)
                  • draft [ENG31-03235488-n] (a preliminary sketch of a design or picture)
                  • vignette [ENG31-04542306-n] (a small illustrative sketch (as sometimes placed at the beginning of chapters in books))
                • stick figure [ENG31-04325522-n] (drawing of a human or animal that represents the head by a circle and the rest of the body by straight lines)
                • tracing [ENG31-04470508-n] (a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image)
              • ecce homo [ENG31-03267909-n] (a representation (a picture or sculpture) of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns)
              • effigy [ENG31-03270785-n] (a representation of a person (especially in the form of sculpture))

                • Guy [ENG31-03477097-n] (an effigy of Guy Fawkes that is burned on a bonfire on Guy Fawkes Day)
                • idol [ENG31-03565341-n] (a material effigy that is worshipped)

                  • golden calf [ENG31-03449309-n] ((Old Testament) an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites to worship)
                  • joss [ENG31-03607480-n] (a Chinese god worshipped in the form of an idol)
                  • Juggernaut [ENG31-03609091-n] (a crude idol of Krishna)
                • scarecrow [ENG31-04150777-n] (an effigy in the shape of a man to frighten birds away from seeds)
                • waxwork [ENG31-04571867-n] (an effigy (usually of a famous person) made of wax)
              • illustration [ENG31-03566525-n] (a visual representation (a picture or diagram) that is used make some subject more pleasing or easier to understand)

                • plate [ENG31-03966958-n] (a full-page illustration (usually on slick paper))

                  • fashion plate [ENG31-03328430-n] (a plate illustrating the latest fashion in dress)
              • map [ENG31-03725654-n] (a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it))

                • chart [ENG31-03013574-n] (a map designed to assist navigation by air or sea)

                  • naval chart [ENG31-03817188-n] (a chart for a navigator showing the prevailing meteorological and hydrographic and navigational conditions)
                • choropleth map [ENG31-03029776-n] (a map that uses graded differences in shading or color or the placing of symbols inside defined areas on the map in order to indicate the average values of some property or quantity in those areas)
                • contour map [ENG31-03100793-n] (a map having contour lines through points of equal elevation)
                • plat [ENG31-03965644-n] (a map showing planned or actual features of an area (streets and building lots etc.))
                • road map [ENG31-04104350-n] (a map showing roads (for automobile travel))
                • sketch map [ENG31-04234680-n] (a map drawn from observation (rather than from exact measurements) and representing the main features of an area)
                • weather map [ENG31-04574508-n] ((meteorology) a map showing the principal meteorological elements at a given time and over an extended region)

                  • wind rose [ENG31-04597719-n] (weather map showing the frequency and strength of winds from different directions)
              • model [ENG31-03782816-n] (representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale))

                • figure [ENG31-03340545-n] (a model of a bodily form (especially of a person))

                  • dummy [ENG31-03260351-n] (a figure representing the human form)

                    • lay figure [ENG31-03656008-n] (dummy in the form of an artist's jointed model of the human body)
                    • mannequin [ENG31-03723460-n] (a life-size dummy used to display clothes)
                    • ventriloquist's dummy [ENG31-04534477-n] (a wooden dummy into which a ventriloquist projects the voice)
                  • figurehead [ENG31-03341015-n] (figure on the bow of some sailing vessels)
                  • figurine [ENG31-03341404-n] (a small carved or molded figure)
                  • puppet [ENG31-04031744-n] (a small figure of a person operated from above with strings by a puppeteer)
                  • snowman [ENG31-04259093-n] (a figure of a person made of packed snow)
                • globe [ENG31-03445436-n] (a sphere on which a map (especially of the earth) is represented)

                  • celestial globe [ENG31-02994375-n] (a globe that is a spherical model of the heavens)

                    • armillary sphere [ENG31-02742253-n] (a celestial globe consisting of metal hoops)
                • mock-up [ENG31-03782530-n] (full-scale working model of something built for study or testing or display)
                • planetarium [ENG31-03962085-n] (an apparatus or model for representing the solar systems)

                  • orrery [ENG31-03861985-n] (planetarium consisting of an apparatus that illustrates the relative positions and motions of bodies in the solar system by rotation and revolution of balls moved by wheelwork)
                • restoration [ENG31-04070101-n] (a model that represents the landscape of a former geological age or that represents and extinct animal etc.)
                • roughcast [ENG31-04120015-n] (a rough preliminary model)
              • nomogram [ENG31-03833256-n] (a graphic representation of numerical relations)
              • objectification [ENG31-03843680-n] (a concrete representation of an abstract idea or principle)
              • photograph [ENG31-03931348-n] (a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide or in digital format)

                • beefcake [ENG31-02825904-n] (a photograph of a muscular man in minimal attire)
                • black and white [ENG31-02849637-n] (a black-and-white photograph or slide)
                • blueprint [ENG31-02859389-n] (photographic print of plans or technical drawings etc.)
                • cheesecake [ENG31-03015917-n] (a photograph of an attractive woman in minimal attire)
                • closeup [ENG31-03053680-n] (a photograph taken at close range)
                • daguerreotype [ENG31-03163997-n] (a photograph made by an early photographic process)
                • enlargement [ENG31-03294373-n] (a photographic print that has been enlarged)
                • frame [ENG31-03396310-n] (a single one of a series of still transparent pictures forming a cinema, television or video film)
                • glossy [ENG31-03445933-n] (a photograph that is printed on smooth shiny paper)
                • headshot [ENG31-03511086-n] (a photograph of a person's head)
                • hologram [ENG31-03532423-n] (the intermediate photograph (or photographic record) that contains information for reproducing a three-dimensional image by holography)
                • longshot [ENG31-03693642-n] (a photograph taken from a distance)
                • microdot [ENG31-03764643-n] (photograph reduced to the size of a dot (usually for purposes of security))
                • mosaic [ENG31-03793437-n] (arrangement of aerial photographs forming a composite picture)
                • mug shot [ENG31-03803070-n] (a photograph of someone's face (especially one made for police records))
                • stock photograph [ENG31-03932172-n] (an exisitng photograph licensed for a specific use)
                • photographic print [ENG31-03932813-n] (a printed picture produced from a photographic negative)

                  • cutout [ENG31-03158487-n] (a photograph from which the background has been cut away)

                    • standee [ENG31-04309172-n] (a lifesize cardboard cutout (usually of a celebrity))
                  • proof [ENG31-04017506-n] (a trial photographic print from a negative)
                • photomicrograph [ENG31-03933329-n] (a photograph taken with the help of a microscope)
                • radiogram [ENG31-04049438-n] (a photographic image produced on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light (especially by X-rays or gamma rays))

                  • autoradiograph [ENG31-02765376-n] (a radiogram produced by radiation emitted by the specimen being photographed)
                  • roentgenogram [ENG31-04107714-n] (a radiogram made by exposing photographic film to X rays)

                    • angiocardiogram [ENG31-02714096-n] (a series of X rays representing the action of the heart and its blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque substance)
                    • angiogram [ENG31-02714432-n] (an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance)

                      • lymphangiogram [ENG31-03704311-n] (an angiogram of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance)
                    • arteriogram [ENG31-02747428-n] (an X ray of an artery filled with a contrast medium)
                    • arthrogram [ENG31-02747849-n] (an X ray of a joint after the injection of a contrast medium)
                    • encephalogram [ENG31-03290641-n] (an X ray of the brain made by replacing spinal fluid with a gas (usually oxygen) to improve contrast)
                    • hysterosalpingogram [ENG31-03561176-n] (X ray of the uterus and Fallopian tubes)
                    • mammogram [ENG31-03721767-n] (X-ray film of the soft tissue of the breast)
                    • myelogram [ENG31-03809320-n] (X-ray film of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots and subarachnoid space)
                    • pyelogram [ENG31-04034948-n] (an X ray of the kidneys and ureters)

                      • intravenous pyelogram [ENG31-03587677-n] (X-ray picture of the kidneys and ureters after injection of a radiopaque dye)
                    • venogram [ENG31-04533407-n] (an X ray of a vein injected with a radiopaque contrast medium)
                • snapshot [ENG31-04255717-n] (an informal photograph)
                • spectrogram [ENG31-04279757-n] (a photographic record of a spectrum)

                  • visible speech [ENG31-04546054-n] (spectrogram of speech)
                • stereo [ENG31-04323413-n] (two photographs taken from slightly different angles that appear three-dimensional when viewed together)

                  • anaglyph [ENG31-02710203-n] (moving or still pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed)
                • still [ENG31-04326386-n] (a static photograph (especially one taken from a movie and used for advertising purposes))
                • telephotograph [ENG31-04410302-n] (a photograph made with a telephoto lens)
                • telephotograph [ENG31-04410414-n] (a photograph transmitted and reproduced over a distance)

                  • radiophotograph [ENG31-04050699-n] (a photograph transmitted by radio waves)
                • time exposure [ENG31-04444686-n] (a photograph produced with a relatively long exposure time)
                • vignette [ENG31-04542448-n] (a photograph whose edges shade off gradually)
                • wedding picture [ENG31-04576491-n] (photographs of bride and groom and their friends taken at their wedding)
                • scene [ENG31-06627082-n] (a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film)

                  • outtake [ENG31-06627254-n] (a scene that is filmed but is not used in the final editing of the film)
              • picture [ENG31-03937282-n] (a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface)

                • bitmap [ENG31-02848663-n] (an image represented as a two dimensional array of brightness values for pixels)
                • chiaroscuro [ENG31-03019710-n] (a monochrome picture made by using several different shades of the same color)

                  • grisaille [ENG31-03465458-n] (chiaroscuro painting or stained glass etc., in shades of grey imitating the effect of relief)
                • foil [ENG31-03380802-n] (picture consisting of a positive photograph or drawing on a transparent base)

                  • slide [ENG31-04244879-n] (a transparency mounted in a frame)
                  • viewgraph [ENG31-04542074-n] (a transparency for use with an overhead projector)
                • graphic [ENG31-03458640-n] (an image that is generated by a computer)
                • iconography [ENG31-03564324-n] (the images and symbolic representations that are traditionally associated with a person or a subject)
                • inset [ENG31-03578615-n] (a small picture inserted within the bounds or a larger one)
                • likeness [ENG31-03673968-n] (picture consisting of a graphic image of a person or thing)

                  • Identikit [ENG31-03564711-n] (a likeness of a person's face constructed from descriptions given to police)
                  • portrait [ENG31-03993437-n] (any likeness of a person, in any medium)

                    • half-length [ENG31-03483116-n] (a portrait showing the body from only the waist up)
                    • self-portrait [ENG31-04176996-n] (a portrait of yourself created by yourself)
                • panorama [ENG31-03889769-n] (a picture (or series of pictures) representing a continuous scene)
                • reflection [ENG31-04076088-n] (the image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material))
                • scan [ENG31-04149614-n] (an image produced by scanning)
                • sonogram [ENG31-04267474-n] (an image of a structure that is produced by ultrasonography (reflections of high-frequency sound waves))
              • pieta [ENG31-03940932-n] (a representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of Jesus)
              • projection [ENG31-04015758-n] (the representation of a figure or solid on a plane as it would look from a particular direction)

                • map projection [ENG31-03725934-n] (a projection of the globe onto a flat map using a grid of lines of latitude and longitude)

                  • conformal projection [ENG31-03094893-n] (a map projection in which a small area is rendered in its true shape)
                  • conic projection [ENG31-03095312-n] (a map projection of the globe onto a cone with its point over one of the earth's poles)

                    • polyconic projection [ENG31-03985570-n] (a conic projection of a map having distances between meridians equal to those distances on a globe)
                  • equal-area projection [ENG31-03298382-n] (a map projection in which quadrilaterals formed by meridians and parallels have an area on the map proportional to their area on the globe)

                    • homolosine projection [ENG31-03535506-n] (an equal-area projection map of the globe)
                    • sinusoidal projection [ENG31-04230990-n] (an equal-area map projection showing parallels and the equator as straight lines and other meridians as curved)
                  • Mercator projection [ENG31-03754182-n] (a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder)
              • rubbing [ENG31-04123838-n] (representation consisting of a copy (as of an engraving) made by laying paper over something and rubbing it with charcoal)
              • shade [ENG31-04189026-n] (a representation of the effect of shadows in a picture or drawing (as by shading or darker pigment))
              • stage set [ENG31-04304614-n] (representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production)

                • scenery [ENG31-04152121-n] (the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale)

                  • backdrop [ENG31-02771869-n] (scenery hung at back of stage)
                  • flat [ENG31-03364601-n] (scenery consisting of a wooden frame covered with painted canvas)

                    • coulisse [ENG31-03121086-n] (a flat situated in the wings)
                    • tormenter [ENG31-04463547-n] (a flat at each side of the stage to prevent the audience from seeing into the wings)
                  • masking piece [ENG31-03730689-n] (scenery used to block the audience's view of parts of the stage that should not be seen)
                  • set piece [ENG31-04184263-n] (a piece of scenery intended to stand alone as part of the stage setting)
              • Station of the Cross [ENG31-04313592-n] (a representation of any of the 14 stages in Christ's journey to Calvary)
            • piece [ENG31-06280049-n] (an artistic or literary composition)

              • article [ENG31-06278749-n] (nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication)

                • column [ENG31-06279220-n] (an article giving opinions or perspectives)

                  • agony column [ENG31-06282167-n] (a newspaper column devoted to personal problems)
                • feature [ENG31-06279437-n] (a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine)
                • magazine article [ENG31-06279667-n] (an article published in a magazine)
                • news article [ENG31-06279783-n] (an article reporting news)

                  • lead [ENG31-06281845-n] (a news story of major importance)
                  • personal [ENG31-06281941-n] (a short newspaper article about a particular person or group)
                  • sidebar [ENG31-06282056-n] (a short news story presenting sidelights on a major story)
                • offprint [ENG31-06280438-n] (a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication)
                • paper [ENG31-06280609-n] (a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses)
                • think piece [ENG31-06280782-n] (an article in a newspaper or magazine or journal that represents opinions and ideas and discussion rather than bare facts)
              • morceau [ENG31-06280327-n] (a short literary or musical composition)
              • afterpiece [ENG31-07021660-n] (a brief dramatic piece (usually comic) presented after a play)

                • exode [ENG31-07031325-n] (a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater)
              • fragment [ENG31-07021796-n] (an incomplete piece)

                • snatch [ENG31-07022158-n] (a small fragment)
              • hiatus [ENG31-07022063-n] (a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript))
          • decker [ENG31-03173030-n] ((often used in combinations) something constructed with multiple levels)
          • decoration [ENG31-03174056-n] (something used to beautify)

            • adornment [ENG31-02684372-n] (a decoration of color or interest that is added to relieve plainness)

              • band [ENG31-02787755-n] (an adornment consisting of a strip of a contrasting color or material)

                • cigar band [ENG31-03034247-n] (a narrow paper band around a cigar)
                • hatband [ENG31-03503441-n] (a band around the crown of a hat just above the brim)
                • neckband [ENG31-03820068-n] (a band around the collar of a garment)
                • pinstripe [ENG31-03949990-n] (a very thin stripe (especially a white stripe on a dark fabric))
              • bangle [ENG31-02790458-n] (cheap showy jewelry or ornament on clothing)
              • beauty spot [ENG31-02821162-n] (a spot that is worn on a lady's face for adornment)
              • boutonniere [ENG31-02882664-n] (a flower that is worn in a buttonhole)
              • circlet [ENG31-03037252-n] (decorated metal band worn around the head)
              • cordon [ENG31-03112034-n] (adornment consisting of an ornamental ribbon or cord)
              • epaulet [ENG31-03297121-n] (adornment consisting of an ornamental cloth pad worn on the shoulder)

                • shoulder board [ENG31-04214540-n] (epaulets that indicate rank)
              • fob [ENG31-03379824-n] (an adornment that hangs from a watch chain)
              • frill [ENG31-03402368-n] (a strip of pleated material used as a decoration or a trim)

                • goffer [ENG31-03448593-n] (an ornamental frill made by pressing pleats)
                • jabot [ENG31-03594028-n] (a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt)
                • peplum [ENG31-03920225-n] (a flared ruffle attached to the waistline of a dress or jacket or blouse)
              • frog [ENG31-03403297-n] (a decorative loop of braid or cord)
              • frontlet [ENG31-03404494-n] (an adornment worn on the forehead)
              • jewelry [ENG31-03602662-n] (an adornment (as a bracelet or ring or necklace) made of precious metals and set with gems (or imitation gems))

                • bead [ENG31-02818206-n] (a small ball with a hole through the middle)

                  • bugle [ENG31-02916381-n] (a tubular glass or plastic bead sewn onto clothing for decoration)
                • bijou [ENG31-02840916-n] (a small and delicately worked piece)
                • bling [ENG31-02855302-n] (flashy, ostentatious jewelry)
                • bracelet [ENG31-02891211-n] (jewelry worn around the wrist for decoration)

                  • anklet [ENG31-02715956-n] (an ornament worn around the ankle)
                  • armilla [ENG31-02742128-n] ((archeology) a bracelet worn around the wrist or arm)
                • clip [ENG31-03048151-n] (an article of jewelry that can be clipped onto a hat or dress)
                • cufflink [ENG31-03150741-n] (jewelry consisting of one of a pair of linked buttons used to fasten the cuffs of a shirt)
                • earring [ENG31-03267052-n] (jewelry to ornament the ear)

                  • pendant earring [ENG31-03915139-n] (an earring with a pendant ornament)
                • jewel [ENG31-03601980-n] (a precious or semiprecious stone incorporated into a piece of jewelry)

                  • crown jewel [ENG31-03143992-n] (a precious stone that is a valuable part of a sovereign's regalia)
                  • solitaire [ENG31-04266474-n] (a gem (usually a diamond) in a setting by itself)
                  • diamond [ENG31-13393131-n] (a transparent piece of diamond that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem)

                    • ice [ENG31-13393296-n] (diamonds)
                  • ruby [ENG31-13393435-n] (a transparent piece of ruby that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem)
                  • pearl [ENG31-13393576-n] (a smooth lustrous round structure inside the shell of a clam or oyster)

                    • seed pearl [ENG31-13393758-n] (a small imperfect pearl)
                  • emerald [ENG31-13393838-n] (a transparent piece of emerald that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem)
                  • sapphire [ENG31-13393985-n] (a transparent piece of sapphire that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem)
                • necklace [ENG31-03820446-n] (jewelry consisting of a cord or chain (often bearing gems) worn about the neck as an ornament (especially by women))

                  • chain [ENG31-03003364-n] (a necklace made by stringing objects together)
                  • chain [ENG31-03003625-n] (a linked or connected series of objects)
                  • choker [ENG31-03028565-n] (necklace that fits tightly around a woman's neck)
                • pin [ENG31-03946989-n] (a piece of jewelry that is pinned onto the wearer's garment)

                  • brooch [ENG31-02909763-n] (a decorative pin worn by women)

                    • sunburst [ENG31-04361801-n] (a jeweled brooch with a pattern resembling the sun)
                  • scatter pin [ENG31-04151499-n] (small pin usually worn in groups of two or more)
                  • stickpin [ENG31-04325828-n] (a decorative pin that is worn in a necktie)
                  • tie tack [ENG31-04441804-n] (a pin used to hold the tie in place)
                • ring [ENG31-04099721-n] (jewelry consisting of a circlet of precious metal (often set with jewels) worn on the finger)

                  • engagement ring [ENG31-03292538-n] (a ring given and worn as a sign of betrothal)
                  • mourning ring [ENG31-03798920-n] (a ring worn as a memorial to a dead person)
                  • ringlet [ENG31-04100251-n] (a small ring)
                  • signet ring [ENG31-04225338-n] (a ring bearing a signet)
                  • wedding ring [ENG31-04576624-n] (a ring (usually plain gold) given to the bride (and sometimes one is also given to the groom) at the wedding)
                • tie clip [ENG31-04440934-n] (a piece of jewelry that holds a man's tie in place)
              • pectoral [ENG31-03909368-n] (an adornment worn on the chest or breast)
              • pendant [ENG31-03914950-n] (an adornment that hangs from a piece of jewelry (necklace or earring))

                • lavaliere [ENG31-03654475-n] (jeweled pendant worn on a chain around the neck)
              • plume [ENG31-03976356-n] (a feather or cluster of feathers worn as an ornament)

                • aigrette [ENG31-02687941-n] (a long plume (especially one of egret feathers) worn on a hat or a piece of jewelry in the shape of a plume)
                • panache [ENG31-03886648-n] (a feathered plume on a helmet)
              • pompon [ENG31-03987092-n] (decoration consisting of a ball of tufted wool or silk)
              • rosette [ENG31-04116993-n] (an ornament or pattern resembling a rose that is worn as a badge of office or as recognition of having won an honor)
              • sequin [ENG31-04180759-n] (adornment consisting of a small piece of shiny material used to decorate clothing)
              • tassel [ENG31-04402336-n] (adornment consisting of a bunch of cords fastened at one end)

                • sword knot [ENG31-04381508-n] (an ornamental tassel on the hilt of a sword)
              • trimming [ENG31-04491416-n] (a decoration or adornment on a garment)

                • braid [ENG31-02892276-n] (trimming used to decorate clothes or curtains)

                  • aglet [ENG31-02687374-n] (ornamental tagged cord or braid on the shoulder of a uniform)
                  • soutache [ENG31-04271244-n] (a narrow braid used as a decorative trimming)
                • miniver [ENG31-03776367-n] (trimming on ceremonial robes consisting of white or light grey fur)
                • rickrack [ENG31-04095705-n] (a narrow zigzag ribbon used as trimming)
              • war paint [ENG31-04559481-n] (adornment consisting of paint applied to the face and body of certain Amerindians before a battle)
            • arabesque [ENG31-02735577-n] (an ornament that interlaces simulated foliage in an intricate design)
            • architectural ornament [ENG31-02737428-n] ((architecture) something added to a building to improve its appearance)

              • antefix [ENG31-02718007-n] (carved ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the joints between tiles)
              • crocket [ENG31-03138395-n] (an architectural ornament of curved foliage used at the edge of a spire or gable)
              • dogtooth [ENG31-03223037-n] (a carved pyramidal ornament)
              • foliation [ENG31-03381923-n] ((architecture) leaf-like architectural ornament)
              • fret [ENG31-03401147-n] (an ornamental pattern consisting of repeated vertical and horizontal lines (often in relief))
              • frieze [ENG31-03401923-n] (an architectural ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured band between the architrave and the cornice)
              • guilloche [ENG31-03471879-n] (an architectural decoration formed by two intersecting wavy bands)
              • trefoil [ENG31-04485492-n] (an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle)
            • beading [ENG31-02818524-n] (ornamentation with beads)
            • bow [ENG31-02883550-n] (a decorative interlacing of ribbons)
            • brass [ENG31-02895545-n] (an ornament or utensil made of brass)
            • centerpiece [ENG31-02997988-n] (something placed at the center of something else (as on a table))

              • epergne [ENG31-03297514-n] (a large table centerpiece with branching holders for fruit or sweets or flowers)
            • Christmas tree [ENG31-03030309-n] (an ornamented evergreen used as a Christmas decoration)
            • cockade [ENG31-03064602-n] (an ornament (such as a knot of ribbon or a rosette) usually worn on the hat)
            • design [ENG31-03183448-n] (a decorative or artistic work)

              • argyle [ENG31-02739939-n] (a design consisting of a pattern of varicolored diamonds on a solid background (originally for knitted articles))
              • bear claw [ENG31-02820030-n] (an incised design resembling the claw of a bear)
              • damascene [ENG31-03165259-n] (a design produced by inlaying gold or silver into steel)
              • decal [ENG31-03172130-n] (either a design that is fixed to some surface or a paper bearing the design which is to be transferred to the surface)
              • device [ENG31-03190430-n] (any ornamental pattern or design (as in embroidery))

                • seal [ENG31-04166119-n] (a device incised to make an impression)

                  • bulla [ENG31-02919153-n] (the round leaden seal affixed to a papal bull)
                  • cachet [ENG31-02938700-n] (a seal on a letter)
                  • great seal [ENG31-03462126-n] (the principal seal of a government, symbolizing authority or sovereignty)
                  • handstamp [ENG31-03493970-n] (a stamp (usually made of rubber) for imprinting a mark or design by hand)
                  • signet [ENG31-04225209-n] (a seal (especially one used to mark documents officially))
              • emblem [ENG31-03287502-n] (special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.)

                • colophon [ENG31-03075435-n] (a publisher's emblem printed in a book (usually on the title page))
                • colors [ENG31-03076060-n] (a distinguishing emblem)
                • crest [ENG31-03135689-n] ((heraldry) in medieval times, an emblem used to decorate a helmet)
                • Cross [ENG31-03139803-n] (a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified)

                  • Calvary cross [ENG31-02945060-n] (a Latin cross set on three steps)
                  • Celtic cross [ENG31-02996536-n] (a Latin cross with a ring surrounding the intersection)
                  • crucifix [ENG31-03144943-n] (representation of the cross on which Jesus died)
                  • Greek cross [ENG31-03462520-n] (a cross with each of the four arms the same length)
                  • Jerusalem cross [ENG31-03600930-n] (a cross with equal arms, each terminating in a small crossbar)
                  • Latin cross [ENG31-03652009-n] (a cross with the lowest arm being longer than the others)
                  • Lorraine cross [ENG31-03695605-n] (a cross with two crossbars, one above and one below the midpoint of the vertical, the lower longer than the upper)
                  • Maltese cross [ENG31-03721630-n] (a cross with triangular or arrow-shaped arms and the points toward the center)
                  • papal cross [ENG31-03891848-n] (a cross with three crossbars)
                  • patriarchal cross [ENG31-03906182-n] (a cross with two crossbars)
                  • St. Andrew's cross [ENG31-04309736-n] (a cross resembling the letter x, with diagonal bars of equal length)
                  • tau cross [ENG31-04402895-n] (cross resembling the Greek letter tau)
                • device [ENG31-03190246-n] (an emblematic design (especially in heraldry))

                  • union [ENG31-04517110-n] (a device on a national flag emblematic of the union of two or more sovereignties (typically in the upper inner corner))
                • flag [ENG31-03359749-n] (emblem usually consisting of a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design)

                  • American flag [ENG31-02704425-n] (the national flag of the United States of America)
                  • banner [ENG31-02791044-n] (long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising)
                  • battle flag [ENG31-02814977-n] (a flag that leads troops into battle)
                  • black flag [ENG31-02850247-n] (a flag usually bearing a white skull and crossbones on a black background)
                  • colors [ENG31-03075927-n] (a flag that shows its nationality)

                    • ensign [ENG31-03295007-n] (colors flown by a ship to show its nationality)
                  • fanion [ENG31-03325790-n] (a small flag used by surveyors or soldiers to mark a position)
                  • jack [ENG31-03594407-n] (small flag indicating a ship's nationality)
                  • pennant [ENG31-03917985-n] (a long flag)

                    • pennoncel [ENG31-03918111-n] (a small pennant borne on a lance)
                  • standard [ENG31-04308278-n] (any distinctive flag)

                    • oriflamme [ENG31-03860984-n] (a red or orange-red flag used as a standard by early French kings)
                  • Stars and Bars [ENG31-04311222-n] (the first flag of the Confederate States of America)
                  • tricolor [ENG31-04489052-n] (a flag having three colored stripes (especially the French flag))
                  • Union Jack [ENG31-04517280-n] (national flag of the United Kingdom)
                  • white flag [ENG31-04587412-n] (flag consisting of a piece of white cloth that is hoisted to signal surrender or to ask for a truce)
                  • yellow jack [ENG31-04619980-n] (yellow flag hoist on a ship in quarantine)
                  • national flag [ENG31-06895059-n] (an emblem flown as a symbol of nationality)
                • heraldry [ENG31-03520482-n] (emblem indicating the right of a person to bear arms)

                  • charge [ENG31-03012169-n] (heraldry consisting of a design or image depicted on a shield)

                    • roundel [ENG31-02716785-n] ((heraldry) a charge in the shape of a filled circle)
                    • annulet [ENG31-02716929-n] ((heraldry) a charge in the shape of a small ring)
                    • chevron [ENG31-03019629-n] (an inverted V-shaped charge)
                    • fleur-de-lis [ENG31-03367736-n] ((heraldry) charge consisting of a conventionalized representation of an iris)
                    • ordinary [ENG31-03859254-n] ((heraldry) any of several conventional figures used on shields)

                      • bend [ENG31-02833197-n] (diagonal line traversing a shield from the upper right corner to the lower left)
                      • fesse [ENG31-03335065-n] ((heraldry) an ordinary consisting of a broad horizontal band across a shield)
                      • bar sinister [ENG31-06808147-n] (a mark of bastardy)
                  • coat of arms [ENG31-03062747-n] (the official symbols of a family, state, etc.)

                    • quartering [ENG31-04038525-n] (a coat of arms that occupies one quarter of an escutcheon)
                • skull and crossbones [ENG31-04239143-n] (emblem warning of danger or death)
                • totem [ENG31-04465644-n] (emblem consisting of an object such as an animal or plant)
                • totem pole [ENG31-04465868-n] (a tribal emblem consisting of a pillar carved and painted with totemic figures)
              • herringbone [ENG31-03521530-n] (a pattern of columns of short parallel lines with all the lines in one column sloping one way and lines in adjacent columns sloping the other way)
              • linocut [ENG31-03680168-n] (a design carved in relief into a block of linoleum)
              • mandala [ENG31-03722195-n] (any of various geometric designs (usually circular) symbolizing the universe)
              • mihrab [ENG31-03768137-n] ((Islam) a design in the shape of niche in a Muslim prayer rug)
              • motif [ENG31-03794547-n] (a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colors, as in architecture or decoration)
              • polka dot [ENG31-03984658-n] (design consisting of a pattern of regularly spaced circular spots)
              • pyrograph [ENG31-04036123-n] (a design produced by pyrography)
              • screen saver [ENG31-04160497-n] ((computer science) a moving design that appears on a computer screen when there has been no input for a specified period of time)
              • sunburst [ENG31-04361906-n] (a design consisting of a central disk resembling the sun and rays emanating from it)
              • tattoo [ENG31-04402786-n] (a design on the skin made by tattooing)
              • tetraskelion [ENG31-04424036-n] (a figure consisting of four stylized human arms or legs (or bent lines) radiating from a center)

                • swastika [ENG31-06896775-n] (the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich)
              • triskelion [ENG31-04493140-n] (a figure consisting of three stylized human arms or legs (or three bent lines) radiating from a center)
              • weave [ENG31-04575584-n] (pattern of weaving or structure of a fabric)

                • check [ENG31-03014816-n] (a textile pattern of squares or crossed lines (resembling a checkerboard))

                  • houndstooth check [ENG31-03549125-n] (textile with a pattern of small broken or jagged checks)
                • open weave [ENG31-03855058-n] (a weave in which warp threads never come together, leaving interstices in the fabric)
                • plain weave [ENG31-03960288-n] (a basic style of weave in which the weft and warp threads intertwine alternately to produce a checkerboard effect)
                • satin weave [ENG31-04145754-n] (a weave in which the filling and warp threads intersect in such a way as to give a smooth compact surface with no distinguishable twill line)
                • twill [ENG31-04510564-n] (a weave used to produce the effect of parallel diagonal ribs)
              • marking [ENG31-04687642-n] (a pattern of marks)

                • blaze [ENG31-04688415-n] (a light-colored marking)
                • crisscross [ENG31-04688744-n] (a marking that consists of lines that cross each other)
                • eyespot [ENG31-04688978-n] (an eyelike marking (as on the wings of some butterflies))
                • shading [ENG31-04689375-n] (graded markings that indicate light or shaded areas in a drawing or painting)

                  • hatch [ENG31-04689154-n] (shading consisting of multiple crossing lines)
                • spot [ENG31-04689819-n] (a small contrasting part of something)

                  • speck [ENG31-04688587-n] (a very small spot)
                  • nebula [ENG31-04689541-n] ((pathology) a faint cloudy spot on the cornea)
                  • splash [ENG31-04689676-n] (a patch of bright color)
                  • worn spot [ENG31-04690359-n] (a spot that has been worn away by abrasion or erosion)
                  • plaque [ENG31-05251582-n] ((pathology) a small abnormal patch on or inside the body)

                    • amyloid plaque [ENG31-05251764-n] (a plaque consisting of tangles of amyloid protein in nervous tissue (a pathological mark of Alzheimer's disease))
                    • arterial plaque [ENG31-05251962-n] (a fatty deposit inside an arterial wall)
                    • dental plaque [ENG31-05252098-n] (a film of mucus and bacteria deposited on the teeth that encourages the development of dental caries)
                  • macule [ENG31-05252277-n] (a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated)

                    • freckle [ENG31-05252535-n] (a small brownish spot (of the pigment melanin) on the skin)
                    • liver spot [ENG31-05252730-n] (a type of skin disease that causes brown spots on the skin)
                    • plague spot [ENG31-05252864-n] (a spot on the skin characteristic of the plague)
                  • parhelion [ENG31-11508132-n] (a bright spot on the parhelic circle)
                  • sunspot [ENG31-11531422-n] (a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere)
                  • facula [ENG31-11531594-n] (a large bright spot on the sun's photosphere occurring most frequently in the vicinity of sunspots)
                  • facula [ENG31-11531760-n] (a bright spot on a planet)
                • stripe [ENG31-04690493-n] (a narrow marking of a different color or texture from the background)

                  • band [ENG31-04687822-n] (a stripe or stripes of contrasting color)

                    • collar [ENG31-04688109-n] ((zoology) an encircling band or marking around the neck of any animal)
                    • stretch mark [ENG31-04688250-n] (a narrow band resulting from tension on the skin (as on abdominal skin after pregnancy))
            • embellishment [ENG31-03287312-n] (a superfluous ornament)

              • boulle [ENG31-02881870-n] (an inlaid furniture decoration)
              • cuspidation [ENG31-03156728-n] (a decoration using cusps)
              • festoon [ENG31-03335386-n] (an embellishment consisting of a decorative representation of a string of flowers suspended between two points)
              • filigree [ENG31-03342767-n] (delicate and intricate ornamentation (usually in gold or silver or other fine twisted wire))
              • flourish [ENG31-06903627-n] (an ornamental embellishment in writing)

                • paraph [ENG31-06903738-n] (a flourish added after or under your signature (originally to protect against forgery))
            • finial [ENG31-03347474-n] (an ornament at the top of a spire or gable)
            • flower arrangement [ENG31-03372987-n] (a decorative arrangement of flowers)

              • bouquet [ENG31-02882329-n] (an arrangement of flowers that is usually given as a present)
              • flower chain [ENG31-03373354-n] (flowers strung together in a chain)

                • daisy chain [ENG31-03164494-n] (flower chain consisting of a string of daisies linked by their stems)
                • festoon [ENG31-03335219-n] (flower chains suspended in curves between points as a decoration)
              • spray [ENG31-04294748-n] (flower arrangement consisting of a single branch or shoot bearing flowers and foliage)
              • wreath [ENG31-04613372-n] (flower arrangement consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes)

                • crown [ENG31-03143525-n] (a wreath or garland worn on the head to signify victory)
                • laurel [ENG31-03654118-n] ((antiquity) a wreath of laurel foliage worn on the head as an emblem of victory)
            • folderal [ENG31-03381284-n] (ornamental objects of no great value)
            • gargoyle [ENG31-03423398-n] (an ornament consisting of a grotesquely carved figure of a person or animal)
            • garnish [ENG31-03425350-n] (any decoration added as a trimming or adornment)
            • graffito [ENG31-03456742-n] (a rude decoration inscribed on rocks or walls)
            • hanging [ENG31-03496279-n] (decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window)

              • dossal [ENG31-03230319-n] (an ornamental hanging of rich fabric hung behind the altar of a church or at the sides of a chancel)
              • Kakemono [ENG31-03612571-n] (a Japanese (paper or silk) wall hanging)
              • lambrequin [ENG31-03640399-n] (short and decorative hanging for a shelf edge or top of a window casing)
              • tapestry [ENG31-04400491-n] (a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric often with pictorial designs)
            • hood ornament [ENG31-03537367-n] (an ornament on the front of the hood of a car emblematic of the manufacturer)
            • incrustation [ENG31-03572040-n] (a decorative coating of contrasting material that is applied to a surface as an inlay or overlay)
            • inlay [ENG31-03577600-n] (a decoration made by fitting pieces of wood into prepared slots in a surface)

              • marquetry [ENG31-03728758-n] (inlaid veneers are fitted together to form a design or picture that is then used to ornament furniture)
            • interior decoration [ENG31-03584524-n] (decoration consisting of the layout and furnishings of a livable interior)
            • knob [ENG31-03631563-n] (an ornament in the shape of a ball on the hilt of a sword or dagger)
            • lunula [ENG31-03703457-n] (a crescent-shaped metal ornament of the Bronze Age)
            • molding [ENG31-03785925-n] (a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing)

              • annulet [ENG31-02716628-n] (molding in the form of a ring)
              • architrave [ENG31-02737999-n] (the molding around a door or window)
              • baseboard [ENG31-02803513-n] (a molding covering the joint formed by a wall and the floor)
              • beading [ENG31-02818372-n] (a beaded molding for edging or decorating furniture)

                • quirk bead [ENG31-04041957-n] (beading formed with a narrow groove separating it from the surface it decorates)
              • cavetto [ENG31-02991161-n] (a concave molding shaped like a quarter circle in cross section)
              • conge [ENG31-03095054-n] ((architecture) a concave molding)
              • cornice [ENG31-03115828-n] (a molding at the corner between the ceiling and the top of a wall)
              • cyma [ENG31-03161656-n] ((architecture) a molding for a cornice)

                • cyma recta [ENG31-03161881-n] (a cyma in which the upper section is concave and the lower section is convex)
                • ogee [ENG31-03848105-n] (a molding that (in section) has the shape of an S with the convex part above and the concave part below)
              • egg-and-dart [ENG31-03271106-n] (a decorative molding)
              • gorgerin [ENG31-03453435-n] (the molding at the top of a column)
              • ovolo [ENG31-03872399-n] (a convex molding having a cross section in the form of a quarter of a circle or of an ellipse)

                • echinus [ENG31-03268551-n] (ovolo molding between the shaft and the abacus of a Doric column)
              • quirk molding [ENG31-04042110-n] (a molding having a small groove in it)
              • rib [ENG31-04094402-n] (a projecting molding on the underside of a vault or ceiling)
              • subbase [ENG31-04354082-n] (the lowest molding of an architectural base or of a baseboard)
              • surbase [ENG31-04368888-n] (the molding or border above the base of a structure (a pedestal or podium or wall))
              • torus [ENG31-04465534-n] (commonly the lowest molding at the base of a column)
            • nailhead [ENG31-03811043-n] (something resembling the head of a nail that is used as an ornamental device)
            • necklet [ENG31-03820689-n] (decoration worn about the neck (fur piece or tight necklace) as an ornament)
            • overlay [ENG31-03870372-n] (a layer of decorative material (such as gold leaf or wood veneer) applied over a surface)
            • rosemaling [ENG31-04116796-n] (a Scandinavian style of carved or painted decoration (as on furniture or walls or dinnerware) consisting of floral motifs)
            • set decoration [ENG31-04183950-n] (a decoration used as part of the set of a theatrical or movie production)
            • sgraffito [ENG31-04188144-n] (a ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching off a surface layer to reveal the ground)
            • spiral [ENG31-04286804-n] (ornament consisting of a curve on a plane that winds around a center with an increasing distance from the center)
            • sprig [ENG31-04295303-n] (an ornament that resembles a spray of leaves or flowers)
            • stud [ENG31-04350424-n] (ornament consisting of a circular rounded protuberance (as on a vault or shield or belt))
            • tail fin [ENG31-04391493-n] (one of a pair of decorations projecting above the rear fenders of an automobile)
            • tinsel [ENG31-04447344-n] (a showy decoration that is basically valueless)
            • tracery [ENG31-04470376-n] (decoration consisting of an open pattern of interlacing ribs)

              • fan tracery [ENG31-03326788-n] (the carved tracery on fan vaulting)
            • wind chime [ENG31-04593511-n] (a decorative arrangement of pieces of metal or glass or pottery that hang together loosely so the wind can cause them to tinkle)
            • garnish [ENG31-07637227-n] (something (such as parsley) added to a dish for flavor or decoration)

              • topping [ENG31-07637385-n] (a flavorful addition on top of a dish)

                • frosting [ENG31-07636431-n] (a flavored sugar topping used to coat and decorate cakes)
                • glaze [ENG31-07636610-n] (any of various thin shiny (savory or sweet) coatings applied to foods)
                • meringue [ENG31-07636749-n] (sweet topping especially for pies made of beaten egg whites and sugar)
                • whipped cream [ENG31-07636997-n] (cream that has been beaten until light and fluffy)
                • streusel [ENG31-07637585-n] (a crumbly topping for a pastry)
          • electroplate [ENG31-03284975-n] (any artifact that has been plated with a thin coat of metal by electrolysis)
          • excavation [ENG31-03307066-n] (a hole in the ground made by excavating)

            • bore [ENG31-02878475-n] (a hole or passage made by a drill)

              • shot hole [ENG31-04213762-n] (drill hole for a charge of an explosive)
            • delf [ENG31-03177808-n] (an excavation)
            • diggings [ENG31-03200343-n] (an excavation for ore or precious stones or for archaeology)
            • ditch [ENG31-03218956-n] (a long narrow excavation in the earth)

              • drainage ditch [ENG31-03237012-n] (a ditch for carrying off excess water or sewage)
              • irrigation ditch [ENG31-03592374-n] (a ditch to supply dry land with water artificially)
              • sunk fence [ENG31-04363510-n] (a ditch with one side being a retaining wall)
              • trench [ENG31-04485892-n] (a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth)

                • approach trench [ENG31-02733753-n] (a trench that provides protected passage between the rear and front lines of a defensive position)
                • fire trench [ENG31-03352701-n] (a trench especially constructed for the delivery of small-arms fire)
                • moat [ENG31-03781583-n] (ditch dug as a fortification and usually filled with water)
                • slit trench [ENG31-04249443-n] (narrow trench for shelter in battle)
              • trench [ENG31-04486124-n] (any long ditch cut in the ground)

                • furrow [ENG31-03411876-n] (a long shallow trench in the ground (especially one made by a plow))

                  • cut [ENG31-03157285-n] (a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation)
            • mine [ENG31-03773881-n] (excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted)

              • coal mine [ENG31-03060353-n] (a mine where coal is dug from the ground)
              • copper mine [ENG31-03108798-n] (a mine where copper is dug from the ground)
              • goldmine [ENG31-03450053-n] (a mine where gold ore is found)
              • salt mine [ENG31-04138693-n] (a mine where salt is dug)
              • silver mine [ENG31-04227784-n] (a mine where silver ore is dug)
              • strip mine [ENG31-04347309-n] (an open mine (usually for coal) where the seams run close to the surface)
              • sulphur mine [ENG31-04360765-n] (a mine where sulphur is dug from the ground)
            • mineshaft [ENG31-03774451-n] (excavation consisting of a vertical or sloping passageway for finding or mining ore or for ventilating a mine)
            • pit [ENG31-03955718-n] (a surface excavation for extracting stone or slate)

              • chalkpit [ENG31-03007152-n] (a quarry for chalk)
              • gravel pit [ENG31-03460223-n] (a quarry for gravel)
            • pool [ENG31-03988418-n] (an excavation that is (usually) filled with water)

              • cistern [ENG31-03039495-n] (an artificial reservoir for storing liquids)

                • cesspool [ENG31-03002170-n] (a covered cistern)
                • rain barrel [ENG31-04056415-n] (a barrel used as a cistern to hold rainwater)
              • swimming pool [ENG31-04378312-n] (pool that provides a facility for swimming)
              • wading pool [ENG31-04550144-n] (a shallow pool for children)
              • water jump [ENG31-04568168-n] (a pool or stream in a steeplechase or similar contest)
            • root cellar [ENG31-04115231-n] (an excavation where root vegetables are stored)
            • well [ENG31-04579630-n] (a deep hole or shaft dug or drilled to obtain water or oil or gas or brine)

              • artesian well [ENG31-02747639-n] (a well drilled through impermeable strata into strata that receive water from a higher altitude so there is pressure to force the water to flow upward)
              • driven well [ENG31-03248606-n] (a well made by driving a tube into the earth to a stratum that bears water)
              • gas well [ENG31-03431894-n] (a well that yields or has yielded natural gas)
              • oil well [ENG31-03850880-n] (a well that yields or has yielded oil)

                • gusher [ENG31-03476153-n] (an oil well with a strong natural flow so that pumping is not necessary)
                • spouter [ENG31-04294489-n] (an oil well that is spouting)
                • stripper well [ENG31-04347456-n] (an oil well whose production has declined to less than ten barrels a day)
                • wildcat well [ENG31-04591925-n] (an exploratory oil well drilled in land not known to be an oil field)
              • sump [ENG31-04361365-n] (a well or other hole in which water has collected)
            • working [ENG31-04608831-n] (a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked)
          • extra [ENG31-03312926-n] (something additional of the same kind)
          • fabric [ENG31-03314753-n] (artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers)

            • aba [ENG31-02668615-n] (a fabric woven from goat hair and camel hair)
            • acrylic [ENG31-02679882-n] (a synthetic fabric)

              • Courtelle [ENG31-03125841-n] (an acrylic fabric resembling wool)
              • Orlon [ENG31-03861276-n] (an acrylic fiber or the lightweight crease-resistant fabric made with Orlon yarns)
            • Aertex [ENG31-02686037-n] (a trademark for a loosely woven cotton fabric that is used to make shirts and underwear)
            • alpaca [ENG31-02701332-n] (a thin glossy fabric made of the wool of the Lama pacos, or made of a rayon or cotton imitation of that wool)
            • baize [ENG31-02779510-n] (a bright green fabric napped to resemble felt)
            • basket weave [ENG31-02806156-n] (a cloth woven of two or more threads interlaced to suggest the weave of a basket)
            • batik [ENG31-02812240-n] (a dyed fabric)
            • batiste [ENG31-02812376-n] (a thin plain-weave cotton or linen fabric)
            • belting [ENG31-02831611-n] (the material of which belts are made)
            • bombazine [ENG31-02870741-n] (a twilled fabric used for dresses)
            • boucle [ENG31-02881667-n] (a fabric of uneven yarn that has an uneven knobby effect)
            • broadcloth [ENG31-02907052-n] (a closely woven silk or synthetic fabric with a narrow crosswise rib)
            • broadcloth [ENG31-02907177-n] (a densely textured woolen fabric with a lustrous finish)
            • brocade [ENG31-02908128-n] (thick heavy expensive material with a raised pattern)
            • buckram [ENG31-02913867-n] (a coarse cotton fabric stiffened with glue)
            • bunting [ENG31-02924579-n] (a loosely woven fabric used for flags, etc.)
            • calico [ENG31-02943180-n] (coarse cloth with a bright print)
            • cambric [ENG31-02945602-n] (a finely woven white linen)
            • camel's hair [ENG31-02945915-n] (a soft tan cloth made with the hair of a camel)
            • camlet [ENG31-02947711-n] (a fabric of Asian origin)
            • camouflage [ENG31-02948034-n] (fabric dyed with splotches of green and brown and black and tan)
            • canopy [ENG31-02955545-n] (the umbrellalike part of a parachute that fills with air)
            • canvas [ENG31-02957109-n] (a heavy, closely woven fabric (used for clothing or chairs or sails or tents))

              • tarpaulin [ENG31-04402159-n] (waterproofed canvas)
            • cashmere [ENG31-02980789-n] (a soft fabric made from the wool of the Cashmere goat)
            • cerecloth [ENG31-03001714-n] (a waterproof waxed cloth once used as a shroud)
            • challis [ENG31-03007237-n] (a soft lightweight fabric (usually printed))
            • chambray [ENG31-03008013-n] (a lightweight fabric woven with white threads across a colored warp)
            • chenille [ENG31-03017504-n] (a heavy fabric woven with chenille cord)
            • chiffon [ENG31-03020522-n] (a sheer fabric of silk or rayon)
            • chino [ENG31-03022958-n] (a coarse twilled cotton fabric frequently used for uniforms)
            • chintz [ENG31-03023621-n] (a brightly printed and glazed cotton fabric)
            • coating [ENG31-03062624-n] (a heavy fabric suitable for coats)

              • chinchilla [ENG31-03022268-n] (a thick twilled fabric of wool and cotton)
            • cobweb [ENG31-03063937-n] (a fabric so delicate and transparent as to resemble a web of a spider)
            • cord [ENG31-03111373-n] (a cut pile fabric with vertical ribs)

              • Bedford cord [ENG31-02823691-n] (a heavy corded fabric similar to corduroy)
              • narrow wale [ENG31-03815143-n] (corduroy with narrow ribs)
              • wide wale [ENG31-04591174-n] (corduroy with wide ribs)
            • cotton [ENG31-03119831-n] (fabric woven from cotton fibers)

              • gauze [ENG31-03435001-n] ((medicine) bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings)

                • petrolatum gauze [ENG31-03926506-n] (gauze saturated with petrolatum)
            • cotton flannel [ENG31-03120051-n] (a stout cotton fabric with nap on only one side)
            • crepe [ENG31-03135214-n] (a soft thin light fabric with a crinkled surface)

              • Canton crepe [ENG31-02956988-n] (a soft thick crinkled dress crepe)
              • crepe de Chine [ENG31-03135412-n] (a very thin crepe of silk or silklike fabric)
              • marocain [ENG31-03728435-n] (a dress crepe)
            • cretonne [ENG31-03135844-n] (an unglazed heavy fabric)
            • crinoline [ENG31-03137317-n] (a stiff coarse fabric used to stiffen hats or clothing)
            • damask [ENG31-03165406-n] (a fabric of linen or cotton or silk or wool with a reversible pattern woven into it)
            • denim [ENG31-03179855-n] (a coarse durable twill-weave cotton fabric)
            • diamante [ENG31-03192974-n] (fabric covered with glittering ornaments such as sequins or rhinestones)
            • diaper [ENG31-03193409-n] (a fabric (usually cotton or linen) with a distinctive woven pattern of small repeated figures)
            • dimity [ENG31-03204042-n] (a strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern)
            • doeskin [ENG31-03222356-n] (a fine smooth soft woolen fabric)
            • drapery [ENG31-03237826-n] (cloth gracefully draped and arranged in loose folds)
            • duck [ENG31-03257774-n] (a heavy cotton fabric of plain weave)
            • duffel [ENG31-03258499-n] (a coarse heavy woolen fabric)
            • elastic [ENG31-03272607-n] (a fabric made of yarns containing an elastic material)
            • etamine [ENG31-03303805-n] (a soft cotton or worsted fabric with an open mesh)
            • faille [ENG31-03322834-n] (a ribbed woven fabric of silk or rayon or cotton)
            • felt [ENG31-03331740-n] (a fabric made of compressed matted animal fibers)
            • fiber [ENG31-03336189-n] (a leatherlike material made by compressing layers of paper or cloth)
            • flannel [ENG31-03361828-n] (a soft light woolen fabric)
            • flannelette [ENG31-03362113-n] (a cotton fabric imitating flannel)

              • winceyette [ENG31-04592912-n] (cotton flannelette with a nap on both sides)
            • fleece [ENG31-03367485-n] (a soft bulky fabric with deep pile)
            • foulard [ENG31-03391572-n] (a light plain-weave or twill-weave silk or silklike fabric (usually with a printed design))
            • frieze [ENG31-03401833-n] (a heavy woolen fabric with a long nap)
            • fustian [ENG31-03413250-n] (a strong cotton and linen fabric with a slight nap)
            • gabardine [ENG31-03414207-n] (a firm durable fabric with a twill weave)
            • georgette [ENG31-03440653-n] (a thin silk dress material)
            • gingham [ENG31-03442651-n] (a clothing fabric in a plaid weave)
            • grogram [ENG31-03466583-n] (a coarse fabric of silk mixed with wool or mohair and often stiffened with gum)
            • grosgrain [ENG31-03467042-n] (a silk or silklike fabric with crosswise ribs)
            • haircloth [ENG31-03480797-n] (cloth woven from horsehair or camelhair)
            • herringbone [ENG31-03521429-n] (a twilled fabric with a herringbone pattern)
            • homespun [ENG31-03534624-n] (a rough loosely woven fabric originally made with yarn that was spun at home)

              • russet [ENG31-04128436-n] (a reddish brown homespun fabric)
            • hopsacking [ENG31-03540827-n] (a loosely woven coarse fabric of cotton or linen)
            • horsehair [ENG31-03543997-n] (a fabric made from fibers taken from the mane or tail of horses)
            • jaconet [ENG31-03596500-n] (a lightweight cotton cloth with a smooth and slightly stiff finish)
            • jacquard [ENG31-03596985-n] (a highly figured fabric woven on a Jacquard loom)
            • khadi [ENG31-03620509-n] (a coarse homespun cotton cloth made in India)
            • khaki [ENG31-03620615-n] (a sturdy twilled cloth of a yellowish brown color used especially for military uniforms)
            • knit [ENG31-03630646-n] (a fabric made by knitting)

              • balbriggan [ENG31-02780643-n] (a cotton knit fabric used for underwear)
              • double knit [ENG31-03232020-n] (a knit fabric similar to jersey that is made with two sets of needles producing a double thickness joined by interlocking stitches)
              • jersey [ENG31-03600716-n] (a slightly elastic machine-knit fabric)
              • stockinet [ENG31-04330657-n] (knit used especially for infants' wear and undergarments)
              • tricot [ENG31-04489553-n] (a knitted fabric or one resembling knitting)
            • lace [ENG31-03636468-n] (a delicate decorative fabric woven in an open web of symmetrical patterns)

              • Brussels lace [ENG31-02912276-n] (fine lace with a raised or applique design)
              • filet [ENG31-03342672-n] (lace having a square mesh)
              • macrame [ENG31-03709269-n] (a relatively coarse lace)
              • pillow lace [ENG31-03944798-n] (a handmade lace worked on a pillow with threads wound on bobbins)

                • Valenciennes [ENG31-04525938-n] (a type of bobbin lace with floral patterns)
              • point lace [ENG31-03982146-n] (lace worked with a needle in a buttonhole stitch on a paper pattern)
            • lame [ENG31-03640621-n] (a fabric interwoven with threads of metal)
            • leatherette [ENG31-03658436-n] (fabric made to look like leather)
            • linen [ENG31-03677847-n] (a fabric woven with fibers from the flax plant)
            • linsey-woolsey [ENG31-03680771-n] (a rough fabric of linen warp and wool or cotton woof)
            • lint [ENG31-03681106-n] (cotton or linen fabric with the nap raised on one side)
            • lisle [ENG31-03683008-n] (a fabric woven with lisle thread)
            • mackinaw [ENG31-03708614-n] (a heavy woolen cloth heavily napped and felted, often with a plaid design)
            • mackintosh [ENG31-03709129-n] (a lightweight waterproof (usually rubberized) fabric)
            • madras [ENG31-03709401-n] (a light patterned cotton cloth)
            • marseille [ENG31-03729025-n] (strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern)
            • metallic [ENG31-03757562-n] (a fabric made of a yarn that is partly or entirely of metal)
            • mohair [ENG31-03784661-n] (fabric made with yarn made from the silky hair of the Angora goat)
            • moire [ENG31-03784779-n] (silk fabric with a wavy surface pattern)
            • moleskin [ENG31-03786332-n] (a durable cotton fabric with a velvety nap)
            • monk's cloth [ENG31-03788462-n] (a heavy cloth in basket weave)
            • moquette [ENG31-03790770-n] (a thick velvety synthetic fabric used for carpets and soft upholstery)
            • moreen [ENG31-03790894-n] (a heavy fabric of wool (or wool and cotton) used mostly in upholstery or for curtains)
            • motley [ENG31-03795136-n] (a multicolored woolen fabric woven of mixed threads in 14th to 17th century England)
            • mousseline de sole [ENG31-03799813-n] (a gauze-like fabric of silk or rayon)
            • muslin [ENG31-03807933-n] (plain-woven cotton fabric)

              • nainsook [ENG31-03811473-n] (a soft lightweight muslin used especially for babies)
              • organdy [ENG31-03859941-n] (a sheer stiff muslin)
            • nankeen [ENG31-03812444-n] (a durable fabric formerly loomed by hand in China from natural cotton having a yellowish color)
            • net [ENG31-03825135-n] (an open fabric of string or rope or wire woven together at regular intervals)

              • chicken wire [ENG31-03020263-n] (a galvanized wire network with a hexagonal mesh)
              • gauze [ENG31-03434824-n] (a net of transparent fabric with a loose open weave)

                • cheesecloth [ENG31-03016027-n] (a coarse loosely woven cotton gauze)
                • gossamer [ENG31-03453640-n] (a gauze fabric with an extremely fine texture)
              • hairnet [ENG31-03481084-n] (a small net that some women wear over their hair to keep it in place)
              • reseau [ENG31-04085262-n] (a net or mesh foundation for lace)
              • safety net [ENG31-04134218-n] (a large strong net to catch circus acrobats who fall or jump from a trapeze)
              • save-all [ENG31-04146617-n] (a net hung between ship and pier while loading a ship)
              • snood [ENG31-04257802-n] (an ornamental net in the shape of a bag that confines a woman's hair)
              • spark arrester [ENG31-04275252-n] (a wire net to stop sparks from an open fireplace or smokestack)
              • tulle [ENG31-04503909-n] (a fine (often starched) net used for veils or tutus or gowns)
              • wirework [ENG31-04603089-n] (mesh netting made of wires)
            • ninon [ENG31-03831213-n] (a fine strong sheer silky fabric made of silk or rayon or nylon)
            • nylon [ENG31-03842426-n] (a synthetic fabric)
            • oilcloth [ENG31-03848958-n] (cloth treated on one side with a drying oil or synthetic resin)
            • olive drab [ENG31-03851620-n] (a cloth of an olive-brown color used for military uniforms)
            • organza [ENG31-03860734-n] (a fabric made of silk or a silklike fabric that resembles organdy)
            • paisley [ENG31-03883029-n] (a soft wool fabric with a colorful swirled pattern of curved shapes)
            • panting [ENG31-03890891-n] (any fabric used to make trousers)
            • pepper-and-salt [ENG31-03920350-n] (a fabric woven with flecks of light and dark)
            • percale [ENG31-03920950-n] (a fine closely woven cotton fabric)
            • permanent press [ENG31-03923936-n] (a fabric that has been chemically processed to resist wrinkles and hold its shape)
            • piece of cloth [ENG31-03938946-n] (a separate part consisting of fabric)

              • bib [ENG31-02837602-n] (top part of an apron)
              • chamois cloth [ENG31-03008317-n] (a piece of chamois used for washing windows or cars)
              • dishrag [ENG31-03212464-n] (a cloth for washing dishes)
              • drop cloth [ENG31-03251015-n] (a large piece of cloth laid over the floor or furniture while a room is being painted)
              • dustcloth [ENG31-03263033-n] (a piece of cloth used for dusting)
              • dust cover [ENG31-03263280-n] (a large piece of cloth used to cover furniture that is not in use for a long period)
              • end [ENG31-03291294-n] (a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold)

                • fag end [ENG31-03322081-n] (the frayed end of a length of cloth or rope)
              • gore [ENG31-03453197-n] (a piece of cloth that is generally triangular or tapering)
              • groundsheet [ENG31-03468598-n] (a waterproofed piece of cloth spread on the ground (as under a tent) to protect from moisture)
              • guimpe [ENG31-03472312-n] (a piece of starched cloth covering the shoulders of a nun's habit)
              • gusset [ENG31-03476313-n] (a piece of material used to strengthen or enlarge a garment)
              • handkerchief [ENG31-03490877-n] (a square piece of cloth used for wiping the eyes or nose or as a costume accessory)

                • bandanna [ENG31-02789221-n] (large and brightly colored handkerchief)
                • pocket-handkerchief [ENG31-03979878-n] (a handkerchief that is carried in a pocket)
              • liner [ENG31-03678596-n] (a piece of cloth that is used as the inside surface of a garment)
              • lungi [ENG31-03703247-n] (a long piece of brightly colored cloth (cotton or silk) used as clothing (a skirt or loincloth or sash etc.) in India and Pakistan and Burma)
              • patch [ENG31-03903640-n] (a piece of cloth used as decoration or to mend or cover a hole)

                • flash [ENG31-03363226-n] (a bright patch of color used for decoration or identification)
                • pasty [ENG31-03903456-n] ((usually used in the plural) one of a pair of adhesive patches worn to cover the nipples of exotic dancers and striptease performers)
                • shoulder patch [ENG31-04215132-n] (patch worn on the shoulder of a military uniform to indicate rank)
              • placket [ENG31-03960177-n] (a piece of cloth sewn under an opening)
              • rag [ENG31-04053034-n] (a small piece of cloth or paper)

                • pine-tar rag [ENG31-03948673-n] (baseball equipment consisting of a rag soaked with pine tar)
              • sail [ENG31-04135005-n] (a large piece of fabric (usually canvas fabric) by means of which wind is used to propel a sailing vessel)

                • balloon sail [ENG31-02785625-n] (any light loose sail)
                • crossjack [ENG31-03142124-n] (the lowermost sail on a mizzenmast)
                • fore-and-aft sail [ENG31-03386622-n] (any sail not set on a yard and whose normal position is in a fore-and-aft direction)

                  • gaffsail [ENG31-03415333-n] (a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail suspended from a gaff)
                  • gaff topsail [ENG31-03415481-n] (a triangular fore-and-aft sail with its foot along the gaff and its luff on the topmast)
                  • jib [ENG31-03603344-n] (any triangular fore-and-aft sail (set forward of the foremast))

                    • flying jib [ENG31-03379128-n] (the outermost of two or more jibs)
                  • lateen [ENG31-03650891-n] (a triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean)
                  • lugsail [ENG31-03701902-n] (a sail with four corners that is hoisted from a yard that is oblique to the mast)
                  • mizzen [ENG31-03781280-n] (fore-and-aft sail set on the mizzenmast)
                  • spanker [ENG31-04274545-n] (a fore-and-aft sail set on the aftermost lower mast (usually the mizzenmast) of a vessel)
                  • spritsail [ENG31-04296714-n] (a fore-and-aft sail extended by a sprit)
                  • staysail [ENG31-04314905-n] (a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay (as between two masts))
                • foresail [ENG31-03387945-n] (the lowest sail on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel)
                • headsail [ENG31-03510527-n] (any sail set forward of the foremast of a vessel)

                  • spinnaker [ENG31-04285585-n] (a large and usually triangular headsail)
                • mainsail [ENG31-03717876-n] (the lowermost sail on the mainmast)

                  • main course [ENG31-03716923-n] (a square mainsail)
                • main-topsail [ENG31-03718520-n] (a topsail set on the mainmast)
                • press of sail [ENG31-04007356-n] (the greatest amount of sail that a ship can carry safely)
                • royal [ENG31-04122896-n] (a sail set next above the topgallant on a royal mast)
                • save-all [ENG31-04146725-n] (a sail set to catch wind spilled from a larger sail)
                • skysail [ENG31-04240136-n] (the sail above the royal on a square-rigger)
                • square sail [ENG31-04299218-n] (a four-sided sail set beneath a horizontal yard suspended at the middle from a mast)
                • topgallant [ENG31-04462063-n] (a sail set on a yard of a topgallant mast)
                • topsail [ENG31-04462923-n] (a sail (or either of a pair of sails) immediately above the lowermost sail of a mast and supported by a topmast)

                  • fore-topsail [ENG31-03388408-n] (the topsail on a foremast)
              • swatch [ENG31-04376036-n] (a sample piece of cloth)
              • towel [ENG31-04466597-n] (a rectangular piece of absorbent cloth (or paper) for drying or wiping)

                • beach towel [ENG31-02817563-n] (very large towel to dry yourself after swimming)
                • dishtowel [ENG31-03212556-n] (a towel for drying dishes)
                • hand towel [ENG31-03495107-n] (a small towel used to dry the hands or face)
                • paper towel [ENG31-03893394-n] (a disposable towel made of absorbent paper)
                • roller towel [ENG31-04109854-n] (a towel with the ends sewn together, hung on a roller)
              • train [ENG31-04475711-n] (piece of cloth forming the long back section of a gown that is drawn along the floor)
            • pilot cloth [ENG31-03945716-n] (a thick blue cloth used to make overcoats and coats for sailors etc)
            • pinstripe [ENG31-03950109-n] (a fabric with very thin stripes)
            • pique [ENG31-03954074-n] (tightly woven fabric with raised cords)
            • plush [ENG31-03976904-n] (a fabric with a nap that is longer and softer than velvet)
            • polyester [ENG31-03985735-n] (any of a large class of synthetic fabrics)

              • Dacron [ENG31-03163080-n] (a kind of polyester fabric)
            • pongee [ENG31-03987344-n] (a soft thin cloth woven from raw silk (or an imitation))
            • poplin [ENG31-03989970-n] (a ribbed fabric used in clothing and upholstery)
            • print [ENG31-04010232-n] (a fabric with a dyed pattern pressed onto it (usually by engraved rollers))
            • quilting [ENG31-04040843-n] (a material used for making a quilt, or a quilted fabric)
            • rayon [ENG31-04064044-n] (a synthetic silklike fabric)

              • acetate rayon [ENG31-02678073-n] (a fabric made from fibers of cellulose acetate)
              • viscose rayon [ENG31-04545698-n] (a rayon fabric made from viscose (cellulose xanthate) fibers)
            • rep [ENG31-04082925-n] (a fabric with prominent rounded crosswise ribs)
            • sackcloth [ENG31-04130322-n] (a coarse cloth resembling sacking)
            • sacking [ENG31-04130661-n] (coarse fabric used for bags or sacks)

              • burlap [ENG31-02926182-n] (coarse jute fabric)
            • sailcloth [ENG31-04135793-n] (a strong fabric (such as cotton canvas) used for making sails and tents)
            • samite [ENG31-04139912-n] (a heavy silk fabric (often woven with silver or gold threads))
            • sateen [ENG31-04144438-n] (a cotton fabric with a satiny finish)
            • satin [ENG31-04145344-n] (a smooth fabric of silk or rayon)
            • satinet [ENG31-04145481-n] (a fabric with a finish resembling satin but made partly or wholly from cotton or synthetic fiber)
            • screening [ENG31-04160391-n] (fabric of metal or plastic mesh)
            • scrim [ENG31-04162686-n] (a firm open-weave fabric used for a curtain in the theater)
            • seersucker [ENG31-04174722-n] (a light puckered fabric (usually striped))
            • serge [ENG31-04181087-n] (a twilled woolen fabric)
            • shag [ENG31-04190119-n] (a fabric with long coarse nap)
            • shantung [ENG31-04191359-n] (a heavy silk fabric with a rough surface (or a cotton imitation))
            • sharkskin [ENG31-04191923-n] (a smooth crisp fabric)
            • sheeting [ENG31-04196325-n] (fabric from which bed sheets are made)
            • shirting [ENG31-04205276-n] (any of various fabrics used to make men's shirts)
            • shirttail [ENG31-04205496-n] (fabric forming the tail of a shirt)
            • silesia [ENG31-04226134-n] (a sturdy twill-weave cotton fabric)
            • silk [ENG31-04226491-n] (a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae)

              • sarcenet [ENG31-04143016-n] (a fine soft silk fabric often used for linings)
            • spandex [ENG31-04274275-n] (an elastic synthetic fabric)
            • sponge cloth [ENG31-04290922-n] (any soft porous fabric (especially in a loose honeycomb weave))
            • stammel [ENG31-04306966-n] (a coarse woolen cloth formerly used for undergarments and usually dyed bright red)
            • suede cloth [ENG31-04357536-n] (a fabric made to resemble suede leather)

              • Ultrasuede [ENG31-04514190-n] (a synthetic suede cloth)
            • suiting [ENG31-04358777-n] (a fabric used for suits)
            • swan's down [ENG31-04375927-n] (soft woolen fabric used especially for baby clothes)
            • taffeta [ENG31-04390926-n] (a crisp smooth lustrous fabric)
            • tammy [ENG31-04394618-n] (plain-woven (often glazed) fabric of wool or wool and cotton used especially formerly for linings and garments and curtains)
            • tapa [ENG31-04398532-n] (a paperlike cloth made in the South Pacific by pounding tapa bark)
            • tapestry [ENG31-04400642-n] (a heavy textile with a woven design)
            • tartan [ENG31-04402241-n] (a cloth having a crisscross design)
            • terry [ENG31-04421611-n] (a pile fabric (usually cotton) with uncut loops on both sides)
            • ticking [ENG31-04439796-n] (a strong fabric used for mattress and pillow covers)
            • toweling [ENG31-04466845-n] (any of various fabrics (linen or cotton) used to make towels)

              • huck [ENG31-03553375-n] (toweling consisting of coarse absorbent cotton or linen fabric)
            • tweed [ENG31-04509797-n] (thick woolen fabric used for clothing)

              • Harris Tweed [ENG31-03501611-n] (a loosely woven tweed made in the Outer Hebrides)
            • twill [ENG31-04510450-n] (a cloth with parallel diagonal lines or ribs)
            • upholstery material [ENG31-04521293-n] (the fabric used in upholstering)
            • Velcro [ENG31-04531889-n] (nylon fabric used as a fastening)
            • velour [ENG31-04532236-n] (heavy fabric that resembles velvet)
            • velvet [ENG31-04532333-n] (a silky densely piled fabric with a plain back)
            • velveteen [ENG31-04532486-n] (a usually cotton fabric with a short pile imitating velvet)
            • vicuna [ENG31-04540889-n] (a soft wool fabric made from the fleece of the vicuna)
            • Viyella [ENG31-04546702-n] (a fabric made from a twilled mixture of cotton and wool)
            • voile [ENG31-04547080-n] (a light semitransparent fabric)
            • wash-and-wear [ENG31-04560847-n] (a fabric treated to be easily washable and to require no ironing)
            • waterproof [ENG31-04569020-n] (any fabric impervious to water)
            • web [ENG31-04575999-n] (a fabric (especially a fabric in the process of being woven))
            • webbing [ENG31-04576127-n] (a strong fabric woven in strips)
            • whipcord [ENG31-04585398-n] (a strong worsted or cotton fabric with a diagonal rib)
            • wincey [ENG31-04592742-n] (a plain or twilled fabric of wool and cotton used especially for warm shirts or skirts and pajamas)
            • wire cloth [ENG31-04602069-n] (fabric woven of metallic wire)
            • wool [ENG31-04606562-n] (a fabric made from the hair of sheep)
            • worsted [ENG31-04612521-n] (a woolen fabric with a hard textured surface and no nap)
            • yoke [ENG31-04620372-n] (fabric comprising a fitted part at the top of a garment)

              • tucker [ENG31-04502478-n] (a detachable yoke of linen or lace worn over the breast of a low-cut dress)
            • pina cloth [ENG31-14616489-n] (a fine cloth made from pineapple fibers)
          • facility [ENG31-03319968-n] (a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry)

            • airfield [ENG31-02690851-n] (a place where planes take off and land)

              • airport [ENG31-02695091-n] (an airfield equipped with control tower and hangars as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo)

                • heliport [ENG31-03517974-n] (an airport for helicopters)
              • airstrip [ENG31-02695929-n] (an airfield without normal airport facilities)

                • flare path [ENG31-03362892-n] (an airstrip outline with lights to guide an airplane pilot in landing)
              • auxiliary airfield [ENG31-02765614-n] (an airfield that functions in a subsidiary capacity)
            • arboretum [ENG31-02736080-n] (a facility where trees and shrubs are cultivated for exhibition)
            • athletic facility [ENG31-02755316-n] (a facility for athletic events)

              • field house [ENG31-03338425-n] (an athletic facility where athletes prepare for sport)
              • football stadium [ENG31-03384050-n] (a stadium where football games are held)
              • gymnasium [ENG31-03477235-n] (athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training)
            • backroom [ENG31-02773446-n] (the meeting place of a group of leaders who make their decisions via private negotiations)
            • cafeteria facility [ENG31-02939404-n] ((usually plural) facilities for providing food for employees or visitors)
            • communication system [ENG31-03081962-n] (facility consisting of the physical plants and equipment for disseminating information)

              • fiber-optic transmission system [ENG31-03336765-n] (a communication system using fiber optic cables)
              • network [ENG31-03826014-n] ((broadcasting) a communication system consisting of a group of broadcasting stations that all transmit the same programs)
            • course [ENG31-03124441-n] (facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport)

              • golf course [ENG31-03451472-n] (course consisting of a large landscaped area for playing golf)

                • links [ENG31-03679917-n] (a golf course that is built on sandy ground near a shore)
              • racetrack [ENG31-04044101-n] (a course over which races are run)

                • cinder track [ENG31-03036143-n] (a racetrack paved with fine cinders)
                • dirt track [ENG31-03210481-n] (a racetrack that is not paved)
                • racing circuit [ENG31-04044585-n] (a racetrack for automobile races)
                • speedway [ENG31-04281229-n] (a racetrack for racing automobiles or motorcycles)
                • velodrome [ENG31-04532128-n] (a banked oval track for bicycle or motorcycle racing)
            • depository [ENG31-03182015-n] (a facility where things can be deposited for storage or safekeeping)

              • archive [ENG31-02738091-n] (a depository containing historical records and documents)

                • chancery [ENG31-03008751-n] (an office of archives for public or ecclesiastic records)
              • bank [ENG31-02790795-n] (a building in which the business of banking transacted)
              • drop [ENG31-03250755-n] (a central depository where things can be left or picked up)

                • maildrop [ENG31-03715960-n] (a drop where mail can be deposited)

                  • postbox [ENG31-03995432-n] (public box for deposit of mail)

                    • pillar box [ENG31-03943713-n] (a red pillar-shaped letter box)
              • library [ENG31-03665990-n] (a depository built to contain books and other materials for reading and study)

                • athenaeum [ENG31-02755204-n] (a place where reading materials are available)
                • lending library [ENG31-03661417-n] (library that provides books for use outside the building)
              • lost-and-found [ENG31-03696021-n] (repository in a public building where lost articles can be kept until their owners reclaim them)
              • museum [ENG31-03806085-n] (a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value)

                • science museum [ENG31-04154429-n] (a museum that collects and displays objects having scientific interest)
              • repertory [ENG31-04083545-n] (a storehouse where a stock of things is kept)
              • sperm bank [ENG31-04281428-n] (a depository for storing sperm)
              • storehouse [ENG31-04336328-n] (a depository for goods)

                • dump [ENG31-03260493-n] (a place where supplies can be stored)
                • granary [ENG31-03457393-n] (a storehouse for threshed grain or animal feed)

                  • crib [ENG31-03136320-n] (a bin or granary for storing grains)

                    • corncrib [ENG31-03113904-n] (a crib for storing and drying ears of corn)
                • magazine [ENG31-03709577-n] (a storehouse (as a compartment on a warship) where weapons and ammunition are stored)
                • railhead [ENG31-04054251-n] (a railroad depot in a theater of operations where military supplies are unloaded for distribution)
                • treasure house [ENG31-04484873-n] (a storehouse for treasures)
                • warehouse [ENG31-04558341-n] (a storehouse for goods and merchandise)

                  • godown [ENG31-03448467-n] ((in India and Malaysia) a warehouse)
              • treasury [ENG31-04485060-n] (a depository (a room or building) where wealth and precious objects can be kept safely)
            • drive-in [ENG31-03248204-n] (any installation designed to accommodate patrons in their automobiles)
            • forum [ENG31-03391266-n] (a public facility to meet for open discussion)
            • gas system [ENG31-03430866-n] (facility (plant and equipment) for providing natural-gas service)
            • menagerie [ENG31-03750637-n] (the facility where wild animals are housed for exhibition)
            • military installation [ENG31-03768668-n] (any facility servicing military forces)

              • arsenal [ENG31-02746212-n] (a military structure where arms and ammunition and other military equipment are stored and training is given in the use of arms)
              • base [ENG31-02801449-n] (installation from which a military force initiates operations)

                • air base [ENG31-02688444-n] (a base for military aircraft)
                • army base [ENG31-02744592-n] (a large base of operations for an army)
                • firebase [ENG31-03349051-n] (an artillery base to support advancing troops)
                • navy base [ENG31-03819152-n] (base of operations for a naval fleet)
                • rocket base [ENG31-04106743-n] (a military base for rocket missiles)
              • emplacement [ENG31-03289031-n] (military installation consisting of a prepared position for siting a weapon)

                • gun emplacement [ENG31-03473963-n] (an emplacement for a gun)

                  • nest [ENG31-03824757-n] (a kind of gun emplacement)
                  • pillbox [ENG31-03943909-n] (a small enclosed gun emplacement (usually of fortified concrete))
              • headquarters [ENG31-03509564-n] (the military installation from which a commander performs the functions of command)

                • command post [ENG31-03080108-n] (military headquarters from which a military commander controls and organizes the forces)
                • guardhouse [ENG31-03469689-n] (a military facility that serves as the headquarters for military police and in which military prisoners can be detained)
              • military post [ENG31-03768938-n] (military installation at which a body of troops is stationed)

                • garrison [ENG31-03425469-n] (a fortified military post where troops are stationed)
                • outpost [ENG31-03866261-n] (a military post stationed at a distance from the main body of troops)
              • naval installation [ENG31-03817659-n] (military installation servicing naval forces)
              • silo [ENG31-04227411-n] (military installation consisting of an underground structure where ballistic missiles can be stored and fired)
            • power system [ENG31-04003385-n] (a system of high tension cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a region)
            • range [ENG31-04060330-n] (a place for shooting (firing or driving) projectiles of various kinds)

              • practice range [ENG31-04004103-n] (a place for practicing golf shots)

                • firing range [ENG31-03353996-n] (a practice range for target practice)

                  • rocket range [ENG31-04106855-n] (a firing range for rocket missiles)
                  • shooting gallery [ENG31-04208888-n] (an enclosed firing range with targets for rifle or handgun practice)
                • golf range [ENG31-03452168-n] (a practice range for practicing golf shots)
              • rifle range [ENG31-04098035-n] (a range where people can practice shooting rifles)
              • test range [ENG31-04422713-n] (a range for conducting tests)
            • recreational facility [ENG31-04072244-n] (a public facility for recreation)

              • lido [ENG31-03667187-n] (a recreational facility including a swimming pool for water sports)
            • sewage system [ENG31-04185958-n] (facility consisting of a system of sewers for carrying off liquid and solid sewage)
            • source [ENG31-04270724-n] (a facility where something is available)

              • Golconda [ENG31-03449102-n] (a source of great wealth (especially a mine))
              • goldmine [ENG31-03450150-n] (a good source of something that is desired)
            • station [ENG31-04313218-n] (a facility equipped with special equipment and personnel for a particular purpose)

              • broadcasting station [ENG31-02906730-n] (a station equipped to broadcast radio or television programs)

                • radio station [ENG31-04051199-n] (station for the production and transmission of AM or FM radio broadcasts)

                  • radio beacon [ENG31-04049010-n] (a radio station that broadcasts a directional signal for navigational purposes)
                • television station [ENG31-04413485-n] (station for the production and transmission of television broadcasts)

                  • channel [ENG31-03010002-n] (a television station and its programs)
              • fire station [ENG31-03352184-n] (a station housing fire apparatus and firemen)
              • first-aid station [ENG31-03354445-n] (a station providing emergency care or treatment before regular medical aid can be obtained)

                • dressing station [ENG31-03243110-n] ((military) a station located near a combat area for giving first aid to the wounded)
              • observation station [ENG31-03845054-n] (a station set up for making observations of something)

                • sampling station [ENG31-04140429-n] (an observation station that is set up to make sample observations of something)
              • police station [ENG31-03984036-n] (a station that serves as headquarters for police in a particular district)
              • power station [ENG31-04003013-n] (an electrical generating station)

                • wind farm [ENG31-04594047-n] (a power plant that uses wind turbines to generate electricity)
              • service station [ENG31-04182920-n] (a station where gasoline and oil are sold and facilities are available for repairing or maintaining automobiles)

                • gasoline station [ENG31-03430002-n] (a service station that sells gasoline)
                • truck stop [ENG31-04498025-n] (a roadside service station (and restaurant) that caters to truck drivers)
              • substation [ENG31-04355780-n] (a subsidiary station where electricity is transformed for distribution by a low-voltage network)
              • terminal [ENG31-04420036-n] (station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods)

                • air terminal [ENG31-02696105-n] (a terminal that serves air travelers or air freight)
                • bus terminal [ENG31-02929672-n] (a terminal that serves bus passengers)
                • cathode [ENG31-02988392-n] (the positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current)
                • railway station [ENG31-04056210-n] (terminal where trains load or unload passengers or goods)

                  • whistle stop [ENG31-04587081-n] (a small railway station between the principal stations or a station where the train stops only on a signal)
                • subway station [ENG31-04356155-n] (a terminal where subways load and unload passengers)
            • transportation system [ENG31-04480667-n] (a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods)

              • air transportation system [ENG31-02696568-n] (a transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air)

                • hub-and-spoke [ENG31-03553041-n] (a system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available)
              • highway system [ENG31-03525438-n] (a transportation system consisting of roads for motor transport)
              • public transit [ENG31-04025345-n] (a public transportation system for moving passengers)

                • rapid transit [ENG31-04061325-n] (an urban public transit system using underground or elevated trains)
              • short line [ENG31-04212238-n] (a transportation system that operates over relatively short distances)
              • telpherage [ENG31-04413952-n] (a transportation system in which cars (telphers) are suspended from cables and operated on electricity)
            • utility [ENG31-04524169-n] (a facility composed of one or more pieces of equipment connected to or part of a structure and designed to provide a service such as heat or electricity or water or sewage disposal)

              • electrical system [ENG31-03275490-n] (utility that provides electricity)
              • heating system [ENG31-03514169-n] (utility to warm a building)

                • central heating [ENG31-02998758-n] (a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central furnace and sent through the building via vents or pipes and radiators)
                • gas heat [ENG31-03428297-n] (heating system that burns natural gas)
                • panel heating [ENG31-03888127-n] (heating system consisting of wall or floor or baseboard or ceiling panels containing electric conductors or heating pipes)
                • steam heat [ENG31-04316820-n] (a heating system in which steam is generated in boilers and piped to radiators)
              • plumbing [ENG31-03975399-n] (utility consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water or gas in a building and for the disposal of sewage)
            • water system [ENG31-04569944-n] (a facility that provides a source of water)
          • fixture [ENG31-03359459-n] (an object firmly fixed in place (especially in a household))

            • bathroom fixture [ENG31-02811257-n] (any fixture in a bathroom)
            • lighting fixture [ENG31-03672706-n] (a fixture providing artificial light)

              • chandelier [ENG31-03008889-n] (branched lighting fixture)
              • fluorescent [ENG31-03375106-n] (a lighting fixture that uses a fluorescent lamp)
              • indirect lighting [ENG31-03573741-n] (a concealed lighting fixture)
            • plumbing fixture [ENG31-03975617-n] (a fixture for the distribution and use of water in a building)

              • fountain [ENG31-03392661-n] (a plumbing fixture that provides a flow of water)
              • shower [ENG31-04216003-n] (a plumbing fixture that sprays water over you)
              • sink [ENG31-04230655-n] (plumbing fixture consisting of a water basin fixed to a wall or floor and having a drainpipe)

                • kitchen sink [ENG31-03626098-n] (a sink in a kitchen)
                • washbasin [ENG31-04561206-n] (a bathroom sink that is permanently installed and connected to a water supply and drainpipe)
              • toilet [ENG31-04453655-n] (a plumbing fixture for defecation and urination)

                • flushless toilet [ENG31-03376574-n] (a toilet that relies on bacteria to break down waste matter (instead of using water))
                • flush toilet [ENG31-03376721-n] (a toilet that is cleaned of waste by the flow of water through it)
                • potty seat [ENG31-03999411-n] (toilet consisting of a small seat used by young children)
              • urinal [ENG31-04523286-n] (a plumbing fixture (usually attached to the wall) used by men to urinate)
              • water faucet [ENG31-04566737-n] (a faucet for drawing water from a pipe or cask)
            • soap dish [ENG31-04261119-n] (a bathroom or kitchen fixture for holding a bar of soap)
          • float [ENG31-03369186-n] (something that floats on the surface of water)

            • bob [ENG31-02863403-n] (a small float usually made of cork)
            • chip [ENG31-03024246-n] (a triangular wooden float attached to the end of a log line)
            • life preserver [ENG31-03668857-n] (rescue equipment consisting of a buoyant belt or jacket to keep a person from drowning)

              • life buoy [ENG31-03668045-n] (a life preserver in the form of a ring of buoyant material)

                • breeches buoy [ENG31-02899977-n] (a life buoy in the form of a ring with short breeches for support)
              • life jacket [ENG31-03668213-n] (life preserver consisting of a sleeveless jacket of buoyant or inflatable design)

                • Mae West [ENG31-03709484-n] (an inflatable life jacket)
              • water wings [ENG31-04570846-n] (a life preserver consisting of a connected pair of inflatable bags that fit under a person's arms and provide buoyancy)
            • pontoon [ENG31-03987822-n] (a float supporting a seaplane)
            • raft [ENG31-04052477-n] (a flat float (usually made of logs or planks) that can be used for transport or as a platform for swimmers)

              • balsa raft [ENG31-02786923-n] (a light raft made of balsa)
              • life raft [ENG31-03669107-n] (a raft to use if a ship must be abandoned in an emergency)
          • insert [ENG31-03578433-n] (an artifact that is inserted or is to be inserted)

            • dickey [ENG31-03196245-n] (a man's detachable insert (usually starched) to simulate the front of a shirt)
          • instrumentality [ENG31-03580409-n] (an artifact (or system of artifacts) that is instrumental in accomplishing some end)

            • ceramic [ENG31-03000998-n] (an artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures)

              • brick [ENG31-02901103-n] (rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln)

                • adobe [ENG31-02684246-n] (sun-dried brick)
                • clinker [ENG31-03047678-n] (a hard brick used as a paving stone)
                • firebrick [ENG31-03349488-n] (brick made of fire clay)
                • header [ENG31-03508241-n] (brick that is laid sideways at the top of a wall)
                • mud brick [ENG31-03802044-n] (a brick made from baked mud)
            • connection [ENG31-03095830-n] (an instrumentality that connects)

              • attachment [ENG31-02758357-n] (a connection that fastens things together)

                • ligament [ENG31-03670269-n] (any connection or unifying bond)

                  • binder [ENG31-02843363-n] (something used to tie or bind)
                  • chain [ENG31-03003017-n] (a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament)

                    • anchor chain [ENG31-02712496-n] (the chain or rope that attaches an anchor to a vessel)
                    • bicycle chain [ENG31-02838617-n] (a chain that transmits the power from the pedals to the rear wheel of a bicycle)
                    • chatelaine [ENG31-03014672-n] (a chain formerly worn at the waist by women)
                    • fob [ENG31-03379684-n] (short chain or ribbon attaching a pocket watch to a man's vest)
                    • paper chain [ENG31-03892338-n] (a chain made of loops of colored paper)
                    • pull chain [ENG31-04026481-n] (a chain (usually with a handle at the end) that is pulled in order to operate some mechanism (e.g. to flush a toilet))
                    • tire chain [ENG31-04448097-n] (chain attached to wheels to increase traction on ice or snow)
                  • wire [ENG31-04601545-n] (ligament made of metal and used to fasten things or make cages or fences etc)

                    • baling wire [ENG31-02781593-n] (wire used to make bales)
                    • barbed wire [ENG31-02793846-n] (strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage)

                      • concertina [ENG31-03091290-n] (coiled barbed wire used as an obstacle)
                    • haywire [ENG31-03506212-n] (wire for tying up bales of hay)
                    • piano wire [ENG31-03935232-n] (thin steel wire of high tensile strength)
                    • trip wire [ENG31-04492842-n] (a wire stretched close to the ground that activates something (a trap or camera or weapon) when tripped over)
              • backbone [ENG31-02771438-n] (the part of a network that connects other networks together)
              • ground [ENG31-03467679-n] (a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage))
              • hitch [ENG31-03528026-n] (a connection between a vehicle and the load that it pulls)
              • hookup [ENG31-03538834-n] (a device providing a connection between a power source and a user)
              • jumper [ENG31-03609842-n] (a small connector used to make temporary electrical connections)

                • jumper cable [ENG31-03610056-n] (a jumper that consists of a short piece of wire)

                  • clip lead [ENG31-03048656-n] (a short piece of wire with alligator clips on both ends)
              • junction [ENG31-03611128-n] (something that joins or connects)

                • contact [ENG31-03098248-n] ((electronics) a junction where things (as two electrical conductors) touch or are in physical contact)

                  • distributor point [ENG31-03218529-n] (a contact in the distributor)
                  • electrical contact [ENG31-03273984-n] (contact that allows current to pass from one conductor to another)
                  • p-n junction [ENG31-03978318-n] (the junction between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor)
                  • short circuit [ENG31-04211801-n] (accidental contact between two points in an electric circuit that have a potential difference)
                  • sound bow [ENG31-04268479-n] (contact (the part of a bell) against which the clapper strikes)
                  • terminal [ENG31-04420286-n] (a contact on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves)

                    • anode [ENG31-02717446-n] (the negatively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current)
                    • negative pole [ENG31-03823062-n] (the terminal of a battery that is connected to the negative plate)
                    • positive pole [ENG31-03994223-n] (the terminal of a battery that is connected to the positive plate)
                  • tread [ENG31-04484207-n] (the part (as of a wheel or shoe) that makes contact with the ground)
                  • wiper [ENG31-04601193-n] (contact consisting of a conducting arm that rotates over a series of fixed contacts and comes to rest on an outlet)
                • joint [ENG31-03606190-n] (junction by which parts or objects are joined together)

                  • ball-and-socket joint [ENG31-02782742-n] (a joint that can rotate within a socket)
                  • butt joint [ENG31-02931797-n] (a joint made by fastening ends together without overlapping)

                    • butt weld [ENG31-02932966-n] (a butt joint that is welded)
                    • fish joint [ENG31-03357078-n] (a butt joint formed by bolting fish plates to the sides of two rails or beams)
                  • hinge [ENG31-03526239-n] (a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other)

                    • butt hinge [ENG31-02931683-n] (a hinge mortised flush into the edge of the door and jamb)
                    • strap hinge [ENG31-04341007-n] (a hinge with two long straps)
                    • tee hinge [ENG31-04406981-n] (a hinge that looks like the letter T when it is opened)
                  • knuckle joint [ENG31-03633245-n] (a joint allowing movement in one plane only)
                  • lap joint [ENG31-03647887-n] (joint made by overlapping two ends and joining them together)
                  • miter joint [ENG31-03779994-n] (joint that forms a corner)
                  • mortise joint [ENG31-03793056-n] (a joint made by inserting tenon on one piece into mortise holes in the other)

                    • dovetail [ENG31-03233670-n] (a mortise joint formed by interlocking tenons and mortises)
                    • tongue and groove joint [ENG31-04458410-n] (a mortise joint made by fitting a projection on the edge of one board into a matching groove on another board)
                  • rabbet joint [ENG31-04043439-n] (a joint formed by fitting together two rabbeted boards)
                  • scarf joint [ENG31-04151306-n] (a joint made by notching the ends of two pieces of timber or metal so that they will lock together end-to-end)
                  • seam [ENG31-04167433-n] (joint consisting of a line formed by joining two pieces)

                    • fell [ENG31-03331420-n] (seam made by turning under or folding together and stitching the seamed materials to avoid rough edges)
                    • suture [ENG31-04374458-n] (a seam used in surgery)
                    • welt [ENG31-04580567-n] (a raised or strengthened seam)
                  • toggle joint [ENG31-04452916-n] (a joint made by two arms attached by a pivot)
                  • weld [ENG31-04579244-n] (a metal joint formed by softening with heat and fusing or hammering together)

                    • spot weld [ENG31-04294098-n] (each of the welds made by welding at a separate point)
                • junction barrier [ENG31-03611319-n] (a junction unit for connecting 2 cables without the need for plugs)
                • splice [ENG31-04289136-n] (a junction where two things (as paper or film or magnetic tape) have been joined together)
                • thermojunction [ENG31-04428875-n] (a junction between two dissimilar metals across which a voltage appears)
              • slip ring [ENG31-04248701-n] (connection consisting of a metal ring on a rotating part of a machine)
              • telephone line [ENG31-04409192-n] (a telephone connection)

                • digital subscriber line [ENG31-03201674-n] (a generic name for digital lines that are provided by telephone companies to their local subscribers and that carry data at high speeds)
                • hot line [ENG31-03548192-n] (a direct telephone line between two officials)
                • land line [ENG31-03644811-n] (a telephone line that travels over terrestrial circuits)
                • party line [ENG31-03900630-n] (a telephone line serving two or more subscribers)
                • private line [ENG31-04012603-n] (a telephone line serving a single subscriber)
                • toll line [ENG31-04456971-n] (a telephone line for long-distance calls)
                • trunk line [ENG31-04499452-n] (a telephone line connecting two exchanges directly)
                • WATS [ENG31-04571228-n] (a telephone line)
              • temporary hookup [ENG31-04416006-n] (a connection intended to be used for a limited time)
              • yoke [ENG31-04620515-n] (a connection (like a clamp or vise) between two things so they move together)
            • container [ENG31-03099154-n] (any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardized dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another))

              • bag [ENG31-02776042-n] (a flexible container with a single opening)

                • air bag [ENG31-02688224-n] (a safety restraint in an automobile)
                • backpack [ENG31-02772753-n] (a bag carried by a strap on your back or shoulder)

                  • kitbag [ENG31-03625002-n] (a knapsack (usually for a soldier))
                • beanbag [ENG31-02819791-n] (a small cloth bag filled with dried beans)
                • bladder [ENG31-02851356-n] (a bag that fills with air)
                • body bag [ENG31-02866110-n] (a bag in which the body of a dead soldier is placed)
                • book bag [ENG31-02874037-n] (a bag in which students carry their books)
                • burn bag [ENG31-02926261-n] (a bag into which secret documents are placed before being burned)
                • carryall [ENG31-02973867-n] (a capacious bag or basket)
                • drawstring bag [ENG31-03240499-n] (a bag that is closed at the top with a drawstring)

                  • duffel bag [ENG31-03258589-n] (a large cylindrical bag of heavy cloth)
                  • moneybag [ENG31-03787127-n] (a drawstring bag for holding money)
                  • seabag [ENG31-04165733-n] (a cylindrical drawstring bag used by sailors to hold their clothing and other gear)
                • dust bag [ENG31-03262895-n] (a bag into which dirt is sucked by a vacuum cleaner)
                • envelope [ENG31-03296874-n] (the bag containing the gas in a balloon)
                • gamebag [ENG31-03418939-n] (a canvas or leather bag for carrying game (especially birds) killed by a hunter)
                • golf bag [ENG31-03450550-n] (golf equipment consisting of a bag for carrying golf clubs and balls)
                • gunnysack [ENG31-03475026-n] (a bag made of burlap)
                • ice pack [ENG31-03563020-n] (a waterproof bag filled with ice: applied to the body (especially the head) to cool or reduce swelling)
                • mailbag [ENG31-03715362-n] (letter carrier's shoulder bag)
                • nosebag [ENG31-03836743-n] (a canvas bag that is used to feed an animal (such as a horse))
                • pannier [ENG31-03889221-n] (either of a pair of bags or boxes hung over the rear wheel of a vehicle (as a bicycle))
                • plastic bag [ENG31-03964521-n] (a bag made of thin plastic material)

                  • bin liner [ENG31-02844292-n] (a plastic bag used to line a trash or garbage bin)
                • pouch [ENG31-03999538-n] (a small or medium size container for holding or carrying things)

                  • mailbag [ENG31-03715499-n] (pouch used in the shipment of mail)

                    • diplomatic pouch [ENG31-03208643-n] (a mail pouch that is sealed shut and that is used to carry communications between a legation and its home office)
                  • pocket [ENG31-03978882-n] (a small pouch inside a garment for carrying small articles)

                    • breast pocket [ENG31-02898590-n] (a pocket inside of a man's coat)
                    • hip pocket [ENG31-03527062-n] (a pocket in rear of trousers)
                    • patch pocket [ENG31-03904092-n] (a flat pocket sewn to the outside of a garment)
                    • slash pocket [ENG31-04241366-n] (a pocket in a garment (usually below the waist) to which access is provided by a vertical or diagonal slit in the outside of the garment)
                    • vest pocket [ENG31-04539693-n] (a small pocket in a man's vest)

                      • fob [ENG31-03379916-n] (a vest pocket to hold a pocket watch)
                  • sporran [ENG31-04291710-n] (a fur or leather pouch worn at the front of the kilt as part of the traditional dress of Scottish Highlanders)
                  • tobacco pouch [ENG31-04450298-n] (a pouch for carrying pipe tobacco)
                  • waist pack [ENG31-04551736-n] (a small pouch (usually with a zipper) that attaches to a belt and is worn around the waist)

                    • fanny pack [ENG31-03326508-n] (a waist pack worn with the pouch in back)
                • purse [ENG31-04032893-n] (a small bag for carrying money)
                • ragbag [ENG31-04053184-n] (a bag in which rags are kept)
                • rosin bag [ENG31-04117375-n] (a bag filled with rosin)
                • sachet [ENG31-04129779-n] (a small soft bag containing perfumed powder)
                • sack [ENG31-04129919-n] (a bag made of paper or plastic for holding customer's purchases)

                  • doggie bag [ENG31-03222592-n] (a bag for food that a customer did not eat at a restaurant)
                  • grocery bag [ENG31-03466220-n] (a sack for holding customer's groceries)
                • saddlebag [ENG31-04131199-n] (a large bag (or pair of bags) hung over a saddle)
                • sandbag [ENG31-04141091-n] (a bag filled with sand)
                • schoolbag [ENG31-04153408-n] (a bag for carrying school books and supplies)
                • shopping bag [ENG31-04211127-n] (a bag made of plastic or strong paper (often with handles))
                • sick bag [ENG31-04220010-n] (a bag provided on an airplane for passengers who are suffering from airsickness and need to vomit)
                • skin [ENG31-04237283-n] (a bag serving as a container for liquids)

                  • waterskin [ENG31-04569676-n] (a container of skin for holding water)
                  • wineskin [ENG31-04599923-n] (an animal skin (usually a goatskin) that forms a bag and is used to hold and dispense wine)
                • sleeping bag [ENG31-04242966-n] (large padded bag designed to be slept in outdoors)
                • sweat bag [ENG31-04376572-n] (a porous bag (usually of canvas) that holds water and cools it by evaporation)
                • tea bag [ENG31-04403943-n] (small paper bag holding a measure of tea)
                • toilet bag [ENG31-04453978-n] (a waterproof bag for holding bathrooms items (soap and toothpaste etc.) when you are travelling)
                • tool bag [ENG31-04459799-n] (a bag in which tools are carried)
                • tucker-bag [ENG31-04502605-n] (a bag used for carrying food)
              • bag [ENG31-02777157-n] (a container used for carrying money and small personal items or accessories (especially by women))

                • clutch bag [ENG31-03059403-n] (a woman's strapless purse that is carried in the hand)
                • etui [ENG31-03306236-n] (small ornamental ladies' bag for small articles)
                • evening bag [ENG31-03306885-n] (a handbag used with evening wear)
                • reticule [ENG31-04090421-n] (a woman's drawstring handbag)
                • shoulder bag [ENG31-04214410-n] (a large handbag that can be carried by a strap looped over the shoulder)
              • basket [ENG31-02805104-n] (a container that is usually woven and has handles)

                • breadbasket [ENG31-02896870-n] (a basket for serving bread)
                • bushel basket [ENG31-02928393-n] (a basket large enough to hold a bushel)
                • creel [ENG31-03134499-n] (a wicker basket used by anglers to hold fish)
                • frail [ENG31-03395519-n] (a basket for holding dried fruit (especially raisins or figs))
                • hamper [ENG31-03487488-n] (a basket usually with a cover)

                  • clothes hamper [ENG31-03054849-n] (a hamper that holds dirty clothes to be washed or wet clothes to be dried)
                  • food hamper [ENG31-03383188-n] (a hamper for packing and transporting food)
                • punnet [ENG31-04031256-n] (a small light basket used as a measure for fruits)
                • shopping basket [ENG31-04211284-n] (a handbasket used to carry goods while shopping)
                • skep [ENG31-04234112-n] (a large round wicker basket (used on farms))
                • wicker basket [ENG31-04589635-n] (a basket made of wickerwork)

                  • pannier [ENG31-03889082-n] (a large basket (usually one of a pair) carried by a beast of burden or on by a person)
              • bin [ENG31-02843139-n] (a container)

                • ashcan [ENG31-02750182-n] (a bin that holds rubbish until it is collected)
                • coalbin [ENG31-03059995-n] (a bin for holding coal)
                • flour bin [ENG31-03372815-n] (a bin for holding flour)
                • litterbin [ENG31-03683884-n] (bin (usually in or outside a public building) into which the public can put rubbish)
                • parts bin [ENG31-03900374-n] (a bin for holding spare parts)
                • recycling bin [ENG31-04072901-n] (a bin for depositing things to be recycled)

                  • bottle bank [ENG31-02880755-n] (a place where bottles can be deposited for recycling)
              • bowl [ENG31-02884638-n] (a small round container that is open at the top for holding tobacco)
              • box [ENG31-02886585-n] (a (usually rectangular) container)

                • ballot box [ENG31-02785704-n] (a box where voters deposit their ballots)
                • bandbox [ENG31-02789354-n] (a light cylindrical box for holding light articles of attire (especially hats))
                • carton [ENG31-02974815-n] (a box made of cardboard)

                  • six-pack [ENG31-04232284-n] (a carton containing six bottles or cans)
                • casket [ENG31-02981514-n] (small and often ornate box for holding jewels or other valuables)
                • cereal box [ENG31-03001610-n] (a paper box in which breakfast cereals are sold)
                • chest [ENG31-03018359-n] (box with a lid)

                  • caisson [ENG31-02940621-n] (a chest to hold ammunition)
                  • cedar chest [ENG31-02992554-n] (a chest made of cedar)
                  • coffer [ENG31-03068353-n] (a chest especially for storing valuables)
                  • hope chest [ENG31-03540204-n] (chest for storage of clothing (trousseau) and household goods in anticipation of marriage)
                  • pyx [ENG31-04036750-n] (a chest in which coins from the mint are held to await assay)
                  • sea chest [ENG31-04166017-n] (a sailor's storage chest for personal property)
                  • tea chest [ENG31-04404303-n] (chest for storing or transporting tea)
                  • toolbox [ENG31-04459886-n] (a box or chest or cabinet for holding hand tools)
                  • toy box [ENG31-04469246-n] (chest for storage of toys)
                  • treasure chest [ENG31-04484783-n] (a chest filled with valuables)
                • cigar box [ENG31-03034338-n] (a box for holding cigars)
                • coffin [ENG31-03068762-n] (box in which a corpse is buried or cremated)

                  • bier [ENG31-02839597-n] (a coffin along with its stand)
                  • sarcophagus [ENG31-04143128-n] (a stone coffin (usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions))
                • crate [ENG31-03132576-n] (a rugged box (usually made of wood))

                  • packing box [ENG31-03877402-n] (a large crate in which goods are packed for shipment or storage)
                  • soapbox [ENG31-04261041-n] (a crate for packing soap)
                • flat [ENG31-03364884-n] (a shallow box in which seedlings are started)
                • hod [ENG31-03529467-n] (an open box attached to a long pole handle)
                • mailbox [ENG31-03715732-n] (a private box for delivery of mail)
                • matchbox [ENG31-03734893-n] (a box for holding matches)
                • paintbox [ENG31-03881789-n] (a box containing a collection of cubes or tubes of artists' paint)
                • pencil box [ENG31-03914737-n] (a box for holding pencils)
                • playbox [ENG31-03969777-n] (a box for a child's toys and personal things (especially at a boarding school))
                • poor box [ENG31-03989125-n] (box for collecting alms, especially one in a church)
                • pyxis [ENG31-04036890-n] (a small box used by ancient Greeks to hold medicines)
                • shadow box [ENG31-04189195-n] (a shallow rectangular box with a transparent front used to protect and display small items (jewelry, coins, etc.))
                • shoebox [ENG31-04207301-n] (an oblong rectangular (usually cardboard) box designed to hold a pair of shoes)
                • snuffbox [ENG31-04260167-n] (a small ornamental box for carrying snuff in your pocket)
                • strongbox [ENG31-04347828-n] (a strongly made box for holding money or valuables)

                  • cashbox [ENG31-02980398-n] (a strongbox for holding cash)

                    • cash register [ENG31-02980897-n] (a cashbox with an adding machine to register transactions)
                  • safe [ENG31-04132122-n] (strongbox where valuables can be safely kept)
                  • safe-deposit [ENG31-04132358-n] (a fireproof metal strongbox (usually in a bank) for storing valuables)
                • tinderbox [ENG31-04446639-n] (a box for holding tinder)
                • tuck box [ENG31-04502346-n] (a box for storing eatables (especially at boarding school))
                • window box [ENG31-04596628-n] (a long narrow box for growing plants on a windowsill)
              • bread-bin [ENG31-02896954-n] (a container used to keep bread or cake in)
              • bunker [ENG31-02924042-n] (a large container for storing fuel)
              • can [ENG31-02950393-n] (airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc.)

                • beer can [ENG31-02826652-n] (a can that holds beer)
                • caddy [ENG31-02938771-n] (a can for storing tea)
                • cannikin [ENG31-02953556-n] (a small can)
                • coffee can [ENG31-03066988-n] (a can for storing ground coffee)
                • milk can [ENG31-03770271-n] (large can for transporting milk)
                • oilcan [ENG31-03848836-n] (a can with a long nozzle to apply oil to machinery)
                • soda can [ENG31-04262696-n] (a can for holding soft drinks)
              • canister [ENG31-02952978-n] (metal container for storing dry foods such as tea or flour)
              • capsule [ENG31-02961191-n] (a small container)

                • paintball [ENG31-03881484-n] (a capsule filled with water-soluble dye used as a projectile in playing the game of paintball)
              • cargo container [ENG31-02968295-n] (a large container for freight)
              • case [ENG31-02978156-n] (a portable container for carrying several objects)

                • baggage [ENG31-02777635-n] (cases used to carry belongings when traveling)

                  • bag [ENG31-02776843-n] (a portable rectangular container for carrying clothes)

                    • carpetbag [ENG31-02970746-n] (traveling bag made of carpet)
                    • garment bag [ENG31-03425255-n] (a suitcase that unfolds to be hung up)
                    • gripsack [ENG31-03465387-n] (a small suitcase)
                    • overnighter [ENG31-03870909-n] (a small traveling bag to carry clothing and accessories for staying overnight)

                      • valise [ENG31-04526059-n] (a small overnight bag for short trips)
                    • portmanteau [ENG31-03993307-n] (a large travelling bag made of stiff leather)
                    • weekender [ENG31-04578101-n] (a small suitcase to carry clothing and accessories for a weekend trip)
                  • dressing case [ENG31-03242542-n] (a small piece of luggage for carrying brushes and bottles and toilet articles while traveling)
                  • hand luggage [ENG31-03492616-n] (luggage that is light enough to be carried by hand)
                  • hatbox [ENG31-03503566-n] (a round piece of luggage for carrying hats)
                  • imperial [ENG31-03568791-n] (a piece of luggage carried on top of a coach)
                  • satchel [ENG31-04144300-n] (luggage consisting of a small case with a flat bottom and (usually) a shoulder strap)
                  • trunk [ENG31-04499064-n] (luggage consisting of a large strong case used when traveling or for storage)

                    • footlocker [ENG31-03385147-n] (a trunk for storing personal possessions)
                • briefcase [ENG31-02903988-n] (a case with a handle)

                  • attache case [ENG31-02758145-n] (a shallow and rectangular briefcase)
                • cardcase [ENG31-02966279-n] (a small case for carrying business cards)
                • cigarette case [ENG31-03034997-n] (a small flat case for holding cigarettes)
                • compact [ENG31-03082999-n] (a small cosmetics case with a mirror)
                • dispatch case [ENG31-03215093-n] (case consisting of an oblong container (usually having a lock) for carrying dispatches or other valuables)
                • glasses case [ENG31-03443787-n] (a case for carrying spectacles)
                • gun case [ENG31-03473753-n] (a case for storing a gun)
                • kit [ENG31-03624859-n] (a case for containing a set of articles)

                  • ditty bag [ENG31-03219285-n] (kit used by sailors and soldiers)
                  • toilet kit [ENG31-04454290-n] (a kit for carrying toilet articles while traveling)
                • letter case [ENG31-03663428-n] (case for carrying letters)
                • locket [ENG31-03689321-n] (a small ornamental case)
                • pillbox [ENG31-03944027-n] (a small case for holding pills)
                • portfolio [ENG31-03992713-n] (a large, flat, thin case for carrying loose papers or drawings or maps)
                • quiver [ENG31-04042312-n] (case for holding arrows)
                • shoe [ENG31-04207043-n] ((card games) a case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time)
                • sleeve [ENG31-04243808-n] (small case into which an object fits)

                  • record sleeve [ENG31-04071859-n] (a sleeve for storing a phonograph record)
                • wallet [ENG31-04555648-n] (a pocket-size case for holding papers and paper money)
                • watch case [ENG31-04563819-n] (the metal case in which the works of a watch are housed)
                • writing desk [ENG31-04615793-n] (a portable case containing writing materials and having a writing surface)
              • case [ENG31-02978671-n] (a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home)

                • trophy case [ENG31-04495458-n] (a case in which to display trophies)
              • cassette [ENG31-02982340-n] (a container that holds a magnetic tape used for recording or playing sound or video)

                • audiocassette [ENG31-02759982-n] (a cassette for audiotape)
                • videocassette [ENG31-04540995-n] (a cassette for videotape)
              • cylinder [ENG31-03160945-n] (a cylindrical container for oxygen or compressed air)
              • dice cup [ENG31-03195970-n] (a small container (open at one end) in which dice are shaken by hand and from which they are thrown)
              • dispenser [ENG31-03215404-n] (a container so designed that the contents can be used in prescribed amounts)

                • aerosol [ENG31-02685776-n] (a dispenser that holds a substance under pressure and that can release it as a fine spray (usually by means of a propellant gas))

                  • pepper spray [ENG31-03920702-n] (a nonlethal aerosol spray made with the pepper derivative oleoresin capiscum)
                • atomizer [ENG31-02757108-n] (a dispenser that turns a liquid (such as perfume) into a fine mist)

                  • airbrush [ENG31-02688854-n] (an atomizer to spray paint by means of compressed air)
                • inhaler [ENG31-03576431-n] (a dispenser that produces a chemical vapor to be inhaled in order to relieve nasal congestion)
                • roll-on [ENG31-04110863-n] (a dispenser of a liquid cosmetic (such as a deodorant) having a revolving ball as an applicator)
                • slinger ring [ENG31-04247007-n] (dispenser consisting of a tubular ring around the propeller hub of an airplane through which antifreeze solution is spread over the blades)
                • soap dispenser [ENG31-04261230-n] (dispenser of liquid soap)
              • drawer [ENG31-03238608-n] (a boxlike container in a piece of furniture)
              • Dumpster [ENG31-03260735-n] (a container designed to receive and transport and dump waste)
              • empty [ENG31-03289219-n] (a container that has been emptied)
              • envelope [ENG31-03296730-n] (a flat (usually rectangular) container for a letter, thin package, etc.)

                • window envelope [ENG31-04596737-n] (an envelope with a transparent panel that reveals the address on the enclosure)
              • glass [ENG31-03443167-n] (a container made of glass for holding liquids while drinking)

                • beer glass [ENG31-02826892-n] (a relatively large glass for serving beer)
                • bumper [ENG31-02922215-n] (a glass filled to the brim (especially as a toast))
                • goblet [ENG31-03448295-n] (a drinking glass with a base and stem)
                • highball glass [ENG31-03523298-n] (a tall glass for serving highballs)
                • liqueur glass [ENG31-03681949-n] (a small glass for serving a small amount of liqueur (typically after dinner))
                • parfait glass [ENG31-03895930-n] (a tall slender glass with a short stem in which parfait is served)
                • rummer [ENG31-04126454-n] (a large drinking glass (ovoid bowl on a stem) for drinking toasts)
                • schooner [ENG31-04154356-n] (a large beer glass)
                • seidel [ENG31-04175533-n] (a glass for beer)
                • shot glass [ENG31-04213292-n] (a small glass adequate to hold a single swallow of whiskey)
                • snifter [ENG31-04256992-n] (a globular glass with a small top)
                • tumbler [ENG31-04504167-n] (a glass with a flat bottom but no handle or stem)
                • water glass [ENG31-04567196-n] (a glass for drinking water)
                • wineglass [ENG31-04599402-n] (a glass that has a stem and in which wine is served)

                  • flute [ENG31-03377395-n] (a tall narrow wineglass)
              • grab bag [ENG31-03455918-n] (a container from which a person draws a wrapped item at random without knowing the contents)
              • magnetic bottle [ENG31-03711347-n] (container consisting of any configuration of magnetic fields used to contain a plasma during controlled thermonuclear reactions)
              • mailer [ENG31-03716067-n] (a container for something to be mailed)

                • airmailer [ENG31-02693574-n] (a mailer for airmail)
              • manger [ENG31-03722670-n] (a container (usually in a barn or stable) from which cattle or horses feed)

                • bunk [ENG31-02923548-n] (a long trough for feeding cattle)
              • measure [ENG31-03739135-n] (a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance)

                • measuring cup [ENG31-03739296-n] (graduated cup used to measure liquid or granular ingredients)
              • mold [ENG31-03784903-n] (container into which liquid is poured to create a given shape when it hardens)

                • form [ENG31-03389381-n] (a mold for setting concrete)
                • matrix [ENG31-03736146-n] (mold used in the production of phonograph records, type, or other relief surface)
                • pig bed [ENG31-03941392-n] (mold consisting of a bed of sand in which pig iron is cast)
                • sandbox [ENG31-04141606-n] (mold consisting of a box with sand shaped to mold metal)
              • package [ENG31-03876761-n] (a wrapped container)

                • bundle [ENG31-02922798-n] (a package of several things tied together for carrying or storing)

                  • bale [ENG31-02781461-n] (a large bundle bound for storage or transport)

                    • hay bale [ENG31-03505533-n] (a bale of hay)
                  • fagot [ENG31-03322178-n] (a bundle of sticks and branches bound together)
                  • pack [ENG31-03876350-n] (a bundle (especially one carried on the back))
                  • swag [ENG31-04375196-n] (a bundle containing the personal belongings of a swagman)
                • pack [ENG31-03876224-n] (a convenient package or parcel (as of cigarettes or film))
                • packet [ENG31-03877306-n] (a small package or bundle)

                  • deck [ENG31-03172644-n] (street name for a packet of illegal drugs)

                    • dime bag [ENG31-03203503-n] (street name for a packet of illegal drugs that is sold for ten dollars)
              • pan [ENG31-03886020-n] (shallow container made of metal)

                • bain-marie [ENG31-02779012-n] (a large pan that is filled with hot water)
                • dishpan [ENG31-03212269-n] (large pan for washing dishes)
                • drip pan [ENG31-03246967-n] (pan under a refrigerator for collecting liquid waste)
                • pannikin [ENG31-03889361-n] (a small pan or cup (usually of tin))
                • warming pan [ENG31-04559119-n] (a long-handled covered pan holding live coals to warm a bed)
              • pod [ENG31-03980303-n] (a detachable container of fuel on an airplane)
              • pot [ENG31-03997420-n] (a container in which plants are cultivated)

                • planter [ENG31-03963609-n] (a decorative pot for house plants)
              • powder horn [ENG31-04000972-n] (container for carrying gunpowder)
              • receptacle [ENG31-04068016-n] (a container that is used to put or keep things in)

                • ash-pan [ENG31-02750677-n] (a receptacle fitted beneath the grate in which ashes collect and are removed)
                • ashtray [ENG31-02750807-n] (a receptacle for the ash from smokers' cigars or cigarettes)
                • beehive [ENG31-02826007-n] (a man-made receptacle that houses a swarm of bees)

                  • skep [ENG31-04234024-n] (a domed beehive made of twisted straw)
                • case [ENG31-02979048-n] ((printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers)
                • cat box [ENG31-02985970-n] (a receptacle for cat excrement)
                • catchall [ENG31-02986527-n] (an enclosure or receptacle for odds and ends)
                • chamberpot [ENG31-03007879-n] (a receptacle for urination or defecation in the bedroom)
                • coin box [ENG31-03070468-n] (the part of a slot machine that serves as a receptacle for the coins)
                • dustpan [ENG31-03263712-n] (a short-handled receptacle into which dust can be swept)
                • garbage [ENG31-03421810-n] (a receptacle where waste can be discarded)
                • hopper [ENG31-03540464-n] (funnel-shaped receptacle)
                • hot-water bottle [ENG31-03548915-n] (a stoppered receptacle (usually made of rubber) that is to be filled with hot water and used for warming a bed or parts of the body)
                • in-basket [ENG31-03571010-n] (a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your incoming material)
                • ossuary [ENG31-03863605-n] (any receptacle for the burial of human bones)
                • out-basket [ENG31-03864357-n] (a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your outgoing material)
                • plate [ENG31-03966668-n] (a shallow receptacle for collection in church)
                • pyx [ENG31-04036637-n] (any receptacle in which wafers for the Eucharist are kept)
                • save-all [ENG31-04146831-n] (a receptacle for catching waste products for further use)
                • silent butler [ENG31-04225988-n] (a small receptacle with a handle and a hinged lid)
                • socket [ENG31-04262273-n] (receptacle where something (a pipe or probe or end of a bone) is inserted)
                • spittoon [ENG31-04288398-n] (a receptacle for spit (usually in a public place))
                • tidy [ENG31-04440211-n] (receptacle that holds odds and ends (as sewing materials))
                • tray [ENG31-04483494-n] (an open receptacle for holding or displaying or serving articles or food)

                  • alms dish [ENG31-02701103-n] (a tray for collecting the offering from a congregation)
                  • cafeteria tray [ENG31-02939560-n] (a tray for carrying your food in a cafeteria)
                  • cheeseboard [ENG31-03015813-n] (tray on which cheeses are served)
                  • icetray [ENG31-03563919-n] (a tray for making cubes of ice in a refrigerator)
                  • inkstand [ENG31-03577356-n] (a tray or stand for writing implements and containers for ink)
                  • salver [ENG31-04139012-n] (a tray (or large plate) for serving food or drinks)
                  • tea tray [ENG31-04406181-n] (a tray that accommodates a tea service)
                  • turntable [ENG31-04509132-n] (a revolving tray placed on a dining table)
                • trough [ENG31-04495683-n] (a long narrow shallow receptacle)

                  • rocker [ENG31-04105889-n] (a trough that can be rocked back and forth)
              • reliquary [ENG31-04081297-n] (a container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints))
              • saltcellar [ENG31-04138582-n] (a small container for holding salt at the dining table)
              • savings bank [ENG31-04146942-n] (a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home)

                • piggy bank [ENG31-03941611-n] (a child's coin bank (often shaped like a pig))
              • scuttle [ENG31-04165063-n] (container for coal)
              • shaker [ENG31-04190372-n] (a container in which something can be shaken)

                • caster [ENG31-02983662-n] (a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling powdered sugar)
                • cocktail shaker [ENG31-03066248-n] (a shaker for mixing cocktails)
                • pepper shaker [ENG31-03920557-n] (a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling ground pepper)
                • saltshaker [ENG31-04138773-n] (a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling salt)
              • storage ring [ENG31-04335841-n] (container consisting of a set of magnets set in a doughnut-shaped ring around which charged particles from an accelerator can be kept circulating until they are used)
              • time capsule [ENG31-04444126-n] (container for preserving historical records to be discovered at some future time)
              • vessel [ENG31-04538393-n] (an object used as a container (especially for liquids))

                • autoclave [ENG31-02761965-n] (a device for heating substances above their boiling point)

                  • digester [ENG31-03200016-n] (autoclave consisting of a vessel in which plant or animal materials are digested)
                  • pressure cooker [ENG31-04007623-n] (autoclave for cooking at temperatures above the boiling point of water)
                • barrel [ENG31-02798192-n] (a cylindrical container that holds liquids)

                  • beer barrel [ENG31-02826477-n] (a barrel that holds beer)
                  • butt [ENG31-02930992-n] (a large cask (especially one holding a volume equivalent to 2 hogsheads or 126 gallons))

                    • water butt [ENG31-04565037-n] (a butt set on end to contain water especially to store rainwater)
                  • hogshead [ENG31-03530156-n] (a large cask especially one holding 63 gals)
                  • keg [ENG31-03615631-n] (small cask or barrel)

                    • firkin [ENG31-03354142-n] (a small wooden keg)
                    • powder keg [ENG31-04001115-n] (keg (usually made of metal) for gunpowder or blasting powder)
                  • pickle barrel [ENG31-03936753-n] (a barrel holding vinegar in which cucumbers are pickled)
                  • shook [ENG31-04208661-n] (a disassembled barrel)
                  • tun [ENG31-04504737-n] (a large cask especially one holding a volume equivalent to 2 butts or 252 gals)
                  • wine cask [ENG31-04599308-n] (a barrel that holds wine)
                • basin [ENG31-02804691-n] (a bowl-shaped vessel)

                  • aspersorium [ENG31-02751364-n] (the basin or other vessel that holds holy water in Roman Catholic Churches)
                  • baptismal font [ENG31-02791595-n] (bowl for baptismal water)
                  • bidet [ENG31-02839379-n] (a basin for washing genitals and anal area)
                  • birdbath [ENG31-02846396-n] (an ornamental basin (usually in a garden) for birds to bathe in)
                  • emesis basin [ENG31-03288324-n] (a basin used by bedridden patients for vomiting)
                  • laver [ENG31-03654602-n] ((Old Testament) large basin used by a priest in an ancient Jewish temple to perform ritual ablutions)
                  • stoup [ENG31-04337247-n] (basin for holy water)
                  • washbasin [ENG31-04560989-n] (a basin for washing the hands (`wash-hand basin' is a British expression))
                • bath [ENG31-02809715-n] (a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it))
                • bathtub [ENG31-02811600-n] (a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body)

                  • footbath [ENG31-03384189-n] (a small bathtub for warming or washing or disinfecting the feet)
                  • hot tub [ENG31-03548783-n] (a very large tub (large enough for more than one bather) filled with hot water)
                  • sitz bath [ENG31-04232093-n] (a bathtub in which your buttocks and hips are immersed as if you were sitting in a chair and you bathe in a sitting position)
                • bedpan [ENG31-02824337-n] (a shallow vessel used by a bedridden patient for defecation and urination)
                • boiler [ENG31-02867090-n] (sealed vessel where water is converted to steam)

                  • auxiliary boiler [ENG31-02765730-n] ((nautical) an extra boiler (as a ship's boiler that is used while the ship is in port))
                • bone-ash cup [ENG31-02872315-n] (a small porous bowl made of bone ash used in assaying to separate precious metals from e.g. lead)
                • bottle [ENG31-02879899-n] (a glass or plastic vessel used for storing drinks or other liquids)

                  • beer bottle [ENG31-02826570-n] (a bottle that holds beer)
                  • carafe [ENG31-02964339-n] (a bottle with a stopper)
                  • carboy [ENG31-02965497-n] (a large bottle for holding corrosive liquids)
                  • catsup bottle [ENG31-02989418-n] (a bottle that holds catsup)
                  • cruet [ENG31-03145082-n] (bottle that holds wine or oil or vinegar for the table)
                  • demijohn [ENG31-03179116-n] (large bottle with a short narrow neck)
                  • flask [ENG31-03364412-n] (bottle that has a narrow neck)

                    • ampulla [ENG31-02709080-n] (a flask that has two handles)
                    • canteen [ENG31-02955810-n] (a flask for carrying water)
                    • Erlenmeyer flask [ENG31-03300175-n] (a conical flask with a wide base and narrow neck)
                    • hipflask [ENG31-03526838-n] (a flask that holds spirits)
                    • round-bottom flask [ENG31-04121062-n] (a spherical flask with a narrow neck)
                    • vacuum flask [ENG31-04525427-n] (flask with double walls separated by vacuum)

                      • Dewar flask [ENG31-03190552-n] (vacuum flask that holds liquid air or helium for scientific experiments)
                      • thermos [ENG31-04429862-n] (vacuum flask that preserves temperature of hot or cold drinks)
                  • gourd [ENG31-03454395-n] (bottle made from the dried shell of a bottle gourd)
                  • ink bottle [ENG31-03576776-n] (a bottle of ink)
                  • jug [ENG31-03608935-n] (a large bottle with a narrow mouth)

                    • bellarmine [ENG31-02828382-n] (a stoneware drinking jug with a long neck)
                    • water jug [ENG31-04568090-n] (a jug that holds water)
                    • whiskey jug [ENG31-04586431-n] (a jug that contains whiskey)
                  • phial [ENG31-03929501-n] (a small bottle that contains a drug (especially a sealed sterile container for injection by needle))
                  • pill bottle [ENG31-03943819-n] (a small bottle for holding pills)
                  • pop bottle [ENG31-03989754-n] (a bottle for holding soft drinks)
                  • smelling bottle [ENG31-04253188-n] (a bottle containing smelling salts)
                  • specimen bottle [ENG31-04278903-n] (a bottle for holding urine specimens)
                  • water bottle [ENG31-04564934-n] (a bottle for holding water)

                    • lota [ENG31-03696177-n] (a globular water bottle used in Asia)
                  • whiskey bottle [ENG31-04586342-n] (a bottle for holding whiskey)
                  • wine bottle [ENG31-04599016-n] (a bottle for holding wine)

                    • bota [ENG31-02879699-n] (a wine bottle made of leather)
                    • jeroboam [ENG31-03600602-n] (a large wine bottle (holds 4/5 of a gallon))
                    • magnum [ENG31-03714902-n] (a large wine bottle for liquor or wine)
                    • nebuchadnezzar [ENG31-03819486-n] (a very large wine bottle holding the equivalent of 20 normal bottles of wine)
                • bottle [ENG31-02880508-n] (a vessel fitted with a flexible teat and filled with milk or formula)
                • bowl [ENG31-02884435-n] (a round vessel that is open at the top)

                  • fishbowl [ENG31-03355050-n] (a transparent bowl in which small fish are kept)
                  • jorum [ENG31-03607407-n] (a large drinking bowl)
                  • mazer [ENG31-03738956-n] (a large hardwood drinking bowl)
                  • toilet bowl [ENG31-04454162-n] (the bowl of a toilet that can be flushed with water)
                • bucket [ENG31-02913195-n] (a roughly cylindrical vessel that is open at the top)

                  • cannikin [ENG31-02953622-n] (a wooden bucket)
                  • dinner pail [ENG31-03206680-n] (a pail in which a workman carries his lunch or dinner)
                  • dredging bucket [ENG31-03241283-n] (a bucket for lifting material from a channel or riverbed)

                    • clamshell [ENG31-03041093-n] (a dredging bucket with hinges like the shell of a clam)
                  • kibble [ENG31-03621196-n] (an iron bucket used for hoisting in wells or mining)
                  • slop pail [ENG31-04250131-n] (a large pail used to receive waste water from a washbasin or chamber pot)
                  • wine bucket [ENG31-04599190-n] (a bucket of ice used to chill a bottle of wine)
                • censer [ENG31-02996823-n] (a container for burning incense (especially one that is swung on a chain in a religious ritual))
                • churn [ENG31-03033147-n] (a vessel in which cream is agitated to separate butterfat from buttermilk)
                • crucible [ENG31-03144777-n] (a vessel made of material that does not melt easily)
                • drinking vessel [ENG31-03246199-n] (a vessel intended for drinking)

                  • loving cup [ENG31-03699033-n] (a large drinking vessel (usually with two handles) that people drink out of in turn at a banquet)
                  • mug [ENG31-03802912-n] (with handle and usually cylindrical)

                    • beer mug [ENG31-02827200-n] (a mug intended for serving beer)
                    • coffee mug [ENG31-03067602-n] (a mug intended for serving coffee)
                    • toby [ENG31-04450900-n] (a drinking mug in the shape of a stout man wearing a three-cornered hat)
                  • stoup [ENG31-04337327-n] (an archaic drinking vessel)
                  • tankard [ENG31-04396517-n] (large drinking vessel with one handle)
                • drum [ENG31-03254659-n] (a cylindrical metal container used for shipping or storage of liquids)
                • eyecup [ENG31-03313559-n] (a small vessel with a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye)
                • flagon [ENG31-03360614-n] (a large metal or pottery vessel with a handle and spout)
                • jar [ENG31-03598713-n] (a vessel (usually cylindrical) with a wide mouth and without handles)

                  • amphora [ENG31-02708288-n] (an ancient jar with two handles and a narrow neck)
                  • beaker [ENG31-02818969-n] (a flatbottomed jar made of glass or plastic)
                  • canopic jar [ENG31-02955139-n] (a jar used in ancient Egypt to contain entrails of an embalmed body)
                  • cookie jar [ENG31-03106315-n] (a jar in which cookies are kept (and sometimes money is hidden))
                  • crock [ENG31-03138066-n] (an earthen jar (made of baked clay))
                  • cruse [ENG31-03146263-n] (small jar)
                  • jampot [ENG31-03598309-n] (a jar for holding jellies or preserves)
                  • Mason jar [ENG31-03731091-n] (a glass jar with an air-tight screw top)
                  • vase [ENG31-04529463-n] (an open jar of glass or porcelain used as an ornament or to hold flowers)

                    • urn [ENG31-04523411-n] (a large vase that usually has a pedestal or feet)
                • ladle [ENG31-03638382-n] (a spoon-shaped vessel with a long handle)

                  • dipper [ENG31-03208990-n] (a ladle that has a cup with a long handle)
                  • scoop [ENG31-04156148-n] (a large ladle)
                  • soup ladle [ENG31-04270446-n] (a ladle for serving soup)
                • monstrance [ENG31-03789803-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a vessel (usually of gold or silver) in which the consecrated Host is exposed for adoration)
                • mortar [ENG31-03792434-n] (a bowl-shaped vessel in which substances can be ground and mixed with a pestle)
                • muller [ENG31-03803687-n] (a vessel in which wine is mulled)
                • pitcher [ENG31-03956504-n] (an open vessel with a handle and a spout for pouring)

                  • cream pitcher [ENG31-03133652-n] (a small pitcher for serving cream)
                • poacher [ENG31-03978730-n] (a cooking vessel designed to poach food (such as fish or eggs))
                • pot [ENG31-03996832-n] (metal or earthenware cooking vessel that is usually round and deep)

                  • caldron [ENG31-02942602-n] (a very large pot that is used for boiling)
                  • coffeepot [ENG31-03067692-n] (tall pot in which coffee is brewed)

                    • drip pot [ENG31-03247209-n] (a coffeepot for making drip coffee)
                    • percolator [ENG31-03921237-n] (a coffeepot in which boiling water ascends through a central tube and filters back down through a basket of ground coffee beans)
                  • dixie [ENG31-03221265-n] (a large metal pot (12 gallon camp kettle) for cooking)
                  • Dutch oven [ENG31-03264104-n] (iron or earthenware cooking pot)
                  • kettle [ENG31-03618023-n] (a metal pot for stewing or boiling)

                    • teakettle [ENG31-04404903-n] (kettle for boiling water to make tea)
                  • marmite [ENG31-03728318-n] (a large pot especially one with legs used e.g. for cooking soup)
                  • pottle [ENG31-03999333-n] (a pot that holds 2 quarts)
                  • saucepot [ENG31-04146223-n] (a cooking pot that has handles on either side and tight fitting lid)
                  • stockpot [ENG31-04331435-n] (a pot used for preparing soup stock)
                  • teapot [ENG31-04405179-n] (pot for brewing tea)
                  • urn [ENG31-04523509-n] (a large pot for making coffee or tea)

                    • coffee urn [ENG31-03068253-n] (an urn in which coffee is made and kept hot)
                    • samovar [ENG31-04140068-n] (a metal urn with a spigot at the base)
                    • tea urn [ENG31-04406293-n] (an urn in which tea is brewed and from which it is served)
                • retort [ENG31-04090761-n] (a vessel where substances are distilled or decomposed by heat)

                  • alembic [ENG31-02699105-n] (an obsolete kind of container used for distillation)
                • steeper [ENG31-04319449-n] (a vessel (usually a pot or vat) used for steeping)
                • tank [ENG31-04395830-n] (a large (usually metallic) vessel for holding gases or liquids)

                  • aquarium [ENG31-02735077-n] (a tank or pool or bowl filled with water for keeping live fish and underwater animals)
                  • cistern [ENG31-03039700-n] (a tank that holds the water used to flush a toilet)
                  • gas holder [ENG31-03428478-n] (a large gas-tight spherical or cylindrical tank for holding gas to be used as fuel)
                  • gas tank [ENG31-03431044-n] (a tank for holding gasoline to supply a vehicle)
                  • reservoir [ENG31-04085686-n] (tank used for collecting and storing a liquid (as water or oil))

                    • sump [ENG31-04361465-n] (an oil reservoir in an internal combustion engine)
                    • water tower [ENG31-04570221-n] (a large reservoir for water)
                  • septic tank [ENG31-04180107-n] (large tank where solid matter or sewage is disintegrated by bacteria)
                  • water heater [ENG31-04567399-n] (a heater and storage tank to supply heated water)

                    • water back [ENG31-04564397-n] (water heater consisting of a tank or pipes set at the back of a fireplace or in the firebox of a stove)
                • tin [ENG31-04446031-n] (a vessel (box, can, pan, etc.) made of tinplate and used mainly in baking)
                • tub [ENG31-04500676-n] (a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids)

                  • washtub [ENG31-04562886-n] (a tub in which clothes or linens can be washed)
                • urceole [ENG31-04523185-n] (a vessel that holds water for washing the hands)
                • water jacket [ENG31-04567905-n] (a container filled with water that surrounds a machine to cool it)
                • well [ENG31-04580221-n] (a cavity or vessel used to contain liquid)

                  • inkwell [ENG31-03577472-n] (a small well holding writing ink into which a pen can be dipped)
              • wastepaper basket [ENG31-04562986-n] (a container with an open top)
              • watering can [ENG31-04567578-n] (a container with a handle and a spout with a perforated nozzle)
              • wheeled vehicle [ENG31-04583497-n] (a vehicle that moves on wheels and usually has a container for transporting things or people)

                • baby buggy [ENG31-02769539-n] (a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby or child is pushed around)

                  • bassinet [ENG31-02807681-n] (a perambulator that resembles a bassinet)
                • bicycle [ENG31-02837983-n] (a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals)

                  • bicycle-built-for-two [ENG31-02838476-n] (a bicycle with two sets of pedals and two seats)
                  • mountain bike [ENG31-03798315-n] (a bicycle with a sturdy frame and fat tires)
                  • ordinary [ENG31-03859444-n] (an early bicycle with a very large front wheel and small back wheel)
                  • push-bike [ENG31-04033289-n] (a bicycle that must be pedaled)
                  • safety bicycle [ENG31-04133167-n] (bicycle that has two wheels of equal size)
                  • velocipede [ENG31-04532011-n] (any of several early bicycles with pedals on the front wheel)
                • boneshaker [ENG31-02872924-n] (any wheeled vehicle that is dilapidated and uncomfortable)
                • car [ENG31-02963378-n] (a wheeled vehicle adapted to the rails of railroad)

                  • baggage car [ENG31-02778044-n] (a railway car where passengers' bags are carried)
                  • cabin car [ENG31-02935907-n] (a car on a freight train for use of the train crew)
                  • club car [ENG31-03057961-n] (railroad car having a bar and tables and lounge chairs)
                  • freight car [ENG31-03398748-n] (a railway car that carries freight)

                    • boxcar [ENG31-02888349-n] (a freight car with roof and sliding doors in the sides)

                      • stockcar [ENG31-04329830-n] (boxcar with latticed sides)
                    • cattle car [ENG31-02989521-n] (a freight car for transporting cattle)
                    • coal car [ENG31-03060082-n] (freight car with fixed sides and no roof)
                    • flatcar [ENG31-03365577-n] (freight car without permanent sides or roof)
                    • gondola car [ENG31-03452537-n] (a low flat-bottomed freight car with fixed sides but no roof)
                    • refrigerator car [ENG31-04078076-n] (a freight car that is equipped with refrigeration system)
                    • tank car [ENG31-04396608-n] (a freight car that transports liquids or gases in bulk)
                  • guard's van [ENG31-03470252-n] (the car on a train that is occupied by the guard)
                  • handcar [ENG31-03489054-n] (a small railroad car propelled by hand or by a small motor)
                  • mail car [ENG31-03715833-n] (a railway car in which mail is transported and sorted)
                  • passenger car [ENG31-03901563-n] (a railcar where passengers ride)

                    • dining car [ENG31-03205041-n] (a passenger car where food is served in transit)
                    • nonsmoker [ENG31-03833560-n] (a passenger car for passengers who want to avoid tobacco smoke)
                    • parlor car [ENG31-03897361-n] (a passenger car for day travel)
                    • Pullman [ENG31-04027306-n] (luxurious passenger car)
                    • sleeping car [ENG31-04243107-n] (a passenger car that has berths for sleeping)
                    • smoker [ENG31-04253983-n] (a passenger car for passengers who wish to smoke)
                  • slip coach [ENG31-04247704-n] (a railway car at the end of the train)
                  • tender [ENG31-04416414-n] (car attached to a locomotive to carry fuel and water)
                  • van [ENG31-04527775-n] ((Great Britain) a closed railroad car that carries baggage or freight)
                • handcart [ENG31-03489166-n] (wheeled vehicle that can be pushed by a person)

                  • applecart [ENG31-02732166-n] (a handcart from which apples and other fruit are sold in the street)
                  • barrow [ENG31-02800454-n] (a cart for carrying small loads)
                  • hand truck [ENG31-03495220-n] (a handcart that has a frame with two low wheels and a ledge at the bottom and handles at the top)
                  • laundry cart [ENG31-03653745-n] (handcart for moving a load of laundry)
                  • serving cart [ENG31-04183129-n] (a handcart for serving food)

                    • pastry cart [ENG31-03903331-n] (a serving cart for displaying pastry desserts to restaurant patrons)
                    • tea cart [ENG31-04404162-n] (serving cart for serving tea or light refreshments)
                  • shopping cart [ENG31-04211393-n] (a handcart that holds groceries or other goods while shopping)
                • horse-drawn vehicle [ENG31-03543814-n] (a wheeled vehicle drawn by one or more horses)

                  • carriage [ENG31-02971932-n] (a vehicle with wheels drawn by one or more horses)

                    • barouche [ENG31-02797497-n] (a horse-drawn carriage having four wheels)
                    • brougham [ENG31-02910621-n] (light carriage)
                    • buckboard [ENG31-02913031-n] (an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels)
                    • buggy [ENG31-02915903-n] (a small lightweight carriage)
                    • cab [ENG31-02934397-n] (small two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage)
                    • caroche [ENG31-02969520-n] (a luxurious carriage suitable for nobility in the 16th and 17th century)
                    • chaise [ENG31-03006159-n] (a carriage consisting of two wheels and a calash top)
                    • chariot [ENG31-03012765-n] (a light four-wheel horse-drawn ceremonial carriage)
                    • clarence [ENG31-03041575-n] (a closed carriage with four wheels and seats for four passengers)
                    • coach [ENG31-03059655-n] (a carriage pulled by four horses with one driver)

                      • stagecoach [ENG31-04304236-n] (a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns)
                    • droshky [ENG31-03252054-n] (an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels)
                    • gharry [ENG31-03440901-n] (a horse-drawn carriage in India)
                    • gig [ENG31-03441566-n] (small two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage)
                    • hackney [ENG31-03479758-n] (a carriage for hire)

                      • four-wheeler [ENG31-03394735-n] (a hackney carriage with four wheels)
                      • remise [ENG31-04081988-n] (an expensive or high-class hackney)
                    • hansom [ENG31-03497188-n] (a two-wheeled horse-drawn covered carriage with the driver's seat above and behind the passengers)
                    • landau [ENG31-03643328-n] (a four-wheel covered carriage with a roof divided into two parts (front and back) that can be let down separately)
                    • post chaise [ENG31-03995557-n] (closed horse-drawn carriage with four wheels)
                    • stanhope [ENG31-04310001-n] (a light open horse-drawn carriage with two or four wheels and one seat)
                    • surrey [ENG31-04372199-n] (a light four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage)
                    • trap [ENG31-04482078-n] (a light two-wheeled carriage)
                    • troika [ENG31-04493872-n] (a Russian carriage pulled by three horses abreast)
                  • chariot [ENG31-03012923-n] (a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle vehicle)
                  • limber [ENG31-03674571-n] (a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used to pull a field gun or caisson)
                  • sulky [ENG31-04360651-n] (a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person)
                • motor scooter [ENG31-03796586-n] (a wheeled vehicle with small wheels and a low-powered gasoline engine geared to the rear wheel)
                • rolling stock [ENG31-04110458-n] (collection of wheeled vehicles owned by a railroad or motor carrier)
                • scooter [ENG31-04156439-n] (child's two-wheeled vehicle operated by foot)
                • self-propelled vehicle [ENG31-04177098-n] (a wheeled vehicle that carries in itself a means of propulsion)

                  • armored vehicle [ENG31-02743538-n] (a vehicle that is protected by armor plate)

                    • armored car [ENG31-02742894-n] (a military combat vehicle on wheels with light armor (and usually a machine gun))
                    • armored car [ENG31-02743066-n] (an armor-plated truck with strong doors and locks used to transport money or valuables)
                    • armored personnel carrier [ENG31-02743305-n] ((military) an armored vehicle (usually equipped with caterpillar treads) that is used to transport infantry)
                    • assault gun [ENG31-02752297-n] (an armored vehicle with the chassis of a tank (but no turret) and a large gun)
                    • tank [ENG31-04396120-n] (an enclosed armored military vehicle)

                      • panzer [ENG31-03891750-n] (an armored vehicle or tank)
                    • tank destroyer [ENG31-04396805-n] (an armored vehicle equipped with an antitank gun and capable of high speeds)
                  • carrier [ENG31-02973559-n] (a self-propelled wheeled vehicle designed specifically to carry something)
                  • forklift [ENG31-03389198-n] (a small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them)
                  • locomotive [ENG31-03690149-n] (a wheeled vehicle consisting of a self-propelled engine that is used to draw trains along railway tracks)

                    • choo-choo [ENG31-03028848-n] (a child's word for locomotive)
                    • diesel locomotive [ENG31-03198281-n] (a locomotive driven by a diesel engine)

                      • diesel-electric locomotive [ENG31-03197944-n] (a locomotive driven by the electric current generated by a diesel engine)
                      • diesel-hydraulic locomotive [ENG31-03198107-n] (a locomotive driven by a hydraulic transmission system powered by a diesel engine)
                    • dinky [ENG31-03204836-n] (a small locomotive)
                    • electric locomotive [ENG31-03277473-n] (a locomotive that is powered by an electric motor)
                    • iron horse [ENG31-03590947-n] ((c. 1840) an early term for a locomotive)
                    • pilot engine [ENG31-03945841-n] (a locomotive that precedes a train to check the track)
                    • shunter [ENG31-04218286-n] (a small locomotive used to move cars around but not to make trips)
                    • steam locomotive [ENG31-04317156-n] (a locomotive powered by a steam engine)
                    • switch engine [ENG31-04380515-n] (a locomotive for switching rolling stock in a railroad yard)
                    • tank engine [ENG31-04396941-n] (a locomotive that carries its own fuel and water)
                    • traction engine [ENG31-04472593-n] (steam-powered locomotive for drawing heavy loads along surfaces other than tracks)
                  • motor vehicle [ENG31-03796768-n] (a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not run on rails)

                    • amphibian [ENG31-02707651-n] (a flat-bottomed motor vehicle that can travel on land or water)

                      • swamp buggy [ENG31-04375782-n] (an amphibious vehicle typically having four-wheel drive and a raised body)
                    • bloodmobile [ENG31-02857889-n] (a motor vehicle equipped to collect blood donations)
                    • car [ENG31-02961779-n] (a motor vehicle with four wheels)

                      • ambulance [ENG31-02703861-n] (a vehicle that takes people to and from hospitals)

                        • funny wagon [ENG31-03408927-n] (an ambulance used to transport patients to a mental hospital)
                      • beach wagon [ENG31-02817668-n] (a car that has a long body and rear door with space behind rear seat)

                        • shooting brake [ENG31-04208776-n] (another name for a station wagon)
                      • bus [ENG31-02927938-n] (a car that is old and unreliable)
                      • cab [ENG31-02934150-n] (a car driven by a person whose job is to take passengers where they want to go in exchange for money)

                        • gypsy cab [ENG31-03478060-n] (a taxicab that cruises for customers although it is licensed only to respond to calls)
                        • minicab [ENG31-03775502-n] (a minicar used as a taxicab)
                      • compact [ENG31-03083140-n] (a small and economical car)
                      • convertible [ENG31-03104891-n] (a car that has top that can be folded or removed)
                      • coupe [ENG31-03124047-n] (a car with two doors and front seats and a luggage compartment)
                      • cruiser [ENG31-03145716-n] (a car in which policemen cruise the streets)

                        • panda car [ENG31-03887231-n] (a police cruiser)
                      • electric [ENG31-03273701-n] (a car that is powered by electricity)
                      • gas guzzler [ENG31-03426579-n] (a car with relatively low fuel efficiency)
                      • hardtop [ENG31-03498320-n] (a car that resembles a convertible but has a fixed rigid top)
                      • hatchback [ENG31-03503925-n] (a car having a hatchback door)
                      • horseless carriage [ENG31-03544283-n] (an early term for an automobile)
                      • hot rod [ENG31-03548574-n] (a car modified to increase its speed and acceleration)
                      • jeep [ENG31-03600138-n] (a car suitable for traveling over rough terrain)
                      • limousine [ENG31-03675534-n] (large luxurious car)

                        • berlin [ENG31-02834519-n] (a limousine with a glass partition between the front and back seats)
                      • loaner [ENG31-03685838-n] (a car that is lent as a replacement for one that is under repair)
                      • minicar [ENG31-03775620-n] (a car that is even smaller than a subcompact car)
                      • minivan [ENG31-03776212-n] (a small box-shaped passenger van)
                      • Model T [ENG31-03783101-n] (the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine)
                      • pace car [ENG31-03875783-n] (a high-performance car that leads a parade of competing cars through the pace lap and then pulls off the course)
                      • racer [ENG31-04043919-n] (a fast car that competes in races)

                        • finisher [ENG31-03347807-n] (a race car that finishes a race)
                        • stock car [ENG31-04329939-n] (a racing car with the basic chassis of a commercially available car)
                      • roadster [ENG31-04104467-n] (an open automobile having a front seat and a rumble seat)
                      • sedan [ENG31-04173342-n] (a car that is closed and that has front and rear seats and two or four doors)

                        • brougham [ENG31-02910519-n] (a sedan that has no roof over the driver's seat)
                      • sports car [ENG31-04292146-n] (a small low car with a high-powered engine)
                      • sport utility [ENG31-04293103-n] (a high-performance four-wheel drive car built on a truck chassis)
                      • Stanley Steamer [ENG31-04310126-n] (a steam-powered automobile)
                      • stock car [ENG31-04330062-n] (a car kept in dealers' stock for regular sales)
                      • subcompact [ENG31-04354197-n] (a car smaller than a compact car)
                      • touring car [ENG31-04466357-n] (large open car seating four with folding top)
                      • used-car [ENG31-04523649-n] (a car that has been previously owned)
                    • doodlebug [ENG31-03226346-n] (a small motor vehicle)
                    • four-wheel drive [ENG31-03394607-n] (a motor vehicle with a four-wheel drive transmission system)
                    • go-kart [ENG31-03448967-n] (a small low motor vehicle with four wheels and an open framework)
                    • golfcart [ENG31-03450857-n] (a small motor vehicle in which golfers can ride between shots)
                    • hearse [ENG31-03512024-n] (a vehicle for carrying a coffin to a church or a cemetery)
                    • motorcycle [ENG31-03796045-n] (a motor vehicle with two wheels and a strong frame)

                      • minibike [ENG31-03775257-n] (small motorcycle with a low frame and small wheels and elevated handlebars)

                        • moped [ENG31-03790549-n] (a motorbike that can be pedaled or driven by a low-powered gasoline engine)
                      • trail bike [ENG31-04474106-n] (a lightweight motorcycle equipped with rugged tires and suspension)
                    • snowplow [ENG31-04259335-n] (a vehicle used to push snow from roads)
                    • truck [ENG31-04497386-n] (an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling)

                      • dump truck [ENG31-03260869-n] (truck whose contents can be emptied without handling)
                      • fire engine [ENG31-03350333-n] (any of various large trucks that carry firemen and equipment to the site of a fire)

                        • ladder truck [ENG31-03638143-n] (a fire engine carrying ladders)
                      • garbage truck [ENG31-03421952-n] (a truck for collecting domestic refuse)
                      • lorry [ENG31-03695799-n] (a large truck designed to carry heavy loads)
                      • pickup [ENG31-03936868-n] (a light truck with an open body and low sides and a tailboard)

                        • technical [ENG31-04406404-n] (a pickup truck with a gun mounted on it)
                      • sound truck [ENG31-04270249-n] (a truck equipped with a loudspeaker and used for advertising)
                      • tow truck [ENG31-04468931-n] (a truck equipped to hoist and pull wrecked cars (or to remove cars from no-parking zones))
                      • tractor [ENG31-04472901-n] (a truck that has a cab but no body)
                      • trailer truck [ENG31-04474900-n] (a truck consisting of a tractor and trailer together)

                        • tandem trailer [ENG31-04395459-n] (trucking rig with two trailers in tandem)
                      • transporter [ENG31-04481270-n] (a long truck for carrying motor vehicles)
                      • van [ENG31-04527465-n] (a truck with an enclosed cargo space)

                        • bookmobile [ENG31-02874675-n] (a van with shelves of books)
                        • delivery truck [ENG31-03178595-n] (a van suitable for delivering goods or services to customers)
                        • laundry truck [ENG31-03653981-n] (van that picks up and delivers laundry)
                        • milk float [ENG31-03770357-n] (a van (typically powered by electricity) with an open side that is used to deliver milk to houses)
                        • moving van [ENG31-03801923-n] (a van used for moving home or office furniture)

                          • pantechnicon [ENG31-03890336-n] (a large moving van (especially one used for moving furniture))
                        • passenger van [ENG31-03902116-n] (a van that carries passengers)
                        • police van [ENG31-03984324-n] (van used by police to transport prisoners)
                  • personnel carrier [ENG31-03925218-n] (a military vehicle (usually armored) for transporting military personnel and their equipment)
                  • reconnaissance vehicle [ENG31-04069919-n] (fast armored military vehicle with four-wheel drive and open top)
                  • recreational vehicle [ENG31-04072384-n] (a motorized wheeled vehicle used for camping or other recreational activities)

                    • camper [ENG31-02949803-n] (a recreational vehicle equipped for camping out while traveling)

                      • van [ENG31-04527677-n] (a camper equipped with living quarters)
                    • dune buggy [ENG31-03261491-n] (a recreational vehicle with large tires used on beaches or sand dunes)
                  • streetcar [ENG31-04342573-n] (a wheeled vehicle that runs on rails and is propelled by electricity)

                    • horsecar [ENG31-03543480-n] (an early form of streetcar that was drawn by horses)
                  • tracked vehicle [ENG31-04472087-n] (a self-propelled vehicle that moves on tracks)

                    • Caterpillar [ENG31-02986962-n] (a large tracked vehicle that is propelled by two endless metal belts)
                    • half track [ENG31-03483672-n] (a motor vehicle propelled by half tracks)
                    • snowmobile [ENG31-04259187-n] (tracked vehicle for travel on snow having skis in front)

                      • Sno-cat [ENG31-04257709-n] (a kind of snowmobile)
                  • tractor [ENG31-04472736-n] (a wheeled vehicle with large wheels)

                    • bulldozer [ENG31-02919525-n] (large powerful tractor)

                      • angledozer [ENG31-02715502-n] (a bulldozer with an angled moldboard to push earth to one side)
                    • skidder [ENG31-04236069-n] (a tractor used to haul logs over rough terrain)
                  • weapons carrier [ENG31-04573847-n] (military vehicle that is a light truck designed to carry mortars or machine guns and their crews)
                • skateboard [ENG31-04233049-n] (a board with wheels that is ridden in a standing or crouching position and propelled by foot)
                • trailer [ENG31-04474334-n] (a wheeled vehicle that can be pulled by a car or truck and is equipped for occupancy)

                  • camper trailer [ENG31-02949964-n] (a trailer equipped for occupancy (especially for holiday trips))
                  • mobile home [ENG31-03781993-n] (a large house trailer that can be connected to utilities and can be parked in one place and used as permanent housing)
                • tricycle [ENG31-04489649-n] (a vehicle with three wheels that is moved by foot pedals)

                  • pedicab [ENG31-03910552-n] (a tricycle (usually propelled by pedalling))
                • unicycle [ENG31-04516712-n] (a vehicle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals)
                • wagon [ENG31-04550444-n] (any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor)

                  • bandwagon [ENG31-02790143-n] (a large ornate wagon for carrying a musical band)
                  • cart [ENG31-02974308-n] (a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal)

                    • dogcart [ENG31-03222442-n] (a cart drawn by a dog)
                    • dumpcart [ENG31-03260602-n] (a cart that can be tilted to empty contents without handling)

                      • tumbrel [ENG31-04504544-n] (a farm dumpcart for carrying dung)
                    • horse cart [ENG31-03543586-n] (heavy cart)

                      • dray [ENG31-03240682-n] (a low heavy horse cart without sides)
                    • jaunting car [ENG31-03599197-n] (an open two-wheeled one-horse cart formerly widely used in Ireland)
                    • jinrikisha [ENG31-03604679-n] (a small two-wheeled cart for one passenger)
                    • oxcart [ENG31-03873920-n] (a cart that is drawn by an ox)
                    • pony cart [ENG31-03988282-n] (a cart with an underslung axle and two seats)
                    • water cart [ENG31-04565345-n] (cart with a tank for water (especially with fresh water for sale))

                      • watering cart [ENG31-04567788-n] (water cart with a tank and sprinkler for sprinkling roads)
                  • chuck wagon [ENG31-03031188-n] (a wagon equipped with a cookstove and provisions (for cowboys))
                  • covered wagon [ENG31-03126946-n] (a large wagon with broad wheels and an arched canvas top)
                  • ice wagon [ENG31-03564021-n] ((formerly) a horse-drawn wagon that delivered ice door to door)
                  • lorry [ENG31-03695926-n] (a large low horse-drawn wagon without sides)
                  • milk wagon [ENG31-03771002-n] (wagon for delivering milk)
                  • tramcar [ENG31-04476082-n] (a four-wheeled wagon that runs on tracks in a mine)
                  • wain [ENG31-04551210-n] (large open farm wagon)
                  • water wagon [ENG31-04570306-n] (a wagon that carries water (as for troops or work gangs or to sprinkle down dusty dirt roads in the summertime))
                • wagon [ENG31-04550795-n] (a child's four-wheeled toy cart sometimes used for coasting)
                • welcome wagon [ENG31-04579086-n] (a wheeled vehicle carrying information and gifts from local merchants for new residents in an area)
              • workbasket [ENG31-04607639-n] (container for holding implements and materials for work (especially for sewing))

                • sewing basket [ENG31-04186773-n] (a workbasket in which sewing materials can be stored)
            • conveyance [ENG31-03105141-n] (something that serves as a means of transportation)

              • dolly [ENG31-03224315-n] (conveyance consisting of a wheeled platform for moving heavy objects)
              • dolly [ENG31-03224435-n] (conveyance consisting of a wheeled support on which a camera can be mounted)
              • horsebox [ENG31-03543359-n] (a conveyance (railroad car or trailer) for transporting racehorses)
              • litter [ENG31-03683688-n] (conveyance consisting of a chair or bed carried on two poles by bearers)

                • covered couch [ENG31-03126853-n] (a litter with a cover for privacy)
                • palanquin [ENG31-03883991-n] (a closed litter carried on the shoulders of four bearers)
                • sedan [ENG31-04173497-n] (a closed litter for one passenger)

                  • jampan [ENG31-03598221-n] (a kind of sedan chair used in India)
                • stretcher [ENG31-04343930-n] (a litter for transporting people who are ill or wounded or dead)

                  • gurney [ENG31-03476071-n] (a metal stretcher with wheels)
              • mail [ENG31-03715183-n] (a conveyance that transports the letters and packages that are conveyed by the postal system)
              • public transport [ENG31-04025495-n] (conveyance for passengers or mail or freight)

                • bus [ENG31-02927500-n] (a vehicle carrying many passengers)

                  • minibus [ENG31-03775416-n] (a light bus (4 to 10 passengers))
                  • school bus [ENG31-04153679-n] (a bus used to transport children to or from school)
                  • trolleybus [ENG31-04494337-n] (a passenger bus with an electric motor that draws power from overhead wires)
                • deadhead [ENG31-03170786-n] (a train or bus or taxi traveling empty)
                • express [ENG31-03311330-n] (public transport consisting of a fast train or bus that makes only a few scheduled stops)
                • local [ENG31-03686268-n] (public transport consisting of a bus or train that stops at all stations or stops)
                • shuttle [ENG31-04219037-n] (public transport that consists of a bus or train or airplane that flies back and forth between two points)

                  • shuttle bus [ENG31-04219232-n] (shuttle consisting of a bus that travels between two points)
                • train [ENG31-04475240-n] (public transport provided by a line of railway cars coupled together and drawn by a locomotive)

                  • boat train [ENG31-02863069-n] (a train taking passengers to or from a port)
                  • car train [ENG31-02975038-n] (a train that transports passengers and their automobiles)
                  • freight train [ENG31-03399316-n] (a railroad train consisting of freight cars)

                    • freight liner [ENG31-03399108-n] (a long-distance express freight train between industrial centers and seaports with facilities for rapid loading and unloading of goods)
                  • hospital train [ENG31-03546573-n] (a military train built to transport wounded troops to a hospital)
                  • mail train [ENG31-03716583-n] (a train that carries mail)
                  • passenger train [ENG31-03901930-n] (a train that carries passengers)

                    • bullet train [ENG31-02920413-n] (a high-speed passenger train)
                    • commuter [ENG31-03082806-n] (a passenger train that is ridden primarily by passengers who travel regularly from one place to another)
                  • streamliner [ENG31-04341642-n] (a streamlined train)
                  • subway train [ENG31-04356384-n] (a train that runs in a subway system)
              • roll-on roll-off [ENG31-04111012-n] (a method of transport (as a ferry or train or plane) that vehicles roll onto at the beginning and roll off of at the destination)
              • shipping [ENG31-04203545-n] (conveyance provided by the ships belonging to one country or industry)
              • sidecar [ENG31-04221349-n] (conveyance consisting of a small carrier attached to the side of a motorcycle)
              • ski tow [ENG31-04238755-n] (a powered conveyance that carries skiers up a hill)

                • chairlift [ENG31-03005945-n] (a ski lift on which riders (skiers or sightseers) are seated and carried up or down a mountainside)
                • rope tow [ENG31-04116093-n] (a ski tow offering only a moving rope to hold onto)
                • surface lift [ENG31-04369908-n] (a ski tow that pulls skiers up a slope without lifting them off the ground)

                  • T-bar lift [ENG31-04403785-n] (a surface lift where riders hold a bar and are pulled up the hill on their skis)
              • telpher [ENG31-04413822-n] (one of the conveyances (or cars) in a telpherage)
              • trailer [ENG31-04474542-n] (a large transport conveyance designed to be pulled by a truck or tractor)

                • car carrier [ENG31-02965850-n] (a trailer that can be loaded with new cars for delivery to sales agencies)
                • semitrailer [ENG31-04179403-n] (a trailer having wheels only in the rear)
              • tramway [ENG31-04477048-n] (a conveyance that transports passengers or freight in carriers suspended from cables and supported by a series of towers)
              • vehicle [ENG31-04531608-n] (a conveyance that transports people or objects)

                • bumper car [ENG31-02922348-n] (a small low-powered electrically powered vehicle driven on a special platform where there are many others to be dodged)
                • craft [ENG31-03130521-n] (a vehicle designed for navigation in or on water or air or through outer space)

                  • aircraft [ENG31-02689427-n] (a vehicle that can fly)

                    • bogy [ENG31-02866978-n] (an unidentified (and possibly enemy) aircraft)
                    • cruise missile [ENG31-03145422-n] (an unmanned aircraft that is a self-contained bomb)
                    • heavier-than-air craft [ENG31-03515727-n] (a non-buoyant aircraft that requires a source of power to hold it aloft and to propel it)

                      • airplane [ENG31-02694015-n] (an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets)

                        • airliner [ENG31-02693232-n] (a commercial airplane that carries passengers)

                          • airbus [ENG31-02688980-n] (a subsonic jet airliner operated over short distances)
                          • narrowbody aircraft [ENG31-03814852-n] (a commercial airliner with a single aisle)
                          • widebody aircraft [ENG31-04590906-n] (a commercial airliner with two aisles)
                        • amphibian [ENG31-02707504-n] (an airplane designed to take off and land on water)
                        • biplane [ENG31-02845811-n] (old fashioned airplane)
                        • bomber [ENG31-02871055-n] (a military aircraft that drops bombs during flight)

                          • dive bomber [ENG31-03219894-n] (a bomber that releases its bombs during a steep dive toward the target)
                          • stealth bomber [ENG31-04315411-n] (a bomber that is difficult to detect by radar)
                        • delta wing [ENG31-03178745-n] (an airplane with wings that give it the appearance of an isosceles triangle)
                        • fighter [ENG31-03339975-n] (a high-speed military or naval airplane designed to destroy enemy aircraft in the air)

                          • interceptor [ENG31-03582841-n] (a fast maneuverable fighter plane designed to intercept enemy aircraft)
                          • kamikaze [ENG31-03613287-n] (a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II)
                          • stealth fighter [ENG31-04315535-n] (a fighter that is difficult to detect by radar)
                        • hangar queen [ENG31-03495885-n] (an airplane with a bad maintenance record)
                        • jet [ENG31-03601053-n] (an airplane powered by one or more jet engines)

                          • fanjet [ENG31-03326364-n] (an airplane propelled by a fanjet engine)
                          • jetliner [ENG31-03601736-n] (a large jet plane that carries passengers)
                          • jumbojet [ENG31-03609524-n] (a very large jet plane)
                          • twinjet [ENG31-04510794-n] (a jet plane propelled by two jet engines)
                        • monoplane [ENG31-03789406-n] (an airplane with a single wing)
                        • multiengine airplane [ENG31-03804132-n] (a plane with two or more engines)
                        • propeller plane [ENG31-04018460-n] (an airplane that is driven by a propeller)

                          • double-prop [ENG31-03232208-n] (a propeller plane with an engine that drives two propellers in opposite directions (for stability))
                          • propjet [ENG31-04018858-n] (an airplane with an external propeller that is driven by a turbojet engine)
                          • single prop [ENG31-04229798-n] (a propeller plane with a single propeller)
                        • reconnaissance plane [ENG31-04069756-n] (a military airplane used to gain information about an enemy)
                        • seaplane [ENG31-04167647-n] (an airplane that can land on or take off from water)

                          • floatplane [ENG31-03370077-n] (a seaplane equipped with pontoons for landing or taking off from water)
                          • flying boat [ENG31-03378457-n] (a large seaplane that floats with its fuselage in the water rather than on pontoons)
                        • ski-plane [ENG31-04237549-n] (an airplane equipped with skis so it can land on a snowfield)
                        • tanker plane [ENG31-04397086-n] (an airplane constructed to transport chemicals that can be dropped in order to fight a forest fire)
                      • autogiro [ENG31-02762392-n] (an aircraft that is supported in flight by unpowered rotating horizontal wings (or blades))
                      • drone [ENG31-03250592-n] (an aircraft without a pilot that is operated by remote control)
                      • glider [ENG31-03444738-n] (aircraft supported only by the dynamic action of air against its surfaces)

                        • hang glider [ENG31-03496133-n] (a glider resembling a large kite)
                      • helicopter [ENG31-03517291-n] (an aircraft without wings that obtains its lift from the rotation of overhead blades)

                        • cargo helicopter [ENG31-02968574-n] (a helicopter that carries cargo)
                        • shuttle helicopter [ENG31-04219534-n] (a helicopter that shuttles back and forth)
                        • single-rotor helicopter [ENG31-04230141-n] (a helicopter having a single rotor)
                        • skyhook [ENG31-04239652-n] (helicopter carrying a reel of steel cable that can be used to lift and transport heavy objects)
                      • orthopter [ENG31-03862676-n] (heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by the flapping of wings)
                      • warplane [ENG31-04559634-n] (an aircraft designed and used for combat)
                    • lighter-than-air craft [ENG31-03672243-n] (aircraft supported by its own buoyancy)

                      • airship [ENG31-02695736-n] (a steerable self-propelled aircraft)

                        • barrage balloon [ENG31-02797995-n] (an elongated tethered balloon or blimp with cables or net suspended from it to deter enemy planes that are flying low)

                          • kite balloon [ENG31-03626903-n] (a barrage balloon with lobes at one end that keep it headed into the wind)
                        • blimp [ENG31-02854209-n] (a small nonrigid airship used for observation or as a barrage balloon)
                      • balloon [ENG31-02785116-n] (large tough nonrigid bag filled with gas or heated air)

                        • hot-air balloon [ENG31-03547103-n] (balloon for travel through the air in a basket suspended below a large bag of heated air)
                        • meteorological balloon [ENG31-03758413-n] (a small unmanned balloon set aloft to observe atmospheric conditions)

                          • pilot balloon [ENG31-03945227-n] (meteorological balloon used to observe air currents)
                        • trial balloon [ENG31-04487783-n] (a balloon sent up to test air currents)
                    • stealth aircraft [ENG31-04315222-n] (an aircraft designed in accordance with technology that makes detection by radar difficult)
                  • hovercraft [ENG31-03552409-n] (a craft capable of moving over water or land on a cushion of air created by jet engines)
                  • landing craft [ENG31-03643937-n] (naval craft designed for putting ashore troops and equipment)
                  • spacecraft [ENG31-04272024-n] (a craft capable of traveling in outer space)

                    • lander [ENG31-03643494-n] (a space vehicle that is designed to land on the moon or another planet)
                    • lunar excursion module [ENG31-03702700-n] (a spacecraft that carries astronauts from the command module to the surface of the moon and back)
                    • space capsule [ENG31-04271875-n] (a spacecraft designed to transport people and support human life in outer space)
                    • space shuttle [ENG31-04273124-n] (a reusable spacecraft with wings for a controlled descent through the Earth's atmosphere)
                    • starship [ENG31-04311353-n] (a spacecraft designed to carry a crew into interstellar space (especially in science fiction))
                  • vessel [ENG31-04537861-n] (a craft designed for water transportation)

                    • bareboat [ENG31-02795432-n] (a vessel (such as a yacht) that can be chartered without a captain or crew or provisions)
                    • boat [ENG31-02861626-n] (a small vessel for travel on water)

                      • ark [ENG31-02740356-n] (a boat built by Noah to save his family and animals from the flood)
                      • barge [ENG31-02795575-n] (a flatbottom boat for carrying heavy loads (especially on canals))

                        • dredger [ENG31-03241126-n] (a barge (or a vessel resembling a barge) that is used for dredging)
                        • houseboat [ENG31-03550650-n] (a barge that is designed and equipped for use as a dwelling)
                        • pontoon [ENG31-03987924-n] ((nautical) a floating structure (as a flat-bottomed boat) that serves as a dock or to support a bridge)
                        • scow [ENG31-04157338-n] (a barge carrying bulk materials in an open hold)
                        • wherry [ENG31-04584579-n] (sailing barge used especially in East Anglia)
                      • bumboat [ENG31-02921839-n] (a small boat that ferries supplies and commodities for sale to a larger ship at anchor)
                      • canal boat [ENG31-02951096-n] (a long boat that carries freight and is narrow enough to be used in canals)
                      • catamaran [ENG31-02985251-n] (a boat with two parallel hulls held together by single deck)
                      • ferry [ENG31-03334608-n] (a boat that transports people or vehicles across a body of water and operates on a regular schedule)

                        • car-ferry [ENG31-02967747-n] (a ferry that transports motor vehicles)
                      • fireboat [ENG31-03349239-n] (a boat equipped to fight fires on ships or along a waterfront)
                      • gondola [ENG31-03452391-n] (long narrow flat-bottomed boat propelled by sculling)
                      • guard boat [ENG31-03469560-n] (a boat that is on guard duty (as in a harbor) around a fleet of warships)
                      • gunboat [ENG31-03473502-n] (a small shallow-draft boat carrying mounted guns)
                      • junk [ENG31-03608807-n] (any of various Chinese boats with a high poop and lugsails)
                      • longboat [ENG31-03693146-n] (the largest boat carried by a merchant sailing vessel)
                      • lugger [ENG31-03701779-n] (small fishing boat rigged with one or more lugsails)
                      • mackinaw [ENG31-03708742-n] (a flat-bottomed boat used on upper Great Lakes)
                      • mailboat [ENG31-03715618-n] (a boat for carrying mail)
                      • motorboat [ENG31-03795763-n] (a boat propelled by an internal-combustion engine)

                        • cabin cruiser [ENG31-02936275-n] (a large motorboat that has a cabin and plumbing and other conveniences necessary for living on board)
                        • launch [ENG31-03652737-n] (a motorboat with an open deck or a half deck)
                        • outboard motorboat [ENG31-03864690-n] (a motorboat with an outboard motor)
                        • speedboat [ENG31-04280688-n] (a fast motorboat)

                          • hydrofoil [ENG31-03557929-n] (a speedboat that is equipped with winglike structures that lift it so that it skims the water at high speeds)
                        • water scooter [ENG31-04569408-n] (a motorboat resembling a motor scooter)
                      • pilot boat [ENG31-03945454-n] (a boat to carry pilots to and from large ships)
                      • police boat [ENG31-03983950-n] (a boat used by harbor police)
                      • punt [ENG31-04031377-n] (an open flat-bottomed boat used in shallow waters and propelled by a long pole)
                      • river boat [ENG31-04102304-n] (a boat used on rivers or to ply a river)

                        • keelboat [ENG31-03614999-n] (river boat with a shallow draught and a keel but no sails)
                        • showboat [ENG31-04215827-n] (a river steamboat on which theatrical performances could be given (especially on the Mississippi River))
                      • scow [ENG31-04157436-n] (any of various flat-bottomed boats with sloping ends)
                      • sea boat [ENG31-04165868-n] (a boat that is seaworthy)

                        • lifeboat [ENG31-03667927-n] (a strong sea boat designed to rescue people from a sinking ship)
                        • whaleboat [ENG31-04581634-n] (a long narrow boat designed for quick turning and use in rough seas)
                      • small boat [ENG31-04252125-n] (a boat that is small)

                        • canoe [ENG31-02954794-n] (small and light boat)

                          • birchbark canoe [ENG31-02846267-n] (a canoe made with the bark of a birch tree)
                          • dugout canoe [ENG31-03259077-n] (a canoe made by hollowing out and shaping a large log)
                          • kayak [ENG31-03614448-n] (a small canoe consisting of a light frame made watertight with animal skins)
                          • outrigger canoe [ENG31-03866950-n] (a seagoing canoe (as in South Pacific) with an outrigger to prevent it from upsetting)
                        • cockleshell [ENG31-03065348-n] (a small light flimsy boat)
                        • coracle [ENG31-03109957-n] (a small rounded boat made of hides stretched over a wicker frame)
                        • dinghy [ENG31-03204585-n] (a small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is propelled)

                          • rowing boat [ENG31-04122550-n] (a rowboat)
                          • wherry [ENG31-04584425-n] (light rowboat for use in racing or for transporting goods and passengers in inland waters and harbors)
                        • gig [ENG31-03441801-n] (long and light rowing boat)
                        • racing boat [ENG31-04044440-n] (a boat propelled by oarsmen and designed for racing)

                          • racing gig [ENG31-04044707-n] (a light narrow racing boat for two or more oarsmen)
                          • shell [ENG31-04198040-n] (a very light narrow racing boat)

                            • racing skiff [ENG31-04044814-n] (a shell for a single oarsman)
                            • scull [ENG31-04163781-n] (a racing shell that is propelled by sculls)
                        • skiff [ENG31-04236542-n] (any of various small boats propelled by oars or by sails or by a motor)

                          • sampan [ENG31-04140197-n] (an Asian skiff usually propelled by two oars)
                        • yawl [ENG31-04619861-n] (a ship's small boat (usually rowed by 4 or 6 oars))

                          • jolly boat [ENG31-03607294-n] (a yawl used by a ship's sailors for general work)
                      • steamboat [ENG31-04315945-n] (a boat propelled by a steam engine)
                      • surfboat [ENG31-04370758-n] (a boat that can be launched or landed in heavy surf)
                      • tender [ENG31-04416263-n] (a boat for communication between ship and shore)

                        • gig [ENG31-03441682-n] (tender that is a light ship's boat)
                      • tugboat [ENG31-04503138-n] (a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships)
                    • fishing boat [ENG31-03356108-n] (a vessel for fishing)

                      • trawler [ENG31-04483351-n] (a fishing boat that uses a trawl net or dragnet to catch fish)
                    • galley [ENG31-03417421-n] ((classical antiquity) a crescent-shaped seagoing vessel propelled by oars)

                      • trireme [ENG31-04493006-n] (ancient Greek or Roman galley or warship having three tiers of oars on each side)
                    • galley [ENG31-03417584-n] (a large medieval vessel with a single deck propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern and prow)
                    • iceboat [ENG31-03561991-n] (a sailing vessel with runners and a cross-shaped frame)
                    • patrol boat [ENG31-03906272-n] (a vessel assigned to patrol an area)
                    • sailing vessel [ENG31-04135920-n] (a vessel that is powered by the wind)

                      • bark [ENG31-02796222-n] (a sailing ship with 3 (or more) masts)
                      • brig [ENG31-02904681-n] (two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on both masts)
                      • brigantine [ENG31-02904924-n] (two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged on the mainmast)
                      • clipper [ENG31-03049213-n] (a fast sailing ship used in former times)
                      • cutter [ENG31-03158982-n] (a sailing vessel with a single mast set further back than the mast of a sloop)
                      • dhow [ENG31-03190969-n] (a lateen-rigged sailing vessel used by Arabs)
                      • felucca [ENG31-03332078-n] (a fast narrow sailing ship of the Mediterranean)
                      • fore-and-after [ENG31-03386411-n] (sailing vessel with a fore-and-aft rig)
                      • galleon [ENG31-03416249-n] (a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts)

                        • carrack [ENG31-02971669-n] (a large galleon sailed in the Mediterranean as a merchantman)
                      • Indiaman [ENG31-03572968-n] (a large sailing ship that was engaged in the British trade with India)
                      • ketch [ENG31-03617219-n] (a sailing vessel with two masts)
                      • rigger [ENG31-04098696-n] (a sailing vessel with a specified rig)
                      • sailboat [ENG31-04135600-n] (a small sailing vessel)

                        • catboat [ENG31-02985871-n] (a sailboat with a single mast set far forward)
                        • sharpie [ENG31-04192372-n] (a shallow-draft sailboat with a sharp prow, flat bottom, and triangular sail)
                        • trimaran [ENG31-04490563-n] (a fast sailboat with 3 parallel hulls)
                      • schooner [ENG31-04154248-n] (sailing vessel used in former times)

                        • sharpshooter [ENG31-04192699-n] (a fast schooner once used by New England fisherman for illegal fishing in Canadian waters)
                      • sloop [ENG31-04249536-n] (a sailing vessel with a single mast set about one third of the boat's length aft of the bow)

                        • knockabout [ENG31-03631949-n] (a sloop with a simplified rig and no bowsprit)
                        • raceabout [ENG31-04043774-n] (a small sloop having the keep of a knockabout but with finer lines and carrying more sail)
                      • smack [ENG31-04251975-n] (a sailing ship (usually rigged like a sloop or cutter) used in fishing and sailing along the coast)
                      • square-rigger [ENG31-04299130-n] (a square-rigged sailing ship)
                      • windjammer [ENG31-04594630-n] (a large sailing ship)
                      • yawl [ENG31-04619730-n] (a sailing vessel with two masts)
                    • ship [ENG31-04201332-n] (a vessel that carries passengers or freight)

                      • abandoned ship [ENG31-02669131-n] (a ship abandoned on the high seas)
                      • blockade-runner [ENG31-02856595-n] (a ship that runs through or around a naval blockade)
                      • cargo ship [ENG31-02968752-n] (a ship designed to carry cargo)

                        • banana boat [ENG31-02787147-n] (a ship designed to transport bananas)
                        • bottom [ENG31-02881464-n] (a cargo ship)
                        • cattleship [ENG31-02989803-n] (a cargo ship for the transport of livestock)
                        • container ship [ENG31-03100350-n] (a cargo ship designed to hold containerized cargoes)
                        • Liberty ship [ENG31-03665888-n] (a slow cargo ship built during World War II)
                        • oil tanker [ENG31-03850710-n] (a cargo ship designed to carry crude oil in bulk)

                          • supertanker [ENG31-04366121-n] (the largest class of oil tankers)
                      • flagship [ENG31-03360884-n] (the ship that carries the commander of a fleet and flies his flag)
                      • gas-turbine ship [ENG31-03431781-n] (a ship powered by a gas turbine)
                      • hospital ship [ENG31-03546449-n] (a ship built to serve as a hospital)
                      • hulk [ENG31-03553713-n] (a ship that has been wrecked and abandoned)
                      • icebreaker [ENG31-03562172-n] (a ship with a reinforced bow to break up ice and keep channels open for navigation)
                      • lightship [ENG31-03673814-n] (a ship equipped like a lighthouse and anchored where a permanent lighthouse would be impracticable)
                      • minelayer [ENG31-03774358-n] (ship equipped for laying marine mines)
                      • minesweeper [ENG31-03774635-n] (ship equipped to detect and then destroy or neutralize or remove marine mines)
                      • nuclear-powered ship [ENG31-03839447-n] (ship whose motive power comes from the energy of a nuclear reactor)
                      • passenger ship [ENG31-03901800-n] (a ship built to carry passengers)

                        • liner [ENG31-03678353-n] (a large commercial ship (especially one that carries passengers on a regular schedule))

                          • cabin liner [ENG31-02937134-n] (a liner with cabins for passengers)
                          • cargo liner [ENG31-02968668-n] (a liner that carries cargo)
                          • cruise ship [ENG31-03145978-n] (a passenger ship used commercially for pleasure cruises)
                          • luxury liner [ENG31-03703938-n] (a liner equipped for sumptuous living)
                      • pirate [ENG31-03954164-n] (a ship that is manned by pirates)

                        • corsair [ENG31-03117256-n] (a swift pirate ship (often operating with official sanction))
                      • school ship [ENG31-04153927-n] (a ship used to train students as sailors)
                      • shipwreck [ENG31-04204153-n] (a wrecked ship (or a part of one))
                      • sister ship [ENG31-04231605-n] (a ship that is one of two or more similar ships built at the same time)
                      • slave ship [ENG31-04242271-n] (a ship used to transport slaves from their homes to places of bondage)
                      • small ship [ENG31-04252540-n] (a ship that is small)
                      • steamer [ENG31-04316486-n] (a ship powered by one or more steam engines)

                        • paddle steamer [ENG31-03879816-n] (a steam vessel propelled by paddle wheels)

                          • side-wheeler [ENG31-04222867-n] (a paddle steamer having a paddle wheel on each side)
                          • sternwheeler [ENG31-04324201-n] (a paddle steamer having the paddle wheel in the stern)
                        • tramp steamer [ENG31-04476919-n] (a commercial steamer for hire)
                      • tender [ENG31-04416146-n] (ship that usually provides supplies to other ships)
                      • three-decker [ENG31-04434608-n] (any ship having three decks)
                      • transport ship [ENG31-04481422-n] (a ship for carrying soldiers or military equipment)
                      • treasure ship [ENG31-04484960-n] (a 16th-century ship loaded with treasure)
                      • troopship [ENG31-04495150-n] (ship for transporting troops)
                      • warship [ENG31-04559982-n] (a government ship that is available for waging war)

                        • aircraft carrier [ENG31-02690031-n] (a large warship that carries planes and has a long flat deck for takeoffs and landings)
                        • battleship [ENG31-02815336-n] (large and heavily armoured warship)

                          • dreadnought [ENG31-03240796-n] (battleship that has big guns all of the same caliber)
                          • pocket battleship [ENG31-03979361-n] (a small battleship built to conform with treaty limitations on tonnage and armament (from 1925 to 1930))
                        • capital ship [ENG31-02959829-n] (a warship of the first rank in size and armament)
                        • corvette [ENG31-03117686-n] (a highly maneuverable escort warship)
                        • cruiser [ENG31-03145551-n] (a large fast warship)

                          • battle cruiser [ENG31-02814753-n] (a cruiser of maximum speed and firepower)
                          • guided missile cruiser [ENG31-03471425-n] (a cruiser that carries guided missiles)
                        • destroyer [ENG31-03185170-n] (a small fast lightly armored but heavily armed warship)

                          • tin can [ENG31-04446173-n] (informal term for a destroyer)
                          • torpedo-boat destroyer [ENG31-04464709-n] (small destroyer that was the forerunner of modern destroyers)
                        • destroyer escort [ENG31-03185398-n] (warship smaller than a destroyer)
                        • frigate [ENG31-03402102-n] (a United States warship larger than a destroyer and smaller than a cruiser)

                          • guided missile frigate [ENG31-03471532-n] (a frigate that carries guided missiles)
                        • frigate [ENG31-03402248-n] (a medium size square-rigged warship of the 18th and 19th centuries)
                        • guard ship [ENG31-03470083-n] (a warship (at anchor or under way) required to maintain a higher degree of readiness than others in its squadron)
                        • ironclad [ENG31-03590720-n] (a wooden warship of the 19th century that is plated with iron or steel armor)
                        • man-of-war [ENG31-03723751-n] (a warship intended for combat)

                          • sailing warship [ENG31-04136573-n] (a warship that was powered by sails and equipped with many heavy guns)
                        • privateer [ENG31-04012443-n] (a privately owned warship commissioned to prey on the commercial shipping or warships of an enemy nation)
                        • sloop of war [ENG31-04249715-n] (a sailing or steam warship having cannons on only one deck)
                        • submersible [ENG31-04355262-n] (a warship designed to operate under water)

                          • submarine [ENG31-04354832-n] (a submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes)

                            • attack submarine [ENG31-02758534-n] (a military submarine designed and armed to attack enemy shipping)
                            • auxiliary research submarine [ENG31-02766203-n] (a submarine for research purposes)
                            • fleet ballistic missile submarine [ENG31-03367617-n] (a submarine carrying ballistic missiles)
                            • nautilus [ENG31-03816835-n] (a submarine that is propelled by nuclear power)
                        • surface ship [ENG31-04370169-n] (a warship that operates on the surface of the water)
                        • three-decker [ENG31-04434511-n] (a warship carrying guns on three decks)
                        • torpedo boat [ENG31-04464561-n] (small high-speed warship designed for torpedo attacks in coastal waters)

                          • PT boat [ENG31-04024201-n] (a small fast unarmored and lightly armed torpedo boat)
                      • whaler [ENG31-04581757-n] (a ship engaged in whale fishing)

                        • factory ship [ENG31-03321818-n] (a whaling ship equipped to process whale products at sea)
                      • wreck [ENG31-04613609-n] (a ship that has been destroyed at sea)
                    • shrimper [ENG31-04217355-n] (a vessel engaged in shrimping)
                    • weather ship [ENG31-04575032-n] (an oceangoing vessel equipped to make meteorological observations)
                    • yacht [ENG31-04617370-n] (an expensive vessel propelled by sail or power and used for cruising or racing)
                • military vehicle [ENG31-03769811-n] (vehicle used by the armed forces)

                  • caisson [ENG31-02940720-n] (a two-wheeled military vehicle carrying artillery ammunition)
                  • Humvee [ENG31-03554379-n] (a high mobility, multipurpose, military vehicle with four-wheel drive)
                  • picket [ENG31-03936325-n] (a vehicle performing sentinel duty)

                    • picket boat [ENG31-03936467-n] (a boat serving as a picket)
                    • picket ship [ENG31-03936669-n] (a ship serving as a picket)
                  • troop carrier [ENG31-04494980-n] (any land or sea or air vehicle designed to carry troops)
                • rocket [ENG31-04106523-n] (any vehicle self-propelled by a rocket engine)

                  • missile [ENG31-03779037-n] (a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives)

                    • air-to-air missile [ENG31-02696272-n] (a missile designed to be launched from one airplane at another)
                    • air-to-ground missile [ENG31-02696399-n] (a missile designed to be launched from an airplane at a target on the ground)
                    • ballistic missile [ENG31-02784361-n] (a missile that is guided in the first part of its flight but falls freely as it approaches target)

                      • intercontinental ballistic missile [ENG31-03583420-n] (a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another)

                        • Minuteman [ENG31-03778207-n] (a strategic weapon system using a guided missile of intercontinental range)
                    • guided missile [ENG31-03471094-n] (a rocket-propelled missile whose path can be controlled during flight either by radio signals or by internal homing devices)

                      • antiballistic missile [ENG31-02719537-n] (a defensive missile designed to shoot down incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles)
                      • buzz bomb [ENG31-02933307-n] (a small jet-propelled winged missile that carries a bomb)
                      • Exocet [ENG31-03309142-n] (a guided missile developed by the French government for use against ships)
                      • space probe [ENG31-04272778-n] (a rocket-propelled guided missile that can escape the earth's atmosphere)
                      • surface-to-air missile [ENG31-04370297-n] (a guided missile fired from land or shipboard against an airborne target)

                        • MANPAD [ENG31-03724238-n] (a man-portable surface-to-air missile)
                        • Stinger [ENG31-04327543-n] (a portable low altitude surface-to-air missile system using infrared guidance and an impact fuse)
                    • heat-seeking missile [ENG31-03514987-n] (a missile with a guidance system that directs it toward targets emitting infrared radiation (as the emissions of a jet engine))

                      • brilliant pebble [ENG31-02905205-n] (a code name for a small computerized heat-seeking missile that was supposed to intercept and destroy enemy missiles)
                    • sidewinder [ENG31-04222977-n] (air-to-air missile with infrared homing device)
                  • multistage rocket [ENG31-03804897-n] (a rocket having two or more rocket engines (each with its own fuel) that are fired in succession and jettisoned when the fuel is exhausted)
                  • test rocket [ENG31-04422798-n] (a rocket fired for test purposes)

                    • sounding rocket [ENG31-04269640-n] (a research rocket used to obtain information about the atmosphere at various altitudes)
                • skibob [ENG31-04235484-n] (a vehicle resembling a bicycle but having skis instead of wheels)
                • sled [ENG31-04242397-n] (a vehicle mounted on runners and pulled by horses or dogs)

                  • bobsled [ENG31-02864187-n] (a long racing sled (for 2 or more people) with a steering mechanism)
                  • bobsled [ENG31-02864362-n] (formerly two short sleds coupled together)
                  • dogsled [ENG31-03222901-n] (a sled pulled by dogs)
                  • luge [ENG31-03701079-n] (a racing sled for one or two people)
                  • pung [ENG31-04030970-n] (a one-horse sleigh consisting of a box on runners)
                  • toboggan [ENG31-04450567-n] (a long narrow sled without runners)
                • steamroller [ENG31-04317295-n] (vehicle equipped with heavy wide smooth rollers for compacting roads and pavements)
            • device [ENG31-03187746-n] (an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose)

              • acoustic device [ENG31-02679115-n] (a device for amplifying or transmitting sound)

                • bell [ENG31-02827590-n] (a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck)

                  • church bell [ENG31-03032279-n] (a bell in a church tower (usually sounded to summon people to church))
                  • cowbell [ENG31-03128568-n] (a bell hung around the neck of cow so that the cow can be easily located)
                  • death knell [ENG31-03171617-n] (a bell rung to announce a death)
                  • dinner bell [ENG31-03206213-n] (a bell rung to announce that dinner has been served)
                  • electric bell [ENG31-03275606-n] (a bell activated by the magnetic effect of an electric current)

                    • telephone bell [ENG31-04408713-n] (electric bell that rings to signal a call)
                  • fire bell [ENG31-03349151-n] (a bell rung to give a fire alarm)
                  • school bell [ENG31-04153569-n] (a bell rung to announce beginning or ending of class)
                  • sheep bell [ENG31-04194794-n] (a bell hung round the neck of a sheep so that the sheep can be easily located)
                  • shop bell [ENG31-04210399-n] (a bell attached to the door of a small shop)
                  • sleigh bell [ENG31-04244041-n] (a bell attached to a sleigh, or to the harness of a horse that is pulling a sleigh)
                  • tocsin [ENG31-04451255-n] (a bell used to sound an alarm)
                • birdcall [ENG31-02846703-n] (a device for imitating a birdcall)
                • hearing aid [ENG31-03511704-n] (a conical acoustic device formerly used to direct sound to the ear of a hearing-impaired person)
                • megaphone [ENG31-03748770-n] (a cone-shaped acoustic device held to the mouth to intensify and direct the human voice)
                • mouthpiece [ENG31-03800645-n] (an acoustic device)
                • mute [ENG31-03808513-n] (a device used to soften the tone of a musical instrument)

                  • sourdine [ENG31-04271160-n] (a mute for a violin)
                • silencer [ENG31-04225631-n] (a tubular acoustic device inserted in the exhaust system that is designed to reduce noise)
                • siren [ENG31-04231457-n] (an acoustic device producing a loud often wailing sound as a signal or warning)
                • slapstick [ENG31-04241066-n] (acoustic device consisting of two paddles hinged together)
                • speaking trumpet [ENG31-04277686-n] (a trumpet-shaped acoustic device to intensify and direct the human voice)
                • whistle [ENG31-04586718-n] (acoustic device that forces air or steam against an edge or into a cavity and so produces a loud shrill sound)

                  • boat whistle [ENG31-02863169-n] (a whistle on a boat that is sounded as a warning)
                  • factory whistle [ENG31-03321933-n] (a whistle at a factory that is sounded to announce times for starting or stopping work)
                  • steam whistle [ENG31-04317859-n] (a whistle in which the sound is produced by steam)
              • adapter [ENG31-02681751-n] (device that enables something to be used in a way different from that for which it was intended or makes different pieces of apparatus compatible)
              • afterburner [ENG31-02686412-n] (a device that injects fuel into a hot exhaust for extra thrust)
              • agglomerator [ENG31-02687215-n] (a device that causes material to gather into rounded balls)
              • airfoil [ENG31-02691302-n] (a device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air)

                • aileron [ENG31-02688112-n] (an airfoil that controls lateral motion)
                • elevator [ENG31-03286435-n] (the airfoil on the tailplane of an aircraft that makes it ascend or descend)
                • flap [ENG31-03362562-n] (a movable airfoil that is part of an aircraft wing)

                  • landing flap [ENG31-03644057-n] (a flap on the underside of the wing that is lowered to slow the plane for landing)
                • horizontal stabilizer [ENG31-03541302-n] (the horizontal airfoil of an aircraft's tail assembly that is fixed and to which the elevator is hinged)
                • rotor blade [ENG31-04119346-n] (the long airfoil that rotates to provide the lift that supports a helicopter in the air)
                • rudder [ENG31-04124558-n] (a hinged vertical airfoil mounted at the tail of an aircraft and used to make horizontal course changes)
                • spoiler [ENG31-04290234-n] (a hinged airfoil on the upper surface of an aircraft wing that is raised to reduce lift and increase drag)
                • spoiler [ENG31-04290393-n] (an airfoil mounted on the rear of a car to reduce lift at high speeds)
                • stabilizer [ENG31-04301564-n] (airfoil consisting of a device for stabilizing an aircraft)

                  • horizontal tail [ENG31-03541748-n] (the horizontal stabilizer and elevator in the tail assembly of an aircraft)
                  • vertical stabilizer [ENG31-04537257-n] (a stabilizer that is part of the vertical tail structure of an airplane)
                • vertical tail [ENG31-04537578-n] (the vertical airfoil in the tail assembly of an aircraft)
                • wing [ENG31-04600068-n] (one of the horizontal airfoils on either side of the fuselage of an airplane)
              • alarm [ENG31-02697285-n] (a device that signals the occurrence of some undesirable event)

                • automobile horn [ENG31-02764839-n] (a device on an automobile for making a warning noise)
                • burglar alarm [ENG31-02925140-n] (a warning device that is tripped off by the occurrence of a burglary)
                • fire alarm [ENG31-03348583-n] (an alarm that is tripped off by fire or smoke)
                • horn [ENG31-03541941-n] (an alarm device that makes a loud warning sound)

                  • air horn [ENG31-02692607-n] (a pneumatic horn)
                  • foghorn [ENG31-03380017-n] (a warning device consisting of a horn that generates a loud low tone)

                    • diaphone [ENG31-03193555-n] (a foghorn that makes a signal consisting of two tones)
                  • klaxon [ENG31-03627267-n] (a kind of loud horn formerly used on motor vehicles)
                  • shofar [ENG31-04208107-n] (an ancient musical horn made from the horn of a ram)
              • appliance [ENG31-02732963-n] (a device or control that is very useful for a particular job)

                • gadgetry [ENG31-03414830-n] (appliances collectively)
                • gimbal [ENG31-03442491-n] (an appliance that allows an object (such as a ship's compass) to remain horizontal even as its support tips)
                • injector [ENG31-03576590-n] (a contrivance for injecting (e.g., water into the boiler of a steam engine or particles into an accelerator etc.))
                • mod con [ENG31-03782659-n] (modern convenience)
              • applicator [ENG31-02733263-n] (a device for applying a substance)

                • flux applicator [ENG31-03377668-n] (an applicator for applying flux (as in soldering))
                • paintbrush [ENG31-03881909-n] (a brush used as an applicator (to apply paint))
                • spray gun [ENG31-04294885-n] (an applicator resembling a gun for applying liquid substances (as paint) in the form of a spray)
              • aspergill [ENG31-02751188-n] (a short-handled device with a globe containing a sponge)
              • autopilot [ENG31-02765174-n] (a navigational device that automatically keeps ships or planes or spacecraft on a steady course)
              • bait [ENG31-02779210-n] (something used to lure fish or other animals into danger so they can be trapped or killed)

                • chum [ENG31-03031480-n] (bait consisting of chopped fish and fish oils that are dumped overboard to attract fish)
                • fisherman's lure [ENG31-03355448-n] ((angling) any bright artificial bait consisting of plastic or metal mounted with hooks and trimmed with feathers)

                  • fly [ENG31-03378083-n] (fisherman's lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect)

                    • dry fly [ENG31-03256635-n] (a fly (fisherman's lure) that skims the surface of the water)
                    • streamer fly [ENG31-04341503-n] (an artificial fly that has wings extending back beyond the crook of the fishhook)
                    • wet fly [ENG31-04581223-n] (fisherman's fly that floats under the surface of the water)
                  • jig [ENG31-03603708-n] (a fisherman's lure with one or more hooks that is jerked up and down in the water)
                  • spinner [ENG31-04285743-n] (fisherman's lure)
                  • troll [ENG31-04494190-n] (a fisherman's lure that is used in trolling)
                • ground bait [ENG31-03467904-n] (bait scattered on the water to attract fish)
                • stool pigeon [ENG31-04334248-n] (a dummy pigeon used to decoy others)
              • billiard marker [ENG31-02842706-n] (a device for keeping the score in a game of billiards)
              • bird feeder [ENG31-02846791-n] (an outdoor device that supplies food for wild birds)
              • blower [ENG31-02858369-n] (a device that produces a current of air)

                • bellows [ENG31-02829422-n] ((used in the plural) a mechanical device that blows a strong current of air)
              • bootjack [ENG31-02877684-n] (has V-shaped notch for pulling off boots)
              • breathalyzer [ENG31-02898700-n] (a device that measures chemicals (especially the alcohol content) in a person's expired breath)
              • breathing device [ENG31-02898868-n] (a device that facilitates breathing in cases of respiratory failure)

                • aqualung [ENG31-02734634-n] (a device (trade name Aqua-Lung) that lets divers breathe under water)
                • oxygen mask [ENG31-03874541-n] (a breathing device that is placed over the mouth and nose)
                • respirator [ENG31-04087945-n] (a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration)

                  • iron lung [ENG31-03591388-n] (respirator that produces alternations in air pressure in a chamber surrounding a patient's chest to force air into and out of the lungs thus providing artificial respiration)
                • resuscitator [ENG31-04089456-n] (a breathing apparatus used for resuscitation by forcing oxygen into the lungs of a person who has undergone asphyxia or arrest of respiration)
                • snorkel [ENG31-04258254-n] (breathing device consisting of a bent tube fitting into a swimmer's mouth and extending above the surface)
              • bubbler [ENG31-02912733-n] (any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid)
              • buffer [ENG31-02914504-n] (a cushion-like device that reduces shock due to an impact)
              • catapult [ENG31-02985687-n] (a device that launches aircraft from a warship)
              • charger [ENG31-03012598-n] (a device that can hold a rechargeable battery by means of an electrical cable)
              • clip-on [ENG31-03048786-n] (a device (as an earring, sunglasses, microphone etc.) that is attached by clips)
              • comb [ENG31-03078859-n] (a flat device with narrow pointed teeth on one edge)

                • currycomb [ENG31-03155327-n] (a square comb with rows of small teeth)
                • fine-tooth comb [ENG31-03345980-n] (a comb with teeth set close together)
                • pocketcomb [ENG31-03979643-n] (a small comb suitable for carrying in a pocket)
              • comforter [ENG31-03079772-n] (device used for an infant to suck or bite on)
              • conductor [ENG31-03093163-n] (a device designed to transmit electricity, heat, etc.)

                • busbar [ENG31-02928097-n] (an electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits)
                • cable [ENG31-02937552-n] (a conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power)

                  • coaxial cable [ENG31-03063369-n] (a transmission line for high-frequency signals)

                    • ethernet cable [ENG31-03305388-n] (any of several types of coaxial cable used in ethernets)
                  • electrical cable [ENG31-03273829-n] (a cable that provides an electrical connection for telephone or television or power stations)
                  • fiber optic cable [ENG31-03336544-n] (a cable made of optical fibers that can transmit large amounts of information at the speed of light)
                  • power line [ENG31-04001893-n] (cable used to distribute electricity)
                  • printer cable [ENG31-04011366-n] (a cable between a computer and a printer)
                • cord [ENG31-03111549-n] (a light insulated conductor for household use)

                  • extension cord [ENG31-03311982-n] (an electric cord used to extend the length of a power cord)
                  • power cord [ENG31-04001623-n] (a cord to conduct power to an electrical appliance)
                • electrode [ENG31-03279707-n] (a conductor used to make electrical contact with some part of a circuit)

                  • anode [ENG31-02717226-n] (a positively charged electrode by which electrons leave an electrical device)

                    • plate [ENG31-03967244-n] (the positively charged electrode in a vacuum tube)
                  • base [ENG31-02801276-n] ((electronics) the part of a transistor that separates the emitter from the collector)
                  • cathode [ENG31-02988154-n] (a negatively charged electrode that is the source of electrons entering an electrical device)

                    • cold cathode [ENG31-03071097-n] (a cathode that is a source of electrons without being heated)
                    • photocathode [ENG31-03930529-n] (a cathode that emits electrons when illuminated)
                  • collector [ENG31-03073385-n] (the electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes)
                  • electron gun [ENG31-03282060-n] (the electrode that is the source of electrons in a cathode-ray tube or electron microscope)
                  • emitter [ENG31-03288738-n] (the electrode in a transistor where electrons originate)
                  • grid [ENG31-03463484-n] (an electrode placed between the cathode and anode of a vacuum tube to control the flow of electrons through the tube)
                • heat sink [ENG31-03515388-n] (a metal conductor specially designed to conduct (and radiate) heat)
                • lightning rod [ENG31-03673393-n] (a metallic conductor that is attached to a high point and leads to the ground)
                • semiconductor device [ENG31-04178892-n] (a conductor made with semiconducting material)

                  • chip [ENG31-03023717-n] (electronic equipment consisting of a small crystal of a silicon semiconductor fabricated to carry out a number of electronic functions in an integrated circuit)

                    • biochip [ENG31-02844879-n] (a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to latch onto and quickly recognize thousands of genes at a time)
                    • gene chip [ENG31-03438157-n] (a microchip that holds DNA probes that form half of the DNA double helix and can recognize DNA from samples being tested)
                    • memory chip [ENG31-03750175-n] (a RAM microchip that can be plugged into a computer to provide additional memory)

                      • read-only memory chip [ENG31-04065598-n] (a memory chip providing read-only memory)
                    • microprocessor [ENG31-03765845-n] (integrated circuit semiconductor chip that performs the bulk of the processing and controls the parts of a system)
                  • diode [ENG31-03207444-n] (a semiconductor that consists of a p-n junction)

                    • light-emitting diode [ENG31-03671688-n] (diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current)

                      • organic light-emitting diode [ENG31-03860026-n] (a self-luminous diode (it glows when an electrical field is applied to the electrodes) that does not require backlighting or diffusers)
                  • n-type semiconductor [ENG31-03839290-n] (a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of electrons)
                  • p-type semiconductor [ENG31-04024387-n] (a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of positive holes)
                  • thermistor [ENG31-04427341-n] (a semiconductor device made of materials whose resistance varies as a function of temperature)
                  • transistor [ENG31-04478867-n] (a semiconductor device capable of amplification)

                    • field-effect transistor [ENG31-03337729-n] (a transistor in which most current flows in a channel whose effective resistance can be controlled by a transverse electric field)
                    • p-n-p transistor [ENG31-03978504-n] (a junction transistor having an n-type semiconductor between a p-type semiconductor that serves as an emitter and a p-type semiconductor that serves as a collector)
                • shunt [ENG31-04218068-n] (a conductor having low resistance in parallel with another device to divert a fraction of the current)
                • waveguide [ENG31-04571699-n] (a hollow metal conductor that provides a path to guide microwaves)
                • wire [ENG31-04601816-n] (a metal conductor that carries electricity over a distance)

                  • filament [ENG31-03341520-n] (a thin wire (usually tungsten) that is heated white hot by the passage of an electric current)
                  • lead-in [ENG31-03656931-n] (wire connecting an antenna to a receiver or a transmitter to a transmission line)
                  • patchcord [ENG31-03903826-n] (a length of wire that has a plug at each end)
                  • telephone wire [ENG31-04410119-n] (the wire that carries telegraph and telephone signals)

                    • telephone cord [ENG31-04408963-n] (the telephone wire that connects to the handset)
              • contraceptive [ENG31-03101244-n] (an agent or device intended to prevent conception)

                • cervical cap [ENG31-03001970-n] (a contraceptive device consisting of a small thimble-shaped cup that is placed over the uterine cervix to prevent the entrance of spermatozoa)
                • coil [ENG31-03070134-n] (a contraceptive device placed inside a woman's womb)
                • condom [ENG31-03092620-n] (contraceptive device consisting of a sheath of thin rubber or latex that is worn over the penis during intercourse)
                • diaphragm [ENG31-03194145-n] (a contraceptive device consisting of a flexible dome-shaped cup made of rubber or plastic)
                • intrauterine device [ENG31-03587265-n] (contraceptive device consisting of a piece of bent plastic or metal that is inserted through the vagina into the uterus)

                  • loop [ENG31-03694673-n] (an intrauterine device in the shape of a loop)
                • morning-after pill [ENG31-03791376-n] (a large dose of estrogen taken orally within 24 to 72 hours after intercourse)
                • pill [ENG31-03943171-n] (a contraceptive in the form of a pill containing estrogen and progestin to inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception)

                  • Demulen [ENG31-03179657-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive)
                  • Enovid [ENG31-03294730-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and norethynodrel)
                  • Loestrin [ENG31-03691288-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone)
                  • Lo/Ovral [ENG31-03695166-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel)
                  • Micronor [ENG31-03765324-n] (trade name for and oral contraceptive containing the progestin compound norethindrone)
                  • Modicon [ENG31-03783668-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone)
                  • Norinyl [ENG31-03835651-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone and mestranol)
                  • Norlestrin [ENG31-03835818-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone)
                  • Nor-Q-D [ENG31-03835988-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone)
                  • Ovocon [ENG31-03872233-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone)
                  • Ovral [ENG31-03872586-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel)
                  • Ovrette [ENG31-03872748-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norgestrel)
                  • Ovulen [ENG31-03872879-n] (trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and a progestin compound)
                • spermicide [ENG31-04281515-n] (a contraceptive agent that kills spermatozoa)
              • converter [ENG31-03104596-n] (a device for changing one substance or form or state into another)

                • Bessemer converter [ENG31-02835203-n] (a refractory-lined furnace used to convert pig iron into steel by the Bessemer process)
                • catalytic converter [ENG31-02984780-n] (a converter that uses a platinum-iridium catalyst to oxidize pollutants and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water)
                • data converter [ENG31-03168464-n] (converter for changing information from one code to another)

                  • digital-analog converter [ENG31-03200483-n] (device for converting digital signals into analogue signals)
                  • digitizer [ENG31-03202130-n] (device for converting analogue signals into digital signals)
                • electrical converter [ENG31-03274114-n] (converter that converts alternating current into direct current or vice versa)

                  • inverter [ENG31-03588128-n] (an electrical converter that converts direct current into alternating current)
                  • power pack [ENG31-04002362-n] (a device for converting a power supply to a voltage required by particular equipment)
                  • synchronous converter [ENG31-04382492-n] (electrical converter consisting of a synchronous machine that converts alternating to direct current or vice versa)
                • electronic converter [ENG31-03282513-n] ((telecommunication) converter for converting a signal from one frequency to another)
                • torque converter [ENG31-04465002-n] (converter for transmitting and amplifying torque (especially by hydraulic means))
              • corer [ENG31-03113410-n] (a device for removing the core from apples)
              • corrective [ENG31-03116550-n] (a device for treating injury or disease)

                • pack [ENG31-03876500-n] (a sheet or blanket (either dry or wet) to wrap around the body for its therapeutic effect)
                • pack [ENG31-03876658-n] (a cream that cleanses and tones the skin)
                • pickup [ENG31-03937015-n] (anything with restorative powers)
                • prosthesis [ENG31-04020105-n] (corrective consisting of a replacement for a part of the body)

                  • glass eye [ENG31-03443876-n] (prosthesis consisting of an artificial eye made of glass)
                  • implant [ENG31-03568890-n] (a prosthesis placed permanently in tissue)

                    • artificial heart [ENG31-02748497-n] (a pump that replaces the natural heart)

                      • Jarvik heart [ENG31-03599049-n] (a kind of artificial heart that has been used with some success)
                    • artificial joint [ENG31-02748821-n] (a metal or plastic part that is surgically implanted to replace a natural joint (possibly elbow or wrist but usually hip or knee))
                    • breast implant [ENG31-02898270-n] (an implant for cosmetic purposes to replace a breast that has been surgically removed)
                    • dental implant [ENG31-03180649-n] (an implant that replaces a natural tooth)
                    • heart valve [ENG31-03513001-n] (an implant that replaces a natural cardiac valve)
                    • lens implant [ENG31-03662565-n] (a clear plastic lens that is implanted in the eye)

                      • accommodating lens implant [ENG31-02674782-n] (a lens implant containing a hinge that allows for both near and far vision (thus mimicking the natural lens of a young person))
                      • monofocal lens implant [ENG31-03789108-n] (a lens with a single focus that is used after cataract surgery to provide clear distance vision)
                      • multifocal lens implant [ENG31-03804251-n] (a type of lens implant that contains several rings with a common center and adjusts for near or far vision)
                    • penile implant [ENG31-03917525-n] (an implant that creates an artificial erection)
                    • shunt [ENG31-04217925-n] (implant consisting of a tube made of plastic or rubber)
                  • obturator [ENG31-03845847-n] (a prosthesis used to close an opening (as to close an opening of the hard palate in cases of cleft palate))
                  • peg [ENG31-03912225-n] (a prosthesis that replaces a missing leg)
              • crusher [ENG31-03146353-n] (a device that crushes something)
              • cryptograph [ENG31-03147230-n] (a device for deciphering codes and ciphers)
              • cutoff [ENG31-03158251-n] (a device that terminates the flow in a pipe)
              • dampener [ENG31-03165682-n] (a device that dampens or moistens something)
              • damper [ENG31-03166116-n] (a device that decreases the amplitude of electronic, mechanical, acoustical, or aerodynamic oscillations)

                • damper block [ENG31-03166559-n] (damper consisting of a small felted block that drops onto a piano string to stop its vibration)
                • dash-pot [ENG31-03168154-n] (a mechanical damper)
                • shock absorber [ENG31-04205840-n] (a mechanical damper)

                  • air cushion [ENG31-02690541-n] (a mechanical device using confined air to absorb the shock of motion)
              • deflector [ENG31-03176704-n] (a device intended to turn aside the flow of something (water or air or smoke etc))
              • dental appliance [ENG31-03180270-n] (a device to repair teeth or replace missing teeth)

                • bite plate [ENG31-02848368-n] (a removable dental appliance that is worn in the palate for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes)
                • brace [ENG31-02890320-n] (an appliance that corrects dental irregularities)
                • crown [ENG31-03143740-n] ((dentistry) dental appliance consisting of an artificial crown for a broken or decayed tooth)
                • denture [ENG31-03181052-n] (a dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth)

                  • bridge [ENG31-02902852-n] (a denture anchored to teeth on either side of missing teeth)
                  • false teeth [ENG31-03324521-n] (a removable denture)
                  • partial denture [ENG31-03899632-n] (a denture replacing one or more teeth in a dental arch)
                • filling [ENG31-03343232-n] ((dentistry) a dental appliance consisting of any of various substances (as metal or plastic) inserted into a prepared cavity in a tooth)

                  • inlay [ENG31-03577782-n] ((dentistry) a filling consisting of a solid substance (as gold or porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place)
                • retainer [ENG31-04089674-n] (a dental appliance that holds teeth (or a prosthesis) in position after orthodontic treatment)
              • depressor [ENG31-03182374-n] (a device used by physician to press a part down or aside)

                • tongue depressor [ENG31-04458589-n] (a thin depressor used to press the tongue down during an examination of the mouth and throat)
              • detector [ENG31-03185635-n] (any device that receives a signal or stimulus (as heat or pressure or light or motion etc.) and responds to it in a distinctive manner)

                • metal detector [ENG31-03757248-n] (detector that gives a signal when it detects the presence of metal)
                • mine detector [ENG31-03774218-n] (detector consisting of an electromagnetic device)
                • photoelectric cell [ENG31-03931100-n] (a transducer used to detect and measure light and other radiations)

                  • selenium cell [ENG31-04176658-n] (a photoelectric cell that uses a strip of selenium)
                • trace detector [ENG31-04469811-n] (a screening device for traces of explosives)
              • diestock [ENG31-03198438-n] (a device that holds the dies that cut external threads on metal cylinders)
              • drive [ENG31-03247921-n] ((computer science) a device that writes data onto or reads data from a storage medium)

                • CD drive [ENG31-02991611-n] (a drive that reads a compact disc and that is connected to an audio system)
                • CD-ROM drive [ENG31-02992418-n] (a drive that is connected to a computer and on which a CD-ROM can be `played')
                • disk drive [ENG31-03214387-n] (computer hardware that holds and spins a magnetic or optical disk and reads and writes information on it)
                • external drive [ENG31-03312737-n] (a drive with its own power supply and fan mounted outside the computer system enclosure and connected to the computer by a cable)
                • internal drive [ENG31-03585687-n] (a drive mounted inside of a computer)
                • RAM disk [ENG31-04057712-n] ((computer science) a virtual drive that is created by setting aside part of the random-access memory to use as if it were a group of sectors)
              • drop forge [ENG31-03251356-n] (device for making large forgings)
              • elastic device [ENG31-03272883-n] (any flexible device that will return to its original shape when stretched)

                • rubber band [ENG31-04123192-n] (a narrow band of elastic rubber used to hold things (such as papers) together)
                • spring [ENG31-04295410-n] (a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed)

                  • bedspring [ENG31-02825534-n] ((usually in the plural) one of the springs holding up the mattress of a bed)

                    • box spring [ENG31-02889562-n] (a coiled bedspring in a frame that is covered with cloth)
                  • coil spring [ENG31-03070363-n] (a spring in the shape of a coil)
                  • leaf spring [ENG31-03657715-n] (long narrow spring consisting of several layers of metal springs bracketed together)
                  • mainspring [ENG31-03717983-n] (the most important spring in a mechanical device (especially a clock or watch))
                  • spiral spring [ENG31-04287397-n] (a spring that is wound like a spiral)

                    • hairspring [ENG31-03482266-n] (a fine spiral spring that regulates the movement of the balance wheel in a timepiece)
              • electrical device [ENG31-03274312-n] (a device that produces or is powered by electricity)

                • antenna [ENG31-02718140-n] (an electrical device that sends or receives radio or television signals)

                  • dipole [ENG31-03208818-n] (an aerial half a wavelength long consisting of two rods connected to a transmission line at the center)
                  • directional antenna [ENG31-03209639-n] (an antenna that transmits or receives signals only in a narrow angle)

                    • array [ENG31-02745199-n] (an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics)
                    • dish [ENG31-03212026-n] (directional antenna consisting of a parabolic reflector for microwave or radio frequency radiation)

                      • scanner [ENG31-04150064-n] (a radar dish that rotates or oscillates in order to scan a broad area)
                    • yagi [ENG31-04617631-n] (a sharply directional antenna)
                  • omnidirectional antenna [ENG31-03852292-n] (an antenna that sends or receives signals equally in all directions)

                    • radio antenna [ENG31-04048827-n] (omnidirectional antenna comprising the part of a radio receiver by means of which radio signals are received)
                    • television antenna [ENG31-04411952-n] (an omnidirectional antenna tuned to the broadcast frequencies assigned to television)

                      • rabbit ears [ENG31-04043552-n] (an indoor TV antenna)
                • attenuator [ENG31-02758680-n] (an electrical device for attenuating the strength of an electrical signal)
                • ballast [ENG31-02782994-n] (an electrical device for starting and regulating fluorescent and discharge lamps)
                • battery [ENG31-02813606-n] (a device that produces electricity)

                  • A battery [ENG31-02669254-n] (the battery used to heat the filaments of a vacuum tube)
                  • B battery [ENG31-02817116-n] (battery for supplying a constant positive voltage to the plate of a vacuum tube)
                  • C battery [ENG31-02991405-n] (battery used to maintain the grid potential in a vacuum tube)
                  • voltaic battery [ENG31-04547833-n] (battery consisting of a number of voltaic cells arranged in series or parallel)

                    • dry battery [ENG31-03255655-n] (a voltaic battery consisting of two or more dry cells)

                      • flashlight battery [ENG31-03364131-n] (a small dry battery containing dry cells)
                    • storage battery [ENG31-04335467-n] (a voltaic battery that stores electric charge)

                      • lead-acid battery [ENG31-03656714-n] (a battery with lead electrodes with dilute sulphuric acid as the electrolyte)

                        • car battery [ENG31-02964661-n] (a lead-acid storage battery in a motor vehicle)
                      • nicad [ENG31-03828852-n] (a rechargeable battery with a nickel cathode and a cadmium anode)
                      • nickel-iron battery [ENG31-03829213-n] (a storage battery having a nickel oxide cathode and an iron anode with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide)
                  • voltaic pile [ENG31-04548422-n] (battery consisting of voltaic cells arranged in series)
                • bimetallic strip [ENG31-02842987-n] (a strip consisting of two metals that bends with a rise in temperature)
                • brush [ENG31-02911930-n] (conducts current between rotating and stationary parts of a generator or motor)
                • capacitor [ENG31-02958683-n] (an electrical device characterized by its capacity to store an electric charge)

                  • bypass condenser [ENG31-02933723-n] (a capacitor that provides low impedance over certain (high) frequencies)
                  • electrolytic [ENG31-03280592-n] (a fixed capacitor consisting of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte)
                  • Leiden jar [ENG31-03660796-n] (an electrostatic capacitor of historical interest)
                  • trimmer [ENG31-04491035-n] (capacitor having variable capacitance)
                • cell [ENG31-02994503-n] (a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction)

                  • electrolytic cell [ENG31-03280775-n] (a cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not occur otherwise (such as the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen))
                  • fuel cell [ENG31-03405713-n] (cell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel (hydrogen and oxygen or zinc and air))
                  • solar cell [ENG31-04265096-n] (a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy)
                  • storage cell [ENG31-04335718-n] (a cell that can be recharged)
                  • voltaic cell [ENG31-04548047-n] (an electric cell that generates an electromotive force by an irreversible conversion of chemical to electrical energy)

                    • Leclanche cell [ENG31-03658780-n] (voltaic cell that produces approximately 1.5 volts)

                      • dry cell [ENG31-03255983-n] (a small Leclanche cell containing no free liquid)
                    • mercury cell [ENG31-03755125-n] (a primary cell consisting of a zinc anode and a cathode of mercury oxide and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide)
                    • standard cell [ENG31-04308612-n] (a primary cell used as a standard of electromotive force)

                      • Clark cell [ENG31-03042026-n] (a form of voltaic cell once used as a standard for electromotive force)
                      • Weston cell [ENG31-04580665-n] (a standard voltaic cell (trademark Weston))
                    • wet cell [ENG31-04581118-n] (a primary voltaic cell having a liquid electrolyte)
                • circuit [ENG31-03037347-n] (an electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow)

                  • bridge [ENG31-02903091-n] (a circuit consisting of two branches (4 arms arranged in a diamond configuration) across which a meter is connected)

                    • Wheatstone bridge [ENG31-04582047-n] (a bridge used to measure resistances)
                  • bridged-T [ENG31-02903294-n] (a circuit consisting of a T-network with an additional shunt bridging the two series circuits)
                  • closed circuit [ENG31-03052868-n] (a complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates)

                    • parallel circuit [ENG31-03894505-n] (a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit)
                  • computer circuit [ENG31-03088462-n] (a circuit that is part of a computer)

                    • gate [ENG31-03432566-n] (a computer circuit with several inputs but only one output that can be activated by particular combinations of inputs)

                      • AND circuit [ENG31-02712767-n] (a circuit in a computer that fires only when all of its inputs fire)
                      • NAND circuit [ENG31-03812288-n] (a logic gate that produces an output that is the inverse of the output of an AND gate)
                      • OR circuit [ENG31-03858974-n] (a gate circuit in a computer that fires when any of its inputs fire)
                      • X-OR circuit [ENG31-04616711-n] (gate for exclusive OR)
                    • integrated circuit [ENG31-03582259-n] (a microelectronic computer circuit incorporated into a chip or semiconductor)
                    • interface [ENG31-03583825-n] ((computer science) computer circuit consisting of the hardware and associated circuitry that links one device with another (especially a computer and a hard disk drive or other peripherals))

                      • parallel interface [ENG31-03894695-n] (an interface between a computer and a printer where the computer sends multiple bits of information to the printer simultaneously)
                      • serial port [ENG31-04181295-n] (an interface (commonly used for modems and mice and some printers) that transmits data a bit at a time)
                      • small computer system interface [ENG31-04252346-n] (interface consisting of a standard port between a computer and its peripherals that is used in some computers)
                    • module [ENG31-03784350-n] (computer circuit consisting of an assembly of electronic components (as of computer hardware))
                    • printed circuit [ENG31-04010586-n] (computer circuit consisting of an electronic sub-assembly)

                      • circuit board [ENG31-03037971-n] (a printed circuit that can be inserted into expansion slots in a computer to increase the computer's capabilities)

                        • CPU board [ENG31-03129708-n] (the main circuit board for a computer)
                        • PC board [ENG31-03908298-n] (a removable circuit board for a personal computer)
                  • delay line [ENG31-03177631-n] (a circuit designed to introduce a calculated delay into the transmission of a signal)

                    • acoustic delay line [ENG31-02678951-n] (a delay line based on the time of propagation of sound waves)
                    • electromagnetic delay line [ENG31-03281342-n] (a delay line based on the time of propagation of electromagnetic waves)
                  • feedback circuit [ENG31-03331018-n] (a circuit that feeds back some of the output to the input of a system)

                    • control circuit [ENG31-03102186-n] (a feedback circuit that subtracts from the input)
                  • flip-flop [ENG31-03368733-n] (an electronic circuit that can assume either of two stable states)
                  • limiter [ENG31-03675212-n] ((electronics) a nonlinear electronic circuit whose output is limited in amplitude)
                  • link [ENG31-03679596-n] (an interconnecting circuit between two or more locations for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data)
                  • open circuit [ENG31-03853553-n] (an incomplete electrical circuit in which no current flows)
                  • pulse timing circuit [ENG31-04028098-n] (a circuit that times pulses)
                  • resonator [ENG31-04087349-n] (an electrical circuit that combines capacitance and inductance in such a way that a periodic electric oscillation will reach maximum amplitude)
                  • series circuit [ENG31-04181455-n] (a circuit having its parts connected serially)
                  • squelch circuit [ENG31-04300396-n] (an electric circuit that cuts off a receiver when the signal becomes weaker than the noise)
                  • tank circuit [ENG31-04396724-n] (an oscillatory circuit)
                  • T-network [ENG31-04449150-n] (a circuit formed by two equal series circuits with a shunt between them)
                  • wiring [ENG31-04603182-n] (a circuit of wires for the distribution of electricity)

                    • light circuit [ENG31-03671564-n] (wiring that provides power to electric lights)
                • control panel [ENG31-03102791-n] (electrical device consisting of a flat insulated surface that contains switches and dials and meters for controlling other electrical devices)

                  • dashboard [ENG31-03167888-n] (instrument panel on an automobile or airplane containing dials and controls)
                • distributor [ENG31-03217717-n] (electrical device that distributes voltage to the spark plugs of a gasoline engine in the order of the firing sequence)
                • electrograph [ENG31-03280362-n] (electrical device used for etching by electrolytic means)
                • electrostatic generator [ENG31-03285305-n] (electrical device that produces a high voltage by building up a charge of static electricity)

                  • electrophorus [ENG31-03284829-n] (a simple electrostatic generator that generates repeated charges of static electricity)
                • filter [ENG31-03344954-n] (an electrical device that alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it)

                  • high-pass filter [ENG31-03524389-n] (a filter that passes frequencies above a certain value and attenuates frequencies below that value)
                  • low-pass filter [ENG31-03699522-n] (a filter that passes frequencies below a certain value and attenuates frequencies above that value)
                • flasher [ENG31-03363687-n] (an electrical device that automatically turns a lamp on and off (as for an advertising display))
                • fuse [ENG31-03412279-n] (an electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current when it is overloaded)

                  • cartridge fuse [ENG31-02976393-n] (a fuse cased in a tube)
                  • circuit breaker [ENG31-03038229-n] (a device that trips like a switch and opens the circuit when overloaded)
                  • plug fuse [ENG31-03974811-n] (a fuse with a thread that screws into a socket)
                • inductor [ENG31-03574194-n] (an electrical device (typically a conducting coil) that introduces inductance into a circuit)
                • jack [ENG31-03594700-n] (an electrical device consisting of a connector socket designed for the insertion of a plug)

                  • telephone jack [ENG31-04409084-n] (a jack for plugging in a telephone)
                • load [ENG31-03685574-n] (electrical device to which electrical power is delivered)
                • plug [ENG31-03974625-n] (an electrical device with two or three pins that is inserted in a socket to make an electrical connection)

                  • telephone plug [ENG31-04409477-n] (a plug for connecting a telephone)
                • precipitator [ENG31-04005031-n] (removes dust particles from gases by electrostatic precipitation)
                • reactor [ENG31-04064958-n] (an electrical device used to introduce reactance into a circuit)

                  • coil [ENG31-03069712-n] (reactor consisting of a spiral of insulated wire that introduces inductance into a circuit)

                    • armature [ENG31-02741276-n] (coil in which voltage is induced by motion through a magnetic field)

                      • rotor [ENG31-04119056-n] (the rotating armature of a motor or generator)
                    • astatic coils [ENG31-02753325-n] (an arrangement of coils used in sensitive electrical instruments)
                    • choke [ENG31-03028201-n] (a coil of low resistance and high inductance used in electrical circuits to pass direct current and attenuate alternating current)
                    • field coil [ENG31-03337536-n] (the electric coil around a field magnet that produces the magneto motive force to set up the flux in an electric machine)
                    • induction coil [ENG31-03573998-n] (a coil for producing a high voltage from a low-voltage source)

                      • ignition coil [ENG31-03566040-n] (an induction coil that converts current from a battery into the high-voltage current required by spark plugs)
                      • spark coil [ENG31-04275675-n] (an induction coil used to create sparks)
                    • primary coil [ENG31-04008987-n] (coil forming the part of an electrical circuit such that changing current in it induces a current in a neighboring circuit)
                    • read/write head [ENG31-04065833-n] ((computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk)
                    • secondary coil [ENG31-04171063-n] (coil such that current is induced in it by passing a current through the primary coil)
                    • solenoid [ENG31-04266312-n] (a coil of wire around an iron core)
                    • tickler coil [ENG31-04439919-n] (a small coil in series with the anode of a vacuum tube and coupled to the grid to provide feedback)
                • rectifier [ENG31-04072744-n] (electrical device that transforms alternating into direct current)

                  • detector [ENG31-03186167-n] (rectifier that extracts modulation from a radio carrier wave)
                  • full-wave rectifier [ENG31-03407536-n] (rectifier that converts the negative half wave of an alternating current into a positive half wave)
                • relay [ENG31-04080072-n] (electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch on and off a current in a second circuit)
                • resistor [ENG31-04087045-n] (an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current)

                  • ballast resistor [ENG31-02783144-n] (a resistor inserted into a circuit to compensate for changes (as those arising from temperature fluctuations))
                  • potential divider [ENG31-03997801-n] (resistors connected in series across a voltage source)

                    • potentiometer [ENG31-03998004-n] (a resistor with three terminals, the third being an adjustable center terminal)
                  • rheostat [ENG31-04093906-n] (resistor for regulating current)

                    • dimmer [ENG31-03204172-n] (a rheostat that varies the current through an electric light in order to control the level of illumination)
                • security system [ENG31-04173006-n] (an electrical device that sets off an alarm when someone tries to break in)
                • Segway [ENG31-04175260-n] ((trademark) a self-balancing personal transportation device with two wheels)
                • solar array [ENG31-04264900-n] (electrical device consisting of a large array of connected solar cells)
                • spark arrester [ENG31-04275385-n] (electrical device to reduce sparking when electrical contacts are opened or closed)
                • spark plug [ENG31-04276380-n] (electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and ignites the gas by means of an electric spark)
                • suppressor [ENG31-04368728-n] (an electrical device for suppressing unwanted currents)

                  • surge suppressor [ENG31-04371247-n] (electrical device inserted in a power line to protect equipment from sudden fluctuations in current)
                • transducer [ENG31-04478188-n] (an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another)

                  • electro-acoustic transducer [ENG31-03279472-n] (a transducer that converts electrical to acoustic energy or vice versa)

                    • cartridge [ENG31-02975399-n] (an electro-acoustic transducer that is the part of the arm of a record player that holds the needle and that is removable)

                      • crystal pickup [ENG31-03148648-n] (a cartridge in which an output voltage is produced by the vibration of a piezoelectric crystal)
                    • earphone [ENG31-03266479-n] (electro-acoustic transducer for converting electric signals into sounds)

                      • earplug [ENG31-03266951-n] (an earphone that is inserted into the ear canal)
                      • telephone receiver [ENG31-04409715-n] (earphone that converts electrical signals into sounds)

                        • headset [ENG31-03510811-n] (receiver consisting of a pair of headphones)
                    • loudspeaker [ENG31-03696785-n] (electro-acoustic transducer that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance)

                      • bullhorn [ENG31-02920723-n] (a portable loudspeaker with built-in microphone and amplifier)
                      • squawk box [ENG31-04299710-n] (the loudspeaker on an intercom or public address system)
                      • subwoofer [ENG31-04356479-n] (a loudspeaker that is designed to reproduce very low bass frequencies)
                      • tannoy [ENG31-04397960-n] (a loudspeaker)
                      • tweeter [ENG31-04509965-n] (a loudspeaker that reproduces higher audio frequency sounds)
                      • woofer [ENG31-04606451-n] (a loudspeaker that reproduces lower audio frequency sounds)
                    • microphone [ENG31-03765483-n] (device for converting sound waves into electrical energy)

                      • bug [ENG31-02915786-n] (a small hidden microphone)
                      • condenser microphone [ENG31-03092238-n] (microphone consisting of a capacitor with one plate fixed and the other forming the diaphragm moved by sound waves)
                      • contact microphone [ENG31-03098803-n] (a microphone designed to be used in contact with a source of sound (or with a resonating surface))

                        • spike microphone [ENG31-04284048-n] (a contact microphone for listening through walls)
                      • crystal microphone [ENG31-03148223-n] (a microphone in which sound waves vibrate a piezoelectric crystal that generates a varying voltage)
                      • directional microphone [ENG31-03209827-n] (a microphone that is designed to receive sound from a particular direction)

                        • cardioid microphone [ENG31-02967128-n] (a directional microphone with a cardioid pattern of sensitivity)
                        • gun microphone [ENG31-03474619-n] (a highly directional microphone with a long barrel)
                  • mosaic [ENG31-03793580-n] (transducer formed by the light-sensitive surface on a television camera tube)
                • transformer [ENG31-04478550-n] (an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage)

                  • coil [ENG31-03070236-n] (a transformer that supplies high voltage to spark plugs in a gasoline engine)
                  • step-down transformer [ENG31-04322480-n] (a transformer that reduces voltage)
                  • step-up transformer [ENG31-04322966-n] (a transformer that increases voltage)

                    • cascade transformer [ENG31-02978024-n] (a number of transformers in series)
                  • Tesla coil [ENG31-04421810-n] (a step-up transformer with an air core)
                  • voltage regulator [ENG31-04547683-n] (a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted)
                • transponder [ENG31-04480510-n] (electrical device designed to receive a specific signal and automatically transmit a specific reply)
                • zapper [ENG31-04621440-n] (an electrical device that can injure or kill by means of electric currents)
              • electronic device [ENG31-03282682-n] (a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically)

                • answering machine [ENG31-02717662-n] (an electronic device that answers the telephone and records messages)
                • beeper [ENG31-02826266-n] (an electronic device that generates a series of beeps when the person carrying it is being paged)
                • defibrillator [ENG31-03176301-n] (an electronic device that administers an electric shock of preset voltage to the heart through the chest wall in an attempt to restore the normal rhythm of the heart during ventricular fibrillation)
                • display [ENG31-03215838-n] (an electronic device that represents information in visual form)

                  • caller ID [ENG31-02944025-n] (a small display that will show you the telephone number of the party calling you)
                  • digital display [ENG31-03201282-n] (a display that gives the information in the form of characters (numbers or letters))

                    • liquid crystal display [ENG31-03682085-n] (a digital display that uses liquid crystal cells that change reflectivity in an applied electric field)

                      • active matrix screen [ENG31-02680864-n] (a type of LCD screen used for some portable computers)
                      • passive matrix display [ENG31-03902325-n] (a type of LCD display used for some portable computers)

                        • dual scan display [ENG31-03257490-n] (a type of passive matrix display in which the top and bottom half of the screen are refreshed simultaneously)
                  • display panel [ENG31-03216337-n] (a vertical surface on which information can be displayed to public view)

                    • big board [ENG31-02840348-n] (the large display board at the New York Stock Exchange that reports on stocks traded on the exchange)
                  • flat panel display [ENG31-03366226-n] (a type of video display that is thin and flat)
                  • monitor [ENG31-03787723-n] (display produced by a device that takes signals and displays them on a television screen or a computer monitor)

                    • computer monitor [ENG31-03089261-n] (a device that displays signals on a computer screen)
                  • screen [ENG31-04159676-n] (the display that is electronically created on the surface of the large end of a cathode-ray tube)

                    • background [ENG31-02772080-n] ((computer science) the area of the screen in graphical user interfaces against which icons and windows appear)
                    • computer screen [ENG31-03089644-n] (a screen used to display the output of a computer to the user)

                      • touch screen [ENG31-04466078-n] (a computer display that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching areas on the screen)
                  • visual display unit [ENG31-04546348-n] ((British) British term for video display)
                  • window [ENG31-04596042-n] ((computer science) a rectangular part of a computer screen that contains a display different from the rest of the screen)

                    • dialog box [ENG31-03191952-n] ((computer science) a small temporary window in a graphical user interface that appears in order to request information from the user)
                    • foreground [ENG31-03387554-n] ((computer science) a window for an active application)
                • display adapter [ENG31-03216134-n] ((computer science) an electronic device that converts information in memory to video output to a display)
                • dongle [ENG31-03226054-n] ((computer science) an electronic device that must be attached to a computer in order for it to use protected software)
                • doubler [ENG31-03232424-n] (an electronic device that doubles the voltage or the frequency of an input signal)
                • generator [ENG31-03439195-n] (an electronic device for producing a signal voltage)

                  • oscillator [ENG31-03862950-n] (generator that produces sonic oscillations or alternating current)

                    • crystal oscillator [ENG31-03148420-n] (an oscillator that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by the physical characteristics of a piezoelectric quartz crystal)
                    • local oscillator [ENG31-03687139-n] (an oscillator whose output heterodynes with the incoming radio signal to produce sum and difference tones)
                  • pulse generator [ENG31-04027897-n] (a generator of single or multiple voltage pulses)

                    • pinger [ENG31-03948968-n] (a pulse generator used for echo sounding in sonar)
                • hearing aid [ENG31-03511871-n] (an electronic device that amplifies sound and is worn to compensate for poor hearing)
                • logic element [ENG31-03692632-n] (an electronic device that performs an elementary logic operation)

                  • threshold element [ENG31-04435637-n] (a logic element that performs a threshold operation)
                • mouse [ENG31-03799022-n] (a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad)
                • multiplexer [ENG31-03804635-n] (a device that can interleave two or more activities)

                  • data multiplexer [ENG31-03168858-n] (a multiplexer that permits two or more data sources to share a common transmission medium)
                • pacemaker [ENG31-03875968-n] (an implanted electronic device that takes over the function of the natural cardiac pacemaker)
                • personal digital assistant [ENG31-03924859-n] (a lightweight consumer electronic device that looks like a hand-held computer but instead performs specific tasks)
                • readout [ENG31-04065706-n] (an electronic device the displays information in a visual form)
                • repeater [ENG31-04083164-n] ((electronics) electronic device that amplifies a signal before transmitting it again)
                • scanner [ENG31-04150205-n] (an electronic device that generates a digital representation of an image for data input to a computer)
                • system clock [ENG31-04384929-n] (an electronic device in a computer that issues a steady high-frequency signal that synchronizes all the internal components)
                • trackball [ENG31-04471850-n] (an electronic device consisting of a rotatable ball in a housing)
                • tube [ENG31-04501499-n] (electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope)

                  • acorn tube [ENG31-02678739-n] (a small vacuum tube)
                  • diode [ENG31-03207624-n] (a thermionic tube having two electrodes)
                  • electron multiplier [ENG31-03284715-n] (a vacuum tube that amplifies a flow of electrons)
                  • gas-discharge tube [ENG31-03427499-n] (a tube in which an electric discharge takes place through a gas)

                    • cathode-ray tube [ENG31-02988592-n] (a vacuum tube in which a hot cathode emits a beam of electrons that pass through a high voltage anode and are focused or deflected before hitting a phosphorescent screen)

                      • Crookes tube [ENG31-03139045-n] (the original gas-discharge cathode-ray tube)
                      • kinescope [ENG31-03622803-n] (a cathode-ray tube in a television receiver)

                        • color tube [ENG31-03076444-n] (a television tube that displays images in full color)

                          • tricolor television tube [ENG31-04489202-n] (a color television tube in which three primary colors are combined to give the full range of colors)
                    • glow lamp [ENG31-03446389-n] (a gas-discharge tube with a hot cathode)
                    • glow tube [ENG31-03446506-n] (a gas-discharge tube consisting of a cold cathode and a diode in a tube filled with gas)
                  • klystron [ENG31-03627735-n] (an electron tube used to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region by velocity modulation)
                  • magnetron [ENG31-03714501-n] (a diode vacuum tube in which the flow of electrons from a central cathode to a cylindrical anode is controlled by crossed magnetic and electric fields)
                  • pentode [ENG31-03919462-n] (a thermionic tube having five electrodes)
                  • television-camera tube [ENG31-04412444-n] (a tube that rapidly scans an optical image and converts it into electronic signals)

                    • iconoscope [ENG31-03564553-n] (the first practical television-camera for picture pickup)
                    • orthicon [ENG31-03862248-n] (a now obsolete picture pickup tube in a television camera)
                  • tetrode [ENG31-04424221-n] (a thermionic tube having four electrodes)
                  • triode [ENG31-04491688-n] (a thermionic vacuum tube having three electrodes)
                  • X-ray tube [ENG31-04617168-n] (a vacuum tube containing a metal target onto which a beam of electrons is directed at high energy for the generation of X rays)
              • energizer [ENG31-03292262-n] (a device that supplies electrical energy)
              • exercise device [ENG31-03307735-n] (a device designed to provide exercise for the user)

                • exercise bike [ENG31-03307616-n] (an exercise device resembling a stationary bike)
                • treadmill [ENG31-04484622-n] (an exercise device consisting of an endless belt on which a person can walk or jog without changing place)
              • explosive device [ENG31-03310467-n] (device that bursts with sudden violence from internal energy)

                • bomb [ENG31-02869918-n] (an explosive device fused to explode under specific conditions)

                  • atom bomb [ENG31-02756049-n] (a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239))

                    • clean bomb [ENG31-03043696-n] (an atom bomb leaving little or no radioactive contamination)
                    • dirty bomb [ENG31-03210624-n] (an atom bomb that leaves considerable radioactive contamination)
                    • neutron bomb [ENG31-03826685-n] (atom bomb that produces lethal neutrons with less blast)
                  • balloon bomb [ENG31-02785455-n] (a bomb carried by a balloon)
                  • bomblet [ENG31-02871580-n] (one of the smaller bombs that are released from a cluster bomb)

                    • bombie [ENG31-02871408-n] (an unexploded bomblet)
                  • bombshell [ENG31-02871886-n] (an explosive bomb or artillery shell)
                  • briefcase bomb [ENG31-02904140-n] (a bomb consisting of an explosive and timer hidden inside a briefcase)
                  • car bomb [ENG31-02964980-n] (a bomb placed in a car and wired to explode when the ignition is started or by remote control or by a timing device)
                  • chemical bomb [ENG31-03016388-n] (a bomb laden with chemical agents that are released when the bomb explodes)
                  • cluster bomb [ENG31-03058590-n] (bomb consisting of a canister that is dropped from a plane and that opens to release a cluster of bomblets (usually fragmentation bombs) over a wide area)
                  • depth charge [ENG31-03182522-n] (a bomb that explodes at a preset depth under water)
                  • dumb bomb [ENG31-03259870-n] (a bomb that falls because of gravity and is not guided to a target)
                  • fragmentation bomb [ENG31-03395173-n] (a bomb with only 10 to 20 per cent explosive and the remainder consisting of casings designed to break into many small high-velocity fragments)

                    • Big Blue [ENG31-02840114-n] (a reliable and deadly 15,000-pound fragmentation bomb that explodes just above ground with a large radius)
                  • gas shell [ENG31-03426678-n] ((military) bomb consisting of an explosive projectile filled with a toxic gas that is released when the bomb explodes)
                  • general-purpose bomb [ENG31-03438547-n] (a large bomb (500 to 2,000 pounds that is 50% explosive) whose explosion creates a blast and whose metal casing creates some fragmentation effect)

                    • blockbuster [ENG31-02857129-n] (a large bomb used to demolish extensive areas (as a city block))
                  • grenade [ENG31-03463203-n] (a small explosive bomb thrown by hand or fired from a missile)

                    • hand grenade [ENG31-03490392-n] (a grenade designed to be thrown by hand)
                    • rifle grenade [ENG31-04097893-n] (a grenade that is thrown from a launching device attached to the barrel of a rifle)
                  • hydrogen bomb [ENG31-03558428-n] (a nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium)
                  • incendiary bomb [ENG31-03571171-n] (a bomb that is designed to start fires)
                  • letter bomb [ENG31-03663244-n] (a thin explosive device inside an envelope or package and detonated when opened)
                  • megaton bomb [ENG31-03748913-n] (a nuclear weapon with an explosive power equivalent to one million tons of TNT)
                  • microwave bomb [ENG31-03766868-n] (a bomb that explodes in midair and releases a massive burst of electromagnetic energy sufficient to disable computers and telecommunications without killing people or damaging buildings)
                  • penetration bomb [ENG31-03915777-n] (a bomb with about 30% explosive and a casing designed to penetrate hardened targets before the explosive detonates)
                  • pipe bomb [ENG31-03952093-n] (a small homemade bomb usually contained in a metal pipe)
                  • plastic bomb [ENG31-03964632-n] (a bomb made of plastic explosive)
                  • remote-control bomb [ENG31-04082272-n] (a bomb that can be detonated by remote control)
                  • smart bomb [ENG31-04252975-n] (a bomb that can be guided (by a laser beam or radio) to its target)

                    • laser-guided bomb [ENG31-03648805-n] (a smart bomb that seeks the laser light reflected off of the target and uses it to correct its descent)
                  • smoke bomb [ENG31-04253587-n] (a bomb that gives off thick smoke when it explodes)
                  • stink bomb [ENG31-04327736-n] (a small bomb designed to give off a foul odor when it explodes)
                  • thermobaric bomb [ENG31-04427596-n] (a bomb that uses a fuel-air explosive)
                  • time bomb [ENG31-04443966-n] (a bomb that has a detonating mechanism that can be set to go off at a particular time)
                • detonator [ENG31-03186898-n] (a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive)

                  • blasting cap [ENG31-02853298-n] (a small tube filled with detonating substances)
                  • percussion cap [ENG31-03921439-n] (a detonator that explodes when struck)
                • fuel-air explosive [ENG31-03405304-n] (a device consisting of a container of fuel and two explosive charges)
                • improvised explosive device [ENG31-03570745-n] (an explosive device that is improvised)

                  • Molotov cocktail [ENG31-03786588-n] (a crude incendiary bomb made of a bottle filled with flammable liquid and fitted with a rag wick)
                • mine [ENG31-03773667-n] (explosive device that explodes on contact)

                  • floating mine [ENG31-03369924-n] (an explosive mine designed to destroy ships that bump into it)

                    • magnetic mine [ENG31-03712710-n] ((nautical) a marine mine that is detonated by a mechanism that responds to magnetic material (as the steel hull of a ship))
                  • land mine [ENG31-03644989-n] (an explosive mine hidden underground)

                    • bouncing betty [ENG31-02882038-n] (an antipersonnel land mine)
                    • claymore mine [ENG31-03043338-n] (an antipersonnel land mine whose blast is aimed at the oncoming enemy)
                • petard [ENG31-03925824-n] (an explosive device used to break down a gate or wall)
                • seal bomb [ENG31-04166911-n] (a small explosive device (resembling a firecracker) that is used underwater in order to frighten mammals away from fishing grounds)
                • shoe bomb [ENG31-04207181-n] (an explosive device concealed inside the heel and sole of a shoe)
                • torpedo [ENG31-04463969-n] (a small explosive device that is placed on a railroad track and fires when a train runs over it)
                • torpedo [ENG31-04464392-n] (an explosive device that is set off in an oil well (or a gas well) to start or to increase the flow of oil (or gas))
              • fan [ENG31-03324991-n] (a device for creating a current of air by movement of a surface or surfaces)

                • electric fan [ENG31-03276485-n] (a fan run by an electric motor)
                • exhaust fan [ENG31-03308162-n] (a fan that moves air out of an enclosure)

                  • attic fan [ENG31-02758989-n] (a fan that blows heated air out of the attic of a building)
                • punkah [ENG31-04031070-n] (a large fan consisting of a frame covered with canvas that is suspended from the ceiling)
              • filter [ENG31-03344588-n] (device that removes something from whatever passes through it)

                • air filter [ENG31-02691132-n] (a filter that removes dust from the air that passes through it)

                  • filter tip [ENG31-03345251-n] (an air filter on the end of a cigarette)
                • bacteria bed [ENG31-02775287-n] (layer of sand or gravel used to expose sewage effluent to air and the action of microorganisms)
                • coffee filter [ENG31-03067202-n] (filter (usually of paper) that passes the coffee and retains the coffee grounds)
                • drain basket [ENG31-03237246-n] (a filter in a sink drain)
                • filter bed [ENG31-03345128-n] (filter consisting of a layer of sand or gravel for filtering water)
                • fuel filter [ENG31-03405887-n] (a filter in the fuel line that screens out dirt and rust particles from the fuel)
                • light filter [ENG31-03672386-n] (a transparent filter that reduces the light (or some wavelengths of the light) passing through it)
                • oil filter [ENG31-03849075-n] (a filter that removes impurities from the oil used to lubricate an internal-combustion engine)
                • strainer [ENG31-04339381-n] (a filter to retain larger pieces while smaller pieces and liquids pass through)

                  • colander [ENG31-03070853-n] (bowl-shaped strainer)
                  • sieve [ENG31-04223701-n] (a strainer for separating lumps from powdered material or grading particles)

                    • riddle [ENG31-04095808-n] (a coarse sieve (as for gravel))
                    • sifter [ENG31-04223927-n] (a household sieve (as for flour))
                  • tea-strainer [ENG31-04405969-n] (a device to keep back tea leaves when pouring a cup of tea)
                • water filter [ENG31-04566906-n] (a filter to remove impurities from the water supply)
                • glass wool [ENG31-14846022-n] (glass fibers spun and massed into bundles resembling wool)
                • diatomaceous earth [ENG31-14867465-n] (a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering material)
              • fire extinguisher [ENG31-03350683-n] (a manually operated device for extinguishing small fires)
              • flare [ENG31-03362739-n] (a device that produces a bright light for warning or illumination or identification)

                • fusee [ENG31-03412654-n] (a colored flare used as a warning signal by trucks and trains)
              • fumigator [ENG31-03407700-n] (a device that generates a gas for the purpose of disinfecting or eradicating pests)
              • gas fixture [ENG31-03428009-n] (a device to convey illuminating gas from the pipe to the gas burner)
              • groover [ENG31-03466920-n] (a device that makes grooves by cutting or punching)
              • guard [ENG31-03469399-n] (a device designed to prevent injury or accidents)

                • fender [ENG31-03333021-n] (a low metal guard to confine falling coals to a hearth)
                • safety catch [ENG31-04133474-n] (guard consisting of a locking device that prevents a weapon from being fired)
              • heater [ENG31-03513245-n] (device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room)

                • brazier [ENG31-02896680-n] (large metal container in which coal or charcoal is burned)

                  • hibachi [ENG31-03522672-n] (a portable brazier that burns charcoal and has a grill for cooking)
                • convector [ENG31-03103798-n] (a space heater that transfers heat to the surrounding air by convection)
                • defroster [ENG31-03176877-n] (heater that removes ice or frost (as from a windshield or a refrigerator or the wings of an airplane))
                • demister [ENG31-03179271-n] (heater that removes mist from the windshield of a car)
                • gas heater [ENG31-03428389-n] (a heater that burns gas for heat)
                • heating pad [ENG31-03514025-n] (heater consisting of electrical heating elements contained in a flexible pad)
                • oil heater [ENG31-03849403-n] (heater that burns oil (as kerosine) for heating or cooking)
                • radiator [ENG31-04047545-n] (heater consisting of a series of pipes for circulating steam or hot water to heat rooms or buildings)
                • solar heater [ENG31-04265443-n] (a heater that makes direct use of solar energy)
                • space heater [ENG31-04272385-n] (heater consisting of a self-contained (usually portable) unit to warm a room)

                  • electric heater [ENG31-03277150-n] (a small electric space heater)

                    • heat lamp [ENG31-03514538-n] (electric heater consisting of a high-power incandescent lamp that emits infrared radiation)
                • stove [ENG31-04337405-n] (any heating apparatus)
              • heat exchanger [ENG31-03513629-n] (device that transfers heat from one liquid to another without allowing them to mix)
              • holding device [ENG31-03531007-n] (a device for holding something)

                • chuck [ENG31-03030933-n] (a holding device consisting of adjustable jaws that center a workpiece in a lathe or center a tool in a drill)

                  • collet [ENG31-03074063-n] (a cone-shaped chuck used for holding cylindrical pieces in a lathe)
                • clamp [ENG31-03040851-n] (a device (generally used by carpenters) that holds things firmly together)

                  • bench clamp [ENG31-02832430-n] (a clamp used to hold work in place on a workbench)
                  • C-clamp [ENG31-02991521-n] (a clamp in the shape of the letter C)
                  • cramp [ENG31-03130902-n] (a clamp for holding pieces of wood together while they are glued)
                  • pipe vise [ENG31-03953619-n] (a clamp for holding pipe that is to be cut or threaded)
                  • press [ENG31-04006838-n] (clamp to prevent wooden rackets from warping when not in use)
                • holder [ENG31-03530634-n] (a holding device)

                  • candlestick [ENG31-02951993-n] (a holder with sockets for candles)

                    • candelabrum [ENG31-02951254-n] (branched candlestick)

                      • menorah [ENG31-03751496-n] ((Judaism) a candelabrum with nine branches)
                      • Menorah [ENG31-03751646-n] ((Judaism) a candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbolize the seven days of Creation)
                    • girandole [ENG31-03442739-n] (an ornate candle holder)
                  • cigarette holder [ENG31-03035137-n] (a tube that holds a cigarette while it is being smoked)
                  • keyboard [ENG31-03619082-n] (holder consisting of an arrangement of hooks on which keys or locks can be hung)
                  • peg [ENG31-03911849-n] (a holder attached to the gunwale of a boat that holds the oar in place and acts as a fulcrum for rowing)
                  • zarf [ENG31-04621601-n] (an ornamental metal cup-shaped holder for a hot coffee cup)
                • jaw [ENG31-03599464-n] (holding device consisting of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object)
                • last [ENG31-03649846-n] (holding device shaped like a human foot that is used to fashion or repair shoes)
                • pullback [ENG31-04026275-n] (a device (as a decorative loop of cord or fabric) for holding or drawing something back)
                • spike [ENG31-04283169-n] (any holding device consisting of a rigid, sharp-pointed object)
                • vise [ENG31-04545847-n] (a holding device attached to a workbench)

                  • machinist's vise [ENG31-03707979-n] (a vise with two parallel iron jaws and a wide opening below)
                  • wood vise [ENG31-04605743-n] (a vise with jaws that are padded in order to hold lumber without denting it)
              • horn [ENG31-03542421-n] (a device having the shape of a horn)
              • hydrofoil [ENG31-03558199-n] (a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through)
              • imprint [ENG31-03570468-n] (a device produced by pressure on a surface)

                • impression [ENG31-03570029-n] ((dentistry) an imprint of the teeth and gums in wax or plaster)
              • indicator [ENG31-03573297-n] (a device for showing the operating condition of some system)

                • annunciator [ENG31-02717050-n] (an indicator that announces which electrical circuit has been active (as on a telephone switchboard))
                • cursor [ENG31-03155461-n] ((computer science) indicator consisting of a movable spot of light (an icon) on a visual display)
                • dial [ENG31-03191721-n] (the circular graduated indicator on various measuring instruments)
                • fuel gauge [ENG31-03406044-n] (an indicator of the amount of fuel remaining in a vehicle)
                • gnomon [ENG31-03447521-n] (indicator provided by the stationary arm whose shadow indicates the time on the sundial)
                • level [ENG31-03664184-n] (indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid)

                  • mason's level [ENG31-03731360-n] (a level longer than a carpenter's level)
                • pilot light [ENG31-03946120-n] (indicator consisting of a light to indicate whether power is on or a motor is in operation)
                • pointer [ENG31-03981590-n] (an indicator as on a dial)

                  • hand [ENG31-03487606-n] (a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece)

                    • hour hand [ENG31-03549418-n] (the shorter hand of a clock that points to the hours)
                    • minute hand [ENG31-03778117-n] (points to the minutes)
                    • second hand [ENG31-04171818-n] (hand marking seconds on a timepiece)

                      • sweep hand [ENG31-04378137-n] (a second hand that is mounted on the same center as the hour and minute hand and is read on the minutes)
                  • light pen [ENG31-03673605-n] ((computer science) a pointer that when pointed at a computer display senses whether or not the spot is illuminated)
                  • needle [ENG31-03821934-n] (a slender pointer for indicating the reading on the scale of a measuring instrument)
                • scale [ENG31-04148903-n] (an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks)

                  • vernier scale [ENG31-04536403-n] (a small movable scale that slides along a main scale)
                • test paper [ENG31-04422595-n] (paper impregnated with an indicator for use in chemical tests)
                • tidemark [ENG31-04440076-n] (indicator consisting of a line at the highwater or low-water limits of the tides)
              • instrument [ENG31-03579967-n] (a device that requires skill for proper use)

                • analyzer [ENG31-02711570-n] (an instrument that performs analyses)
                • cautery [ENG31-02990502-n] (an instrument or substance used to destroy tissue for medical reasons (eg removal of a wart) by burning it with a hot iron or an electric current or a caustic or by freezing it)

                  • cryocautery [ENG31-03146642-n] (an instrument for destroying tissue by freezing it)
                  • searing iron [ENG31-04168071-n] (a hot iron used to destroy tissue)
                • drafting instrument [ENG31-03235863-n] (an instrument used by a draftsman in making drawings)

                  • compass [ENG31-03084637-n] (drafting instrument used for drawing circles)
                  • divider [ENG31-03220452-n] (a drafting instrument resembling a compass that is used for dividing lines into equal segments or for transferring measurements)
                  • protractor [ENG31-04022302-n] (drafting instrument used to draw or measure angles)
                  • triangle [ENG31-04488251-n] (any of various triangular drafting instruments used to draw straight lines at specified angles)
                  • T-square [ENG31-04500554-n] (a square used by draftsmen to draw parallel lines)
                • engine [ENG31-03292914-n] (an instrument or machine that is used in warfare, such as a battering ram, catapult, artillery piece, etc.)

                  • battering ram [ENG31-02813274-n] (a ram used to break down doors of fortified buildings)
                  • catapult [ENG31-02985366-n] (an engine that provided medieval artillery used during sieges)
                • extractor [ENG31-03313097-n] (an instrument for extracting tight-fitting components)

                  • forceps [ENG31-03386077-n] (an extractor consisting of a pair of pincers used in medical treatment (especially for the delivery of babies))

                    • lion-jaw forceps [ENG31-03681233-n] (a type of forceps)
                    • mouse-tooth forceps [ENG31-03799487-n] (a type of forceps)
                • harmonium [ENG31-03499638-n] (a free-reeded instrument with a piano keyboard in which air is forced through the reeds by bellows)
                • instrument of execution [ENG31-03580860-n] (an instrument designed and used to take the life of a condemned person)

                  • electric chair [ENG31-03275941-n] (an instrument of execution by electrocution)
                  • gallows [ENG31-03417816-n] (an instrument of execution consisting of a wooden frame from which a condemned person is executed by hanging)

                    • gallows tree [ENG31-03418034-n] (alternative terms for gallows)
                  • garrote [ENG31-03425845-n] (an instrument of execution for execution by strangulation)
                  • gas chamber [ENG31-03427198-n] (instrument of execution consisting of a sealed chamber into which poison gas is introduced)
                  • guillotine [ENG31-03472000-n] (instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles)
                  • stake [ENG31-04306044-n] (instrument of execution consisting of a vertical post that a victim is tied to for burning)
                • instrument of punishment [ENG31-03581127-n] (an instrument designed and used to punish a condemned person)

                  • cangue [ENG31-02952792-n] (an instrument of punishment formerly used in China for petty criminals)
                  • cucking stool [ENG31-03149648-n] (an instrument of punishment consisting of a chair in which offenders were ducked in water)
                  • instrument of torture [ENG31-03581384-n] (an instrument of punishment designed and used to inflict torture on the condemned person)

                    • boot [ENG31-02876605-n] (an instrument of torture that is used to heat or crush the foot and leg)
                    • iron maiden [ENG31-03591617-n] (instrument of torture consisting of a hollow iron frame shaped like the human body and lined with spikes to impale the victim)
                    • rack [ENG31-04045517-n] (an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims)
                    • thumbscrew [ENG31-04438681-n] (instrument of torture that crushes the thumb)
                  • paddle [ENG31-03879252-n] (an instrument of punishment consisting of a flat board)
                  • pillory [ENG31-03944313-n] (a wooden instrument of punishment on a post with holes for the wrists and neck)
                  • stocks [ENG31-04331653-n] (a former instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in which the feet (and sometimes the hands) of an offender could be locked)
                  • switch [ENG31-04379258-n] (a flexible implement used as an instrument of punishment)

                    • birch [ENG31-02846047-n] (a switch consisting of a twig or a bundle of twigs from a birch tree)
                    • cane [ENG31-02952520-n] (a stiff switch used to hit students as punishment)
                    • ferule [ENG31-03334947-n] (a switch (a stick or cane or flat paddle) used to punish children)
                    • rattan [ENG31-04063292-n] (a switch made from the stems of the rattan palms)
                • measuring instrument [ENG31-03739416-n] (instrument that shows the extent or amount or quantity or degree of something)

                  • accelerometer [ENG31-02673565-n] (an instrument for measuring the acceleration of aircraft or rockets)
                  • actinometer [ENG31-02680290-n] (an instrument for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (usually by the photochemical effect))
                  • algometer [ENG31-02699428-n] (device for measuring pain caused by pressure)
                  • altazimuth [ENG31-02702774-n] (an instrument that measures the altitude and azimuth of celestial bodies)
                  • altimeter [ENG31-02703117-n] (an instrument that measures the height above ground)

                    • hypsometer [ENG31-03561042-n] (an altimeter that uses the boiling point of water to determine land elevation)
                  • atmometer [ENG31-02755922-n] (an instrument that measures rate of evaporation of water)
                  • audiometer [ENG31-02760342-n] (an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing)
                  • barometer [ENG31-02797179-n] (an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure)

                    • aneroid barometer [ENG31-02713459-n] (a barometer that measures pressure without using fluids)
                    • barograph [ENG31-02797031-n] (a recording barometer)
                    • mercury barometer [ENG31-03754995-n] (barometer that shows pressure by the height of a column of mercury)
                    • weatherglass [ENG31-04574384-n] (a simple barometer for indicating changes in atmospheric pressure)
                  • bathymeter [ENG31-02811830-n] (an instrument that measures the depth of water)
                  • bolometer [ENG31-02868554-n] (an instrument that measures heat radiation)
                  • burette [ENG31-02924976-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube with a tap at the bottom)
                  • caliper [ENG31-02943283-n] (an instrument for measuring the distance between two points (often used in the plural))

                    • inside caliper [ENG31-03578725-n] (caliper for measuring inside dimensions (the size of a cavity or hole))
                    • micrometer [ENG31-03765190-n] (caliper for measuring small distances)
                    • odd-leg caliper [ENG31-03846531-n] (caliper having the points on its legs both curve in the same direction)
                    • outside caliper [ENG31-03867116-n] (caliper for measuring outside dimensions)
                    • vernier caliper [ENG31-04536263-n] (a caliper with a vernier scale for very fine measurements)
                  • calorimeter [ENG31-02944550-n] (a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heat)

                    • bomb calorimeter [ENG31-02870932-n] (strong sealed vessel for measuring heat of combustion)
                  • chronoscope [ENG31-03030791-n] (an instrument for accurate measurements of small intervals of time)

                    • time-delay measuring instrument [ENG31-04444514-n] (chronoscope for measuring the time difference between two events)
                  • colorimeter [ENG31-03075556-n] (a measuring instrument used in colorimetric analysis to determine the quantity of a substance from the color it yields with specific reagents)
                  • counter tube [ENG31-03122997-n] (a measuring instrument for counting individual ionizing events)

                    • crystal counter [ENG31-03147906-n] (a counter tube in which an ionizing event increases conductivity)
                    • Geiger counter [ENG31-03437270-n] (counter tube that detects ionizing radiations)
                    • proportional counter tube [ENG31-04019041-n] (counter tube whose output pulse is proportional to number of ions produced)

                      • boron counter tube [ENG31-02879057-n] (a proportional counter tube for counting neutrons)
                    • scintillation counter [ENG31-04154981-n] (counter tube in which light flashes when exposed to ionizing radiation)
                  • craniometer [ENG31-03131578-n] (an instrument for measuring skull sizes)
                  • cryoscope [ENG31-03146856-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring freezing and melting points)
                  • declinometer [ENG31-03173599-n] (an instrument for measuring magnetic declination)
                  • densimeter [ENG31-03179967-n] (a measuring instrument for determining density or specific gravity)

                    • dasymeter [ENG31-03168315-n] (densimeter consisting of a thin glass globe that is weighed in a gas to determine its density)
                  • densitometer [ENG31-03180123-n] (a measuring instrument for determining optical or photographic density)

                    • microphotometer [ENG31-03765699-n] (special kind of densitometer that measures density variations over a very small area)
                  • dosemeter [ENG31-03230161-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring doses of ionizing radiation (X-rays or radioactivity))
                  • dynamometer [ENG31-03265436-n] (measuring instrument designed to measure power)
                  • electrodynamometer [ENG31-03280036-n] (measuring instrument that uses the interaction of the magnetic fields of two coils to measure current or voltage or power)
                  • electroscope [ENG31-03285127-n] (measuring instrument that detects electric charge)
                  • eudiometer [ENG31-03306334-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases)
                  • gauge [ENG31-03434198-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring and indicating a quantity such as the thickness of wire or the amount of rain etc.)

                    • anemometer [ENG31-02713288-n] (a gauge for recording the speed and direction of wind)
                    • depth gauge [ENG31-03182839-n] (a gauge for measuring the depth of grooves or holes or other concavities)
                    • dipstick [ENG31-03209120-n] (a graduated rod dipped into a container to indicate the fluid level)
                    • gasoline gauge [ENG31-03429772-n] (gauge that indicates the amount of gasoline left in the gasoline tank of a vehicle)
                    • pressure gauge [ENG31-04007857-n] (gauge for measuring and indicating fluid pressure)

                      • manometer [ENG31-03723874-n] (a pressure gauge for comparing pressures of a gas)

                        • tensimeter [ENG31-04417798-n] (a manometer for measuring vapor pressure)
                      • sphygmomanometer [ENG31-04282104-n] (a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure)
                    • rain gauge [ENG31-04056697-n] (gauge consisting of an instrument to measure the quantity of precipitation)
                    • strain gauge [ENG31-04339604-n] (a gauge for measuring strain in a surface)
                    • surface gauge [ENG31-04369711-n] (gauge consisting of a scriber mounted on an adjustable stand)
                    • vacuum gauge [ENG31-04525638-n] (a gauge for indicating negative atmospheric pressure)
                    • water gauge [ENG31-04567016-n] (gauge for indicating the level of water in e.g. a tank or boiler or reservoir)

                      • water level [ENG31-04568296-n] (a water gauge that shows the level by showing the surface of the water in a trough or U-shaped tube)
                    • wire gauge [ENG31-04602246-n] (gauge for measuring the diameter of wire)
                  • graduate [ENG31-03456417-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring fluid volume)

                    • graduated cylinder [ENG31-03456655-n] (a cylindrical graduate)
                  • gravimeter [ENG31-03460586-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring variations in the gravitational field of the earth)
                  • heliometer [ENG31-03517768-n] (an instrument used to measure the angular separation of two stars that are too far apart to be included in the field of view of an ordinary telescope)
                  • hematocrit [ENG31-03519273-n] (a measuring instrument to determine (usually by centrifugation) the relative amounts of corpuscles and plasma in the blood)
                  • hydrometer [ENG31-03558666-n] (a measuring instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid or solid)

                    • salinometer [ENG31-04137649-n] (a hydrometer that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density)
                    • thermohydrometer [ENG31-04428717-n] (a hydrometer that includes a thermometer)
                  • hygrometer [ENG31-03559640-n] (measuring instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere)

                    • hygrodeik [ENG31-03559555-n] (a wet and dry bulb hygrometer)
                    • hygroscope [ENG31-03559825-n] (hygrometer that shows variations in the relative humidity of the atmosphere)
                    • psychrometer [ENG31-04023965-n] (a hygrometer consisting of a dry-bulb thermometer and a wet-bulb thermometer)
                  • inclinometer [ENG31-03571735-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the angle of magnetic dip (as from an airplane))
                  • integrator [ENG31-03582481-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the area of an irregular plane figure)
                  • interferometer [ENG31-03584150-n] (any measuring instrument that uses interference patterns to make accurate measurements of waves)
                  • ionization chamber [ENG31-03588790-n] (a measuring instrument that measures the amount of ionizing radiation)

                    • boron chamber [ENG31-02878868-n] (an ionization chamber lined with boron or filled with boron trifluoride gas for counting low velocity neutrons)
                    • Geiger tube [ENG31-03437419-n] (an ionization chamber contained in a tube in a Geiger counter)
                  • katharometer [ENG31-03614360-n] (measures thermal conductivity)
                  • Kundt's tube [ENG31-03634275-n] (a measuring instrument used to measure the speed of sound)
                  • lidar [ENG31-03666947-n] (a measuring system that detects and locates objects on the same principle as radar but uses light from a laser)
                  • log [ENG31-03691984-n] (measuring instrument that consists of a float that trails from a ship by a knotted line in order to measure the ship's speed through the water)

                    • harpoon log [ENG31-03501308-n] (a cylindrical log with a device that registers distance)
                    • patent log [ENG31-03904484-n] (a cigar-shaped log with rotary fins that measure the ship's speed)
                  • measuring stick [ENG31-03741128-n] (measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals)

                    • board rule [ENG31-02861092-n] (a measure used in computing board feet)
                    • rule [ENG31-04125870-n] (measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths)

                      • carpenter's rule [ENG31-02970533-n] (a rule used by a carpenter)
                      • foot rule [ENG31-03385493-n] (a ruler one foot long)
                      • meterstick [ENG31-03759005-n] (a rule one meter long (usually marked off in centimeters and millimeters))
                      • yardstick [ENG31-04619273-n] (a ruler or tape that is three feet long)
                    • size stick [ENG31-04232640-n] (a mechanical measuring stick used by shoe fitters to measure the length and width of your foot)
                  • meter [ENG31-03758568-n] (any of various measuring instruments for measuring a quantity)

                    • ammeter [ENG31-02705848-n] (a meter that measures the flow of electrical current in amperes)

                      • milliammeter [ENG31-03771753-n] (a sensitive ammeter graduated in milliamperes)
                    • electric meter [ENG31-03277721-n] (a meter for measuring the amount of electric power used)
                    • electrometer [ENG31-03281607-n] (meter to measure electrostatic voltage differences)
                    • fluxmeter [ENG31-03377779-n] (meter that measures magnetic flux by the current it generates in a coil)
                    • galvanometer [ENG31-03418174-n] (meter for detecting or comparing or measuring small electric currents)

                      • astatic galvanometer [ENG31-02753657-n] (has a moving magnet and astatic coils arranged to cancel the effect of the Earth's magnetic field)
                      • moving-coil galvanometer [ENG31-03801703-n] (a galvanometer that is operated by the force exerted by an electric current flowing in a movable coil suspended in a magnetic field)

                        • ballistic galvanometer [ENG31-02784236-n] (a moving-coil galvanometer that measures electric charge)
                    • gas meter [ENG31-03429399-n] (a meter for measuring the amount of gas flowing through a particular pipe)
                    • magnetometer [ENG31-03714382-n] (a meter to compare strengths of magnetic fields)
                    • odometer [ENG31-03846663-n] (a meter that shows mileage traversed)
                    • ohmmeter [ENG31-03848506-n] (a meter for measuring electrical resistance in ohms)
                    • postage meter [ENG31-03995116-n] (meter for bulk mailings that imprints correct prepaid postage on pieces of mail and records the total charge)
                    • radiometer [ENG31-04050065-n] (meter to detect and measure radiant energy (electromagnetic or acoustic))

                      • Crookes radiometer [ENG31-03138883-n] (electromagnetic radiometer consisting of a small paddlewheel that rotates when placed in daylight)
                      • radiomicrometer [ENG31-04050248-n] (radiometer that is extremely sensitive)
                      • Rayleigh disk [ENG31-04063830-n] (an acoustic radiometer consisting of a light disk suspended from a quartz thread)
                    • reflectometer [ENG31-04076278-n] (a meter that measures the reflectance of a surface)
                    • speedometer [ENG31-04280915-n] (a meter fixed to a vehicle that measures and displays its speed)

                      • machmeter [ENG31-03708121-n] (speedometer for measuring the speed of an aircraft relative to the speed of sound)
                    • taximeter [ENG31-04403470-n] (a meter in a taxi that registers the fare (based on the length of the ride))
                    • voltmeter [ENG31-04548606-n] (meter that measures the potential difference between two points)

                      • electronic voltmeter [ENG31-03284275-n] (a voltmeter whose sensitivity is increased by amplification)

                        • digital voltmeter [ENG31-03201885-n] (an electronic voltmeter that gives readings in digits)
                      • millivoltmeter [ENG31-03772232-n] (sensitive voltmeter that can measure voltage in millivolts)
                    • volumeter [ENG31-04548761-n] (a meter to measure the volume of gases, liquids, or solids (either directly or by displacement))
                    • water meter [ENG31-04568573-n] (meter for measuring the quantity of water passing through a particular outlet)
                  • nephoscope [ENG31-03824587-n] (a measuring instrument that uses a grid for measuring the altitude, direction, and velocity of movement of clouds)
                  • octant [ENG31-03846343-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring angles to a celestial body)
                  • oximeter [ENG31-03874321-n] (a measuring instrument that measures the oxygen in arterial blood)
                  • pedometer [ENG31-03910901-n] (measuring instrument for recording the number of steps taken in walking)
                  • pelvimeter [ENG31-03913013-n] (measuring instrument for performing pelvimetry)
                  • photometer [ENG31-03933114-n] (measuring instrument for measuring the luminous intensity of a source by comparing it (visually or photoelectrically) with a standard source)

                    • spectrophotometer [ENG31-04280047-n] (a photometer for comparing two light radiations wavelength by wavelength)
                  • piezometer [ENG31-03941166-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring high pressures)
                  • pipet [ENG31-03953387-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube used to measure or transfer precise volumes of a liquid by drawing the liquid up into the tube)

                    • dropper [ENG31-03251786-n] (pipet consisting of a small tube with a vacuum bulb at one end for drawing liquid in and releasing it a drop at a time)
                  • Pitot-static tube [ENG31-03957489-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a combined Pitot tube and static tube that measures total and static pressure)
                  • Pitot tube [ENG31-03957729-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a right-angled tube with an open end that is directed in opposition to the flow of a fluid and used to measure the velocity of fluid flow)
                  • plethysmograph [ENG31-03972657-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring changes in volume of a part or organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood it contains))

                    • body plethysmograph [ENG31-02866516-n] (plethysmograph consisting of a chamber surrounding the entire body)
                    • digital plethysmograph [ENG31-03201525-n] (plethysmograph applied to a digit of the hand or foot to measure skin blood flow)
                  • potentiometer [ENG31-03998195-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring direct current electromotive forces)
                  • quadrant [ENG31-04037322-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring altitude of heavenly bodies)
                  • radar [ENG31-04046324-n] (measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate distant objects)

                    • Doppler radar [ENG31-03229193-n] (radar that uses the Doppler shift to measure velocity)
                    • early warning radar [ENG31-03265966-n] (a radar that is part of an early warning system)
                    • three-dimensional radar [ENG31-04434694-n] (radar that will report altitude as well as azimuth and distance of a target)
                    • weather radar [ENG31-04574766-n] (radar that is able to detect clouds and precipitation)
                  • rangefinder [ENG31-04060620-n] (a measuring instrument (acoustic or optical or electronic) for finding the distance of an object)
                  • refractometer [ENG31-04077527-n] (measuring instrument for measuring the refractive index of a substance)
                  • rheometer [ENG31-04093775-n] (an instrument for measuring the flow of liquids (especially arterial blood))
                  • scale [ENG31-04149040-n] (a measuring instrument for weighing)

                    • balance [ENG31-02780105-n] (a scale for weighing)

                      • beam balance [ENG31-02819629-n] (a balance consisting of a lever with two equal arms and a pan suspended from each arm)

                        • analytical balance [ENG31-02711414-n] (a beam balance of great precision used in quantitative chemical analysis)
                      • electronic balance [ENG31-03282370-n] (a balance that generates a current proportional to the displacement of the pan)
                      • microbalance [ENG31-03764423-n] (balance for weighing very small objects)
                      • spring balance [ENG31-04295671-n] (a balance that measure weight by the tension on a helical spring)
                      • steelyard [ENG31-04319292-n] (a portable balance consisting of a pivoted bar with arms of unequal length)
                    • weighbridge [ENG31-04578244-n] (platform scale flush with a roadway for weighing vehicles and cattle etc)
                  • sclerometer [ENG31-04155350-n] (a measuring instrument that measures the hardness of materials by penetrating them with a stylus that has a diamond point)
                  • sector [ENG31-04172612-n] (measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end)
                  • seismograph [ENG31-04175901-n] (a measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of the ground (as an earthquake))
                  • sensitometer [ENG31-04179668-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the light sensitivity of film over a range of exposures)
                  • sextant [ENG31-04187949-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the angular distance between celestial objects)

                    • astrolabe [ENG31-02754220-n] (an early form of sextant)
                  • sonar [ENG31-04266881-n] (a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return)
                  • spherometer [ENG31-04281805-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the curvature of a surface)
                  • spirograph [ENG31-04287844-n] (a measuring instrument for recording the depth and rapidity of breathing movements)
                  • spirometer [ENG31-04287983-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs)
                  • static tube [ENG31-04313085-n] (a measuring instrument used to measure static pressure in a stream of fluid)
                  • synchroscope [ENG31-04383013-n] (an instrument that indicates whether two periodic motions are synchronous (especially an instrument that enables a pilot to synchronize the propellers of a plane that has two or more engines))
                  • tachometer [ENG31-04389967-n] (measuring instrument for indicating speed of rotation)

                    • tachograph [ENG31-04389782-n] (a tachometer that produces a graphical record of its readings)
                  • tape [ENG31-04399200-n] (measuring instrument consisting of a narrow strip (cloth or metal) marked in inches or centimeters and used for measuring lengths)
                  • tensiometer [ENG31-04417895-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the surface tension of a liquid)
                  • tensiometer [ENG31-04418021-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the tension in a wire or fiber or beam)
                  • tensiometer [ENG31-04418154-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring the moisture content of soil)
                  • thermometer [ENG31-04429007-n] (measuring instrument for measuring temperature)

                    • alcohol thermometer [ENG31-02698621-n] (thermometer consisting of a glass capillary tube marked with degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and containing alcohol which rises or falls as it expands or contracts with changes in temperature)
                    • candy thermometer [ENG31-02952378-n] (a thermometer used to determine the temperature of candy syrups during cooking)
                    • Centigrade thermometer [ENG31-02998350-n] (a thermometer calibrated in degrees centigrade)
                    • cryometer [ENG31-03146750-n] (a thermometer designed to measure low temperatures)
                    • dry-bulb thermometer [ENG31-03255803-n] (an ordinary thermometer with a dry bulb)
                    • Fahrenheit thermometer [ENG31-03322618-n] (a thermometer calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit)
                    • gas thermometer [ENG31-03431195-n] (thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the pressure of a gas kept at constant volume)
                    • maximum and minimum thermometer [ENG31-03738149-n] (thermometer that records the highest and lowest temperatures reached during a period of time)
                    • meat thermometer [ENG31-03741961-n] (a thermometer that is inserted into the center of a roast (with the top away from the heat source))
                    • mercury thermometer [ENG31-03755298-n] (thermometer consisting of mercury contained in a bulb at the bottom of a graduated sealed glass capillary tube marked in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit)

                      • Beckman thermometer [ENG31-02821822-n] (a mercury thermometer that measures small differences or changes in temperature)
                      • clinical thermometer [ENG31-03047408-n] (a mercury thermometer designed to measure the temperature of the human body)
                    • oven thermometer [ENG31-03868382-n] (a thermometer that registers the temperature inside an oven)
                    • pyrometer [ENG31-04036210-n] (a thermometer designed to measure high temperatures)

                      • optical pyrometer [ENG31-03858064-n] (a pyrometer that uses the color of the light emitted by a hot object)
                      • pyrometric cone [ENG31-04036389-n] (a pyrometer consisting of a series of cones that melt at different temperatures)
                      • radiation pyrometer [ENG31-04047016-n] (a pyrometer for estimating the temperature of distant sources of heat)
                      • resistance pyrometer [ENG31-04086715-n] (pyrometer that measures high temperatures by the resistance in a heated wire)
                    • Reaumur thermometer [ENG31-04067310-n] (an alcohol thermometer calibrated in degrees Reaumur)
                    • resistance thermometer [ENG31-04086858-n] (thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the resistance of a spiral of platinum wire)
                    • reversing thermometer [ENG31-04092858-n] (a thermometer that registers the temperature in deep waters)
                    • self-registering thermometer [ENG31-04177445-n] (a thermometer that records the temperature automatically)
                    • telethermometer [ENG31-04411207-n] (a thermometer that registers the temperature at some distant point)
                    • thermocouple [ENG31-04427855-n] (a kind of thermometer consisting of two wires of different metals that are joined at both ends)
                    • thermoelectric thermometer [ENG31-04428218-n] (a thermometer that uses thermoelectric current to measure temperature)
                    • thermograph [ENG31-04428393-n] (a thermometer that records temperature variations on a graph as a function of time)
                    • thermopile [ENG31-04429701-n] (a kind of thermometer for measuring heat radiation)
                    • wet-bulb thermometer [ENG31-04580911-n] (a thermometer with a bulb that is covered with moist muslin)
                  • timepiece [ENG31-04445087-n] (a measuring instrument or device for keeping time)

                    • atomic clock [ENG31-02756399-n] (a timepiece that derives its time scale from the vibration of atoms or molecules)

                      • ammonia clock [ENG31-02705983-n] (an atomic clock based on vibrational frequency of the nitrogen atom in the ammonia molecule)
                      • caesium clock [ENG31-02938874-n] (an atomic clock based on the energy difference between two states of the caesium nucleus in a magnetic field)
                    • clock [ENG31-03050242-n] (a timepiece that shows the time of day)

                      • alarm clock [ENG31-02697521-n] (a clock that wakes a sleeper at some preset time)
                      • analog clock [ENG31-02710952-n] (a clock that displays the time of day by the position of hands on a dial)
                      • chronometer [ENG31-03030684-n] (an accurate clock (especially used in navigation))
                      • cuckoo clock [ENG31-03149813-n] (clock that announces the hours with a sound like the call of the cuckoo)
                      • digital clock [ENG31-03200901-n] (a clock that displays the time of day digitally)
                      • electric clock [ENG31-03276171-n] (a clock using a small electric motor)
                      • pendulum clock [ENG31-03915525-n] (a clock regulated by a pendulum)

                        • grandfather clock [ENG31-03457538-n] (a pendulum clock enclosed in a tall narrow case)
                      • system clock [ENG31-04385111-n] (a time-of-day clock in a computer system)
                      • time clock [ENG31-04444410-n] (clock used to record the hours that people work)
                      • turret clock [ENG31-04509354-n] (a clock with more than one dial to show the time in all directions from a tower)
                      • wall clock [ENG31-04555566-n] (a clock mounted on a wall)
                      • water clock [ENG31-04565633-n] (clock that measures time by the escape of water)
                    • sandglass [ENG31-04141715-n] (timepiece in which the passage of time is indicated by the flow of sand from one transparent container to another through a narrow passage)

                      • egg timer [ENG31-03271531-n] (a sandglass that runs for three minutes)
                      • hourglass [ENG31-03549323-n] (a sandglass that runs for sixty minutes)
                    • sundial [ENG31-04362416-n] (timepiece that indicates the daylight hours by the shadow that the gnomon casts on a calibrated dial)
                    • timer [ENG31-04445438-n] (a timepiece that measures a time interval and signals its end)

                      • chronograph [ENG31-03030590-n] (an accurate timer for recording time)
                      • parking meter [ENG31-03897029-n] (a coin-operated timer located next to a parking space)
                      • stopwatch [ENG31-04335324-n] (a timepiece that can be started or stopped for exact timing (as of a race))
                    • watch [ENG31-04563183-n] (a small portable timepiece)

                      • analog watch [ENG31-02711292-n] (a watch that represents time by the position of hands on a dial)
                      • digital watch [ENG31-03202021-n] (a watch with a digital display)
                      • hunter [ENG31-03554530-n] (a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal)
                      • pendulum watch [ENG31-03915635-n] ((18th century) a watch with a balance wheel having a fake pendulum attached to it)
                      • pocket watch [ENG31-03980197-n] (a watch that is carried in a small watch pocket)
                      • stem-winder [ENG31-04321245-n] (a watch that is wound by turning a knob at the stem)
                      • wristwatch [ENG31-04615227-n] (a watch that is worn strapped to the wrist)
                  • tonometer [ENG31-04458907-n] (measuring instrument for measuring tension or pressure (especially for measuring intraocular pressure in testing for glaucoma))
                  • torsion balance [ENG31-04465280-n] (measuring instrument designed to measure small forces by the torsion they exert on a thin wire)
                  • variometer [ENG31-04529158-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring variations in a magnetic field)
                  • Venturi tube [ENG31-04534770-n] (a short tube inserted into a pipeline and used to measure the quantity of a liquid that is flowing in the pipeline)
                  • viscometer [ENG31-04545544-n] (a measuring instrument for measuring viscosity)
                  • wattmeter [ENG31-04571564-n] (an instrument for measuring in watts the flow of power in an electrical circuit)
                • medical instrument [ENG31-03745184-n] (instrument used in the practice of medicine)

                  • ballistocardiograph [ENG31-02784787-n] (a medical instrument that measures the mechanical force of cardiac contractions and the amount of blood passing through the heart during a specified period by measuring the recoil of the body as blood is pumped from the ventricles)
                  • bronchoscope [ENG31-02909211-n] (a slender tubular instrument used to examine the bronchial tubes)
                  • cardiograph [ENG31-02966939-n] (medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart)
                  • dialyzer [ENG31-03192435-n] (a medical instrument for separating substances in solution by unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes)

                    • artificial kidney [ENG31-02749013-n] (a machine that uses dialysis to remove impurities and waste products from the bloodstream before returning the blood to the patient's body)
                  • diathermy machine [ENG31-03194502-n] (a medical instrument for local heating of bodily tissues for medical purposes)

                    • microwave diathermy machine [ENG31-03767123-n] (diathermy machine that uses microwave radiation as the source of heat)
                    • shortwave diathermy machine [ENG31-04212680-n] (a diathermy machine that uses short wave radiation as the source of heat)
                  • electroencephalograph [ENG31-03280222-n] (medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the brain)
                  • electromyograph [ENG31-03281750-n] (a medical instrument that records the electrical waves associated with the activity of skeletal muscles)
                  • endoscope [ENG31-03291483-n] (a long slender medical instrument for examining the interior of a bodily organ or performing minor surgery)

                    • arthroscope [ENG31-02747966-n] (a type of endoscope that is inserted into a joint for visual examination)
                    • colonoscope [ENG31-03075292-n] (an elongated fiberoptic endoscope for examining the entire colon from cecum to rectum)
                    • culdoscope [ENG31-03151226-n] (a specialized endoscope for visually examining a woman's pelvic organs)
                    • gastroscope [ENG31-03431372-n] (a type of endoscope for visually examining the stomach)
                    • laparoscope [ENG31-03647458-n] (a slender endoscope inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall in order to examine the abdominal organs or to perform minor surgery)
                    • proctoscope [ENG31-04013791-n] (an endoscope for examining the rectum)
                    • sigmoidoscope [ENG31-04224454-n] (an endoscope (a flexible fiberoptic probe) for examining the sigmoid colon)
                  • fiberscope [ENG31-03336950-n] (a flexible medical instrument involving fiber optics that is used to examine internal organs)
                  • keratoscope [ENG31-03616049-n] (medical instrument to examine the cornea in order to detect irregularities in its anterior surface)
                  • laryngoscope [ENG31-03648463-n] (a medical instrument for examining the larynx)
                  • ophthalmoscope [ENG31-03856133-n] (medical instrument for examining the retina of the eye)

                    • orthoscope [ENG31-03862811-n] (an ophthalmoscope with a layer of water to neutralize the refraction of the cornea)
                  • otoscope [ENG31-03863703-n] (medical instrument consisting of a magnifying lens and light)
                  • polygraph [ENG31-03985850-n] (a medical instrument that records several physiological processes simultaneously (e.g., pulse rate and blood pressure and respiration and perspiration))

                    • lie detector [ENG31-03667778-n] (a polygraph that records bodily changes sometimes associated with lying)
                  • rhinoscope [ENG31-04094049-n] (medical instrument consisting of a mirror mounted at an angle on a rod)
                  • speculum [ENG31-04280404-n] (a medical instrument for dilating a bodily passage or cavity in order to examine the interior)
                  • stethoscope [ENG31-04324313-n] (a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body)

                    • fetoscope [ENG31-03335737-n] (a stethoscope placed on the pregnant woman's abdomen to listen for the fetal heartbeat)
                  • surgical instrument [ENG31-04371632-n] (a medical instrument used in surgery)

                    • curette [ENG31-03154476-n] (a surgical instrument shaped like a scoop to remove tissue from a bodily cavity)
                    • dermatome [ENG31-03182982-n] (a surgical instrument used to cut very thin slices of skin)
                    • dilator [ENG31-03202907-n] (a surgical instrument that is used to dilate or distend an opening or an organ)
                    • hemostat [ENG31-03519595-n] (a surgical instrument that stops bleeding by clamping the blood vessel)
                    • photocoagulator [ENG31-03930654-n] (surgical instrument containing a laser for use in photocoagulation)
                    • probe [ENG31-04012787-n] (a flexible slender surgical instrument with a blunt end that is used to explore wounds or body cavities)
                    • retractor [ENG31-04090912-n] (surgical instrument that holds back the edges of a surgical incision)
                    • snare [ENG31-04256314-n] (a surgical instrument consisting of wire hoop that can be drawn tight around the base of polyps or small tumors to sever them)
                    • surgical knife [ENG31-04371914-n] (a very sharp knife used in surgery)

                      • catling [ENG31-02988961-n] (a long double-edged knife used for amputations)
                      • lancet [ENG31-03642932-n] (a surgical knife with a pointed double-edged blade)
                      • scalpel [ENG31-04149499-n] (a thin straight surgical knife used in dissection and surgery)
                    • trepan [ENG31-04486761-n] (a surgical instrument used to remove sections of bone from the skull)
                  • syringe [ENG31-04383963-n] (a medical instrument used to inject or withdraw fluids)

                    • douche [ENG31-03233236-n] (a small syringe with detachable nozzles)
                    • hypodermic syringe [ENG31-03560842-n] (a piston syringe that is fitted with a hypodermic needle for giving injections)

                      • autoinjector [ENG31-02762705-n] (a hypodermic syringe to use in injecting yourself with a liquid)
                  • thermograph [ENG31-04428552-n] (medical instrument that uses an infrared camera to reveal temperature variations on the surface of the body)
                • navigational instrument [ENG31-03818716-n] (an instrument used for navigating)

                  • artificial horizon [ENG31-02748616-n] (a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope)
                  • compass [ENG31-03084501-n] (navigational instrument for finding directions)

                    • gyrocompass [ENG31-03478201-n] (a compass that does not depend on magnetism but uses a gyroscope instead)
                    • magnetic compass [ENG31-03711768-n] (compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north)

                      • compass card [ENG31-03084735-n] (compass in the form of a card that rotates so that 0 degrees or North points to magnetic north)
                  • depth finder [ENG31-03182666-n] (navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar))

                    • sonic depth finder [ENG31-04267302-n] (depth finder for determining depth of water or a submerged object by means of ultrasound waves)
                  • inclinometer [ENG31-03571910-n] (an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon)
                • optical instrument [ENG31-03857800-n] (an instrument designed to aid vision)

                  • binoculars [ENG31-02844544-n] ((plural) an optical instrument designed for simultaneous use by both eyes)
                  • esophagoscope [ENG31-03301892-n] (an optical instrument for examining the inside of the esophagus)
                  • jeweler's glass [ENG31-03602340-n] (an optical instrument used by jewelers)
                  • periscope [ENG31-03923170-n] (an optical instrument that provides a view of an otherwise obstructed field)
                  • projector [ENG31-04015928-n] (an optical instrument that projects an enlarged image onto a screen)

                    • epidiascope [ENG31-03297871-n] (an optical projector that gives images of both transparent and opaque objects)
                    • front projector [ENG31-03404676-n] (a projector for digital input)
                    • movie projector [ENG31-03801498-n] (projects successive frames from a reel of film to create moving pictures)

                      • bioscope [ENG31-02845371-n] (a kind of early movie projector)
                    • overhead projector [ENG31-03870230-n] (a projector operated by a speaker)
                    • slide projector [ENG31-04245723-n] (projector that projects an enlarged image of a slide onto a screen)

                      • magic lantern [ENG31-03710373-n] (an early form of slide projector)
                  • sights [ENG31-04224030-n] (an optical instrument for aiding the eye in aiming, as on a firearm or surveying instrument)

                    • bombsight [ENG31-02872210-n] (a sighting device in an aircraft for aiming bombs)
                    • gunsight [ENG31-03475510-n] (a sight used for aiming a gun)

                      • battle sight [ENG31-02815477-n] (an arrangement of sights that makes possible the rapid aiming of a firearm at short ranges)
                      • open sight [ENG31-03854932-n] (rear gunsight having an open notch instead of a peephole or telescope)
                      • panoramic sight [ENG31-03889929-n] (gunsight (a telescopic device for an artillery piece) that can be rotated horizontally in a full circle)
                      • peep sight [ENG31-03911480-n] (rear gunsight having an adjustable eyepiece with a small aperture through which the front sight and the target are aligned)
                      • sight setting [ENG31-04224267-n] (the adjustment of a gunsight for elevation and windage on a particular range under favorable light conditions)

                        • zero [ENG31-04621862-n] (the sight setting that will cause a projectile to hit the center of the target with no wind blowing)
                      • telescopic sight [ENG31-04411060-n] (gunsight consisting of a telescope on a firearm for use as a sight)
                  • spectacles [ENG31-04279164-n] ((plural) optical instrument consisting of a frame that holds a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision)

                    • bifocals [ENG31-02839812-n] ((plural) eyeglasses having two focal lengths, one for near vision and the other for far vision)
                    • goggles [ENG31-03448836-n] ((plural) tight-fitting spectacles worn to protect the eyes)
                    • lorgnette [ENG31-03695494-n] (eyeglasses that are held to the eyes with a long handle)
                    • pince-nez [ENG31-03947862-n] (spectacles clipped to the nose by a spring)
                    • sunglasses [ENG31-04363134-n] ((plural) spectacles that are darkened or polarized to protect the eyes from the glare of the sun)
                  • spectroscope [ENG31-04280183-n] (an optical instrument for spectrographic analysis)

                    • mass spectrometer [ENG31-03732007-n] (spectroscope for obtaining a mass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion current with an electrometer)

                      • mass spectrograph [ENG31-03731862-n] (a mass spectrometer that produces a graphical representation of the mass spectrum)
                    • spectrograph [ENG31-04279901-n] (a spectroscope by which spectra can be photographed)

                      • sound spectrograph [ENG31-04269979-n] (a spectrograph for acoustic spectra)
                • plotter [ENG31-03973728-n] (an instrument (usually driven by a computer) for drawing graphs or pictures)
                • scientific instrument [ENG31-04154560-n] (an instrument used by scientists)

                  • accelerator [ENG31-02673012-n] (a scientific instrument that increases the kinetic energy of charged particles)

                    • betatron [ENG31-02836043-n] (accelerates a continuous beam of electrons to high speeds by means of the electric field produced by changing magnetic flux)
                    • charge-exchange accelerator [ENG31-03012439-n] (an accelerator in which high-energy ions escape from plasma following charge exchange)
                    • Cockcroft and Walton accelerator [ENG31-03064731-n] (a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube)
                    • collider [ENG31-03074197-n] (an accelerator in which two beams of particles are forced to collide head on)

                      • electron accelerator [ENG31-03281915-n] (collider that consists of an accelerator that collides electrons and positrons)
                      • proton accelerator [ENG31-04022180-n] (a collider that collides beams of protons and antiprotons)
                      • superconducting supercollider [ENG31-04365343-n] (a collider that operates at very low temperatures)
                    • cyclotron [ENG31-03160737-n] (an accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles)

                      • bevatron [ENG31-02836480-n] (a cyclotron that accelerates protons up to several billion electron volts)
                      • synchrocyclotron [ENG31-04381994-n] (cyclotron that achieves relativistic velocities by modulating the frequency of the accelerating electric field)
                      • synchrotron [ENG31-04382862-n] (cyclotron in which the electric field is maintained at a constant frequency)

                        • cosmotron [ENG31-03118156-n] (a large proton synchrotron)
                    • linear accelerator [ENG31-03677240-n] (ions are accelerated along a linear path by voltage differences on electrodes along the path)

                      • microwave linear accelerator [ENG31-03767266-n] (linear accelerator that uses microwaves)
                  • console [ENG31-03097112-n] (a scientific instrument consisting of displays and an input device that an operator can use to monitor and control a system (especially a computer system))
                  • hodoscope [ENG31-03529605-n] ((physics) scientific instrument that traces the path of a charged particle)
                  • kicksorter [ENG31-03621434-n] (scientific instrument consisting of an electronic circuit that permits only voltage pulses of predetermined height to pass)
                  • kymograph [ENG31-03634934-n] (scientific instrument consisting of a rotating drum holding paper on which a stylus traces a continuous record (as of breathing or blood pressure))
                  • magnetograph [ENG31-03714211-n] (a scientific instrument that registers magnetic variations (especially variations of the earth's magnetic field))
                  • magnifier [ENG31-03714745-n] (a scientific instrument that magnifies an image)

                    • microscope [ENG31-03766206-n] (magnifier of the image of small objects)

                      • angioscope [ENG31-02714639-n] (a modified microscope used to study capillary vessels)
                      • electron microscope [ENG31-03284419-n] (a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light)

                        • field-emission microscope [ENG31-03337934-n] (electron microscope used to observe the surface structure of a solid)
                      • light microscope [ENG31-03673155-n] (microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object)

                        • binocular microscope [ENG31-02844744-n] (a light microscope adapted to the use of both eyes)

                          • operating microscope [ENG31-03855573-n] (binocular microscope used in surgery to provide a clear view of small and inaccessible parts of the body (as in microsurgery))
                        • compound microscope [ENG31-03086284-n] (light microscope that has two converging lens systems: the objective and the eyepiece)
                        • hand glass [ENG31-03490014-n] (light microscope consisting of a single convex lens that is used to produce an enlarged image)

                          • loupe [ENG31-03697848-n] (small magnifying glass (usually set in an eyepiece) used by jewelers and horologists)
                        • ultramicroscope [ENG31-04513983-n] (light microscope that uses scattered light to show particles too small to see with ordinary microscopes)
                    • telescope [ENG31-04410773-n] (a magnifier of images of distant objects)

                      • astronomical telescope [ENG31-02754300-n] (any telescope designed to collect and record electromagnetic radiation from cosmic sources)

                        • optical telescope [ENG31-03858208-n] (an astronomical telescope designed to collect and record light from cosmic sources)

                          • reflecting telescope [ENG31-04075713-n] (optical telescope consisting of a large concave mirror that produces an image that is magnified by the eyepiece)

                            • Cassegrainian telescope [ENG31-02981937-n] (a reflecting telescope that has a paraboloidal primary mirror and a hyperboloidal secondary mirror)
                            • coude telescope [ENG31-03120814-n] (a reflecting telescope so constructed that the light is led to a plate holder or spectrograph)
                            • Herschelian telescope [ENG31-03521810-n] (a reflecting telescope with the mirror slightly tilted to throw the image to the side where it can be viewed)
                            • Maksutov telescope [ENG31-03720653-n] (reflecting telescope in which the aberration of the concave mirror is reduced by a meniscus lens)
                            • Newtonian telescope [ENG31-03828307-n] (reflecting telescope in which the image is viewed through an eyepiece perpendicular to main axis)
                            • Schmidt telescope [ENG31-04152928-n] (reflecting telescope that has plate that corrects for aberration so a wide area of sky can be photographed)
                          • refracting telescope [ENG31-04077319-n] (optical telescope that has a large convex lens that produces an image that is viewed through the eyepiece)

                            • field glass [ENG31-03338074-n] (a small refracting telescope)
                            • Galilean telescope [ENG31-03416118-n] (a type of refracting telescope that is no longer used in astronomy)
                        • radio telescope [ENG31-04051796-n] (astronomical telescope that picks up electromagnetic radiations in the radio-frequency range from extraterrestrial sources)

                          • radio interferometer [ENG31-04049712-n] (radio telescope that uses interference patterns from two antennas instead of a parabolic antenna)
                      • collimator [ENG31-03074858-n] (a small telescope attached to a large telescope to use in setting the line of the larger one)
                      • equatorial [ENG31-03298774-n] (a telescope whose mounting has only two axes of motion, one parallel to the Earth's axis and the other one at right angles to it)
                      • solar telescope [ENG31-04265728-n] (a telescope designed to make observations of the sun)
                      • transit instrument [ENG31-04479147-n] (a telescope mounted on an axis running east and west and used to time the transit of a celestial body across the meridian)
                  • microtome [ENG31-03766479-n] (scientific instrument that cuts thin slices of something for microscopic examination)
                  • stroboscope [ENG31-04347599-n] (scientific instrument that provides a flashing light synchronized with the periodic movement of an object)
                  • tachistoscope [ENG31-04389624-n] (scientific instrument used by psychologists)
                  • telemeter [ENG31-04408034-n] (any scientific instrument for observing events at a distance and transmitting the information back to the observer)
                • sonograph [ENG31-04267699-n] (an instrument that uses the differential transmission and reflection of ultrasonic waves in order to provide an image of a bodily organ)

                  • echocardiograph [ENG31-03268669-n] (a sonograph that creates an image of the heart and its abnormalities)
                  • echoencephalograph [ENG31-03268799-n] (a sonograph that creates an image of the brain and its abnormalities)
                • surveying instrument [ENG31-04372571-n] (an instrument used by surveyors)

                  • alidade [ENG31-02699702-n] (surveying instrument used with a plane table for drawing lines of sight on a distant object and for measuring angles)
                  • alidade [ENG31-02699881-n] (surveying instrument consisting of the upper movable part of a theodolite including the telescope and its attachments)
                  • clinometer [ENG31-03047783-n] (an instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation)
                  • plane table [ENG31-03961891-n] (surveying instrument consisting of a drawing board and a ruler that are mounted on a tripod)
                  • range pole [ENG31-04060879-n] (surveying instrument consisting of a straight rod painted in bands of alternate red and white each one foot wide)
                  • surveyor's level [ENG31-04372838-n] (surveying instrument consisting basically of a small telescope with an attached spirit level rotating around a vertical axis)

                    • Abney level [ENG31-02670323-n] (a surveying instrument consisting of a spirit level and a sighting tube)
                    • Dumpy level [ENG31-03261175-n] (a surveyor's level having a short telescope fixed to a horizontally rotating table and a spirit level)
                  • theodolite [ENG31-04426208-n] (a surveying instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, consisting of a small telescope mounted on a tripod)

                    • tachymeter [ENG31-04390102-n] (a theodolite designed for rapid measurements)
                • tracer [ENG31-04470252-n] (an instrument used to make tracings)
                • weapon [ENG31-04572661-n] (any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting)

                  • bow [ENG31-02882960-n] (a weapon for shooting arrows, composed of a curved piece of resilient wood with a taut cord to propel the arrow)

                    • crossbow [ENG31-03141020-n] (a bow fixed transversely on a wooden stock grooved to direct the arrow (quarrel))
                    • Cupid's bow [ENG31-03153298-n] (a curved bow with reversed curve ends)
                    • handbow [ENG31-03488614-n] (a bow drawn by hand as distinguished from a crossbow)
                    • longbow [ENG31-03693254-n] (a powerful wooden bow drawn by hand)
                  • bow and arrow [ENG31-02883635-n] (a weapon consisting of arrows and the bow to shoot them)
                  • brass knucks [ENG31-02896189-n] ((used in the plural) a small metal weapon)
                  • fire ship [ENG31-03352037-n] (a weapon consisting of a ship carrying explosives that is set adrift to destroy enemy ships)
                  • flamethrower [ENG31-03361405-n] (a weapon that squirts ignited fuel for several yards)
                  • gun [ENG31-03472916-n] (a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel))

                    • air gun [ENG31-02692133-n] (a gun that propels a projectile by compressed air)

                      • BB gun [ENG31-02817251-n] (an air gun in which BBs are propelled by compressed air)
                      • paintball gun [ENG31-03881633-n] (an air gun used in the game of paintball)
                    • antiaircraft [ENG31-02718623-n] (artillery designed to shoot upward at airplanes)

                      • Bofors gun [ENG31-02866876-n] (an automatic double-barreled antiaircraft gun)
                    • breechloader [ENG31-02900139-n] (a gun that is loaded at the breech)
                    • cannon [ENG31-02953918-n] (heavy automatic gun fired from an airplane)
                    • cannon [ENG31-02954262-n] (heavy gun fired from a tank)
                    • firearm [ENG31-03348699-n] (a portable gun)

                      • autoloader [ENG31-02762968-n] (a firearm that reloads itself)

                        • automatic firearm [ENG31-02763434-n] (a firearm that reloads itself and keeps firing until the trigger is released)

                          • automatic pistol [ENG31-02763663-n] (a pistol that will keep firing until the ammunition is gone or the trigger is released)
                          • automatic rifle [ENG31-02763860-n] (light machine gun)

                            • assault rifle [ENG31-02752484-n] (any of the automatic rifles or semiautomatic rifles with large magazines designed for military use)
                            • Browning automatic rifle [ENG31-02910716-n] (a portable .30 caliber automatic rifle operated by gas pressure and fed by cartridges from a magazine)
                          • machine gun [ENG31-03706725-n] (a rapidly firing automatic gun (often mounted))

                            • Browning machine gun [ENG31-02910981-n] (a belt-fed machine gun capable of firing more than 500 rounds per minute)
                            • Gatling gun [ENG31-03434047-n] (an early form of machine gun having several barrels that fire in sequence as they are rotated)
                            • Maxim gun [ENG31-03738034-n] (an obsolete water-cooled machine gun having a single barrel)
                            • Spandau [ENG31-04274201-n] (a German machine gun)
                            • submachine gun [ENG31-04354597-n] (machine gun that is a portable automatic firearm)

                              • Bren [ENG31-02900380-n] (a submachine gun operated by gas pressure)
                              • burp gun [ENG31-02927066-n] (a fully automatic pistol)
                              • Kalashnikov [ENG31-03612872-n] (a type of submachine gun made in Russia)
                              • light machine gun [ENG31-03672878-n] (a submachine gun not greater than .30 millimeter)
                              • Sten gun [ENG31-04321660-n] (a lightweight British submachine gun)
                              • Tommy gun [ENG31-04457404-n] (a .45-caliber submachine gun)
                              • Uzi [ENG31-04524506-n] (a type of submachine gun that is designed and manufactured in Israel)
                        • semiautomatic firearm [ENG31-04178520-n] (an autoloader that fires only one shot at each pull of the trigger)

                          • Garand rifle [ENG31-03421685-n] (a semiautomatic rifle)
                          • semiautomatic pistol [ENG31-04178690-n] (a pistol that is a semiautomatic firearm capable of loading and firing continuously)

                            • Luger [ENG31-03701183-n] (a German semiautomatic pistol)
                      • muzzle loader [ENG31-03808656-n] (an obsolete firearm that was loaded through the muzzle)

                        • arquebus [ENG31-02745075-n] (an obsolete firearm with a long barrel)
                        • flintlock [ENG31-03368595-n] (a muzzle loader that had a flintlock type of gunlock)
                        • musket [ENG31-03807547-n] (a muzzle-loading shoulder gun with a long barrel)

                          • blunderbuss [ENG31-02859517-n] (a short musket of wide bore with a flared muzzle)
                          • culverin [ENG31-03151750-n] (a medieval musket)
                          • fusil [ENG31-03413174-n] (a light flintlock musket)
                          • matchlock [ENG31-03734973-n] (an early style of musket)
                      • pistol [ENG31-03954735-n] (a firearm that is held and fired with one hand)

                        • derringer [ENG31-03183340-n] (a pocket pistol of large caliber with a short barrel)
                        • forty-five [ENG31-03391189-n] (a .45-caliber pistol)
                        • gat [ENG31-03432112-n] (a gangster's pistol)
                        • horse pistol [ENG31-03544473-n] (a large pistol (usually in a holster) formerly carried by horsemen)
                        • peacekeeper [ENG31-03908459-n] (the pistol of a law officer in the old West)
                        • revolver [ENG31-04093385-n] (a pistol with a revolving cylinder (usually having six chambers for bullets))

                          • Colt [ENG31-03077300-n] (a kind of revolver)
                        • Saturday night special [ENG31-04145952-n] (a cheap handgun that is easily obtained)
                        • Very pistol [ENG31-04537751-n] (a pistol for firing Very-light flares)
                        • zip gun [ENG31-04622506-n] (a crude homemade pistol)
                      • repeating firearm [ENG31-04083396-n] (a firearm that can fire several rounds without reloading)

                        • Mauser [ENG31-03737511-n] (trademark for a repeating rifle or pistol)
                      • rifle [ENG31-04097375-n] (a shoulder firearm with a long barrel and a rifled bore)

                        • carbine [ENG31-02964887-n] (light automatic rifle)
                        • sniper rifle [ENG31-04257334-n] (an extremely powerful rifle developed for the military)

                          • Dragunov [ENG31-03236522-n] (a sniper rifle with a telescopic sight)
                        • Winchester [ENG31-04593266-n] (a shoulder rifle)
                      • riot gun [ENG31-04100869-n] (a firearm designed to disperse rioters rather than to inflict serious injury or death)
                      • shotgun [ENG31-04213423-n] (firearm that is a double-barreled smoothbore shoulder weapon for firing shot at short ranges)

                        • fowling piece [ENG31-03394829-n] (a light shotgun used for fowling)
                        • sawed-off shotgun [ENG31-04147604-n] (a shotgun with short barrels)
                      • smoothbore [ENG31-04254672-n] (a firearm that has no rifling)
                      • twenty-two [ENG31-04510146-n] (a .22 caliber firearm (pistol or rifle))

                        • twenty-two pistol [ENG31-04510284-n] (a .22-caliber pistol)
                        • twenty-two rifle [ENG31-04510368-n] (a .22-caliber rifle)
                    • gas gun [ENG31-03428216-n] (a gun that fires gas shells)
                    • minute gun [ENG31-03777950-n] ((military) gun that is discharged once every minute (usually as part of a military funeral))
                    • Quaker gun [ENG31-04037846-n] (a dummy gun or piece of artillery made usually of wood)
                    • set gun [ENG31-04184102-n] (a gun that is set to fire on any intruder that comes in contact with the wire that sets it off)
                    • whaling gun [ENG31-04581892-n] (a gun (or device resembling a gun) for discharging a projectile (especially a harpoon) at a whale)
                  • knife [ENG31-03629343-n] (a weapon with a handle and blade with a sharp point)

                    • bayonet [ENG31-02816084-n] (a knife that can be fixed to the end of a rifle and used as a weapon)
                    • dagger [ENG31-03163551-n] (a short knife with a pointed blade used for piercing or stabbing)

                      • dirk [ENG31-03210179-n] (a relatively long dagger with a straight blade)
                      • kirpan [ENG31-03624259-n] (a ceremonial four-inch curved dagger that Sikh men and women are obliged to wear at all times)
                      • kris [ENG31-03634019-n] (a Malayan dagger with a wavy blade)
                      • poniard [ENG31-03987452-n] (a dagger with a slender blade)
                      • stiletto [ENG31-04326030-n] (a small dagger with a tapered blade)
                    • khukuri [ENG31-03620999-n] (a curved steel knife with a razor-sharp edge used in combat by the Gurkhas)
                    • machete [ENG31-03704925-n] (a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation)
                    • shiv [ENG31-04205765-n] (a knife used as a weapon)
                    • trench knife [ENG31-04486522-n] (a knife with a double-edged blade for hand-to-hand fighting)
                    • yataghan [ENG31-04619614-n] (a long Turkish knife with a curved blade having a single edge)
                  • light arm [ENG31-03671177-n] (a rifle or pistol)
                  • pike [ENG31-03941726-n] (medieval weapon consisting of a spearhead attached to a long pole or pikestaff)

                    • halberd [ENG31-03482533-n] (a pike fitted with an ax head)
                    • partisan [ENG31-03899914-n] (a pike with a long tapering double-edged blade with lateral projections)
                    • vouge [ENG31-04549507-n] (a kind of pike used by foot soldiers in the 14th century)
                  • projectile [ENG31-04015010-n] (a weapon that is forcibly thrown or projected at a targets but is not self-propelled)

                    • arrow [ENG31-02745758-n] (a projectile with a straight thin shaft and an arrowhead on one end and stabilizing vanes on the other)

                      • broad arrow [ENG31-02906241-n] (an arrow with a wide barbed head)
                      • butt shaft [ENG31-02932846-n] (a blunt arrow without a barb)
                      • quarrel [ENG31-04037957-n] (an arrow that is shot from a crossbow)
                    • boomerang [ENG31-02875324-n] (a curved piece of wood)

                      • kylie [ENG31-03634692-n] (an Australian boomerang)
                    • bullet [ENG31-02919696-n] (a projectile that is fired from a gun)

                      • dumdum [ENG31-03260191-n] (a soft-nosed small-arms bullet that expands when it hits a target and causes a gaping wound)
                      • full metal jacket [ENG31-03407284-n] (a lead bullet that is covered with a jacket of a harder metal (usually copper))
                      • rifle ball [ENG31-04097660-n] (a bullet designed to be fired from a rifle)
                      • rubber bullet [ENG31-04123483-n] (a bullet made of hard rubber)
                    • cannonball [ENG31-02954379-n] (a solid projectile that in former times was fired from a cannon)
                    • dart [ENG31-03167484-n] (a small narrow pointed missile that is thrown or shot)

                      • banderilla [ENG31-02789486-n] (a decorated dart that is implanted in the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight)
                    • seeker [ENG31-04174550-n] (a missile equipped with a device that is attracted toward some kind of emission (heat or light or sound or radio waves))
                    • shot [ENG31-04212826-n] (a solid missile discharged from a firearm)

                      • BB [ENG31-02817009-n] (a small pellet fired from an air rifle or BB gun)
                      • bird shot [ENG31-02847015-n] (small lead shot for shotgun shells)
                      • grapeshot [ENG31-03458491-n] (a cluster of small projectiles fired together from a cannon to produce a hail of shot)
                      • musket ball [ENG31-03807768-n] (a solid projectile that is shot by a musket)
                    • spitball [ENG31-04288269-n] (a projectile made by chewing a piece of paper and shaping it into a sphere)
                  • slasher [ENG31-04241266-n] (a weapon (a sword or dagger) used for slashing)
                  • sling [ENG31-04246746-n] (a simple weapon consisting of a looped strap in which a projectile is whirled and then released)
                  • spear [ENG31-04278001-n] (a long pointed rod used as a tool or weapon)

                    • assegai [ENG31-02752675-n] (the slender spear of the Bantu-speaking people of Africa)
                    • javelin [ENG31-03599335-n] (a spear thrown as a weapon or in competitive field events)
                    • trident [ENG31-04490231-n] (a spear with three prongs)
                  • stun gun [ENG31-04353235-n] (a weapon designed to disable a victim temporarily by delivering a nonlethal high-voltage electric shock)
                  • sword [ENG31-04380981-n] (a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard)

                    • backsword [ENG31-02774755-n] (a sword with only one cutting edge)
                    • broadsword [ENG31-02907965-n] (a sword with a broad blade and (usually) two cutting edges)

                      • claymore [ENG31-03043478-n] (a large double-edged broadsword)
                    • cavalry sword [ENG31-02990947-n] (a stout sword with a curved blade and thick back)

                      • scimitar [ENG31-04154858-n] (a curved oriental saber)
                    • cutlas [ENG31-03157912-n] (a short heavy curved sword with one edge)
                    • falchion [ENG31-03323810-n] (a short broad slightly convex medieval sword with a sharp point)
                    • fencing sword [ENG31-03332636-n] (a sword used in the sport of fencing)

                      • epee [ENG31-03297386-n] (a fencing sword similar to a foil but with a heavier blade)
                      • foil [ENG31-03380421-n] (a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button)
                      • saber [ENG31-04128605-n] (a fencing sword with a v-shaped blade and a slightly curved handle)
                    • rapier [ENG31-04061473-n] (a straight sword with a narrow blade and two edges)
                  • tomahawk [ENG31-04457237-n] (weapon consisting of a fighting ax)
                  • weapon of mass destruction [ENG31-04573249-n] (a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons))

                    • bioweapon [ENG31-02845541-n] (any weapon usable in biological warfare)

                      • aflatoxin [ENG31-14738806-n] (a potent carcinogen from the fungus Aspergillus)
                      • botulin [ENG31-15059690-n] (potent bacterial toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes botulism)
                      • staphylococcal enterotoxin B [ENG31-15075262-n] (a form of staphylococcal enterotoxin that has been used as an incapacitating agent in biological warfare)
                    • chemical weapon [ENG31-03016816-n] (chemical substances that can be delivered using munitions and dispersal devices to cause death or severe harm to people and animals and plants)

                      • poison gas [ENG31-15017945-n] (a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact)

                        • mustard gas [ENG31-14981409-n] (a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs)
                        • nerve gas [ENG31-14984860-n] (a toxic gas that is inhaled or absorbed through the skin and has harmful effects on the nervous and respiratory system)

                          • VX gas [ENG31-14985102-n] (a highly lethal nerve agent used in chemical warfare)
                          • organophosphate nerve agent [ENG31-14994695-n] (any of a series of nerve agents containing organophosphate compounds first synthesized by German chemists in 1936)

                            • sarin [ENG31-14985514-n] (a highly toxic chemical nerve agent that inhibits the activity of cholinesterase)
                            • soman [ENG31-15080939-n] (a nerve agent easily absorbed into the body)
                            • tabun [ENG31-15090692-n] (the first known nerve agent, synthesized by German chemists in 1936)
                      • tear gas [ENG31-15092444-n] (a gas that makes the eyes fill with tears but does not damage them)

                        • chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile [ENG31-14627976-n] (a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster)
                        • chloroacetophenone [ENG31-14628216-n] (a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer)

                          • Mace [ENG31-14968755-n] ((trademark) a liquid that temporarily disables a person)
                        • nitrochloromethane [ENG31-14834526-n] (gaseous form of chloropicrin used as tear gas)
                    • nuclear weapon [ENG31-03840144-n] (a weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction)
                    • high explosive [ENG31-14877397-n] (a powerful chemical explosive that produces gas at a very high rate)

                      • disrupting explosive [ENG31-03216968-n] (a high explosive that is used to damage the target that is under attack)
                  • Greek fire [ENG31-14915406-n] (a mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries)
                • whip [ENG31-04585055-n] (an instrument with a handle and a flexible lash that is used for whipping)

                  • cat-o'-nine-tails [ENG31-02989061-n] (a whip with nine knotted cords)
                  • cowhide [ENG31-03128964-n] (a heavy flexible whip braided from leather made from the hide of a cow)
                  • horsewhip [ENG31-03544934-n] (a whip for controlling horses)

                    • buggy whip [ENG31-02916019-n] (a horsewhip once used by a driver of a buggy)
                  • knout [ENG31-03633110-n] (a whip with a lash of leather thongs twisted with wire)
                  • quirt [ENG31-04042224-n] (whip with a leather thong at the end)
                  • riding crop [ENG31-04096948-n] (a short whip with a thong at the end and a handle for opening gates)
                  • scourge [ENG31-04157033-n] (a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor))
                  • strap [ENG31-04340125-n] (whip consisting of a strip of leather used in flogging)

                    • tawse [ENG31-04403361-n] (a leather strap for punishing children)
              • interlock [ENG31-03584960-n] (a device that prevents an automotive engine from starting)
              • interrupter [ENG31-03586159-n] (a device for automatically interrupting an electric current)
              • jig [ENG31-03603578-n] (a device that holds a piece of machine work and guides the tools operating on it)
              • key [ENG31-03618503-n] (metal device shaped in such a way that when it is inserted into the appropriate lock the lock's mechanism can be rotated)

                • ignition key [ENG31-03566227-n] (a key that operates the ignition switch of an automotive engine)
                • latchkey [ENG31-03650604-n] (key for raising or drawing back a latch or opening an outside door)
                • passkey [ENG31-03902681-n] (key that secures entrance everywhere)

                  • skeleton key [ENG31-04233888-n] (a passkey with much of the bit filed away so that it can open different locks)
              • keyboard [ENG31-03619216-n] (device consisting of a set of keys on a piano or organ or typewriter or typesetting machine or computer or the like)

                • computer keyboard [ENG31-03089055-n] (a keyboard that is a data input device for computers)
                • piano keyboard [ENG31-03935052-n] (a bank of keys on a musical instrument)
                • typewriter keyboard [ENG31-04512765-n] (a keyboard for manually entering characters to be printed)

                  • QWERTY keyboard [ENG31-04042779-n] (the standard typewriter keyboard)
              • Kinetoscope [ENG31-03623043-n] (a device invented by Edison that gave an impression of movement as an endless loop of film moved continuously over a light source with a rapid shutter)
              • knocker [ENG31-03632051-n] (a device (usually metal and ornamental) attached by a hinge to a door)
              • lift [ENG31-03669840-n] (a device worn in a shoe or boot to make the wearer look taller or to correct a shortened leg)
              • lifting device [ENG31-03670001-n] (a device for lifting heavy loads)

                • crane [ENG31-03131358-n] (lifts and moves heavy objects)

                  • davit [ENG31-03169595-n] (a crane-like device (usually one of a pair) for suspending or lowering equipment (as a lifeboat))
                  • derrick [ENG31-03183096-n] (a simple crane having lifting tackle slung from a boom)
                  • transporter [ENG31-04481119-n] (a crane for moving material with dispatch as in loading and unloading ships)
                • elevator [ENG31-03286056-n] (lifting device consisting of a platform or cage that is raised and lowered mechanically in a vertical shaft in order to move people from one floor to another in a building)

                  • dumbwaiter [ENG31-03260025-n] (a small elevator used to convey food (or other goods) from one floor of a building to another)
                  • freight elevator [ENG31-03398985-n] (an elevator designed for carrying freight)
                  • paternoster [ENG31-03904797-n] (a type of lift having a chain of open compartments that move continually in an endless loop so that (agile) passengers can step on or off at each floor)
                • hoist [ENG31-03530254-n] (lifting device for raising heavy or cumbersome objects)

                  • block and tackle [ENG31-02857004-n] (pulley blocks with associated rope or cable)
                  • headgear [ENG31-03509052-n] (the hoist at the pithead of a mine)
                  • wheel and axle [ENG31-04583110-n] (hoist so arranged that a rope unwinding from a wheel is wound onto a cylindrical drum or shaft coaxial with the wheel)
                • winch [ENG31-04593031-n] (lifting device consisting of a horizontal cylinder turned by a crank on which a cable or rope winds)

                  • capstan [ENG31-02960688-n] (a windlass rotated in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis)
                  • yarder [ENG31-04618827-n] (a winch (or system of winches) powered by an engine and used to haul logs from a stump to a landing or to a skid road)
              • lighter [ENG31-03671917-n] (a device for lighting or igniting fuel or charges or fires)

                • cigar lighter [ENG31-03035407-n] (a lighter for cigars or cigarettes)
                • fuse [ENG31-03412032-n] (any igniter that is used to initiate the burning of a propellant)

                  • detonating fuse [ENG31-03186806-n] (a fuse containing an explosive)
                  • safety fuse [ENG31-04133760-n] (a slow-burning fuse consisting of a tube or cord filled or saturated with combustible matter)
                  • time-fuse [ENG31-04444804-n] (a fuse made to burn for a given time (especially to explode a bomb))
                • match [ENG31-03733928-n] (lighter consisting of a thin piece of wood or cardboard tipped with combustible chemical)

                  • fusee [ENG31-03412526-n] (a friction match with a large head that will stay alight in the wind)
                  • kitchen match [ENG31-03625939-n] (a wooden friction match that will light on any granular surface)
                  • safety match [ENG31-04134081-n] (a paper match that strikes only on a specially prepared surface)
                  • slow match [ENG31-04251406-n] (match or fuse made to burn slowly and evenly)
                • match [ENG31-03734473-n] (a burning piece of wood or cardboard)
              • machine [ENG31-03705309-n] (any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks)

                • assembly [ENG31-02752795-n] (a group of machine parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit)

                  • sub-assembly [ENG31-04353933-n] (a unit assembled separately but designed to fit with other units in a manufactured product)
                  • weldment [ENG31-04579521-n] (an assembly of parts welded together)
                • bagger [ENG31-02778364-n] (a machine for putting objects or substances into bags)
                • calculator [ENG31-02942270-n] (a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations)

                  • abacus [ENG31-02668826-n] (a calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods or in grooves)
                  • adder [ENG31-02681996-n] (a machine that adds numbers)
                  • adding machine [ENG31-02682111-n] (a calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions)
                  • counter [ENG31-03121418-n] (a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens)

                    • pulse counter [ENG31-04027756-n] (an electronic counter that counts the number of electric pulses)

                      • scaler [ENG31-04149240-n] (an electronic pulse counter used to count pulses that occur too rapidly to be recorded individually)
                  • hand calculator [ENG31-03488906-n] (a calculator small enough to hold in the hand or carry in a pocket)
                  • Napier's bones [ENG31-03812874-n] (a set of graduated rods formerly used to do multiplication and division by a method invented by John Napier)
                  • quipu [ENG31-04041707-n] (calculator consisting of a cord with attached cords)
                  • subtracter [ENG31-04356066-n] (a machine that subtracts numbers)
                • calender [ENG31-02942982-n] (a machine that smooths or glazes paper or cloth by pressing it between plates or passing it through rollers)
                • cash machine [ENG31-02980517-n] (an unattended machine (outside some banks) that dispenses money when a personal coded card is used)
                • comber [ENG31-03079252-n] (a machine that separates and straightens the fibers of cotton or wool)
                • computer [ENG31-03086983-n] (a machine for performing calculations automatically)

                  • analog computer [ENG31-02711083-n] (a computer that represents information by variable quantities (e.g., positions or voltages))

                    • differential analyzer [ENG31-03198854-n] (an analog computer designed to solve differential equations)
                    • slide rule [ENG31-04245869-n] (analog computer consisting of a handheld instrument used for rapid calculations)
                  • digital computer [ENG31-03201008-n] (a computer that represents information by numerical (binary) digits)

                    • bulletin board system [ENG31-02920030-n] (a computer that is running software that allows users to leave messages and access information of general interest)
                    • file server [ENG31-03342439-n] ((computer science) a digital computer that provides workstations on a network with controlled access to shared resources)

                      • dedicated file server [ENG31-03175125-n] ((computer science) a file server that can be used only as a file server)
                      • non-dedicated file server [ENG31-03833370-n] ((computer science) a file server that can be used simultaneously as a workstation)
                    • mainframe [ENG31-03717250-n] (a large digital computer serving 100-400 users and occupying a special air-conditioned room)

                      • supercomputer [ENG31-04365204-n] (a mainframe computer that is one of the most powerful available at a given time)
                    • minicomputer [ENG31-03775759-n] (a digital computer of medium size)
                    • multiprocessor [ENG31-03804762-n] (a computer that uses two or more processing units under integrated control)
                    • personal computer [ENG31-03924602-n] (a small digital computer based on a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time)

                      • desktop computer [ENG31-03184677-n] (a personal computer small enough to fit conveniently in an individual workspace)
                      • portable computer [ENG31-03991590-n] (a personal computer that can easily be carried by hand)

                        • briefcase computer [ENG31-02904270-n] (a portable computer housed in a box that resembles a briefcase)
                        • hand-held computer [ENG31-03490490-n] (a portable battery-powered computer small enough to be carried in your pocket)
                        • laptop [ENG31-03648120-n] (a portable computer small enough to use in your lap)
                        • notebook [ENG31-03838213-n] (a small compact portable computer)

                          • planner [ENG31-03963061-n] (a notebook for recording appointments and things to be done, etc.)
                    • von Neumann machine [ENG31-04549063-n] (any digital computer incorporating the ideas of stored programs and serial counters that were proposed in 1946 by von Neumann and his colleagues)
                    • workstation [ENG31-04610757-n] (a desktop digital computer that is conventionally considered to be more powerful than a microcomputer)
                  • home computer [ENG31-03533703-n] (a computer intended for use in the home)
                  • node [ENG31-03832647-n] ((computer science) any computer that is hooked up to a computer network)
                  • number cruncher [ENG31-03841102-n] (a computer capable of performing a large number of mathematical operations per second)
                  • pari-mutuel machine [ENG31-03896211-n] (computer that registers bets and divides the total amount bet among those who won)
                  • predictor [ENG31-04005225-n] (a computer for controlling antiaircraft fire that computes the position of an aircraft at the instant of a shell's arrival)
                  • server [ENG31-04182208-n] ((computer science) a computer that provides client stations with access to files and printers as shared resources to a computer network)
                  • Turing machine [ENG31-04506475-n] (a hypothetical computer with an infinitely long memory tape)
                  • web site [ENG31-06370600-n] (a computer connected to the internet that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web)

                    • chat room [ENG31-06370874-n] (a site on the internet where a number of users can communicate in real time (typically one dedicated to a particular topic))
                    • portal site [ENG31-06371064-n] (a site that the owner positions as an entrance to other sites on the internet)
                • concrete mixer [ENG31-03091491-n] (a machine with a large revolving drum in which cement is mixed with other materials to make concrete)
                • corker [ENG31-03113684-n] (a machine that is used to put corks in bottles)
                • cotton gin [ENG31-03120176-n] (a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers)
                • decoder [ENG31-03173729-n] (a machine that converts a coded text into ordinary language)
                • farm machine [ENG31-03327885-n] (a machine used in farming)

                  • cultivator [ENG31-03151512-n] (a farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil (for aeration and weed control and conservation of moisture))

                    • harrow [ENG31-03501737-n] (a cultivator that pulverizes or smooths the soil)

                      • disk harrow [ENG31-03214966-n] (a harrow with a series of disks set on edge at an angle)
                  • harvester [ENG31-03502017-n] (farm machine that gathers a food crop from the fields)

                    • binder [ENG31-02843590-n] (a machine that cuts grain and binds it in sheaves)
                    • combine [ENG31-03079638-n] (harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field)
                    • header [ENG31-03507921-n] (a machine that cuts the heads off grain and moves them into a wagon)
                  • haymaker [ENG31-03505843-n] (a farm machine that treats hay to cause more rapid and even drying)
                  • thresher [ENG31-04435326-n] (a farm machine for separating seeds or grain from the husks and straw)
                • franking machine [ENG31-03397595-n] (a machine that automatically stamps letters or packages passing through it and computes the total charge)
                • hop-picker [ENG31-03540609-n] (a machine used for picking hops)
                • machinery [ENG31-03706974-n] (machines or machine systems collectively)

                  • enginery [ENG31-03293554-n] (machinery consisting of engines collectively)
                  • technology [ENG31-03707142-n] (machinery and equipment developed from engineering or other applied sciences)
                  • mill [ENG31-03771096-n] (machinery that processes materials by grinding or crushing)

                    • cider mill [ENG31-03033797-n] (mill that extracts juice from apples to make apple cider)
                    • coffee mill [ENG31-03067488-n] (a mill that grinds roasted coffee beans)
                    • flour mill [ENG31-03372894-n] (a mill for grinding grain into flour)
                    • gristmill [ENG31-03465831-n] (a mill for grinding grain (especially the customer's own grain))
                    • meat grinder [ENG31-03741555-n] (a mill for grinding meat)
                    • pepper mill [ENG31-03920456-n] (a mill for grinding pepper)
                    • quern [ENG31-04040277-n] (a primitive stone mill for grinding corn by hand)
                    • spicemill [ENG31-04282212-n] (a mill for grinding spices)
                    • treadmill [ENG31-04484454-n] (a mill that is powered by men or animals walking on a circular belt or climbing steps)
                    • water mill [ENG31-04568708-n] (a mill powered by a water wheel)
                    • windmill [ENG31-04594862-n] (a mill that is powered by the wind)
                • machine tool [ENG31-03707787-n] (a powered machine for cutting or shaping or finishing metals or other materials)

                  • drill press [ENG31-03245595-n] (a machine tool with a separate, upright stand)
                  • grinder [ENG31-03464972-n] (a machine tool that polishes metal)
                  • shaper [ENG31-04191478-n] (a machine tool for shaping metal or wood)

                    • lathe [ENG31-03651610-n] (machine tool for shaping metal or wood)

                      • bench lathe [ENG31-02832694-n] (lathe mounted on a workbench)
                    • miller [ENG31-03771579-n] (machine tool in which metal that is secured to a carriage is fed against rotating cutters that shape it)
                • milking machine [ENG31-03770530-n] (machine consisting of a suction apparatus for milking cows mechanically)
                • motor [ENG31-03795479-n] (machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion)

                  • electric motor [ENG31-03277972-n] (a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work)

                    • starter [ENG31-04311513-n] (an electric motor for starting an engine)

                      • kick starter [ENG31-03621972-n] (a starter (as on a motorcycle) that is activated with the foot and the weight of the body)
                      • self-starter [ENG31-04177576-n] (an electric starting motor that automatically starts an internal-combustion engine)
                    • synchronous motor [ENG31-04382702-n] (electric motor in which the speed of rotation is proportional to the frequency of the A.C. power)
                    • wiper motor [ENG31-04601441-n] (electric motor that moves the windshield wiper)
                  • engine [ENG31-03292644-n] (motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work)

                    • aircraft engine [ENG31-02690282-n] (the engine that powers and aircraft)
                    • automobile engine [ENG31-02764562-n] (the engine that propels an automobile)
                    • auxiliary engine [ENG31-02765914-n] ((nautical) a small engine (as one used on board ships to operate a windlass))
                    • generator [ENG31-03438787-n] (engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction)

                      • alternator [ENG31-02702923-n] (an old term for an electric generator that produces alternating current (especially in automobiles))
                      • dynamo [ENG31-03265207-n] (generator consisting of a coil (the armature) that rotates between the poles of an electromagnet (the field magnet) causing a current to flow in the armature)
                      • magneto [ENG31-03713964-n] (a small dynamo with a secondary winding that produces a high voltage enabling a spark to jump between the poles of a spark plug in a gasoline engine)
                      • turbogenerator [ENG31-04506168-n] (generator consisting of a steam turbine coupled to an electric generator for the production of electric power)
                      • windmill [ENG31-04594707-n] (generator that extracts usable energy from winds)
                    • heat engine [ENG31-03513107-n] (any engine that makes use of heat to do work)

                      • external-combustion engine [ENG31-03312518-n] (a heat engine in which ignition occurs outside the chamber (cylinder or turbine) in which heat is converted to mechanical energy)

                        • steam engine [ENG31-04316187-n] (external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder)
                      • internal-combustion engine [ENG31-03585151-n] (a heat engine in which combustion occurs inside the engine rather than in a separate furnace)

                        • diesel [ENG31-03197791-n] (an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil)
                        • four-stroke engine [ENG31-03393836-n] (an internal-combustion engine in which an explosive mixture is drawn into the cylinder on the first stroke and is compressed and ignited on the second stroke)
                        • gas engine [ENG31-03427681-n] (an internal-combustion engine similar to a gasoline engine but using natural gas instead of gasoline vapor)
                        • gasoline engine [ENG31-03429540-n] (an internal-combustion engine that burns gasoline)

                          • put-put [ENG31-04034296-n] (a small gasoline engine (as on motor boat))
                        • outboard motor [ENG31-03864520-n] (internal-combustion engine that mounts at stern of small boat)
                        • radial engine [ENG31-04046849-n] (an internal-combustion engine having cylinders arranged radially around a central crankcase)
                        • reciprocating engine [ENG31-04069291-n] (an internal-combustion engine in which the crankshaft is turned by pistons moving up and down in cylinders)
                        • rotary engine [ENG31-04117748-n] (an internal-combustion engine in which power is transmitted directly to rotating components)

                          • turbine [ENG31-04505818-n] (rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate)

                            • gas turbine [ENG31-03431484-n] (turbine that converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal combustion)
                            • hydroelectric turbine [ENG31-03557629-n] (turbine consisting of a large and efficient version of a water wheel used to drive an electric generator)

                              • Francis turbine [ENG31-03397502-n] (a type of hydroelectric turbine)
                            • impulse turbine [ENG31-03570890-n] (a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades)
                            • reaction turbine [ENG31-04064785-n] (a turbine with blades arranged to develop torque from gradual decrease of steam pressure from inlet to exhaust)
                            • steam turbine [ENG31-04317742-n] (turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn)
                            • wind turbine [ENG31-04598820-n] (a turbine that is driven by the wind)
                          • Wankel engine [ENG31-04557007-n] (a rotary engine that is a four-stroke internal-combustion engine without reciprocating parts)
                        • valve-in-head engine [ENG31-04527023-n] (internal-combustion engine having both inlet and exhaust valves located in the cylinder head)
                    • reaction-propulsion engine [ENG31-04064547-n] (a jet or rocket engine based on a form of aerodynamic propulsion in which the vehicle emits a high-speed stream)

                      • ion engine [ENG31-03588588-n] (a type of reaction-propulsion engine to propel rockets in space)
                      • jet engine [ENG31-03601478-n] (a gas turbine produces a stream of hot gas that propels a jet plane by reaction propulsion)

                        • fanjet [ENG31-03326048-n] (a jet engine in which a fan driven by a turbine provides extra air to the burner and gives extra thrust)
                        • ramjet [ENG31-04058381-n] (a simple type of jet engine)
                        • rocket [ENG31-04106269-n] (a jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion)

                          • booster [ENG31-02875694-n] (the first stage of a multistage rocket)
                          • nuclear rocket [ENG31-03840012-n] (a rocket engine in which a nuclear reactor is used to heat a propellant)
                          • retrorocket [ENG31-04091475-n] (a small rocket engine on a larger rocket or spacecraft that is fired to slow or alter its course)
                          • space rocket [ENG31-04273014-n] (a rocket powerful enough to travel into outer space)
                          • thruster [ENG31-04437739-n] (a small rocket engine that provides the thrust needed to maneuver a spacecraft)
                  • stepper [ENG31-04322582-n] (a motor (especially an electric motor) that moves or rotates in small discrete steps)
                • pavior [ENG31-03907307-n] (a machine for laying pavement)
                • perpetual motion machine [ENG31-03924196-n] (a machine that can continue to do work indefinitely without drawing energy from some external source)
                • pile driver [ENG31-03942742-n] (a machine that drives piling into the ground)
                • power shovel [ENG31-04002774-n] (a machine for excavating)

                  • backhoe [ENG31-02772295-n] (an excavator whose shovel bucket is attached to a hinged boom and is drawn backward to move earth)
                  • dredge [ENG31-03240920-n] (a power shovel to remove material from a channel or riverbed)
                  • steam shovel [ENG31-04317645-n] (a power shovel that is driven by steam)
                • power tool [ENG31-04003842-n] (a tool driven by a motor)

                  • buffer [ENG31-02914678-n] (a power tool used to buff surfaces)
                  • burr [ENG31-02927299-n] (rotary file for smoothing rough edges left on a workpiece)
                  • drum sander [ENG31-03255291-n] (a power tool used for sanding wood)
                  • hammer [ENG31-03486604-n] (a power tool for drilling rocks)

                    • air hammer [ENG31-02692293-n] (a hammer driven by compressed air)
                    • electric hammer [ENG31-03277036-n] (a hammer driven by electric motor)
                    • triphammer [ENG31-04491903-n] (a massive power hammer)
                  • plane [ENG31-03961572-n] (a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood)
                  • power drill [ENG31-04001730-n] (a power tool for drilling holes into hard materials)

                    • electric drill [ENG31-03244843-n] (a rotating power drill powered by an electric motor)
                    • pneumatic drill [ENG31-03977679-n] (a power drill powered by compressed air)
                  • power saw [ENG31-04002503-n] (a power tool for cutting wood)

                    • bandsaw [ENG31-02789860-n] (an endless saw consisting of a toothed metal band that is driven around two wheels)
                    • chain saw [ENG31-03004288-n] (portable power saw)
                    • circular saw [ENG31-03038648-n] (a power saw that has a steel disk with cutting teeth on the periphery)

                      • portable circular saw [ENG31-03991799-n] (a circular saw that is portable and is operated with a hand grip)
                      • table saw [ENG31-04388003-n] (a circular saw mounted under a table or bench so that the blade of the saw projects up through a slot)
                    • gangsaw [ENG31-03420536-n] (a power saw that has several parallel blades making simultaneous cuts)
                    • jigsaw [ENG31-03603976-n] (fine-toothed power saw with a narrow blade)
                    • saber saw [ENG31-04128822-n] (a portable power saw with a reciprocating blade)
                    • sawmill [ENG31-04147842-n] (a large sawing machine)
                  • router [ENG31-04121813-n] (a power tool with a shaped cutter)
                  • stamping machine [ENG31-04307647-n] (a power tool that stamps)
                • press [ENG31-04006350-n] (any machine that exerts pressure to form or shape or cut materials or extract liquids or compress solids)

                  • cheese press [ENG31-03016298-n] (a press for shaping cheese curd)
                  • ciderpress [ENG31-03033910-n] (a press that is used to extract the juice from apples)
                  • garlic press [ENG31-03423825-n] (a press for extracting juice from garlic)
                  • hydraulic press [ENG31-03556575-n] (press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is transmitted through water to another piston having a large area)
                  • punch press [ENG31-04030668-n] (a power driven press used to shape metal parts)

                    • bench press [ENG31-02832780-n] (a small punch press mounted on a workbench)
                  • winepress [ENG31-04599659-n] (a press that is used to extract the juice from grapes)
                • press [ENG31-04006669-n] (a machine used for printing)

                  • flatbed press [ENG31-03365277-n] (a printing press where the type is carried on a flat bed under a cylinder that holds paper and rolls over the type)
                  • rotary press [ENG31-04117935-n] (a printing press for printing from a revolving cylinder)
                  • standing press [ENG31-04309338-n] (a large printing press that exerts pressure vertically)
                • printer [ENG31-04010851-n] (a machine that prints)

                  • addressing machine [ENG31-02682815-n] (a printer that automatically prints addresses on letters for mailing)
                  • character printer [ENG31-03011195-n] (a printer that prints a single character at a time)

                    • daisywheel printer [ENG31-03164852-n] (a printer that uses a daisy print wheel)
                    • teletypewriter [ENG31-04411335-n] (a character printer connected to a telegraph that operates like a typewriter)
                    • ticker [ENG31-04439527-n] (a character printer that automatically prints stock quotations on ticker tape)
                    • typewriter [ENG31-04512331-n] (hand-operated character printer for printing written messages one character at a time)

                      • electric typewriter [ENG31-03279346-n] (a typewriter powered by an electric motor)
                      • portable [ENG31-03991427-n] (a small light typewriter)
                      • stenograph [ENG31-04321770-n] (a machine for typewriting shorthand characters)
                  • electrostatic printer [ENG31-03285555-n] (a printer that uses an electric charge to deposit toner on paper)

                    • laser printer [ENG31-03649051-n] (electrostatic printer that focuses a laser beam to form images that are transferred to paper electrostatically)
                  • impact printer [ENG31-03568380-n] (a printer that prints by mechanical impacts)

                    • bar printer [ENG31-02797687-n] (an impact printer that uses a bar to carry the type slugs)
                    • chain printer [ENG31-03004134-n] (an impact printer that carries the type slugs by links of a revolving chain)
                    • wire matrix printer [ENG31-04602612-n] (an impact printer in which each character is represented by a pattern of dots made by wires or styli)
                  • line printer [ENG31-03678153-n] (printer that serves as an output device on a computer)

                    • drum printer [ENG31-03255108-n] (a line printer in which the type is mounted on a rotating drum that contains a full character set for each printing position)
                  • page printer [ENG31-03880501-n] (a printer that prints one page at a time)

                    • xerographic printer [ENG31-04616167-n] (a page printer that uses the xerographic process)
                  • printer [ENG31-04011143-n] ((computer science) an output device that prints the results of data processing)

                    • dot matrix printer [ENG31-03230480-n] (a printer that represents each character as a pattern of dots from a dot matrix)

                      • ink-jet printer [ENG31-03577093-n] (a printer that produces characters by projecting electrically charged droplets of ink)

                        • bubble jet printer [ENG31-02912610-n] (a kind of ink-jet printer)
                  • thermal printer [ENG31-04427003-n] (a printer that produces characters by applying heat to special paper that is sensitive to heat)
                  • typesetting machine [ENG31-04512065-n] (a printer that sets textual material in type)

                    • Linotype [ENG31-03680561-n] (a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that casts an entire line as a single slug of metal)
                    • monotype [ENG31-03789672-n] (a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that sets separate characters)
                • record player [ENG31-04071513-n] (machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically)

                  • gramophone [ENG31-03457211-n] (an antique record player)

                    • Victrola [ENG31-04540794-n] (a brand of gramophone)
                  • jukebox [ENG31-03609369-n] (a cabinet containing an automatic record player)
                • riveting machine [ENG31-04102671-n] (a machine for driving rivets)
                • self-feeder [ENG31-04176768-n] (a machine that automatically provides a supply of some material)
                • simulator [ENG31-04228890-n] (a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or research)

                  • flight simulator [ENG31-03368209-n] (simulator consisting of a machine on the ground that simulates the conditions of flying a plane)

                    • Link trainer [ENG31-03680057-n] (an early form of flight simulator)
                • slicer [ENG31-04244529-n] (a machine for cutting)
                • slot machine [ENG31-04251069-n] (a machine that is operated by the insertion of a coin in a slot)

                  • slot [ENG31-04250674-n] (a slot machine that is used for gambling)

                    • fruit machine [ENG31-03404886-n] (a coin-operated gambling machine that produces random combinations of symbols (usually pictures of different fruits) on rotating dials)
                  • vending machine [ENG31-04532600-n] (a slot machine for selling goods)

                    • automat [ENG31-02763204-n] (a vending machine from which you can get food)
                • snow thrower [ENG31-04259763-n] (a machine that removes snow by scooping it up and throwing it forcefully through a chute)
                • sorter [ENG31-04268226-n] (a machine for sorting things (such as punched cards or letters) into classes)

                  • mailsorter [ENG31-03716476-n] (a sorter for sorting mail according to the address)
                • stamp [ENG31-04307218-n] (machine consisting of a heavy bar that moves vertically for pounding or crushing ores)
                • staple gun [ENG31-04310495-n] (a hand-held machine for driving staples home)
                • stapler [ENG31-04310635-n] (a machine that inserts staples into sheets of paper in order to fasten them together)
                • textile machine [ENG31-04424315-n] (a machine for making textiles)

                  • knitting machine [ENG31-03630830-n] (a textile machine that makes knitted fabrics)
                  • loom [ENG31-03694483-n] (a textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile)

                    • carpet loom [ENG31-02970992-n] (a loom for weaving carpeting)
                    • figure loom [ENG31-03341113-n] (a loom for weaving figured fabrics)
                    • handloom [ENG31-03492414-n] (a loom powered by hand)

                      • high-warp loom [ENG31-03525011-n] (a handloom in which the warp is carried vertically)
                      • low-warp-loom [ENG31-03699682-n] (a handloom in which the warp is carried horizontally)
                    • Jacquard loom [ENG31-03596779-n] (a loom with an attachment for forming openings for the passage of the shuttle between the warp threads)
                    • power loom [ENG31-04002019-n] (a loom operated mechanically)
                  • spinning machine [ENG31-04286310-n] (a textile machine for spinning yarn and thread)

                    • spinning frame [ENG31-04286070-n] (spinning machine that draws, twists, and winds yarn)
                    • spinning jenny [ENG31-04286201-n] (an early spinning machine with multiple spindles)
                    • spinning wheel [ENG31-04286600-n] (a small domestic spinning machine with a single spindle that is driven by hand or foot)
                    • throstle [ENG31-04436747-n] (a spinning machine formerly used to twist and wind fibers of cotton or wool continuously)
                  • willow [ENG31-04592080-n] (a textile machine having a system of revolving spikes for opening and cleaning raw textile fibers)
                • time machine [ENG31-04444927-n] (a science fiction machine that is supposed to transport people or objects into the past or the future)
                • trimmer [ENG31-04491181-n] (a machine that trims timber)
                • workhorse [ENG31-04608649-n] (machine that performs dependably under heavy use)
                • Zamboni [ENG31-04621296-n] (the trademark for a machine that smooths the ice in an ice-skating rink)
              • magnet [ENG31-03710918-n] ((physics) a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field)

                • bar magnet [ENG31-02796319-n] (a magnet in the form of a bar with magnetic poles at each end)
                • electromagnet [ENG31-03281090-n] (a temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core)

                  • magnetic head [ENG31-03712478-n] (an electromagnet (as on a tape recorder) that converts electrical variations into magnetic variations that can be stored on a surface and later retrieved)
                • field magnet [ENG31-03338796-n] (a magnet that provides a magnetic field in a dynamo or electric motor)
                • magnetic needle [ENG31-03712911-n] (a slender magnet suspended in a magnetic compass on a mounting with little friction)
                • paramagnet [ENG31-03894905-n] (magnet made of a substance whose magnetization is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field applied to it)
                • permanent magnet [ENG31-03923744-n] (a magnet that retains its magnetism after being removed from a magnetic field)

                  • stud finder [ENG31-04351081-n] (a small permanent magnet in a metal container)
                  • lodestone [ENG31-14966549-n] (a permanent magnet consisting of magnetite that possess polarity and has the power to attract as well as to be attracted magnetically)
              • mechanism [ENG31-03743963-n] (device consisting of a piece of machinery)

                • action [ENG31-02680572-n] (the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism)

                  • gunlock [ENG31-03474425-n] (the action that ignites the charge in a firearm)

                    • flintlock [ENG31-03368395-n] (an obsolete gunlock that has flint embedded in the hammer)
                    • wheel lock [ENG31-04584147-n] (an obsolete gunlock using flint and a revolving wheel)
                  • movement [ENG31-03801280-n] (the driving and regulating parts of a mechanism (as of a watch or clock))
                  • piano action [ENG31-03934827-n] (action consisting of a system of levers that move a felt hammer to strike the strings when a key is depressed)
                  • pump action [ENG31-04028828-n] (action mechanism in a modern rifle or shotgun)
                • actuator [ENG31-02681238-n] (a mechanism that puts something into automatic action)

                  • rotary actuator [ENG31-04117533-n] ((computer science) the actuator that moves a read/write head to the proper data track)
                • automaton [ENG31-02764397-n] (a mechanism that can move automatically)

                  • android [ENG31-02713060-n] (an automaton that resembles a human being)
                • axis [ENG31-02767619-n] (the center around which something rotates)

                  • pivot [ENG31-03958247-n] (axis consisting of a short shaft that supports something that turns)

                    • fulcrum [ENG31-03406995-n] (the pivot about which a lever turns)
                    • pintle [ENG31-03950300-n] (a pin or bolt forming the pivot of a hinge)
                  • rotor head [ENG31-04119524-n] (the axis around which the major rotor of a helicopter turns)
                • carriage [ENG31-02972469-n] (a machine part that carries something else)

                  • typewriter carriage [ENG31-04512640-n] (a carriage for carrying a sheet of paper)
                • cartridge ejector [ENG31-02975992-n] (a mechanism in a firearm that ejects the empty shell case after firing)
                • cartridge extractor [ENG31-02976173-n] (a mechanism in a firearm that pulls an empty shell case out of the chamber and passes it to the ejector)
                • clockwork [ENG31-03051156-n] (any mechanism of geared wheels that is driven by a coiled spring)
                • control [ENG31-03101611-n] (a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine)

                  • cruise control [ENG31-03145303-n] (control mechanism for keeping an automobile at a set speed)
                  • dial [ENG31-03191837-n] (the control on a radio or television set that is used for tuning)
                  • disk controller [ENG31-03214198-n] ((computer science) a circuit or chip that translates commands into a form that can control a hard disk drive)
                  • governor [ENG31-03454962-n] (a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel))

                    • flywheel [ENG31-03379495-n] (regulator consisting of a heavy wheel that stores kinetic energy and smooths the operation of a reciprocating engine)

                      • fluid flywheel [ENG31-03374358-n] (a kind of fluid coupling in which the flywheel is the driving rotor)
                    • timer [ENG31-04445641-n] (a regulator that activates or deactivates a mechanism at set times)
                  • handwheel [ENG31-03495550-n] (control consisting of a wheel whose rim serves as the handle by which a part is operated)

                    • steering wheel [ENG31-04320641-n] (a handwheel that is used for steering)
                  • joystick [ENG31-03608096-n] (a manual control consisting of a vertical handle that can move freely in two directions)
                  • regulator [ENG31-04079305-n] (any of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling fluid flow, pressure, temperature, etc.)

                    • aperture [ENG31-02730066-n] (a device that controls amount of light admitted)
                    • ballcock [ENG31-02783611-n] (floating ball that controls level in a water tank)
                    • draft [ENG31-03235617-n] (a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace)
                    • faucet [ENG31-03330033-n] (a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid from a reservoir)

                      • mixing faucet [ENG31-03781169-n] (single faucet for separate hot and cold water pipes)
                      • stopcock [ENG31-04334820-n] (faucet consisting of a rotating device for regulating flow of a liquid)
                    • peg [ENG31-03912066-n] (regulator that can be turned to regulate the pitch of the strings of a stringed instrument)
                    • petcock [ENG31-03925930-n] (regulator consisting of a small cock or faucet or valve for letting out air or releasing compression or draining)
                    • register [ENG31-04078648-n] (a regulator (as a sliding plate) for regulating the flow of air into a furnace or other heating device)
                    • safety valve [ENG31-04134734-n] (a valve in a container in which pressure can build up (as a steam boiler))
                    • sluicegate [ENG31-04251743-n] (regulator consisting of a valve or gate that controls the rate of water flow through a sluice)
                    • thermostat [ENG31-04430010-n] (a regulator for automatically regulating temperature by starting or stopping the supply of heat)

                      • cryostat [ENG31-03146976-n] (a thermostat that operates at very low temperatures)
                      • pyrostat [ENG31-04036530-n] (a thermostat that operates at very high temperatures)
                  • switch [ENG31-04379457-n] (control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit)

                    • commutator [ENG31-03082674-n] (switch for reversing the direction of an electric current)
                    • cutout [ENG31-03158614-n] (a switch that interrupts an electric circuit in the event of an overload)
                    • ignition switch [ENG31-03566349-n] (switch that operates a solenoid that closes a circuit to operate the starter)
                    • push button [ENG31-04033499-n] (an electrical switch operated by pressing)

                      • bell push [ENG31-02829773-n] (a button that is pushed to ring a bell)
                      • doorbell [ENG31-03227219-n] (a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed)

                        • night bell [ENG31-03829737-n] (a doorbell to be used at night)
                      • horn button [ENG31-03542593-n] (a button that you press to activate the horn of an automobile)
                      • mouse button [ENG31-03799383-n] (a push button on the mouse)
                      • panic button [ENG31-03888751-n] (a button to push in order to summon help in case of an emergency)
                      • reset button [ENG31-04086218-n] (a push button that you press to activate the reset mechanism)
                    • selector [ENG31-04176498-n] (a switch that is used to select among alternatives)

                      • dial [ENG31-03191502-n] (a disc on a telephone that is rotated a fixed distance for each number called)
                    • three-way switch [ENG31-04435143-n] (an electric switch that has three terminals)
                    • time-switch [ENG31-04445777-n] (a switch set to operate at a desired time)
                    • toggle switch [ENG31-04453086-n] (a hinged switch that can assume either of two positions)

                      • DIP switch [ENG31-03209242-n] ((computer science) one of a set of small on-off switches mounted in computer hardware)
                  • valve [ENG31-04526448-n] (control consisting of a mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid)

                    • accelerator [ENG31-02672816-n] (a valve that regulates the supply of fuel to the engine)
                    • ball valve [ENG31-02786482-n] (any valve that checks flow by the seating of a ball)
                    • butterfly valve [ENG31-02931271-n] (a valve in a carburetor that consists of a disc that turns and acts as a throttle)
                    • choke [ENG31-03028016-n] (a valve that controls the flow of air into the carburetor of a gasoline engine)

                      • automatic choke [ENG31-02763303-n] (a choke that automatically controls the flow of air to the carburetor)
                    • clack valve [ENG31-03040686-n] (a simple valve with a hinge on one side)
                    • exhaust valve [ENG31-03308614-n] (a valve through which burned gases from a cylinder escape into the exhaust manifold)
                    • intake valve [ENG31-03582124-n] (a valve that controls the flow of fluid through an intake)
                    • poppet [ENG31-03990286-n] (a mushroom-shaped valve that rises perpendicularly from its seat)
                    • slide valve [ENG31-04246059-n] (valve that opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port)
                • cooling system [ENG31-03107510-n] (a mechanism for keeping something cool)

                  • air conditioner [ENG31-02689238-n] (a system that keeps air cool and dry)
                  • coolant system [ENG31-03107167-n] (a cooling system that uses a fluid to transfer heat from one place to another)
                  • cooling tower [ENG31-03108047-n] (a cooling system used in industry to cool hot water (by partial evaporation) before reusing it as a coolant)
                  • evaporative cooler [ENG31-03306778-n] (a cooling system that cools by evaporation)
                  • refrigeration system [ENG31-04077657-n] (a cooling system for chilling or freezing (usually for preservative purposes))
                • delayed action [ENG31-03177404-n] (a mechanism that automatically delays the release of a camera shutter for a fixed period of time so that the photographer can appear in the picture)
                • drive [ENG31-03247698-n] (a mechanism by which force or power is transmitted in a machine)

                  • fusee drive [ENG31-03412775-n] (a spirally grooved spindle in a clock that counteracts the diminishing power of the uncoiling mainspring)
                • drive line [ENG31-03248328-n] (mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels of a motor vehicle)
                • fail-safe [ENG31-03322935-n] (a mechanism capable of returning to a safe state in case there is a failure or malfunction)
                • film advance [ENG31-03344474-n] (a mechanism for advancing film in a camera or projector)
                • gear [ENG31-03436153-n] (a mechanism for transmitting motion for some specific purpose (as the steering gear of a vehicle))

                  • first gear [ENG31-03354857-n] (the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle)
                  • gearset [ENG31-03436971-n] (a set of gears)
                  • high gear [ENG31-03523794-n] (a forward gear with a gear ratio that gives the greatest vehicle velocity for a given engine speed)

                    • overdrive [ENG31-03869303-n] (a high gear used at high speeds to maintain the driving speed with less output power)
                  • park [ENG31-03896578-n] (a gear position that acts as a parking brake)
                  • reverse [ENG31-04092129-n] (the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed)
                  • second gear [ENG31-04171590-n] (the gear that has the second lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle)
                  • steering gear [ENG31-04319894-n] (a gear that couples the steering wheel to the steering linkage of a motor vehicle)
                  • third gear [ENG31-04433112-n] (the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle)
                  • transmission [ENG31-04479478-n] (the gears that transmit power from an automobile engine via the driveshaft to the live axle)

                    • automatic transmission [ENG31-02764039-n] (a transmission that automatically changes the gears according to the speed of the car)
                    • four-wheel drive [ENG31-03394457-n] (a transmission that provides power directly to all four wheels of a motor vehicle)
                    • hydraulic transmission [ENG31-03557181-n] (a transmission that depends on a hydraulic system)
                    • standard transmission [ENG31-04308898-n] (a transmission that is operated manually with a gear lever and a clutch pedal)
                • homing device [ENG31-03535221-n] (the mechanism in a guided missile that guides it toward its objective)
                • hydraulic system [ENG31-03556970-n] (a mechanism operated by the resistance offered or the pressure transmitted when a liquid is forced through a small opening or tube)
                • ignition [ENG31-03565747-n] (the mechanism that ignites the fuel in an internal-combustion engine)
                • lock [ENG31-03688667-n] (a mechanism that detonates the charge of a gun)
                • mechanical device [ENG31-03742461-n] (mechanism consisting of a device that works on mechanical principles)

                  • broadcaster [ENG31-02906529-n] (a mechanical device for scattering something (seed or fertilizer or sand etc.) in all directions)
                  • bumper [ENG31-02921979-n] (a mechanical device consisting of bars at either end of a vehicle to absorb shock and prevent serious damage)
                  • bumper guard [ENG31-02922532-n] (vertical bars attached to a bumper to prevent locking bumpers with another vehicle)
                  • carburetor [ENG31-02965636-n] (mixes air with gasoline vapor prior to explosion)
                  • compressor [ENG31-03086811-n] (a mechanical device that compresses gasses)

                    • air compressor [ENG31-02689086-n] (a compressor that takes in air at atmospheric pressure and delivers it at a higher pressure)
                    • supercharger [ENG31-04365017-n] (compressor that forces increased oxygen into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine)
                  • copyholder [ENG31-03109739-n] (mechanical device used in printing)
                  • coupling [ENG31-03124161-n] (a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent objects)

                    • clevis [ENG31-03046124-n] (a coupler shaped like the letter U with holes through each end so a bolt or pin can pass through the holes to complete the coupling)
                    • clutch [ENG31-03058886-n] (a coupling that connects or disconnects driving and driven parts of a driving mechanism)

                      • freewheel [ENG31-03398597-n] (a clutch (as on the rear wheel of a bicycle) that allows wheels to turn freely (as in coasting))
                      • friction clutch [ENG31-03401490-n] (a clutch in which one part turns the other by the friction between them)

                        • cone clutch [ENG31-03093933-n] (a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are cone-shaped)
                        • disk clutch [ENG31-03214080-n] (a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are disks)
                        • slip clutch [ENG31-04247562-n] (a friction clutch that will slip when the torque is too great)
                    • fluid drive [ENG31-03374253-n] (an automotive power coupling)
                    • swivel [ENG31-04380650-n] (a coupling (as in a chain) that has one end that turns on a headed pin)
                    • turnbuckle [ENG31-04507105-n] (an oblong metal coupling with a swivel at one end and an internal thread at the other into which a threaded rod can be screwed in order to form a unit that can be adjusted for length or tension)
                    • universal joint [ENG31-04518001-n] (coupling that connects two rotating shafts allowing freedom of movement in all directions)
                  • curler [ENG31-03154898-n] (a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical tube around which the hair is wound to curl it)
                  • diaphragm [ENG31-03193767-n] (a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens)

                    • iris [ENG31-03589818-n] (diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening)
                  • dicer [ENG31-03196135-n] (a mechanical device used for dicing food)
                  • electromechanical device [ENG31-03281485-n] (a mechanical device that is operated by electricity)
                  • escapement [ENG31-03301010-n] (mechanical device that regulates movement)
                  • gearshift [ENG31-03437039-n] (a mechanical device for engaging and disengaging gears)
                  • grab [ENG31-03455825-n] (a mechanical device for gripping an object)
                  • hook [ENG31-03537852-n] (a mechanical device that is curved or bent to suspend or hold or pull something)

                    • anchor [ENG31-02712226-n] (a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving)

                      • grapnel [ENG31-03459054-n] (a light anchor for small boats)
                      • mooring anchor [ENG31-03790199-n] (an anchor used to hold a mooring buoy or a channel marker in place)
                      • mushroom anchor [ENG31-03806294-n] (an anchor used for semipermanent moorings)
                      • sheet anchor [ENG31-04196028-n] (spare anchor for use in emergency)
                    • pothook [ENG31-03998566-n] (an S-shaped hook to suspend a pot over a fire)

                      • trammel [ENG31-04476486-n] (an adjustable pothook set in a fireplace)
                    • tenterhook [ENG31-04419101-n] (one of a series of hooks used to hold cloth on a tenter)
                  • machine [ENG31-03706297-n] (a device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point)

                    • inclined plane [ENG31-03571509-n] (a simple machine for elevating objects)

                      • ramp [ENG31-04058661-n] (an inclined surface connecting two levels)

                        • ski jump [ENG31-04236682-n] (a steep downward ramp from which skiers jump)
                      • screw [ENG31-04161401-n] (a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole)
                      • wedge [ENG31-04576806-n] (something solid that is usable as an inclined plane (shaped like a V) that can be pushed between two things to separate them)

                        • ax head [ENG31-02767510-n] (the cutting head of an ax)
                        • colter [ENG31-03077388-n] (a sharp steel wedge that precedes the plow and cuts vertically through the soil)
                        • moldboard [ENG31-03785417-n] (wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow)
                        • plowshare [ENG31-03974120-n] (a sharp steel wedge that cuts loose the top layer of soil)
                        • quoin [ENG31-04042480-n] (expandable metal or wooden wedge used by printers to lock up a form within a chase)
                        • shim [ENG31-04200926-n] (a thin wedge of material (wood or metal or stone) for driving into crevices)
                    • lever [ENG31-03665135-n] (a simple machine that gives a mechanical advantage when given a fulcrum)
                    • pulley [ENG31-04026692-n] (a simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope)

                      • bollock [ENG31-02868218-n] (a pulley-block at the head of a topmast)
                      • fairlead [ENG31-03323081-n] (a pulley-block used to guide a rope forming part of a ship's rigging to avoid chafing)

                        • snatch block [ENG31-04256692-n] (a pulley-block that can be opened to receive the bight of a rope)
                      • idle pulley [ENG31-03565179-n] (a pulley on a shaft that presses against a guide belt to guide or tighten it)
                    • wheel [ENG31-04582285-n] (a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines))

                      • balance wheel [ENG31-02780407-n] (a wheel that regulates the rate of movement in a machine)
                      • bicycle wheel [ENG31-02839240-n] (the wheel of a bicycle)
                      • buffing wheel [ENG31-02915665-n] (a wheel that is covered with soft material)
                      • cartwheel [ENG31-02976695-n] (a wheel that has wooden spokes and a metal rim)
                      • car wheel [ENG31-02977462-n] (a wheel that has a tire and rim and hubcap)

                        • fifth wheel [ENG31-03339857-n] (an extra car wheel and tire for a four-wheel vehicle)
                      • daisy print wheel [ENG31-03164667-n] (a wheel around which is a set of print characters that make a typing impression on paper)
                      • driving wheel [ENG31-03249622-n] (a wheel that drives a motor vehicle (transforms torque into a tractive force))
                      • gear [ENG31-03435461-n] (a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion)

                        • bevel gear [ENG31-02836998-n] (gears that mesh at an angle)

                          • differential gear [ENG31-03198981-n] (a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds)
                        • escape wheel [ENG31-03301146-n] (gear that engages a rocking lever)
                        • pinion [ENG31-03949391-n] (a gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack)

                          • lantern pinion [ENG31-03646448-n] (a small pinion having cylindrical bars instead of teeth, used chiefly in inexpensive clocks)
                        • planetary gear [ENG31-03962607-n] (an outer gear that revolves about a central sun gear of an epicyclic train)
                        • rack and pinion [ENG31-04045685-n] (a wheel gear (the pinion) meshes with a toothed rack)
                        • spur gear [ENG31-04297645-n] (gear wheels that mesh in the same plane)
                        • sun gear [ENG31-04362899-n] (the central gear in an epicyclic train)
                        • worm gear [ENG31-04612164-n] (gear consisting of a shaft with screw thread (the worm) that meshes with a toothed wheel (the worm wheel))
                        • worm wheel [ENG31-04612415-n] (gear with the thread of a worm)
                      • grinding wheel [ENG31-03465079-n] (a wheel composed of abrasive material)
                      • handwheel [ENG31-03495750-n] (a wheel worked by hand)
                      • nosewheel [ENG31-03837684-n] (a wheel located under the nose of an airplane that is part of the plane's landing gear)
                      • paddlewheel [ENG31-03879971-n] (a large wheel fitted with paddles and driven by an engine in order to propel a boat)
                      • pinwheel [ENG31-03950617-n] (a wheel that has numerous pins that are set at right angles to its rim)
                      • potter's wheel [ENG31-03998867-n] (a horizontal rotating wheel holding the clay being shaped by a potter)
                      • ratchet wheel [ENG31-04062559-n] (toothed wheel held in place by a pawl or detent and turned by a lever)
                      • roller [ENG31-04108795-n] (a small wheel without spokes (as on a roller skate))

                        • caster [ENG31-02983495-n] (a pivoting roller attached to the bottom of furniture or trucks or portable machines to make them movable)
                      • roulette [ENG31-04120288-n] (a wheel with teeth for making a row of perforations)
                      • rowel [ENG31-04122238-n] (a small spiked wheel at the end of a spur)
                      • sprocket [ENG31-04296828-n] (thin wheel with teeth that engage with a chain)
                      • trundle [ENG31-04498840-n] (small wheel or roller)
                      • wagon wheel [ENG31-04551058-n] (a wheel of a wagon)
                      • waterwheel [ENG31-04570490-n] (a wheel that rotates by direct action of water)

                        • millwheel [ENG31-03772738-n] (water wheel that is used to drive machinery in a mill)
                        • noria [ENG31-03835494-n] (a water wheel with buckets attached to the rim)
                      • waterwheel [ENG31-04570699-n] (a wheel with buckets attached to its rim)
                  • pantograph [ENG31-03891107-n] (mechanical device used to copy a figure or plan on a different scale)
                  • piston [ENG31-03955226-n] (mechanical device that has a plunging or thrusting motion)
                  • propeller [ENG31-04018203-n] (a mechanical device that rotates to push against air or water)

                    • airplane propeller [ENG31-02694945-n] (a propeller that rotates to push against air)
                    • screw [ENG31-04161213-n] (a propeller with several angled blades that rotates to push against water or air)
                    • variable-pitch propeller [ENG31-04528866-n] (propeller for which the angle of the blades is adjustable)
                  • pump [ENG31-04028192-n] (a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction)

                    • air pump [ENG31-02695372-n] (a pump that moves air in or out of something)

                      • condensation pump [ENG31-03091667-n] (vacuum pump used to obtain a high vacuum)
                      • inflater [ENG31-03574674-n] (an air pump operated by hand to inflate something (as a tire))
                      • ion pump [ENG31-03588978-n] (a vacuum pump that removes gas by ionizing the atoms or molecules and adsorbing them on a metal surface)
                    • aspirator [ENG31-02751496-n] (a pump that draws air or another gas through a liquid)
                    • auxiliary pump [ENG31-02766088-n] (a supplementary pump available if needed)
                    • bicycle pump [ENG31-02838929-n] (a small pump that fills bicycle tires with air)
                    • bilge pump [ENG31-02841580-n] (a pump to remove bilgewater)
                    • centrifugal pump [ENG31-02999478-n] (a pump that use centrifugal force to discharge fluid into a pipe)
                    • force pump [ENG31-03386296-n] (pump used to force a liquid up and expel it under pressure)
                    • gas pump [ENG31-03430323-n] (a pump in a service station that draws gasoline from underground storage tanks)
                    • grease gun [ENG31-03461243-n] (a hand-operated pump that resembles a pistol)
                    • hand pump [ENG31-03492969-n] (a pump worked by hand)
                    • heart-lung machine [ENG31-03512802-n] (a pump to maintain circulation during heart surgery)
                    • hydraulic pump [ENG31-03556762-n] (a water pump that uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to force a small fraction of that water to a reservoir at a higher level)
                    • lift pump [ENG31-03670166-n] (pump used to lift rather than force a liquid up)
                    • oil pump [ENG31-03850070-n] (a pump that keeps a supply of oil on moving parts)
                    • stirrup pump [ENG31-04328259-n] (a hand-operated reciprocating pump)
                    • suction pump [ENG31-04357182-n] (a pump for raising fluids by suction)

                      • stomach pump [ENG31-04333106-n] (a suction pump used to remove the contents of the stomach)
                      • sump pump [ENG31-04361565-n] (a suction pump for removing liquid from a sump)
                    • water pump [ENG31-04569251-n] (the pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate)
                  • ratchet [ENG31-04062292-n] (mechanical device consisting of a toothed wheel or rack engaged with a pawl that permits it to move in only one direction)
                  • record changer [ENG31-04070266-n] (an automatic mechanical device on a record player that causes new records to be played without manual intervention)
                  • ride [ENG31-04095909-n] (a mechanical device that you ride for amusement or excitement)

                    • carousel [ENG31-02969645-n] (a large, rotating machine with seats for children to ride or amusement)
                    • Ferris wheel [ENG31-03334247-n] (a vertical rotating mechanism consisting of a large wheel with suspended seats that remain upright as the wheel rotates)
                    • roller coaster [ENG31-04109500-n] (elevated railway in an amusement park (usually with sharp curves and steep inclines))

                      • hypercoaster [ENG31-03560397-n] (a roller coaster that goes up 200 feet or higher and can catapult riders from 0 to 70 mph in 4 seconds by motors originally designed to launch rockets)
                  • seeder [ENG31-04174407-n] (a mechanical device that sows grass seed or grain evenly over the ground)
                  • shutter [ENG31-04218595-n] (a mechanical device on a camera that opens and closes to control the time of a photographic exposure)
                  • ski binding [ENG31-04235277-n] (one of a pair of mechanical devices that are attached to a ski and that will grip a ski boot)
                  • splicer [ENG31-04289369-n] (a mechanical device for joining two pieces of paper or film or magnetic tape)
                  • splint [ENG31-04289632-n] (an orthopedic mechanical device used to immobilize and protect a part of the body (as a broken leg))
                  • sprinkler [ENG31-04296165-n] (mechanical device that attaches to a garden hose for watering lawn or garden)
                  • stator [ENG31-04313730-n] (mechanical device consisting of the stationary part of a motor or generator in or around which the rotor revolves)
                  • stoker [ENG31-04332730-n] (a mechanical device for stoking a furnace)
                  • stretcher [ENG31-04344134-n] (a mechanical device used to make something larger (as shoes or gloves) by stretching it)
                  • striker [ENG31-04344878-n] (the part of a mechanical device that strikes something)

                    • clapper [ENG31-03041213-n] (metal striker that hangs inside a bell and makes a sound by hitting the side)
                    • firing pin [ENG31-03353866-n] (striker that ignites the charge by striking the primer)
                    • hammer [ENG31-03486757-n] (a striker that is covered in felt and that causes the piano strings to vibrate)
                    • hammer [ENG31-03486907-n] (the part of a gunlock that strikes the percussion cap when the trigger is pulled)
                    • head [ENG31-03506758-n] (the striking part of a tool)

                      • golf-club head [ENG31-03451212-n] ((golf) the head of the club which strikes the ball)
                      • hammerhead [ENG31-03487211-n] (the striking part of a hammer)
                  • supply chamber [ENG31-04366422-n] (a mechanical device for holding something and supplying it as needed)

                    • cartridge holder [ENG31-02976476-n] (a metal frame or container holding cartridges)

                      • pincurl clip [ENG31-03948304-n] (a variety of clip for holding pin curls)
                    • magazine [ENG31-03709915-n] (a light-tight supply chamber holding the film and supplying it for exposure as required)
                  • swing [ENG31-04378861-n] (mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth)

                    • trapeze [ENG31-04482646-n] (a swing used by circus acrobats)
                  • tone arm [ENG31-04457736-n] (mechanical device consisting of a light balanced arm that carries the cartridge)
                  • trap [ENG31-04482157-n] (a device to hurl clay pigeons into the air for trapshooters)
                  • vibrator [ENG31-04540337-n] (mechanical device that produces vibratory motion)

                    • dildo [ENG31-03203184-n] (a vibrating device that substitutes for an erect penis to provide vaginal stimulation)
                  • vibrator [ENG31-04540494-n] (a mechanical device that vibrates)

                    • reed [ENG31-04074000-n] (a vibrator consisting of a thin strip of stiff material that vibrates to produce a tone when air streams over it)

                      • double reed [ENG31-03232559-n] (a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together to produce the sound in some woodwinds)
                  • voting machine [ENG31-04549381-n] (a mechanical device for recording and counting votes mechanically)
                  • weathervane [ENG31-04575355-n] (mechanical device attached to an elevated structure)

                    • weathercock [ENG31-04574042-n] (weathervane with a vane in the form of a rooster)
                    • wind tee [ENG31-04598552-n] (weather vane shaped like a T and located at an airfield)
                  • wheelwork [ENG31-04584257-n] (mechanical device including an arrangement of wheel in a machine (especially a train of gears))

                    • gearing [ENG31-03436655-n] (wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed)

                      • epicyclic train [ENG31-03297647-n] (a system of epicyclic gears in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves about another fixed axis)
                      • reduction gear [ENG31-04073879-n] (gearing that reduces an input speed to a slower output speed)
                  • winder [ENG31-04593707-n] (mechanical device around which something can be wound)

                    • bobbin [ENG31-02863755-n] (a winder around which thread or tape or film or other flexible materials can be wound)

                      • filature [ENG31-03341687-n] (a bobbin used in spinning silk into thread)
                      • shuttle [ENG31-04218924-n] (bobbin that passes the weft thread between the warp threads)
                    • reel [ENG31-04074584-n] (winder consisting of a revolving spool with a handle)
                  • winder [ENG31-04593867-n] (mechanical device used to wind another device that is driven by a spring (as a clock))

                    • watch key [ENG31-04564102-n] (winder consisting of a key with a square hole)
                  • windshield wiper [ENG31-04598049-n] (a mechanical device that cleans the windshield)
                • radiator [ENG31-04047235-n] (a mechanism consisting of a metal honeycomb through which hot fluids circulate)
                • rotating mechanism [ENG31-04118049-n] (a mechanism that rotates)

                  • blade [ENG31-02851761-n] (flat surface that rotates and pushes against air or water)

                    • fan blade [ENG31-03325366-n] (blade of a rotating fan)
                    • impeller [ENG31-03568640-n] (the blade of a rotor (as in the compressor of a jet engine))
                    • paddle [ENG31-03879377-n] (a blade of a paddle wheel or water wheel)
                    • rudder blade [ENG31-04124733-n] (the vertical blade on a rudder)
                  • cam [ENG31-02945171-n] (a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion)

                    • distributor cam [ENG31-03218064-n] (the cam inside the distributor that rotates to contact spark plug terminals in the correct order)
                  • circle [ENG31-03036796-n] (any circular or rotating mechanism)

                    • disk [ENG31-03213277-n] (a flat circular plate)

                      • acetate disk [ENG31-02677931-n] (a disk coated with cellulose acetate)
                      • brake disk [ENG31-02893429-n] (a disk or plate that is fixed to the wheel)
                      • deadeye [ENG31-03170621-n] ((nautical) a round hardwood disk with holes and a grooved perimeter used to tighten a shroud)
                      • diaphragm [ENG31-03193995-n] (electro-acoustic transducer that vibrates to receive or produce sound waves)
                      • discus [ENG31-03211323-n] (a disk used in throwing competitions)
                      • Frisbee [ENG31-03402783-n] (a light, plastic disk about 10 inches in diameter)
                      • planchet [ENG31-03960669-n] (a flat metal disk ready for stamping as a coin)
                      • puck [ENG31-04025935-n] (a vulcanized rubber disk 3 inches in diameter that is used instead of a ball in ice hockey)
                      • token [ENG31-04455632-n] (a metal or plastic disk that can be redeemed or used in designated slot machines)

                        • subway token [ENG31-04356267-n] (a token that is used to pay for entry to the subway system)
                  • gyroscope [ENG31-03478350-n] (rotating mechanism in the form of a universally mounted spinning wheel that offers resistance to turns in any direction)
                  • rotor [ENG31-04118762-n] (rotating mechanism consisting of an assembly of rotating airfoils)

                    • main rotor [ENG31-03717650-n] (rotor consisting of large rotating airfoils on a single-rotor helicopter that produce the lift to support the helicopter in the air)
                    • tail rotor [ENG31-04392886-n] (rotor consisting of a rotating airfoil on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter)
                • steering linkage [ENG31-04320054-n] (mechanism consisting of a system of rods and levers connected to the front wheels of a motor vehicle)
                • steering system [ENG31-04320358-n] (a mechanism by which something is steered (especially a motor vehicle))

                  • helm [ENG31-03518055-n] (steering mechanism for a vessel)

                    • wheel [ENG31-04583009-n] (a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel)
                  • power steering [ENG31-04003207-n] (automotive steering where engineer power amplifies the torque applied to the steering wheel)
                  • rudder [ENG31-04124310-n] ((nautical) steering mechanism consisting of a hinged vertical plate mounted at the stern of a vessel)
                • tape drive [ENG31-04399851-n] (a mechanism that transports magnetic tape across the read/write heads of a tape playback/recorder)
                • whirler [ENG31-04585994-n] (a revolving mechanism)
                • works [ENG31-04610198-n] (the internal mechanism of a device)
              • memory device [ENG31-03750331-n] (a device that preserves information for retrieval)

                • acoustic storage [ENG31-02679659-n] (a storage device consisting of acoustic delay lines)
                • auxiliary storage [ENG31-02766311-n] (a data storage device that is not the main memory of a computer)
                • buffer [ENG31-02914831-n] ((computer science) a part of RAM used for temporary storage of data that is waiting to be sent to a device)

                  • cache [ENG31-02938401-n] ((computer science) RAM memory that is set aside as a specialized buffer storage that is continually updated)

                    • disk cache [ENG31-03213862-n] (a cache that stores copies of frequently used disk sectors in random access memory (RAM) so they can be read without accessing the slower disk)
                  • frame buffer [ENG31-03396459-n] ((computer science) a buffer that stores the contents of an image pixel by pixel)
                  • keyboard buffer [ENG31-03619592-n] (a buffer that keeps track of key strokes until the computer is ready to respond to them)
                  • print buffer [ENG31-04010475-n] (a buffer that stores data until the printer is ready)
                • magnetic disk [ENG31-03712192-n] ((computer science) a memory device consisting of a flat disk covered with a magnetic coating on which information is stored)

                  • diskette [ENG31-03214631-n] (a small plastic magnetic disk enclosed in a stiff envelope with a radial slit)
                  • hard disc [ENG31-03497643-n] (a rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit)

                    • removable disk [ENG31-04082580-n] (a hard disk that can be removed from the disk drive)
                • magnetic tape [ENG31-03713575-n] (memory device consisting of a long thin plastic strip coated with iron oxide)

                  • audiotape [ENG31-02760719-n] (magnetic tape for use in recording sound)
                  • cassette tape [ENG31-02982858-n] (a cassette that contains magnetic tape)
                  • magnetic stripe [ENG31-03713305-n] (a short strip of magnetic tape attached to a credit card or debit card)
                  • videotape [ENG31-04541654-n] (a relatively wide magnetic tape for use in recording visual images and associated sound)
                • memory [ENG31-03749767-n] (an electronic memory device)

                  • non-volatile storage [ENG31-03834880-n] (computer storage that is not lost when the power is turned off)

                    • flash memory [ENG31-03364282-n] (nonvolatile storage that can be electrically erased and programmed anew)
                    • magnetic bubble memory [ENG31-03711555-n] (a nonvolatile storage device that holds information in the form of bubbles on a thin film of magnetic silicate)
                  • read-only memory [ENG31-04065351-n] ((computer science) memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changed)

                    • CD-ROM [ENG31-02992134-n] (a compact disk that is used with a computer (rather than with an audio system))
                    • erasable programmable read-only memory [ENG31-03299533-n] ((computer science) a read-only memory chip that can be erased by ultraviolet light and programmed again with new data)
                  • real storage [ENG31-04066410-n] (the main memory in a virtual memory system)
                  • scratchpad [ENG31-04158293-n] ((computer science) a high-speed internal memory used for temporary storage of preliminary information)
                  • virtual memory [ENG31-04545214-n] ((computer science) memory created by using the hard disk to simulate additional random-access memory)
                  • volatile storage [ENG31-04547162-n] (computer storage that is erased when the power is turned off)

                    • random-access memory [ENG31-04059869-n] (the most common computer memory which can be used by programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is on)

                      • magnetic core memory [ENG31-03711954-n] ((computer science) a computer memory consisting of an array of magnetic cores)
                • optical disk [ENG31-03857307-n] (a disk coated with plastic that can store digital data as tiny pits etched in the surface)

                  • compact disk [ENG31-03083234-n] (a digitally encoded recording on an optical disk that is smaller than a phonograph record)

                    • audio CD [ENG31-02760066-n] (compact discs used to reproduce sound (voice and music))
                    • CD-R [ENG31-02991941-n] (a compact disc on which you can write only once and thereafter is read-only memory)
                  • videodisk [ENG31-04541241-n] (a digital recording (as of a movie) on an optical disk that can be played on a computer or a television set)
                • push-down storage [ENG31-04033980-n] (a storage device that handles data so that the next item to be retrieved is the item most recently stored (LIFO))
                • recording [ENG31-04070980-n] (a storage device on which information (sounds or images) have been recorded)

                  • cover [ENG31-03126349-n] (a recording of a song that was first recorded or made popular by somebody else)
                  • sound recording [ENG31-04269788-n] (a recording of acoustic signals)

                    • audiotape [ENG31-02760815-n] (a tape recording of sound)

                      • digital audiotape [ENG31-03200643-n] (a digital tape recording of sound)
                    • phonograph record [ENG31-03930191-n] (sound recording consisting of a disk with a continuous groove)

                      • LP [ENG31-03699965-n] (a long-playing phonograph record)
                      • seventy-eight [ENG31-04185251-n] (a shellac based phonograph record that played at 78 revolutions per minute)
                    • soundtrack [ENG31-04270079-n] (sound recording on a narrow strip of a motion picture film)

                      • dubbing [ENG31-03257662-n] (a new soundtrack that is added to a film)
                      • laugh track [ENG31-03652605-n] (prerecorded laughter added to the soundtrack of a radio or television show)
                    • talking book [ENG31-04394049-n] (sound recording of someone reading a book)
                  • tape [ENG31-04398925-n] (a recording made on magnetic tape)

                    • videotape [ENG31-04541815-n] (a video recording made on magnetic tape)
                  • transcription [ENG31-04477840-n] (a sound or television recording (e.g., from a broadcast to a tape recording))
                  • video recording [ENG31-04541422-n] (a recording of both the visual and audible components (especially one containing a recording of a movie or television program))
                • register [ENG31-04078988-n] ((computer science) memory device that is the part of computer memory that has a specific address and that is used to hold information of a specific kind)

                  • accumulator [ENG31-02675932-n] ((computer science) a register that has a built-in adder that adds an input number to the contents of the register)
                  • counter [ENG31-03122071-n] ((computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers))
                  • index register [ENG31-03572815-n] ((computer science) a register used to determine the address of an operand)
                  • shift register [ENG31-04200595-n] ((computer science) register in which all bits can be shifted one or more positions to the left or to the right)
              • musical instrument [ENG31-03806455-n] (any of various devices or contrivances that can be used to produce musical tones or sounds)

                • barrel organ [ENG31-02799001-n] (a musical instrument that makes music by rotation of a cylinder studded with pegs)
                • hurdy gurdy [ENG31-02799187-n] (a stringed instrument that produces sounds by means of a wheel that rubs against the strings)
                • bass [ENG31-02806515-n] (the member with the lowest range of a family of musical instruments)

                  • bass fiddle [ENG31-02807100-n] (largest and lowest member of the violin family)
                  • bass guitar [ENG31-02807289-n] (the guitar with six strings that has the lowest pitch)
                  • bass horn [ENG31-02807418-n] (the lowest brass wind instrument)

                    • euphonium [ENG31-03306513-n] (a bass horn (brass wind instrument) that is the tenor of the tuba family)
                    • helicon [ENG31-03517174-n] (a tuba that coils over the shoulder of the musician)
                  • bombardon [ENG31-02870607-n] (a large shawm)
                • calliope [ENG31-02944161-n] (a musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles played from a keyboard)
                • electronic instrument [ENG31-03284064-n] (a musical instrument that generates sounds electronically)

                  • electric organ [ENG31-03278462-n] ((music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ)
                  • synthesizer [ENG31-04383487-n] ((music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments)
                  • theremin [ENG31-04426777-n] (an electronic musical instrument)
                • jew's harp [ENG31-03603109-n] (a small lyre-shaped musical instrument that is placed between the teeth and played by twanging a wire tongue while changing the shape of the mouth cavity)
                • keyboard instrument [ENG31-03619741-n] (a musical instrument that is played by means of a keyboard)

                  • accordion [ENG31-02675461-n] (a portable box-shaped free-reed instrument)

                    • piano accordion [ENG31-02675726-n] (an accordion with a right-hand keyboard)
                    • button accordion [ENG31-02675827-n] (an accordion with buttons rather than keys)
                  • celesta [ENG31-02994213-n] (a musical instrument consisting of graduated steel plates that are struck by hammers activated by a keyboard)
                  • clavichord [ENG31-03042855-n] (an early stringed instrument like a piano but with more delicate sound)
                  • clavier [ENG31-03043000-n] (a stringed instrument that has a keyboard)

                    • harpsichord [ENG31-03501421-n] (a clavier with strings that are plucked by plectra mounted on pivots)

                      • spinet [ENG31-04285385-n] (early model harpsichord with only one string per note)
                      • virginal [ENG31-04544731-n] (a legless rectangular harpsichord)
                  • organ [ENG31-03859585-n] (wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard)
                  • piano [ENG31-03934354-n] (a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds)

                    • grand piano [ENG31-03457685-n] (a piano with the strings on a horizontal harp-shaped frame)

                      • baby grand [ENG31-02769797-n] (a small grand piano)
                      • concert grand [ENG31-03090499-n] (a grand piano suitable for concert performances)
                    • mechanical piano [ENG31-03743557-n] (a mechanically operated piano that uses a roll of perforated paper to activate the keys)
                    • upright [ENG31-04522298-n] (a piano with a vertical sounding board)

                      • spinet [ENG31-04285491-n] (a small and compactly built upright piano)
                • music box [ENG31-03806893-n] (produces music by means of pins on a revolving cylinder that strike the tuned teeth of a comb-like metal plate)
                • percussion instrument [ENG31-03921556-n] (a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another)

                  • bones [ENG31-02872589-n] ((used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance)
                  • chime [ENG31-03020822-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer)

                    • carillon [ENG31-02968981-n] (set of bells hung in a bell tower)
                    • handbell [ENG31-03488313-n] (a bell that is held in the hand)
                  • cymbal [ENG31-03162014-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a concave brass disk)

                    • high-hat cymbal [ENG31-03523992-n] (cymbals that are operated by a foot pedal)
                    • zill [ENG31-04622201-n] (one of a pair of small metallic cymbals worn on the thumb and middle finger)
                  • drum [ENG31-03254272-n] (a musical percussion instrument)

                    • bass drum [ENG31-02806832-n] (a large drum with two heads)
                    • bongo [ENG31-02873098-n] (a small drum)
                    • snare drum [ENG31-04256525-n] (a small drum with two heads and a snare stretched across the lower head)
                    • tabor [ENG31-04389421-n] (a small drum with one head of soft calfskin)
                    • tambour [ENG31-04394288-n] (a drum)
                    • tambourine [ENG31-04394487-n] (a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides)
                    • tenor drum [ENG31-04417221-n] (any of various drums with small heads)
                    • timbrel [ENG31-04443676-n] (small hand drum similar to a tambourine)
                  • glockenspiel [ENG31-03445606-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a set of graduated metal bars mounted on a frame and played with small hammers)
                  • gong [ENG31-03452665-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a metal plate that is struck with a softheaded drumstick)
                  • kettle [ENG31-03618174-n] (a large hemispherical brass or copper percussion instrument with a drumhead that can be tuned by adjusting the tension on it)
                  • lagerphone [ENG31-03638923-n] (an Australian percussion instrument used for playing bush music)
                  • maraca [ENG31-03726382-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a hollow gourd containing pebbles or beans)
                  • marimba [ENG31-03726875-n] (a percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators)
                  • rain stick [ENG31-04056865-n] (a percussion instrument that is made from a dried cactus branch that is hollowed out and filled with small pebbles and capped at both ends)
                  • steel drum [ENG31-04318312-n] (a concave percussion instrument made from the metal top of an oil drum)
                  • triangle [ENG31-04488109-n] (a percussion instrument consisting of a metal bar bent in the shape of an open triangle)
                  • vibraphone [ENG31-04540126-n] (a percussion instrument similar to a xylophone but having metal bars and rotating disks in the resonators that produce a vibrato sound)
                • stringed instrument [ENG31-04345614-n] (a musical instrument in which taut strings provide the source of sound)

                  • banjo [ENG31-02790645-n] (a stringed instrument of the guitar family that has long neck and circular body)
                  • bowed stringed instrument [ENG31-02883788-n] (stringed instruments that are played with a bow)

                    • cello [ENG31-02995666-n] (a large stringed instrument)
                    • viol [ENG31-04543448-n] (any of a family of bowed stringed instruments that preceded the violin family)

                      • viola da braccio [ENG31-04543760-n] (a member of the viol family with approximately the range of a viola)
                      • viola da gamba [ENG31-04543890-n] (viol that is the bass member of the viol family with approximately the range of the cello)
                      • viola d'amore [ENG31-04544060-n] (viol that is the tenor of the viol family)
                    • viola [ENG31-04543630-n] (a bowed stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower)
                    • violin [ENG31-04544161-n] (bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin family)

                      • Amati [ENG31-02703754-n] (a violin made by Nicolo Amati or a member of his family)
                      • Guarnerius [ENG31-03470432-n] (a violin made by a member of the Guarneri family)
                      • Stradavarius [ENG31-04338136-n] (a violin made by Antonio Stradivari or a member of his family)
                  • chordophone [ENG31-03029569-n] (a stringed instrument of the group including harps, lutes, lyres, and zithers)

                    • balalaika [ENG31-02779983-n] (a stringed instrument that has a triangular body and three strings)
                    • harp [ENG31-03500383-n] (a chordophone that has a triangular frame consisting of a sounding board and a pillar and a curved neck)

                      • aeolian harp [ENG31-02685261-n] (a harp having strings tuned in unison)
                      • lyre [ENG31-03704614-n] (a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment)

                        • trigon [ENG31-04490466-n] (a triangular lyre of ancient Greece and Rome)
                    • lute [ENG31-03703694-n] (chordophone consisting of a plucked instrument having a pear-shaped body, a usually bent neck, and a fretted fingerboard)
                    • mandolin [ENG31-03722505-n] (a stringed instrument related to the lute, usually played with a plectrum)

                      • mandola [ENG31-03722426-n] (an early type of mandolin)
                  • dulcimer [ENG31-03259565-n] (a stringed instrument used in American folk music)
                  • guitar [ENG31-03472449-n] (a stringed instrument usually having six strings)

                    • acoustic guitar [ENG31-02679420-n] (sound is not amplified by electrical means)
                    • cittern [ENG31-03039817-n] (a 16th century musical instrument resembling a guitar with a pear-shaped soundbox and wire strings)
                    • electric guitar [ENG31-03276921-n] (a guitar whose sound is amplified by electrical means)
                    • Hawaiian guitar [ENG31-03505051-n] (guitar whose steel strings are twanged while being pressed with a movable steel bar for a glissando effect)
                    • uke [ENG31-04513584-n] (a small guitar having four strings)
                  • koto [ENG31-03633506-n] (Japanese stringed instrument that resembles a zither)
                  • psaltery [ENG31-04023240-n] (an ancient stringed instrument similar to the lyre or zither but having a trapezoidal sounding board under the strings)
                  • samisen [ENG31-04139686-n] (a Japanese stringed instrument resembling a banjo with a long neck and three strings and a fretted fingerboard and a rectangular soundbox)
                  • sitar [ENG31-04231904-n] (a stringed instrument of India)
                  • zither [ENG31-04622583-n] (a musical stringed instrument with strings stretched over a flat sounding board)

                    • dulcimer [ENG31-03259440-n] (a trapezoidal zither whose metal strings are struck with light hammers)
                • wind instrument [ENG31-04594218-n] (a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by an enclosed column of air that is moved by bellows or the human breath)

                  • brass [ENG31-02895029-n] (a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable length) that is blown by means of a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped mouthpiece)

                    • baritone [ENG31-02796112-n] (the second lowest brass wind instrument)
                    • bugle [ENG31-02916240-n] (a brass instrument without valves)
                    • clarion [ENG31-03041884-n] (a medieval brass instrument with a clear shrill tone)
                    • cornet [ENG31-03115320-n] (a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone)

                      • serpent [ENG31-04181561-n] (an obsolete bass cornet)
                    • flugelhorn [ENG31-03374122-n] (a brass instrument resembling a cornet but with a wider bore)
                    • French horn [ENG31-03399752-n] (a brass musical instrument consisting of a conical tube that is coiled into a spiral and played by means of valves)
                    • saxhorn [ENG31-04148263-n] (any of a family of brass wind instruments that resemble a bugle with valves)
                    • trombone [ENG31-04494650-n] (a brass instrument consisting of a long tube whose length can be varied by a U-shaped slide)

                      • sackbut [ENG31-04130217-n] (a medieval musical instrument resembling a trombone)
                  • free-reed instrument [ENG31-03398178-n] (a wind instrument with a free reed)

                    • American organ [ENG31-02704589-n] (a free-reed instrument in which air is drawn in through reeds by suction bellows)
                    • concertina [ENG31-03090712-n] (free-reed instrument played like an accordion by pushing its ends together to force air through the reeds)

                      • bandoneon [ENG31-02789759-n] (a type of concertina popular in South America)
                      • Chemnitzer concertina [ENG31-03090964-n] (a hand-held and bellows-driven accordion)
                      • English concertina [ENG31-03091072-n] (a concertina developed in England)
                      • Anglo-German concertina [ENG31-03091170-n] (a concertina with bellows and buttons on both ends)
                    • harmonica [ENG31-03499379-n] (a small rectangular free-reed instrument having a row of free reeds set back in air holes and played by blowing into the desired hole)
                  • kazoo [ENG31-03614610-n] (a toy wind instrument that has a membrane that makes a sound when you hum into the mouthpiece)
                  • ocarina [ENG31-03846201-n] (egg-shaped terra cotta wind instrument with a mouthpiece and finger holes)
                  • organ pipe [ENG31-03860335-n] (the flues and stops on a pipe organ)

                    • flue pipe [ENG31-03373857-n] (organ pipe whose tone is produced by air passing across the sharp edge of a fissure or lip)
                    • organ stop [ENG31-03860518-n] (a graduated set of organ pipes of like tone quality)

                      • diapason [ENG31-03193100-n] (either of the two main stops on a pipe organ)
                      • dulciana [ENG31-03259328-n] (the organ stop having a tone of soft sweet string quality)
                      • flue stop [ENG31-03374024-n] (an organ stop with the tone of a flue pipe)
                      • reed stop [ENG31-04074343-n] (an organ stop with the tone of a reed instrument)

                        • vox humana [ENG31-04549881-n] (an organ reed stop producing tones imitative of the human voice)
                      • sourdine [ENG31-04271060-n] (an organ stop resulting in a soft muted sound)
                      • vox angelica [ENG31-04549760-n] (an organ stop producing a gentle tremolo effect)
                    • reed pipe [ENG31-04074255-n] (organ pipe with a vibrating reed)
                  • pipe [ENG31-03951891-n] (a tubular wind instrument)

                    • bagpipe [ENG31-02778488-n] (a tubular wind instrument)

                      • musette [ENG31-03805893-n] (a small bagpipe formerly popular in France)
                    • chanter [ENG31-03010230-n] (reed pipe with finger holes on which the melody is played)
                    • drone [ENG31-03250427-n] (a pipe of the bagpipe that is tuned to produce a single continuous tone)
                    • fipple flute [ENG31-03348200-n] (a tubular wind instrument with 8 finger holes and a fipple mouthpiece)

                      • flageolet [ENG31-03360314-n] (a small fipple flute with four finger holes and two thumb holes)

                        • tabor pipe [ENG31-03951735-n] (a small fipple flute that is played with the left hand while the right hand is free to beat a tabor)
                      • pennywhistle [ENG31-03918337-n] (an inexpensive fipple flute)
                    • panpipe [ENG31-03890094-n] (a primitive wind instrument consisting of several parallel pipes bound together)
                    • pitch pipe [ENG31-03956923-n] (a small pipe sounding a tone of standard frequency)
                  • post horn [ENG31-03996135-n] (wind instrument used by postilions of the 18th and 19th centuries)
                  • whistle [ENG31-04586953-n] (a small wind instrument that produces a whistling sound by blowing into it)
                  • woodwind [ENG31-04605909-n] (any wind instrument other than the brass instruments)

                    • beating-reed instrument [ENG31-02820934-n] (a musical instrument that sounds by means of a vibrating reed)

                      • double-reed instrument [ENG31-03232719-n] (a woodwind that has a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together)

                        • bassoon [ENG31-02807776-n] (a double-reed instrument)

                          • contrabassoon [ENG31-03101090-n] (the bassoon that is the largest instrument in the oboe family)
                          • tenoroon [ENG31-04417500-n] (a tenor bassoon)
                        • English horn [ENG31-03293653-n] (a double-reed woodwind instrument similar to an oboe but lower in pitch)
                        • krummhorn [ENG31-03634122-n] (a Renaissance woodwind with a double reed and a curving tube (crooked horn))
                        • oboe [ENG31-03844419-n] (a slender double-reed instrument)

                          • heckelphone [ENG31-03516010-n] (an oboe pitched an octave below the ordinary oboe)
                          • musette pipe [ENG31-03806007-n] (a small simple oboe)
                          • oboe da caccia [ENG31-03844692-n] (an alto oboe)
                          • oboe d'amore [ENG31-03844796-n] (an oboe pitched a minor third lower than the ordinary oboe)
                          • shawm [ENG31-04193667-n] (a medieval oboe)
                      • free-reed [ENG31-03398053-n] (a reed that does not fit closely over the aperture)
                      • single-reed instrument [ENG31-04229922-n] (a beating-reed instrument with a single reed (as a clarinet or saxophone))

                        • clarinet [ENG31-03041694-n] (a single-reed instrument with a straight tube)

                          • bass clarinet [ENG31-02806705-n] (a large clarinet whose range is an octave below the B-flat clarinet)
                          • basset horn [ENG31-02806975-n] (a tenor clarinet)
                          • B-flat clarinet [ENG31-02837232-n] (the ordinary clarinet with a middle range)
                        • hornpipe [ENG31-03542731-n] (an ancient (now obsolete) single-reed woodwind)
                        • sax [ENG31-04148141-n] (a single-reed woodwind with a conical bore)
                    • flute [ENG31-03376875-n] (a high-pitched woodwind instrument)

                      • fife [ENG31-03339437-n] (a small high-pitched flute similar to a piccolo)
                      • nose flute [ENG31-03837297-n] (a flute that is played by blowing through the nostrils (used in some Asian countries))
                      • piccolo [ENG31-03935329-n] (a small flute)
              • nest egg [ENG31-03824988-n] (device consisting of an artificial egg left in a nest to induce hens to lay their eggs in it)
              • noisemaker [ENG31-03833076-n] (a device (such as a clapper or bell or horn) used to make a loud noise at a celebration)

                • horn [ENG31-03542265-n] (a noisemaker (as at parties or games) that makes a loud noise when you blow through it)
                • thunderer [ENG31-04439059-n] (a noisemaker that makes a sound like thunder)
              • optical device [ENG31-03856861-n] (a device for producing or controlling light)

                • autofocus [ENG31-02762262-n] (an optical device for focussing a camera or other instrument automatically)
                • biprism [ENG31-02845922-n] (an optical device for obtaining interference fringes)
                • camera lucida [ENG31-02946920-n] (an optical device consisting of an attachment that enables an observer to view simultaneously the image and a drawing surface for sketching it)
                • coelostat [ENG31-03066801-n] (optical device used to follow the path of a celestial body and reflect its light into a telescope)
                • collimator [ENG31-03074591-n] (optical device consisting of a tube containing a convex achromatic lens at one end and a slit at the other with the slit at the focus of the lens)
                • diffraction grating [ENG31-03199222-n] (optical device consisting of a surface with many parallel grooves in it)

                  • echelon [ENG31-03268385-n] (a diffraction grating consisting of a pile of plates of equal thickness arranged stepwise with a constant offset)
                • diffuser [ENG31-03199496-n] (optical device that distributes the light of a lamp evenly)
                • finder [ENG31-03345668-n] (optical device that helps a user to find the target of interest)
                • Kerr cell [ENG31-03616523-n] (optical device consisting of a transparent cell with two electrodes between two polarizing media)
                • laser [ENG31-03648567-n] (an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
                • lens [ENG31-03661810-n] (a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images)

                  • anastigmat [ENG31-02711960-n] (compound lens or lens system designed to be free of astigmatism and able to form approximately point images)
                  • anastigmatic lens [ENG31-02712124-n] (a lens designed to correct astigmatism)
                  • camera lens [ENG31-02946696-n] (a lens that focuses the image in a camera)

                    • closeup lens [ENG31-03053767-n] (a photographic lens with a short focal length used to take pictures at short ranges)
                    • portrait lens [ENG31-03993734-n] (a compound camera lens with a relatively high aperture)
                    • telephoto lens [ENG31-04410548-n] (a camera lens that magnifies the image)
                    • wide-angle lens [ENG31-04590498-n] (a camera lens having a wider than normal angle of view (and usually a short focal length))
                  • compound lens [ENG31-03085990-n] (a lens system consisting of two or more lenses on the same axis)

                    • achromatic lens [ENG31-02678376-n] (a compound lens system that forms an image free from chromatic aberration)
                  • condenser [ENG31-03091788-n] (lens used to concentrate light on an object)

                    • Abbe condenser [ENG31-02669874-n] (a condenser having 2 or 3 lenses with wide aperture for use in microscopes)
                  • contact [ENG31-03098615-n] (a thin curved glass or plastic lens designed to fit over the cornea in order to correct vision or to deliver medication)
                  • converging lens [ENG31-03104422-n] (lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus)

                    • sunglass [ENG31-04363011-n] (a convex lens that focuses the rays of the sun)
                  • crown lens [ENG31-03144291-n] (a lens made of optical crown glass)
                  • diverging lens [ENG31-03220040-n] (a lens such that a parallel beam of light passing through it is caused to diverge or spread out)
                  • eyepiece [ENG31-03314410-n] (combination of lenses at the viewing end of optical instruments)
                  • field lens [ENG31-03338656-n] (the lens that is farthest from the eye in an optical device with more than one lens)
                  • Fresnel lens [ENG31-03400695-n] (lens composed of a number of small lenses arranged to make a lightweight lens of large diameter and short focal length)
                  • intraocular lens [ENG31-03587066-n] (an artificial lens that is implanted into the eye of someone to replace a damaged natural lens or someone who has had a cataract removed)
                  • meniscus [ENG31-03751355-n] ((optics) a lens that is concave on one side and convex on the other)
                  • monocle [ENG31-03788963-n] (lens for correcting defective vision in one eye)
                  • objective [ENG31-03843818-n] (the lens or system of lenses in a telescope or microscope that is nearest the object being viewed)
                • Nicol prism [ENG31-03829446-n] (optical device that produces plane-polarized light)
                • planetarium [ENG31-03962217-n] (an optical device for projecting images of celestial bodies and other astronomical phenomena onto the inner surface of a hemispherical dome)
                • polarimeter [ENG31-03982463-n] (an optical device used to measure the rotation of the plane of vibration of polarized light)
                • prism [ENG31-04011716-n] (optical device having a triangular shape and made of glass or quartz)

                  • erecting prism [ENG31-03299941-n] (a right-angled optical prism used to turn an inverted image upright)
                • projector [ENG31-04016177-n] (an optical device for projecting a beam of light)
                • Rochon prism [ENG31-04105354-n] (optical device that produces plane-polarized ultraviolet light)
                • stereoscope [ENG31-04323636-n] (an optical device for viewing stereoscopic photographs)
                • viewer [ENG31-04541946-n] (an optical device for viewing photographic transparencies)
              • override [ENG31-03871498-n] (a manually operated device to correct the operation of an automatic device)
              • paper feed [ENG31-03893027-n] (a device for inserting sheets of paper into a printer or typewriter)
              • peeler [ENG31-03911028-n] (a device for peeling vegetables or fruits)
              • pick [ENG31-03935898-n] (a small thin device (of metal or plastic or ivory) used to pluck a stringed instrument)

                • guitar pick [ENG31-03472728-n] (a plectrum used to pluck a guitar)
              • power takeoff [ENG31-04003632-n] (a device that transfers power from an engine (as in a tractor or other motor vehicle) to another piece of equipment (as to a pump or jackhammer))
              • prod [ENG31-04014040-n] (a pointed instrument that is used to prod into a state of motion)

                • ankus [ENG31-02716355-n] (an elephant goad with a sharp spike and a hook)
                • spur [ENG31-04297397-n] (a sharp prod fixed to a rider's heel and used to urge a horse onward)
              • prompter [ENG31-04017155-n] (a device that displays words for people to read)

                • Teleprompter [ENG31-04410659-n] (a prompter for television performers)
              • pull [ENG31-04026090-n] (a device used for pulling something)

                • bellpull [ENG31-02829643-n] (a handle or cord that is pulled to ring a doorbell or a servant's bell etc.)
              • reflector [ENG31-04076388-n] (device that reflects radiation)

                • mirror [ENG31-03778568-n] (polished surface that forms images by reflecting light)

                  • car mirror [ENG31-02969235-n] (a mirror that the driver of a car can use)

                    • outside mirror [ENG31-03867362-n] (car mirror that reflects the view at side and behind car)
                    • rearview mirror [ENG31-04067059-n] (car mirror that reflects the view out of the rear window)
                  • cheval glass [ENG31-03019505-n] (a full length mirror mounted in a frame in which it can be tilted)
                  • hand glass [ENG31-03490281-n] (a mirror intended to be held in the hand)
                  • looking glass [ENG31-03694158-n] (a mirror)
                  • pier glass [ENG31-03940587-n] (a large mirror between two windows)
                  • speculum [ENG31-04280552-n] (a mirror (especially one made of polished metal) for use in an optical instrument)
                • parabolic reflector [ENG31-03893719-n] (a concave reflector used to produce a parallel beam when the source is placed at its focus or to focus an incoming parallel beam)

                  • parabolic mirror [ENG31-03893596-n] (a parabolic reflector for light radiation)
                • solar dish [ENG31-04265248-n] (a concave mirror that concentrates the rays of the sun)
              • release [ENG31-04080537-n] (a device that when pressed will release part of a mechanism)
              • remote control [ENG31-04082075-n] (a device that can be used to control a machine or apparatus from a distance)
              • reset [ENG31-04086067-n] (device for resetting instruments or controls)
              • restraint [ENG31-04088956-n] (a device that retards something's motion)

                • airbrake [ENG31-02688714-n] (a small parachute or articulated flap to reduce the speed of an aircraft)
                • arrester [ENG31-02745473-n] (a restraint that slows airplanes as they land on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier)
                • band [ENG31-02788021-n] (a restraint put around something to hold it together)

                  • brake band [ENG31-02893097-n] (a band that can be tightened around a shaft to stop its rotation)
                  • collet [ENG31-03073923-n] (a band or collar that holds an individual stone in a jewelry setting)
                  • ligature [ENG31-03670558-n] (a metal band used to attach a reed to the mouthpiece of a clarinet or saxophone)
                  • withe [ENG31-04603724-n] (band or rope made of twisted twigs or stems)
                • brake [ENG31-02892666-n] (a restraint used to slow or stop a vehicle)

                  • brake system [ENG31-02894429-n] (a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle)

                    • hydraulic brake [ENG31-03556264-n] (brake system in which a brake pedal moves a piston in the master cylinder)

                      • disk brake [ENG31-03213659-n] (hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to both sides of a spinning disk by the brake pads)
                      • drum brake [ENG31-03254792-n] (hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to the inside of a spinning drum by the brake shoe)
                      • foot brake [ENG31-03384565-n] (hydraulic brake operated by pressing on a foot pedal)
                  • coaster brake [ENG31-03060858-n] (a brake on a bicycle that engages with reverse pressure on the pedals)
                  • hand brake [ENG31-03488720-n] (a brake operated by hand)
                  • power brake [ENG31-04001376-n] (a brake on an automobile that magnifies a small force applied to the brake pedal into a proportionately larger force applied to slow or stop the vehicle)

                    • airbrake [ENG31-02688560-n] (a vehicular brake that operates by compressed air)
                • brake [ENG31-02892887-n] (anything that slows or hinders a process)
                • brake pad [ENG31-02893903-n] (one of the pads that apply friction to both sides of the brake disk)
                • brake shoe [ENG31-02894181-n] (a restraint provided when the brake linings are moved hydraulically against the brake drum to retard the wheel's rotation)
                • catch [ENG31-02986245-n] (a restraint that checks the motion of something)

                  • bench hook [ENG31-02832537-n] (any of various stops on a workbench against which work can be pushed (as while chiseling or planing))
                  • doorstop [ENG31-03228626-n] (a stop that keeps open doors from moving)
                  • pawl [ENG31-03907626-n] (a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward)
                  • tripper [ENG31-04492482-n] (a catch mechanism that acts as a switch)
                • chain [ENG31-03003540-n] (anything that acts as a restraint)
                • fastener [ENG31-03328648-n] (restraint that attaches to something or holds something in place)

                  • bellyband [ENG31-02830204-n] (a strap around the belly of a draft animal holding the shafts of a wagon)
                  • buckle [ENG31-02913678-n] (fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap)

                    • belt buckle [ENG31-02831483-n] (the buckle used to fasten a belt)
                  • button [ENG31-02931992-n] (a round fastener sewn to shirts and coats etc to fit through buttonholes)

                    • coat button [ENG31-03061526-n] (a button on a coat)
                    • shirt button [ENG31-04204824-n] (a button on a shirt)
                  • carabiner [ENG31-02964126-n] (an oblong metal ring with a spring clip)
                  • catch [ENG31-02986054-n] (a fastener that fastens or locks a door or window)

                    • hasp [ENG31-03502477-n] (a fastener for a door or lid)
                    • hood latch [ENG31-03537162-n] (a catch that holds the hood of a car shut)
                    • hook [ENG31-03538099-n] (a catch for locking a door)
                    • latch [ENG31-03650172-n] (catch for fastening a door or gate)
                  • clasp [ENG31-03042266-n] (a fastener (as a buckle or hook) that is used to hold two things together)
                  • cleat [ENG31-03045099-n] (a fastener (usually with two projecting horns) around which a rope can be secured)
                  • clinch [ENG31-03046814-n] (the flattened part of a nail or bolt or rivet)
                  • clip [ENG31-03047943-n] (any of various small fasteners used to hold loose articles together)

                    • bicycle clip [ENG31-02838756-n] (a clip worn around a cyclist's ankles that keeps trousers from becoming caught in the bicycle chain)
                    • bulldog clip [ENG31-02919250-n] (a clip with a spring that closes the metal jaws)
                    • hair slide [ENG31-03481807-n] (a decorative hinged clip that girls and women put in their hair to hold it in place)
                    • paper clip [ENG31-03892459-n] (a wire or plastic clip for holding sheets of paper together)
                  • clothespin [ENG31-03055234-n] (wood or plastic fastener)
                  • corrugated fastener [ENG31-03116891-n] (a small strip of corrugated steel with sharp points on one side)
                  • cotter [ENG31-03119490-n] (fastener consisting of a wedge or pin inserted through a slot to hold two other pieces together)

                    • cotter pin [ENG31-03119665-n] (a cotter consisting of a split pin that is secured (after passing through a hole) by splitting the ends apart)
                  • cringle [ENG31-03137089-n] (fastener consisting of a metal ring for lining a small hole to permit the attachment of cords or lines)
                  • dowel [ENG31-03233947-n] (a fastener that is inserted into holes in two adjacent pieces and holds them together)
                  • fillet [ENG31-03343088-n] (fastener consisting of a narrow strip of welded metal used to join steel members)
                  • hook and eye [ENG31-03538572-n] (a kind of fastener used on clothing)
                  • knot [ENG31-03632523-n] (any of various fastenings formed by looping and tying a rope (or cord) upon itself or to another rope or to another object)

                    • barrel knot [ENG31-02798806-n] (a knot used for tying fishing leaders together)
                    • bow [ENG31-02883431-n] (a knot with two loops and loose ends)
                    • carrick bend [ENG31-02973093-n] (a knot used to connect the ends of two large ropes or hawsers)
                    • clove hitch [ENG31-03057032-n] (a knot used to fasten a line temporarily to a post or spar)
                    • figure eight [ENG31-03340791-n] (a knot having the shape of the numeral 8)
                    • fisherman's bend [ENG31-03355198-n] (a knot for tying a line to a spar or ring)
                    • fisherman's knot [ENG31-03355302-n] (a knot for tying the ends of two lines together)
                    • Gordian knot [ENG31-03452975-n] (an intricate knot tied by Gordius, the king of Phrygia, and cut by the sword of Alexander the Great after he heard that whoever undid it would become ruler of Asia)
                    • half hitch [ENG31-03482985-n] (a knot used to fasten a rope temporarily to an object)
                    • hawser bend [ENG31-03505439-n] (a knot uniting the ends of two lines)
                    • hitch [ENG31-03527797-n] (a knot that can be undone by pulling against the strain that holds it)

                      • Blackwall hitch [ENG31-02850966-n] (a simple hitch used for temporarily attaching a line to a hook)
                      • cat's-paw [ENG31-02989283-n] (a hitch in the middle of rope that has two eyes into which tackle can be hooked)
                      • rolling hitch [ENG31-04110056-n] (a hitch for fastening a line to a spar or another rope)

                        • magnus hitch [ENG31-03715084-n] (a rolling hitch similar to a clove hitch)
                      • sheet bend [ENG31-04196135-n] (a hitch used for temporarily tying a rope to the middle of another rope (or to an eye))
                      • timber hitch [ENG31-04443535-n] (a hitch used to secure a rope to a log or spar)
                    • loop knot [ENG31-03694896-n] (any of various knots used to make a fixed loop in a rope)

                      • bowline [ENG31-02885147-n] (a loop knot that neither slips nor jams)
                    • love knot [ENG31-03698619-n] (a stylized or decorative knot used as an emblem of love)
                    • overhand knot [ENG31-03869677-n] (a simple small knot (often used as part of other knots))
                    • prolonge knot [ENG31-04016433-n] (a knot in the rope used to drag a gun carriage)
                    • sheepshank [ENG31-04194928-n] (a knot for shortening a line)
                    • slipknot [ENG31-04248170-n] (a knot at the end of a cord or rope that can slip along the cord or rope around which it is made)

                      • Windsor knot [ENG31-04598359-n] (a wide triangular slipknot for tying a tie)
                    • square knot [ENG31-04298897-n] (a double knot made of two half hitches and used to join the ends of two cords)

                      • reef knot [ENG31-04074465-n] (a square knot used in a reef line)

                        • granny knot [ENG31-03458264-n] (a reef knot crossed the wrong way and therefore insecure)
                    • stopper knot [ENG31-04335192-n] (a knot that prevents a rope from passing through a hole)

                      • Matthew Walker [ENG31-03736279-n] (a kind of stopper knot)
                    • surgeon's knot [ENG31-04370961-n] (any of several knots used in tying stitches or ligatures)
                    • Turk's head [ENG31-04506849-n] (an ornamental knot that resembles a small turban)
                  • lashing [ENG31-03649387-n] (rope that is used for fastening something to something else)
                  • link [ENG31-03679297-n] (a fastener that serves to join or connect)

                    • bridge [ENG31-02902722-n] (the link between two lenses)
                  • lock [ENG31-03687813-n] (a fastener fitted to a door or drawer to keep it firmly closed)

                    • combination lock [ENG31-03079374-n] (lock that can be opened only by turning dials in a special sequence)
                    • cylinder lock [ENG31-03161433-n] (a lock in which a cylinder rotates to move a bolt)
                    • doorlock [ENG31-03227865-n] (a lock on an exterior door)

                      • night latch [ENG31-03830129-n] (doorlock operated by a knob on the inside and a key on the outside)
                    • latch [ENG31-03650325-n] (spring-loaded doorlock that can only be opened from the outside with a key)
                    • lever lock [ENG31-03665276-n] (a lock whose tumblers are levers that must be raised to a given position so that the bolt can move)
                    • padlock [ENG31-03880277-n] (a detachable lock)
                    • sash fastener [ENG31-04143883-n] (a lock attached to the sashes of a double hung window that can fix both in the shut position)
                  • locker [ENG31-03688932-n] (a fastener that locks or closes)
                  • nail [ENG31-03810284-n] (a thin pointed piece of metal that is hammered into materials as a fastener)

                    • brad [ENG31-02892058-n] (a small nail)
                    • clout nail [ENG31-03056902-n] (a short nail with a flat head)
                    • doornail [ENG31-03228144-n] (a nail with a large head)
                    • eightpenny nail [ENG31-03272167-n] (a nail 2.5 inches long)
                    • fourpenny nail [ENG31-03393312-n] (a nail 1.5 inches long)
                    • hobnail [ENG31-03529012-n] (a short nail with a thick head)
                    • sixpenny nail [ENG31-04232399-n] (a nail 2 inches long)
                    • spike [ENG31-04283023-n] (a large stout nail)
                    • staple [ENG31-04310396-n] (a short U-shaped wire nail for securing cables)
                    • stub nail [ENG31-04350350-n] (a short thick nail)
                    • tack [ENG31-04390217-n] (a short nail with a sharp point and a large head)

                      • carpet tack [ENG31-02971443-n] (a tack used to nail down carpets)
                      • thumbtack [ENG31-04438879-n] (a tack for attaching papers to a bulletin board or drawing board)
                      • tintack [ENG31-04447533-n] (tack or small nail of tinned iron)
                    • tenpenny nail [ENG31-04417620-n] (a nail 3 inches long)
                  • nut and bolt [ENG31-03841971-n] (a fastener made by screwing a nut onto a threaded bolt)
                  • paper fastener [ENG31-03892882-n] (a fastener for holding a sheet of paper in place)

                    • staple [ENG31-04310233-n] (paper fastener consisting of a short length of U-shaped wire that can fasten papers together)
                  • pin [ENG31-03946532-n] (a small slender (often pointed) piece of wood or metal used to support or fasten or attach things)

                    • barrette [ENG31-02799477-n] (a pin for holding women's hair in place)
                    • bitt pin [ENG31-02849098-n] (a pin through the bitthead to keep the mooring lines from slipping off)
                    • hairpin [ENG31-03481436-n] (a double pronged pin used to hold women's hair in place)

                      • bobby pin [ENG31-02863980-n] (a flat wire hairpin whose prongs press tightly together)
                      • bodkin [ENG31-02865117-n] (formerly a long hairpin)
                    • hatpin [ENG31-03504498-n] (a long sturdy pin used by women to secure a hat to their hair)
                    • linchpin [ENG31-03675665-n] (pin inserted through an axletree to hold a wheel on)
                    • peg [ENG31-03911659-n] (a wooden pin pushed or driven into a surface)

                      • tee [ENG31-04406672-n] (a short peg put into the ground to hold a golf ball off the ground)
                      • tent peg [ENG31-04419435-n] (a peg driven into the ground to hold a rope supporting a tent)
                      • treenail [ENG31-04485301-n] (a wooden peg that is used to fasten timbers in shipbuilding)
                    • rivet [ENG31-04102436-n] (heavy pin having a head at one end and the other end being hammered flat after being passed through holes in the pieces that are fastened together)
                    • safety pin [ENG31-04134350-n] (a pin in the form of a clasp)
                    • skewer [ENG31-04234962-n] (a long pin for holding meat in position while it is being roasted)

                      • spit [ENG31-04288108-n] (a skewer for holding meat over a fire)

                        • brochette [ENG31-02906451-n] (a small spit or skewer)
                        • turnspit [ENG31-04508576-n] (a roasting spit that can be turned)
                    • straight pin [ENG31-04339030-n] (pin consisting of a short straight stiff piece of wire with a pointed end)
                    • wrist pin [ENG31-04615117-n] (pin joining a piston to a connecting rod)
                  • screw [ENG31-04160812-n] (a fastener with a tapered threaded shank and a slotted head)

                    • Allen screw [ENG31-02700435-n] (a screw with a hexagonal hole in the head)
                    • bolt [ENG31-02869005-n] (a screw that screws into a nut to form a fastener)

                      • carriage bolt [ENG31-02972622-n] (a roundheaded bolt for timber)
                      • expansion bolt [ENG31-03309410-n] (a bolt that has an attachment that expands as the bolt is driven into a surface)
                      • kingbolt [ENG31-03623755-n] (bolt that provides a steering joint in a motor vehicle)
                      • machine bolt [ENG31-03706525-n] (a bolt with a square or hexagonal head on one end and a threaded shaft on the other end)
                      • stove bolt [ENG31-04337807-n] (a small machine bolt)
                    • cap screw [ENG31-02960571-n] (a threaded screw for machine parts)
                    • machine screw [ENG31-03707329-n] (a screw used either with a nut or with a tapped hole)
                    • metal screw [ENG31-03757676-n] (screw made of metal)
                    • Phillips screw [ENG31-03929686-n] (a screw with a special head having crossed slots)
                    • setscrew [ENG31-04184390-n] (a screw (often without a head) that fits into the boss or hub of a wheel or cam etc. and prevents motion of the part relative to the shaft on which it is mounted)
                    • setscrew [ENG31-04184606-n] (a screw that is used to adjust the tension on a spring)
                    • thumbscrew [ENG31-04438570-n] (screw designed to be turned with the thumb and fingers)
                    • woodscrew [ENG31-04605463-n] (a metal screw that tapers to a point so that it can be driven into wood with a screwdriver)

                      • lag screw [ENG31-03639177-n] (a heavy woodscrew with a square or hexagonal head that is driven in with a wrench)
                      • screw eye [ENG31-04161814-n] (a woodscrew having its shank bent into a ring)
                    • worm [ENG31-04611871-n] (screw thread on a gear with the teeth of a worm wheel or rack)
                  • seal [ENG31-04166415-n] (fastener that provides a tight and perfect closure)

                    • break seal [ENG31-02897693-n] (a seal that must be broken when first used and cannot easily be resealed)
                    • gasket [ENG31-03428629-n] (seal consisting of a ring for packing pistons or sealing a pipe joint)

                      • head gasket [ENG31-03508621-n] (a gasket to seal a cylinder head)
                      • O ring [ENG31-03861124-n] (a gasket consisting of a flat ring of rubber or plastic)
                    • piston ring [ENG31-03955421-n] (seal consisting of a split metal ring that seals the gap between a piston and the cylinder wall)
                    • washer [ENG31-04562157-n] (seal consisting of a flat disk placed to prevent leakage)

                      • lockring [ENG31-03689815-n] (washer that prevents a nut from loosening)
                  • sealing wax [ENG31-04167097-n] (fastener consisting of a resinous composition that is plastic when warm)
                  • slide fastener [ENG31-04245427-n] (a fastener for locking together two toothed edges by means of a sliding tab)
                  • snap [ENG31-04255319-n] (a fastener used on clothing)
                  • toggle [ENG31-04452461-n] (a fastener consisting of a peg or pin or crosspiece that is inserted into an eye at the end of a rope or a chain or a cable in order to fasten it to something (as another rope or chain or cable))
                  • toggle bolt [ENG31-04452744-n] (a fastener consisting of a threaded bolt and a hinged spring-loaded toggle)
                • gag [ENG31-03415650-n] (restraint put into a person's mouth to prevent speaking or shouting)
                • leash [ENG31-03658258-n] (restraint consisting of a rope (or light chain) used to restrain an animal)
                • lock [ENG31-03688203-n] (a restraint incorporated into the ignition switch to prevent the use of a vehicle by persons who do not have the key)
                • muzzle [ENG31-03808824-n] (a leather or wire restraint that fits over an animal's snout (especially a dog's nose and jaws) and prevents it from eating or biting)
                • sea anchor [ENG31-04165518-n] (restraint consisting of a canvas covered frame that floats behind a vessel)
                • shackle [ENG31-04188289-n] (a restraint that confines or restricts freedom (especially something used to tie down or restrain a prisoner))

                  • ball and chain [ENG31-02782632-n] (heavy iron ball attached to a prisoner by a chain)
                  • fetter [ENG31-03335892-n] (a shackle for the ankles or feet)
                  • handcuff [ENG31-03489659-n] (shackle that consists of a metal loop that can be locked around the wrist)
                  • irons [ENG31-03590607-n] (metal shackles)
                • trammel [ENG31-04476382-n] (a restraint that is used to teach a horse to amble)
              • router [ENG31-04121938-n] ((computer science) a device that forwards data packets between computer networks)
              • runner [ENG31-04127187-n] (device consisting of the parts on which something can slide along)

                • blade [ENG31-02852044-n] (the part of the skate that slides on the ice)
                • ski [ENG31-04235116-n] (narrow wood or metal or plastic runners used in pairs for gliding over snow)

                  • water ski [ENG31-04569548-n] (broad ski for skimming over water towed by a speedboat)
              • scratcher [ENG31-04158173-n] (a device used for scratching)

                • backscratcher [ENG31-02773726-n] (a long-handled scratcher for scratching your back)
              • shoehorn [ENG31-04207580-n] (a device used for easing the foot into a shoe)
              • shoetree [ENG31-04207951-n] (a wooden or metal device that is inserted into a shoe to preserve its shape when it is not being worn)
              • shooting stick [ENG31-04209325-n] (device that resembles a spiked walking stick but the top opens into a seat)
              • shredder [ENG31-04217187-n] (a device that shreds documents (usually in order to prevent the wrong people from reading them))
              • signaling device [ENG31-04224785-n] (a device used to send signals)

                • buzzer [ENG31-02933464-n] (a signaling device that makes a buzzing sound)
              • snowshoe [ENG31-04259441-n] (a device to help you walk on deep snow)
              • sounder [ENG31-04268877-n] (a device for making soundings)
              • source of illumination [ENG31-04270870-n] (any device serving as a source of visible electromagnetic radiation)

                • lamp [ENG31-03641539-n] (an artificial source of visible illumination)

                  • Aladdin's lamp [ENG31-02697138-n] ((Arabian Nights) a magical lamp from which Aladdin summoned a genie)
                  • candle [ENG31-02951508-n] (stick of wax with a wick in the middle)

                    • chandlery [ENG31-03009119-n] (candles and other commodities sold by a chandler)
                    • dip [ENG31-03207773-n] (a candle that is made by repeated dipping in a pool of wax or tallow)
                    • rushlight [ENG31-04128322-n] (a tallow candle with a rush stem as the wick)
                    • vigil light [ENG31-04542190-n] (a candle lighted by a worshiper in a church)
                  • discharge lamp [ENG31-03210744-n] (a lamp that generates light by a discharge between two electrodes in a gas)
                  • electric lamp [ENG31-03277294-n] (a lamp powered by electricity)

                    • arc lamp [ENG31-02738366-n] (a lamp that produces light when electric current flows across the gap between two electrodes)

                      • carbon arc lamp [ENG31-02965383-n] (has carbon electrodes)

                        • klieg light [ENG31-03627610-n] (carbon arc lamp that emits an intense light used in producing films)
                    • electric-discharge lamp [ENG31-03276287-n] (an electric lamp in which the light comes from an electric discharge between two electrodes in a glass tube)
                    • flashlight [ENG31-03363983-n] (a small portable battery-powered electric lamp)

                      • penlight [ENG31-03917886-n] (a small flashlight resembling a fountain pen)
                    • light bulb [ENG31-03671250-n] (electric lamp consisting of a transparent or translucent glass housing containing a wire filament (usually tungsten) that emits light when heated by electricity)
                    • slit lamp [ENG31-04249212-n] ((ophthalmology) a lamp that emits a narrow but intense beam of light that enables an ophthalmologist, using a microscope, to view the retina and optic nerve)
                  • flash [ENG31-03363018-n] (a lamp for providing momentary light to take a photograph)
                  • fluorescent lamp [ENG31-03375233-n] (lamp consisting of a tube coated on the inside with a fluorescent material)
                  • gas lamp [ENG31-03428787-n] (a lamp that burns illuminating gas)
                  • hurricane lamp [ENG31-03555077-n] (an oil lamp with a glass chimney and perforated metal lid to protect the flame from high winds)
                  • lantern [ENG31-03646302-n] (light in a transparent protective case)

                    • Chinese lantern [ENG31-03022366-n] (a collapsible paper lantern in bright colors)
                    • dark lantern [ENG31-03166963-n] (a lantern with a single opening and a sliding panel that can be closed to conceal the light)
                    • jack-o'-lantern [ENG31-03596028-n] (lantern carved from a pumpkin)
                  • limelight [ENG31-03674991-n] (a lamp consisting of a flame directed at a cylinder of lime with a lens to concentrate the light)
                  • neon lamp [ENG31-03823883-n] (a lamp consisting of a small gas-discharge tube containing neon at low pressure)
                  • oil lamp [ENG31-03849565-n] (a lamp that burns oil (as kerosine) for light)

                    • safety lamp [ENG31-04133953-n] (an oil lamp that will not ignite flammable gases (methane))
                  • sodium-vapor lamp [ENG31-04263428-n] (lamp in which an electric current passed through a tube of sodium vapor makes a yellow light)
                  • spirit lamp [ENG31-04287511-n] (a lamp that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol)
                  • spotlight [ENG31-04293713-n] (a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area)
                  • streetlight [ENG31-04343024-n] (a lamp supported on a lamppost)
                  • taillight [ENG31-04391997-n] (lamp (usually red) mounted at the rear of a motor vehicle)
                • light [ENG31-03670692-n] (any device serving as a source of illumination)

                  • anchor light [ENG31-02712622-n] (a light in the rigging of a ship that is riding at anchor)
                  • blinker [ENG31-02855432-n] (a light that flashes on and off)
                  • fairy light [ENG31-03323239-n] (a small colored light used for decoration (especially at Christmas))
                  • flood [ENG31-03370220-n] (light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam)
                  • headlight [ENG31-03509141-n] (a powerful light with reflector)

                    • foglamp [ENG31-03380175-n] (headlight that provides strong beam for use in foggy weather)
                  • houselights [ENG31-03550765-n] (lights that illuminate the audience's part of a theater or other auditorium)
                  • jacklight [ENG31-03595919-n] (a light used as a lure in hunting or fishing at night)
                  • navigation light [ENG31-03818909-n] (light on an airplane that indicates the plane's position and orientation)
                  • night-light [ENG31-03830253-n] (light (as a candle or small bulb) that burns in a bedroom at night (as for children or invalids))
                  • panel light [ENG31-03888558-n] (a light to illuminate an instrument panel)
                  • room light [ENG31-04114837-n] (light that provides general illumination for a room)
                  • sconce [ENG31-04155768-n] (a candle or flaming torch secured in a sconce)
                  • searchlight [ENG31-04167908-n] (a light source with reflectors that projects a beam of light in a particular direction)
                  • sidelight [ENG31-04221716-n] (light carried by a boat that indicates the boat's direction)
                  • strip lighting [ENG31-04346957-n] (light consisting of long tubes (instead of bulbs) that provide the illumination)
                  • theater light [ENG31-04425779-n] (any of various lights used in a theater)

                    • footlights [ENG31-03384980-n] (theater light at the front of a stage that illuminate the set and actors)
                  • torch [ENG31-04463386-n] (a light usually carried in the hand)

                    • flambeau [ENG31-03361292-n] (a flaming torch (such as are used in processions at night))
                • ultraviolet lamp [ENG31-04514289-n] (any source of illumination that emits ultraviolet radiation)

                  • mercury-vapor lamp [ENG31-03755697-n] (ultraviolet lamp that emits a strong bluish light (rich in ultraviolet radiation) as electric current passes through mercury vapor)

                    • quartz lamp [ENG31-04039412-n] (a mercury-vapor lamp that is enclosed in a quartz container instead of a glass container)
                    • sunlamp [ENG31-04363859-n] (a mercury-vapor lamp used in medical or cosmetic treatments)
              • stabilizer [ENG31-04301350-n] (a device for making something stable)

                • fin [ENG31-03345526-n] (a stabilizer on a ship that resembles the fin of a fish)

                  • vane [ENG31-04528079-n] (a fin attached to the tail of an arrow, bomb or missile in order to stabilize or guide it)
                • gyrostabilizer [ENG31-03478588-n] (a stabilizer consisting of a heavy gyroscope that spins on a vertical axis)
                • outrigger [ENG31-03866791-n] (a stabilizer for a canoe)
                • stabilizer bar [ENG31-04301752-n] (a rigid metal bar between the front suspensions and between the rear suspensions of cars and trucks)
              • stemmer [ENG31-04321005-n] (a device for removing stems from fruit (as from grapes or apples))
              • straightener [ENG31-04338777-n] (a device for straightening)
              • strengthener [ENG31-04343172-n] (a device designed to provide additional strength)

                • backing [ENG31-02772465-n] (something forming a back that is added for strengthening)
                • brace [ENG31-02889840-n] (a structural member used to stiffen a framework)

                  • crosspiece [ENG31-03142230-n] (a transverse brace)

                    • crossbar [ENG31-03140307-n] (long thin horizontal crosspiece between two vertical posts)
                    • rundle [ENG31-04126845-n] (one of the crosspieces that form the steps of a ladder)
                    • rung [ENG31-04126986-n] (a crosspiece between the legs of a chair)
                    • thwart [ENG31-04439177-n] (a crosspiece spreading the gunnels of a boat)
                    • transom [ENG31-04480196-n] (a horizontal crosspiece across a window or separating a door from a window over it)
                  • gusset [ENG31-03476470-n] (a metal plate used to strengthen a joist)
                  • guy [ENG31-03476902-n] (a cable, wire, or rope that is used to brace something (especially a tent))
                  • stay [ENG31-04314557-n] ((nautical) brace consisting of a heavy rope or wire cable used as a support for a mast or spar)

                    • backstay [ENG31-02774291-n] (a stay that supports the back of something)
                    • forestay [ENG31-03388057-n] (an adjustable stay from the foremast to the deck or bowsprit)

                      • mainstay [ENG31-03718176-n] (the forestay that braces the mainmast)
                  • stringer [ENG31-04346140-n] (brace consisting of a longitudinal member to strengthen a fuselage or hull)
                  • strut [ENG31-04350226-n] (brace consisting of a bar or rod used to resist longitudinal compression)
                  • tie [ENG31-04440719-n] (one of the cross braces that support the rails on a railway track)
                • brace [ENG31-02890450-n] (a support that steadies or strengthens something else)

                  • ankle brace [ENG31-02715862-n] (a brace worn to strengthen the ankle)
                  • back brace [ENG31-02771660-n] (a brace worn to support the back)
                  • knee brace [ENG31-03628048-n] (a brace worn to strengthen the knee)
                  • neck brace [ENG31-03820179-n] (a brace worn to steady the neck)
                  • skeg [ENG31-04233384-n] (a brace that extends from the rear of the keel to support the rudderpost)
                • safety arch [ENG31-04132793-n] (an undecorated arch that is included in order to strengthen or support a construction)
              • stylus [ENG31-04353757-n] (a sharp pointed device attached to the cartridge of a record player)

                • phonograph needle [ENG31-03930040-n] (a stylus that formerly made sound by following a groove in a phonograph record)
              • suction cup [ENG31-04356991-n] (a cup-shaped device (made of rubber, glass, or plastic) that produces a partial vacuum)
              • support [ENG31-04366676-n] (any device that bears the weight of another thing)

                • andiron [ENG31-02712903-n] (metal supports for logs in a fireplace)
                • arch support [ENG31-02738273-n] (a support for the arch of the foot)
                • back [ENG31-02770438-n] (a support that you can lean against while sitting)

                  • cantle [ENG31-02956891-n] (the back of a saddle seat)
                  • ladder-back [ENG31-03637868-n] (the backrest of a chair that consists of two uprights with connecting slats)
                • backboard [ENG31-02771119-n] (a board used to support the back of someone or something)
                • baluster [ENG31-02787017-n] (one of a number of closely spaced supports for a railing)
                • bar [ENG31-02793177-n] (a horizontal rod that serves as a support for gymnasts as they perform exercises)
                • base [ENG31-02800851-n] (a support or foundation)

                  • brass monkey [ENG31-02896410-n] (a metal stand that formerly held cannon balls on sailing ships)
                  • staddle [ENG31-04302915-n] (a base or platform on which hay or corn is stacked)
                  • trivet [ENG31-04493469-n] (a stand with short feet used under a hot dish on a table)
                  • trivet [ENG31-04493578-n] (a three-legged metal stand for supporting a cooking vessel in a hearth)
                • bearing [ENG31-02820166-n] (a rotating support placed between moving parts to allow them to move easily)

                  • ball bearing [ENG31-02783338-n] (bearings containing small metal balls)
                  • fifth wheel [ENG31-03339720-n] (a steering bearing that enables the front axle of a horse-drawn wagon to rotate)
                  • journal bearing [ENG31-03607899-n] (the bearing of a journal)

                    • hotbox [ENG31-03547400-n] (a journal bearing (as of a railroad car) that has overheated)
                  • thrust bearing [ENG31-04437609-n] (a bearing designed to take thrusts parallel to the axis of revolution)
                • bearing wall [ENG31-02820521-n] (any wall supporting a floor or the roof of a building)
                • bedpost [ENG31-02824550-n] (any of 4 vertical supports at the corners of a bedstead)
                • bookend [ENG31-02874366-n] (a support placed at the end of a row of books to keep them upright (on a shelf or table))
                • bracket [ENG31-02891810-n] (a support projecting from a wall (as to hold a shelf))

                  • angle bracket [ENG31-02715404-n] (an L-shaped metal bracket)
                  • console [ENG31-03096932-n] (an ornamental scroll-shaped bracket (especially one used to support a wall fixture))
                  • corbel [ENG31-03110118-n] ((architecture) a triangular bracket of brick or stone (usually of slight extent))
                  • modillion [ENG31-03783992-n] ((architecture) one of a set of ornamental brackets under a cornice)
                  • sconce [ENG31-04155644-n] (a decorative wall bracket for holding candles or other sources of light)
                  • shelf bracket [ENG31-04197419-n] (a bracket to support a shelf)
                • bridge [ENG31-02902977-n] (a wooden support that holds the strings up)
                • foot [ENG31-03383288-n] (a support resembling a pedal extremity)
                • foothold [ENG31-03384835-n] (a place providing support for the foot in standing or climbing)

                  • toehold [ENG31-04452087-n] (a small foothold used in climbing)
                • handrest [ENG31-03493194-n] (a support for the hand)
                • hanger [ENG31-03495985-n] (anything from which something can be hung)

                  • coat hanger [ENG31-03061905-n] (a hanger that is shaped like a person's shoulders and used to hang garments on)
                  • strap [ENG31-04340847-n] (hanger consisting of a loop of leather suspended from the ceiling of a bus or train)
                • harness [ENG31-03500164-n] (a support consisting of an arrangement of straps for holding something to the body (especially one supporting a person suspended from a parachute))
                • harp [ENG31-03500695-n] (a pair of curved vertical supports for a lampshade)
                • headstock [ENG31-03511328-n] (the stationary support in a machine or power tool that supports and drives a revolving part (as a chuck or the spindle on a lathe))
                • leg [ENG31-03660152-n] (one of the supports for a piece of furniture)
                • perch [ENG31-03921038-n] (support consisting of a branch or rod that serves as a resting place (especially for a bird))

                  • roost [ENG31-04114964-n] (a perch on which domestic fowl rest or sleep)
                • pier [ENG31-03940209-n] (a support for two adjacent bridge spans)
                • pier [ENG31-03940318-n] ((architecture) a vertical supporting structure (as a portion of wall between two doors or windows))
                • pillow block [ENG31-03944677-n] (a cast-iron or steel block for supporting a journal or bearing)
                • rack [ENG31-04044916-n] (a support for displaying various articles)

                  • bier [ENG31-02839473-n] (a stand to support a corpse or a coffin prior to burial)

                    • catafalque [ENG31-02984657-n] (a decorated bier on which a coffin rests in state during a funeral)
                  • cruet-stand [ENG31-03145197-n] (a stand for cruets containing various condiments)
                  • dress rack [ENG31-03243465-n] (a rack used primarily to display dresses for sale in a store)
                  • magazine rack [ENG31-03710088-n] (a rack for displaying magazines)
                  • music stand [ENG31-03807300-n] (a light stand for holding sheets of printed music)
                  • spice rack [ENG31-04282294-n] (a rack for displaying containers filled with spices)
                  • tripod [ENG31-04492338-n] (a three-legged rack used for support)

                    • camera tripod [ENG31-02947326-n] (a tripod used to support a camera)
                    • easel [ENG31-03267512-n] (an upright tripod for displaying something (usually an artist's canvas))
                • rest [ENG31-04088156-n] (a support on which things can be put)

                  • armrest [ENG31-02744480-n] (a support for the arm)

                    • arm [ENG31-02740665-n] (the part of an armchair or sofa that supports the elbow and forearm of a seated person)

                      • writing arm [ENG31-04615340-n] (an arm of a tablet-armed chair)
                  • chin rest [ENG31-03023368-n] (a rest on which a violinist can place the chin)
                  • headrest [ENG31-03510277-n] (a rest for the head)
                • rib [ENG31-04094238-n] (support resembling the rib of an animal)

                  • screw thread [ENG31-04161999-n] (the raised helical rib going around a screw)
                • rocker [ENG31-04105607-n] (a curved support that permits the supported object to rock to and fro)
                • seat [ENG31-04168419-n] (any support where you can sit (especially the part of a chair or bench etc. on which you sit))

                  • backbench [ENG31-02770961-n] (any of the seats occupied by backbenchers in the House of Commons)
                  • backseat [ENG31-02773835-n] (a seat at the back of a vehicle (especially the seat at the back of an automobile))

                    • dickey [ENG31-03196460-n] (a small third seat in the back of an old-fashioned two-seater)
                  • bell seat [ENG31-02829867-n] (a seat that has a bell shape (on some 18th century chairs))
                  • bicycle seat [ENG31-02839120-n] (a seat for the rider of a bicycle)
                  • boatswain's chair [ENG31-02862897-n] (a seat consisting of a board and a rope)
                  • bucket seat [ENG31-02913470-n] (a low single seat as in cars or planes)
                  • car seat [ENG31-02974144-n] (a seat in a car)

                    • death seat [ENG31-03171819-n] (the car seat beside the driver of an automobile)
                  • chair [ENG31-03005700-n] (a particular seat in an orchestra)
                  • cockpit [ENG31-03065677-n] (seat where the driver sits while driving a racing car)
                  • crossbench [ENG31-03140702-n] (any of the seats in the House of Commons used by members who do not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition)
                  • ejection seat [ENG31-03272379-n] (a pilot's seat in an airplane that can be forcibly ejected in the case of an emergency)
                  • front bench [ENG31-03403962-n] (any of the front seats in the House of Commons that are reserved for ministers or former ministers)
                  • howdah [ENG31-03552577-n] (a (usually canopied) seat for riding on the back of a camel or elephant)
                  • jump seat [ENG31-03610630-n] (a folding seat in an automobile)
                  • pillion [ENG31-03944207-n] (a seat behind the rider of a horse or motorbike etc.)
                  • plane seat [ENG31-03961765-n] (a seat on a commercial airliner)
                  • rumble [ENG31-04126185-n] (a servant's seat (or luggage compartment) in the rear of a carriage)
                  • rumble seat [ENG31-04126324-n] (a folding outside seat in the back of some early cars)
                  • saddle [ENG31-04130834-n] (a seat for the rider of a horse or other animal)

                    • English saddle [ENG31-03293797-n] (a saddle having a steel cantle and pommel and no horn)
                    • packsaddle [ENG31-03877951-n] (a saddle for pack animals to which loads can be attached)
                    • sidesaddle [ENG31-04222220-n] (a saddle for a woman)
                    • stock saddle [ENG31-04332179-n] (an ornamented saddle used by cowboys)
                  • saddle seat [ENG31-04131674-n] (a chair seat that is slightly concave and sometimes has a thickened ridge in the center)
                  • sliding seat [ENG31-04246324-n] (rower's seat that slides fore and aft)
                • shelf [ENG31-04197095-n] (a support that consists of a horizontal surface for holding objects)

                  • bookshelf [ENG31-02874800-n] (a shelf on which to keep books)
                  • hob [ENG31-03528451-n] (a shelf beside an open fire where something can be kept warm)
                  • mantel [ENG31-03724882-n] (shelf that projects from wall above fireplace)
                  • overmantel [ENG31-03870826-n] (a shelf over a mantelpiece)
                • spoke [ENG31-04290516-n] (support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim)
                • step [ENG31-04322052-n] (support consisting of a place to rest the foot while ascending or descending a stairway)

                  • corbel step [ENG31-03110461-n] ((architecture) a step on the top of a gable wall)
                • stirrup [ENG31-04328111-n] (support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go)
                • stock [ENG31-04329164-n] (the handle of a handgun or the butt end of a rifle or shotgun or part of the support of a machine gun or artillery gun)

                  • pistol grip [ENG31-03955106-n] (a handle (as of a gun or saw) shaped like the butt of a pistol)
                • structural member [ENG31-04348492-n] (support that is a constituent part of any structure or building)

                  • beam [ENG31-02819085-n] (long thick piece of wood or metal or concrete, etc., used in construction)

                    • box beam [ENG31-02888100-n] (a beam built up from boards)
                    • cantilever [ENG31-02956492-n] (projecting horizontal beam fixed at one end only)
                    • girder [ENG31-03442851-n] (a beam made usually of steel)

                      • I-beam [ENG31-03561353-n] (girder having a cross section resembling the letter `I')
                    • header [ENG31-03508041-n] (a framing member crossing and supporting the ends of joists, studs, or rafters so as to transfer their weight to parallel joists, studs, or rafters)
                    • header [ENG31-03508377-n] (horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window)
                    • joist [ENG31-03607053-n] (beam used to support floors or roofs)

                      • floor joist [ENG31-03371820-n] (joist that supports a floor)
                      • trimmer [ENG31-04490840-n] (joist that receives the end of a header in floor or roof framing in order to leave an opening for a staircase or chimney etc.)
                    • keel [ENG31-03614755-n] (one of the main longitudinal beams (or plates) of the hull of a vessel)

                      • bilge keel [ENG31-02841413-n] (either of two lengthwise fins attached along the outside of a ship's bilge)
                    • keelson [ENG31-03615172-n] (a longitudinal beam connected to the keel of ship to strengthen it)
                    • rafter [ENG31-04052724-n] (one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof)
                    • rider plate [ENG31-04096094-n] (a horizontal beam (or plate) connected to the top of a ship's vertical keel or to the keelson)
                    • ridge [ENG31-04096264-n] (a beam laid along the edge where two sloping sides of a roof meet at the top)
                    • shore [ENG31-04211514-n] (a beam or timber that is propped against a structure to provide support)
                    • tie [ENG31-04440511-n] (a horizontal beam used to prevent two other structural members from spreading apart or separating)
                    • timber [ENG31-04443319-n] (a beam made of wood)

                      • coulisse [ENG31-03120984-n] (a timber member grooved to take a sliding panel)
                      • sternpost [ENG31-04324062-n] ((nautical) the principal upright timber at the stern of a vessel)
                      • stringer [ENG31-04346041-n] (a long horizontal timber to connect uprights)
                      • two-by-four [ENG31-04511000-n] (a timber measuring (slightly under) 2 inches by 4 inches in cross section)
                    • trave [ENG31-04482731-n] (a horizontal beam that extends across something)
                  • plate [ENG31-03966784-n] (structural member consisting of a horizontal beam that provides bearing and anchorage)

                    • wall plate [ENG31-04555899-n] (plate (a timber along the top of a wall) to support the ends of joists, etc., and distribute the load)
                  • riser [ENG31-04101814-n] (structural member consisting of the vertical part of a stair or step)
                  • sill [ENG31-04227103-n] (structural member consisting of a continuous horizontal timber forming the lowest member of a framework or supporting structure)

                    • doorsill [ENG31-03228389-n] (the sill of a door)
                    • windowsill [ENG31-04597566-n] (the sill of a window)
                  • tread [ENG31-04484066-n] (structural member consisting of the horizontal part of a stair or step)
                  • upright [ENG31-04522424-n] (a vertical structural member as a post or stake)

                    • column [ENG31-03077981-n] ((architecture) a tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure)

                      • atlas [ENG31-02755815-n] (a figure of a man used as a supporting column)
                      • caryatid [ENG31-02977807-n] (a supporting column carved in the shape of a person)
                      • newel [ENG31-03826964-n] (the central pillar of a circular staircase)
                      • pilaster [ENG31-03942159-n] (a rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached)
                      • pile [ENG31-03942545-n] (a column of wood or steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure)

                        • sheet pile [ENG31-04196694-n] (a pile in a row of piles driven side by side to retain earth or prevent seepage)
                      • support column [ENG31-04367885-n] (a column that supports a heavy weight)

                        • lally [ENG31-03640190-n] (support column consisting of a steel cylinder filled with concrete)
                    • jamb [ENG31-03597960-n] (upright consisting of a vertical side member of a door or window frame)

                      • doorjamb [ENG31-03227560-n] (a jamb for a door)
                    • post [ENG31-03994528-n] (an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position)

                      • bollard [ENG31-02867933-n] (a strong post (as on a wharf or quay or ship for attaching mooring lines))

                        • riding bitt [ENG31-04096634-n] (one of the large bitts used to secure the cable of a dropped anchor)
                      • carrick bitt [ENG31-02973213-n] (either of a pair of strong posts that support a windlass on a ship's deck)
                      • corner post [ENG31-03114853-n] (a square post supporting a structural member at the corner of a building)
                      • gatepost [ENG31-03433259-n] (either of two posts that bound a gate)

                        • hinging post [ENG31-03526594-n] (the gatepost on which the gate is hung)
                        • shutting post [ENG31-04218822-n] (the gatepost against which the gate closes)
                      • goalpost [ENG31-03448073-n] (one of a pair of posts (usually joined by a crossbar) that are set up as a goal at each end of a playing field)
                      • hitching post [ENG31-03528153-n] (a fixed post with a ring to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying)
                      • hop pole [ENG31-03540706-n] (a tall pole to support the wires on which the hop plant is trained)
                      • king post [ENG31-03623887-n] (post connecting the crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss)
                      • lamppost [ENG31-03642472-n] (a metal post supporting an outdoor lamp (such as a streetlight))
                      • maypole [ENG31-03738622-n] (a vertical pole or post decorated with streamers that can be held by dancers celebrating May Day)
                      • newel post [ENG31-03827058-n] (the post at the top or bottom of a flight of stairs)
                      • queen post [ENG31-04040033-n] (vertical tie post in a roof truss)
                      • rudderpost [ENG31-04124841-n] (a vertical post at the forward edge of a rudder that enables the rudder to pivot)
                      • stake [ENG31-04305903-n] (a strong wooden or metal post with a point at one end so it can be driven into the ground)
                      • stanchion [ENG31-04307781-n] (any vertical post or rod used as a support)
                      • standard [ENG31-04308380-n] (an upright pole or beam (especially one used as a support))
                      • stump [ENG31-04353081-n] ((cricket) any of three upright wooden posts that form the wicket)
                      • telephone pole [ENG31-04409584-n] (tall pole supporting telephone wires)
                      • timber [ENG31-04443463-n] (a post made of wood)
                      • whipping post [ENG31-04585615-n] (post formerly used in public to which offenders are tied to be whipped)
                    • scantling [ENG31-04150430-n] (an upright in house framing)
                    • shaft [ENG31-04189751-n] ((architecture) upright consisting of the vertical part of a column)
                    • stile [ENG31-04325925-n] (an upright that is a member in a door or window frame)
                • tailstock [ENG31-04393138-n] (support consisting of the movable part of a lathe that slides along the bed in alignment with the headstock and is locked into position to support the free end of the workpiece)
                • tee [ENG31-04406835-n] (support holding a football on end and above the ground preparatory to the kickoff)
                • undercarriage [ENG31-04514748-n] (framework that serves as a support for the body of a vehicle)

                  • landing gear [ENG31-03644197-n] (an undercarriage that supports the weight of the plane when it is on the ground)

                    • landing skid [ENG31-03644544-n] (one of two parts of the landing gear of a helicopter)
                • yoke [ENG31-04620707-n] (support consisting of a wooden frame across the shoulders that enables a person to carry buckets hanging from each end)
              • sweatbox [ENG31-04376943-n] (a device that causes tobacco leaves or fruit or hides to sweat)
              • synchroflash [ENG31-04382167-n] (a device used in photography to synchronize the peak of a flash with the opening of the camera shutter)
              • take-up [ENG31-04393543-n] (any of various devices for reducing slack (as in a sewing machine) or taking up motion (as in a loom))
              • teaser [ENG31-04405302-n] (a device for teasing wool)
              • throwing stick [ENG31-04437292-n] (a device resembling a sling that is used in various primitive societies to propel a dart or spear)
              • tilter [ENG31-04443004-n] (a device for emptying a cask by tilting it without disturbing the dregs)
              • tongs [ENG31-04458020-n] (any of various devices for taking hold of objects)

                • fire tongs [ENG31-03352318-n] (tongs for taking hold of burning coals)
                • ice tongs [ENG31-03563813-n] (tongs for lifting blocks of ice)
              • toy [ENG31-04469114-n] (a device regarded as providing amusement)
              • trap [ENG31-04481701-n] (a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned)

                • flytrap [ENG31-03379416-n] (a trap for catching flies)
                • lobster pot [ENG31-03686184-n] (trap for catching lobsters)
                • mantrap [ENG31-03725317-n] (a trap for catching trespassers)
                • mousetrap [ENG31-03799589-n] (a trap for catching mice)
                • net [ENG31-03825534-n] (a trap made of netting to catch fish or birds or insects)

                  • brail [ENG31-02892573-n] (a small net used to draw fish into a boat)
                  • fishnet [ENG31-03357474-n] (a net that will enclose fish when it is pulled in)

                    • drift net [ENG31-03244310-n] (a large fishnet supported by floats)
                    • gill net [ENG31-03442205-n] (a flat fishnet suspended vertically in the water to entangle fish by their gills)
                    • landing net [ENG31-03644391-n] (a bag-shaped fishnet on a long handle to take a captured fish from the water)
                    • seine [ENG31-04175602-n] (a large fishnet that hangs vertically, with floats at the top and weights at the bottom)

                      • purse seine [ENG31-04032994-n] (a seine designed to be set by two boats around a school of fish and then closed at the bottom by means of a line)
                    • trammel net [ENG31-04476580-n] (a fishing net with three layers)
                    • trawl [ENG31-04482984-n] (a conical fishnet dragged through the water at great depths)
                • pit [ENG31-03955939-n] (a trap in the form of a concealed hole)
                • pound net [ENG31-04000236-n] (trap consisting of an arrangement of nets directing fish into an enclosure)
                • rattrap [ENG31-04063525-n] (a trap for catching rats)
                • snare [ENG31-04255961-n] (a trap for birds or small mammals)
                • steel trap [ENG31-04319011-n] (a trap made of steel with a strong spring and sharp toothlike projections to hold the prey)
                • web [ENG31-04575843-n] (an intricate trap that entangles or ensnares its victim)

                  • spider web [ENG31-04282667-n] (a web resembling the webs spun by spiders)
              • trigger [ENG31-04490329-n] (a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen)

                • plutonium trigger [ENG31-03977031-n] (a steel or beryllium sphere containing plutonium 239 that triggers nuclear fission when compressed by explosives)
              • valve [ENG31-04526831-n] (device in a brass wind instrument for varying the length of the air column to alter the pitch of a tone)
              • vaporizer [ENG31-04528257-n] (a device that puts out a substance in the form of a vapor (especially for medicinal inhalation))
              • ventilator [ENG31-04534259-n] (a device (such as a fan) that introduces fresh air or expels foul air)
              • washboard [ENG31-04561692-n] (device consisting of a corrugated surface to scrub clothes on)
              • water cooler [ENG31-04566452-n] (a device for cooling and dispensing drinking water)
              • slide chart [ENG31-07015100-n] (a hand-held device, usually of paper, cardboard, or plastic, for conducting simple calculations or looking up information)

                • volvelle [ENG31-07015315-n] (a circular slide chart having rotating parts)
            • equipment [ENG31-03298959-n] (an instrumentality needed for an undertaking or to perform a service)

              • apparatus [ENG31-02730750-n] (equipment designed to serve a specific function)

                • aerator [ENG31-02685423-n] (an apparatus for exposing something to the air (as sewage))
                • burner [ENG31-02926513-n] (an apparatus for burning fuel (or refuse))

                  • blowtorch [ENG31-02858670-n] (a burner that mixes air and gas to produce a very hot flame)

                    • oxyacetylene torch [ENG31-03874441-n] (a blowtorch that burns oxyacetylene)
                  • gas bracket [ENG31-03426870-n] (a pipe with one or more burners projecting from a wall)
                  • gas burner [ENG31-03426982-n] (burner such that combustible gas issues from a nozzle to form a steady flame)

                    • bunsen burner [ENG31-02924413-n] (a gas burner used in laboratories)
                    • gas ring [ENG31-03430679-n] (gas burner consisting of a circular metal pipe with several small holes through which gas can escape to be burned)
                    • pilot burner [ENG31-03945557-n] (small auxiliary gas burner that provides a flame to ignite a larger gas burner)
                • cascade liquefier [ENG31-02977913-n] (an apparatus used to liquefy air or oxygen etc.)
                • centrifuge [ENG31-02999605-n] (an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension)

                  • ultracentrifuge [ENG31-04513801-n] (a high speed centrifuge used to determine the relative molecular masses of large molecules in high polymers and proteins)
                • chemical reactor [ENG31-03016660-n] (an apparatus for holding substances that are undergoing a chemical reaction)

                  • catalytic cracker [ENG31-02985024-n] (a chemical reactor for converting oils with high boiling points into fuels with lower boiling points in the presence of a catalyst)
                • condenser [ENG31-03092065-n] (an apparatus that converts vapor into liquid)

                  • Liebig condenser [ENG31-03667627-n] (a condenser: during distillation the vapor passes through a tube that is cooled by water)
                  • reflux condenser [ENG31-04076694-n] (condenser such that vapor over a boiling liquid is condensed and flows back into the vessel to prevent its contents from boiling dry)
                • duplicator [ENG31-03262289-n] (apparatus that makes copies of typed, written or drawn material)

                  • facsimile [ENG31-03321050-n] (duplicator that transmits the copy by wire or radio)
                  • hectograph [ENG31-03516131-n] (duplicator consisting of a gelatin plate from which ink can be taken to make a copy)
                  • lithograph [ENG31-03683302-n] (duplicator that prints by lithography)
                  • mimeograph [ENG31-03772994-n] (a rotary duplicator that uses a stencil through which ink is pressed (trade mark Roneo))
                  • photocopier [ENG31-03930801-n] (a copier that uses photographic methods of making copies)
                  • Photostat [ENG31-03933537-n] (a duplicating machine that makes quick positive or negative copies directly on the surface of prepared paper)
                  • Xerox [ENG31-04616281-n] (a duplicator (trade mark Xerox) that copies graphic matter by the action of light on an electrically charged photoconductive insulating surface in which the latent image is developed with a resinous powder)
                • electrograph [ENG31-03280477-n] (an apparatus for the electrical transmission of pictures)
                • generator [ENG31-03439098-n] (an apparatus that produces a vapor or gas)
                • heat pump [ENG31-03514752-n] (apparatus that extracts heat from a liquid that is at a higher temperature than its surroundings)
                • heliograph [ENG31-03517596-n] (an apparatus for sending telegraphic messages by using a mirror to turn the sun's rays off and on)
                • incubator [ENG31-03572246-n] (apparatus consisting of a box designed to maintain a constant temperature by the use of a thermostat)
                • instillator [ENG31-03579567-n] (medical apparatus that puts a liquid into a cavity drop by drop)
                • Kipp's apparatus [ENG31-03624006-n] (a laboratory apparatus for producing a gas (usually hydrogen sulfide) by the action of a liquid on a solid without heating)
                • lighting [ENG31-03672561-n] (apparatus for supplying artificial light effects for the stage or a film)

                  • backlighting [ENG31-02772674-n] (lighting from behind)
                • nuclear reactor [ENG31-03839580-n] ((physics) any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements)

                  • atomic pile [ENG31-02756715-n] (a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to generate energy)
                  • breeder reactor [ENG31-02900232-n] (a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it burns)
                  • fast reactor [ENG31-03329574-n] (nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by fast neutrons because little or no moderator is used)
                  • gas-cooled reactor [ENG31-03427394-n] (a nuclear reactor using gas as a coolant)
                  • liquid metal reactor [ENG31-03682441-n] (a nuclear reactor using liquid metal as a coolant)
                  • thermal reactor [ENG31-04427159-n] (a nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by neutrons that are slowed down by a moderator)
                  • thermonuclear reactor [ENG31-04429544-n] (a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fusion to generate energy)
                  • water-cooled reactor [ENG31-04566309-n] (nuclear reactor using water as a coolant)

                    • boiling water reactor [ENG31-02867462-n] (a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator)
                    • pressurized water reactor [ENG31-04008019-n] (a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator)
                • optical bench [ENG31-03856739-n] (apparatus for observation and measurement of optical phenomena)
                • pendulum [ENG31-03915279-n] (an apparatus consisting of an object mounted so that it swings freely under the influence of gravity)

                  • Foucault pendulum [ENG31-03391390-n] (pendulum with a long wire)
                  • metronome [ENG31-03763133-n] (clicking pendulum indicates the exact tempo of a piece of music)
                  • physical pendulum [ENG31-03934030-n] (pendulum consisting of an actual object allowed to rotate freely around a horizontal axis)

                    • ballistic pendulum [ENG31-02784540-n] (a physical pendulum consisting of a large mass suspended from a rod)

                      • gun pendulum [ENG31-03475128-n] (a ballistic pendulum consisting of a suspended gun)
                    • clock pendulum [ENG31-03050787-n] (a physical pendulum used to regulate a clockwork mechanism)
                  • simple pendulum [ENG31-04228740-n] (a hypothetical pendulum suspended by a weightless frictionless thread of constant length)
                • purifier [ENG31-04032447-n] (an apparatus for removing impurities)

                  • scrubber [ENG31-04163101-n] (a purifier that removes impurities from a gas)
                • reformer [ENG31-04077115-n] (an apparatus that reforms the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to produce richer fuel)
                • semaphore [ENG31-04178269-n] (an apparatus for visual signaling with lights or mechanically moving arms)
                • sequencer [ENG31-04180572-n] ((chemistry) an apparatus that can determine the sequence of monomers in a polymer)
                • soda fountain [ENG31-04262780-n] (an apparatus for dispensing soda water)
                • still [ENG31-04326120-n] (an apparatus used for the distillation of liquids)

                  • Coffey still [ENG31-03068566-n] (a still consisting of an apparatus for the fractional distillation of ethanol from fermentation on an industrial scale)
                • submersible [ENG31-04355437-n] (an apparatus intended for use under water)

                  • bathyscaphe [ENG31-02811964-n] (navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration)
                  • bathysphere [ENG31-02812103-n] (spherical deep diving apparatus (lowered by a cable) for underwater exploration)
                  • diving bell [ENG31-03220633-n] (diving apparatus for underwater work)
                  • minisub [ENG31-03776053-n] (submersible vessel for one or two persons)
                • telegraph [ENG31-04407634-n] (apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code))
                • titrator [ENG31-04448924-n] (an apparatus for performing a titration)
                • X-ray machine [ENG31-04617008-n] (an apparatus that provides a source of X rays)

                  • fluoroscope [ENG31-03375492-n] (an X-ray machine that combines an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen to enable direct observation)
                  • tomograph [ENG31-04457514-n] (X-ray machine in which a computer builds a detailed image of a particular plane through an object from multiple X-ray measurements)

                    • computerized axial tomography scanner [ENG31-03088876-n] (a tomograph that constructs a 3-D model of an object by combining parallel planes)
                    • positron emission tomography scanner [ENG31-03994348-n] (a tomograph that produces cross-sectional X-rays of metabolic processes in the body)
              • automation [ENG31-02764211-n] (equipment used to achieve automatic control or operation)
              • cooling system [ENG31-03107779-n] (equipment in a motor vehicle that cools the engine)
              • electrical system [ENG31-03275076-n] (equipment in a motor vehicle that provides electricity to start the engine and ignite the fuel and operate the lights and windshield wiper and heater and air conditioner and radio)
              • electronic equipment [ENG31-03283159-n] (equipment that involves the controlled conduction of electrons (especially in a gas or vacuum or semiconductor))

                • amplifier [ENG31-02708803-n] (electronic equipment that increases strength of signals passing through it)

                  • audio amplifier [ENG31-02759859-n] (an amplifier that increases the amplitude of reproduced sound)
                  • booster [ENG31-02875890-n] (an amplifier for restoring the strength of a transmitted signal)
                  • maser [ENG31-03729667-n] (an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

                    • gas maser [ENG31-03429114-n] (a maser in which microwave radiation interacts with gas molecules)
                • audio system [ENG31-02760467-n] (a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing sound)

                  • recording system [ENG31-04071325-n] (audio system for recoding sound)
                  • reproducer [ENG31-04084542-n] (an audio system that can reproduce and amplify signals to produce sound)

                    • hi-fi [ENG31-03522923-n] (equipment for the reproduction of sound with high fidelity)
                    • stereo [ENG31-04323086-n] (reproducer in which two microphones feed two or more loudspeakers to give a three-dimensional effect to the sound)

                      • ghetto blaster [ENG31-03441092-n] (a portable stereo)
                      • iPod [ENG31-03589423-n] ((trademark) a pocket-sized device used to play music files)

                        • video iPod [ENG31-03589569-n] ((trademark) an iPod that can also play video files)
                      • quadraphony [ENG31-04037441-n] (a stereophonic sound recording or reproducing system using four separate channels)
                      • Walkman [ENG31-04553626-n] ((trademark) a pocket-sized stereo system with light weight earphones)
                • cassette player [ENG31-02982645-n] (electronic equipment for playing cassettes)
                • CD player [ENG31-02991759-n] (a stand-alone piece of electronic equipment that either has its own display or attaches to a television set)
                • central processing unit [ENG31-02998952-n] ((computer science) the part of a computer (a microprocessor chip) that does most of the data processing)
                • circuitry [ENG31-03038390-n] (electronic equipment consisting of a system of circuits)
                • detector [ENG31-03185959-n] (electronic equipment that detects the presence of radio signals or radioactivity)

                  • crystal detector [ENG31-03148051-n] (a detector consisting of a fine wire in contact with a galena crystal)
                  • scanner [ENG31-04149796-n] (a radio receiver that moves automatically across some selected range of frequencies looking for some signal or condition)
                • equalizer [ENG31-03298652-n] (electronic equipment that reduces frequency distortion)
                • lens [ENG31-03662283-n] (electronic equipment that uses a magnetic or electric field in order to focus a beam of electrons)
                • mixer [ENG31-03780921-n] (electronic equipment that mixes two or more input signals to give a single output signal)
                • modem [ENG31-03783287-n] ((from a combination of MOdulate and DEModulate) electronic equipment consisting of a device used to connect computers by a telephone line)

                  • acoustic modem [ENG31-02679524-n] (a modem that converts electrical signals to telephone tones and back again)
                • monitor [ENG31-03787320-n] (a piece of electronic equipment that keeps track of the operation of a system continuously and warns of trouble)

                  • cardiac monitor [ENG31-02966374-n] (a piece of electronic equipment for continual observation of the function of the heart)
                  • electronic fetal monitor [ENG31-03283825-n] (an electronic monitor that monitors fetal heartbeat and the mother's uterine contractions during childbirth)
                • monitor [ENG31-03787539-n] (electronic equipment that is used to check the quality or content of electronic transmissions)

                  • television monitor [ENG31-04412897-n] (monitor used in a studio for monitoring the program being broadcast)
                • off-line equipment [ENG31-03847897-n] (electronic equipment not in direct communication (or under the control of) the central processing unit)
                • oscilloscope [ENG31-03863348-n] (electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities)
                • peripheral [ENG31-03922839-n] (electronic equipment external to the circuit board that contains the CPU of a computer)

                  • data input device [ENG31-03168639-n] (a device that can be used to insert data into a computer or other computational device)
                  • output device [ENG31-03866568-n] (electronic or electromechanical equipment connected to a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer in the form of text, images, sounds, or other media)
                • playback [ENG31-03969588-n] (electronic equipment comprising the part of a tape recorder that reproduces the recorded material)
                • radio-phonograph [ENG31-04050491-n] (electronic equipment consisting of a combination of a radio receiver and a record player)
                • scrambler [ENG31-04157539-n] (electronic equipment that makes speech unintelligible during transmission and restores it at reception)
                • set [ENG31-04183589-n] (any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals)

                  • receiver [ENG31-04067759-n] (set that receives radio or tv signals)

                    • direction finder [ENG31-03210025-n] (radio)

                      • goniometer [ENG31-03452838-n] (direction finder that determines the angular direction of incoming radio signals)
                      • radio compass [ENG31-04049284-n] (a direction finder that gives a bearing by determining the direction of incoming radio signals)
                    • radio receiver [ENG31-04050813-n] (an electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted signals)

                      • clock radio [ENG31-03050906-n] (a radio that includes a clock that can be set to turn it on automatically)
                      • crystal set [ENG31-03148822-n] (an early radio receiver using a crystal detector)
                      • heterodyne receiver [ENG31-03522159-n] (a radio receiver that combines a locally generated frequency with the carrier frequency to produce a supersonic signal that is demodulated and amplified)
                      • push-button radio [ENG31-04033843-n] (a radio receiver that can be tuned by pressing buttons)
                    • satellite receiver [ENG31-04144856-n] (a receiver on a communications satellite)
                    • television receiver [ENG31-04413042-n] (an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen)
                  • transmitter [ENG31-04479961-n] (set used to broadcast radio or tv signals)

                    • jammer [ENG31-03598118-n] (a transmitter used to broadcast electronic jamming)
                    • radio transmitter [ENG31-04052165-n] (transmitter that is the part of a radio system that transmits signals)

                      • spark transmitter [ENG31-04276778-n] (an early radio transmitter using a discharge across a spark gap as the source of its power)
                    • satellite transmitter [ENG31-04145214-n] (a transmitter on a communications satellite)
                    • television transmitter [ENG31-04413687-n] (transmitter that is part of a television system)
                • tape deck [ENG31-04399613-n] (electronic equipment for making or playing magnetic tapes (but without amplifiers or speakers))

                  • cassette deck [ENG31-02982533-n] (a tape deck for playing and recording cassette tapes)
                • tape player [ENG31-04400072-n] (electronic equipment for playing back magnetic tapes)
                • telephone [ENG31-04408223-n] (electronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over distances and then converts received signals back into sounds)

                  • desk phone [ENG31-03184576-n] (a telephone set that sits on a desk or table)
                  • dial telephone [ENG31-03192279-n] (a telephone with a dial for registering the number to be called)
                  • extension [ENG31-03311814-n] (an additional telephone set that is connected to the same telephone line)
                  • handset [ENG31-03493521-n] (telephone set with the mouthpiece and earpiece mounted on a single handle)
                  • pay-phone [ENG31-03908203-n] (a coin-operated telephone)
                  • radiotelephone [ENG31-04051578-n] (a telephone that communicates by radio waves rather than along cables)

                    • cellular telephone [ENG31-02995984-n] (a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver)
                  • speakerphone [ENG31-04277481-n] (a telephone with a microphone and loudspeaker)
                • television equipment [ENG31-04412675-n] (electronic equipment that broadcasts or receives electromagnetic waves representing images and sound)

                  • television camera [ENG31-04412132-n] (television equipment consisting of a lens system that focuses an image on a photosensitive mosaic that is scanned by an electron beam)

                    • camcorder [ENG31-02945804-n] (a portable television camera and videocassette recorder)
                • terminal [ENG31-04420554-n] (electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer)

                  • job-oriented terminal [ENG31-03605361-n] (a terminal designed for a particular application)
                  • remote terminal [ENG31-04082403-n] (a terminal connected to a computer by a data link)
              • fuel system [ENG31-03406636-n] (equipment in a motor vehicle or aircraft that delivers fuel to the engine)
              • game equipment [ENG31-03419072-n] (equipment or apparatus used in playing a game)

                • backboard [ENG31-02771231-n] (a raised vertical board with basket attached)
                • ball [ENG31-02781674-n] (round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games)

                  • baseball [ENG31-02802230-n] (a ball used in playing baseball)
                  • basketball [ENG31-02805592-n] (an inflated ball used in playing basketball)
                  • billiard ball [ENG31-02842580-n] (ball used in playing billiards)

                    • cue ball [ENG31-03150385-n] (the ball that the billiard player or pool player strikes with his cue)
                    • object ball [ENG31-03843544-n] (the billiard ball that is intended to be the first ball struck by the cue ball)
                  • bocce ball [ENG31-02864487-n] (wooden ball that is bowled in the Italian game of bocce)
                  • bowl [ENG31-02884787-n] (a wooden ball (with flattened sides so that it rolls on a curved course) used in the game of lawn bowling)
                  • bowling ball [ENG31-02885542-n] (a large ball with finger holes used in the sport of bowling)
                  • cricket ball [ENG31-03136618-n] (the ball used in playing cricket)
                  • croquet ball [ENG31-03139390-n] (a wooden ball used in playing croquet)
                  • field hockey ball [ENG31-03338197-n] (ball used in playing field hockey)
                  • football [ENG31-03383611-n] (the inflated oblong ball used in playing American football)
                  • golf ball [ENG31-03450710-n] (a small hard ball used in playing golf)
                  • handball [ENG31-03487960-n] (a small rubber ball used in playing the game of handball)
                  • jack [ENG31-03594859-n] (a small ball at which players aim in lawn bowling)
                  • lacrosse ball [ENG31-03637391-n] (ball used in playing lacrosse)
                  • marble [ENG31-03726538-n] (a small ball of glass that is used in various games)

                    • taw [ENG31-04403228-n] (a large marble used for shooting in the game of marbles)
                  • medicine ball [ENG31-03747510-n] (heavy ball used in physical training)
                  • ninepin ball [ENG31-03830982-n] (ball used to knock down ninepins)
                  • ping-pong ball [ENG31-03949089-n] (light hollow ball used in playing table tennis)
                  • polo ball [ENG31-03984933-n] (wooden ball that is struck with mallets in playing polo)
                  • pool ball [ENG31-03988590-n] (ball used in playing pool)

                    • eight ball [ENG31-03272024-n] (a black pool ball bearing the number 8)
                  • punching bag [ENG31-04030356-n] (an inflated ball or bag that is suspended and punched for training in boxing)
                  • racquetball [ENG31-04046218-n] (the ball used in playing the game of racquetball)
                  • roulette ball [ENG31-04120410-n] (the ball used to play roulette)
                  • rugby ball [ENG31-04125632-n] (inflated oval ball used in playing rugby)
                  • soccer ball [ENG31-04261790-n] (an inflated ball used in playing soccer)
                  • softball [ENG31-04264001-n] (ball used in playing softball)
                  • squash ball [ENG31-04299359-n] (rubber ball used in playing squash)
                  • tennis ball [ENG31-04416650-n] (ball about the size of a fist used in playing tennis)
                  • volleyball [ENG31-04547339-n] (an inflated ball used in playing volleyball)
                  • Wiffle [ENG31-04591342-n] ((trademark) a hollow plastic ball with cutouts)
                • bowling equipment [ENG31-02885724-n] (equipment used in bowling)

                  • bowling pin [ENG31-02885888-n] (a club-shaped wooden object used in bowling)

                    • candlepin [ENG31-02951729-n] (a bowling pin that is thin by comparison with a tenpin)
                    • duckpin [ENG31-03257982-n] (a bowling pin that is short and squat by comparison with a tenpin)
                    • headpin [ENG31-03509437-n] (the front bowling pin in the triangular arrangement of ten pins)
                    • ninepin [ENG31-03830811-n] (a bowling pin of the type used in playing ninepins or (in England) skittles)
                    • tenpin [ENG31-04417700-n] (one of the bottle-shaped pins used in bowling)
                • counter [ENG31-03121850-n] (game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games)

                  • chip [ENG31-03024099-n] (a small disk-shaped counter used to represent money when gambling)

                    • blue chip [ENG31-02859293-n] (a blue poker chip with the highest value)
                • crossbar [ENG31-03140439-n] (game equipment consisting of a horizontal bar to be jumped or vaulted over)
                • game [ENG31-03418738-n] (the game equipment needed in order to play a particular game)

                  • puzzle [ENG31-04034791-n] (a game that tests your ingenuity)

                    • Chinese puzzle [ENG31-03022502-n] (intricate or ingenious puzzle consisting of boxes within boxes)
                    • jigsaw puzzle [ENG31-03604123-n] (a puzzle that requires you to reassemble a picture that has been mounted on a stiff base and cut into interlocking pieces)
                    • tangram [ENG31-04395661-n] (a Chinese puzzle consisting of a square divided into seven pieces that must be arranged to match particular designs)
                    • crossword puzzle [ENG31-06798511-n] (a puzzle in which words corresponding to numbered clues are to be found and written in to squares in the puzzle)
                • goal [ENG31-03447680-n] (game equipment consisting of the place toward which players of a game try to advance a ball or puck in order to score points)

                  • basket [ENG31-02805381-n] (horizontal circular metal hoop supporting a net through which players try to throw the basketball)
                  • net [ENG31-03825858-n] (a goal lined with netting (as in soccer or hockey))

                    • cage [ENG31-02940305-n] (the net that is the goal in ice hockey)
                • horseshoe [ENG31-03544726-n] (game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes)
                • jack [ENG31-03594500-n] (game equipment consisting of one of several small six-pointed metal pieces that are picked up while bouncing a ball in the game of jacks)
                • man [ENG31-03721866-n] (game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games)

                  • black [ENG31-02849498-n] ((board games) the darker pieces)
                  • checker [ENG31-03015009-n] (one of the flat round pieces used in playing the game of checkers)

                    • king [ENG31-03623548-n] (a checker that has been moved to the opponent's first row where it is promoted to a piece that is free to move either forward or backward)
                  • chessman [ENG31-03018094-n] (any of 16 white and 16 black pieces used in playing the game of chess)

                    • bishop [ENG31-02847294-n] ((chess) a piece that can be moved diagonally over unoccupied squares of the same color)
                    • castle [ENG31-02984084-n] ((chess) the piece that can move any number of unoccupied squares in a direction parallel to the sides of the chessboard)
                    • king [ENG31-03623310-n] ((chess) the weakest but the most important piece)
                    • knight [ENG31-03629976-n] (a chessman shaped to resemble the head of a horse)
                    • pawn [ENG31-03907828-n] ((chess) the least powerful piece)
                    • queen [ENG31-04039763-n] ((chess) the most powerful piece)
                  • tile [ENG31-04442512-n] (game equipment consisting of a flat thin piece marked with characters and used in board games like Mah-Jong, Scrabble, etc.)
                  • white [ENG31-04587272-n] ((board games) the lighter pieces)
                • net [ENG31-03825694-n] (game equipment consisting of a strip of netting dividing the playing area in tennis or badminton)

                  • volleyball net [ENG31-04547541-n] (the high net that separates the two teams and over which the volleyball must pass)
                • pinball machine [ENG31-03947693-n] (game equipment on which pinball is played)
                • pool table [ENG31-03988788-n] (game equipment consisting of a heavy table on which pool is played)
                • quoit [ENG31-04042631-n] (game equipment consisting of a ring of iron or circle of rope used in playing the game of quoits)
                • roulette wheel [ENG31-04120500-n] (game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling)
                • spinner [ENG31-04285889-n] (board game equipment that consists of a dial and an arrow that is spun to determine the next move in the game)
              • gear [ENG31-03435869-n] (equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc.)

                • fishing gear [ENG31-03356280-n] (gear used in fishing)
                • kit [ENG31-03624605-n] (gear consisting of a set of articles or tools for a specified purpose)

                  • carpenter's kit [ENG31-02970139-n] (a set of carpenter's tools)
                  • first-aid kit [ENG31-03354315-n] (kit consisting of a set of bandages and medicines for giving first aid)
                  • layette [ENG31-03655877-n] (kit consisting of a complete outfit (clothing and accessories) for a new baby)
                  • mess kit [ENG31-03756949-n] (kit containing a metal dish and eating utensils)
                  • sewing kit [ENG31-04186885-n] (a kit of articles used in sewing)
                • regalia [ENG31-04078375-n] (paraphernalia indicative of royalty (or other high office))

                  • crown jewels [ENG31-03144115-n] (regalia (jewelry and other paraphernalia) worn by a sovereign on state occasions)
                • rig [ENG31-04098209-n] (gear (including necessary machinery) for a particular enterprise)

                  • drill rig [ENG31-03245796-n] (rig used in drilling for oil or gas)

                    • drilling platform [ENG31-03245386-n] (drilling rig consisting of an offshore platform (floating or fixed to the sea bed) from which many oil wells can be bored radially)
                • rigging [ENG31-04098805-n] (gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails)
                • stable gear [ENG31-04302219-n] (gear for a horse)

                  • bit [ENG31-02847952-n] (piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding)

                    • bar bit [ENG31-02794818-n] (a bit for horses that is a solid bar of metal)
                    • bridoon [ENG31-02903877-n] (a bit resembling a snaffle bit)
                    • curb [ENG31-03153801-n] (a horse's bit with an attached chain or strap to check the horse)
                    • Pelham [ENG31-03912582-n] (a bit with a bar mouthpiece that is designed to combine a curb and snaffle)
                    • snaffle [ENG31-04255004-n] (a simple jointed bit for a horse)
                  • caparison [ENG31-02958976-n] (stable gear consisting of a decorated covering for a horse, especially (formerly) for a warhorse)

                    • bard [ENG31-02795328-n] (an ornamental caparison for a horse)
                    • horsecloth [ENG31-03543722-n] (a cloth for the trapping of a horse)
                  • cinch [ENG31-03035741-n] (stable gear consisting of a band around a horse's belly that holds the saddle in place)
                  • hame [ENG31-03486056-n] (stable gear consisting of either of two curved supports that are attached to the collar of a draft horse and that hold the traces)
                  • harness [ENG31-03499831-n] (stable gear consisting of an arrangement of leather straps fitted to a draft animal so that it can be attached to and pull a cart)
                  • headgear [ENG31-03508862-n] (stable gear consisting of any part of a harness that fits about the horse's head)

                    • bridle [ENG31-02903443-n] (headgear for a horse)
                    • halter [ENG31-03485802-n] (rope or canvas headgear for a horse, with a rope for leading)
                  • martingale [ENG31-03729376-n] (a harness strap that connects the nose piece to the girth)
                  • saddle blanket [ENG31-04131303-n] (stable gear consisting of a blanket placed under the saddle)

                    • apishamore [ENG31-02730491-n] (a saddle blanket made of buffalo hide)
                  • yoke [ENG31-04620197-n] (stable gear that joins two draft animals at the neck so they can work together as a team)
              • life-support system [ENG31-03669236-n] (medical equipment that assists or replaces important bodily functions and so enables a patient to live who otherwise might not survive)
              • life-support system [ENG31-03669485-n] (equipment that makes life possible in otherwise deadly environmental conditions)
              • material [ENG31-03735442-n] (things needed for doing or making something)

                • packaging [ENG31-03877202-n] (material used to make packages)

                  • blister pack [ENG31-02855619-n] (packaging in which a product is sealed between a cardboard backing and clear plastic cover)
                • railing [ENG31-04054845-n] (material for making rails or rails collectively)
                • roofing [ENG31-04112798-n] (material used to construct a roof)
              • materiel [ENG31-03735644-n] (equipment and supplies of a military force)

                • baggage [ENG31-02777926-n] (the portable equipment and supplies of an army)

                  • impedimenta [ENG31-03568538-n] (the baggage and equipment carried by an army)
                • marching order [ENG31-03726743-n] (equipage for marching)
              • naval equipment [ENG31-03817387-n] (equipment for a navy)

                • naval radar [ENG31-03817922-n] (naval equipment consisting of a shipboard radar)

                  • air search radar [ENG31-02695539-n] (a shipboard radar that searches for aircraft)
                  • fire control radar [ENG31-03349630-n] (naval radar that controls the delivery of fire on a military target)
                  • surface search radar [ENG31-04370059-n] (a naval radar to search for surface targets)
                • shipboard system [ENG31-04203123-n] (a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval ship)

                  • anti-submarine rocket [ENG31-02727647-n] (a shipboard system to fire rockets at submarines)
                  • basic point defense missile system [ENG31-02804106-n] (a shipboard missile system)
                  • naval tactical data system [ENG31-03818329-n] (a shipboard system for collecting and displaying tactical data)
                  • ship-towed long-range acoustic detection system [ENG31-04203968-n] (a shipboard system consisting of an acoustic detection system that is towed behind the ship)
                  • surface-to-air missile system [ENG31-04370499-n] (the shipboard system that fires missiles at aircraft)
                  • target acquisition system [ENG31-04401514-n] (a shipboard system for the detection and identification and location of a target with enough detail to permit effective weapon employment)
              • photographic equipment [ENG31-03932386-n] (equipment used by a photographer)

                • camera [ENG31-02946154-n] (equipment for taking photographs (usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light-sensitive film at the other))

                  • box camera [ENG31-02888235-n] (a simple camera shaped like a rectangular box)
                  • candid camera [ENG31-02951413-n] (a miniature camera with a fast lens)
                  • digital camera [ENG31-03200746-n] (a camera that encodes an image digitally and store it for later reproduction)

                    • webcam [ENG31-04576349-n] (a digital camera designed to take digital photographs and transmit them over the internet)
                  • flash camera [ENG31-03363572-n] (a camera with a photoflash attachment)
                  • motion-picture camera [ENG31-03794704-n] (a camera that takes a sequence of photographs that can give the illusion of motion when viewed in rapid succession)

                    • sound camera [ENG31-04268748-n] (a movie camera that records sounds in synchrony with the visual images)
                  • point-and-shoot camera [ENG31-03981273-n] (a lightweight photographic camera with an autofocus)
                  • Polaroid camera [ENG31-03982825-n] (a camera that develops and produces a positive print within seconds)
                  • portrait camera [ENG31-03993624-n] (a camera with a portrait lens)
                  • reflex camera [ENG31-04076546-n] (camera that allows the photographer to view and focus the exact scene being photographed)
                • clapperboard [ENG31-03041389-n] (photographic equipment used to synchronize sound and motion picture)
                • developer [ENG31-03187578-n] (photographic equipment consisting of a chemical solution for developing film)

                  • stop bath [ENG31-04334682-n] (an acid bath used to stop the action of a developer)
                • enlarger [ENG31-03294571-n] (photographic equipment consisting of an optical projector used to enlarge a photograph)
                • light meter [ENG31-03672990-n] (photographic equipment that measures the intensity of light)

                  • cytophotometer [ENG31-03162417-n] (a photometer that can be used to locate and identify chemical compounds in a cell by measuring the intensity of the light that passes through stained sections of the cytoplasm)
                • photographic paper [ENG31-03932650-n] (light-sensitive paper on which photograph can be printed)

                  • film [ENG31-03343766-n] (photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion)

                    • footage [ENG31-03383439-n] (film that has been shot)
                    • microfilm [ENG31-03764961-n] (film on which materials are photographed at greatly reduced size)

                      • microfiche [ENG31-03764772-n] (small sheet of microfilm on which many pages of material have been photographed)
                    • motion-picture film [ENG31-03794933-n] (photographic film several hundred feet long and wound on a spool)

                      • sound film [ENG31-04268978-n] (motion-picture film with sound effects and dialogue recorded on it)
                    • negative [ENG31-03822731-n] (a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed)
                    • orthochromatic film [ENG31-03862546-n] (a photographic film sensitive to green and blue and violet light)
                    • panchromatic film [ENG31-03887101-n] (photographic film sensitive to light of all colors (including red))
                    • positive [ENG31-03993867-n] (a film showing a photographic image whose tones correspond to those of the original subject)
                    • reel [ENG31-04074770-n] (a roll of photographic film holding a series of frames to be projected by a movie projector)
                    • roll [ENG31-04108469-n] (photographic film rolled up inside a container to protect it from light)
                    • roll film [ENG31-04109966-n] (photographic film wound on a spool)
                    • sequence [ENG31-04180233-n] (film consisting of a succession of related shots that develop a given subject in a movie)
                    • X-ray film [ENG31-04616888-n] (photographic film used to make X-ray pictures)

                      • bitewing [ENG31-02848531-n] (a dental X-ray film that can be held in place by the teeth during radiography)
                    • film clip [ENG31-06633830-n] (a strip of motion picture film used in a telecast)
              • radiotherapy equipment [ENG31-04052035-n] (equipment used to treat diseases with x-rays or radioactivity)
              • recorder [ENG31-04070485-n] (equipment for making records)

                • black box [ENG31-02849971-n] (equipment that records information about the performance of an aircraft during flight)
                • cassette recorder [ENG31-02982749-n] (a recorder for recording or playing cassettes)
                • compact-disk burner [ENG31-03083498-n] (recording equipment for making compact disks)
                • magnetic recorder [ENG31-03713136-n] (recorder consisting of equipment for making records on magnetic media)

                  • tape recorder [ENG31-04400182-n] (a magnetic recorder using magnetic tape)

                    • Dictaphone [ENG31-03197227-n] (a tape recorder that records and reproduces dictation)
                    • videocassette recorder [ENG31-04541097-n] (a magnetic tape recorder for recording (and playing back) TV programs)
                  • wire recorder [ENG31-04602828-n] (an early type of magnetic recorder using iron wire)
                • multichannel recorder [ENG31-03803964-n] (a recorder with two or more channels)
                • oscillograph [ENG31-03863207-n] (a device for making a record of the wave forms of fluctuating voltages or currents)
              • rescue equipment [ENG31-04084846-n] (equipment used to rescue passengers in case of emergency)

                • parachute [ENG31-03893954-n] (rescue equipment consisting of a device that fills with air and retards your fall)

                  • drogue [ENG31-03249974-n] (a parachute used to decelerate an object that is moving rapidly)
                  • drogue parachute [ENG31-03250124-n] (a small parachute that pulls the main parachute from its storage pack)
                  • parasail [ENG31-03895423-n] (parachute that will lift a person up into the air when it is towed by a motorboat or a car)
              • robotics equipment [ENG31-04105263-n] (equipment used in robotics)
              • satellite [ENG31-04144527-n] (man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon)

                • astronomy satellite [ENG31-02754495-n] (a satellite equipped with a telescope to observe infrared radiation)
                • communications satellite [ENG31-03081745-n] (an artificial satellite that relays signals back to earth)
                • space station [ENG31-04273272-n] (a manned artificial satellite in a fixed orbit designed for scientific research)
                • sputnik [ENG31-04297753-n] (a Russian artificial satellite)
                • spy satellite [ENG31-04297900-n] (a satellite with sensors to detect nuclear explosions)
                • weather satellite [ENG31-04574879-n] (a satellite that transmits frequent picture of the earth below)
              • sports equipment [ENG31-04292284-n] (equipment needed to participate in a particular sport)

                • badminton equipment [ENG31-02775559-n] (equipment for playing the game of badminton)

                  • shuttlecock [ENG31-04219349-n] (badminton equipment consisting of a ball of cork or rubber with a crown of feathers)
                • baseball equipment [ENG31-02803056-n] (equipment used in playing baseball)

                  • base [ENG31-02801040-n] (a place that the runner must touch before scoring)

                    • first base [ENG31-03354617-n] (the base that must be touched first by a base runner in baseball)
                    • home plate [ENG31-03534081-n] ((baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands)
                    • second base [ENG31-04171467-n] (the base that must be touched second by a base runner in baseball)
                    • third base [ENG31-04432939-n] (the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball)
                  • baseball bat [ENG31-02802334-n] (an implement used in baseball by the batter)
                  • baseball glove [ENG31-02803372-n] (the handwear used by fielders in playing baseball)
                  • batting cage [ENG31-02814194-n] (a movable screen placed behind home base to catch balls during batting practice)
                  • mound [ENG31-03797867-n] ((baseball) the slight elevation on which the pitcher stands)
                • basketball equipment [ENG31-02805887-n] (sports equipment used in playing basketball)
                • boxing equipment [ENG31-02888579-n] (equipment used in boxing)

                  • boxing glove [ENG31-02888703-n] (boxing equipment consisting of big and padded coverings for the fists of the fighters)
                • cricket equipment [ENG31-03136912-n] (sports equipment used in playing cricket)

                  • cricket bat [ENG31-03136727-n] (the club used in playing cricket)
                  • wicket [ENG31-04590155-n] (cricket equipment consisting of a set of three stumps topped by crosspieces)
                • croquet equipment [ENG31-03139504-n] (sports equipment used in playing croquet)

                  • croquet mallet [ENG31-03139681-n] (a mallet used to strike the ball in croquet)
                  • wicket [ENG31-04590057-n] (a small arch used as croquet equipment)
                • golf equipment [ENG31-03451776-n] (sports equipment used in playing golf)

                  • golf club [ENG31-03451003-n] (golf equipment used by a golfer to hit a golf ball)

                    • iron [ENG31-03590242-n] (a golf club that has a relatively narrow metal head)

                      • driving iron [ENG31-03249478-n] ((golf) the long iron with the most nearly vertical face)
                      • long iron [ENG31-03693392-n] (an iron with a long shaft and a steep face)
                      • mashie [ENG31-03730029-n] (middle-distance iron)
                      • mashie niblick [ENG31-03730114-n] (iron with a lofted face for hitting high shots to the green)
                      • midiron [ENG31-03767867-n] (long iron with a nearly vertical face)
                      • niblick [ENG31-03828756-n] (an iron with considerable loft)
                      • putter [ENG31-04034550-n] (the iron normally used on the putting green)
                      • short iron [ENG31-04212108-n] (an iron with a short shaft and pitched face)
                      • wedge [ENG31-04577108-n] ((golf) an iron with considerable loft and a broad sole)

                        • pitching wedge [ENG31-03956813-n] (a wedge used to loft the golf ball over obstacles)
                        • sand wedge [ENG31-04142107-n] (a wedge used to get out of sand traps)
                    • wood [ENG31-04604393-n] (a golf club with a long shaft used to hit long shots)

                      • brassie [ENG31-02895867-n] ((formerly) a golfing wood with a face more elevated that a driver but less than a spoon)
                      • driver [ENG31-03248750-n] (a golf club (a wood) with a near vertical face that is used for hitting long shots from the tee)
                      • metal wood [ENG31-03757889-n] (golf wood with a metal head instead of the traditional wooden head)
                      • spoon [ENG31-04291479-n] (formerly a golfing wood with an elevated face)
                  • pin [ENG31-03947170-n] (flagpole used to mark the position of the hole on a golf green)
                • gymnastic apparatus [ENG31-03477355-n] (sports equipment used in gymnastic exercises)

                  • balance beam [ENG31-02780297-n] (a gymnastic apparatus used by women gymnasts)
                  • horizontal bar [ENG31-03540960-n] (gymnastic apparatus consisting of a bar supported in a horizontal position by uprights at both ends)
                  • horse [ENG31-03543217-n] (a padded gymnastic apparatus on legs)

                    • pommel horse [ENG31-03986836-n] (a gymnastic horse with a cylindrical body covered with leather and two upright handles (pommels) near the center)
                    • vaulting horse [ENG31-04531437-n] (a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated)
                  • parallel bars [ENG31-03894302-n] (gymnastic apparatus consisting of two parallel wooden rods supported on uprights)

                    • uneven parallel bars [ENG31-04516555-n] (a pair of parallel bars set at different heights)
                  • rings [ENG31-04100317-n] (gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes)
                  • stall bar [ENG31-04306664-n] (a gymnastic apparatus used for strengthening exercises)
                  • trampoline [ENG31-04476749-n] (gymnastic apparatus consisting of a strong canvas sheet attached with springs to a metal frame)
                • hammer [ENG31-03487084-n] (a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire)
                • mat [ENG31-03733437-n] (sports equipment consisting of a piece of thick padding on the floor for gymnastic sports)

                  • canvas [ENG31-02957286-n] (the mat that forms the floor of the ring in which boxers or professional wrestlers compete)
                  • wrestling mat [ENG31-04614393-n] (a mat on which wrestling matches are conducted)
                • mouthpiece [ENG31-03800791-n] ((especially boxing) equipment that protects an athlete's mouth)
                • shot [ENG31-04213137-n] (sports equipment consisting of a heavy metal ball used in the shot put)
                • skate [ENG31-04232791-n] (sports equipment that is worn on the feet to enable the wearer to glide along and to be propelled by the alternate actions of the legs)

                  • ice skate [ENG31-03563584-n] (skate consisting of a boot with a steel blade fitted to the sole)

                    • figure skate [ENG31-03341227-n] (an ice skate worn for figure skating)
                    • hockey skate [ENG31-03529150-n] (an ice skate worn for playing hockey)
                    • rocker [ENG31-04105804-n] (an ice skate with a curved blade)
                    • speed skate [ENG31-04281091-n] (an ice skate with a long blade)
                  • in-line skate [ENG31-04109131-n] (a shoe with a line of rollers fixed to the sole)

                    • Rollerblade [ENG31-04109256-n] ((trademark) an in-line skate)
                  • roller skate [ENG31-04109712-n] (a shoe with pairs of rollers fixed to the sole)
                • spike [ENG31-04282780-n] (sports equipment consisting of a sharp point on the sole of a shoe worn by athletes)

                  • crampon [ENG31-03131036-n] (an iron spike attached to the shoe to prevent slipping on ice when walking or climbing)
                  • piton [ENG31-03957344-n] (a metal spike with a hole for a rope)
                  • pricket [ENG31-04008620-n] (a sharp metal spike to hold a candle)
                • stick [ENG31-04325269-n] (a long implement (usually made of wood) that is shaped so that hockey or polo players can hit a puck or ball)

                  • hockey stick [ENG31-03529313-n] (sports implement consisting of a curved or angled stick used by hockey players to move the puck)
                  • polo mallet [ENG31-03985044-n] (a mallet used to strike the ball in polo)
                • target [ENG31-04401354-n] (sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at)

                  • clay pigeon [ENG31-03043244-n] (target used in skeet or trapshooting)
                • weight [ENG31-04578578-n] (sports equipment used in calisthenic exercises and weightlifting)

                  • barbell [ENG31-02794019-n] (a bar to which heavy discs are attached at each end)
                  • dumbbell [ENG31-03259733-n] (an exercising weight)
              • stock-in-trade [ENG31-04331258-n] (any equipment constantly used as part of a profession or occupation)
              • teaching aid [ENG31-04404396-n] (materials and equipment used in teaching)

                • audiovisual [ENG31-02760932-n] (materials using sight or sound to present information)
              • test equipment [ENG31-04422392-n] (equipment required to perform a test)
            • furnishing [ENG31-03410175-n] ((usually plural) the instrumentalities (furniture and appliances and other movable accessories including curtains and rugs) that make a home (or other area) livable)

              • appointment [ENG31-02733566-n] ((usually in the plural) furnishings and equipment (especially for a ship or hotel))
              • furniture [ENG31-03410635-n] (furnishings that make a room or other area ready for occupancy)

                • baby bed [ENG31-02769325-n] (a small bed for babies)

                  • bassinet [ENG31-02807580-n] (a basket (usually hooded) used as a baby's bed)
                  • carrycot [ENG31-02973993-n] (box-shaped baby bed with handles (for a baby to sleep in while being carried))
                  • cradle [ENG31-03130380-n] (a baby bed with sides and rockers)
                  • crib [ENG31-03136225-n] (baby bed with high sides made of slats)
                • bedroom furniture [ENG31-02825078-n] (furniture intended for use in a bedroom)

                  • bed [ENG31-02821967-n] (a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep)

                    • berth [ENG31-02834929-n] (a bed on a ship or train)

                      • lower berth [ENG31-03699299-n] (the lower of two berths)
                      • upper berth [ENG31-04521943-n] (the higher of two berths)
                    • built-in bed [ENG31-02918725-n] (a bed that is built in and fixed to a wall)
                    • bunk [ENG31-02923467-n] (a rough bed (as at a campsite))
                    • bunk bed [ENG31-02923643-n] (beds built one above the other)
                    • cot [ENG31-03119155-n] (a small bed that folds up for storage or transport)
                    • couch [ENG31-03120413-n] (a narrow bed on which a patient lies during psychiatric or psychoanalytic treatment)
                    • deathbed [ENG31-03171266-n] (the bed on which a person dies)
                    • double bed [ENG31-03230691-n] (a bed wide enough to accommodate two sleepers)
                    • four-poster [ENG31-03393395-n] (a bed with posts at the four corners that can be used to support a canopy or curtains)
                    • hammock [ENG31-03487335-n] (a hanging bed of canvas or rope netting (usually suspended between two trees))
                    • marriage bed [ENG31-03728930-n] (the bed shared by a newly wed couple)
                    • Murphy bed [ENG31-03805398-n] (a bed that can be folded or swung into a cabinet when not being used)
                    • plank-bed [ENG31-03962807-n] (a bed of boards (without a mattress))
                    • platform bed [ENG31-03969146-n] (a bed without springs)
                    • sickbed [ENG31-04220331-n] (the bed on which a sick person lies)
                    • single bed [ENG31-04229277-n] (a bed for one occupant)

                      • hospital bed [ENG31-03546094-n] (a single bed with a frame in three sections so the head or middle or foot can be raised as required)
                    • sleigh bed [ENG31-04243915-n] (a bed with solid headboard and footboard that roll outward at the top)
                    • trundle bed [ENG31-04498933-n] (a low bed to be slid under a higher bed)
                    • twin bed [ENG31-04510708-n] (one of a pair of identical beds)
                    • water bed [ENG31-04564808-n] (a bed with a mattress made of strong plastic that is filled with water)
                • bedstead [ENG31-02825721-n] (the framework of a bed)
                • bookcase [ENG31-02874241-n] (a piece of furniture with shelves for storing books)
                • buffet [ENG31-02915411-n] (a piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room)

                  • credenza [ENG31-03134404-n] (a kind of sideboard or buffet)
                  • minibar [ENG31-03775145-n] (sideboard with compartments for holding bottles)
                • cabinet [ENG31-02936496-n] (a piece of furniture resembling a cupboard with doors and shelves and drawers)

                  • china cabinet [ENG31-03022003-n] (a cabinet (usually with glass doors) for storing and displaying china)
                  • dresser [ENG31-03242043-n] (a cabinet with shelves)
                  • medicine chest [ENG31-03747606-n] (cabinet that holds medicines and toiletries)
                • chest of drawers [ENG31-03018908-n] (furniture with drawers for keeping clothes)

                  • chiffonier [ENG31-03020607-n] (a tall elegant chest of drawers)
                  • highboy [ENG31-03523468-n] (a tall chest of drawers divided into two sections and supported on four legs)
                  • lowboy [ENG31-03699186-n] (a low chest or table with drawers and supported on four legs)
                • dining-room furniture [ENG31-03205590-n] (furniture intended for use in a dining room)

                  • dining-room table [ENG31-03205719-n] (dining-room furniture consisting of a table on which meals can be served)
                • etagere [ENG31-03303663-n] (a piece of furniture with open shelves for displaying small ornaments)
                • fitment [ENG31-03358127-n] (any of the items furnishing or equipping a room (especially built-in furniture))
                • hallstand [ENG31-03484585-n] (a piece of furniture where coats and hats and umbrellas can be hung)
                • lamp [ENG31-03641940-n] (a piece of furniture holding one or more electric light bulbs)

                  • floor lamp [ENG31-03371905-n] (a lamp that stands on the floor)
                  • reading lamp [ENG31-04065093-n] (a lamp that provides light for reading)

                    • student lamp [ENG31-04350708-n] (a reading lamp with a flexible neck)
                  • table lamp [ENG31-04387620-n] (a lamp that sits on a table)
                • lawn furniture [ENG31-03655123-n] (furniture intended for use on a lawn or in a garden)
                • nest [ENG31-03824876-n] (furniture pieces made to fit close together)
                • office furniture [ENG31-03847676-n] (furniture intended for use in an office)

                  • file [ENG31-03342085-n] (office furniture consisting of a container for keeping papers in order)

                    • card index [ENG31-02966738-n] (an alphabetical listing of items (e.g., books in a library) with a separate card for each item)

                      • Rolodex [ENG31-04111241-n] ((trademark) a desktop rotary card index with removable cards)
                    • vertical file [ENG31-04536976-n] (a file in which records are stored upright on one edge)
                • seat [ENG31-04169042-n] (furniture that is designed for sitting on)

                  • bench [ENG31-02832068-n] (a long seat for more than one person)

                    • banquette [ENG31-02791409-n] (an upholstered bench)
                    • flat bench [ENG31-03365468-n] (a bench on which a weightlifter lies to do exercises)
                    • park bench [ENG31-03896948-n] (a bench in a public park)
                    • penalty box [ENG31-03914027-n] ((ice hockey) an enclosed bench to the side of an ice-hockey rink for players who are serving time penalties)
                    • pew [ENG31-03926989-n] (long bench with backs)
                    • prie-dieu [ENG31-04008729-n] (low bench for kneeling on)
                    • settle [ENG31-04184881-n] (a long wooden bench with a back)
                    • window seat [ENG31-04597324-n] (a bench or similar seat built into a window recess)
                  • bench [ENG31-02832300-n] ((law) the seat for judges in a courtroom)
                  • box [ENG31-02887691-n] (the driver's seat on a coach)
                  • box seat [ENG31-02889424-n] (a special seat in a theater or grandstand box)
                  • chair [ENG31-03005231-n] (a seat for one person, with a support for the back)

                    • armchair [ENG31-02741540-n] (chair with a support on each side for arms)

                      • captain's chair [ENG31-02961298-n] (a wooden armchair with a saddle seat and a low back that has vertical spindles)
                      • easy chair [ENG31-03267635-n] (a comfortable upholstered armchair)

                        • wing chair [ENG31-04600404-n] (easy chair having wings on each side of a high back)
                      • fauteuil [ENG31-03330348-n] (an upholstered armchair)
                      • Morris chair [ENG31-03792154-n] (an armchair with an adjustable back)
                      • recliner [ENG31-04069540-n] (an armchair whose back can be lowered and foot can be raised to allow the sitter to recline in it)
                    • barber chair [ENG31-02794147-n] (a large fixed adjustable chair in which barbers seat their customers)
                    • chair of state [ENG31-03005814-n] (a ceremonial chair for an exalted or powerful person)

                      • throne [ENG31-04436510-n] (the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.)

                        • cathedra [ENG31-02987359-n] (a throne that is the official chair of a bishop)
                        • mercy seat [ENG31-03756031-n] (the throne of God)
                        • musnud [ENG31-03808047-n] (a seat with a cushion that is used as a throne by Indian princes)
                        • peacock-throne [ENG31-03908642-n] (the golden throne of former kings of Delhi)
                    • chaise longue [ENG31-03006315-n] (a long chair)
                    • Eames chair [ENG31-03265552-n] (a chair designed by Charles Eames)
                    • fighting chair [ENG31-03340278-n] (a fixed chair from which a saltwater angler can fight a hooked fish)
                    • folding chair [ENG31-03381441-n] (a chair that can be folded flat for storage)

                      • camp chair [ENG31-02949725-n] (a light folding chair)
                      • deck chair [ENG31-03172883-n] (a folding chair for use outdoors)
                      • yacht chair [ENG31-04617533-n] (a light folding armchair for outdoor use)
                    • highchair [ENG31-03523608-n] (a chair for feeding a very young child)
                    • ladder-back [ENG31-03638020-n] (a chair with a ladder-back)
                    • lawn chair [ENG31-03655000-n] (chair left outside for use on a lawn or in a garden)
                    • rocking chair [ENG31-04107063-n] (a chair mounted on rockers)

                      • Boston rocker [ENG31-02879568-n] (a rocking chair that has a high spindle back and a decorative top panel)
                      • platform rocker [ENG31-03969226-n] (rocking chair on a stationary base)
                      • shoofly [ENG31-04208478-n] (a child's rocking chair with the seat built between two flat sides that are shaped to resemble an animal (such as a swan or duck))
                    • straight chair [ENG31-04338415-n] (a straight-backed chair without arms)

                      • Windsor chair [ENG31-04598236-n] (straight chair having a shaped seat and a back of many spindles)
                    • swivel chair [ENG31-04380791-n] (a chair that swivels on its base)
                    • tablet-armed chair [ENG31-04388537-n] (a chair with an arm that has been widened for writing)
                    • wheelchair [ENG31-04583288-n] (a movable chair mounted on large wheels)

                      • bath chair [ENG31-02809947-n] (a wheelchair usually pushed by an attendant, as at a spa)
                      • motorized wheelchair [ENG31-03796486-n] (a wheelchair propelled by a motor)
                  • ottoman [ENG31-03863938-n] (thick cushion used as a seat)
                  • sofa [ENG31-04263630-n] (an upholstered seat for more than one person)

                    • convertible [ENG31-03104997-n] (a sofa that can be converted into a bed)

                      • davenport [ENG31-03169271-n] (a large sofa usually convertible into a bed)

                        • chesterfield [ENG31-03018803-n] (an overstuffed davenport with upright armrests)
                      • studio couch [ENG31-04351951-n] (convertible consisting of an upholstered couch that can be converted into a double bed)
                    • daybed [ENG31-03169762-n] (an armless couch)
                    • divan [ENG31-03219669-n] (a long backless sofa (usually with pillows against a wall))
                    • love seat [ENG31-03698800-n] (small sofa that seats two people)
                    • settee [ENG31-04184816-n] (a small sofa)
                    • squab [ENG31-04298013-n] (a soft padded sofa)
                  • stool [ENG31-04334034-n] (a simple seat without a back or arms)

                    • campstool [ENG31-02950208-n] (a folding stool)
                    • cutty stool [ENG31-03159411-n] (a low stool)
                    • footstool [ENG31-03385570-n] (a low seat or a stool to rest the feet of a seated person)
                    • milking stool [ENG31-03770663-n] (low three-legged stool with a half round seat)
                    • music stool [ENG31-03807420-n] (a stool for piano players)
                    • step stool [ENG31-04322851-n] (a stool that has one or two steps that fold under the seat)
                    • taboret [ENG31-04389525-n] (a low stool in the shape of a drum)
                  • toilet seat [ENG31-04455132-n] (the hinged seat on a toilet)
                • sectional [ENG31-04172470-n] (a piece of furniture made up of sections that can be arranged individually or together)
                • Sheraton [ENG31-04199564-n] (a furniture style that originated in England around 1800)
                • sleeper [ENG31-04242752-n] (a piece of furniture that can be opened up into a bed)
                • table [ENG31-04386330-n] (a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs)

                  • altar [ENG31-02702488-n] (the table in Christian churches where communion is given)
                  • booth [ENG31-02877456-n] (a table (in a restaurant or bar) surrounded by two high-backed benches)
                  • breakfast table [ENG31-02897599-n] (a table where breakfast is eaten)
                  • card table [ENG31-02967527-n] (a small light table with folding legs)
                  • card table [ENG31-02967648-n] (a table for playing cards (as in a casino))
                  • coffee table [ENG31-03067971-n] (low table where magazines can be placed and coffee or cocktails are served)
                  • conference table [ENG31-03094456-n] (the table that conferees sit around as they hold a meeting)
                  • console table [ENG31-03097339-n] (a small table fixed to a wall or designed to stand against a wall)
                  • counter [ENG31-03121181-n] (table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted)

                    • bar [ENG31-02792510-n] (a counter where you can obtain food or drink)

                      • cash bar [ENG31-02980274-n] (a counter at a large party where you can purchase drinks by the glass)
                      • oyster bar [ENG31-03875516-n] (a bar (as in a restaurant) that specializes in oysters prepared in different ways)
                      • salad bar [ENG31-04137226-n] (a bar where diners can assemble a salad to their own taste)
                      • snack bar [ENG31-04254864-n] (usually inexpensive bar)

                        • commissary [ENG31-03080627-n] (a snack bar in a film studio)
                        • milk bar [ENG31-03770141-n] (snack bar that sells milk drinks and light refreshments (such as ice cream))
                      • soda fountain [ENG31-04262878-n] (a counter where ice cream and sodas and sundaes are prepared and served)
                      • sushi bar [ENG31-04373120-n] (a bar where sushi is served)
                      • wet bar [ENG31-04580799-n] (a bar for mixing drinks that has a sink with running water)
                      • wine bar [ENG31-04598934-n] (a bar that serves only wine)
                    • checkout [ENG31-03015395-n] (a counter in a supermarket where you pay for your purchases)
                    • meat counter [ENG31-03741454-n] (counter where meats are displayed for sale)
                    • notions counter [ENG31-03838513-n] (counter where notions are sold)
                    • reception desk [ENG31-04068793-n] (a counter (as in a hotel) where guests are received)
                  • desk [ENG31-03184367-n] (a piece of furniture with a writing surface and usually drawers or other compartments)

                    • davenport [ENG31-03169388-n] (a small decorative writing desk)
                    • secretary [ENG31-04171929-n] (a desk used for writing)
                    • writing desk [ENG31-04615687-n] (a desk for writing (usually with a sloping top))
                  • dressing table [ENG31-03243289-n] (low table with mirror or mirrors where one sits while dressing or applying makeup)
                  • drop-leaf table [ENG31-03251636-n] (a table that has a drop-leaf to enlarge its surface)

                    • gateleg table [ENG31-03433136-n] (a drop-leaf table with the drop-leaves supported by hinged legs)
                  • gaming table [ENG31-03419586-n] (a table used for gambling)
                  • gueridon [ENG31-03470358-n] (a small round table)
                  • kitchen table [ENG31-03626176-n] (a table in the kitchen)
                  • operating table [ENG31-03856012-n] (table on which the patient lies during a surgical operation)
                  • Parsons table [ENG31-03898425-n] (a sturdy rectangular table with block legs at the four corners)
                  • pedestal table [ENG31-03910179-n] (a table supported by a single central column)

                    • tilt-top table [ENG31-04443146-n] (a pedestal table whose top is hinged so that it can be tilted to a vertical position)
                  • pier table [ENG31-03940841-n] (a low table set below a pier glass)
                  • platen [ENG31-03967924-n] (work table of a machine tool)
                  • stand [ENG31-04308138-n] (a small table for holding articles of various kinds)

                    • lectern [ENG31-03658909-n] (desk or stand with a slanted top used to hold a text at the proper height for a lecturer)
                  • table-tennis table [ENG31-04388674-n] (a table used for playing table tennis)
                  • tea table [ENG31-04406086-n] (a small table for serving afternoon tea)
                  • trestle table [ENG31-04487268-n] (a table supported on trestles)
                  • worktable [ENG31-04611087-n] (a table designed for a particular task)

                    • drafting table [ENG31-03236071-n] (a worktable with adjustable top)
                    • workbench [ENG31-04607813-n] (a strong worktable for a carpenter or mechanic)

                      • lab bench [ENG31-03635553-n] (a workbench in a laboratory)
                • table [ENG31-04387051-n] (a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it)

                  • dining table [ENG31-03205892-n] (a table at which meals are served)

                    • dinner table [ENG31-03207038-n] (the dining table where dinner is served and eaten)
                    • high table [ENG31-03524837-n] (a dining table in a dining-hall raised on a platform)
                    • refectory table [ENG31-04075033-n] (a long narrow dining table supported by a stretcher between two trestles)
                    • triclinium [ENG31-04488780-n] (a dining table with couches along three sides in ancient Rome)
                • wall unit [ENG31-04556408-n] (a piece of furniture having several units that stands against one wall of a room)

                  • entertainment center [ENG31-03295564-n] (a wall unit containing sound and television systems)
                • wardrobe [ENG31-04557470-n] (a tall piece of furniture that provides storage space for clothes)

                  • armoire [ENG31-02742555-n] (a large wardrobe or cabinet)
                  • clothes closet [ENG31-03054531-n] (a closet where clothes are stored)
                  • coat closet [ENG31-03061621-n] (a closet for storing outerwear)
                • washstand [ENG31-04562686-n] (furniture consisting of a table or stand to hold a basin and pitcher of water for washing: `wash-hand stand' is a British term)
            • hardware [ENG31-03498893-n] (instrumentalities (tools or implements) made of metal)
            • implement [ENG31-03569147-n] (instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end)

              • bar [ENG31-02791712-n] (a rigid piece of metal or wood)

                • belaying pin [ENG31-02827294-n] (a wood or metal bar to which a rope can be secured (as on a ship or in mountain climbing))
                • bolt [ENG31-02869271-n] (the part of a lock that is engaged or withdrawn with a key)

                  • safety bolt [ENG31-04133345-n] (a bolt that cannot be moved from outside the door or gate)
                • bolt [ENG31-02869446-n] (a sliding bar in a breech-loading firearm that ejects an empty cartridge and replaces it and closes the breech)
                • carpenter's level [ENG31-02970238-n] (a straight bar of light metal with a spirit level in it)

                  • plumb level [ENG31-03975868-n] (a carpenter's level with a plumb line at right angles to it)
                • chinning bar [ENG31-03022852-n] (a horizontal bar on which you can chin yourself)
                • core [ENG31-03112367-n] (a bar of magnetic material (as soft iron) that passes through a coil and serves to increase the inductance of the coil)
                • crossbar [ENG31-03140568-n] (a horizontal bar that goes across something)

                  • doubletree [ENG31-03233068-n] (a crossbar on a wagon or carriage to which two whiffletrees are attached in order to harness two horses abreast)
                  • whiffletree [ENG31-04584853-n] (a crossbar that is attached to the traces of a draft horse and to the vehicle or implement that the horse is pulling)
                • drawbar [ENG31-03238327-n] (a strong metal bar bearing a hook to attach something to be pulled)
                • fret [ENG31-03400910-n] (a small bar of metal across the fingerboard of a musical instrument)
                • grab bar [ENG31-03456064-n] (a bar attached parallel to a wall to provide a handgrip for steadying yourself)
                • handlebar [ENG31-03492173-n] (the shaped bar used to steer a bicycle)
                • handspike [ENG31-03493867-n] (a metal bar (or length of pipe) used as a lever)
                • heaver [ENG31-03515631-n] (a bar used as a lever (as in twisting rope))
                • lever [ENG31-03664618-n] (a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum)

                  • compound lever [ENG31-03086131-n] (a pair of levers hinged at the fulcrum)

                    • nutcracker [ENG31-03842122-n] (a compound lever used to crack nuts open)
                    • pliers [ENG31-03973308-n] (a gripping hand tool with two hinged arms and (usually) serrated jaws)

                      • locking pliers [ENG31-03689550-n] (pliers that can be locked in place)
                      • needlenose pliers [ENG31-03822070-n] (small pliers with long thin jaws for fine work)
                      • pump-type pliers [ENG31-04029415-n] (a type of pliers)
                      • rib joint pliers [ENG31-04095455-n] (a type of pliers)
                      • slip-joint pliers [ENG31-04247995-n] (pliers with a joint adjustable to two positions in order to increase the opening of the jaws)
                    • scissors [ENG31-04155119-n] (an edge tool having two crossed pivoting blades)

                      • clipper [ENG31-03048919-n] (scissors for cutting hair or finger nails (often used in the plural))
                      • shears [ENG31-04193891-n] (large scissors with strong blades)

                        • clipper [ENG31-03049059-n] (shears for cutting grass or shrubbery (often used in the plural))
                        • pruning shears [ENG31-04023078-n] (shears with strong blades used for light pruning of woody plants)

                          • secateurs [ENG31-04170591-n] (small pruning shears with a spring that holds the handles open and a single blade that closes against a flat surface)
                        • snips [ENG31-04257583-n] ((plural) hand shears for cutting sheet metal)
                        • thinning shears [ENG31-04431827-n] (shears with one serrate blade)
                      • snuffers [ENG31-04260414-n] (scissors for cropping and holding the snuff of a candlewick)
                  • crowbar [ENG31-03142995-n] (a heavy iron lever with one end forged into a wedge)

                    • jim crow [ENG31-03604304-n] (a crowbar fitted with a claw for pulling nails)
                    • jimmy [ENG31-03604544-n] (a short crowbar)
                  • gun trigger [ENG31-03475752-n] (lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun)

                    • hair trigger [ENG31-03482426-n] (a gun trigger that responds with little pressure)
                  • hand throttle [ENG31-03494131-n] (a hand-operated lever that controls the throttle valve)
                  • key [ENG31-03618801-n] (a lever (as in a keyboard) that actuates a mechanism when depressed)

                    • backspace key [ENG31-02774009-n] (the typewriter key used for back spacing)
                    • control key [ENG31-03102324-n] ((computer science) the key on a computer keyboard that is used (in combination with some other key) to type control characters)
                    • return key [ENG31-04091629-n] (the key on electric typewriters or computer keyboards that causes a carriage return and a line feed)
                    • shift key [ENG31-04200420-n] (the key on the typewriter keyboard that shifts from lower-case letters to upper-case letters)
                    • space bar [ENG31-04271738-n] (the bar-shaped typewriter key that introduces spaces when used)
                    • tab key [ENG31-04386183-n] (the key on a typewriter or a word processor that causes a tabulation)
                    • telegraph key [ENG31-04407872-n] (key consisting of a lever that sends a telegraph signal when it is depressed and the circuit is closed)
                  • peavey [ENG31-03909211-n] (a stout lever with a sharp spike)

                    • cant hook [ENG31-02956371-n] (a peavey having a hook instead of a spike)
                  • pedal [ENG31-03909502-n] (a lever that is operated with the foot)

                    • accelerator [ENG31-02673313-n] (a pedal that controls the throttle valve)
                    • brake pedal [ENG31-02894045-n] (foot pedal that moves a piston in the master brake cylinder)
                    • clutch [ENG31-03059144-n] (a pedal or lever that engages or disengages a rotating shaft and a driving mechanism)
                    • soft pedal [ENG31-04264333-n] (a pedal on a piano that moves the action closer to the strings and so soften the sound)
                    • sustaining pedal [ENG31-04374098-n] (a pedal on a piano that lifts the dampers from the strings and so allows them to continue vibrating)
                  • pinch bar [ENG31-03948163-n] (a lever with a pointed projection that serves as a fulcrum)
                  • ripping bar [ENG31-04101344-n] (a steel lever with one end formed into a ripping chisel and the other a gooseneck with a claw for pulling nails)
                  • rocker arm [ENG31-04106097-n] (a lever pivoted at the center)
                  • spark lever [ENG31-04276196-n] ((on early automobiles) a lever mounted on the steering column and used to adjust the timing of the ignition)
                  • stick [ENG31-04325114-n] (a lever used by a pilot to control the ailerons and elevators of an airplane)
                  • tappet [ENG31-04400901-n] (a lever that is moved in order to tap something else)
                  • tiller [ENG31-04442893-n] (lever used to turn the rudder on a boat)
                  • tire iron [ENG31-04448227-n] (hand tool consisting of a lever that is used to force the casing of a pneumatic tire onto a steel wheel)
                • rail [ENG31-04053683-n] (a horizontal bar (usually of wood or metal))

                  • hitchrack [ENG31-03528297-n] (a fixed horizontal rail to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying)
                  • ledger board [ENG31-03659301-n] (top rail of a fence or balustrade)
                  • picture rail [ENG31-03938218-n] (rail fixed to a wall for hanging pictures)
                  • plate rail [ENG31-03968122-n] (rail or narrow shelf fixed to a wall to display plates)
                  • split rail [ENG31-04290010-n] (a rail that is split from a log)
                • rotor [ENG31-04119241-n] (the revolving bar of a distributor)
                • shackle [ENG31-04188622-n] (a U-shaped bar)
                • slice bar [ENG31-04244280-n] (iron bar used to loosen and rake clinkers out of furnaces)
                • towel rail [ENG31-04467144-n] (a horizontal bar a few inches from a wall for holding towels)
                • track [ENG31-04470914-n] (a bar or pair of parallel bars of rolled steel making the railway along which railroad cars or other vehicles can roll)

                  • third rail [ENG31-04433319-n] (a rail through which electric current is supplied to an electric locomotive)
              • beater [ENG31-02820785-n] (an implement for beating)

                • carpet beater [ENG31-02970859-n] (implement for beating dust out of carpets)
                • eggbeater [ENG31-03271282-n] (a mixer for beating eggs or whipping cream)
              • brush [ENG31-02911542-n] (an implement that has hairs or bristles firmly set into a handle)

                • bottlebrush [ENG31-02880884-n] (a cylindrical brush on a thin shaft that is used to clean bottles)
                • bristle brush [ENG31-02905991-n] (a brush that is made with the short stiff hairs of an animal or plant)
                • clothesbrush [ENG31-03054438-n] (a brush used for cleaning clothing)
                • hairbrush [ENG31-03480704-n] (a brush used to groom a person's hair)
                • nailbrush [ENG31-03810720-n] (a brush used to clean a person's fingernails)
                • sable [ENG31-04129443-n] (an artist's brush made of sable hairs)

                  • rigger [ENG31-04098578-n] (a long slender pointed sable brush used by artists)
                • scrub brush [ENG31-04163201-n] (a brush with short stiff bristles for heavy cleaning)
                • shaving brush [ENG31-04192989-n] (a brush used to apply lather prior to shaving)
                • toothbrush [ENG31-04460427-n] (small brush)

                  • electric toothbrush [ENG31-03279176-n] (a toothbrush with an electric motor in the handle that vibrates the head of the brush)
              • buff [ENG31-02914310-n] (an implement consisting of soft material mounted on a block)
              • candlesnuffer [ENG31-02951839-n] (an implement with a small cup at the end of a handle)
              • cleaning implement [ENG31-03043932-n] (any of a large class of implements used for cleaning)

                • broom [ENG31-02910059-n] (a cleaning implement for sweeping)

                  • besom [ENG31-02835099-n] (a broom made of twigs tied together on a long handle)
                  • push broom [ENG31-04033394-n] (a wide broom that is pushed ahead of the sweeper)
                  • whisk [ENG31-04586087-n] (a small short-handled broom used to brush clothes)
                • carpet sweeper [ENG31-02971234-n] (a cleaning implement with revolving brushes that pick up dirt as the implement is pushed over a carpet)
                • cleaning pad [ENG31-03044214-n] (a pad used as a cleaning implement)

                  • scouring pad [ENG31-04157218-n] (a small abrasive cleaning pad used for scouring pots and pans)
                  • soap pad [ENG31-04261560-n] (a cleaning pad containing soap)
                • pipe cleaner [ENG31-03952204-n] (cleaning implement consisting of a flexible tufted wire that is used to clean a pipe stem)
                • pull-through [ENG31-04027558-n] (cleaning implement consisting of an oily rag attached by a cord to a weight)
                • squeegee [ENG31-04300059-n] (T-shaped cleaning implement with a rubber edge across the top)
                • swab [ENG31-04374567-n] (cleaning implement consisting of absorbent material fastened to a handle)

                  • dustmop [ENG31-03263608-n] (a dry swab for dusting floors)
                  • sponge mop [ENG31-04291043-n] (a wet mop with a sponge as the absorbent)
              • eraser [ENG31-03299762-n] (an implement used to erase something)

                • blackboard eraser [ENG31-02849857-n] (an eraser that removes chalk marks from blackboard)
                • ink eraser [ENG31-03577004-n] (an eraser that removes ink marks)
                • rubber eraser [ENG31-04123606-n] (an eraser made of rubber (or of a synthetic material with properties similar to rubber))
              • fire iron [ENG31-03350981-n] (metal fireside implements)

                • poker [ENG31-03982284-n] (fire iron consisting of a metal rod with a handle)
                • shovel [ENG31-04215494-n] (a fire iron consisting of a small shovel used to scoop coals or ashes in a fireplace)
              • flail [ENG31-03361125-n] (an implement consisting of handle with a free swinging stick at the end)
              • hook [ENG31-03537522-n] (a curved or bent implement for suspending or pulling something)

                • boat hook [ENG31-02862683-n] (pole-handled hook used to pull or push boats)
                • buttonhook [ENG31-02932568-n] (a hook for pulling a button through a buttonhole)
                • crotchet [ENG31-03142779-n] (a small tool or hooklike implement)
                • cup hook [ENG31-03153184-n] (hook (usually on the underside of a shelf) for hanging cups)
                • fishhook [ENG31-03355997-n] (a sharp barbed hook for catching fish)
                • gaff [ENG31-03414932-n] (an iron hook with a handle)
                • gig [ENG31-03441900-n] (a cluster of hooks (without barbs) that is drawn through a school of fish to hook their bodies)
                • meat hook [ENG31-03741638-n] (a strong pointed hook from which the carcasses of animals are hung)
                • skyhook [ENG31-04239546-n] (a hook that is imagined to be suspended from the sky)
              • iron [ENG31-03590506-n] (implement used to brand live stock)
              • leather strip [ENG31-03658546-n] (implement consisting of a strip of leather)

                • lash [ENG31-03649221-n] (leather strip that forms the flexible part of a whip)
                • strap [ENG31-04340267-n] (an elongated leather strip (or a strip of similar material) for binding things together or holding something in position)

                  • bootstrap [ENG31-02877992-n] (a strap that is looped and sewn to the top of a boot for pulling it on)
                  • cheekpiece [ENG31-03015667-n] (either of two straps of a bridle that connect the bit to the headpiece)
                  • chin strap [ENG31-03023489-n] (a strap attached to a hat)
                  • crupper [ENG31-03146106-n] (a strap from the back of a saddle passing under the horse's tail)
                  • latchet [ENG31-03650482-n] (a leather strap or thong used to attach a sandal or shoe to the foot)
                  • noseband [ENG31-03836922-n] (a strap that is the part of a bridle that goes over the animal's nose)
                  • rein [ENG31-04079663-n] (one of a pair of long straps (usually connected to the bit or the headpiece) used to control a horse)

                    • bearing rein [ENG31-02820386-n] (a rein designed to keep the horse's head in the desired position)
                    • leading rein [ENG31-03657169-n] (rein to direct the horse's head left or right)
                  • strop [ENG31-04348366-n] (a leather strap used to sharpen razors)
                • thong [ENG31-04433451-n] (a thin strip of leather)
              • needle [ENG31-03821676-n] (a sharp pointed implement (usually steel))

                • crochet needle [ENG31-03137701-n] (a needle with a hook on the end)
                • dry point [ENG31-03257125-n] (a steel needle for engraving without acid on a bare copper plate)
                • hypodermic needle [ENG31-03560744-n] (a hollow needle)
                • knitting needle [ENG31-03630937-n] (needle consisting of a slender rod with pointed ends)
                • packing needle [ENG31-03877845-n] (a large needle used to sew up canvas packages)
                • sewing needle [ENG31-04187124-n] (a needle used in sewing to pull thread through cloth)

                  • darning needle [ENG31-03167222-n] (a long needle with an eye large enough for heavy darning or embroidery thread)
                  • sharp [ENG31-04192000-n] (a long thin sewing needle with a sharp point)
                  • upholstery needle [ENG31-04521390-n] (any of several very heavy and sometimes curved sewing needles used by upholsterers)
              • oar [ENG31-03842942-n] (an implement used to propel or steer a boat)

                • paddle [ENG31-03879094-n] (a short light oar used without an oarlock to propel a canoe or small boat)
                • scull [ENG31-04163875-n] (each of a pair of short oars that are used by a single oarsman)
                • scull [ENG31-04164007-n] (a long oar that is mounted at the stern of a boat and moved left and right to propel the boat forward)
                • sweep [ENG31-04378042-n] (a long oar used in an open boat)
              • rod [ENG31-04107268-n] (a long thin implement made of metal or wood)

                • baton [ENG31-02812499-n] (a thin tapered rod used by a conductor to lead an orchestra or choir)
                • baton [ENG31-02812740-n] (a hollow metal rod that is wielded or twirled by a drum major or drum majorette)
                • connecting rod [ENG31-03095500-n] (a rod that transmits motion (especially one that connects a rotating wheel to a reciprocating shaft))

                  • piston rod [ENG31-03955593-n] (connecting rod that moves or is moved by a piston)
                • control rod [ENG31-03103166-n] (a steel or aluminum rod that can be moved up or down to control the rate of the nuclear reaction)
                • fishing rod [ENG31-03356825-n] (a rod of wood or steel or fiberglass that is used in fishing to extend the fishing line)

                  • fly rod [ENG31-03379218-n] (a long flexible fishing rod used in fly fishing)
                  • spinning rod [ENG31-04286491-n] (a fishing rod designed for casting a spinning lure)
                • kickstand [ENG31-03621637-n] (a swiveling metal rod attached to a bicycle or motorcycle or other two-wheeled vehicle)
                • pole [ENG31-03983015-n] (a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic)

                  • barge pole [ENG31-02795971-n] (a long pole used to propel or guide a barge)
                  • boom [ENG31-02875185-n] (a pole carrying an overhead microphone projected over a film or tv set)
                  • caber [ENG31-02935220-n] (a heavy wooden pole (such as the trunk of a young fir) that is tossed as a test of strength (in the Highlands of northern Scotland))
                  • clothes tree [ENG31-03055381-n] (an upright pole with pegs or hooks on which to hang clothing)
                  • mast [ENG31-03732484-n] (any sturdy upright pole)
                  • ski pole [ENG31-04237665-n] (a pole with metal points used as an aid in skiing)
                  • spar [ENG31-04274687-n] (a stout rounded pole of wood or metal used to support rigging)

                    • boom [ENG31-02874992-n] (any of various more-or-less horizontal spars or poles used to extend the foot of a sail or for handling cargo or in mooring)
                    • bowsprit [ENG31-02886245-n] (a spar projecting from the bow of a vessel)
                    • dolphin striker [ENG31-03225104-n] (spar under the bowsprit of a sailboat)
                    • gaff [ENG31-03415057-n] (a spar rising aft from a mast to support the head of a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail)
                    • jibboom [ENG31-03603492-n] (a spar that extends the bowsprit)
                    • mast [ENG31-03732251-n] (a vertical spar for supporting sails)

                      • foremast [ENG31-03387702-n] (the mast nearest the bow in vessels with two or more masts)
                      • jiggermast [ENG31-03603839-n] (any small mast on a sailing vessel)
                      • jury mast [ENG31-03611678-n] (a temporary mast to replace one that has broken off)
                      • mainmast [ENG31-03717538-n] (the chief mast of a sailing vessel with two or more masts)
                      • mizzenmast [ENG31-03781380-n] (third mast from the bow in a vessel having three or more masts)
                      • topmast [ENG31-04462521-n] (the mast next above a lower mast and topmost in a fore-and-aft rig)

                        • fore-topmast [ENG31-03388314-n] (the topmast next above the foremast)
                        • main-topmast [ENG31-03718426-n] (the topmast next above the mainmast)
                        • royal mast [ENG31-04123090-n] (topmast immediately above the topgallant mast)
                        • topgallant [ENG31-04461925-n] (a mast fixed to the head of a topmast on a square-rigged vessel)
                    • sprit [ENG31-04296587-n] (a light spar that crosses a fore-and-aft sail diagonally)
                    • yard [ENG31-04618033-n] (a long horizontal spar tapered at the end and used to support and spread a square sail or lateen)

                      • main yard [ENG31-03718608-n] (yard for a square mainsail)
                  • stilt [ENG31-04327075-n] (one of two stout poles with foot rests in the middle)
                • ramrod [ENG31-04059347-n] (a rod used to ram the charge into a muzzle-loading firearm)
                • ramrod [ENG31-04059458-n] (a rod used to clean the barrel of a firearm)
                • rotating shaft [ENG31-04118284-n] (a revolving rod that transmits power or motion)

                  • camshaft [ENG31-02950279-n] (an engine shaft with cams attached to it)
                  • crankshaft [ENG31-03132059-n] (a rotating shaft driven by (or driving) a crank)
                  • driveshaft [ENG31-03248934-n] (a rotating shaft that transmits power from the engine to the point of application)
                  • spindle [ENG31-04284631-n] (any of various rotating shafts that serve as axes for larger rotating parts)
                  • transmission shaft [ENG31-04479798-n] (rotating shaft that transmits rotary motion from the engine to the differential)
                • shaft [ENG31-04189365-n] (a long rod or pole (especially the handle of an implement or the body of a weapon like a spear or arrow))

                  • axle [ENG31-02767784-n] (a shaft on which a wheel rotates)

                    • dead axle [ENG31-03170489-n] (an axle that carries a wheel but without power to drive it)

                      • axletree [ENG31-02768033-n] (a dead axle on a carriage or wagon that has terminal spindles on which the wheels revolve)

                        • axle bar [ENG31-02767940-n] (an iron bar that serves as an axletree)
                    • journal [ENG31-03607678-n] (the part of the axle contained by a bearing)
                    • live axle [ENG31-03684205-n] (the axle of a self-propelled vehicle that provides the driving power)
                  • thill [ENG31-04430822-n] (one of two shafts extending from the body of a cart or carriage on either side of the animal that pulls it)
                • stair-rod [ENG31-04305191-n] (a rod that holds a stair-carpet in the angle between two steps)
                • tie rod [ENG31-04441665-n] (either of two rods that link the steering gear to the front wheels)
                • wand [ENG31-04556915-n] (a rod used by a magician or water diviner)
              • sharpener [ENG31-04192114-n] (any implement that is used to make something (an edge or a point) sharper)

                • grindstone [ENG31-03465229-n] (a revolving stone shaped like a disk)
                • pencil sharpener [ENG31-03914833-n] (a rotary implement for sharpening the point on pencils)
                • steel [ENG31-04318042-n] (knife sharpener consisting of a ridged steel rod)
                • strickle [ENG31-04344788-n] (an implement for sharpening scythes)
              • snuffer [ENG31-04260278-n] (a cone-shaped implement with a handle)
              • spear [ENG31-04278258-n] (an implement with a shaft and barbed point used for catching fish)

                • harpoon [ENG31-03500796-n] (a spear with a shaft and barbed point for throwing)
                • leister [ENG31-03660915-n] (a spear with three or more prongs)
              • spike [ENG31-04283368-n] (a long, thin sharp-pointed implement (wood or metal))
              • sports implement [ENG31-04292760-n] (an implement used in a sport)

                • baton [ENG31-02812626-n] (a hollow cylinder passed from runner to runner in a relay race)
                • cue [ENG31-03150188-n] (sports implement consisting of a tapering rod used to strike a cue ball in pool or billiards)
                • mallet [ENG31-03721431-n] (a sports implement with a long handle and a head like a hammer)
                • pole [ENG31-03983516-n] (a long fiberglass sports implement used for pole vaulting)
                • racket [ENG31-04045857-n] (a sports implement (usually consisting of a handle and an oval frame with a tightly interlaced network of strings) used to strike a ball (or shuttlecock) in various games)

                  • badminton racket [ENG31-02775705-n] (a light long-handled racket used by badminton players)
                  • crosse [ENG31-03141308-n] (a long racket with a triangular frame)
                  • squash racket [ENG31-04299552-n] (a small racket with a long handle used for playing squash)
                  • tennis racket [ENG31-04416941-n] (a racket used to play tennis)
              • stick [ENG31-04324558-n] (an implement consisting of a length of wood)

                • bow [ENG31-02882759-n] (a slightly curved piece of resilient wood with taut horsehair strands)

                  • fiddlestick [ENG31-03337216-n] (a bow used in playing the violin)
                • club [ENG31-03057459-n] (stout stick that is larger at one end)

                  • bat [ENG31-02809564-n] (a club used for hitting a ball in various games)

                    • paddle [ENG31-03879526-n] (small wooden bat with a flat surface)

                      • table-tennis racquet [ENG31-04388811-n] (paddle used to play table tennis)
                  • bludgeon [ENG31-02859073-n] (a club used as a weapon)

                    • blackjack [ENG31-02850699-n] (a piece of metal covered by leather with a flexible handle)
                  • cudgel [ENG31-03150050-n] (a club that is used as a weapon)

                    • bastinado [ENG31-02809030-n] (a cudgel used to give someone a beating on the soles of the feet)
                    • shillelagh [ENG31-04200785-n] (a cudgel made of hardwood (usually oak or blackthorn))
                  • Indian club [ENG31-03573092-n] (a bottle-shaped club used in exercises)
                  • knobkerrie [ENG31-03631793-n] (a short wooden club with a heavy knob on one end)
                  • lathi [ENG31-03651860-n] (club consisting of a heavy stick (often bamboo) bound with iron)
                  • truncheon [ENG31-04498683-n] (a short stout club used primarily by policemen)
                • divining rod [ENG31-03220902-n] (forked stick that is said to dip down to indicate underground water or oil)
                • drumstick [ENG31-03255550-n] (a stick used for playing a drum)

                  • mallet [ENG31-03721208-n] (a light drumstick with a rounded head that is used to strike such percussion instruments as chimes, kettledrums, marimbas, glockenspiels, etc.)
                • linstock [ENG31-03680884-n] (a stick about a meter long with a point on one end (to stick in the ground) and a forked head on the other end (to hold a lighted match))
                • matchstick [ENG31-03735317-n] (a short thin stick of wood used in making matches)
                • maulstick [ENG31-03737373-n] (a long stick that a painter uses to support the hand holding the brush)
                • singlestick [ENG31-04230245-n] (a stick used instead of a sword for fencing)
                • spindle [ENG31-04284490-n] (a stick or pin used to twist the yarn in spinning)
                • staff [ENG31-04303399-n] (a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose)

                  • alpenstock [ENG31-02701493-n] (a stout staff with a metal point)
                  • baton [ENG31-02812871-n] (a short staff carried by some officials to symbolize an office or an authority)
                  • crook [ENG31-03138769-n] (a long staff with one end being hook shaped)
                  • crutch [ENG31-03146474-n] (a wooden or metal staff that fits under the armpit and reaches to the ground)
                  • distaff [ENG31-03217127-n] (the staff on which wool or flax is wound before spinning)
                  • flagpole [ENG31-03360771-n] (a tall staff or pole on which a flag is raised)
                  • pikestaff [ENG31-03942065-n] (the staff of a pike)
                  • quarterstaff [ENG31-04038985-n] (a long stout staff used as a weapon)
                • stob [ENG31-04328591-n] (a short straight stick of wood)
                • swizzle stick [ENG31-04380882-n] (a small stick used to stir mixed drinks)
                • walking stick [ENG31-04553480-n] (a stick carried in the hand for support in walking)

                  • cane [ENG31-02952638-n] (a stick that people can lean on to help them walk)

                    • malacca [ENG31-03720814-n] (a cane made from the stem of a rattan palm)
                    • swagger stick [ENG31-04375452-n] (a short cane or stick covered with leather and carried by army officers)
                    • sword cane [ENG31-04381402-n] (a cane concealing a sword or dagger)
                  • supplejack [ENG31-04366304-n] (walking stick made from the wood of an American tropical vine)
              • stick [ENG31-04324971-n] (a long thin implement resembling a length of wood)
              • stirrer [ENG31-04328009-n] (an implement used for stirring)
              • strickle [ENG31-04344641-n] (a tool or rod used to level off grain or other granular material that is heaped in a measure)
              • swab [ENG31-04374833-n] (implement consisting of a small piece of cotton that is used to apply medication or cleanse a wound or obtain a specimen of a secretion)
              • swatter [ENG31-04376369-n] (an implement with a flat part (of mesh or plastic) and a long handle)
              • tool [ENG31-04459089-n] (an implement used in the practice of a vocation)

                • abrader [ENG31-02671023-n] (a tool or machine used for wearing down or smoothing or polishing)

                  • abrading stone [ENG31-02671243-n] (a primitive stone artifact (usually made of sandstone) used as an abrader)
                  • steel-wool pad [ENG31-04319158-n] (abrader consisting of a pad of steel wool used for polishing or smoothing)
                • bender [ENG31-02833341-n] (a tool for bending)
                • clincher [ENG31-03047158-n] (a tool used to clinch nails or bolts or rivets)
                • comb [ENG31-03079101-n] (any of several tools for straightening fibers)

                  • hatchel [ENG31-03504010-n] (a comb for separating flax fibers)
                • cutting implement [ENG31-03159112-n] (a tool used for cutting or slicing)

                  • bit [ENG31-02847545-n] (the cutting part of a drill)

                    • bur [ENG31-02924676-n] (small bit used in dentistry or surgery)
                    • center bit [ENG31-02997370-n] (a bit with a sharp center point for guidance and two side cutters)
                    • chamfer bit [ENG31-03008135-n] (a bit that is used for beveling)
                    • counterbore [ENG31-03122293-n] (a bit for enlarging the upper part of a hole)
                    • drilling bit [ENG31-03245030-n] (a bit used in drilling for oil)

                      • core bit [ENG31-03113106-n] (a hollow drilling bit that is the cutting part of a core drill)
                      • fishtail bit [ENG31-03357993-n] (a drilling bit with cutting edges usually hardened against wear)
                      • rock bit [ENG31-04105493-n] (a drill bit that has hardened rotating rollers)
                    • expansion bit [ENG31-03309268-n] (a bit with a cutting blade that can be adjusted to different sizes)
                    • pilot bit [ENG31-03945338-n] (a small bit that drills a first hole to guide a larger drill)
                    • spade bit [ENG31-04273959-n] (a thin bit with a center point and cutting edges on either side)
                    • twist bit [ENG31-04510888-n] (a bit or drill having deep helical grooves)
                  • blade [ENG31-02851454-n] (the flat part of a tool or weapon that (usually) has a cutting edge)

                    • knife blade [ENG31-03629609-n] (the blade of a knife)
                    • razorblade [ENG31-04064327-n] (a blade that has very sharp edge)
                  • cutter [ENG31-03158739-n] (a cutting implement)

                    • bolt cutter [ENG31-02869726-n] (an implement for cutting bolts)
                    • cigar cutter [ENG31-03034542-n] (an implement for cutting the tip off of a cigar)
                    • die [ENG31-03197591-n] (a cutting tool that is fitted into a diestock and used for cutting male (external) screw threads on screws or bolts or pipes or rods)
                    • edge tool [ENG31-03269943-n] (any cutting tool with a sharp cutting edge (as a chisel or knife or plane or gouge))

                      • adz [ENG31-02685165-n] (an edge tool used to cut and shape wood)
                      • ax [ENG31-02767049-n] (an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle)

                        • broadax [ENG31-02906331-n] (a large ax with a broad cutting blade)

                          • battle-ax [ENG31-02814603-n] (a broadax used as a weapon)

                            • Lochaber ax [ENG31-03687706-n] (a battle-ax formerly used by Scottish Highlanders)
                            • poleax [ENG31-03983624-n] (a battle ax used in the Middle Ages)
                        • common ax [ENG31-03081446-n] (an ax with a long handle and a head that has one cutting edge and one blunt side)
                        • double-bitted ax [ENG31-03230793-n] (an ax that has cutting edges on both sides of the head)
                        • fireman's ax [ENG31-03351135-n] (an ax that has a long handle and a head with one cutting edge and a point on the other side)
                        • hatchet [ENG31-03504106-n] (a small ax with a short handle used with one hand (usually to chop wood))

                          • broad hatchet [ENG31-02907434-n] (a short-handled hatchet with a broad blade opposite a hammerhead)
                          • claw hatchet [ENG31-03043141-n] (a hatchet that has a cleft for pulling nails)
                          • half hatchet [ENG31-03482896-n] (a hatchet with a half axe head)
                        • ice ax [ENG31-03561859-n] (an ax used by mountain climbers for cutting footholds in ice)
                        • poleax [ENG31-03983788-n] (an ax used to slaughter cattle)
                      • chisel [ENG31-03024375-n] (an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge)

                        • burin [ENG31-02925845-n] (a chisel of tempered steel with a sharp point)
                        • cold chisel [ENG31-03071216-n] (narrow chisel made of steel)
                        • drove [ENG31-03252198-n] (a stonemason's chisel with a broad edge for dressing stone)
                        • firmer chisel [ENG31-03354213-n] (a chisel with a thin blade for woodworking)
                        • ripping chisel [ENG31-04101532-n] (a long chisel with a slightly bent cutting end)
                        • wood chisel [ENG31-04604727-n] (a chisel for working wood)
                      • gouge [ENG31-03454253-n] (and edge tool with a blade like a trough for cutting channels or grooves)
                      • hand ax [ENG31-03487810-n] (a stone tool with a cutting edge)
                      • hob [ENG31-03528561-n] (a hard steel edge tool used to cut gears)
                      • knife [ENG31-03628765-n] (edge tool used as a cutting instrument)

                        • barong [ENG31-02797391-n] (a knife resembling a cleaver)
                        • bolo [ENG31-02868327-n] (long heavy knife with a single edge)
                        • Bowie knife [ENG31-02884084-n] (a stout hunting knife with a single edge)
                        • bread knife [ENG31-02897203-n] (a knife used to cut bread)
                        • butcher knife [ENG31-02930437-n] (a large sharp knife for cutting or trimming meat)
                        • carving knife [ENG31-02977363-n] (a large knife used to carve cooked meat)
                        • case knife [ENG31-02979582-n] (a knife with a fixed blade that is carried in a sheath)
                        • cleaver [ENG31-03045617-n] (a butcher's knife having a large square blade)
                        • drawknife [ENG31-03240030-n] (a woodworker's knife to shave surfaces)
                        • hunting knife [ENG31-03554653-n] (a large sharp knife with a handle shaped to fit the grip)
                        • letter opener [ENG31-03663511-n] (dull knife used to cut open the envelopes in which letters are mailed or to slit uncut pages of books)
                        • linoleum knife [ENG31-03680402-n] (a knife having a short stiff blade with a curved point used for cutting linoleum)
                        • parang [ENG31-03895094-n] (a stout straight knife used in Malaysia and Indonesia)
                        • parer [ENG31-03895790-n] (a small sharp knife used in paring fruits or vegetables)
                        • pocketknife [ENG31-03979986-n] (a knife with a blade that folds into the handle)

                          • clasp knife [ENG31-03042465-n] (a large knife with one or more folding blades)
                          • penknife [ENG31-03917777-n] (a small pocketknife)
                          • switchblade [ENG31-04380176-n] (a pocketknife with a blade that springs open at the press of a button)
                        • pruning knife [ENG31-04022873-n] (a knife with a curved or hooked blade)
                        • slicer [ENG31-04244393-n] (knife especially designed for slicing particular foods, as cheese)
                      • pick [ENG31-03935440-n] (a heavy iron tool with a wooden handle and a curved head that is pointed on both ends)

                        • mattock [ENG31-03736510-n] (a kind of pick that is used for digging)
                      • plane [ENG31-03961007-n] (a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood)

                        • beading plane [ENG31-02818613-n] (a plane with a concave blade for making moulding with beadwork)
                        • block plane [ENG31-02857791-n] (a small plane used on end grains of wood)
                        • bullnose [ENG31-02920953-n] (a small carpenter's plane with the cutting edge near the front)
                        • chamfer plane [ENG31-03008224-n] (a plane that makes a beveled edge)
                        • circular plane [ENG31-03038501-n] (a plane with a flexible face that can plane concave or convex surfaces)
                        • combination plane [ENG31-03079504-n] (a woodworking plane that has interchangeable cutters of various shapes)
                        • dovetail plane [ENG31-03233818-n] (a woodworking plane designed to make the grooves for dovetail joints)
                        • fore plane [ENG31-03387815-n] (a carpenter's plane intermediate between a jack plane and a jointer plane)
                        • jack plane [ENG31-03596119-n] (a carpenter's plane for rough finishing)
                        • jointer [ENG31-03606851-n] (a long carpenter's plane used to shape the edges of boards so they will fit together)
                        • match plane [ENG31-03735138-n] (a plane having cutters designed to make the tongues and grooves on the edges of matchboards)
                        • openside plane [ENG31-03854795-n] (a woodworking plane designed to cut rabbets)

                          • dado plane [ENG31-03163462-n] (a plane for making a dado groove)
                        • router plane [ENG31-04122090-n] (a woodworking plane with a narrow cutting head that will make grooves with smooth bottoms)
                        • scrub plane [ENG31-04163358-n] (a narrow woodworking plane used to cut away excess stock)
                        • smooth plane [ENG31-04254758-n] (a small plane for finish work)
                        • spokeshave [ENG31-04290723-n] (a small plane that has a handle on each side of its blade)
                      • razor [ENG31-04064159-n] (edge tool used in shaving)

                        • safety razor [ENG31-04134622-n] (a razor with a guard to prevent deep cuts in the skin)
                        • shaver [ENG31-04192847-n] (a razor powered by an electric motor)
                        • straight razor [ENG31-04339212-n] (a razor with a straight cutting edge enclosed in a case that forms a handle when the razor is opened for use)
                      • scythe [ENG31-04165311-n] (an edge tool for cutting grass)
                      • shear [ENG31-04193752-n] (a large edge tool that cuts sheet metal by passing a blade through it)
                      • sickle [ENG31-04220420-n] (an edge tool for cutting grass or crops)
                      • wire cutter [ENG31-04602155-n] (an edge tool used in cutting wire)
                    • glass cutter [ENG31-03443704-n] (a tool for cutting glass)
                    • tile cutter [ENG31-04442686-n] (a cutter (tool for cutting) for floor tiles)
                  • paper cutter [ENG31-03892637-n] (a cutting implement for cutting sheets of paper to the desired size)
                • drill [ENG31-03244429-n] (a tool with a sharp point and cutting edges for making holes in hard materials (usually rotating rapidly or by repeated blows))

                  • auger [ENG31-02761495-n] (hand tool for boring holes)
                  • bore bit [ENG31-02878678-n] (a drill for penetrating rock)

                    • cross bit [ENG31-03140905-n] (a rock drill having cruciform cutting edges)
                    • star drill [ENG31-04310990-n] (a steel rock drill with a star-shaped point that is used for making holes in stones or masonry)
                    • straight flute [ENG31-04338903-n] (a rock drill with flutes that are straight)
                  • brace and bit [ENG31-02891073-n] (a drill consisting of a bit and a brace to hold and turn it)
                  • breast drill [ENG31-02898109-n] (a portable drill with a plate that is pressed against the chest to force the drill point into the work)
                  • core drill [ENG31-03113275-n] (a drill that removes a cylindrical core from the drill hole)
                  • dentist's drill [ENG31-03180904-n] (a high speed drill that dentists use to cut into teeth)
                  • hand drill [ENG31-03489892-n] (a small portable drill held and operated by hand)
                  • reamer [ENG31-04066511-n] (a drill that is used to shape or enlarge holes)
                  • trepan [ENG31-04486640-n] (a drill for cutting circular holes around a center)
                • eolith [ENG31-03296996-n] (a crude stone artifact (as a chipped flint))
                • fork [ENG31-03389013-n] (an agricultural tool used for lifting or digging)

                  • hayfork [ENG31-03505601-n] (a long-handled fork for turning or lifting hay)
                • gang [ENG31-03420273-n] (tool consisting of a combination of implements arranged to work together)
                • garden tool [ENG31-03423152-n] (used for working in gardens or yards)

                  • edger [ENG31-03269817-n] (garden tool for cutting grass around the edges of a yard)
                  • hedge trimmer [ENG31-03516477-n] (a garden tool for trimming hedges)
                  • lawn mower [ENG31-03655235-n] (garden tool for mowing grass on lawns)

                    • hand mower [ENG31-03492857-n] (a lawn mower that is operated by hand)
                    • power mower [ENG31-04002214-n] (a lawn mower powered by a gasoline motor)

                      • riding mower [ENG31-04097088-n] (a power mower you can ride on)
                • grapnel [ENG31-03459155-n] (a tool consisting of several hooks for grasping and holding)

                  • crampon [ENG31-03131231-n] (a hinged pair of curved iron bars)
                • hack [ENG31-03479590-n] (a tool (as a hoe or pick or mattock) used for breaking up the surface of the soil)
                • hand tool [ENG31-03494245-n] (a tool used with workers' hands)

                  • awl [ENG31-02766719-n] (a pointed tool for marking surfaces or for punching small holes)

                    • bradawl [ENG31-02892139-n] (an awl for making small holes for brads or small screws)
                    • scriber [ENG31-04162518-n] (a sharp-pointed awl for marking wood or metal to be cut)
                  • bevel [ENG31-02836608-n] (a hand tool consisting of two rules that are hinged together so you can draw or measure angles of any size)
                  • bill [ENG31-02842193-n] (a cutting tool with a sharp edge)
                  • bodkin [ENG31-02864849-n] (a blunt needle for threading ribbon through loops)
                  • bodkin [ENG31-02864998-n] (a small sharp-pointed tool for punching holes in leather or fabric)
                  • crank [ENG31-03131675-n] (a hand tool consisting of a rotating shaft with parallel handle)

                    • crank handle [ENG31-03131953-n] (crank used to start an engine)
                  • dibble [ENG31-03195142-n] (a wooden hand tool with a pointed end)
                  • file [ENG31-03341784-n] (a steel hand tool with small sharp teeth on some or all of its surfaces)

                    • blunt file [ENG31-02859642-n] (a file with parallel edges)
                    • flat file [ENG31-03365955-n] (a file with two flat surfaces)
                    • nailfile [ENG31-03810820-n] (a small flat file for shaping the nails)
                    • rasp [ENG31-04061782-n] (a coarse file with sharp pointed projections)
                    • rat-tail file [ENG31-04063185-n] (a thin round file shaped like the tail of a rat)
                    • round file [ENG31-04121395-n] (a file with a circular cross section)
                    • taper file [ENG31-04400388-n] (a file with converging edges)
                  • float [ENG31-03369445-n] (a hand tool with a flat face used for smoothing and finishing the surface of plaster or cement or stucco)
                  • graver [ENG31-03460299-n] (a tool used by an engraver)

                    • scauper [ENG31-04151716-n] (a graver used to scoop out broad areas when engraving wood or metal)
                  • gutter [ENG31-03476808-n] (a tool for gutting fish)
                  • hammer [ENG31-03486255-n] (a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle)

                    • ball-peen hammer [ENG31-02786058-n] (a hammer with one round and one flat end)
                    • bricklayer's hammer [ENG31-02901456-n] (a hammer used in laying bricks)
                    • carpenter's hammer [ENG31-02969997-n] (a hammer with a cleft at one end for pulling nails)
                    • mallet [ENG31-03720925-n] (a tool resembling a hammer but with a large head (usually wooden))

                      • carpenter's mallet [ENG31-02970394-n] (a short-handled mallet with a wooden head used to strike a chisel or wedge)
                      • gavel [ENG31-03435223-n] (a small mallet used by a presiding officer or a judge)
                    • maul [ENG31-03737186-n] (a heavy long-handled hammer used to drive stakes or wedges)
                    • plexor [ENG31-03973083-n] ((medicine) a small hammer with a rubber head used in percussive examinations of the chest and in testing reflexes)
                    • tack hammer [ENG31-04390388-n] (a light hammer that is used to drive tacks)
                  • hand shovel [ENG31-03493686-n] (a shovel that is operated by hand)

                    • coal shovel [ENG31-03060478-n] (a hand shovel for shoveling coal)
                    • entrenching tool [ENG31-03296324-n] (a hand shovel carried by infantrymen for digging trenches)
                    • spade [ENG31-04273596-n] (a sturdy hand shovel that can be pushed into the earth with the foot)

                      • ditch spade [ENG31-03219153-n] (a spade with a long handle for digging narrow ditches)
                      • garden spade [ENG31-03423068-n] (a spade used by gardeners)
                    • spud [ENG31-04297102-n] (a sharp hand shovel for digging out roots and weeds)
                  • marlinespike [ENG31-03728137-n] (a pointed iron hand tool that is used to separate strands of a rope or cable (as in splicing))
                  • miter box [ENG31-03779860-n] (hand tool for guiding handsaws in making crosscuts or miter joints)
                  • opener [ENG31-03853868-n] (a hand tool used for opening sealed containers (bottles or cans))

                    • bottle opener [ENG31-02881204-n] (an opener for removing caps or corks from bottles)

                      • cap opener [ENG31-02960231-n] (a bottle opener to pry off caps)
                      • corkscrew [ENG31-03113801-n] (a bottle opener that pulls corks)
                    • can opener [ENG31-02955021-n] (a device for cutting cans open)

                      • church key [ENG31-03032749-n] (can opener that has a triangular pointed end that pierces the tops of cans)
                    • latchstring [ENG31-03650725-n] (opener consisting of a string that can be passed through a hole in a door for raising the latch from outside)
                  • pallet [ENG31-03885153-n] (a hand tool with a flat blade used by potters for mixing and shaping clay)
                  • pestle [ENG31-03925411-n] (a club-shaped hand tool for grinding and mixing substances in a mortar)
                  • pick [ENG31-03935681-n] (a thin sharp implement used for removing unwanted material)

                    • icepick [ENG31-03563187-n] (pick consisting of a steel rod with a sharp point)
                    • toothpick [ENG31-04460661-n] (pick consisting of a small strip of wood or plastic)
                  • pincer [ENG31-03947960-n] (a hand tool for holding consisting of a compound lever for grasping)

                    • roach clip [ENG31-04103032-n] (metal tweezers used by marijuana smokers to hold a roach)
                  • pipe cutter [ENG31-03952352-n] (a hand tool for cutting pipe)
                  • pitchfork [ENG31-03956635-n] (a long-handled hand tool with sharp widely spaced prongs for lifting and pitching hay)
                  • plumber's snake [ENG31-03975218-n] (a long flexible steel coil for dislodging stoppages in curved pipes)

                    • trap-and-drain auger [ENG31-04482430-n] (a plumber's snake for clearing a trap and drain)
                  • plunger [ENG31-03976514-n] (hand tool consisting of a stick with a rubber suction cup at one end)
                  • ravehook [ENG31-04063711-n] (a hooked hand tool used to prepare the seams of a boat for oakum)
                  • sandblaster [ENG31-04141253-n] (a tool that throws out a blast of steam laden with sand)
                  • saw [ENG31-04147147-n] (hand tool having a toothed blade for cutting)

                    • bucksaw [ENG31-02914026-n] (a saw that is set in a frame in the shape of an H)
                    • crown saw [ENG31-03144538-n] (a saw having teeth around the edge of a hollow cylinder)
                    • folding saw [ENG31-03381784-n] (a saw with a toothed blade that folds into a handle (the way a pocketknife folds))
                    • hacksaw [ENG31-03479902-n] (saw used with one hand for cutting metal)
                    • handsaw [ENG31-03493271-n] (a saw used with one hand for cutting wood)

                      • backsaw [ENG31-02773590-n] (a handsaw that is stiffened by metal reinforcement along the upper edge)
                      • compass saw [ENG31-03084908-n] (a handsaw with a narrow triangular blade for cutting curves)
                      • coping saw [ENG31-03108670-n] (a handsaw with a taut thin blade)
                      • crosscut saw [ENG31-03141155-n] (handsaw that cuts at right angles to the grain (or major axis))
                      • keyhole saw [ENG31-03620096-n] (a handsaw with a long narrow blade for cutting short radius curves)
                      • pruning saw [ENG31-04022970-n] (a handsaw used for pruning trees)

                        • pruner [ENG31-04022634-n] (a long-handled pruning saw with a curved blade at the end and sometimes a clipper)
                      • ripsaw [ENG31-04101702-n] (a handsaw for cutting with the grain of the wood)
                    • two-handed saw [ENG31-04511131-n] (a saw with handles at both ends)

                      • pitsaw [ENG31-03958076-n] (a large two-handed saw formerly used to cut logs into planks)
                  • scraper [ENG31-04158045-n] (any of various hand tools for scraping)
                  • screwdriver [ENG31-04161626-n] (a hand tool for driving screws)

                    • flat tip screwdriver [ENG31-03366529-n] (a screwdriver with a flat wedge-shaped tip that fits into a slot in the head of a screw)
                    • Phillips screwdriver [ENG31-03929814-n] (a screwdriver for use with Phillips screws)
                    • spiral ratchet screwdriver [ENG31-04287125-n] (a screwdriver with a ratchet (so the blade turns in only one direction) and a spiral in the handle (so the blade rotates) with downward pressure on the handle)
                  • shovel [ENG31-04215277-n] (a hand tool for lifting loose material)

                    • posthole digger [ENG31-03996023-n] (a shovel used to sink postholes)
                    • scoop [ENG31-04156273-n] (the shovel or bucket of a dredge or backhoe)
                  • soldering iron [ENG31-04265969-n] (a hand tool with a heatable tip)
                  • spatula [ENG31-04277054-n] (a hand tool with a thin flexible blade used to mix or spread soft substances)

                    • palette knife [ENG31-03884525-n] (a spatula used by artists for mixing or applying or scraping off oil paints)
                    • putty knife [ENG31-04034697-n] (a spatula used to mix or apply putty)
                    • slice [ENG31-04244192-n] (a spatula for spreading paint or ink)
                  • spreader [ENG31-04295124-n] (a hand tool for spreading something)
                  • square [ENG31-04298380-n] (a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles)

                    • carpenter's square [ENG31-02970622-n] (a steel square used by carpenters)
                    • try square [ENG31-04500404-n] (a square having a metal ruler set at right angles to another straight piece)

                      • set square [ENG31-04184715-n] (a try square with an adjustable sliding head)
                  • straightedge [ENG31-04338581-n] (hand tool consisting of a flat rigid rectangular bar (metal or wood) that can be used to draw straight lines (or test their straightness))
                  • trowel [ENG31-04497112-n] (a small hand tool with a handle and flat metal blade)

                    • brick trowel [ENG31-02901552-n] (a trowel used in masonry)
                    • garden trowel [ENG31-03423312-n] (a trowel used by gardeners)
                    • plastering trowel [ENG31-03964285-n] (a trowel used to spread and smooth plaster)
                    • pointing trowel [ENG31-03982015-n] (a trowel used to fill and finish masonry joints with mortar or cement)
                    • slick [ENG31-04244671-n] (a trowel used to make a surface slick)
                  • weeder [ENG31-04577702-n] (a hand tool for removing weeds)
                  • wire stripper [ENG31-04602938-n] (a hand tool used by electricians to remove insulation from the cut end of an insulated wire)
                  • wrench [ENG31-04613932-n] (a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or bolt)

                    • adjustable wrench [ENG31-02683608-n] (can be changed to different settings)

                      • crescent wrench [ENG31-03135517-n] (an adjustable wrench designed to fit hexagonal nuts with the adjusting screw built into the head of the wrench)
                      • monkey-wrench [ENG31-03788327-n] (adjustable wrench that has one fixed and one adjustable jaw)
                      • pipe wrench [ENG31-03953742-n] (adjustable wrench for gripping and turning a pipe)

                        • chain tongs [ENG31-03004886-n] (a pipe wrench used for turning large pipes)

                          • chain wrench [ENG31-03005144-n] (another name for chain tongs)
                        • Stillson wrench [ENG31-04326912-n] (a large pipe wrench with L-shaped adjustable jaws that tighten as pressure on the handle is increased)
                      • screw wrench [ENG31-04162238-n] (adjustable wrench that has one jaw that can be adjusted by turning a screw)
                    • Allen wrench [ENG31-02700534-n] (a wrench for Allen screws)
                    • alligator wrench [ENG31-02700735-n] (a wrench with a v-shaped jaw and serrations on one side (resembles the open jaws of an alligator))
                    • box wrench [ENG31-02889675-n] (a wrench with a closed loop (a socket) that fits over a nut or bolt head)
                    • brace wrench [ENG31-02891670-n] (a wrench shaped like a brace (has a handle shaped like a crank) and a socket head)
                    • bulldog wrench [ENG31-02919411-n] (a wrench designed to provide a firm grip on something)
                    • carriage wrench [ENG31-02972986-n] (a wrench designed for use with carriage bolts)
                    • dog wrench [ENG31-03223149-n] (a wrench with a handle shaped like a crank)
                    • hook wrench [ENG31-03539025-n] (a wrench with a hook that fits over a nut or bolt head)
                    • lug wrench [ENG31-03702080-n] (a wrench with jaws that have projecting lugs to engage the object that is to be rotated)
                    • open-end wrench [ENG31-03853688-n] (a wrench having parallel jaws at fixed separation (often on both ends of the handle))

                      • S wrench [ENG31-04381608-n] (a wrench with an S-shaped handle)
                    • pin wrench [ENG31-03950806-n] (a wrench that has a projecting pin that fits into a socket on the object to be turned)
                    • screw key [ENG31-04161915-n] (a wrench for turning a screw)
                    • socket wrench [ENG31-04262456-n] (a wrench with a handle onto which sockets of different sizes can be fitted)
                    • sparkplug wrench [ENG31-04276612-n] (a wrench for removing or tightening spark plugs into the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine)
                    • tap wrench [ENG31-04401006-n] (a wrench for turning a tap to create an internal screw thread)
                    • torque wrench [ENG31-04465145-n] (a wrench that has a gauge that indicates the amount of torque being applied)
                • hoe [ENG31-03529754-n] (a tool with a flat blade attached at right angles to a long handle)

                  • scuffle [ENG31-04163652-n] (a hoe that is used by pushing rather than pulling)
                • jack [ENG31-03594138-n] (tool for exerting pressure or lifting)

                  • bumper jack [ENG31-02922692-n] (a jack for lifting a motor vehicle by the bumper)
                  • jackscrew [ENG31-03596215-n] (screw-operated jack)
                • Jaws of Life [ENG31-03599710-n] (hydraulic tool inserted into a wrecked vehicle and used to pry the wreckage apart in order to provide access to people trapped inside)
                • neolith [ENG31-03823541-n] (a stone tool from the Neolithic Age)
                • paleolith [ENG31-03884115-n] (a stone tool from the Paleolithic age)
                • pestle [ENG31-03925552-n] (a heavy tool of stone or iron (usually with a flat base and a handle) that is used to grind and mix material (as grain or drugs or pigments) against a slab of stone)
                • plow [ENG31-03973894-n] (a farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing)

                  • bull tongue [ENG31-02921588-n] (a heavy plow with a single wide blade)
                  • moldboard plow [ENG31-03785580-n] (plow that has a moldboard)

                    • lister [ENG31-03683092-n] (moldboard plow with a double moldboard designed to move dirt to either side of a central furrow)
                • punch [ENG31-04029643-n] (a tool for making holes or indentations)

                  • center punch [ENG31-02998180-n] (a tool with a conical point that is used to make indentations in metal (especially to mark points for drilling))
                  • punch pliers [ENG31-04030531-n] (punch consisting of pliers for perforating paper or leather)
                • rake [ENG31-04057178-n] (a long-handled tool with a row of teeth at its head)

                  • croupier's rake [ENG31-03142868-n] (a small rake used by a croupier to move chips around on the table)
                  • garden rake [ENG31-03422880-n] (a rake used by gardeners)
                • ram [ENG31-04057522-n] (a tool for driving or forcing something by impact)

                  • rammer [ENG31-04058551-n] (a tool for driving something with force)
                • rounder [ENG31-04121287-n] (a tool for rounding corners or edges)
                • saw set [ENG31-04147918-n] (a tool used to bend each alternate sawtooth at a slight angle outward)
                • shaping tool [ENG31-04191643-n] (a tool for shaping metal)

                  • die [ENG31-03197474-n] (a device used for shaping metal)

                    • stamp [ENG31-04307101-n] (a block or die used to imprint a mark or design)
                • strickle [ENG31-04344538-n] (a tool used in a foundry to shape a mold in sand)
                • stylus [ENG31-04353589-n] (a pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving)
                • tamp [ENG31-04394793-n] (a tool for tamping (e.g., for tamping tobacco into a pipe bowl or a charge into a drill hole etc.))

                  • stemmer [ENG31-04321124-n] (a miner's tamping bar for ramming packing in over a blasting charge)
                • tap [ENG31-04398245-n] (a tool for cutting female (internal) screw threads)
                • upset [ENG31-04522739-n] (a tool used to thicken or spread metal (the end of a bar or a rivet etc.) by forging or hammering or swaging)
              • tuning fork [ENG31-04505096-n] (a metal implement with two prongs that gives a fixed tone when struck)
              • utensil [ENG31-04523967-n] (an implement for practical use (especially in a household))

                • ceramic ware [ENG31-03001214-n] (utensils made from ceramic material)

                  • earthenware [ENG31-03267222-n] (ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat)

                    • delft [ENG31-03177936-n] (a style of glazed earthenware)
                    • faience [ENG31-03322733-n] (glazed earthenware decorated with opaque colors)
                    • majolica [ENG31-03718975-n] (highly decorated earthenware with a glaze of tin oxide)
                    • terra cotta [ENG31-04421236-n] (a hard unglazed brownish-red earthenware)
                    • terra sigillata [ENG31-04421454-n] (earthenware made from the reddish-brown clay found on the Aegean island of Lemnos)
                  • porcelain [ENG31-03990592-n] (ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic)

                    • china [ENG31-03021863-n] (high quality porcelain originally made only in China)

                      • bone china [ENG31-02872495-n] (fine porcelain that contains bone ash)
                      • crackle [ENG31-03130239-n] (glazed china with a network of fine cracks on the surface)
                    • Spode [ENG31-04290130-n] (a brand of fine English porcelain)
                  • pottery [ENG31-03999061-n] (ceramic ware made from clay and baked in a kiln)

                    • agateware [ENG31-02687107-n] (pottery that is veined and mottled to resemble agate)
                    • lusterware [ENG31-03703560-n] (pottery with a metallic sheen produced by adding metallic oxides to the glaze)
                    • Wedgwood [ENG31-04577500-n] (a type of pottery made by Josiah Wedgwood and his successors)
                  • stoneware [ENG31-04333814-n] (ceramic ware that is fired in high heat and vitrified and nonporous)
                • copperware [ENG31-03109163-n] (utensils made with copper)
                • funnel [ENG31-03408558-n] (a conically shaped utensil having a narrow tube at the small end)
                • kitchen utensil [ENG31-03626258-n] (a utensil used in preparing food)

                  • cheese cutter [ENG31-03016153-n] (a kitchen utensil (board or handle) with a wire for cutting cheese)
                  • cookie cutter [ENG31-03106168-n] (a kitchen utensil used to cut a sheet of cookie dough into desired shapes before baking)
                  • cooking utensil [ENG31-03106637-n] (a kitchen utensil made of material that does not melt easily)

                    • baster [ENG31-02808468-n] (a tube with a rubber bulb used to take up and release melted fat or gravy in order to moisten roasting meat)
                    • chafing dish [ENG31-03002745-n] (a metal pan over a heater)
                    • cooker [ENG31-03105807-n] (a utensil for cooking)

                      • Crock Pot [ENG31-03138529-n] (an electric cooker that maintains a relatively low temperature)
                      • popper [ENG31-03990070-n] (a container for cooking popcorn)
                    • cookie sheet [ENG31-03106447-n] (a cooking utensil consisting of a flat rectangular metal sheet used for baking cookies or biscuits)
                    • enamelware [ENG31-03289892-n] (cooking utensil of enameled iron)

                      • cloisonne [ENG31-03051784-n] (enamelware in which colored areas are separated by thin metal strips)
                      • graniteware [ENG31-03458175-n] (a kind of stone-grey enamelware)
                    • grid [ENG31-03463354-n] (a cooking utensil of parallel metal bars)
                    • griddle [ENG31-03464260-n] (cooking utensil consisting of a flat heated surface (as on top of a stove) on which food is cooked)
                    • pan [ENG31-03886228-n] (cooking utensil consisting of a wide metal vessel)

                      • dripping pan [ENG31-03247093-n] (pan for catching drippings under roasting meat)
                      • frying pan [ENG31-03405146-n] (a pan used for frying foods)

                        • electric frying pan [ENG31-03276676-n] (a frying pan heated by electricity)
                        • spider [ENG31-04282402-n] (a skillet made of cast iron)
                      • omelet pan [ENG31-03852197-n] (pan for cooking omelets)
                      • patty-pan [ENG31-03906379-n] (a pan for cooking patties or pasties)
                      • roaster [ENG31-04104854-n] (a special cooking pan for roasting)
                      • saucepan [ENG31-04146060-n] (a deep pan with a handle)

                        • double boiler [ENG31-03230957-n] (two saucepans, one fitting inside the other)
                        • stewing pan [ENG31-04324463-n] (a saucepan used for stewing)
                      • wok [ENG31-04604069-n] (pan with a convex bottom)
                    • skimmer [ENG31-04237021-n] (a cooking utensil used to skim fat from the surface of liquids)
                    • steamer [ENG31-04316686-n] (a cooking utensil that can be used to cook food by steaming it)
                    • turner [ENG31-04507355-n] (cooking utensil having a flat flexible part and a long handle)

                      • fish slice [ENG31-03357807-n] (a food turner with a broad blade used for turning or serving fish or other food that is cooked in a frying pan)
                      • pancake turner [ENG31-03887002-n] (turner for serving or turning pancakes)
                      • spatula [ENG31-04277257-n] (a turner with a narrow flexible blade)
                  • grater [ENG31-03459829-n] (utensil with sharp perforations for shredding foods (as vegetables or cheese))
                  • kitchenware [ENG31-03626586-n] (hardware utensils for use in a kitchen)
                  • masher [ENG31-03729908-n] (a kitchen utensil used for mashing (e.g. potatoes))
                  • mincer [ENG31-03773501-n] (a kitchen utensil that cuts or chops food (especially meat) into small pieces)
                  • mixer [ENG31-03780732-n] (a kitchen utensil that is used for mixing foods)

                    • blender [ENG31-02853991-n] (an electrically powered mixer with whirling blades that mix or chop or liquefy foods)
                    • electric mixer [ENG31-03277851-n] (a food mixer powered by an electric motor)
                    • whisk [ENG31-04586220-n] (a mixer incorporating a coil of wires)
                  • ricer [ENG31-04095553-n] (a kitchen utensil used for ricing soft foods by extruding them through small holes)
                  • rolling pin [ENG31-04110300-n] (utensil consisting of a cylinder (usually of wood) with a handle at each end)
                  • seeder [ENG31-04174289-n] (a kitchen utensil that removes seeds from fruit)
                  • squeezer [ENG31-04300257-n] (a kitchen utensil for squeezing juice from fruit)

                    • reamer [ENG31-04066628-n] (a squeezer with a conical ridged center that is used for squeezing juice from citrus fruit)
                  • tea ball [ENG31-04404037-n] (a kitchen utensil consisting of a perforated metal ball for making tea)
                • server [ENG31-04182100-n] (utensil used in serving food or drink)
              • writing implement [ENG31-04615925-n] (an implement that is used to write)

                • chalk [ENG31-03006695-n] (a piece of calcite or a similar substance, usually in the shape of a crayon, that is used to write or draw on blackboards or other flat surfaces)

                  • drawing chalk [ENG31-03239655-n] (colored chalks used by artists)
                  • tailor's chalk [ENG31-04392244-n] (chalk used by tailors to make temporary marks on cloth)
                • charcoal [ENG31-03011428-n] (a stick of black carbon material used for drawing)
                • crayon [ENG31-03132899-n] (writing implement consisting of a colored stick of composition wax used for writing and drawing)
                • cyclostyle [ENG31-03160581-n] (a writing implement with a small toothed wheel that cuts small holes in a stencil)
                • marker [ENG31-03727498-n] (a writing implement for making a mark)

                  • highlighter [ENG31-03524106-n] (a fluorescent marker used to mark important passages in a text)
                • pen [ENG31-03913116-n] (a writing implement with a point from which ink flows)

                  • ballpoint [ENG31-02786184-n] (a pen that has a small metal ball as the point of transfer of ink to paper)
                  • felt-tip pen [ENG31-03331893-n] (a pen with a writing tip made of felt (trade name Magic Marker))
                  • fountain pen [ENG31-03393029-n] (a pen that is supplied with ink from a reservoir in its barrel)
                  • quill [ENG31-04040377-n] (pen made from a bird's feather)
                  • Sharpie [ENG31-04192572-n] (a pen with indelible ink that will write on any surface)
                • pencil [ENG31-03914323-n] (a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement)

                  • lead pencil [ENG31-03657426-n] (pencil that has graphite as the marking substance)
                  • slate pencil [ENG31-04241869-n] (a pencil of soft slate (or soapstone) used for writing on a slate)
                • sketcher [ENG31-04234581-n] (an implement for sketching)
            • means [ENG31-03739038-n] (an instrumentality for accomplishing some end)
            • system [ENG31-04384144-n] (instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity)

              • communication system [ENG31-03082291-n] (a system for communicating)

                • ground control [ENG31-03468117-n] (a communication system for sending continuous radio messages to an airplane pilot who is making a ground-controlled approach to landing)
                • intercommunication system [ENG31-03583224-n] (a communication system linking different rooms within a building or ship etc)

                  • interphone [ENG31-03586014-n] (a telephonic intercommunication system linking different rooms in a building or ship etc)
                • public address system [ENG31-04024549-n] (an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas)
                • radio [ENG31-04048624-n] (a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves)

                  • radiotelegraph [ENG31-04051387-n] (the use of radio to send telegraphic messages (usually by Morse code))
                • radio link [ENG31-04049875-n] (a two-way radio communication system (usually microwave))

                  • walkie-talkie [ENG31-04553144-n] (small portable radio link (receiver and transmitter))
                • telecommunication system [ENG31-04407424-n] (a communication system for communicating at a distance)

                  • television [ENG31-04411547-n] (a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points)

                    • cable [ENG31-02937374-n] (a television system that transmits over cables)
                    • closed-circuit television [ENG31-03053051-n] (a television system that is not used for broadcasting but is connected by cables to designated monitors (as in a factory or theater))

                      • surveillance system [ENG31-04372415-n] (a closed-circuit television system used to maintain close observation of a person or group)
                    • color television [ENG31-03076205-n] (a television that transmits images in color)

                      • field-sequential color television [ENG31-03338962-n] (an early form of color TV in which successive fields are scanned in three primary colors)
                    • satellite television [ENG31-04144980-n] (a television system in which the signal is transmitted to an orbiting satellite that receives the signal and amplifies it and transmits it back to earth)
                • telephone system [ENG31-04409881-n] (a communication system that transmits sound between distant points)

                  • MEDLINE [ENG31-03747729-n] (the computer-based telephone system of the United States National Library of Medicine that provides rapid linkage to MEDLARS)
              • computer system [ENG31-03089957-n] (a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storage)

                • backup system [ENG31-02775106-n] (a computer system for making backups)
                • platform [ENG31-03968979-n] (the combination of a particular computer and a particular operating system)
              • containment [ENG31-03100616-n] ((physics) a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactor)
              • control system [ENG31-03103457-n] (a system for controlling the operation of another system)

                • closed loop [ENG31-03053311-n] (a control system with a feedback loop that is active)
                • servo [ENG31-04183356-n] (control system that converts a small mechanical motion into one requiring much greater power)
              • data system [ENG31-03169010-n] (system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization)
              • drainage system [ENG31-03237120-n] (a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water)
              • exhaust [ENG31-03307883-n] (system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged)
              • explosive detection system [ENG31-03310245-n] (a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers' luggage using X-ray technology and computers)
              • explosive trace detection [ENG31-03310898-n] (a system for screening luggage in airports)
              • guidance system [ENG31-03470750-n] (a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile))

                • Joint Direct Attack Munition [ENG31-03606655-n] (a pinpoint bomb guidance device that can be strapped to a gravity bomb thus converting dumb bombs into smart bombs)
              • hookup [ENG31-03538666-n] (a system of components assembled together for a particular purpose)
              • inertial guidance system [ENG31-03574473-n] (a system to control a plane or spacecraft)
              • lockage [ENG31-03688783-n] (a system of locks in a canal or waterway)
              • maze [ENG31-03738772-n] (complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost)
              • mechanical system [ENG31-03743732-n] (a system of elements that interact on mechanical principles)

                • fuel injection [ENG31-03406194-n] (mechanical system to inject atomized fuel directly into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine)
                • linkage [ENG31-03679766-n] (a mechanical system of rods or springs or pivots that transmits power or motion)
                • lubricating system [ENG31-03700448-n] (mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings)
                • production line [ENG31-04014761-n] (mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it)
                • suspension [ENG31-04373203-n] (a mechanical system of springs or shock absorbers connecting the wheels and axles to the chassis of a wheeled vehicle)
                • ventilation [ENG31-04533815-n] (a mechanical system in a building that provides fresh air)
              • navigational system [ENG31-03816984-n] (a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraft)

                • Global Positioning System [ENG31-03445140-n] (a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver)
                • omnirange [ENG31-03852490-n] (a navigational system consisting of a network of radio beacons that provide aircraft with information about exact position and bearing)
              • network [ENG31-03826268-n] ((electronics) a system of interconnected electronic components or circuits)

                • computer network [ENG31-03089375-n] ((computer science) a network of computers)

                  • Intelnet [ENG31-03582643-n] (a computer network similar to but separate from the internet)
                  • internet [ENG31-03585784-n] (a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange)
                  • intranet [ENG31-03586925-n] (a restricted computer network)
                  • local area network [ENG31-03686803-n] (a local computer network for communication between computers)

                    • ethernet [ENG31-03305161-n] (a type of network technology for local area networks)
                    • wireless local area network [ENG31-04602355-n] (a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet)
                  • wide area network [ENG31-04590763-n] (a computer network that spans a wider area than does a local area network)
                  • World Wide Web [ENG31-04611634-n] (computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol)
                • early warning system [ENG31-03266098-n] (a network of radar installations designed to detect enemy missiles or aircraft while there is still time to intercept them)
                • superhighway [ENG31-04365578-n] (an extensive electronic network (such as the internet) used for the rapid transfer of sound and video and graphics in digital form)
              • network [ENG31-03826490-n] (a system of intersecting lines or channels)

                • reseau [ENG31-04085114-n] (a network of fine lines used by astronomers as a reference for measurements on star photographs)
                • reticle [ENG31-04089998-n] (a network of fine lines, dots, cross hairs, or wires in the focal plane of the eyepiece of an optical instrument)
                • reticulation [ENG31-04090225-n] (an arrangement resembling a net or network)
              • propulsion system [ENG31-04019436-n] (a system that provides a propelling or driving force)
              • resonator [ENG31-04087250-n] (any system that resonates)
              • scaffolding [ENG31-04148777-n] (a system of scaffolds)
              • security system [ENG31-04173172-n] ((computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks)

                • firewall [ENG31-03352988-n] ((computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers)
              • selsyn [ENG31-04177755-n] (a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator)
              • solar thermal system [ENG31-04265842-n] (a system that converts sunlight into heat)
              • sprinkler system [ENG31-04296333-n] (a system for extinguishing fires)
              • synchromesh [ENG31-04382328-n] (an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly)
            • toiletry [ENG31-04454577-n] (artifacts used in making your toilet (washing and taking care of your body))

              • antiperspirant [ENG31-02726090-n] (an astringent substance applied to the skin to reduce perspiration)
              • bath oil [ENG31-02810708-n] (a scented oil added to your bath water)
              • bath salts [ENG31-02811345-n] (a preparation that softens or scents a bath)
              • cosmetic [ENG31-03117803-n] (a toiletry designed to beautify the body)

                • depilatory [ENG31-03181831-n] (a cosmetic for temporary removal of undesired hair)

                  • epilating wax [ENG31-03298006-n] (a mixture of resins and waxes to remove cosmetically undesirable hair)
                • highlighter [ENG31-03524244-n] (a cosmetic used to highlight the eyes or cheekbones)
                • makeup [ENG31-03719774-n] (cosmetics applied to the face to improve or change your appearance)

                  • blackface [ENG31-02850112-n] (the makeup (usually burnt cork) used by a performer in order to imitate a Negro)
                  • eyebrow pencil [ENG31-03313426-n] (makeup provided by a cosmetic pencil that is used to darken the eyebrows)
                  • eyeliner [ENG31-03314055-n] (makeup applied to emphasize the shape of the eyes)
                  • eyeshadow [ENG31-03314632-n] (makeup consisting of a cosmetic substance used to darken the eyes)
                  • face powder [ENG31-03319725-n] (cosmetic powder for the face)
                  • greasepaint [ENG31-03461389-n] (a greasy substance used as makeup by actors)
                  • kohl [ENG31-03633362-n] (a cosmetic preparation used by women in Egypt and Arabia to darken the edges of their eyelids)
                  • lip-gloss [ENG31-03681413-n] (makeup that makes the lips shiny)
                  • lipstick [ENG31-03681809-n] (makeup that is used to color the lips)
                  • mascara [ENG31-03729557-n] (makeup that is used to darken and thicken the eye lashes)
                  • rouge [ENG31-04119846-n] (makeup consisting of a pink or red powder applied to the cheeks)
                • pencil [ENG31-03914575-n] (a cosmetic in a long thin stick)
              • cream [ENG31-03133170-n] (toiletry consisting of any of various substances in the form of a thick liquid that have a soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to the skin)

                • cold cream [ENG31-03071343-n] (a cream used cosmetically (mostly by women) for softening and cleaning the skin)
                • hand cream [ENG31-03489570-n] (moisturizing cream for the hands)
                • lanolin [ENG31-03646164-n] (an emollient containing wool fat (a fatty substance obtained from the wool of sheep))
                • nard [ENG31-03814751-n] (an aromatic ointment used in antiquity)
                • sunscreen [ENG31-04364401-n] (a cream spread on the skin)
              • deodorant [ENG31-03181260-n] (a toiletry applied to the skin in order to mask unpleasant odors)
              • hairdressing [ENG31-03480946-n] (a toiletry for the hair)

                • pomade [ENG31-03986384-n] (hairdressing consisting of a perfumed oil or ointment)

                  • brilliantine [ENG31-02905097-n] (a pomade to make the hair manageable and lustrous)
              • hair spray [ENG31-03482114-n] (toiletry consisting of a commercial preparation that is sprayed on the hair to hold it in place)
              • lotion [ENG31-03696264-n] (any of various cosmetic preparations that are applied to the skin)

                • after-shave [ENG31-02686650-n] (a fragrant lotion for a man's face after shaving)

                  • bay rum [ENG31-02816387-n] (an aromatic liquid originally obtained by distilling the leaves of the bayberry tree with rum)
                • body lotion [ENG31-02866256-n] (lotion applied to the body after bathing)
                • hand lotion [ENG31-03492527-n] (lotion used to soften the hands)
                • toner [ENG31-04457911-n] (a lotion for cleansing the skin and contracting the pores)
              • mousse [ENG31-03799669-n] (toiletry consisting of an aerosol foam used in hair styling)
              • perfume [ENG31-03922150-n] (a toiletry that emits and diffuses a fragrant odor)

                • cologne [ENG31-03075025-n] (a perfumed liquid made of essential oils and alcohol)
                • patchouli [ENG31-03903968-n] (a heavy perfume made from the patchouli plant)
                • perfumery [ENG31-03922589-n] (perfumes in general)
                • potpourri [ENG31-03998683-n] (a jar of mixed flower petals and spices used as perfume)
                • rose water [ENG31-04117162-n] (perfume consisting of water scented with oil of roses)
                • toilet water [ENG31-04455341-n] (a perfumed liquid lighter than cologne)
              • powder [ENG31-04000366-n] (any of various cosmetic or medical preparations dispensed in the form of a pulverized powder)

                • araroba [ENG31-02735701-n] (a bitter yellow powder used to treat skin diseases)
                • aspirin powder [ENG31-02752174-n] (a powdered form of aspirin)
                • baby powder [ENG31-02770043-n] (powder used to prevent a baby's diaper from chafing)
                • Dover's powder [ENG31-03233499-n] (a medicinal powder made essentially of ipecac and opium)
                • toilet powder [ENG31-04454410-n] (a fine powder for spreading on the body (as after bathing))

                  • talcum [ENG31-04393879-n] (a toilet powder made of purified talc and usually scented)
              • shaving cream [ENG31-04193094-n] (toiletry consisting of a preparation of soap and fatty acids that forms a rich lather for softening the beard before shaving)
              • shaving foam [ENG31-04193311-n] (toiletry consisting of a liquid preparation containing many small bubbles that soften the beard before shaving)
              • gel [ENG31-04455013-n] (jellylike substance used in hair styling)
            • weaponry [ENG31-04573543-n] (weapons considered collectively)

              • ammunition [ENG31-02706134-n] (projectiles to be fired from a gun)

                • belt [ENG31-02831299-n] (ammunition (usually of small caliber) loaded in flexible linked strips for use in a machine gun)
                • cartridge [ENG31-02975150-n] (ammunition consisting of a cylindrical casing containing an explosive charge and a bullet)

                  • ball cartridge [ENG31-02783468-n] (a general purpose cartridge having a primer and a ball and a full charge of powder)
                  • blank [ENG31-02852159-n] (a cartridge containing an explosive charge but no bullet)
                  • cartouche [ENG31-02974932-n] (a cartridge (usually with paper casing))
                • case shot [ENG31-02980100-n] (a metallic cylinder packed with shot and used as ammunition in a firearm)
                • powder and shot [ENG31-04000655-n] (ammunition consisting of gunpowder and bullets for muskets)
                • round [ENG31-04120735-n] (a charge of ammunition for a single shot)
                • shell [ENG31-04197507-n] (ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile)

                  • artillery shell [ENG31-02749600-n] (a shell fired by artillery)
                  • shotgun shell [ENG31-04213637-n] (a shell containing lead shot)
                  • shrapnel [ENG31-04217079-n] (shell containing lead pellets that explodes in flight)
                  • tank shell [ENG31-04397570-n] (a shell fired by the cannon on a tank)
                  • whizbang [ENG31-04588711-n] (a small high-velocity shell)
                • tracer [ENG31-04469942-n] (ammunition whose flight can be observed by a trail of smoke)
              • armament [ENG31-02741036-n] (weaponry used by military or naval force)

                • arsenal [ENG31-02746431-n] (all the weapons and equipment that a country has)
                • artillery [ENG31-02749370-n] (large but transportable armament)

                  • cannon [ENG31-02953692-n] (a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels)

                    • basilisk [ENG31-02804616-n] (ancient brass cannon)
                    • culverin [ENG31-03151822-n] (a heavy cannon with a long barrel used in the 16th and 17th centuries)
                    • harpoon gun [ENG31-03501066-n] (a cannon or similar gun that fires harpoons)
                    • high-angle gun [ENG31-03523145-n] (a cannon that can be fired at a high elevation for relatively short ranges)

                      • mortar [ENG31-03792248-n] (a muzzle-loading high-angle gun with a short barrel that fires shells at high elevations for a short range)
                    • long tom [ENG31-03693830-n] (a long swivel cannon formerly used by the navy)
                  • field artillery [ENG31-03337338-n] (movable artillery (other than antiaircraft) used by armies in the field (especially for direct support of front-line troops))
                  • four-pounder [ENG31-03393557-n] (an artillery gun that throws a shot weighing four pounds)
                • broadside [ENG31-02907830-n] (all of the armament that is fired from one side of a warship)
                • launcher [ENG31-03652834-n] (armament in the form of a device capable of launching a rocket)

                  • bazooka [ENG31-02816887-n] (a portable rocket launcher used by infantrymen as an antitank weapon)
                • munition [ENG31-03805132-n] (military supplies)
                • torpedo [ENG31-04463707-n] (armament consisting of a long cylindrical self-propelled underwater projectile that detonates on contact with a target)

                  • aerial torpedo [ENG31-02685665-n] (a torpedo designed to be launched from an airplane)
                  • bangalore torpedo [ENG31-02790292-n] (a metal pipe filled with explosive, used to detonate land mines or to clear a path through barbed wire)
                  • homing torpedo [ENG31-03535369-n] (a torpedo that is guided to its target (as by the sound of a ship's engines))
                  • submarine torpedo [ENG31-04355148-n] (a torpedo designed to be launched from a submarine)
              • defense system [ENG31-03175894-n] (the weaponry available for the defense of a region)
              • gunnery [ENG31-03474955-n] (guns collectively)
              • hardware [ENG31-03498765-n] (major items of military weaponry (as tanks or missile))
              • naval weaponry [ENG31-03818464-n] (weaponry for warships)

                • fire control system [ENG31-03349781-n] (naval weaponry consisting of a system for controlling the delivery of fire on a military target)
                • missile defense system [ENG31-03779368-n] (naval weaponry providing a defense system)
                • naval gun [ENG31-03817505-n] (naval weaponry consisting of a large gun carried on a warship)

                  • stern chaser [ENG31-04323953-n] (a naval gun able to fire astern at a ship in chase)
                • naval missile [ENG31-03817803-n] (naval weaponry consisting of a missile carried on a warship)
            • medium [ENG31-06264799-n] (a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information)

              • cool medium [ENG31-06265081-n] (a medium that usually, but not always, provides little involvement together with substantial stimulus)
              • hot medium [ENG31-06265293-n] (a medium that usually, but not always, provides complete involvement together without considerable stimulus)
              • vehicle [ENG31-06265658-n] (a medium for the expression or achievement of something)
              • paper [ENG31-06266190-n] (a medium for written communication)
              • film [ENG31-06273220-n] (a medium that disseminates moving pictures)

                • silver screen [ENG31-06273596-n] (the film industry)
              • print media [ENG31-06274262-n] (a medium that disseminates printed matter)

                • press [ENG31-06274022-n] (the print media responsible for gathering and publishing news in the form of newspapers or magazines)

                  • free press [ENG31-06273855-n] (a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology)

                    • gutter press [ENG31-06273673-n] (press that engages in sensational journalism (especially concerning the private lives of public figures))
                  • newspaper [ENG31-06277798-n] (a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets)

                    • daily [ENG31-06278217-n] (a newspaper that is published every day)
                    • gazette [ENG31-06278308-n] (a newspaper or official journal)
                    • school newspaper [ENG31-06278411-n] (a newspaper written and published by students in a school)
                    • tabloid [ENG31-06278546-n] (newspaper with half-size pages)
                • journalism [ENG31-06277070-n] (newspapers and magazines collectively)

                  • Fleet Street [ENG31-06277286-n] (British journalism)
                  • photojournalism [ENG31-06277363-n] (journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures)

                    • news photography [ENG31-06277531-n] (photography of newsworthy events)
                    • rotogravure [ENG31-06277626-n] (printed material (text and pictures) produced by an intaglio printing process in a rotary press)
                  • yellow journalism [ENG31-06278644-n] (sensationalist journalism)
                • samizdat [ENG31-06282273-n] (a system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature)
              • storage medium [ENG31-06274415-n] (a medium for storing information)

                • magnetic storage medium [ENG31-06274548-n] (any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information)
              • telecommunication [ENG31-06282431-n] ((often plural) systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically)

                • telephone [ENG31-06282943-n] (transmitting speech at a distance)

                  • voice mail [ENG31-06283265-n] (a computerized system for answering and routing telephone calls)
                  • call [ENG31-06283456-n] (a telephone connection)

                    • call-back [ENG31-06283860-n] (a return call)
                    • collect call [ENG31-06283947-n] (a telephone call that the receiving party is asked to pay for)
                    • call-in [ENG31-06284208-n] (a telephone call to a radio station or a television station in which the caller participates in the on-going program)
                    • crank call [ENG31-06284543-n] (a hostile telephone call (from a crank))
                    • local call [ENG31-06284639-n] (a telephone call made within a local calling area)
                    • long distance [ENG31-06284745-n] (a telephone call made outside the local calling area)

                      • toll call [ENG31-06284945-n] (a long-distance telephone call at charges above a local rate)
                    • conference call [ENG31-06285061-n] (a telephone call in which more than two people participate)

                      • three-way calling [ENG31-06285413-n] (a way of adding a third party to your conversation without the assistance of a telephone operator)
                    • wake-up call [ENG31-06285199-n] (a telephone call that you request be made a specific time in order to wake you up at that time (especially in hotels))
                  • call forwarding [ENG31-06284067-n] (lets you transfer your incoming calls to any telephone that you can dial direct)
                  • call waiting [ENG31-06284396-n] (a way of letting you know that someone else is calling when you are using your telephone)
                • telegraphy [ENG31-06285574-n] (communicating at a distance by electric transmission over wire)
                • wireless [ENG31-06286006-n] (transmission by radio waves)

                  • radiotelegraph [ENG31-06286124-n] (telegraphy that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire)
                  • radiotelephone [ENG31-06287154-n] (telephony that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire)
                • broadcasting [ENG31-06287350-n] (taking part in a radio or tv program)

                  • Rediffusion [ENG31-06287555-n] (a system for distributing radio or tv programs)
                  • radio [ENG31-06287788-n] (medium for communication)
                  • television [ENG31-06287933-n] (broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects)

                    • cable television [ENG31-06288991-n] (television that is transmitted over cable directly to the receiver)
                    • high-definition television [ENG31-06289128-n] (a television system that has more than the usual number of lines per frame so its pictures show more detail)
                  • reception [ENG31-06291693-n] (quality or fidelity of a received broadcast)

                    • signal detection [ENG31-06291828-n] (the detection that a signal is being received)
                    • demodulation [ENG31-06292862-n] ((electronics) the reception of a signal by extracting it from the carrier wave)
                • multiplex [ENG31-06287678-n] (communicates two or more signals over a common channel)
              • album [ENG31-06604096-n] (one or more recordings issued together)

                • concept album [ENG31-06604359-n] (an album whose recordings are unified by some theme (instrumental or lyrical or narrative or compositional))

                  • tribute album [ENG31-06604625-n] (concept album compiling a performer's work or work supporting some worthy cause)
          • layer [ENG31-03655499-n] (single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance)

            • blanket [ENG31-02852657-n] (a layer of lead surrounding the highly reactive core of a nuclear reactor)
            • course [ENG31-03124680-n] ((construction) a layer of masonry)

              • damp-proof course [ENG31-03165894-n] (a course of some impermeable material laid in the foundation walls of building near the ground to prevent dampness from rising into the building)
              • row of bricks [ENG31-04122764-n] (a course of bricks place next to each other (usually in a straight line))
            • cushion [ENG31-03156466-n] (the layer of air that supports a hovercraft or similar vehicle)
            • interlayer [ENG31-03584868-n] (a layer placed between other layers)
            • lift [ENG31-03669700-n] (one of the layers forming the heel of a shoe or boot)

              • top lift [ENG31-04462440-n] (the bottom layer of a heel)
            • ply [ENG31-03977242-n] ((usually in combinations) one of several layers of cloth or paper or wood as in plywood)
            • tier [ENG31-04441039-n] (one of two or more layers one atop another)
            • wall [ENG31-04555107-n] (a layer of material that encloses space)
          • lemon [ENG31-03661164-n] (an artifact (especially an automobile) that is defective or unsatisfactory)
          • line [ENG31-03676175-n] (something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible)

            • becket [ENG31-02821642-n] ((nautical) a short line with an eye at one end and a knot at the other)
            • cord [ENG31-03110761-n] (a line made of twisted fibers or threads)

              • agal [ENG31-02686942-n] (a cord (usually of goat's hair) that Arabs (especially Bedouins) wind around their heads to hold down the kaffiyeh)
              • apron string [ENG31-02734256-n] ((usually used in the plural) a cord used to tie an apron at the waist)
              • bowstring [ENG31-02886342-n] (the string of an archer's bow)
              • catgut [ENG31-02987196-n] (a strong cord made from the intestines of sheep and used in surgery)
              • chenille [ENG31-03017646-n] (a soft tufted cord used in embroidery)
              • clews [ENG31-03046369-n] (the cords used to suspend a hammock)
              • clothesline [ENG31-03055137-n] (a cord on which clothes are hung to dry)
              • fishing line [ENG31-03356614-n] (a length of cord to which the leader and float and sinker and hook are attached)

                • handline [ENG31-03492305-n] (a fishing line managed principally by hand)
                • night-line [ENG31-03830407-n] (a fishing line with baited hooks left in the water to catch fish over night)
                • trawl [ENG31-04483135-n] (a long fishing line with many shorter lines and hooks attached to it (usually suspended between buoys))
              • lace [ENG31-03636736-n] (a cord that is drawn through eyelets or around hooks in order to draw together two edges (as of a shoe or garment))

                • bootlace [ENG31-02877779-n] (a long lace for fastening boots)
                • shoelace [ENG31-04207680-n] (a lace used for fastening shoes)
              • lanyard [ENG31-03646765-n] (a cord worn around the neck to hold a knife or whistle)
              • lanyard [ENG31-03646883-n] (a cord with an attached hook that is used to fire certain types of cannon)
              • log line [ENG31-03692774-n] (a knotted cord that runs out from a reel to a piece of wood that is attached to it)
              • piping [ENG31-03953957-n] (a thin strip of covered cord used to edge hems)
              • plumb line [ENG31-03975985-n] (a cord from which a metal weight is suspended pointing directly to the earth's center of gravity)

                • lead line [ENG31-03657273-n] ((nautical) plumb line for determining depth)
                • plumb rule [ENG31-03976260-n] (a plumb line attached to a narrow board)
              • ripcord [ENG31-04101009-n] (a cord that is pulled to open a parachute from its pack during a descent)
              • ripcord [ENG31-04101154-n] (a cord that is pulled to open the gasbag of a balloon wide enough to release gas and so causes the balloon to descend)
              • sash cord [ENG31-04143759-n] (a strong cord connecting a sash weight to a sliding sash)
              • slack [ENG31-04240665-n] (a cord or rope or cable that is hanging loosely)
              • static line [ENG31-04312779-n] (a cord used instead of a ripcord to open a parachute)
              • string [ENG31-04345112-n] (a lightweight cord)

                • chalk line [ENG31-03006982-n] (a chalked string used in the building trades to make a straight line on a vertical surface)
                • packthread [ENG31-03878064-n] (a strong three-ply twine used to sew or tie packages)
              • string [ENG31-04345281-n] (a tightly stretched cord of wire or gut, as a part of an instrument or a tennis racket)

                • snare [ENG31-04256139-n] (strings stretched across the lower head of a snare drum)
              • thread [ENG31-04433923-n] (a fine cord of twisted fibers (of cotton or silk or wool or nylon etc.) used in sewing and weaving)

                • cotton [ENG31-03119952-n] (thread made of cotton fibers)

                  • lisle [ENG31-03682866-n] (a strong tightly twisted cotton thread (usually made of long-staple cotton))
                • dental floss [ENG31-03180509-n] (a soft thread for cleaning the spaces between the teeth)
                • floss [ENG31-03372391-n] (a soft loosely twisted thread used in embroidery)
                • Lastex [ENG31-03650012-n] (yarn that has an elastic core wound around with cotton or silk or nylon or rayon threads)
                • ligature [ENG31-03670409-n] (thread used by surgeons to bind a vessel (as to constrict the flow of blood))
                • metallic [ENG31-03757468-n] (a yarn made partly or entirely of metal)
                • pile [ENG31-03942321-n] (the yarn (as in a rug or velvet or corduroy) that stands up from the weave)
                • purl [ENG31-04032780-n] (gold or silver wire thread)
                • suture [ENG31-04374292-n] (thread of catgut or silk or wire used by surgeons to stitch tissues together)
                • tinsel [ENG31-04447193-n] (a thread with glittering metal foil attached)
                • warp [ENG31-04559236-n] (yarn arranged lengthways on a loom and crossed by the woof)
                • woof [ENG31-04606292-n] (the yarn woven across the warp yarn in weaving)
                • worsted [ENG31-04612679-n] (a tightly twisted woolen yarn spun from long-staple wool)
              • tie [ENG31-04440319-n] (a cord (or string or ribbon or wire etc.) with which something is tied)

                • drawstring [ENG31-03240263-n] (a tie consisting of a cord that goes through a seam around an opening)

                  • purse string [ENG31-04033164-n] (a drawstring used to close the mouth of a purse)
              • whipcord [ENG31-04585506-n] (closely twisted hard cord used for the lashes of whips)
              • wick [ENG31-04589115-n] (a loosely woven cord (in a candle or oil lamp) that draws fuel by capillary action up into the flame)

                • candlewick [ENG31-02952155-n] (the wick of a candle)
              • wick [ENG31-04589330-n] (any piece of cord that conveys liquid by capillary action)
            • lanyard [ENG31-03646616-n] ((nautical) a line used for extending or fastening rigging on ships)
            • lifeline [ENG31-03668395-n] (line thrown from a vessel that people can cling to in order to save themselves from drowning)

              • ridge rope [ENG31-04096488-n] (either of a pair of lifelines running alongside the bowsprit of a ship)
            • lifeline [ENG31-03668560-n] (line that raises or lowers a deep-sea diver)
            • mooring [ENG31-03790008-n] ((nautical) a line that holds an object (especially a boat) in place)

              • headfast [ENG31-03508502-n] (a mooring line that secures the bow of a boat or ship to a wharf)
            • painter [ENG31-03882030-n] (a line that is attached to the bow of a boat and used for tying up (as when docking or towing))
            • ratline [ENG31-04062973-n] ((nautical) a small horizontal rope between the shrouds of a sailing ship)
            • rope [ENG31-04115362-n] (a strong line)

              • bola [ENG31-02867682-n] (a rope with weights attached to the ends)
              • brace [ENG31-02890924-n] (a rope on a square-rigged ship that is used to swing a yard about and secure it)

                • royal brace [ENG31-04123000-n] (a brace to secure the royal mast)
              • brail [ENG31-02892469-n] (a small rope (one of several) used to draw a sail in)
              • bungee [ENG31-02923274-n] (an elasticized rope)
              • cable [ENG31-02937226-n] (a very strong thick rope made of twisted hemp or steel wire)

                • ground cable [ENG31-03468005-n] (a mooring cable)
              • cordage [ENG31-03111697-n] (the ropes in the rigging of a ship)

                • sennit [ENG31-04179573-n] (flat braided cordage that is used on ships)
              • guide rope [ENG31-03471658-n] (a rope used to guide the movement of the load of a crane)
              • halyard [ENG31-03485946-n] (a rope for raising or lowering a sail or flag)
              • hangman's rope [ENG31-03496825-n] (a rope that is used by a hangman to execute persons who have been condemned to death by hanging)
              • harpoon line [ENG31-03501167-n] (a strong rope for making the catch fast to the harpooner's boat)
              • hawser [ENG31-03505353-n] (large heavy rope for nautical use)
              • jump rope [ENG31-03610446-n] (a length of rope (usually with handles on each end) that is swung around while someone jumps over it)
              • lasso [ENG31-03649692-n] (a long noosed rope used to catch animals)
              • prolonge [ENG31-04016299-n] (a rope fitted with a hook and used for towing a gun carriage)
              • small stuff [ENG31-04252831-n] (any light rope used on shipboard)

                • marline [ENG31-03728043-n] (a small usually tarred line of 2 strands)
                • seizing [ENG31-04176096-n] (small stuff that is used for lashing two or more ropes together)
                • spun yarn [ENG31-04297217-n] ((nautical) small stuff consisting of a lightweight rope made of several rope yarns loosely wound together)
              • tier [ENG31-04441193-n] (something that is used for tying)
              • tightrope [ENG31-04441914-n] (tightly stretched rope or wire on which acrobats perform high above the ground)

                • high wire [ENG31-03525562-n] (a tightrope very high above the ground)
              • trip line [ENG31-04492208-n] (a light rope used in lumbering to free a dog hook from a log at a distance)
            • sheet [ENG31-04195411-n] ((nautical) a line (rope or chain) that regulates the angle at which a sail is set in relation to the wind)

              • futtock shroud [ENG31-03413531-n] (shroud that is part of a ship's rigging)
            • shroud [ENG31-04217790-n] (a line that suspends the harness from the canopy of a parachute)
            • strand [ENG31-04339921-n] (line consisting of a complex of fibers or filaments that are twisted together to form a thread or a rope or a cable)

              • ply [ENG31-03977398-n] (one of the strands twisted together to make yarn or rope or thread)
              • rope yarn [ENG31-04116334-n] (the strands out of which ropes are made)
            • towline [ENG31-04468529-n] ((nautical) a rope used in towing)
            • trace [ENG31-04469642-n] (either of two lines that connect a horse's harness to a wagon or other vehicle or to a whiffletree)
          • marker [ENG31-03727288-n] (some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something)

            • bookmark [ENG31-02874508-n] (a marker (a piece of paper or ribbon) placed between the pages of a book to mark the reader's place)
            • yard marker [ENG31-04619152-n] ((football) a marker indicating the yard line)
          • mystification [ENG31-03809451-n] (something designed to mystify or bewilder)
          • opening [ENG31-03854249-n] (a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made)

            • aperture [ENG31-02729941-n] (an man-made opening)

              • mouthpiece [ENG31-03800320-n] (the aperture of a wind instrument into which the player blows directly)
              • mouthpiece [ENG31-03800941-n] (a part that goes over or into the mouth of a person)
            • bell [ENG31-02828000-n] (the flared opening of a tubular device)
            • breech [ENG31-02899143-n] (opening in the rear of the barrel of a gun where bullets can be loaded)
            • exit [ENG31-03308910-n] (an opening that permits escape or release)

              • outfall [ENG31-03865128-n] (the outlet of a river or drain or other source of water)
            • fly [ENG31-03377906-n] (an opening in a garment that is closed by a zipper or by buttons concealed under a fold of cloth)
            • gap [ENG31-03421239-n] (a narrow opening)

              • lacuna [ENG31-03637480-n] (a blank gap or missing part)
              • spark gap [ENG31-04275790-n] (the gap between two high-potential terminals)
            • gun muzzle [ENG31-03474810-n] (the open circular discharging end of a gun)

              • point [ENG31-03981127-n] (the gun muzzle's direction)
            • hole [ENG31-03531378-n] (an opening deliberately made in or through something)

              • air hole [ENG31-02692415-n] (a hole that allows the passage of air)
              • armhole [ENG31-02741983-n] (a hole through which you put your arm and where a sleeve can be attached)
              • bunghole [ENG31-02923360-n] (a hole in a barrel or cask)
              • buttonhole [ENG31-02932314-n] (a hole through which buttons are pushed)
              • countersink [ENG31-03122702-n] (a hole (usually in wood) with the top part enlarged so that a screw or bolt will fit into it and lie below the surface)
              • cup [ENG31-03152796-n] (the hole (or metal container in the hole) on a golf green)
              • ear hole [ENG31-03265860-n] (a hole (as in a helmet) for sound to reach the ears)
              • eye [ENG31-03313242-n] (a small hole or loop (as in a needle))
              • eyelet [ENG31-03313798-n] (a small hole (usually round and finished around the edges) in cloth or leather for the passage of a cord or hook or bar)
              • finger hole [ENG31-03346652-n] (a hole for inserting a finger)

                • thumbhole [ENG31-04438159-n] (a finger hole made to fit the thumb (as in a bowling ball))
              • finger hole [ENG31-03346795-n] (one of a series of holes in a woodwind instrument)
              • hawse [ENG31-03505234-n] (the hole that an anchor rope passes through)
              • keyhole [ENG31-03619991-n] (the hole where a key is inserted)
              • loophole [ENG31-03694769-n] (a small hole in a fortified wall)
              • lubber's hole [ENG31-03700275-n] (hole in a platform on a mast through which a sailor can climb without going out on the shrouds)
              • manhole [ENG31-03722986-n] (a hole (usually with a flush cover) through which a person can gain access to an underground structure)
              • mortise [ENG31-03792841-n] (a square hole made to receive a tenon and so to form a joint)
              • mouth hole [ENG31-03800062-n] (a hole (as in a ski mask) for the mouth)
              • nail hole [ENG31-03811174-n] (a hole left after a nail is removed)
              • peephole [ENG31-03911327-n] (a hole (in a door or an oven etc) through which you can peep)

                • judas [ENG31-03608332-n] (a one-way peephole in a door)
              • perforation [ENG31-03922019-n] (a line of small holes for tearing at a particular place)
              • plughole [ENG31-03974913-n] (a hole into which a plug fits (especially a hole where water drains away))
              • posthole [ENG31-03995911-n] (a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post)
              • puncture [ENG31-04030790-n] (a small hole made by a sharp object)

                • pinhole [ENG31-03949286-n] (a small puncture that might have been made by a pin)
                • pinprick [ENG31-03949899-n] (small puncture (as if made by a pin))
              • sound hole [ENG31-04269120-n] (a hole in a soundboard (as of a violin) designed to resonate with the tones)
              • thumbhole [ENG31-04438292-n] (the hole in a woodwind that is closed and opened with the thumb)
              • vent [ENG31-04533536-n] (a hole for the escape of gas or air)

                • smoke hole [ENG31-04253761-n] (a vent (as in a roof) for smoke to escape)
            • intake [ENG31-03581786-n] (an opening through which fluid is admitted to a tube or container)

              • air horn [ENG31-02692507-n] (air intake of a carburetor)
              • siamese [ENG31-04219640-n] (an inlet with two or more couplings to which a hose can be attached so that fire engines can pump water into the sprinkler system of a building)
            • interstice [ENG31-03586700-n] (small opening between things)
            • lunette [ENG31-03702999-n] (oval or circular opening)
            • mouth [ENG31-03799914-n] (the opening of a jar or bottle)
            • neck [ENG31-03819652-n] (an opening in a garment for the neck of the wearer)

              • neckline [ENG31-03820818-n] (the line formed by the edge of a garment around the neck)

                • crew neck [ENG31-03136082-n] (a plain straight neckline opening from shoulder to shoulder of sweaters)
                • decolletage [ENG31-03173842-n] (a low-cut neckline on a woman's dress)
              • V neck [ENG31-04546830-n] (the neck of a garment has the shape of the letter V)
            • pass-through [ENG31-03902827-n] (an opening that resembles a window between two rooms (especially a shelved opening between a kitchen and dining room that is used to pass dishes))
            • port [ENG31-03991266-n] (an opening (in a wall or ship or armored vehicle) for firing through)
            • slit [ENG31-04249068-n] (a long narrow opening)

              • jag [ENG31-03597242-n] (a slit in a garment that exposes material of a different color underneath)
              • slot [ENG31-04250498-n] (a small slit (as for inserting a coin or depositing mail))

                • coin slot [ENG31-03070610-n] (a slot through which coins can be inserted into a slot machine)
                • mail slot [ENG31-03716358-n] (a slot (usually in a door) through which mail can be delivered)
              • vent [ENG31-04533711-n] (a slit in a garment (as in the back seam of a jacket))
            • spout [ENG31-04294291-n] (an opening that allows the passage of liquids or grain)

              • gargoyle [ENG31-03423528-n] (a spout that terminates in a grotesquely carved figure of a person or animal)
              • nozzle [ENG31-03839104-n] (a projecting spout from which a fluid is discharged)

                • showerhead [ENG31-04216450-n] (a perforated nozzle that showers water on a bather)
            • throat [ENG31-04436054-n] (an opening in the vamp of a shoe at the instep)
            • wicket [ENG31-04589740-n] (small opening (like a window in a door) through which business can be transacted)
            • window [ENG31-04595668-n] (a transparent opening in a vehicle that allow vision out of the sides or back)

              • car window [ENG31-02977678-n] (a window in a car)

                • quarterlight [ENG31-04038718-n] (car window consisting of a small pivoted glass vent in the door of a car)
                • rear window [ENG31-04067177-n] (car window that allows vision out of the back of the car)
            • window [ENG31-04596289-n] (an opening in a wall or screen that admits light and air and through which customers can be served)

              • ticket window [ENG31-04439672-n] (a window through which tickets are sold (as from a ticket booth))
          • padding [ENG31-03878742-n] (artifact consisting of soft or resilient material used to fill or give shape or protect or add comfort)

            • cushion [ENG31-03156166-n] (a soft bag filled with air or a mass of padding such as feathers or foam rubber etc.)

              • air cushion [ENG31-02690398-n] (a cushion usually made of rubber or plastic that can be inflated)
              • gaddi [ENG31-03414716-n] (a cushion on a throne for a prince in India)
              • hassock [ENG31-03502656-n] (a cushion for kneeling on (as when praying in church))
              • headrest [ENG31-03510351-n] (a cushion attached to the top of the back of an automobile's seat to prevent whiplash)
              • pillow [ENG31-03944520-n] (a cushion to support the head of a sleeping person)

                • bed pillow [ENG31-02824463-n] (a soft pillow for use on a bed)
                • bolster [ENG31-02868849-n] (a pillow that is often put across a bed underneath the regular pillows)
              • pincushion [ENG31-03948402-n] (a small stiff cushion into which pins are stuck ready for use)
              • seat cushion [ENG31-04169956-n] (a cushion that makes a seat more comfortable)
              • throw pillow [ENG31-04437498-n] (a small cushion that is used for decorative purposes)
            • falsie [ENG31-03324598-n] (padding that is worn inside a brassiere)
            • pad [ENG31-03878173-n] (a flat mass of soft material used for protection, stuffing, or comfort)

              • carpet pad [ENG31-02971078-n] (a pad placed under a carpet)

                • underfelt [ENG31-04515357-n] (a carpet pad of thick felt)
              • mat [ENG31-03733622-n] (a small pad of material that is used to protect surface from an object placed on it)

                • drip mat [ENG31-03246823-n] (a small mat placed under a glass to protect a surface from condensation)

                  • beer mat [ENG31-02827106-n] (a drip mat placed under a glass of beer)
                • mousepad [ENG31-03800177-n] (a small portable pad that provides traction for the ball of a computer mouse)
              • mattress [ENG31-03736655-n] (a large thick pad filled with resilient material and often incorporating coiled springs, used as a bed or part of a bed)

                • air mattress [ENG31-02693668-n] (a mattress that can be stored flat and inflated for use)

                  • Lilo [ENG31-03674129-n] (a type of inflatable air mattress)
                • feather bed [ENG31-03330426-n] (a mattress stuffed with feathers)
                • futon [ENG31-03413354-n] (mattress consisting of a pad of cotton batting that is used for sleeping on the floor or on a raised frame)
                • paillasse [ENG31-03880766-n] (mattress consisting of a thin pad filled with straw or sawdust)
                • pallet [ENG31-03885033-n] (a mattress filled with straw or a pad made of quilts)
                • spring mattress [ENG31-04296057-n] (a mattress containing springs in a rigid frame)
                • tick [ENG31-04439442-n] (a light mattress)
              • mattress pad [ENG31-03737081-n] (a protective pad over a mattress to protect it)
              • panel [ENG31-03888043-n] (a soft pad placed under a saddle)
              • plastron [ENG31-03965204-n] (a large pad worn by a fencer to protect the chest)
              • potholder [ENG31-03998473-n] (an insulated pad for holding hot pots)
              • powderpuff [ENG31-04001232-n] (a soft spherical object made from fluffy fibers)
              • rat [ENG31-04062142-n] (a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a woman's coiffure)
              • sanitary napkin [ENG31-04142398-n] (a disposable absorbent pad (trade name Kotex))
              • table mat [ENG31-04387888-n] (a pad for use under a hot dish to protect a table)
              • transdermal patch [ENG31-04477976-n] (a medicated adhesive pad placed on the skin for absorption of a time released dose of medication into the bloodstream)

                • estradiol patch [ENG31-03303299-n] (a transdermal patch that allows estradiol to be absorbed into the blood stream)
            • stuffing [ENG31-04352536-n] (padding put in mattresses and cushions and upholstered furniture)

              • batting [ENG31-02814065-n] (stuffing made of rolls or sheets of cotton wool or synthetic fiber)
          • plaything [ENG31-03971038-n] (an artifact designed to be played with)

            • ball [ENG31-02782458-n] (a spherical object used as a plaything)

              • beach ball [ENG31-02817359-n] (large and light ball)
              • snowball [ENG31-04258670-n] (snow pressed into a ball for throwing (playfully))
            • balloon [ENG31-02785352-n] (small thin inflatable rubber bag with narrow neck)
            • cockhorse [ENG31-03065214-n] (anything used as a toy horse (such as a rocking horse or one knee of an adult))
            • doll [ENG31-03223838-n] (a small replica of a person)

              • golliwog [ENG31-03452302-n] (a grotesque black doll)
              • kachina [ENG31-03612242-n] (a carved doll wearing the costume of a particular Pueblo spirit)
              • paper doll [ENG31-03892763-n] (a piece of paper cut or folded into the shape of a human being)
              • puppet [ENG31-04031524-n] (a doll with a hollow head of a person or animal and a cloth body)

                • hand puppet [ENG31-03493046-n] (a puppet with a cloth body and hollow head)
              • rag doll [ENG31-04053265-n] (a cloth doll that is stuffed and (usually) painted)
              • sawdust doll [ENG31-04147405-n] (a doll that is stuffed with sawdust)
              • toy soldier [ENG31-04469553-n] (a doll that resembles a soldier)
            • dollhouse [ENG31-03224065-n] (a small model of a house used as a toy by children)
            • hobby [ENG31-03528796-n] (a child's plaything consisting of an imitation horse mounted on rockers)
            • hula-hoop [ENG31-03553582-n] (plaything consisting of a tubular plastic hoop for swinging around the hips)
            • jack-in-the-box [ENG31-03595775-n] (plaything consisting of a toy clown that jumps out of a box when the lid is opened)
            • jungle gym [ENG31-03608655-n] (a structure of vertical and horizontal rods where children can climb and play)
            • jumping jack [ENG31-03610286-n] (plaything consisting of a toy figure with movable joints that can be made to dance by pulling strings)
            • kaleidoscope [ENG31-03612969-n] (an optical toy in a tube)
            • kite [ENG31-03626682-n] (plaything consisting of a light frame covered with tissue paper)

              • box kite [ENG31-02889026-n] (a kite shaped like a box open at both ends)
              • sport kite [ENG31-04292007-n] (a maneuverable kite controlled by two lines and flown with both hands)
            • Lego [ENG31-03660621-n] ((trademark) a child's plastic construction set for making mechanical models)
            • Meccano [ENG31-03742300-n] (a child's construction set for making mechanical models)
            • pea shooter [ENG31-03909050-n] (a straight narrow tube through which pellets (as dried peas) can be blown at a target)
            • pinata [ENG31-03947507-n] (plaything consisting of a container filled with toys and candy)
            • pinwheel [ENG31-03950414-n] (a toy consisting of vanes of colored paper or plastic that is pinned to a stick and spins when it is pointed into the wind)
            • playhouse [ENG31-03970107-n] (plaything consisting of a small model of a house that children can play inside of)

              • tree house [ENG31-04485201-n] (a playhouse built in the branches of a tree)
            • pogo stick [ENG31-03980428-n] (plaything consisting of a pole with foot rests and a strong spring)
            • popgun [ENG31-03989857-n] (plaything consisting of a toy gun that makes a popping sound)
            • rattle [ENG31-04063401-n] (a baby's toy that makes percussive noises when shaken)
            • sandbox [ENG31-04141422-n] (a plaything consisting of a pile of sand or a box filled with sand for children to play in)
            • seesaw [ENG31-04174820-n] (a plaything consisting of a board balanced on a fulcrum)
            • slide [ENG31-04245234-n] (plaything consisting of a sloping chute down which children can slide)
            • slingshot [ENG31-04247204-n] (a plaything consisting of a Y-shaped stick with elastic between the arms)
            • stick horse [ENG31-04325689-n] (a child's plaything consisting on an imitation horse's head on one end of a stick)
            • teddy [ENG31-04406517-n] (plaything consisting of a child's toy bear (usually plush and stuffed with soft materials))
            • top [ENG31-04461511-n] (a conical child's plaything tapering to a steel point on which it can be made to spin)

              • humming top [ENG31-03554277-n] (a top that makes a humming noise as it spins)
              • peg top [ENG31-03912474-n] (a pear-shaped top made of wood with a metal center pin)
              • whipping top [ENG31-04585745-n] (a top that is spun by whipping)
            • train set [ENG31-04475942-n] (a toy consisting of small models of railroad trains and the track for them to run on)
            • water pistol [ENG31-04568834-n] (plaything consisting of a toy pistol that squirts water)
            • yo-yo [ENG31-04620912-n] (a toy consisting of a spool that is reeled up and down on a string by motions of the hand)
          • ready-made [ENG31-04066033-n] (a manufactured artifact (as a garment or piece of furniture) that is made in advance and available for purchase)
          • restoration [ENG31-04090580-n] (some artifact that has been restored or reconstructed)
          • sheet [ENG31-04195686-n] (a flat artifact that is thin relative to its length and width)

            • blackboard [ENG31-02849749-n] (sheet of slate)
            • blank [ENG31-02852289-n] (a piece of material ready to be made into something)
            • board [ENG31-02859743-n] (a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose)

              • aquaplane [ENG31-02734905-n] (a board that is pulled by a speedboat as a person stands on it and skims over the top of the water)
              • breadboard [ENG31-02897062-n] (a wooden or plastic board on which dough is kneaded or bread is sliced)
              • bulletin board [ENG31-02919884-n] (a board that hangs on a wall)

                • call-board [ENG31-02943706-n] (a bulletin board backstage in a theater)
              • chopping board [ENG31-03029196-n] (a wooden board where meats or vegetables can be cut)
              • drafting board [ENG31-03235727-n] (a smooth board on which paper is placed for making drawings)
              • drainboard [ENG31-03237379-n] (a board beside a kitchen sink and inclined to drain into the sink)
              • floorboard [ENG31-03371476-n] (a board in the floor)
              • ironing board [ENG31-03591259-n] (narrow padded board on collapsible supports)
              • kneeler [ENG31-03628282-n] (a board (sometimes cushioned) for someone to kneel on)
              • mortarboard [ENG31-03792697-n] (a square board with a handle underneath)
              • palette [ENG31-03884371-n] (board that provides a flat surface on which artists mix paints and the range of colors used)
              • planchette [ENG31-03960783-n] (a triangular board supported on casters)
              • scoreboard [ENG31-04156878-n] (a large board for displaying the score of a contest (and some other information))
              • sideboard [ENG31-04221113-n] (a board that forms part of the side of a bed or crib)
              • sideboard [ENG31-04221221-n] (a removable board fitted on the side of a wagon to increase its capacity)
              • snowboard [ENG31-04258901-n] (a board that resembles a broad ski or a small surfboard)
              • springboard [ENG31-04295811-n] (a flexible board for jumping upward)

                • diving board [ENG31-03220783-n] (a springboard from which swimmers can dive)

                  • highboard [ENG31-03523393-n] (a high diving board)
              • surfboard [ENG31-04370646-n] (a narrow buoyant board for riding surf)
              • trencher [ENG31-04486390-n] (a wooden board or platter on which food is served or carved)
              • wake board [ENG31-04551912-n] (a buoyant board (resembling a surfboard) that is used to ride over water while being pulled behind a motorboat)
              • wallboard [ENG31-04555277-n] (a wide flat board used to cover walls or partitions)

                • beaver board [ENG31-02821537-n] (a light wallboard made of compressed wood pulp)
                • fiberboard [ENG31-03336335-n] (wallboard composed of wood chips or shavings bonded together with resin and compressed into rigid sheets)

                  • Masonite [ENG31-03730997-n] (a type of fiberboard)
                • plasterboard [ENG31-03964056-n] (wallboard with a gypsum plaster core bonded to layers of paper or fiberboard)

                  • Sheetrock [ENG31-04196859-n] (a kind of plasterboard)
              • workboard [ENG31-04607954-n] (a horizontal board that provides a supported surface for manual work)
            • laminate [ENG31-03640959-n] (a sheet of material made by bonding two or more sheets or layers)

              • plastic laminate [ENG31-03964924-n] (a laminate made by bonding plastic layers)

                • Formica [ENG31-03390141-n] (any of various plastic laminates containing melamine)
              • plywood [ENG31-03977576-n] (a laminate made of thin layers of wood)
            • membrane [ENG31-03749252-n] (a thin pliable sheet of material)

              • drumhead [ENG31-03254982-n] (a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum)
              • gelatin [ENG31-03437578-n] (a thin translucent membrane used over stage lights for color effects)
            • panel [ENG31-03887755-n] (sheet that forms a distinct (usually flat and rectangular) section or component of something)

              • coffer [ENG31-03068446-n] (an ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling or dome)
              • footboard [ENG31-03384307-n] (a vertical board or panel forming the foot of a bedstead)
              • headboard [ENG31-03507344-n] (a vertical board or panel forming the head of a bedstead)
              • paneling [ENG31-03888308-n] (a panel or section of panels in a wall or door)

                • wall panel [ENG31-04555789-n] (paneling that forms part of a wall)
              • wainscot [ENG31-04551282-n] (wooden panels that can be used to line the walls of a room)
              • wainscot [ENG31-04551424-n] (panel forming the lower part of an interior wall when it is finished differently from the rest of the wall)
              • window [ENG31-04595890-n] (a transparent panel (as of an envelope) inserted in an otherwise opaque material)
            • plate [ENG31-03966230-n] (a sheet of metal or wood or glass or plastic)

              • baffle [ENG31-02775873-n] (a flat plate that controls or directs the flow of fluid or energy)

                • diffuser [ENG31-03199676-n] (baffle that distributes sound waves evenly)
              • cylinder head [ENG31-03161272-n] (a detachable plate that covers the closed end of a cylinder chamber in a reciprocating engine or pump)
              • damper [ENG31-03166391-n] (a movable iron plate that regulates the draft in a stove or chimney or furnace)
              • engraving [ENG31-03293936-n] (a block or plate or other hard surface that has been engraved)

                • copperplate [ENG31-03108898-n] (an engraving consisting of a smooth plate of copper that has been etched or engraved)
                • etching [ENG31-03304353-n] (an etched plate made with the use of acid)
                • gravure [ENG31-03460867-n] (a printing plate used in the process of gravure)
                • halftone [ENG31-03483344-n] (an engraving used to reproduce an illustration)
                • linecut [ENG31-03677423-n] (engraving consisting of a block that has been etched or engraved)
                • steel engraving [ENG31-04318535-n] (engraving on a steel plate)
                • woodcut [ENG31-04604863-n] (engraving consisting of a block of wood with a design cut into it)
              • escutcheon [ENG31-03301526-n] ((nautical) a plate on a ship's stern on which the name is inscribed)
              • fin keel [ENG31-03347893-n] (a metal plate projecting from the keel of a shallow vessel to give it greater lateral stability)

                • centerboard [ENG31-02997543-n] (a retractable fin keel used on sailboats to prevent drifting to leeward)

                  • daggerboard [ENG31-03163842-n] (a removable centerboard on a small sailboat that can be lowered into the water to serve as a keel)
              • fishplate [ENG31-03357699-n] (metal plate bolted along sides of two rails or beams)
              • grid [ENG31-03463685-n] (a perforated or corrugated metal plate used in a storage battery as a conductor and support for the active material)
              • lamella [ENG31-03640743-n] (thin plate)
              • license plate [ENG31-03666506-n] (a plate mounted on the front and back of car and bearing the car's registration number)
              • L-plate [ENG31-03700087-n] (a square plate bearing the letter L that is attached to both ends of a car to indicate that the driver is a learner)
              • nameplate [ENG31-03812192-n] (a plate bearing a name)

                • doorplate [ENG31-03228256-n] (a nameplate fastened to a door)
              • plate iron [ENG31-03967544-n] (a plate of iron)

                • boilerplate [ENG31-02867335-n] (thick plate iron used in the production of boilers)
                • sheet iron [ENG31-04196435-n] (plate iron thinner than tank iron)
                • stovepipe iron [ENG31-04338034-n] (plate iron that is thinner than tank iron)
                • tank iron [ENG31-04397425-n] (plate iron that is thinner than boilerplate but thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron)
              • platen [ENG31-03967797-n] (the flat plate of a printing press that presses the paper against the type)
              • pleximeter [ENG31-03972914-n] (a small thin metal plate held against the body and struck with a plexor in percussive examinations)
              • tap [ENG31-04398363-n] (a small metal plate that attaches to the toe or heel of a shoe (as in tap dancing))
            • plate [ENG31-03967077-n] (a flat sheet of metal or glass on which a photographic image can be recorded)

              • quarter plate [ENG31-04038868-n] (a photographic plate measuring 3.25 inches by 4.25 inches)
            • plate glass [ENG31-03967364-n] (glass formed into large thin sheets)

              • cover glass [ENG31-03127224-n] (a small and very thin piece of glass used to cover the specimen on a microscope slide)
              • pane [ENG31-03887590-n] (sheet glass cut in shapes for windows or doors)

                • windowpane [ENG31-04597048-n] (a pane of glass in a window)
              • slide [ENG31-04245030-n] (a small flat rectangular piece of glass on which specimens can be mounted for microscopic study)
            • sheet metal [ENG31-04196525-n] (sheet of metal formed into a thin plate)

              • corrugated iron [ENG31-03117082-n] (usually galvanized sheet iron or sheet steel shaped into straight parallel ridges and hollows)
              • flashing [ENG31-03363854-n] (sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing)
              • foil [ENG31-03380540-n] (a piece of thin and flexible sheet metal)

                • aluminum foil [ENG31-02703626-n] (foil made of aluminum)
                • chaff [ENG31-03002608-n] (foil in thin strips)
                • gold foil [ENG31-03449661-n] (foil made of gold)

                  • gold leaf [ENG31-03449771-n] (a very thin form of gold foil)
                • tinfoil [ENG31-04446846-n] (foil made of tin or an alloy of tin and lead)
              • tin plate [ENG31-04446974-n] (a thin sheet of metal (iron or steel) coated with tin to prevent rusting)
            • stencil [ENG31-04321354-n] (a sheet of material (metal, plastic, cardboard, waxed paper, silk, etc.) that has been perforated with a pattern (printing or a design))
          • sphere [ENG31-04281649-n] (any spherically shaped artifact)
          • square [ENG31-04298649-n] (any artifact having a shape similar to a plane geometric figure with four equal sides and four right angles)
          • squeaker [ENG31-04299871-n] (any artifact that makes a squeaking sound when used)
          • strip [ENG31-04346369-n] (artifact consisting of a narrow flat piece of material)

            • band [ENG31-02787241-n] (a thin flat strip of flexible material that is worn around the body or one of the limbs (especially to decorate the body))

              • armband [ENG31-02741454-n] (a band worn around the upper arm)
              • armlet [ENG31-02742432-n] (a band worn around the arm for decoration)
              • backband [ENG31-02770820-n] (a broad band that passes over the back of a horse and supports the shafts of a vehicle)
              • bellyband [ENG31-02830332-n] (a cloth band that is worn around the waist (as on infants until the navel has healed))
              • collar [ENG31-03072185-n] (a band that fits around the neck and is usually folded over)

                • choker [ENG31-03028429-n] (a high tight collar)

                  • fraise [ENG31-03395732-n] (a ruff for the neck worn in the 16th century)
                • clerical collar [ENG31-03045949-n] (a stiff white collar with no opening in the front)
                • Eton collar [ENG31-03306011-n] (broad white collar worn over the lapels of a jacket)
                • Peter Pan collar [ENG31-03926096-n] (a flat collar with rounded ends that meet in front)
                • rabato [ENG31-04043124-n] (a wired or starched collar of intricate lace)
                • turtleneck collar [ENG31-04509659-n] (a high close-fitting turnover collar)
              • collar [ENG31-03072490-n] (a band of leather or rope that is placed around an animal's neck as a harness or to identify it)

                • dog collar [ENG31-03222517-n] (a collar for a dog)
              • garter [ENG31-03426027-n] (a band (usually elastic) worn around the leg to hold up a stocking (or around the arm to hold up a sleeve))
              • girdle [ENG31-03442981-n] (a band of material around the waist that strengthens a skirt or trousers)

                • cummerbund [ENG31-03152063-n] (a broad pleated sash worn as formal dress with a tuxedo)
              • headband [ENG31-03507186-n] (a band worn around or over the head)

                • taenia [ENG31-04390783-n] (a narrow headband or strip of ribbon worn as a headband)
              • headstall [ENG31-03511172-n] (the band that is the part of a bridle that fits around a horse's head)
              • hoop [ENG31-03539152-n] (a rigid circular band of metal or wood or other material used for holding or fastening or hanging or pulling)

                • collar [ENG31-03072866-n] (a short ring fastened over a rod or shaft to limit, guide, or secure a machine part)
                • curtain ring [ENG31-03156067-n] (a circular ring for holding up a curtain)
                • key ring [ENG31-03620246-n] (a circular ring of metal for holding keys)
                • napkin ring [ENG31-03813320-n] (a circular band used to hold a particular person's napkin)
                • nose ring [ENG31-03837548-n] (a ring worn on the nose as an ornament or on the nose of an animal to control it)
                • rim [ENG31-04099417-n] (the outer part of a wheel to which the tire is attached)

                  • felloe [ENG31-03331605-n] (rim (or part of the rim) into which spokes are inserted)
                • rim [ENG31-04099559-n] ((basketball) the hoop from which the net is suspended)
                • tire [ENG31-04447883-n] (hoop that covers a wheel)

                  • car tire [ENG31-02974626-n] (a tire consisting of a rubber ring around the rim of an automobile wheel)

                    • retread [ENG31-04091054-n] (a used automobile tire that has been remolded to give it new treads)
                  • pneumatic tire [ENG31-03977780-n] (a tire made of reinforced rubber and filled with compressed air)

                    • flat [ENG31-03364796-n] (a deflated pneumatic tire)
                    • radial [ENG31-04046723-n] (pneumatic tire that has radial-ply casing)
                    • snow tire [ENG31-04259924-n] (an automobile pneumatic tire with deep tread to give traction in snow)
                    • tubeless [ENG31-04502057-n] (pneumatic tire not needing an inner tube to be airtight)
                  • wagon tire [ENG31-04550922-n] (a metal hoop forming the tread of a wheel)
                • towel ring [ENG31-04467273-n] (a circular hoop for holding a towel)
              • strap [ENG31-04340638-n] (a band that goes over the shoulder and supports a garment or bag)
              • sweatband [ENG31-04376705-n] (a band of fabric or leather sewn inside the crown of a hat)
              • sweatband [ENG31-04376819-n] (a band of material tied around the forehead or wrist to absorb sweat)
              • watchband [ENG31-04563490-n] (a band of cloth or leather or metal links attached to a wristwatch and wrapped around the wrist)
              • weed [ENG31-04577966-n] (a black band worn by a man (on the arm or hat) as a sign of mourning)
              • wristband [ENG31-04614756-n] (band consisting of a part of a sleeve that covers the wrist)
              • wristlet [ENG31-04614890-n] (a band or bracelet worn around the wrist)
            • band [ENG31-02788214-n] (a strip of material attached to the leg of a bird to identify it (as in studies of bird migration))
            • band [ENG31-02788388-n] (a thin flat strip or loop of flexible material that goes around or over something else, typically to hold it together or as a decoration)
            • cramp [ENG31-03130741-n] (a strip of metal with ends bent at right angles)
            • reef [ENG31-03463893-n] (one of several strips across a sail that can be taken in or rolled up to lessen the area of the sail that is exposed to the wind)
            • lead [ENG31-03656591-n] (thin strip of metal used to separate lines of type in printing)
            • mullion [ENG31-03803790-n] (a nonstructural vertical strip between the casements or panes of a window (or the panels of a screen))
            • ribbon [ENG31-04095170-n] (a long strip of inked material for making characters on paper with a typewriter)
            • screed [ENG31-04158470-n] (an accurately levelled strip of material placed on a wall or floor as guide for the even application of plaster or concrete)
            • stay [ENG31-04314757-n] (a thin strip of metal or bone that is used to stiffen a garment (e.g. a corset))
            • tab [ENG31-04385210-n] (a short strip of material attached to or projecting from something in order to facilitate opening or identifying or handling it)
            • tape [ENG31-04398656-n] (a long thin piece of cloth or paper as used for binding or fastening)

              • adhesive tape [ENG31-02683191-n] (tape coated with adhesive)

                • cellulose tape [ENG31-02996250-n] (transparent or semitransparent adhesive tape (trade names Scotch tape and Sellotape) used for sealing or attaching or mending)
                • duct tape [ENG31-03258219-n] (a wide silvery adhesive tape intended to seal joints in sheet metal duct work but having many other uses)
                • friction tape [ENG31-03401677-n] (a water-resistant adhesive tape used to insulate exposed electrical conductors)
                • masking tape [ENG31-03730846-n] (adhesive tape used to cover the part of a surface that should not be painted)
                • plaster [ENG31-03963714-n] (adhesive tape used in dressing wounds)

                  • court plaster [ENG31-03126207-n] (a plaster composed of isinglass on silk)
              • inkle [ENG31-03577258-n] (a linen tape used for trimming as a decoration)
              • webbing [ENG31-04576230-n] (a narrow closely woven tape)
            • weather strip [ENG31-04575156-n] (a narrow strip of material to cover the joint of a door or window to exclude the cold)
          • structure [ENG31-04348764-n] (a thing constructed)

            • airdock [ENG31-02690680-n] (a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained)
            • altar [ENG31-02702353-n] (a raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made)

              • high altar [ENG31-03523062-n] (the main altar in a church)
            • arcade [ENG31-02736218-n] (a structure composed of a series of arches supported by columns)

              • loggia [ENG31-03692463-n] (a roofed arcade or gallery with open sides stretching along the front or side of a building)
            • arch [ENG31-02736529-n] ((architecture) a masonry construction (usually curved) for spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it)

              • abutment arch [ENG31-02672072-n] (an arch supported by an abutment)
              • broken arch [ENG31-02908477-n] (an arch with a gap at the apex)
              • camber arch [ENG31-02945470-n] (an arch with a straight horizontal extrados and a slightly arched intrados)
              • corbel arch [ENG31-03110296-n] ((architecture) an arch constructed of masonry courses that are corbelled until they meet)
              • flat arch [ENG31-03364979-n] (an arch with mutually supporting voussoirs that has a straight horizontal extrados and intrados)
              • pier arch [ENG31-03940505-n] (an arch supported on piers)
              • pointed arch [ENG31-03981393-n] (an arch with a pointed apex)

                • drop arch [ENG31-03250900-n] (a blunt pointed arch drawn from two centers within the span)
                • Gothic arch [ENG31-03453900-n] (a pointed arch)

                  • lancet arch [ENG31-03643101-n] (an acutely pointed Gothic arch, like a lance)
                • ogee arch [ENG31-03848274-n] (a pointed arch having an S-shape on both sides)
                • trefoil arch [ENG31-04485618-n] (a pointed arch having cusps in the intrados on either side of the apex)
              • proscenium arch [ENG31-04019976-n] (the arch over the opening in the proscenium wall)
              • rampant arch [ENG31-04058817-n] (an arch whose support is higher on one side than on the other)
              • round arch [ENG31-04120859-n] (an arch formed in a continuous curve)

                • bell arch [ENG31-02828295-n] (a round arch resting on corbels)
                • Moorish arch [ENG31-03790429-n] (a round arch that widens before rounding off)
                • Roman arch [ENG31-04111478-n] (a round arch drawn from a single center)
                • three-centered arch [ENG31-04434351-n] (a round arch whose inner curve is drawn with circles having three centers)
              • rowlock arch [ENG31-04122636-n] (an arch that is formed with more than one concentric row of voussoirs)
              • scoinson arch [ENG31-04155529-n] (an arch that supports part of the wall)
              • segmental arch [ENG31-04175145-n] (a shallow arch)
              • shouldered arch [ENG31-04214663-n] (an arch consisting of a horizontal lintel supported at each end by corbels that project into the aperture)
              • skeen arch [ENG31-04233234-n] (an arch whose height is less than half its width)
              • skew arch [ENG31-04234849-n] (an arch whose jambs are not at right angles with the face)
              • squinch [ENG31-04300882-n] (a small arch built across the interior angle of two walls (usually to support a spire))

                • trumpet arch [ENG31-04498607-n] (a conical squinch)
              • trimmer arch [ENG31-04491280-n] (an arch built between trimmers in a floor (to support the weight of a hearth))
              • triumphal arch [ENG31-04493310-n] (a monumental archway)
              • Tudor arch [ENG31-04502850-n] (a low elliptical or pointed arch)
            • area [ENG31-02738693-n] (a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function)

              • aisle [ENG31-02696904-n] (part of a church divided laterally from the nave proper by rows of pillars or columns)
              • auditorium [ENG31-02761139-n] (the area of a theater or concert hall where the audience sits)

                • assembly hall [ENG31-02753075-n] (a hall where many people can congregate)
              • baggage claim [ENG31-02778183-n] (an area in an airport where arriving passengers can collect the luggage that has been carried in the hold of the aircraft)
              • box [ENG31-02887848-n] (any one of several designated areas on a ball field where the batter or catcher or coaches are positioned)

                • batter's box [ENG31-02813405-n] (an area on a baseball diamond (on either side of home plate) marked by lines within which the batter must stand when at bat)
              • breakfast area [ENG31-02897420-n] (a place for light meals (usually near a kitchen))
              • bullpen [ENG31-02921348-n] (a place on a baseball field where relief pitchers can warm up during a game)
              • chancel [ENG31-03008428-n] (area around the altar of a church for the clergy and choir)
              • choir [ENG31-03027747-n] (the area occupied by singers)
              • corner [ENG31-03114532-n] (an interior angle formed by two meeting walls)

                • amen corner [ENG31-02704119-n] (area reserved for persons leading the responsive `amens')
                • chimney corner [ENG31-03021489-n] (a corner by a fireplace)
              • court [ENG31-03124849-n] (an area wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings)

                • atrium [ENG31-02757661-n] (the central area in a building)
                • bailey [ENG31-02778818-n] (the outer courtyard of a castle)
                • cloister [ENG31-03051926-n] (a courtyard with covered walks (as in religious institutions))
                • food court [ENG31-03382851-n] (an area (as in a shopping mall) where fast food is sold (usually around a common eating area))
                • forecourt [ENG31-03387138-n] (the outer or front court of a building or of a group of buildings)
                • parvis [ENG31-03900867-n] (a courtyard or portico in front of a building (especially a cathedral))
              • dead-air space [ENG31-03170384-n] (an unventilated area where no air circulates)
              • dining area [ENG31-03204915-n] (an area arranged for dining)
              • enclosure [ENG31-03290823-n] (a structure consisting of an area that has been enclosed for some purpose)

                • cage [ENG31-02940098-n] (an enclosure made or wire or metal bars in which birds or animals can be kept)

                  • birdcage [ENG31-02846514-n] (a cage in which a bird can be kept)
                  • hutch [ENG31-03555469-n] (a cage (usually made of wood and wire mesh) for small animals)

                    • rabbit hutch [ENG31-04043696-n] (a hutch for rabbits)
                  • squirrel cage [ENG31-04301040-n] (cage with a cylindrical framework that rotates as a small animal runs inside it)
                • cargo area [ENG31-02968086-n] (the space in a ship or aircraft for storing cargo)
                • chamber [ENG31-03007334-n] (a natural or artificial enclosed space)

                  • airlock [ENG31-02693442-n] (a chamber that provides access to space where air is under pressure)
                  • bomb shelter [ENG31-02871978-n] (a chamber (often underground) reinforced against bombing and provided with food and living facilities)
                  • burial chamber [ENG31-02925268-n] (a chamber that is used as a grave)

                    • crypt [ENG31-03147082-n] (a cellar or vault or underground burial chamber (especially beneath a church))
                    • mausoleum [ENG31-03737605-n] (a large burial chamber, usually above ground)
                    • repository [ENG31-04083825-n] (a burial vault (usually for some famous person))
                    • vault [ENG31-04530985-n] (a burial chamber (usually underground))

                      • charnel house [ENG31-03013448-n] (a vault or building where corpses or bones are deposited)
                      • columbarium [ENG31-03077549-n] (a sepulchral vault or other structure having recesses in the walls to receive cinerary urns)
                  • caisson [ENG31-02940477-n] (large watertight chamber used for construction under water)
                  • camera obscura [ENG31-02947141-n] (a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface)
                  • core [ENG31-03112555-n] (the chamber of a nuclear reactor containing the fissile material where the reaction takes place)
                  • cylinder [ENG31-03161071-n] (a chamber within which piston moves)

                    • brake cylinder [ENG31-02893237-n] (a cylinder that contains brake fluid that is compressed by a piston)
                  • firing chamber [ENG31-03353714-n] (chamber that is the part of a gun that receives the charge)
                  • furnace [ENG31-03409359-n] (an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat buildings, destroy refuse, smelt or refine ores, etc.)

                    • athanor [ENG31-02755044-n] (a furnace that feeds itself so as to maintain a uniform temperature)
                    • blast furnace [ENG31-02853123-n] (a furnace for smelting of iron from iron oxide ores)
                    • crematory [ENG31-03134717-n] (a furnace where a corpse can be burned and reduced to ashes)

                      • gas oven [ENG31-03430235-n] (a cremation chamber fueled by gas)
                    • cupola [ENG31-03153474-n] (a vertical cylindrical furnace for melting iron for casting)
                    • electric furnace [ENG31-03276776-n] (any furnace in which the heat is provided by an electric current)

                      • Stassano furnace [ENG31-04312154-n] (an electric furnace in which an electric arc provides the source of heat for making steel)
                    • firebox [ENG31-03349355-n] (a furnace (as on a steam locomotive) in which fuel is burned)
                    • forge [ENG31-03388667-n] (furnace consisting of a special hearth where metal is heated before shaping)
                    • gas furnace [ENG31-03428134-n] (a furnace that burns gas)
                    • incinerator [ENG31-03571373-n] (a furnace for incinerating (especially to dispose of refuse))
                    • kiln [ENG31-03622304-n] (a furnace for firing or burning or drying such things as porcelain or bricks)

                      • brickkiln [ENG31-02901376-n] (a kiln for making bricks)
                      • dry kiln [ENG31-03256934-n] (a kiln for drying and seasoning lumber)
                      • limekiln [ENG31-03674860-n] (a kiln used to reduce naturally occurring forms of calcium carbonate to lime)
                      • muffle [ENG31-03802584-n] (a kiln with an inner chamber for firing things at a low temperature)
                      • oast [ENG31-03843126-n] (a kiln for drying hops)
                    • oil burner [ENG31-03848741-n] (a furnace that burns oil)
                    • open-hearth furnace [ENG31-03854057-n] (a furnace for making steel in which the steel is placed on a shallow hearth and flames of burning gas and hot air play over it)
                    • reverberatory furnace [ENG31-04091794-n] (a furnace in which the material that is being treated is heated indirectly by flames that are directed at the roof and walls of the furnace)
                    • tank furnace [ENG31-04397243-n] (furnace into one end of which a batch of measured raw materials is shoveled and from the other end molten glass is obtained)
                  • hyperbaric chamber [ENG31-03560186-n] (a large chamber in which the oxygen pressure is above normal for the atmosphere)
                  • particle detector [ENG31-03899748-n] (a chamber in which particles can be made visible)

                    • bubble chamber [ENG31-02912490-n] (an instrument that records the tracks of ionizing particles)
                    • cloud chamber [ENG31-03056613-n] (apparatus that detects the path of high-energy particles passing through a supersaturated vapor)
                    • spark chamber [ENG31-04275528-n] (an instrument that detects ionizing radiation from elementary particles)
                  • resonator [ENG31-04087566-n] (a hollow chamber whose dimensions allow the resonant oscillation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves)

                    • soundbox [ENG31-04268616-n] (a resonating chamber in a musical instrument (as the body of a violin))
                    • sounding board [ENG31-04269271-n] ((music) resonator consisting of a thin board whose vibrations reinforce the sound of the instrument)
                  • steam chest [ENG31-04316053-n] (the chamber from which steam is distributed to a cylinder)
                  • stokehold [ENG31-04332547-n] ((nautical) chamber or compartment in which the furnaces of a ship are stoked or fired)
                  • stuffing box [ENG31-04352673-n] (a small chamber in which packing is compressed around a reciprocating shaft or piston to form a seal)
                  • tokamak [ENG31-04455456-n] (a doughnut-shaped chamber used in fusion research)
                  • vacuum chamber [ENG31-04525294-n] (a chamber from which nearly all matter (especially air) has been removed)
                • compound [ENG31-03085863-n] (an enclosure of residences and other building (especially in the Orient))
                • dock [ENG31-03221894-n] (an enclosure in a court of law where the defendant sits during the trial)
                • echo chamber [ENG31-03268932-n] (an enclosed space for producing reverberation of a sound)
                • lock [ENG31-03688405-n] (enclosure consisting of a section of canal that can be closed to control the water level)
                • nacelle [ENG31-03809751-n] (a streamlined enclosure for an aircraft engine)
                • pen [ENG31-03913346-n] (an enclosure for confining livestock)

                  • cow pen [ENG31-03129241-n] (a pen for cattle)
                  • creep [ENG31-03134595-n] (a pen that is fenced so that young animals can enter but adults cannot)
                  • fold [ENG31-03381005-n] (a pen for sheep)
                  • holding pen [ENG31-03531242-n] (a pen where livestock is temporarily confined)
                  • kraal [ENG31-03633712-n] (a pen for livestock in southern Africa)
                  • paddock [ENG31-03880165-n] (pen where racehorses are saddled and paraded before a race)
                  • pinfold [ENG31-03948876-n] (a pen where stray animals are confined)
                  • rodeo [ENG31-04107613-n] (an enclosure for cattle that have been rounded up)
                  • sty [ENG31-04353506-n] (a pen for swine)
                • pit [ENG31-03956389-n] (an enclosure in which animals are made to fight)

                  • cockpit [ENG31-03065822-n] (a pit for cockfights)
                • playpen [ENG31-03970789-n] (a portable enclosure in which babies may be left to play)
                • plenum [ENG31-03972538-n] (an enclosed space in which the air pressure is higher than outside)
                • pound [ENG31-04000061-n] (a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs)
                • recess [ENG31-04069081-n] (an enclosure that is set back or indented)

                  • alcove [ENG31-02698907-n] (a small recess opening off a larger room)

                    • carrel [ENG31-02971792-n] (small individual study area in a library)
                  • apse [ENG31-02734403-n] (a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church)

                    • tribune [ENG31-04488511-n] (the apse of a Christian church that contains the bishop's throne)
                  • columbarium [ENG31-03077698-n] (a niche for a funeral urn containing the ashes of the cremated dead)
                  • fireplace [ENG31-03351301-n] (an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built)

                    • fire [ENG31-03348406-n] (a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning)

                      • cookfire [ENG31-03105953-n] (a fire for cooking)
                  • mihrab [ENG31-03767969-n] ((Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca)
                • vivarium [ENG31-04546498-n] (an indoor enclosure for keeping and raising living animals and plants and observing them under natural conditions)

                  • terrarium [ENG31-04421334-n] (a vivarium in which selected living plants are kept and observed)
                • yard [ENG31-04617860-n] (an enclosure for animals (as chicken or livestock))

                  • barnyard [ENG31-02796953-n] (a yard adjoining a barn)
                  • chicken yard [ENG31-03020391-n] (an enclosed yard for keeping poultry)
                  • farmyard [ENG31-03328156-n] (an area adjacent to farm buildings)
                  • stockyard [ENG31-04332346-n] (enclosed yard where cattle, pigs, horses, or sheep are kept temporarily)
              • goalmouth [ENG31-03447929-n] ((sports) the area immediately in front of the goal)
              • hideaway [ENG31-03522810-n] (an area where you can be alone)
              • nave [ENG31-03818618-n] (the central area of a church)
              • orchestra pit [ENG31-03858811-n] (lowered area in front of a stage where an orchestra accompanies the performers)
              • panopticon [ENG31-03889641-n] (an area where everything is visible)

                • showroom [ENG31-04216878-n] (an area where merchandise (such as cars) can be displayed)
              • patio [ENG31-03905846-n] (usually paved outdoor area adjoining a residence)

                • suntrap [ENG31-04364726-n] (a terrace or garden oriented to take advantage of the sun while protected from cold winds)
              • pit [ENG31-03956037-n] ((auto racing) an area at the side of a racetrack where the race cars are serviced and refueled)
              • pit [ENG31-03956200-n] ((commodity exchange) the part of the floor of a commodity exchange where trading in a particular commodity is carried on)
              • press gallery [ENG31-04007074-n] (an area (sometimes in a balcony) set aside for reporters (especially in a legislative hall))
              • pull-off [ENG31-04027138-n] (designated paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily)
              • quad [ENG31-04036994-n] (a rectangular area surrounded on all sides by buildings)
              • room [ENG31-04112987-n] (an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling)

                • anechoic chamber [ENG31-02713183-n] (a chamber having very little reverberation)
                • anteroom [ENG31-02718424-n] (a large entrance or reception room or area)

                  • narthex [ENG31-03815226-n] (a vestibule leading to the nave of a church)
                • back room [ENG31-02773298-n] (a room located in the rear of an establishment)
                • ballroom [ENG31-02786347-n] (large room used mainly for dancing)

                  • disco [ENG31-03211003-n] (a public dance hall for dancing to recorded popular music)
                • barroom [ENG31-02800154-n] (a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter)

                  • barrelhouse [ENG31-02798693-n] (a cheap drinking and dancing establishment)
                  • cocktail lounge [ENG31-03066125-n] (a barroom in a hotel or restaurant where cocktails are served)
                  • sawdust saloon [ENG31-04147499-n] (a saloon whose floor is covered with sawdust)
                  • speakeasy [ENG31-04277386-n] ((during prohibition) an illegal barroom)
                • bathroom [ENG31-02810916-n] (a room (as in a residence) containing a bathtub or shower and usually a washbasin and toilet)
                • bedroom [ENG31-02824762-n] (a room used primarily for sleeping)

                  • boudoir [ENG31-02881776-n] (a lady's bedroom or private sitting room)
                  • child's room [ENG31-03020724-n] (a bedroom for a child)

                    • nursery [ENG31-03841582-n] (a child's room for a baby)

                      • day nursery [ENG31-03170132-n] (a nursery for the supervision of preschool children while the parents work)
                  • dormitory [ENG31-03229811-n] (a large sleeping room containing several beds)
                  • guestroom [ENG31-03470650-n] (a bedroom that is kept for the use of guests)
                  • hotel room [ENG31-03548040-n] (a bedroom (usually with bath) in a hotel)

                    • adjoining room [ENG31-02683492-n] (a hotel room that shares a wall with another hotel room)
                    • connecting room [ENG31-03095679-n] (a hotel room that shares a wall with an adjoining room and is connected by a private door)
                  • master bedroom [ENG31-03732956-n] (the principal bedroom in a house)
                  • motel room [ENG31-03794134-n] (a sleeping room in a motel)
                • belfry [ENG31-02827461-n] (a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung)
                • billiard room [ENG31-02842821-n] (a room in which billiards is played)
                • boardroom [ENG31-02860924-n] (a room where a committee meets (such as the board of directors of a company))

                  • divan [ENG31-03219779-n] (a Muslim council chamber or law court)
                • cardroom [ENG31-02967439-n] (a room for gambling on card games)
                • cell [ENG31-02994757-n] (a room where a prisoner is kept)

                  • bullpen [ENG31-02921088-n] (a large cell where prisoners (people awaiting trial or sentence or refugees or illegal immigrants) are confined together temporarily)
                  • cooler [ENG31-03107422-n] (a cell for violent prisoners)
                  • dungeon [ENG31-03261631-n] (a dark cell (usually underground) where prisoners can be confined)

                    • oubliette [ENG31-03864053-n] (a dungeon with the only entrance or exit being a trap door in the ceiling)
                  • guardroom [ENG31-03469972-n] (a cell in which soldiers who are prisoners are confined)
                  • hold [ENG31-03530432-n] (a cell in a jail or prison)
                  • sweatbox [ENG31-04377060-n] (small or narrow cell)
                • cell [ENG31-02995010-n] (small room in which a monk or nun lives)
                • chamber [ENG31-03007750-n] (a room where a judge transacts business)
                • checkroom [ENG31-03015546-n] (a room where baggage or parcels are checked)
                • classroom [ENG31-03042670-n] (a room in a school where lessons take place)

                  • home room [ENG31-03534355-n] (a classroom in which all students in a particular grade (or in a division of a grade) meet at certain times under the supervision of a teacher who takes attendance and does other administrative business)
                  • lecture room [ENG31-03659066-n] (classroom where lectures are given)
                  • study hall [ENG31-04352279-n] (a classroom reserved for study)
                • clean room [ENG31-03044361-n] (a room that is virtually free of dust or bacteria)

                  • laminar flow clean room [ENG31-03640807-n] (a clean room free of all extraneous particles)
                • cloakroom [ENG31-03049785-n] (a room where coats and other articles can be left temporarily)
                • closet [ENG31-03053442-n] (a small private room for study or prayer)

                  • booth [ENG31-02877081-n] (small area set off by walls for special use)

                    • confessional [ENG31-03094628-n] (a booth where a priest sits to hear confessions)
                    • polling booth [ENG31-03984779-n] (a temporary booth in a polling place which people enter to cast their votes)
                    • prompt box [ENG31-04016942-n] (a booth projecting above the floor in the front of a stage where the prompter sits)
                    • shower stall [ENG31-04216680-n] (booth for washing yourself, usually in a bathroom)
                    • telephone booth [ENG31-04408815-n] (booth for using a telephone)
                    • tollbooth [ENG31-04456561-n] (a booth at a tollgate where the toll collector collects tolls)
                    • voting booth [ENG31-04549273-n] (a booth in which a person can cast a private vote)
                • clubroom [ENG31-03058476-n] (a room used for the activities of a club)
                • compartment [ENG31-03083745-n] (a partitioned section, chamber, or separate room within a larger enclosed area)

                  • bay [ENG31-02815766-n] (a compartment in an aircraft used for some specific purpose)
                  • bay [ENG31-02815920-n] (a compartment on a ship between decks)
                  • box [ENG31-02887252-n] (separate partitioned area in a public place for a few people)

                    • jury box [ENG31-03611560-n] (an enclosure within a courtroom for the jury)
                    • press box [ENG31-04006950-n] (box reserved for reporters (as at a sports event))
                    • witness box [ENG31-04603819-n] (a box enclosure for a witness when testifying)
                  • box [ENG31-02887466-n] (private area in a theater or grandstand where a small group can watch the performance)

                    • skybox [ENG31-04239421-n] (an elevated box for viewing events at a sports stadium)
                  • cab [ENG31-02934532-n] (a compartment at the front of a motor vehicle or locomotive where driver sits)
                  • cabin [ENG31-02935403-n] (the enclosed compartment of an aircraft or spacecraft where passengers are carried)

                    • pressure cabin [ENG31-04007490-n] (cabin consisting of the pressurized section of an aircraft or spacecraft)
                  • cabin [ENG31-02935611-n] (small room on a ship or boat where people sleep)

                    • stateroom [ENG31-04312710-n] (a guest cabin)
                  • cabinet [ENG31-02936846-n] (a storage compartment for clothes and valuables)

                    • glory hole [ENG31-03445800-n] (a small locker at the stern of a boat or between decks of a ship)
                  • cable car [ENG31-02937835-n] (a conveyance for passengers or freight on a cable railway)
                  • car [ENG31-02963788-n] (where passengers ride up and down)
                  • car [ENG31-02963937-n] (the compartment that is suspended from an airship and that carries personnel and the cargo and the power plant)
                  • cockpit [ENG31-03065508-n] (compartment where the pilot sits while flying the aircraft)
                  • couchette [ENG31-03120659-n] (a compartment on a European passenger train)
                  • drawing room [ENG31-03239883-n] (a private compartment on a sleeping car with three bunks and a toilet)
                  • glove compartment [ENG31-03446269-n] (compartment on the dashboard of a car)
                  • luggage compartment [ENG31-03701391-n] (compartment in an automobile that carries luggage or shopping or tools)
                  • module [ENG31-03784533-n] (detachable compartment of a spacecraft)

                    • command module [ENG31-03079950-n] (a space module in which astronauts can live and control the spacecraft and communicate with earth)
                  • pilothouse [ENG31-03945953-n] (an enclosed compartment from which a vessel can be navigated)

                    • conning tower [ENG31-03096509-n] (an armored pilothouse on a warship)
                  • roomette [ENG31-04114692-n] (a small private compartment for one on a sleeping car)
                  • stall [ENG31-04306508-n] (a compartment in a stable where a single animal is confined and fed)
                  • well [ENG31-04579845-n] (an enclosed compartment in a ship or plane for holding something as e.g. fish or a plane's landing gear or for protecting something as e.g. a ship's pumps)

                    • bilge well [ENG31-02841812-n] ((nautical) a well where seepage drains to be pumped away)
                    • pump well [ENG31-04029513-n] (an enclosure in the middle of a ship's hold that protects the ship's pumps)
                • conference room [ENG31-03094335-n] (a room in which a conference can be held)
                • control room [ENG31-03103339-n] (a room housing control equipment (as in a recording studio))
                • court [ENG31-03125429-n] (a room in which a lawcourt sits)
                • cubby [ENG31-03149031-n] (a small secluded room)
                • cutting room [ENG31-03159282-n] (a room where films or tapes are edited (by cutting out unwanted parts))
                • darkroom [ENG31-03167126-n] (a room in which photographs are developed)
                • den [ENG31-03179747-n] (a room that is comfortable and secluded)
                • dinette [ENG31-03204459-n] (a small area off of a kitchen that is used for dining)
                • dining room [ENG31-03205385-n] (a room used for dining)

                  • dining-hall [ENG31-03205223-n] (a large room at a college or university)

                    • refectory [ENG31-04074930-n] (a communal dining-hall (usually in a monastery))
                  • mess [ENG31-03756556-n] (a (large) military dining room where service personnel eat or relax)

                    • officer's mess [ENG31-03847796-n] (a mess for the exclusive use of officers)
                  • triclinium [ENG31-04488898-n] (a dining room (especially a dining room containing a dining table with couches along three sides))
                • door [ENG31-03226879-n] (a room that is entered via a door)
                • dressing room [ENG31-03242834-n] (a room in which you can change clothes)
                • durbar [ENG31-03262752-n] (the room in the palace of a native prince of India in which audiences and receptions occur)
                • engineering [ENG31-03293411-n] (a room (as on a ship) in which the engine is located)
                • floor [ENG31-03371147-n] (a large room in a exchange where the trading is done)
                • furnace room [ENG31-03410021-n] (a room (usually in the basement of a building) that contains a furnace for heating the building)
                • gallery [ENG31-03416837-n] (a long usually narrow room used for some specific purpose)
                • gallery [ENG31-03416968-n] (a room or series of rooms where works of art are exhibited)

                  • salon [ENG31-04138196-n] (gallery where works of art can be displayed)
                • greenroom [ENG31-03463060-n] (a backstage room in a theater where performers rest or have visitors)
                • guardroom [ENG31-03469884-n] (a room used by soldiers on guard)
                • hall [ENG31-03483990-n] (a large room for gatherings or entertainment)

                  • beer hall [ENG31-02826990-n] (a hall or barroom featuring beer and (usually) entertainment)
                  • concert hall [ENG31-03090622-n] (a hall where concerts are given)
                  • exhibition hall [ENG31-03308776-n] (a large hall for holding exhibitions)

                    • palace [ENG31-03883908-n] (a large ornate exhibition hall)
                  • floor [ENG31-03371310-n] (the legislative hall where members debate and vote and conduct other business)
                  • great hall [ENG31-03461950-n] (the principal hall in a castle or mansion)

                    • apadana [ENG31-02729135-n] (the great hall in ancient Persian palaces)
                • hospital room [ENG31-03546271-n] (a room in a hospital for the care of patients)

                  • emergency room [ENG31-03288132-n] (a room in a hospital or clinic staffed and equipped to provide emergency care to persons requiring immediate medical treatment)
                  • operating room [ENG31-03855765-n] (a room in a hospital equipped for the performance of surgical operations)
                  • recovery room [ENG31-04071974-n] (a hospital room for the care of patients immediately after surgery)
                • kitchen [ENG31-03625099-n] (a room equipped for preparing meals)

                  • galley [ENG31-03417130-n] (the area for food preparation on a ship)

                    • cuddy [ENG31-03149943-n] (the galley or pantry of a small ship)
                  • galley [ENG31-03417297-n] (the kitchen area for food preparation on an airliner)
                  • kitchenette [ENG31-03625562-n] (small kitchen)
                • library [ENG31-03666235-n] (a room where books are kept)
                • living room [ENG31-03685038-n] (a room in a private house or establishment where people can sit and talk and relax)

                  • common room [ENG31-03081620-n] (a sitting room (usually at school or university))
                  • morning room [ENG31-03791846-n] (a sitting room used during the daylight hours)
                  • salon [ENG31-04138098-n] (elegant sitting room where guests are received)
                • locker room [ENG31-03689034-n] (a room (as at an athletic facility or workplace) where you can change clothes and which contains lockers for the temporary storage of your clothing and personal possessions)
                • lounge [ENG31-03697143-n] (a room (as in a hotel or airport) with seating where people can wait)

                  • cloakroom [ENG31-03049913-n] (a private lounge off of a legislative chamber)
                  • departure lounge [ENG31-03181725-n] (lounge where passengers can await departure)
                • manor hall [ENG31-03724120-n] (the large room of a manor or castle)
                • poolroom [ENG31-03988689-n] (a room with pool tables where pool is played)
                • presence chamber [ENG31-04005979-n] (room in which a monarch or other great person receives guests, assemblies, etc.)
                • rathole [ENG31-04062707-n] (a small dirty uncomfortable room)
                • reading room [ENG31-04065208-n] (a room set aside for reading)

                  • newsroom [ENG31-03827901-n] (a reading room (in a library or club) where newspapers and other periodicals can be read)
                • reception room [ENG31-04068905-n] (a room for receiving and entertaining visitors (as in a private house or hotel))

                  • drawing room [ENG31-03239745-n] (a formal room where visitors can be received and entertained)
                  • parlor [ENG31-03897235-n] (reception room in an inn or club where visitors can be received)
                • recreation room [ENG31-04072576-n] (a room equipped for informal entertaining)

                  • canteen [ENG31-02956021-n] (a recreation room in an institution)
                  • family room [ENG31-03324690-n] (a recreation room in a private house)
                  • rumpus room [ENG31-04126572-n] (a recreation room for noisy activities (parties or children's play etc))
                • rotunda [ENG31-04119673-n] (a large circular room)
                • scriptorium [ENG31-04162950-n] (a room in a monastery that is set aside for writing or copying manuscripts)
                • scullery [ENG31-04164160-n] (a small room (in large old British houses) next to the kitchen)
                • sewing room [ENG31-04187290-n] (a room set aside for sewing)
                • shipping room [ENG31-04203846-n] (a room where goods are packaged and shipped)
                • shower room [ENG31-04216576-n] (a room with several showers)
                • sickbay [ENG31-04220172-n] ((nautical) a room for the treatment of the sick or injured (as on a ship))
                • sickroom [ENG31-04220597-n] (a room to which a sick person is confined)
                • smoking room [ENG31-04254568-n] (room in a hotel or club set apart for smokers)
                • squad room [ENG31-04298083-n] (a room in a barracks where soldiers are billeted)
                • squad room [ENG31-04298207-n] (a room in a police station where members of the force assemble for roll call and duty assignments)
                • steam bath [ENG31-04315721-n] (a room that can be filled with steam in which people bathe)

                  • sauna [ENG31-04146478-n] (a Finnish steam bath)
                  • Turkish bath [ENG31-04506595-n] (a steam room where facilities are available for a bath followed by a shower and massage)
                • storeroom [ENG31-04336615-n] (a room in which things are stored)

                  • chandlery [ENG31-03009029-n] (a storeroom where candles are kept)
                  • lumber room [ENG31-03702443-n] (a storeroom in a house where odds and ends can be stored (especially furniture))
                  • pantry [ENG31-03891232-n] (a small storeroom for storing foods or wines)

                    • stillroom [ENG31-04326683-n] (a pantry or storeroom connected with the kitchen (especially in a large house) for preparing tea and beverages and for storing liquors and preserves and tea etc)
                  • stockroom [ENG31-04331525-n] (storeroom for storing goods and supplies used in a business)
                  • strongroom [ENG31-04348211-n] (a burglarproof and fireproof room in which valuables are kept)

                    • vault [ENG31-04531126-n] (a strongroom or compartment (often made of steel) for safekeeping of valuables)
                • study [ENG31-04352106-n] (a room used for reading and writing and studying)
                • sun parlor [ENG31-04364012-n] (a room enclosed largely with glass and affording exposure to the sun)
                • surgery [ENG31-04371078-n] (a room where a doctor or dentist can be consulted)
                • television room [ENG31-04413374-n] (a room set aside for viewing television)
                • test room [ENG31-04422950-n] (a room in which tests are conducted)
                • toilet [ENG31-04453410-n] (a room or building equipped with one or more toilets)

                  • head [ENG31-03506664-n] ((nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship)
                  • washroom [ENG31-04562577-n] (a lavatory (particularly a lavatory in a public place))
                  • water closet [ENG31-04565764-n] (a toilet in Britain)
                • torture chamber [ENG31-04465436-n] (a room in which torture is inflicted)
                • vestry [ENG31-04539799-n] (a room in a church where sacred vessels and vestments are kept or meetings are held)
                • walk-in [ENG31-04553270-n] (a small room large enough to admit entrance)
                • war room [ENG31-04559837-n] (a room where strategic decisions are made (especially for military or political campaigns))
                • workroom [ENG31-04610120-n] (room where work is done)
              • second balcony [ENG31-04171260-n] (rearmost or uppermost area in the balcony containing the least expensive seats)
              • storage space [ENG31-04336084-n] (the area in any structure that provides space for storage)

                • cache [ENG31-02938272-n] (a hidden storage space (for money or provisions or weapons))
                • cellar [ENG31-02995302-n] (storage space where wines are stored)
                • cupboard [ENG31-03152990-n] (a small room (or recess) or cabinet used for storage space)

                  • airing cupboard [ENG31-02692678-n] (a warm cupboard where you put newly washed clothes until they are completely dry)
                  • broom closet [ENG31-02910288-n] (a small room for storing brooms and other cleaning equipment)
                  • safe [ENG31-04132217-n] (a ventilated or refrigerated cupboard for securing provisions from pests)

                    • meat safe [ENG31-03741863-n] (a safe for storing meat)
                  • supply closet [ENG31-04366587-n] (a closet for storing supplies)
                • stacks [ENG31-04302709-n] (storage space in a library consisting of an extensive arrangement of bookshelves where most of the books are stored)
              • threshing floor [ENG31-04435517-n] (a floor or ground area for threshing or treading out grain)
              • turnaround [ENG31-04506955-n] (an area sufficiently large for a vehicle to turn around)
            • balcony [ENG31-02780739-n] (a platform projecting from the wall of a building and surrounded by a balustrade or railing or parapet)

              • gallery [ENG31-03416454-n] (narrow recessed balcony area along an upper floor on the interior of a building)

                • amphitheater [ENG31-02708060-n] (a sloping gallery with seats for spectators (as in an operating room or theater))
                • choir loft [ENG31-03027916-n] (a gallery in a church occupied by the choir)
                • organ loft [ENG31-03860242-n] (a gallery occupied by a church organ)
            • balcony [ENG31-02780932-n] (an upper floor projecting from the rear over the main floor in an auditorium)

              • loge [ENG31-03692329-n] (balcony consisting of the forward section of a theater mezzanine)
              • mezzanine [ENG31-03763749-n] (first or lowest balcony)
            • bascule [ENG31-02800694-n] (a structure or device in which one end is counterbalanced by the other (on the principle of the seesaw))
            • boarding [ENG31-02860645-n] (a structure of boards)

              • boards [ENG31-02861187-n] ((used in the plural) the boarding that surrounds an ice hockey rink)
              • flashboard [ENG31-03363439-n] (boarding place along the top of a dam to increase its height)
            • body [ENG31-02865226-n] (the external structure of a vehicle)

              • bodywork [ENG31-02866766-n] (the exterior body of a motor vehicle)
              • fuselage [ENG31-03412964-n] (the central body of an airplane that is designed to accommodate the crew and passengers (or cargo))
            • bridge [ENG31-02901994-n] (a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc.)

              • Bailey bridge [ENG31-02778902-n] (a temporary bridge designed for rapid construction)
              • cantilever bridge [ENG31-02956633-n] (bridge constructed of two cantilevers that meet in the middle)
              • cattle guard [ENG31-02989615-n] (a bridge over a ditch consisting of parallel metal bars that allow pedestrians and vehicles to pass, but not cattle)
              • covered bridge [ENG31-03126724-n] (a bridge whose passageway is protected by a roof and enclosing sides)
              • drawbridge [ENG31-03238447-n] (a bridge that can be raised to block passage or to allow boats or ships to pass beneath it)
              • footbridge [ENG31-03384674-n] (a bridge designed for pedestrians)

                • gangplank [ENG31-03420396-n] (a temporary bridge for getting on and off a vessel at dockside)
                • jet bridge [ENG31-03601292-n] (an extendible bridge for loading passengers onto large commercial airplanes)
              • overpass [ENG31-03871095-n] (bridge formed by the upper level of a crossing of two highways at different levels)
              • pontoon bridge [ENG31-03988118-n] (a temporary bridge built over a series of pontoons)
              • rope bridge [ENG31-04115916-n] (a bridge consisting of ropes)
              • steel arch bridge [ENG31-04318142-n] (a steel bridge constructed in the form of an arch)
              • suspension bridge [ENG31-04373454-n] (a bridge that has a roadway supported by cables that are anchored at both ends)
              • toll bridge [ENG31-04456720-n] (a bridge where toll is charged for crossing)
              • trestle bridge [ENG31-04487174-n] (a bridge supported by trestlework)
              • truss bridge [ENG31-04500044-n] (a bridge supported by trusses)
              • viaduct [ENG31-04539965-n] (bridge consisting of a series of arches supported by piers used to carry a road (or railroad) over a valley)
            • building [ENG31-02916498-n] (a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place)

              • abattoir [ENG31-02669573-n] (a building where animals are butchered)
              • apartment building [ENG31-02729606-n] (a building that is divided into apartments)

                • tenement [ENG31-04416519-n] (a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards)
                • walk-up [ENG31-04553767-n] (an apartment building without an elevator)
              • architecture [ENG31-02737730-n] (an architectural product or work)
              • aviary [ENG31-02766609-n] (a building where birds are kept)
              • bathhouse [ENG31-02810177-n] (a building containing dressing rooms for bathers)
              • bowling alley [ENG31-02885431-n] (a building that contains several alleys for bowling)
              • center [ENG31-02997001-n] (a building dedicated to a particular activity)

                • burn center [ENG31-02926380-n] (a center where patients with severe burns can be treated)
                • call center [ENG31-02943802-n] (a center equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers))
                • community center [ENG31-03082510-n] (a center where the members of a community can gather for social or cultural activities)
                • conference center [ENG31-03094209-n] (a center where conferences can be conducted)
                • control center [ENG31-03102013-n] (the operational center for a group of related activities)
                • research center [ENG31-04085001-n] (a center where research is done)
                • service club [ENG31-04182635-n] (a recreational center for servicemen)
                • settlement house [ENG31-04184992-n] (a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services)
                • student center [ENG31-04350589-n] (a center for student activities at a college or university)
              • chapterhouse [ENG31-03011048-n] (a building attached to a monastery or cathedral)
              • clubhouse [ENG31-03058296-n] (a building that is occupied by a social club)
              • dormitory [ENG31-03229596-n] (a college or university building containing living quarters for students)

                • hall of residence [ENG31-03484480-n] (a university dormitory)
              • farm building [ENG31-03327515-n] (a building on a farm)

                • barn [ENG31-02796518-n] (an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals)

                  • cowbarn [ENG31-03128460-n] (a barn for cows)
                  • tithe barn [ENG31-04448796-n] (barn originally built to hold tithes paid in kind and common in England)
                • chicken coop [ENG31-03020043-n] (a farm building for housing poultry)
                • stable [ENG31-04302017-n] (a farm building for housing horses or other livestock)

                  • livery stable [ENG31-03684600-n] (stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire)
              • feedlot [ENG31-03331316-n] (a building where livestock are fattened for market)
              • firetrap [ENG31-03352577-n] (a building that would be hard to escape from if it were to catch fire)
              • gambling house [ENG31-03418338-n] (a public building in which a variety of games of chance can be played (operated as a business))

                • casino [ENG31-02981395-n] (a public building for gambling and entertainment)
              • gazebo [ENG31-03435328-n] (a small roofed building affording shade and rest)

                • belvedere [ENG31-02831739-n] (a gazebo sited to command a fine view)
              • government building [ENG31-03454508-n] (a building that houses a branch of government)

                • capitol [ENG31-02960135-n] (a building occupied by a state legislature)
                • chancellery [ENG31-03008637-n] (a government building housing the office of a chancellor)
                • courthouse [ENG31-03126082-n] (a government building that houses the offices of a county government)
                • customhouse [ENG31-03156969-n] (a government building where customs are collected and where ships are cleared to enter or leave the country)
                • diplomatic building [ENG31-03208490-n] (government building in which diplomats live or work)

                  • consulate [ENG31-03097883-n] (diplomatic building that serves as the residence or workplace of a consul)
                  • embassy [ENG31-03287206-n] (a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work)
                • Statehouse [ENG31-04312348-n] (a government building in which a state legislature meets)
                • town hall [ENG31-04468672-n] (a government building that houses administrative offices of a town government)
              • greenhouse [ENG31-03462844-n] (a building with glass walls and roof)

                • conservatory [ENG31-03096622-n] (a greenhouse in which plants are arranged in a pleasing manner)
                • orangery [ENG31-13273571-n] (a place where oranges are grown)
              • hall [ENG31-03483839-n] (a large building for meetings or entertainment)

                • city hall [ENG31-03040007-n] (a building that houses administrative offices of a municipal government)
                • guildhall [ENG31-03471771-n] (the hall of a guild or corporation)

                  • gildhall [ENG31-03442094-n] (the meeting place of a medieval guild)
                • lyceum [ENG31-03704057-n] (a public hall for lectures and concerts)
              • hall [ENG31-03484204-n] (a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research)
              • Hall of Fame [ENG31-03484349-n] (a building containing trophies honoring famous people)
              • hotel [ENG31-03547513-n] (a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services)

                • fleabag [ENG31-03367069-n] (a run-down hotel)
                • hostel [ENG31-03546876-n] (a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers)

                  • caravansary [ENG31-02964471-n] (an inn in some eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans)
                  • imaret [ENG31-03566753-n] (a hostel for pilgrims in Turkey)
                  • posthouse [ENG31-03996256-n] (an inn for exchanging post horses and accommodating riders)
                  • roadhouse [ENG31-04104179-n] (an inn (usually outside city limits on a main road) providing meals and liquor and dancing and (sometimes) gambling)
                • motor hotel [ENG31-03796288-n] (a hotel for motorists)

                  • motel [ENG31-03794031-n] (a motor hotel)
                • resort hotel [ENG31-04087817-n] (a fashionable hotel usually in a resort area)
                • Ritz [ENG31-04102203-n] (an ostentatiously elegant hotel)
                • ski lodge [ENG31-04236799-n] (a hotel at a ski resort)
                • resort [ENG31-08658106-n] (a hotel located in a resort area)

                  • dude ranch [ENG31-08577832-n] (a holiday resort offering ranch activities (riding and camping))
                  • honeymoon resort [ENG31-08577952-n] (a resort that caters to newlyweds)
                  • ski resort [ENG31-08669951-n] (a resort with lodging and facilities for skiing)
              • hotel-casino [ENG31-03547785-n] (a building that houses both a hotel and a casino)
              • house [ENG31-03549540-n] (a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families)

                • beach house [ENG31-02817473-n] (a house built on or near a beach)
                • boarding house [ENG31-02860757-n] (a private house that provides accommodations and meals for paying guests)

                  • bed and breakfast [ENG31-02823220-n] (an overnight boardinghouse with breakfast)
                • bungalow [ENG31-02923176-n] (a small house with a single story)
                • cabin [ENG31-02935784-n] (a small house built of wood)

                  • log cabin [ENG31-03692250-n] (a cabin built with logs)
                • chalet [ENG31-03006420-n] (a Swiss house with a sloping roof and wide eaves or a house built in this style)
                • chapterhouse [ENG31-03010901-n] (a house used as a residence by a chapter of a fraternity)
                • country house [ENG31-03123620-n] (a house (usually large and impressive) on an estate in the country)

                  • chateau [ENG31-03014569-n] (an impressive country house (or castle) in France)
                  • dacha [ENG31-03162852-n] (Russian country house)
                  • shooting lodge [ENG31-04209185-n] (a small country house used by hunters during the shooting season)
                  • summer house [ENG31-04361104-n] (a country house (usually located in the country) that provides a cool place to live in the summer)
                  • villa [ENG31-04542547-n] (pretentious and luxurious country residence with extensive grounds)
                  • villa [ENG31-04542665-n] (country house in ancient Rome consisting of residential quarters and farm buildings around a courtyard)
                • detached house [ENG31-03185531-n] (a house that stands alone)
                • dollhouse [ENG31-03224186-n] (a house so small that it is likened to a child's plaything)
                • duplex house [ENG31-03261913-n] (a house with two units sharing a common wall)
                • farmhouse [ENG31-03327781-n] (house for a farmer and family)
                • gatehouse [ENG31-03433000-n] (a house built at a gateway)

                  • lodge [ENG31-03690966-n] (small house at the entrance to the grounds of a country mansion)
                • guesthouse [ENG31-03470537-n] (a house separate from the main house)
                • hacienda [ENG31-03479475-n] (the main house on a ranch or large estate)
                • lodge [ENG31-03690812-n] (a small (rustic) house used as a temporary shelter)
                • lodging house [ENG31-03691146-n] (a house where rooms are rented)

                  • flophouse [ENG31-03372167-n] (a cheap lodging house)
                • maisonette [ENG31-03718690-n] (a small house)
                • mansion [ENG31-03724592-n] (a large and imposing house)

                  • manor [ENG31-03723997-n] (the mansion of a lord or wealthy person)
                  • palace [ENG31-03883763-n] (a large and stately mansion)
                  • stately home [ENG31-04312461-n] (a mansion that is (or formerly was) occupied by an aristocratic family)
                • ranch house [ENG31-04059770-n] (a one story house with a low pitched roof)
                • residence [ENG31-04086356-n] (the official house or establishment of an important person (as a sovereign or president))

                  • court [ENG31-03125691-n] (the residence of a sovereign or nobleman)
                  • deanery [ENG31-03171180-n] (the official residence of a dean)
                  • manse [ENG31-03724474-n] (the residence of a clergyman (especially a Presbyterian clergyman))
                  • palace [ENG31-03883542-n] (official residence of an exalted person (as a sovereign))

                    • alcazar [ENG31-02698486-n] (any of various Spanish fortresses or palaces built by the Moors)
                  • parsonage [ENG31-03898254-n] (an official residence provided by a church for its parson or vicar or rector)

                    • glebe house [ENG31-03444272-n] (a parsonage (especially one provided for the holder of a benefice))
                  • religious residence [ENG31-04081060-n] (residence that is a place of religious seclusion (such as a monastery))

                    • convent [ENG31-03104105-n] (a religious residence especially for nuns)

                      • abbey [ENG31-02670108-n] (a convent ruled by an abbess)
                      • nunnery [ENG31-03841373-n] (the convent of a community of nuns)
                    • monastery [ENG31-03786777-n] (the residence of a religious community)

                      • abbey [ENG31-02670009-n] (a monastery ruled by an abbot)
                      • charterhouse [ENG31-03013711-n] (a Carthusian monastery)
                      • friary [ENG31-03401416-n] (a monastery of friars)
                      • lamasery [ENG31-03640323-n] (a monastery for lamas)
                    • priory [ENG31-04011573-n] (religious residence in a monastery governed by a prior or a convent governed by a prioress)
                • row house [ENG31-04122350-n] (a house that is one of a row of identical houses situated side by side and sharing common walls)

                  • brownstone [ENG31-02911198-n] (a row house built of brownstone)
                  • terraced house [ENG31-04421104-n] (a house that is part of a terrace)
                • safe house [ENG31-04132642-n] (a house used as a hiding place or refuge by members of certain organizations)
                • saltbox [ENG31-04138451-n] (a type of house built in New England)
                • sod house [ENG31-04263009-n] (a house built of sod or adobe laid in horizontal courses)
                • solar house [ENG31-04265548-n] (a house designed to use solar radiation for heating)
                • tract house [ENG31-04472285-n] (one of many houses of similar design constructed together on a tract of land)
                • villa [ENG31-04542819-n] (detached or semidetached suburban house)
              • house [ENG31-03550330-n] (a building in which something is sheltered or located)

                • bathhouse [ENG31-02810060-n] (a building containing public baths)

                  • sudatorium [ENG31-04357313-n] (a bathhouse for hot air baths or steam baths)
                • courthouse [ENG31-03125949-n] (a building that houses judicial courts)
                • field house [ENG31-03338555-n] (a building for indoor sports)
                • icehouse [ENG31-03562692-n] (a house for storing ice)
                • meat house [ENG31-03741760-n] (a small house (on a farm) where meat is stored)
                • oast house [ENG31-03843218-n] (a building containing an oast (a kiln for drying hops))
                • pump house [ENG31-04029102-n] (a house where pumps (e.g. to irrigate) are installed and operated)

                  • pump room [ENG31-04029260-n] (a pump house at a spa where medicinal waters are pumped and where patrons gather)
                • smokehouse [ENG31-04253859-n] (a small house where smoke is used to cure meat or fish)
                • stash house [ENG31-04311950-n] (a house where weapons and supplies are hidden)
              • library [ENG31-03666369-n] (a building that houses a collection of books and other materials)
              • medical building [ENG31-03745009-n] (building where medicine is practiced)

                • clinic [ENG31-03047259-n] (a healthcare facility for outpatient care)

                  • dispensary [ENG31-03215273-n] (clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed)
                • hospital [ENG31-03545775-n] (a health facility where patients receive treatment)

                  • creche [ENG31-03134122-n] (a hospital where foundlings (infant children of unknown parents) are taken in and cared for)
                  • lazaretto [ENG31-03656129-n] (hospital for persons with infectious diseases (especially leprosy))
                  • maternity hospital [ENG31-03735825-n] (a hospital that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants)
                  • mental hospital [ENG31-03752065-n] (a hospital for mentally incompetent or unbalanced person)

                    • Bedlam [ENG31-02823933-n] (pejorative terms for an insane asylum)
                  • military hospital [ENG31-03768517-n] (hospital for soldiers and other military personnel)

                    • field hospital [ENG31-03338294-n] (a temporary military hospital near the battle lines)
                  • sanatorium [ENG31-04140580-n] (a hospital for recuperation or for the treatment of chronic diseases)
              • ministry [ENG31-03775851-n] (building where the business of a government ministry is transacted)
              • morgue [ENG31-03791032-n] (a building (or room) where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation)

                • crematory [ENG31-03134884-n] (a mortuary where corpses are cremated)
                • funeral home [ENG31-03407856-n] (a mortuary where those who knew the deceased can come to pay their last respects)
              • observatory [ENG31-03845191-n] (a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena)
              • office building [ENG31-03847532-n] (a building containing offices where work is done)
              • opium den [ENG31-03856644-n] (a building where opium is sold and used)
              • outbuilding [ENG31-03864800-n] (a building that is subordinate to and separate from a main building)

                • coach house [ENG31-03059842-n] (a small building for housing coaches and carriages and other vehicles)
                • garage [ENG31-03421399-n] (an outbuilding (or part of a building) for housing automobiles)

                  • carport [ENG31-02971533-n] (garage for one or two cars consisting of a flat roof supported on poles)
                • outhouse [ENG31-03865924-n] (a small outbuilding with a bench having holes through which a user can defecate)
                • shed [ENG31-04194590-n] (an outbuilding with a single story)

                  • apiary [ENG31-02730351-n] (a shed containing a number of beehives)
                  • boathouse [ENG31-02862783-n] (a shed at the edge of a river or lake)
                  • coal house [ENG31-03060273-n] (a shed for storing coal)
                  • toolshed [ENG31-04460028-n] (a shed for storing tools)
                  • woodshed [ENG31-04605645-n] (a shed for storing firewood or garden tools)
              • packinghouse [ENG31-03877694-n] (a building where foodstuffs are processed and packed)
              • place of worship [ENG31-03959692-n] (any building where congregations gather for prayer)

                • bethel [ENG31-02836245-n] (a house of worship (especially one for sailors))
                • chapel [ENG31-03010734-n] (a place of worship that has its own altar)

                  • chantry [ENG31-03010392-n] (a chapel endowed for singing Masses for the soul of the donor)
                  • lady chapel [ENG31-03638632-n] (a small chapel in a church)
                  • side chapel [ENG31-04221480-n] (a small chapel off the side aisle of a church)
                • church [ENG31-03031762-n] (a place for public (especially Christian) worship)

                  • abbey [ENG31-02670206-n] (a church associated with a monastery or convent)
                  • basilica [ENG31-02804350-n] (an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica)
                  • cathedral [ENG31-02987516-n] (any large and important church)

                    • minster [ENG31-03777610-n] (any of certain cathedrals and large churches)
                  • cathedral [ENG31-02987658-n] (the principal Christian church building of a bishop's diocese)
                  • kirk [ENG31-03624191-n] (a Scottish church)
                • conventicle [ENG31-03104273-n] (a building for religious assembly (especially Nonconformists, e.g., Quakers))
                • masjid [ENG31-03730247-n] ((Islam) a Muslim place of worship)
                • mosque [ENG31-03793728-n] ((Islam) a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret)
                • shrine [ENG31-04217457-n] (a place of worship hallowed by association with some sacred thing or person)

                  • oracle [ENG31-03858428-n] (a shrine where an oracular god is consulted)
                  • stupa [ENG31-04353406-n] (a dome-shaped shrine erected by Buddhists)
                • synagogue [ENG31-04381822-n] ((Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation)
                • temple [ENG31-04414570-n] (place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity)

                  • joss house [ENG31-03607578-n] (a Chinese temple or shrine for idol worship)
                  • pagoda [ENG31-03880643-n] (an Asian temple)
                  • pantheon [ENG31-03890475-n] ((antiquity) a temple to all the gods)
              • planetarium [ENG31-03962433-n] (a building housing an instrument for projecting the positions of the planets onto a domed ceiling)
              • presbytery [ENG31-04005518-n] (building reserved for the officiating clergy)
              • restaurant [ENG31-04088393-n] (a building where people go to eat)

                • bistro [ENG31-02847452-n] (a small informal restaurant)
                • brasserie [ENG31-02895740-n] (a small restaurant serving beer and wine as well as food)
                • brewpub [ENG31-02900672-n] (a combination brewery and restaurant)
                • cafe [ENG31-02939042-n] (a small restaurant where drinks and snacks are sold)

                  • caff [ENG31-02939665-n] (informal British term for a cafe)
                  • cybercafe [ENG31-03159844-n] (a cafe whose customers sit at computer terminals and log on to the internet while they eat and drink)
                  • espresso shop [ENG31-03302573-n] (a cafe where espresso is served)
                  • estaminet [ENG31-03303036-n] (a small (and usually shabby) cafe selling wine and beer and coffee)
                  • pull-in [ENG31-04027011-n] (a roadside cafe especially for lorry drivers)
                • cafeteria [ENG31-02939275-n] (a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier)

                  • automat [ENG31-02763104-n] (a cafeteria where food is served from machines)
                • canteen [ENG31-02955921-n] (restaurant in a factory)
                • canteen [ENG31-02956110-n] (a restaurant outside)
                • diner [ENG31-03204331-n] (a restaurant that resembles a dining car)
                • greasy spoon [ENG31-03461490-n] (a small restaurant specializing in short-order fried foods)
                • grillroom [ENG31-03464846-n] (a restaurant where food is cooked on a grill)
                • hash house [ENG31-03502225-n] (an inexpensive restaurant)
                • lunchroom [ENG31-03702886-n] (a restaurant (in a facility) where lunch can be purchased)
                • rotisserie [ENG31-04118508-n] (a restaurant that specializes in roasted and barbecued meats)
                • steakhouse [ENG31-04315016-n] (a restaurant that specializes in steaks)
                • teashop [ENG31-04405632-n] (a restaurant where tea and light meals are available)

                  • buttery [ENG31-02931556-n] (a teashop where students in British universities can purchase light meals)
              • rest house [ENG31-04088811-n] (a building used for shelter by travelers (especially in areas where there are no hotels))
              • rink [ENG31-04100719-n] (building that contains a surface for ice skating or roller skating)

                • ice rink [ENG31-03563356-n] (a rink with a floor of ice for ice hockey or ice skating)

                  • ice hockey rink [ENG31-03562540-n] (an ice rink for playing ice hockey)
              • rotunda [ENG31-04119748-n] (a building having a circular plan and a dome)
              • ruin [ENG31-04125729-n] (a ruined building)
              • school [ENG31-04153115-n] (a building where young people receive education)

                • conservatory [ENG31-03096770-n] (a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine arts)

                  • art school [ENG31-02749983-n] (a school specializing in art)
                  • music school [ENG31-03807211-n] (a school specializing in music)
                • day school [ENG31-03170282-n] (a school building without boarding facilities)
              • shooting gallery [ENG31-04209035-n] (a building (usually abandoned) where drug addicts buy and use heroin)
              • signal box [ENG31-04224613-n] (a building from which signals are sent to control the movements of railway trains)
              • skyscraper [ENG31-04240233-n] (a very tall building with many stories)
              • student union [ENG31-04350818-n] (a building on a college campus dedicated to social and organizational activities of the student body)
              • tavern [ENG31-04403010-n] (a building with a bar that is licensed to sell alcoholic drinks)

                • beer garden [ENG31-02826728-n] (tavern with an outdoor area (usually resembling a garden) where beer and other alcoholic drinks are served)
                • bucket shop [ENG31-02913566-n] ((formerly) a cheap saloon selling liquor by the bucket)
                • public house [ENG31-04024793-n] (tavern consisting of a building with a bar and public rooms)

                  • alehouse [ENG31-02699024-n] (a tavern where ale is sold)
                  • free house [ENG31-03397871-n] (a public house that is not controlled by a brewery and so is free to sell different brands of beer and ale)
                • rathskeller [ENG31-04062812-n] (a tavern below street level featuring beer)
                • shebeen [ENG31-07904353-n] (unlicensed drinking establishment)
              • telecom hotel [ENG31-04407244-n] (a building that houses telecommunications equipment)
              • temple [ENG31-04414821-n] (an edifice devoted to special or exalted purposes)

                • ziggurat [ENG31-04622012-n] (a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians)
              • theater [ENG31-04424944-n] (a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented)

                • arena theater [ENG31-02739650-n] (a theater arranged with seats around at least three sides of the stage)
                • cinema [ENG31-03036237-n] (a theater where films are shown)

                  • bioscope [ENG31-02845457-n] (a South African movie theater)
                  • fleapit [ENG31-03367139-n] (an old shabby movie theater)
                  • multiplex [ENG31-03804504-n] (a movie theater than has several different auditoriums in the same building)
                • dinner theater [ENG31-03207165-n] (a theater at which dinner is included in the price of admission)
                • home theater [ENG31-03535040-n] (television and video equipment designed to reproduce in the home the experience of being in a movie theater)
                • little theater [ENG31-03684055-n] (a small theater for experimental drama or collegiate or community groups)
                • music hall [ENG31-03807073-n] (a theater in which vaudeville is staged)
                • opera [ENG31-03855334-n] (a building where musical dramas are performed)
              • whorehouse [ENG31-04588881-n] (a building where prostitutes are available)

                • massage parlor [ENG31-03731724-n] (a place where illicit sex is available under the guise of therapeutic massage)
            • building complex [ENG31-02918337-n] (a whole structure (as a building) made up of interconnected or related structures)

              • college [ENG31-03073756-n] (a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed)
              • plant [ENG31-03963198-n] (buildings for carrying on industrial labor)

                • bottling plant [ENG31-02881349-n] (a plant where beverages are put into bottles with caps)
                • brewery [ENG31-02900520-n] (a plant where beer is brewed by fermentation)

                  • microbrewery [ENG31-03764521-n] (a small brewery)
                • distillery [ENG31-03217532-n] (a plant and works where alcoholic drinks are made by distillation)
                • factory [ENG31-03321351-n] (a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing)

                  • assembly plant [ENG31-02753174-n] (a factory where manufactured parts are assembled into a finished product)

                    • maquiladora [ENG31-03726156-n] (an assembly plant in Mexico (near the United States border))
                  • automobile factory [ENG31-02764701-n] (a factory where automobiles are manufactured)
                  • cannery [ENG31-02953454-n] (a factory where food is canned)
                  • chemical plant [ENG31-03016551-n] (an industrial plant where chemicals are produced)
                  • foundry [ENG31-03392499-n] (factory where metal castings are produced)

                    • armory [ENG31-02744372-n] (a place where arms are manufactured)
                    • bell foundry [ENG31-02829035-n] (a foundry where bells are cast)
                    • iron foundry [ENG31-03590851-n] (a foundry where cast iron is produced)
                  • lumbermill [ENG31-03702341-n] (a mill for dressing logs and lumber)
                  • paper mill [ENG31-03893209-n] (a mill where paper is manufactured)
                  • stamp mill [ENG31-04307496-n] (a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps)

                    • battery [ENG31-02813917-n] (a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores)
                    • quartz battery [ENG31-04039079-n] (a stamp mill for stamping quartz)
                  • steel mill [ENG31-04318733-n] (a factory where steel is made)

                    • rolling mill [ENG31-04110188-n] (steel mill where metal is rolled into sheets and bars)
                  • sweatshop [ENG31-04377687-n] (factory where workers do piecework for poor pay and are prevented from forming unions)
                  • textile mill [ENG31-04424496-n] (a factory for making textiles)

                    • cotton mill [ENG31-03120314-n] (a textile mill for making cotton textiles)
                • mint [ENG31-03777802-n] (a plant where money is coined by authority of the government)
                • packinghouse [ENG31-03877538-n] (a plant where livestock are slaughtered and processed and packed as meat products)
                • recycling plant [ENG31-04073021-n] (a plant for reprocessing used or abandoned materials)
                • refinery [ENG31-04075553-n] (an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance)

                  • oil refinery [ENG31-03850193-n] (a refinery for petroleum)
                  • sugar refinery [ENG31-04357766-n] (a refinery for sugar)
                • saltworks [ENG31-04138894-n] (a plant where salt is produced commercially)
                • sewage disposal plant [ENG31-04185729-n] (a plant for disposing of sewage)
                • smelter [ENG31-04253284-n] (an industrial plant for smelting)
                • winery [ENG31-04599768-n] (an establishment where wine is made)
              • ribbon development [ENG31-04095341-n] (building complex in a continuous row along a road)
            • catchment [ENG31-02986812-n] (a structure in which water is collected (especially a natural drainage area))
            • coil [ENG31-03069428-n] (a structure consisting of something wound in a continuous series of loops)

              • hank [ENG31-03497089-n] (a coil of rope or wool or yarn)

                • skein [ENG31-04233526-n] (coils of worsted yarn)
            • colonnade [ENG31-03075164-n] (structure consisting of a row of evenly spaced columns)

              • peristyle [ENG31-03923320-n] (a colonnade surrounding a building or enclosing a court)
            • column [ENG31-03078384-n] (a vertical cylindrical structure standing alone and not supporting anything (such as a monument))

              • obelisk [ENG31-03843389-n] (a stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top)
            • corner [ENG31-03114344-n] ((architecture) solid exterior angle of a building)
            • cross [ENG31-03140183-n] (a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece)
            • deathtrap [ENG31-03172003-n] (any structure that is very unsafe)
            • defensive structure [ENG31-03176022-n] (a structure used to defend against attack)

              • cheval-de-frise [ENG31-03019285-n] (defensive structure consisting of a movable obstacle composed of barbed wire or spikes attached to a wooden frame)
              • fortification [ENG31-03390403-n] (defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it)

                • bastion [ENG31-02809168-n] (projecting part of a rampart or other fortification)
                • bunker [ENG31-02923887-n] (a fortification of earth)

                  • foxhole [ENG31-03394921-n] (a small dugout with a pit for individual shelter against enemy fire)
                  • funk hole [ENG31-03408240-n] (dugout as a place of safe retreat (when in a funk))
                • castle [ENG31-02983900-n] (a large building formerly occupied by a ruler and fortified against attack)
                • defilade [ENG31-03176576-n] (the arrangement of defensive fortifications to protect against enemy fire)
                • entrenchment [ENG31-03296462-n] (an entrenched fortification)

                  • retrenchment [ENG31-04091201-n] (entrenchment consisting of an additional interior fortification to prolong the defense)
                • escarpment [ENG31-03301257-n] (a steep artificial slope in front of a fortification)
                • fieldwork [ENG31-03339327-n] (a temporary fortification built by troops in the field)
                • lunette [ENG31-03703146-n] (temporary fortification like a detached bastion)
                • palisade [ENG31-03884660-n] (fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground)
                • parapet [ENG31-03895200-n] (fortification consisting of a low wall)

                  • machicolation [ENG31-03705088-n] (a projecting parapet supported by corbels on a medieval castle)
                • redoubt [ENG31-04073588-n] ((military) a temporary or supplementary fortification)
                • stockade [ENG31-04329669-n] (fortification consisting of a fence made of a line of stout posts set firmly for defense)
              • fortress [ENG31-03390857-n] (a fortified defensive structure)

                • martello tower [ENG31-03729272-n] (a circular masonry fort for coastal defence)
                • presidio [ENG31-04006121-n] (a fortress established in the southwestern United States by the Spanish in order to protect their missions and other holdings)
                • sconce [ENG31-04155866-n] (a small fort or earthwork defending a ford, pass, or castle gate)
              • line of defense [ENG31-03677964-n] (defensive structure consisting of a barrier that can be employed for defense against attack)

                • abattis [ENG31-02669365-n] (a line of defense consisting of a barrier of felled or live trees with branches (sharpened or with barbed wire entwined) pointed toward the enemy)
              • outwork [ENG31-03867899-n] (subsidiary defensive structure lying outside the main fortified area)
              • stronghold [ENG31-04348013-n] (a strongly fortified defensive structure)

                • bastion [ENG31-02809273-n] (a stronghold into which people could go for shelter during a battle)

                  • acropolis [ENG31-02679792-n] (the citadel in ancient Greek towns)
                  • kremlin [ENG31-03633802-n] (citadel of a Russian town)
                • blockhouse [ENG31-02857637-n] (a stronghold that is reinforced for protection from enemy fire)
                • hold [ENG31-03530552-n] (a stronghold)
                • keep [ENG31-03615311-n] (the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress)
                • redoubt [ENG31-04073500-n] (an entrenched stronghold or refuge)
            • door [ENG31-03227021-n] (a structure where people live or work (usually ordered along a street or road))
            • entablature [ENG31-03295106-n] ((architecture) the structure consisting of the part of a classical temple above the columns between a capital and the roof)
            • erection [ENG31-03300069-n] (a structure that has been erected)
            • establishment [ENG31-03302664-n] (a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence)

              • academy [ENG31-02672515-n] (a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge)
              • institution [ENG31-03579706-n] (an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organization for the promotion of some cause is situated)

                • home [ENG31-03533280-n] (an institution where people are cared for)
                • orphanage [ENG31-03861532-n] (a public institution for the care of orphans)
                • penal institution [ENG31-03913773-n] (an institution where persons are confined for punishment and to protect the public)

                  • brig [ENG31-02904563-n] (a penal institution (especially on board a ship))
                  • camp [ENG31-02948834-n] (a penal institution (often for forced labor))

                    • concentration camp [ENG31-03090225-n] (a penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions))

                      • death camp [ENG31-03171351-n] (a concentration camp where prisoners are likely to die or be killed)
                    • labor camp [ENG31-03636140-n] (a penal institution for political prisoners who are used as forced labor)
                    • prison camp [ENG31-04012288-n] (a camp for prisoners of war)

                      • gulag [ENG31-03472819-n] (a Russian prison camp for political prisoners)
                    • work camp [ENG31-04608091-n] (a camp for trustworthy prisoners employed in government projects)
                  • correctional institution [ENG31-03116341-n] (a penal institution maintained by the government)

                    • detention home [ENG31-03186333-n] (an institution where juvenile offenders can be held temporarily (usually under the supervision of a juvenile court))
                    • jail [ENG31-03597432-n] (a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence))

                      • bastille [ENG31-02808628-n] (a jail or prison (especially one that is run in a tyrannical manner))
                      • holding cell [ENG31-03530873-n] (a jail in a courthouse where accused persons can be confined during a trial)
                      • hoosegow [ENG31-03539875-n] (slang for a jail)
                      • house of correction [ENG31-03551141-n] ((formerly) a jail or other place of detention for persons convicted of minor offences)
                      • lockup [ENG31-03690066-n] (jail in a local police station)
                      • workhouse [ENG31-04608399-n] (a county jail that holds prisoners for periods up to 18 months)
                    • penitentiary [ENG31-03917632-n] (a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes)
                    • prison [ENG31-04012006-n] (a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment)

                      • chokey [ENG31-03028753-n] (British slang (dated) for a prison)
                      • nick [ENG31-03829080-n] ((British slang) a prison)
                      • panopticon [ENG31-03889470-n] (a circular prison with cells distributed around a central surveillance station)
                      • state prison [ENG31-04312609-n] (a prison maintained by a state of the U.S.)
                    • reformatory [ENG31-04076889-n] (correctional institution for the detention and discipline and training of young or first offenders)

                      • borstal [ENG31-02879190-n] (formerly a British reform school for youths considered too young to send to prison)
                  • penal colony [ENG31-03913594-n] (a penal institution where prisoners are exiled (often located on an island from which escape is difficult or impossible))
              • perfumery [ENG31-03922408-n] (an establishment where perfumes are made)
              • phrontistery [ENG31-03933890-n] (an establishment for study and learning (sometimes including modern universities))
              • place of business [ENG31-03959296-n] (an establishment (a factory or an assembly plant or retail store or warehouse etc.) where business is conducted, goods are made or stored or processed or where services are rendered)

                • health spa [ENG31-03511514-n] (a place of business with equipment and facilities for exercising and improving physical fitness)

                  • fat farm [ENG31-03329759-n] (a health spa that specializes in helping people lose weight)
                • hotel-casino [ENG31-03547907-n] (a business establishment that combines a casino and a hotel)
                • massage parlor [ENG31-03731607-n] (a business establishment that offers therapeutic massage)
                • mercantile establishment [ENG31-03753653-n] (a place of business for retailing goods)

                  • country store [ENG31-03123854-n] (a retail store serving a sparsely populated region)
                  • department store [ENG31-03181429-n] (a large retail store organized into departments offering a variety of merchandise)
                  • discount house [ENG31-03211126-n] (a sales outlet offering goods at a discounted price)
                  • marketplace [ENG31-03727779-n] (an area in a town where a public mercantile establishment is set up)

                    • agora [ENG31-02687821-n] (a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece)
                    • bazaar [ENG31-02816780-n] (a street of small shops (especially in Orient))
                    • grocery store [ENG31-03466317-n] (a marketplace where groceries are sold)

                      • greengrocery [ENG31-03462628-n] (a greengrocer's grocery store)
                      • supermarket [ENG31-04365794-n] (a large self-service grocery store selling groceries and dairy products and household goods)

                        • hypermarket [ENG31-03560606-n] (a huge supermarket (usually built on the outskirts of a town))
                    • open-air market [ENG31-03853343-n] (a public marketplace where food and merchandise is sold)

                      • farmer's market [ENG31-03327649-n] (an open-air marketplace for farm products)
                      • souk [ENG31-04268391-n] (an open-air market in an Arabian city)
                      • flea market [ENG31-08589445-n] (an open-air street market for inexpensive or secondhand articles)
                    • slave market [ENG31-04242075-n] (a marketplace where slaves were auctioned off (especially in the southern United States before the American Civil War))
                    • agora [ENG31-08509471-n] (the marketplace in ancient Greece)
                  • plaza [ENG31-03971750-n] (mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers)
                  • shop [ENG31-04209460-n] (a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services)

                    • bakery [ENG31-02779636-n] (a workplace where baked goods (breads and cakes and pastries) are produced or sold)

                      • patisserie [ENG31-03906011-n] (a bakery specializing in French pastry)
                    • barbershop [ENG31-02794293-n] (a shop where men can get their hair cut)
                    • bazaar [ENG31-02816679-n] (a shop where a variety of goods are sold)
                    • betting shop [ENG31-02836345-n] (a licensed bookmaker's shop that is not at the race track)
                    • bodega [ENG31-02864626-n] (a small Hispanic shop selling wine and groceries)
                    • bookshop [ENG31-02874886-n] (a shop where books are sold)
                    • booth [ENG31-02877328-n] (a small shop at a fair)

                      • stall [ENG31-04306353-n] (a booth where articles are displayed for sale)

                        • coffee stall [ENG31-03067837-n] (a stand (usually movable) selling hot coffee and food (especially at night))
                        • newsstand [ENG31-03828196-n] (a stall where newspapers and other periodicals are sold)
                    • boutique [ENG31-02882551-n] (a shop that sells women's clothes and jewelry)
                    • building supply store [ENG31-02918545-n] (a store where builders can purchase materials for building houses and related structures)
                    • butcher shop [ENG31-02930545-n] (a shop in which meat and poultry (and sometimes fish) are sold)
                    • canteen [ENG31-02956234-n] (sells food and personal items to personnel at an institution or school or camp etc.)
                    • chain store [ENG31-03004719-n] (one of a chain of retail stores under the same management and selling the same merchandise)
                    • cleaners [ENG31-03043812-n] (shop where dry cleaning is done)
                    • clothing store [ENG31-03056449-n] (a store where men's clothes are sold)

                      • slopshop [ENG31-04250379-n] (a store that sells cheap ready-made clothing)
                    • commissary [ENG31-03080415-n] (a retail store that sells equipment and provisions (usually to military personnel))

                      • post exchange [ENG31-03995805-n] (a commissary on a United States Army post)
                      • slop chest [ENG31-04249999-n] (commissary maintained aboard merchant ships to sell merchandise to the crew)
                      • small stores [ENG31-04252636-n] (personal items conforming to regulations that are sold aboard ship or at a naval base and charged to the person's pay)
                    • computer store [ENG31-03089823-n] (a store that sells computers to the small businessperson or personal user)
                    • confectionery [ENG31-03094080-n] (a confectioner's shop)

                      • tuck shop [ENG31-04502745-n] (a candy store in Great Britain)
                    • convenience store [ENG31-03103925-n] (a store selling a limited variety of food and pharmaceutical items)
                    • delicatessen [ENG31-03178053-n] (a shop selling ready-to-eat food products)

                      • charcuterie [ENG31-03011781-n] (a delicatessen that specializes in meats)
                    • drugstore [ENG31-03254045-n] (a retail shop where medicine and other articles are sold)
                    • florist [ENG31-03372256-n] (a shop where flowers and ornamental plants are sold)
                    • gift shop [ENG31-03441327-n] (a shop that sells miscellaneous articles appropriate as gifts)
                    • hardware store [ENG31-03499012-n] (a store selling hardware)
                    • head shop [ENG31-03510908-n] (a shop specializing in articles of interest to drug users)
                    • junk shop [ENG31-03611464-n] (a shop that sells cheap secondhand goods)
                    • millinery [ENG31-03772043-n] (shop selling women's hats)
                    • outfitter [ENG31-03865754-n] (a shop that provides equipment for some specific purpose)
                    • package store [ENG31-03877049-n] (a store that sells alcoholic beverages for consumption elsewhere)
                    • pawnbroker's shop [ENG31-03908052-n] (a shop where loans are made with personal property as security)
                    • perfumery [ENG31-03922504-n] (store where perfumes are sold)
                    • pet shop [ENG31-03926763-n] (a shop where pet animals can be purchased)
                    • pizzeria [ENG31-03958852-n] (a shop where pizzas are made and sold)
                    • repair shop [ENG31-04083028-n] (a shop specializing in repairs and maintenance)

                      • garage [ENG31-03421550-n] (a repair shop where cars and trucks are serviced and repaired)
                    • salon [ENG31-04138291-n] (a shop where hairdressers and beauticians work)
                    • shoe shop [ENG31-04207843-n] (a shop where shoes are sold)
                    • specialty store [ENG31-04278641-n] (a store that sells only one kind of merchandise)
                    • thriftshop [ENG31-04435769-n] (a shop that sells secondhand goods at reduced prices)
                    • tobacco shop [ENG31-04450391-n] (a shop that sells pipes and pipe tobacco and cigars and cigarettes)
                    • toyshop [ENG31-04469475-n] (shop where toys are sold)
                  • strip mall [ENG31-04347097-n] (a mercantile establishment consisting of a row of various stores and business and restaurants along a road or busy street)
                • office [ENG31-03847186-n] (place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed)

                  • box office [ENG31-02889123-n] (the office where tickets of admission are sold)
                  • countinghouse [ENG31-03123497-n] (office used by the accountants of a business)
                  • government office [ENG31-03454802-n] (an office where government employees work)

                    • jobcentre [ENG31-03605156-n] (a government office in a town where information about available jobs is displayed and where unemployment benefits are administered)
                    • land office [ENG31-03645194-n] (a government office where business relating to public lands is transacted)
                  • headquarters [ENG31-03509867-n] ((usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise)

                    • mukataa [ENG31-03803225-n] (an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center)
                  • life office [ENG31-03668759-n] (life assurance office)
                  • loan office [ENG31-03685955-n] (an office where loans are negotiated and repaid)
                  • newsroom [ENG31-03828044-n] (an office in which news is processed by a newspaper or news agency or television or radio station)
                  • shipping office [ENG31-04203720-n] (the office of a shipping agent)
                • spot [ENG31-04293266-n] (a business establishment for entertainment)

                  • cabaret [ENG31-02934801-n] (a spot that is open late at night and that provides entertainment (as singers or dancers) as well as dancing and food and drink)

                    • honkytonk [ENG31-03535983-n] (a cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall)
                    • supper club [ENG31-04366211-n] (usually a small luxurious nightclub)
                  • clip joint [ENG31-03048522-n] (a place of entertainment where high prices are charged for poor entertainment)
                  • hot spot [ENG31-03548691-n] (a lively entertainment spot)
                  • joint [ENG31-03606548-n] (a disreputable place of entertainment)

                    • juke [ENG31-03608412-n] (a small roadside establishment in the southeastern United States where you can eat and drink and dance to music provided by a jukebox)
              • poorhouse [ENG31-03989253-n] (an establishment maintained at public expense in order to provide housing for the poor and homeless)

                • workhouse [ENG31-04608517-n] (a poorhouse where able-bodied poor are compelled to labor)
              • school system [ENG31-04154041-n] (establishment including the plant and equipment for providing education from kindergarten through high school)
              • university [ENG31-04518297-n] (establishment where a seat of higher learning is housed, including administrative and living quarters as well as facilities for research and teaching)

                • city university [ENG31-03040229-n] (an urban university in a large city)
                • Oxbridge [ENG31-03873722-n] (general term for an ancient and prestigious and privileged university (especially Oxford University or Cambridge University))
                • redbrick university [ENG31-04073135-n] ((British informal) a provincial British university of relatively recent founding)
            • false bottom [ENG31-03324241-n] (a horizontal structure that partitions a ship or box (especially one built close to the actual bottom))
            • floor [ENG31-03370837-n] (a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale)

              • basement [ENG31-02803656-n] (the lowermost portion of a structure partly or wholly below ground level)

                • cellarage [ENG31-02995405-n] (a storage area in a cellar)
              • ground floor [ENG31-03468313-n] (the floor of a building that is at or nearest to the level of the ground around the building)
              • loft [ENG31-03691456-n] (floor consisting of open space at the top of a house just below roof)

                • cockloft [ENG31-03065431-n] (a small loft or garret)
                • hayloft [ENG31-03505701-n] (a loft in a barn where hay is stored)
              • loft [ENG31-03691796-n] (floor consisting of a large unpartitioned space over a factory or warehouse or other commercial space)

                • artist's loft [ENG31-02749688-n] (a factory loft that has been converted into an artist's workroom and living area)
              • mezzanine [ENG31-03763618-n] (intermediate floor just above the ground floor)
            • fountain [ENG31-03392889-n] (a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises)

              • drinking fountain [ENG31-03246038-n] (a public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water)
            • guide [ENG31-03470959-n] (a structure or marking that serves to direct the motion or positioning of something)
            • house of cards [ENG31-03550936-n] (an unstable construction with playing cards)
            • housing [ENG31-03551520-n] (structures collectively in which people are housed)

              • apartment [ENG31-02729230-n] (a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house)

                • bedsitting room [ENG31-02825199-n] (a furnished sitting room with sleeping accommodations (and some plumbing))
                • cold-water flat [ENG31-03071814-n] (an apartment without modern conveniences)
                • duplex apartment [ENG31-03261768-n] (an apartment having rooms on two floors that are connected by a staircase)
                • efficiency apartment [ENG31-03270665-n] (a furnished apartment with a kitchenette and bathroom)
                • flatlet [ENG31-03366143-n] (a tiny flat)
                • maisonette [ENG31-03718793-n] (a self-contained apartment (usually on two floors) in a larger house and with its own entrance from the outside)
                • penthouse [ENG31-03918940-n] (an apartment located on the top floors of a building)
                • railroad flat [ENG31-04055061-n] (an apartment whose rooms are all in a line with doors between them)
                • studio apartment [ENG31-04351812-n] (an apartment with a living space and a bathroom and a small kitchen)
                • suite [ENG31-04358628-n] (apartment consisting of a series of connected rooms used as a living unit (as in a hotel))
                • walk-up apartment [ENG31-04553881-n] (an apartment in a building without an elevator)
              • billet [ENG31-02842429-n] (lodging for military personnel (especially in a private home))
              • block [ENG31-02856275-n] (housing in a large building that is divided into separate units)

                • cellblock [ENG31-02995487-n] (a division of a prison (usually consisting of several cells))

                  • death house [ENG31-03171475-n] (the cellblock in a prison where those condemned to death await execution)
                • ward [ENG31-04557205-n] (block forming a division of a hospital (or a suite of rooms) shared by patients who need a similar kind of care)

                  • detox [ENG31-03187349-n] (the hospital ward or clinic in which patients are detoxified)
                  • maternity ward [ENG31-03735985-n] (a hospital ward that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants)
              • camp [ENG31-02948616-n] (temporary lodgings in the country for travelers or vacationers)

                • tennis camp [ENG31-04416760-n] (a camp where tennis is taught)
                • trailer camp [ENG31-04474741-n] (a camp where space for house trailers can be rented)
              • condominium [ENG31-03092845-n] (housing consisting of a complex of dwelling units (as an apartment house) in which each unit is individually owned)
              • dwelling [ENG31-03264208-n] (housing that someone is living in)

                • cliff dwelling [ENG31-03046475-n] (a rock and adobe dwelling built on sheltered ledges in the sides of a cliff)
                • condominium [ENG31-03093036-n] (one of the dwelling units in a condominium)
                • fixer-upper [ENG31-03359053-n] (a house or other dwelling in need of repair (usually offered for sale at a low price))
                • hearth [ENG31-03512385-n] (home symbolized as a part of the fireplace)
                • hermitage [ENG31-03521097-n] (the abode of a hermit)
                • homestead [ENG31-03534809-n] (dwelling that is usually a farmhouse and adjoining land)
                • lake dwelling [ENG31-03639325-n] (dwelling built on piles in or near a lake)
                • lodge [ENG31-03690633-n] (any of various Native American dwellings)

                  • hogan [ENG31-03530020-n] (a Navajo lodge covered with earth)
                  • tepee [ENG31-04419551-n] (a Native American tent)
                  • wickiup [ENG31-04590308-n] (a lodge consisting of a frame covered with matting or brush)
                  • wigwam [ENG31-04591659-n] (a Native American lodge frequently having an oval shape and covered with bark or hides)
                • messuage [ENG31-03757081-n] ((law) a dwelling house and its adjacent buildings and the adjacent land used by the household)
                • semi-detached house [ENG31-04179168-n] (a dwelling that is attached to something on only one side)
                • vacation home [ENG31-04524703-n] (a dwelling (a second home) where you live while you are on vacation)
                • yurt [ENG31-04621053-n] (a circular domed dwelling that is portable and self-supporting)
              • hospice [ENG31-03545656-n] (a lodging for travelers (especially one kept by a monastic order))
              • hostel [ENG31-03546717-n] (inexpensive supervised lodging (especially for youths on bicycling trips))
              • living quarters [ENG31-03684710-n] (housing available for people to live in)

                • accommodation [ENG31-02675001-n] (living quarters provided for public convenience)

                  • cabin class [ENG31-02936077-n] (a class of accommodations on a ship or train or plane that are less expensive than first class accommodations)
                  • first class [ENG31-03354738-n] (the most expensive accommodations on a ship or train or plane)
                  • stabling [ENG31-04302491-n] (accommodation for animals (especially for horses))
                  • steerage [ENG31-04319792-n] (the cheapest accommodations on a passenger ship)
                  • tourist class [ENG31-04466478-n] (inexpensive accommodations on a ship or train)
                • diggings [ENG31-03200169-n] (temporary living quarters)
                • forecastle [ENG31-03386950-n] (living quarters consisting of a superstructure in the bow of a merchant ship where the crew is housed)
                • harem [ENG31-03499206-n] (living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household)
                • military quarters [ENG31-03769262-n] (living quarters for personnel on a military post)

                  • barrack [ENG31-02797802-n] (a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel)

                    • casern [ENG31-02980011-n] (military barracks in a garrison town)
                  • camp [ENG31-02948281-n] (temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers)

                    • boot camp [ENG31-02876865-n] (camp for training military recruits)
                    • hutment [ENG31-03555600-n] (an encampment of huts (chiefly military))
                    • laager [ENG31-03635148-n] (a camp defended by a circular formation of wagons)
                  • gun room [ENG31-03475345-n] (military quarters of midshipmen and junior officers on a British warship)
                  • wardroom [ENG31-04557962-n] (military quarters for dining and recreation for officers of a warship (except the captain))
              • pied-a-terre [ENG31-03939667-n] (lodging for occasional or secondary use)
              • quartering [ENG31-04038360-n] (living accommodations (especially those assigned to military personnel))
              • rattrap [ENG31-04063603-n] (filthy run-down dilapidated housing)
              • shelter [ENG31-04199281-n] (temporary housing for homeless or displaced persons)

                • camp [ENG31-02949268-n] (shelter for persons displaced by war or political oppression or for religious beliefs)
              • tract housing [ENG31-04472438-n] (housing consisting of similar houses constructed together on a tract of land)
            • hull [ENG31-03553806-n] (the frame or body of ship)
            • lamination [ENG31-03641223-n] (a layered structure)
            • landing [ENG31-03643635-n] (structure providing a place where boats can land people or goods)

              • dock [ENG31-03221531-n] (landing in a harbor next to a pier where ships are loaded and unloaded or repaired)

                • dry dock [ENG31-03256236-n] (a large dock from which water can be pumped out)

                  • floating dock [ENG31-03369783-n] (dry dock that can be submerged under a vessel and then raised)
                • marina [ENG31-03727081-n] (a fancy dock for small yachts and cabin cruisers)
            • lookout [ENG31-03694269-n] (a structure commanding a wide view of its surroundings)

              • observation dome [ENG31-03844944-n] (lookout consisting of a dome-shaped observatory)
              • widow's walk [ENG31-04591253-n] (a lookout atop a coastal house)
            • masonry [ENG31-03731208-n] (structure built of stone or brick by a mason)

              • brickwork [ENG31-02901652-n] (masonry done with bricks and mortar)

                • nogging [ENG31-03832960-n] (rough brick masonry used to fill in the gaps in a wooden frame)
              • dry masonry [ENG31-03257027-n] (masonry without mortar)

                • dry wall [ENG31-03257340-n] (a stone wall made with stones fitted together without mortar)
              • stonework [ENG31-04333937-n] (masonry done with stone)

                • cyclopean masonry [ENG31-03160168-n] (a primitive style of masonry characterized by use of massive stones of irregular shape and size)
            • memorial [ENG31-03749393-n] (a structure erected to commemorate persons or events)

              • brass [ENG31-02895442-n] (a memorial made of brass)
              • cenotaph [ENG31-02996649-n] (a monument built to honor people whose remains are interred elsewhere or whose remains cannot be recovered)
              • gravestone [ENG31-03460432-n] (a stone that is used to mark a grave)
              • megalith [ENG31-03748507-n] (memorial consisting of a very large stone forming part of a prehistoric structure (especially in western Europe))

                • dolmen [ENG31-03224940-n] (a prehistoric megalithic tomb typically having two large upright stones and a capstone)
                • menhir [ENG31-03751062-n] (a tall upright megalith)
              • national monument [ENG31-03816492-n] (memorial consisting of a structure or natural landmark of historic interest)
              • pantheon [ENG31-03890623-n] (a monument commemorating a nation's dead heroes)
              • Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [ENG31-04185390-n] (impressive monuments created in the ancient world that were regarded with awe)
            • mound [ENG31-03797581-n] (structure consisting of an artificial heap or bank usually of earth or stones)

              • barbette [ENG31-02794408-n] ((formerly) a mound of earth inside a fort from which heavy gun can be fired over the parapet)
              • burial mound [ENG31-02925676-n] ((archeology) a heap of earth placed over prehistoric tombs)
              • embankment [ENG31-03286971-n] (a long artificial mound of stone or earth)

                • levee [ENG31-03663961-n] (an embankment that is built in order to prevent a river from overflowing)
                • rampart [ENG31-04058937-n] (an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes)

                  • bailey [ENG31-02778694-n] (the outer defensive wall that surrounds the outer courtyard of a castle)
                  • battlement [ENG31-02815071-n] (a rampart built around the top of a castle with regular gaps for firing arrows or guns)
                  • earthwork [ENG31-03267420-n] (an earthen rampart)
                  • fraise [ENG31-03395632-n] (sloping or horizontal rampart of pointed stakes)
                  • merlon [ENG31-03756105-n] (a solid section between two crenels in a crenelated battlement)
              • snowbank [ENG31-04258811-n] (a mound or heap of snow)
            • obstruction [ENG31-03845513-n] (any structure that makes progress difficult)

              • bar [ENG31-02792294-n] (an obstruction (usually metal) placed at the top of a goal)
              • barrier [ENG31-02799782-n] (a structure or object that impedes free movement)

                • bannister [ENG31-02791171-n] (a railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling)
                • barricade [ENG31-02799571-n] (a barrier (usually thrown up hastily) to impede the advance of an enemy)
                • breakwater [ENG31-02897867-n] (a protective structure of stone or concrete)
                • bulwark [ENG31-02921714-n] (a fencelike structure around a deck (usually plural))
                • crash barrier [ENG31-03132182-n] (a strong protective barrier that is erected around a racetrack or in the middle of a dual-lane highway in order to reduce the likelihood of severe accidents)
                • dam [ENG31-03164975-n] (a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea)

                  • milldam [ENG31-03771469-n] (dam to make a millpond to provide power for a water mill)
                  • weir [ENG31-04578852-n] (a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow)
                • fence [ENG31-03332179-n] (a barrier that serves to enclose an area)

                  • backstop [ENG31-02774552-n] ((baseball) a fence or screen (as behind home plate) to prevent the ball from traveling out of the playing field)
                  • chainlink fence [ENG31-03003738-n] (a fence of steel wires woven into a diamond pattern)
                  • hedge [ENG31-03516319-n] (a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes)

                    • privet hedge [ENG31-04012706-n] (hedge of privet plants)
                    • windbreak [ENG31-04593358-n] (hedge or fence of trees designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion)
                  • picket fence [ENG31-03936551-n] (a fence made of upright pickets)
                  • rail fence [ENG31-04054067-n] (a fence (usually made of split logs laid across each other at an angle))

                    • worm fence [ENG31-04612002-n] (rail fence consisting of a zigzag of interlocking rails)
                  • stone wall [ENG31-04333685-n] (a fence built of rough stones)
                  • wall [ENG31-04554878-n] (a masonry fence (as around an estate or garden))

                    • party wall [ENG31-03900735-n] (a wall erected on the line between two properties and shared by both owners)
                    • retaining wall [ENG31-04089822-n] (a wall that is built to resist lateral pressure (especially a wall built to prevent the advance of a mass of earth))
                  • weir [ENG31-04578972-n] (a fence or wattle built across a stream to catch or retain fish)
                • fender [ENG31-03332786-n] (a barrier that surrounds the wheels of a vehicle to block splashing water or mud)

                  • mudguard [ENG31-03802127-n] (a curved piece above the wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle to protect the rider from water or mud thrown up by the wheels)
                • grate [ENG31-03459651-n] (a barrier that has parallel or crossed bars blocking a passage but admitting air)

                  • grille [ENG31-03464707-n] (grating that admits cooling air to car's radiator)
                • hurdle [ENG31-03554769-n] (a light movable barrier that competitors must leap over in certain races)
                • movable barrier [ENG31-03801102-n] (a barrier that can be moved to allow passage)

                  • chicane [ENG31-03019863-n] (a movable barrier used in motor racing)
                  • door [ENG31-03226423-n] (a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle)

                    • car door [ENG31-02967273-n] (the door of a car)

                      • hatchback [ENG31-03503787-n] (a sloping rear car door that is lifted to open)
                    • cargo door [ENG31-02968386-n] (door used to load or unload cargo)
                    • double door [ENG31-03231583-n] (two vertical doors that meet in the middle of the door frame when closed)
                    • fire door [ENG31-03350208-n] (a fire-resistant door that can be closed to stop the spread of a fire)
                    • French door [ENG31-03399485-n] (a light door with transparent or glazed panels extending the full length)

                      • French window [ENG31-03400350-n] (a French door situated in an exterior wall of a building)
                    • interior door [ENG31-03584707-n] (a door that closes off rooms within a building)

                      • bi-fold door [ENG31-02839718-n] (an interior door)
                      • folding door [ENG31-03381617-n] (an interior door that opens by folding back in sections (rather than by swinging on hinges))
                    • revolving door [ENG31-04093558-n] (a door consisting of four orthogonal partitions that rotate about a central pivot)
                    • screen door [ENG31-04160108-n] (a door that consists of a frame holding metallic or plastic netting)
                    • sliding door [ENG31-04246180-n] (a door that opens by sliding instead of swinging)

                      • barn door [ENG31-02796865-n] (the large sliding door of a barn)
                    • storm door [ENG31-04336972-n] (an extra outer door for protection against severe weather or winter)
                    • swing door [ENG31-04379066-n] (a door that swings on a double hinge)

                      • batwing [ENG31-02815640-n] (one of a pair of swinging doors (as at the entrance to a western saloon))
                    • trap door [ENG31-04482544-n] (a hinged or sliding door in a floor or ceiling)
                  • gate [ENG31-03432206-n] (a movable barrier in a fence or wall)

                    • head gate [ENG31-03508711-n] (a gate upstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the upper end)
                    • lock-gate [ENG31-03689469-n] (a gate that can be locked)
                    • lychgate [ENG31-03704149-n] (a roofed gate to a churchyard, formerly used as a temporary shelter for the bier during funerals)
                    • portcullis [ENG31-03992239-n] (gate consisting of an iron or wooden grating that hangs in the entry to a castle or fortified town)
                    • postern [ENG31-03995707-n] (a small gate in the rear of a fort or castle)
                    • tailgate [ENG31-04391680-n] (a gate at the rear of a vehicle)
                    • tail gate [ENG31-04391844-n] (a gate downstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the lower end)
                    • tollgate [ENG31-04456821-n] (a gate or bar across a toll bridge or toll road which is lifted when the toll is paid)
                    • turnpike [ENG31-04508422-n] ((from 16th to 19th centuries) gates set across a road to prevent passage until a toll had been paid)
                    • turnstile [ENG31-04508665-n] (a gate consisting of a post that acts as a pivot for rotating arms)
                    • wicket [ENG31-04589911-n] (small gate or door (especially one that is part of a larger door))
                  • hatch [ENG31-03503661-n] (a movable barrier covering a hatchway)

                    • cargo hatch [ENG31-02968476-n] (hatch opening into the cargo compartment)
                • railing [ENG31-04054513-n] (a barrier consisting of a horizontal bar and supports)

                  • bar [ENG31-02792793-n] ((law) a railing that encloses the part of the courtroom where the judges and lawyers sit and the case is tried)
                  • fife rail [ENG31-03339612-n] (the railing surrounding the mast of a sailing vessel)
                  • safety rail [ENG31-04134496-n] (a railing placed alongside a stairway or road for safety)
                  • taffrail [ENG31-04391010-n] (the railing around the stern of a ship)
                • revetment [ENG31-04093178-n] (a barrier against explosives)
                • roadblock [ENG31-04103942-n] (a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc.)
                • starting gate [ENG31-04311818-n] (a movable barrier on the starting line of a race course)
              • blockade [ENG31-02856477-n] (prevents access or progress)
              • blockage [ENG31-02856708-n] (an obstruction in a pipe or tube)

                • breechblock [ENG31-02899336-n] (a metal block in breech-loading firearms that is withdrawn to insert a cartridge and replaced to close the breech before firing)
                • plug [ENG31-03974274-n] (blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly)

                  • bung [ENG31-02923032-n] (a plug used to close a hole in a barrel or flask)
                  • cork [ENG31-03113504-n] (the plug in the mouth of a bottle (especially a wine bottle))
                  • drainplug [ENG31-03237518-n] (a removable plug for holding water in a tub or basin)
                  • earplug [ENG31-03266775-n] (a plug of cotton, wax, or rubber that is fitted into the ear canal for protection against the entry of water or loud noise)
                  • fipple [ENG31-03348080-n] (a wooden plug forming a flue pipe (as the mouthpiece of a recorder))
                  • tampion [ENG31-04395127-n] (plug for the muzzle of a gun to keep out dust and moisture)
                  • tampon [ENG31-04395249-n] (plug of cotton or other absorbent material)

                    • Tampax [ENG31-04395019-n] (tampon used to absorb menstrual flow)
                  • tap [ENG31-04398064-n] (a plug for a bunghole in a cask)
                • vapor lock [ENG31-04528420-n] (a stoppage in a pipeline caused by gas bubbles (especially a stoppage that develops in hot weather in an internal-combustion engine when fuel in the gas line boils and forms bubbles that block the flow of gasoline to the carburetor))
              • hindrance [ENG31-03525974-n] (any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome)

                • clog [ENG31-03051538-n] (any object that acts as a hindrance or obstruction)
                • speed bump [ENG31-04280778-n] (a hindrance to speeding created by a crosswise ridge in the surface of a roadway)
              • obstacle [ENG31-03845315-n] (an obstruction that stands in the way (and must be removed or surmounted or circumvented))

                • hazard [ENG31-03506296-n] (an obstacle on a golf course)

                  • bunker [ENG31-02923753-n] (a hazard on a golf course)
                  • water hazard [ENG31-04567280-n] (hazard provided by ponds of water that the golfer must avoid)
                • stumbling block [ENG31-04352993-n] (any obstacle or impediment)
              • tumbler [ENG31-04504300-n] (a movable obstruction in a lock that must be adjusted to a given position (as by a key) before the bolt can be thrown)

                • lever [ENG31-03665012-n] (a flat metal tumbler in a lever lock)
                • pin [ENG31-03947289-n] (cylindrical tumblers consisting of two parts that are held in place by springs)
            • partition [ENG31-03900076-n] (a vertical structure that divides or separates (as a wall divides one room from another))

              • brattice [ENG31-02896531-n] (a partition (often temporary) of planks or cloth that is used to control ventilation in a mine)
              • bulkhead [ENG31-02919021-n] (a partition that divides a ship or plane into compartments)
              • screen [ENG31-04159470-n] (partition consisting of a decorative frame or panel that serves to divide a space)

                • altarpiece [ENG31-02702629-n] (a painted or carved screen placed above and behind an altar or communion table)
                • purdah [ENG31-04032027-n] (a screen used in India to separate women from men or strangers)
                • rood screen [ENG31-04112019-n] (a screen in a church)
              • wall [ENG31-04554141-n] (an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness)

                • attic [ENG31-02758828-n] ((architecture) a low wall at the top of the entablature)
                • cavity wall [ENG31-02991278-n] (a wall formed of two thicknesses of masonry with a space between them)
                • chimney breast [ENG31-03021352-n] (walls that project out from the wall of a room and surround the chimney base)
                • firewall [ENG31-03352826-n] (a fireproof (or fire-resistant) wall designed to prevent the spread of fire through a building or a vehicle)
                • gable [ENG31-03414303-n] (the vertical triangular wall between the sloping ends of gable roof)

                  • bell gable [ENG31-02829124-n] (an extension of a gable that serves as a bell cote)
                  • corbie gable [ENG31-03110625-n] ((architecture) a gable having corbie-steps or corbel steps)
                  • pediment [ENG31-03910776-n] (a triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof)
                • parapet [ENG31-03895323-n] (a low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony)
                • proscenium [ENG31-04019552-n] (the wall that separates the stage from the auditorium in a modern theater)
                • sidewall [ENG31-04222655-n] (a wall that forms the side of a structure)
                • wainscoting [ENG31-04551611-n] (a wainscoted wall (or wainscoted walls collectively))
            • platform [ENG31-03968819-n] (any military structure or vehicle bearing weapons)

              • gun enclosure [ENG31-03474107-n] (a self-contained weapons platform housing guns and capable of rotation)
            • porch [ENG31-03990739-n] (a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance)

              • back porch [ENG31-02773216-n] (a porch for the back door)
              • deck [ENG31-03172773-n] (a porch that resembles the deck on a ship)

                • sun deck [ENG31-04362345-n] (an unroofed deck)
              • front porch [ENG31-03404592-n] (a porch for the front door)
              • portico [ENG31-03993062-n] (a porch or entrance to a building consisting of a covered and often columned area)

                • narthex [ENG31-03815342-n] (portico at the west end of an early Christian basilica or church)
              • stoop [ENG31-04334342-n] (small porch or set of steps at the front entrance of a house)
              • veranda [ENG31-04534943-n] (a porch along the outside of a building (sometimes partly enclosed))

                • lanai [ENG31-03642794-n] (a veranda or roofed patio often furnished and used as a living room)
            • post and lintel [ENG31-03995284-n] (a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel))
            • prefab [ENG31-04005422-n] (a prefabricated structure)
            • projection [ENG31-04015323-n] (any structure that branches out from a central support)

              • arm [ENG31-02740838-n] (any projection that is thought to resemble a human arm)
              • brim [ENG31-02905383-n] (a circular projection that sticks outward from the crown of a hat)

                • bill [ENG31-02841963-n] (a brim that projects to the front to shade the eyes)
                • snap brim [ENG31-04255506-n] (a brim that can be turned up and down on opposite sides)
              • burr [ENG31-02927186-n] (rough projection left on a workpiece after drilling or cutting)
              • cleat [ENG31-03045250-n] (a metal or leather projection (as from the sole of a shoe))

                • calk [ENG31-02943560-n] (a metal cleat on the bottom front of a horseshoe to prevent slipping)
              • cornice [ENG31-03115692-n] (the topmost projecting part of an entablature)
              • drip [ENG31-03246363-n] ((architecture) a projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway))

                • dripstone [ENG31-03247298-n] (a protective drip that is made of stone)
              • flange [ENG31-03361704-n] (a projection used for strength or for attaching to another object)
              • fluke [ENG31-03374486-n] (flat bladelike projection on the arm of an anchor)
              • head [ENG31-03506432-n] (a projection out from one end)

                • pinhead [ENG31-03949196-n] (the head of a pin)
              • knob [ENG31-03631406-n] (a circular rounded projection or protuberance)

                • knobble [ENG31-03631709-n] (a small knob)
                • nailhead [ENG31-03810914-n] (flattened boss on the end of nail opposite to the point)
              • lobe [ENG31-03686060-n] (a rounded projection that is part of a larger structure)
              • lug [ENG31-03700942-n] (a projecting piece that is used to lift or support or turn something)
              • overhang [ENG31-03869894-n] (projection that extends beyond or hangs over something else)

                • eaves [ENG31-03267779-n] (the overhang at the lower edge of a roof)
                • fantail [ENG31-03326617-n] (an overhang consisting of the fan-shaped part of the deck extending aft of the sternpost of a ship)
              • prong [ENG31-04017303-n] (a pointed projection)

                • tine [ENG31-04446719-n] (prong on a fork or pitchfork or antler)
              • spike [ENG31-04283523-n] (a sharp-pointed projection along the top of a fence or wall (or a dinosaur))
              • tenon [ENG31-04417046-n] (a projection at the end of a piece of wood that is shaped to fit into a mortise and form a mortise joint)
              • tooth [ENG31-04460119-n] (something resembling the tooth of an animal)

                • cog [ENG31-03068939-n] (tooth on the rim of gear wheel)
              • tooth [ENG31-04460308-n] (one of a number of uniform projections on a gear)
            • public works [ENG31-04025729-n] (structures (such as highways or schools or bridges or docks) constructed at government expense for public use)
            • sail [ENG31-04135514-n] (any structure that resembles a sail)
            • set-back [ENG31-04183808-n] (structure where a wall or building narrows abruptly)
            • shelter [ENG31-04198638-n] (a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger)

              • cookhouse [ENG31-03106026-n] (a detached or outdoor shelter for cooking)
              • dugout [ENG31-03258892-n] (either of two low shelters on either side of a baseball diamond where the players and coaches sit during the game)
              • fallout shelter [ENG31-03324112-n] (a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout from an atomic bomb)
              • haven [ENG31-03504940-n] (a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary)
              • hovel [ENG31-03552234-n] (small crude shelter used as a dwelling)

                • igloo [ENG31-03565610-n] (an Eskimo hut)
                • mudhif [ENG31-03802370-n] (a reed hut in the marshlands of Iraq)
              • hut [ENG31-03555333-n] (temporary military shelter)

                • Nissen hut [ENG31-03831726-n] (a prefabricated hut of corrugated iron having a semicircular cross section)
              • loft [ENG31-03691689-n] (a raised shelter in which pigeons are kept)
              • mantelet [ENG31-03725141-n] (portable bulletproof shelter)
              • refuge [ENG31-04078214-n] (a shelter from danger or hardship)

                • harbor [ENG31-03497351-n] (a place of refuge and comfort and security)
                • safehold [ENG31-04132567-n] (a refuge from attack)
              • storm cellar [ENG31-04336819-n] (an underground shelter where you can go until a storm passes)
              • tent [ENG31-04418399-n] (a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs))

                • backpacking tent [ENG31-02772968-n] (a tent that can be carried in a backpack)
                • bell tent [ENG31-02829996-n] (a bell-shaped tent)
                • cabana [ENG31-02934678-n] (a small tent used as a dressing room beside the sea or a swimming pool)
                • canvas tent [ENG31-02957599-n] (a tent made of canvas fabric)

                  • circus tent [ENG31-03039237-n] (a canvas tent to house the audience at a circus performance)
                  • field tent [ENG31-03339236-n] (a canvas tent for use in the field)
                  • Sibley tent [ENG31-04219877-n] (a light conical canvas tent erected on a tripod with ventilation at the top)
                  • wall tent [ENG31-04556314-n] (a canvas tent with four vertical walls)
                • cottage tent [ENG31-03119394-n] (a tent providing shelter for a family)
                • fly tent [ENG31-03379319-n] (a tent with a fly front)
                • lean-to tent [ENG31-03658152-n] (tent that is attached to the side of a building)
                • mountain tent [ENG31-03798505-n] (a lightweight tent with a floor)
                • pavilion [ENG31-03907057-n] (large and often sumptuous tent)
                • pop tent [ENG31-03990483-n] (a small tent that is easy to carry and quick to set up)
                • praetorium [ENG31-04004233-n] (the tent of an ancient Roman general)
                • pup tent [ENG31-04031902-n] (a wedge-shaped tent)
                • pyramidal tent [ENG31-04035892-n] (a large tent shaped like a pyramid)
                • tupik [ENG31-04505570-n] (tent that is an Eskimo summer dwelling)
                • two-man tent [ENG31-04511333-n] (a tent designed for occupancy by two persons)
                • umbrella tent [ENG31-04514621-n] (a small tent with a single supporting pole and radiating metal ribs)
            • shoebox [ENG31-04207433-n] (a structure resembling a shoebox (as a rectangular building or a cramped room or compartment))
            • signboard [ENG31-04224949-n] (structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted)

              • billboard [ENG31-02842339-n] (large outdoor signboard)
              • sandwich board [ENG31-04142201-n] (signboard consisting of two hinged boards that hang front and back from the shoulders of a walker and are used to display advertisements)
              • shingle [ENG31-04201052-n] (a small signboard outside the office of a lawyer or doctor, e.g.)
            • stadium [ENG31-04303019-n] (a large structure for open-air sports or entertainments)

              • amphitheater [ENG31-02707808-n] (an oval large stadium with tiers of seats)
              • ballpark [ENG31-02785801-n] (a facility in which ball games are played (especially baseball games))
              • bullring [ENG31-02921496-n] (a stadium where bullfights take place)
              • circus [ENG31-03039074-n] ((antiquity) an open-air stadium for chariot races and gladiatorial games)
              • dome [ENG31-03225395-n] (a stadium that has a roof)
              • hippodrome [ENG31-03527166-n] (a stadium for horse shows or horse races)
            • superstructure [ENG31-04365961-n] (structure consisting of the part of a ship above the main deck)

              • deck-house [ENG31-03173209-n] (a superstructure on the upper deck of a ship)
            • supporting structure [ENG31-04368182-n] (a structure that serves to support something)

              • framework [ENG31-03396616-n] (a structure supporting or containing something)

                • airframe [ENG31-02692003-n] (the framework and covering of an airplane or rocket (excluding the engines))
                • arbor [ENG31-02735832-n] (a framework that supports climbing plants)

                  • grape arbor [ENG31-03458387-n] (an arbor where grapes are grown)
                • bustle [ENG31-02929975-n] (a framework worn at the back below the waist for giving fullness to a woman's skirt)
                • casing [ENG31-02981078-n] (the enclosing frame around a door or window opening)
                • climbing frame [ENG31-03046682-n] (a framework of bars or logs for children to climb on)
                • clotheshorse [ENG31-03055026-n] (a framework on which to hang clothes (as for drying))
                • coaming [ENG31-03060568-n] (a raised framework around a hatchway on a ship to keep water out)
                • cornice [ENG31-03115947-n] (a decorative framework to conceal curtain fixtures at the top of a window casing)
                • deckle [ENG31-03173329-n] ((paper making) a frame used to form paper pulp into sheets)
                • derrick [ENG31-03183204-n] (a framework erected over an oil well to allow drill tubes to be raised and lowered)
                • doorframe [ENG31-03227425-n] (the frame that supports a door)
                • fender [ENG31-03333146-n] (an inclined metal frame at the front of a locomotive to clear the track)
                • frame [ENG31-03395829-n] (a framework that supports and protects a picture or a mirror)
                • frame [ENG31-03396147-n] (the framework for a pair of eyeglasses)

                  • chase [ENG31-03013937-n] (a rectangular metal frame used in letterpress printing to hold together the pages or columns of composed type that are printed at one time)
                • gantry [ENG31-03421004-n] (a framework of steel bars raised on side supports to bridge over or around something)
                • grate [ENG31-03459480-n] (a frame of iron bars to hold a fire)
                • grill [ENG31-03464523-n] (a framework of metal bars used as a partition or a grate)
                • gun carriage [ENG31-03473628-n] (a framework on which a gun is mounted for firing)

                  • barbette carriage [ENG31-02794555-n] (a gun carriage elevated so that the gun can be fired over the parapet)
                • handbarrow [ENG31-03488169-n] (a rectangular frame with handles at both ends)
                • hayrack [ENG31-03505982-n] (a frame attached to a wagon to increase the amount of hay it can carry)
                • honeycomb [ENG31-03535822-n] (a framework of hexagonal cells resembling the honeycomb built by bees)
                • lattice [ENG31-03652230-n] (framework consisting of an ornamental design made of strips of wood or metal)

                  • trellis [ENG31-04485747-n] (latticework used to support climbing plants)

                    • espalier [ENG31-03302155-n] (a trellis on which ornamental shrub or fruit tree is trained to grow flat)
                • mounting [ENG31-03798719-n] (framework used for support or display)

                  • chassis [ENG31-03014310-n] (a metal mounting for the circuit components of an electronic device)

                    • radio chassis [ENG31-04049156-n] (a chassis for a radio receiver)
                  • mat [ENG31-03733809-n] (mounting consisting of a border or background for a picture)
                  • mount [ENG31-03798059-n] (a mounting consisting of a piece of metal (as in a ring or other jewelry) that holds a gem in place)

                    • pave [ENG31-03906471-n] (a setting with precious stones so closely set that no metal shows)
                  • passe-partout [ENG31-03902223-n] (a mounting for a picture using gummed tape)
                • oxbow [ENG31-03873532-n] (a wooden framework bent in the shape of a U)
                • picture frame [ENG31-03938003-n] (a framework in which a picture is mounted)
                • rack [ENG31-04045203-n] (framework for holding objects)

                  • barbecue [ENG31-02793692-n] (a rack to hold meat for cooking over hot charcoal usually out of doors)
                  • bicycle rack [ENG31-02839034-n] (a rack for parking bicycles)
                  • carrier [ENG31-02973345-n] (a rack attached to a vehicle)

                    • bomb rack [ENG31-02871769-n] (a device on an aircraft for carrying bombs)
                    • luggage carrier [ENG31-03701283-n] (carrier (as behind a bicycle seat) for luggage)
                    • luggage rack [ENG31-03701635-n] (carrier for holding luggage above the seats of a train or on top of a car)
                    • ski rack [ENG31-04237769-n] (a carrier for holding skis on top of a vehicle)
                  • coatrack [ENG31-03063106-n] (a rack with hooks for temporarily holding coats and hats)
                  • dish rack [ENG31-03212351-n] (a rack for holding dishes as dishwater drains off of them)
                  • hayrack [ENG31-03506115-n] (a rack that holds hay for feeding livestock)
                  • pipe rack [ENG31-03952999-n] (a rack for holding a smoker's pipes)
                  • plate rack [ENG31-03968005-n] (a rack for holding plates to dry after they have been washed)
                  • tie rack [ENG31-04441341-n] (a rack for storing ties)
                  • toastrack [ENG31-04449875-n] (a rack for holding slices of toast)
                  • towel rack [ENG31-04467008-n] (a rack consisting of one or more bars on which towels can be hung)
                • ribbing [ENG31-04094938-n] (a framework of ribs)
                • sash [ENG31-04143593-n] (a framework that holds the panes of a window in the window frame)

                  • casement [ENG31-02979809-n] (a window sash that is hinged (usually on one side))
                • sawhorse [ENG31-04147696-n] (a framework for holding wood that is being sawed)

                  • trestle [ENG31-04486929-n] (sawhorses used in pairs to support a horizontal tabletop)
                • stocks [ENG31-04331879-n] (a frame for constraining an animal while it is receiving veterinary attention or while being shod)
                • stocks [ENG31-04332048-n] (a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction)
                • stretcher [ENG31-04344295-n] (a wooden framework on which canvas is stretched and fixed for oil painting)
                • tambour [ENG31-04394348-n] (a frame made of two hoops)
                • tenter [ENG31-04418970-n] (a framework with hooks used for stretching and drying cloth)
                • truss [ENG31-04499670-n] (a framework of beams (rafters, posts, struts) forming a rigid structure that supports a roof or bridge or other structure)
                • walker [ENG31-04552591-n] (an enclosing framework on casters or wheels)
                • walker [ENG31-04552757-n] (a light enclosing framework (trade name Zimmer) with rubber castors or wheels and handles)
                • wattle [ENG31-04571404-n] (framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence)
                • window [ENG31-04594951-n] (a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air)

                  • bay window [ENG31-02816534-n] (a window that sticks out from the outside wall of a house)

                    • oriel [ENG31-03860853-n] (a projecting bay window corbeled or cantilevered out from a wall)
                  • casement window [ENG31-02979914-n] (a window with one or more casements)
                  • clerestory [ENG31-03045795-n] (part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light)
                  • display window [ENG31-03216510-n] (a window of a store facing onto the street)
                  • dormer [ENG31-03229306-n] (a gabled extension built out from a sloping roof to accommodate a vertical window)
                  • dormer window [ENG31-03229456-n] (the window in a gabled extension built to accommodate a window)

                    • oxeye [ENG31-03874002-n] (an oval or round dormer window)
                  • double glazing [ENG31-03231713-n] (a window with two panes of glass and a space between them)
                  • double-hung window [ENG31-03231887-n] (a window having two sashes that slide up and down)
                  • fanlight [ENG31-03325904-n] (a semicircular window over a door or window)
                  • lancet window [ENG31-03643212-n] (a narrow window having a lancet arch and without tracery)
                  • louvered window [ENG31-03698168-n] (a window with glass louvers)
                  • oeil de boeuf [ENG31-03846810-n] (a circular or oval window)
                  • picture window [ENG31-03938318-n] (a large window with a single pane (usually overlooking a view))
                  • pivoting window [ENG31-03958426-n] (a window that opens by pivoting either horizontally or vertically)
                  • porthole [ENG31-03992920-n] (a window in a ship or airplane)
                  • rose window [ENG31-04117272-n] (circular window filled with tracery)
                  • sash window [ENG31-04144172-n] (a window with (usually two) sashes that slide vertically to let in air)
                  • skylight [ENG31-04239909-n] (a window in a roof to admit daylight)
                  • sliding window [ENG31-04246439-n] (a window that opens by sliding horizontally)
                  • stained-glass window [ENG31-04304888-n] (a window made of stained glass)
                  • storm window [ENG31-04337096-n] (a window outside an ordinary window to protect against severe weather or winter)
                  • transom [ENG31-04480343-n] (a window above a door that is usually hinged to a horizontal crosspiece over the door)
                • window frame [ENG31-04596896-n] (the framework that supports a window)
              • skeleton [ENG31-04233599-n] (the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape)

                • chassis [ENG31-03014127-n] (the skeleton of a motor vehicle consisting of a steel frame supported on springs that holds the body and motor)
                • hoop [ENG31-03539609-n] (a light curved skeleton to spread out a skirt)

                  • farthingale [ENG31-03328264-n] (a hoop worn beneath a skirt to extend it horizontally)
                  • pannier [ENG31-03888975-n] (set of small hoops used to add fullness over the hips)
              • support [ENG31-04367588-n] (supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation)

                • abutment [ENG31-02671925-n] (a masonry support that touches and directly receives thrust or pressure of an arch or bridge)
                • architrave [ENG31-02737840-n] (the lowest part of an entablature)
                • basement [ENG31-02803834-n] (the ground floor facade or interior in Renaissance architecture)
                • buttress [ENG31-02932673-n] (a support usually of stone or brick)

                  • flying buttress [ENG31-03378789-n] (a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch)
                • foundation [ENG31-03391862-n] (lowest support of a structure)

                  • bed [ENG31-02822832-n] (a foundation of earth or rock supporting a road or railroad track)

                    • railroad bed [ENG31-04054946-n] (a bed on which railroad track is laid)
                    • roadbed [ENG31-04103827-n] (a bed supporting a road)
                  • raft foundation [ENG31-04052867-n] (a foundation (usually on soft ground) consisting of an extended layer of reinforced concrete)
                • pedestal [ENG31-03909987-n] (an architectural support or base (as for a column or statue))

                  • socle [ENG31-04262609-n] (a plain plinth that supports a wall)
                • prop [ENG31-04017618-n] (a support placed beneath or against something to keep it from shaking or falling)

                  • pitprop [ENG31-03957966-n] (a wooden prop used to support the roof of a mine)
            • tower [ENG31-04467365-n] (a structure taller than its diameter)

              • barbican [ENG31-02794688-n] (a tower that is part of a defensive structure (such as a castle))
              • beacon [ENG31-02817995-n] (a tower with a light that gives warning of shoals to passing ships)
              • bell tower [ENG31-02830070-n] (a tower that supports or shelters a bell)

                • campanile [ENG31-02949582-n] (a bell tower)
              • church tower [ENG31-03032880-n] (the tower of a church)
              • clock tower [ENG31-03051037-n] (a tower with a large clock visible high up on an outside face)
              • control tower [ENG31-03103610-n] (a tower with an elevated workspace enclosed in glass for the visual observation of aircraft around an airport)
              • high-rise [ENG31-03524550-n] (tower consisting of a multistoried building of offices or apartments)
              • minaret [ENG31-03773280-n] (slender tower with balconies)
              • mooring tower [ENG31-03790326-n] (a tower for mooring airships)
              • pylon [ENG31-04035057-n] (a large vertical steel tower supporting high-tension power lines)
              • pylon [ENG31-04035240-n] (a tower for guiding pilots or marking the turning point in a race)
              • shot tower [ENG31-04213857-n] (tower of a kind once used to make shot)
              • silo [ENG31-04227317-n] (a cylindrical tower used for storing silage)
              • steeple [ENG31-04319570-n] (a tall tower that forms the superstructure of a building (usually a church or temple) and that tapers to a point at the top)

                • pinnacle [ENG31-03949542-n] ((architecture) a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower)
              • supporting tower [ENG31-04368347-n] (a tower that serves to support something)

                • trestle [ENG31-04487058-n] (a supporting tower used to support a bridge)
              • turret [ENG31-04509242-n] (a small tower extending above a building)
              • watchtower [ENG31-04564234-n] (an observation tower for a lookout to watch over prisoners or watch for fires or enemies)

                • fire tower [ENG31-03352463-n] (a watchtower where a lookout is posted to watch for fires)
            • transept [ENG31-04478383-n] (structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church)
            • trestlework [ENG31-04487376-n] (a supporting structure composed of a system of connected trestles)
            • vaulting [ENG31-04531288-n] ((architecture) a vaulted structure)

              • fan vaulting [ENG31-03326899-n] (an elaborate system of vaulting in which the ribs diverge like fans)
            • ways [ENG31-04572325-n] (structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired)
            • wellhead [ENG31-04580331-n] (a structure built over a well)
            • wind tunnel [ENG31-04598662-n] (a structure resembling a tunnel where air is blown at known velocities for testing parts of aircraft)
            • honeycomb [ENG31-09241222-n] (a structure of small hexagonal cells constructed from beeswax by bees and used to store honey and larvae)
            • balance [ENG31-13920689-n] (equality of distribution)

              • conformation [ENG31-13920900-n] (a symmetrical arrangement of the parts of a thing)
              • symmetry [ENG31-13921008-n] (balance among the parts of something)
          • surface [ENG31-04369112-n] (the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary)

            • bed [ENG31-02823016-n] (the flat surface of a printing press on which the type form is laid in the last stage of producing a newspaper or magazine or book etc.)
            • board [ENG31-02860303-n] (a flat portable surface (usually rectangular) designed for board games)

              • backgammon board [ENG31-02771978-n] (the board on which backgammon is played)
              • checkerboard [ENG31-03015175-n] (a board having 64 squares of two alternating colors)

                • chessboard [ENG31-03017971-n] (a checkerboard used to play chess)
              • cribbage board [ENG31-03136442-n] (a board with pegs and regularly spaced holes for holding the pegs)
              • dartboard [ENG31-03167606-n] (a circular board of wood or cork used as the target in the game of darts)
              • go board [ENG31-03448385-n] (a board used for playing go)
              • monopoly board [ENG31-03789492-n] (a board used for playing monopoly)
              • Ouija [ENG31-03864182-n] (a board with the alphabet on it)
              • pegboard [ENG31-03912343-n] (a board perforated with regularly spaced holes into which pegs can be fitted)
              • punchboard [ENG31-04029816-n] (a small board full of holes)
            • face [ENG31-03318818-n] (the striking or working surface of an implement)
            • ground [ENG31-03467526-n] ((art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting)
            • horizontal surface [ENG31-03541528-n] (a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line)

              • floor [ENG31-03370438-n] (the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure))

                • bell deck [ENG31-02828938-n] (a floor under the bells of an open belfry)
                • dance floor [ENG31-03166746-n] (a bare floor polished for dancing)
                • floorboard [ENG31-03371567-n] (the floor of an automobile)
                • parquet [ENG31-03897875-n] (a floor made of parquetry)
                • truck bed [ENG31-04497785-n] (the floor or bottom of a wagon or truck or trailer)

                  • flatbed [ENG31-03365146-n] (an open truck bed or trailer with no sides)
              • paved surface [ENG31-03906587-n] (a level horizontal surface covered with paving material)

                • apron [ENG31-02734128-n] (a paved surface where aircraft stand while not being used)
                • pavement [ENG31-03906828-n] (the paved surface of a thoroughfare)

                  • curbside [ENG31-03154197-n] (the side of a sidewalk that is bordered by a curb)
                • road surface [ENG31-04104621-n] (the paved surface of a paved roadway)
                • runway [ENG31-04127936-n] (a strip of level paved surface where planes can take off and land)
                • skidpan [ENG31-04236257-n] (a paved surface on which cars can be made to skid so that drivers can practice controlling them)
                • tarmacadam [ENG31-04401723-n] (a paved surface having compressed layers of broken rocks held together with tar)
                • taxiway [ENG31-04403601-n] (a paved surface in the form of a strip)
              • platform [ENG31-03968233-n] (a raised horizontal surface)

                • auction block [ENG31-02759606-n] (a platform from which an auctioneer sells)
                • bandstand [ENG31-02790007-n] (a platform where a (brass) band can play in the open air)
                • catwalk [ENG31-02990212-n] (narrow platform extending out into an auditorium)
                • crow's nest [ENG31-03144649-n] (platform for a lookout at or near the top of a mast)
                • dais [ENG31-03164306-n] (a platform raised above the surrounding level to give prominence to the person on it)
                • deck [ENG31-03172332-n] (any of various platforms built into a vessel)

                  • afterdeck [ENG31-02686551-n] (a deck abaft of midships)
                  • flight deck [ENG31-03368062-n] (the upper deck of an aircraft carrier)
                  • foredeck [ENG31-03387259-n] (the deck between the bridge and the forecastle)
                  • gun deck [ENG31-03473832-n] (formerly any deck other than the weather deck having cannons from end to end)
                  • hurricane deck [ENG31-03554912-n] (a deck at the top of a passenger ship)
                  • lido deck [ENG31-03667533-n] (an open deck including a swimming pool)
                  • lower deck [ENG31-03699424-n] (the deck below the main deck)
                  • main deck [ENG31-03716998-n] (the uppermost sheltered deck that runs the entire length of a large vessel)
                  • orlop deck [ENG31-03861428-n] (the fourth or lowest deck)
                  • quarterdeck [ENG31-04038246-n] (the stern area of a ship's upper deck)
                  • upper deck [ENG31-04522033-n] (a higher deck)

                    • boat deck [ENG31-02862424-n] (the upper deck on which lifeboats are stored)
                    • bridge [ENG31-02902540-n] (an upper deck where a ship is steered and the captain stands)

                      • conning tower [ENG31-03096363-n] (a raised bridge on a submarine)
                      • flying bridge [ENG31-03378598-n] (the highest navigational bridge on a ship)
                    • freeboard deck [ENG31-03397762-n] (the uppermost watertight deck)
                    • weather deck [ENG31-04574148-n] (upper deck having no overhead protection from the weather, but sheltering the deck below)

                      • poop deck [ENG31-03989000-n] (an exposed partial weather deck on the stern superstructure of a ship)
                      • topside [ENG31-04463106-n] ((usually plural) weather deck)
                • dock [ENG31-03222036-n] (a platform where trucks or trains can be loaded or unloaded)
                • fly gallery [ENG31-03378261-n] (a narrow raised platform at the side of a stage in a theater)
                • footboard [ENG31-03384438-n] (a narrow platform on which to stand or brace the feet)

                  • running board [ENG31-04127433-n] (a narrow footboard serving as a step beneath the doors of some old cars)
                • footplate [ENG31-03385307-n] (the platform in the cab of a locomotive on which the engineer stands to operate the controls)
                • foretop [ENG31-03388224-n] (a platform at the head of a foremast)
                • landing [ENG31-03643825-n] (an intermediate platform in a staircase)
                • landing stage [ENG31-03644674-n] (platform from which passengers and cargo can be (un)loaded)
                • launching pad [ENG31-03653005-n] (a platform from which rockets or space craft are launched)
                • monkey bridge [ENG31-03788091-n] (a high narrow platform above a deck or in an engine room or boiler room)
                • pallet [ENG31-03885279-n] (a portable platform for storing or moving goods that are stacked on it)
                • pier [ENG31-03939805-n] (a platform built out from the shore into the water and supported by piles)

                  • levee [ENG31-03664085-n] (a pier that provides a landing place on a river)
                  • quay [ENG31-04039558-n] (wharf usually built parallel to the shoreline)
                • ring [ENG31-04100053-n] (a platform usually marked off by ropes in which contestants box or wrestle)

                  • boxing ring [ENG31-02888904-n] (a square ring where boxers fight)
                  • sumo ring [ENG31-04361260-n] (the circular ring in which Sumo wrestlers compete)
                  • wrestling ring [ENG31-04614499-n] (a square ring in which wrestlers compete)
                • runway [ENG31-04128092-n] (a narrow platform extending from the stage into the audience in a theater or nightclub etc.)
                • scaffold [ENG31-04148638-n] (a platform from which criminals are executed (hanged or beheaded))
                • stage [ENG31-04303700-n] (a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience)

                  • downstage [ENG31-03234229-n] (the front half of the stage (as seen from the audience))
                  • mise en scene [ENG31-03778801-n] (arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted)
                  • proscenium [ENG31-04019738-n] (the part of a modern theater stage between the curtain and the orchestra (i.e., in front of the curtain))
                  • theater stage [ENG31-04425953-n] (a stage in a theater on which actors can perform)

                    • boards [ENG31-02861345-n] ((used in the plural) the stage of a theater)
                    • thrust stage [ENG31-04437872-n] (a theater stage that extends out into the audience's part of a theater and has seats on three sides)
                  • wing [ENG31-04600289-n] (a stage area out of sight of the audience)
                • stage [ENG31-04304087-n] (a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination)
                • stairhead [ENG31-04305082-n] (platform at the top of a staircase)
                • top [ENG31-04461811-n] (platform surrounding the head of a lower mast)
                • turntable [ENG31-04508845-n] (a circular horizontal platform that rotates a phonograph record while it is being played)
                • turntable [ENG31-04509008-n] (a rotatable platform with a track)
            • Klein bottle [ENG31-03627416-n] (a closed surface with only one side)
            • meniscus [ENG31-03751203-n] ((physics) the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube)
            • miter [ENG31-03779657-n] (the surface of a beveled end of a piece where a miter joint is made)
            • Mobius strip [ENG31-03782206-n] (a continuous closed surface with only one side)
            • plaster [ENG31-03963861-n] (a surface of hardened plaster (as on a wall or ceiling))

              • pargeting [ENG31-03896055-n] (ornamental plasterwork)
            • screen [ENG31-04159912-n] (a white or silvered surface where pictures can be projected for viewing)

              • wide screen [ENG31-04591062-n] (a projection screen that is much wider than it is high)
            • side [ENG31-04220693-n] (an extended outer surface of an object)

              • beam [ENG31-02819516-n] (the broad side of a ship)
              • broadside [ENG31-02907673-n] (the whole side of a vessel from stem to stern)
              • edge [ENG31-03269047-n] (a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object)

                • bevel [ENG31-02836781-n] (two surfaces meeting at an angle different from 90 degrees)

                  • splay [ENG31-04289018-n] (an outward bevel around a door or window that makes it seem larger)
                • bezel [ENG31-02837148-n] (a sloping edge on a cutting tool)
                • brim [ENG31-02905554-n] (the top edge of a vessel or other container)

                  • collar [ENG31-03072711-n] (the stitching that forms the rim of a shoe or boot)
                • curb [ENG31-03153586-n] (an edge between a sidewalk and a roadway consisting of a line of curbstones (usually forming part of a gutter))
                • deckle edge [ENG31-03173440-n] (rough edge left by a deckle on handmade paper or produced artificially on machine-made paper)
                • featheredge [ENG31-03330636-n] (a thin tapering edge)
                • groin [ENG31-03466715-n] (a curved edge formed by two intersecting vaults)
                • knife edge [ENG31-03629706-n] (the sharp cutting side of the blade of a knife)
                • leading edge [ENG31-03657065-n] (forward edge of an airfoil)
                • milling [ENG31-03772135-n] (corrugated edge of a coin)
                • razor edge [ENG31-04064435-n] (an edge that is as sharp as the cutting side of a razor)
                • trailing edge [ENG31-04475134-n] (the rear edge of an airfoil)
              • front [ENG31-03403382-n] (the side that is seen or that goes first)

                • bow [ENG31-02883250-n] (front part of a vessel or aircraft)
                • facade [ENG31-03318278-n] (the face or front of a building)

                  • frontispiece [ENG31-03404415-n] (an ornamental facade)
                • face [ENG31-03318547-n] (the side upon which the use of a thing depends (usually the most prominent surface of an object))

                  • clock face [ENG31-03050642-n] (the face of a clock showing hours and minutes of the day)
                  • dial [ENG31-03191380-n] (the face of a timepiece)
                • frontispiece [ENG31-03404306-n] (front illustration facing the title page of a book)
                • nose [ENG31-03836375-n] (a front that resembles a human nose (especially the front of an aircraft))
                • nose [ENG31-03836602-n] (the front or forward projection of a tool or weapon)
                • nose cone [ENG31-03837077-n] (front consisting of the conical head of a missile or rocket that protects the payload from heat during its passage through the atmosphere)
                • shirtfront [ENG31-04205058-n] (the front of a shirt (usually the part not covered by a jacket))

                  • plastron [ENG31-03965417-n] (the front of man's dress shirt)
                  • plastron [ENG31-03965521-n] (the ornamental front of a woman's bodice or shirt)
                • shopfront [ENG31-04210748-n] (the front side of a store facing the street)
              • larboard [ENG31-03648242-n] (the left side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose)
              • nearside [ENG31-03819374-n] (the side of a vehicle nearest the kerb)
              • obverse [ENG31-03846027-n] (the side of a coin or medal bearing the principal stamp or design)

                • head [ENG31-03506955-n] ((usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head)
              • rear [ENG31-04066813-n] (the side that goes last or is not normally seen)

                • stern [ENG31-04323784-n] (the rear part of a ship)
                • tail [ENG31-04391103-n] (the rear part of an aircraft)
              • reverse [ENG31-04092293-n] (the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design)

                • tail [ENG31-04391286-n] ((usually plural) the reverse side of a coin that does not bear the representation of a person's head)
              • sidewall [ENG31-04222751-n] (the side of an automobile tire)
              • soffit [ENG31-04263868-n] (the underside of a part of a building (such as an arch or overhang or beam etc.))
              • starboard [ENG31-04310810-n] (the right side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose)
              • upper surface [ENG31-04522194-n] (the side that is uppermost)

                • ceiling [ENG31-02993828-n] (the overhead upper surface of a covered space)

                  • overhead [ENG31-03870080-n] ((nautical) the top surface of an enclosed space on a ship)
            • skin [ENG31-04237155-n] (an outer surface (usually thin))
            • spandrel [ENG31-04274356-n] (an approximately triangular surface area between two adjacent arches and the horizontal plane above them)
            • superficies [ENG31-04365468-n] (outer surface of an area or a body)
            • tread [ENG31-04484326-n] (the grooved surface of a pneumatic tire)
            • vertical surface [ENG31-04537471-n] (a surface that is vertical)

              • face [ENG31-03318401-n] (a vertical surface of a building or cliff)

                • perpendicular [ENG31-03924095-n] (an extremely steep face)
                • coalface [ENG31-08676962-n] (the part of a coal seam that is being cut)
            • work surface [ENG31-04610916-n] (a horizontal surface for supporting objects used in working or playing games)

              • tabletop [ENG31-04388947-n] (the top horizontal work surface of a table)

                • countertop [ENG31-03122896-n] (the top side of a counter)
              • writing board [ENG31-04615485-n] (work surface consisting of a wide lightweight board that can be placed across the lap and used for writing)

                • clipboard [ENG31-03048403-n] (a small writing board with a clip at the top for holding papers)
                • lapboard [ENG31-03647655-n] (writing board used on the lap as a table or desk)
          • thing [ENG31-04431353-n] (an artifact)

            • flagship [ENG31-03361004-n] (the chief one of a related group)
            • pill [ENG31-03943040-n] (something that resembles a tablet of medicine in shape or size)

              • vitamin pill [ENG31-07954389-n] (a pill containing one or more vitamins)

                • multivitamin [ENG31-07954247-n] (a pill or tablet containing several vitamins)
            • snorter [ENG31-04258487-n] (something that is extraordinary or remarkable or prominent)
            • standby [ENG31-04309057-n] (something that can be relied on when needed)
            • variation [ENG31-04528994-n] (an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard)

              • bastard [ENG31-02807938-n] (derogatory term for a variation that is not genuine)
            • wobbler [ENG31-04603957-n] (something that wobbles)
          • track [ENG31-04471218-n] (a pair of parallel rails providing a runway for wheels)

            • railroad track [ENG31-04055187-n] (a line of track providing a runway for wheels)

              • broad gauge [ENG31-02907289-n] (a railroad track (or its width) broader than the standard 56.5 inches)
              • gantlet [ENG31-03420778-n] (the convergence of two parallel railroad tracks in a narrow place)
              • narrow gauge [ENG31-03814996-n] (a railroad track (or its width) narrower than the standard 56.5 inches)
              • siding [ENG31-04223173-n] (a short stretch of railroad track used to store rolling stock or enable trains on the same line to pass)
              • standard gauge [ENG31-04308764-n] (railroad track having the standard width of 56.5 inches)
              • switch [ENG31-04379843-n] (railroad track having two movable rails and necessary connections)
            • tramline [ENG31-04476238-n] (the track on which trams or streetcars run)
          • way [ENG31-04571984-n] (any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another)

            • access [ENG31-02673692-n] (a way of entering or leaving)

              • entrance [ENG31-03295682-n] (something that provides access (to get in or get out))

                • arch [ENG31-02737222-n] (a passageway under a curved masonry construction)
                • doorway [ENG31-03228735-n] (the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building)

                  • exterior door [ENG31-03312219-n] (a doorway that allows entrance to or exit from a building)

                    • back door [ENG31-02771749-n] (an entrance at the rear of a building)
                    • Dutch door [ENG31-03263821-n] (an exterior door divided in two horizontally)
                    • front door [ENG31-03404155-n] (exterior door (at the entrance) at the front of a building)
                    • side door [ENG31-04221602-n] (an exterior door at one side of a building)
                • gateway [ENG31-03433387-n] (an entrance that can be closed by a gate)
                • hatchway [ENG31-03504286-n] (an entrance equipped with a hatch)

                  • escape hatch [ENG31-03300857-n] (hatchway that provides a means of escape in an emergency)
                • pithead [ENG31-03957094-n] (the entrance to a coal mine)
                • portal [ENG31-03992042-n] (a grand and imposing entrance (often extended metaphorically))
                • porte-cochere [ENG31-03992582-n] (a carriage entrance passing through a building to an enclosed courtyard)
                • service door [ENG31-04182730-n] (an entrance intended for the use of servants or for delivery of goods and removal of refuse)
                • stage door [ENG31-04304465-n] (an entrance to the backstage area of theater)
                • vomitory [ENG31-04548948-n] (an entrance to an amphitheater or stadium)
            • lane [ENG31-03645903-n] (a narrow way or road)
            • passage [ENG31-03900990-n] (a way through or along which someone or something may pass)

              • adit [ENG31-02683366-n] (a nearly horizontal passage from the surface into a mine)
              • aisle [ENG31-02697041-n] (a long narrow passage (as in a cave or woods))
              • channel [ENG31-03009709-n] (a passage for water (or other fluids) to flow through)

                • gutter [ENG31-03476596-n] (a channel along the eaves or on the roof)

                  • chute [ENG31-03033305-n] (sloping channel through which things can descend)

                    • moulin [ENG31-03033532-n] (a chute through which supraglacial water enters a glacier, boring either to the bedrock or to the depth of common crevasse formation)
                    • coal chute [ENG31-03060200-n] (a chute for coal)
                    • runway [ENG31-04128236-n] (a chute down which logs can slide)
                    • water chute [ENG31-04565485-n] (chute with flowing water down which toboggans and inner tubes and people slide into a pool)
                  • cullis [ENG31-03151353-n] (a gutter in a roof)
                • limbers [ENG31-03674693-n] (a channel or gutter on either side of a ship's keelson)
              • conduit [ENG31-03093470-n] (a passage (a pipe or tunnel) through which water or electric wires can pass)

                • aqueduct [ENG31-02735438-n] (a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley)
                • duct [ENG31-03258101-n] (an enclosed conduit for a fluid)

                  • air-intake [ENG31-02692820-n] (a duct that admits air to be mixed with fuel)
                  • air passage [ENG31-02693800-n] (a duct that provides ventilation (as in mines))

                    • register [ENG31-04078824-n] (an air passage (usually in the floor or a wall of a room) for admitting or excluding heated air from the room)
                    • snorkel [ENG31-04257960-n] (air passage provided by a retractable device containing intake and exhaust pipes)
                    • upcast [ENG31-04520851-n] (air passage consisting of a ventilation shaft through which air leaves a mine)
                    • ventilation shaft [ENG31-04534095-n] (a shaft in a building)
                • flue [ENG31-03373724-n] (a conduit to carry off smoke)

                  • chimney [ENG31-03021082-n] (a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building)

                    • smokestack [ENG31-04254303-n] (a large tall chimney through which combustion gases and smoke can be evacuated)

                      • funnel [ENG31-03408346-n] ((nautical) smokestack consisting of a shaft for ventilation or the passage of smoke (especially the smokestack of a ship))
                    • stovepipe [ENG31-04337884-n] (chimney consisting of a metal pipe of large diameter that is used to connect a stove to a flue)
                  • chimneystack [ENG31-03021712-n] (the part of the chimney that is above the roof)
                  • lamp chimney [ENG31-03642182-n] (a glass flue surrounding the wick of an oil lamp)
                • millrace [ENG31-03772351-n] (a channel for the water current that turns a millwheel)
                • sluice [ENG31-04251507-n] (conduit that carries a rapid flow of water controlled by a sluicegate)
                • spillway [ENG31-04284172-n] (a channel that carries excess water over or around a dam or other obstruction)
                • tube [ENG31-04500800-n] (conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases)

                  • barrel [ENG31-02798551-n] (a tube through which a bullet travels when a gun is fired)
                  • blowgun [ENG31-02858533-n] (a tube through which darts can be shot by blowing)
                  • blowtube [ENG31-02858840-n] (a tube that directs air or gas into a flame to concentrate heat)
                  • cannula [ENG31-02954606-n] (a small flexible tube inserted into a body cavity for draining off fluid or introducing medication)
                  • capillary [ENG31-02959505-n] (a tube of small internal diameter)
                  • catheter [ENG31-02987924-n] (a thin flexible tube inserted into the body to permit introduction or withdrawal of fluids or to keep the passageway open)

                    • endotracheal tube [ENG31-03291789-n] (a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents)

                      • nasotracheal tube [ENG31-03815952-n] (a tube inserted into the trachea through the nose and pharynx)
                  • coil [ENG31-03070033-n] (tubing that is wound in a spiral)

                    • condenser [ENG31-03091943-n] (a hollow coil that condenses by abstracting heat)
                  • column [ENG31-03078578-n] (a vertical glass tube used in column chromatography)
                  • drain [ENG31-03236861-n] (tube inserted into a body cavity (as during surgery) to remove unwanted material)
                  • hose [ENG31-03545055-n] (a flexible pipe for conveying a liquid or gas)

                    • airline [ENG31-02693129-n] (a hose that carries air under pressure)
                    • fire hose [ENG31-03350850-n] (a large hose that carries water from a fire hydrant to the site of the fire)
                    • garden hose [ENG31-03422781-n] (a hose used for watering a lawn or garden)
                    • radiator hose [ENG31-04048488-n] (a flexible hose between the radiator and the engine block)
                    • water cannon [ENG31-04565158-n] (a hose (carried on a truck) that fires water under high pressure to disperse crowds (especially crowds of rioters))
                  • inner tube [ENG31-03578156-n] (an inflatable rubber tube that fits inside the casing of a pneumatic tire)
                  • mouthpiece [ENG31-03800479-n] (the tube of a pipe or cigarette holder that a smoker holds in the mouth)
                  • pipe [ENG31-03950948-n] (a long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry water or oil or gas etc.)

                    • chimneypot [ENG31-03021585-n] (a short earthenware pipe on the top of a chimney to increase the draft)
                    • discharge pipe [ENG31-03210879-n] (a pipe through which fluids can be discharged)

                      • hydrant [ENG31-03556096-n] (a discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks)

                        • fireplug [ENG31-03351744-n] (an upright hydrant for drawing water to use in fighting a fire)
                    • drain [ENG31-03236615-n] (a pipe through which liquid is carried away)

                      • culvert [ENG31-03151946-n] (a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway)
                      • scupper [ENG31-04164944-n] (drain that allows water on the deck of a vessel to flow overboard)
                      • sewer [ENG31-04186187-n] (a waste pipe that carries away sewage or surface water)
                      • soil pipe [ENG31-04264794-n] (drain that conveys liquid waste from toilets, etc.)
                      • trap [ENG31-04482267-n] (drain consisting of a U-shaped section of drainpipe that holds liquid and so prevents a return flow of sewer gas)
                    • drilling pipe [ENG31-03245185-n] (a series of tubes (joined by screwed collars) that connect a drilling platform to the drilling bit)
                    • elbow [ENG31-03273464-n] (a length of pipe with a sharp bend in it)
                    • exhaust pipe [ENG31-03308455-n] (a pipe through which burned gases travel from the exhaust manifold to the muffler)
                    • fuel line [ENG31-03406415-n] (a pipe that carries gasoline from a tank to a gasoline engine)
                    • main [ENG31-03716684-n] (a principal pipe in a system that distributes water or gas or electricity or that collects sewage)

                      • electric main [ENG31-03277607-n] (a main that distributes electricity)
                      • gas main [ENG31-03429013-n] (a main that distributes gas)
                      • sewer main [ENG31-04186332-n] (a main in a sewage system)
                      • water main [ENG31-04568453-n] (main (a pipe or conduit) for conveying water)
                    • manifold [ENG31-03723289-n] (a pipe that has several lateral outlets to or from other pipes)

                      • exhaust manifold [ENG31-03308278-n] (a manifold that receives exhaust gases from the cylinders and conducts them to the exhaust pipe)
                      • inlet manifold [ENG31-03577983-n] (manifold that carries vaporized fuel from the carburetor to the inlet valves of the cylinders)
                      • intake manifold [ENG31-03581948-n] (a manifold consisting of a pipe to carry fuel to each cylinder in an internal-combustion engine)
                    • pipeline [ENG31-03952601-n] (a pipe used to transport liquids or gases)

                      • gas line [ENG31-03428876-n] (a pipeline used to transport natural gas)
                      • oil pipeline [ENG31-03849979-n] (a pipeline used to transport oil)
                    • riser [ENG31-04101953-n] (a vertical pipe in a building)
                    • sparge pipe [ENG31-04275095-n] (a horizontal pipe having fine holes drilled throughout its length so as to deliver a spray of water)
                    • standpipe [ENG31-04309665-n] (a vertical pipe)
                    • steam line [ENG31-04317063-n] (a pipe conducting steam)
                    • tailpipe [ENG31-04392623-n] (a pipe carrying fumes from the muffler to the rear of a car)
                  • pipe [ENG31-03951443-n] (a tube with a small bowl at one end)

                    • briar [ENG31-02900855-n] (a pipe made from the root (briarroot) of the tree heath)
                    • calabash [ENG31-02940998-n] (a pipe for smoking)
                    • calumet [ENG31-02944863-n] (a highly decorated ceremonial pipe of Amerindians)
                    • clay pipe [ENG31-03043603-n] (a pipe made of clay)

                      • dudeen [ENG31-03258417-n] (a clay pipe with a short stem)
                    • hookah [ENG31-03538194-n] (an oriental tobacco pipe with a long flexible tube connected to a container where the smoke is cooled by passing through water)
                    • meerschaum [ENG31-03747907-n] (a pipe having a bowl made of meerschaum)
                  • silencer [ENG31-04225840-n] (short tube attached to the muzzle of a gun that deadens the sound of firing)
                  • siphon [ENG31-04231230-n] (a tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that gravity forces the liquid through the tube)
                  • speaking tube [ENG31-04277875-n] (a tube for conveying the sound of a voice from one room to another)
                  • stem [ENG31-04320909-n] (the tube of a tobacco pipe)
                  • stent [ENG31-04321873-n] (a slender tube inserted inside a tubular body part (as a blood vessel) to provide support during and after surgical anastomosis)
                  • straw [ENG31-04341370-n] (a thin paper or plastic tube used to suck liquids into the mouth)
                  • test tube [ENG31-04423056-n] (glass tube closed at one end)
                  • torpedo tube [ENG31-04464873-n] (a tube near the waterline of a vessel through which a torpedo is fired)
                  • venturi [ENG31-04534605-n] (a tube with a constriction)
                  • well point [ENG31-04580415-n] (a perforated tube driven into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area)
                • waterspout [ENG31-04569782-n] (a channel through which water is discharged (especially one used for drainage from the gutters of a roof))
              • cul [ENG31-03151115-n] (a passage with access only at one end)
              • fish ladder [ENG31-03357330-n] (a series of ascending pools providing a passage for salmon to swim upstream past a dam)
              • passageway [ENG31-03901282-n] (a passage between rooms or between buildings)

                • aisle [ENG31-02696719-n] (passageway between seating areas as in an auditorium or passenger vehicle or between areas of shelves of goods as in stores)
                • arcade [ENG31-02736383-n] (a covered passageway with shops and stalls on either side)

                  • amusement arcade [ENG31-02709665-n] (an arcade featuring coin-operated game machines)
                  • penny arcade [ENG31-03918224-n] (an arcade with coin-operated devices for entertainment)
                • areaway [ENG31-02739401-n] (a passageway between buildings or giving access to a basement)
                • corridor [ENG31-03116750-n] (an enclosed passageway)

                  • gallery [ENG31-03416672-n] (a covered corridor (especially one extending along the wall of a building and supported with arches or columns))
                  • hallway [ENG31-03485035-n] (an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open)

                    • concourse [ENG31-03091385-n] (a wide hallway in a building where people can walk)
                • drift [ENG31-03244102-n] (a horizontal (or nearly horizontal) passageway in a mine)
                • gangway [ENG31-03420659-n] (a temporary passageway of planks (as over mud on a building site))
                • gate [ENG31-03432819-n] (passageway (as in an air terminal) where passengers can embark or disembark)

                  • arrival gate [ENG31-02745668-n] (gate where passengers disembark)
                  • departure gate [ENG31-03181636-n] (gate where passengers embark)
                • shaft [ENG31-04189933-n] (a vertical passageway through a building (as for an elevator))

                  • elevator shaft [ENG31-03286584-n] (a vertical shaft in a building to permit the passage of an elevator from floor to floor)
                  • well [ENG31-04580086-n] (an open shaft through the floors of a building (as for a stairway))

                    • stairwell [ENG31-04305799-n] (a vertical well around which there is a stairway)
                • tunnel [ENG31-04505257-n] (a passageway through or under something, usually underground (especially one for trains or cars))

                  • catacomb [ENG31-02984483-n] (an underground tunnel with recesses where bodies were buried (as in ancient Rome))
                  • railroad tunnel [ENG31-04055553-n] (a tunnel through which the railroad track runs)
                  • underpass [ENG31-04516099-n] (an underground tunnel or passage enabling pedestrians to cross a road or railway)
                • walk-through [ENG31-04554020-n] (a pedestrian passageway through the ground floor of a building)
              • right of way [ENG31-04099125-n] (the passage consisting of a path or strip of land over which someone has the legal right to pass)
              • shaft [ENG31-04189557-n] (a long vertical passage sunk into the earth, as for a mine or tunnel)

                • air shaft [ENG31-02695646-n] (a shaft for ventilation)
                • downcast [ENG31-03234123-n] (a ventilation shaft through which air enters a mine)
              • throat [ENG31-04435898-n] (a passage resembling a throat in shape or function)
            • path [ENG31-03905025-n] (a way especially designed for a particular use)

              • bridle path [ENG31-02903742-n] (a path suitable for riding or leading horses (but not for cars))
              • crossing [ENG31-03141879-n] (a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other)

                • grade separation [ENG31-03456309-n] (a crossing that uses an underpass or overpass)
                • pedestrian crossing [ENG31-03910302-n] (street crossing where pedestrians have right of way)

                  • pelican crossing [ENG31-03912709-n] (an acronym for pedestrian light control)
                  • school crossing [ENG31-04153786-n] (a pedestrian crossing where school children cross a street on the way to school)
              • lane [ENG31-03645974-n] (a well-defined track or path)

                • bowling alley [ENG31-02885255-n] (a lane down which a bowling ball is rolled toward pins)
                • free throw lane [ENG31-03398370-n] (a lane on a basketball court extending from the end line to 15 feet in front of the backboard)
                • seaway [ENG31-04170425-n] (a lane at sea that is a regularly used route for vessels)
                • traffic lane [ENG31-04473621-n] (a lane of a main road that is defined by painted lines)

                  • bus lane [ENG31-02929192-n] (a traffic lane intended for buses only)
                  • fast lane [ENG31-03329447-n] (the traffic lane for vehicles that are moving rapidly)
                  • slow lane [ENG31-04251280-n] (the traffic lane for vehicles that are moving slowly)
              • pathway [ENG31-03905230-n] (a trodden path)
              • towpath [ENG31-04468805-n] (a path along a canal or river used by animals towing boats)
              • walk [ENG31-04552265-n] (a path set aside for walking)

                • ambulatory [ENG31-02703984-n] (a covered walkway (as in a cloister))
                • boardwalk [ENG31-02861501-n] (a walkway made of wooden boards)

                  • duckboard [ENG31-03257890-n] (a boardwalk laid across muddy ground)
                • catwalk [ENG31-02990060-n] (narrow pathway high in the air (as above a stage or between parts of a building or along a bridge))
                • flagging [ENG31-03360487-n] (a walk of flagstones)
                • promenade [ENG31-04016581-n] (a public area set aside as a pedestrian walk)

                  • esplanade [ENG31-03302283-n] (a long stretch of open level ground (paved or grassy) for walking beside the seashore)
                • sidewalk [ENG31-04222469-n] (walk consisting of a paved area for pedestrians)
                • skywalk [ENG31-04240404-n] (an elevated walkway between buildings (usually enclosed))
            • road [ENG31-04103160-n] (an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation)

              • access road [ENG31-02674618-n] (a short road giving access to an expressway)
              • byway [ENG31-02934029-n] (a side road little traveled (as in the countryside))
              • causeway [ENG31-02990375-n] (a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand)
              • clearway [ENG31-03044821-n] (a road on which you are not allowed to stop (unless you have a breakdown))
              • corduroy [ENG31-03112260-n] (a road made of logs laid crosswise)
              • detour [ENG31-03187172-n] (a roundabout road (especially one that is used temporarily while a main route is blocked))
              • drive [ENG31-03247416-n] (a wide scenic road planted with trees)
              • driveway [ENG31-03249091-n] (a road leading up to a private house)
              • highway [ENG31-03525144-n] (a major road for any form of motor transport)

                • arterial road [ENG31-02747328-n] (a major or main route)
                • beltway [ENG31-02831832-n] (a highway that encircles an urban area so that traffic does not have to pass through the center)
                • divided highway [ENG31-03220211-n] (a highway divided down the middle by a barrier that separates traffic going in different directions)
                • expressway [ENG31-03311555-n] (a broad highway designed for high-speed traffic)

                  • autobahn [ENG31-02761868-n] (an expressway in a German-speaking country)
                  • autostrada [ENG31-02765513-n] (an expressway in an Italian-speaking country)
                  • turnpike [ENG31-04508313-n] (an expressway on which tolls are collected)
                • highroad [ENG31-03524741-n] (a highway)
                • interstate [ENG31-03586523-n] (one of the system of highways linking major cities in the 48 contiguous states of the United States)
              • line [ENG31-03676598-n] (the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed)

                • branch line [ENG31-02894671-n] (a railway line connected to a trunk line)

                  • loop-line [ENG31-03695026-n] (a railway branch line that branches from the trunk line and then rejoins it later on)
                • trunk line [ENG31-04499559-n] (line that is the main route on a railway)
              • post road [ENG31-03996743-n] (a road over which mail is carried)
              • roadway [ENG31-04104716-n] (a road (especially that part of a road) over which vehicles travel)

                • carriageway [ENG31-02972782-n] (one of the two sides of a motorway where traffic travels in one direction only usually in two or three lanes)
              • shortcut [ENG31-04211999-n] (a route shorter than the usual one)
              • side road [ENG31-04222123-n] (a minor road branching off of a main road)
              • skid road [ENG31-04236425-n] (a road made of logs on which freshly cut timber can be hauled)
              • speedway [ENG31-04281333-n] (road where high speed driving is allowed)
              • thoroughfare [ENG31-04433753-n] (a public road from one place to another)

                • artery [ENG31-02747537-n] (a major thoroughfare that bears important traffic)
                • blind alley [ENG31-02854799-n] (a street with only one way in or out)
                • street [ENG31-04341737-n] (a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings)

                  • alley [ENG31-02700618-n] (a narrow street with walls on both sides)
                  • avenue [ENG31-02766477-n] (a wide street or thoroughfare)
                  • cross street [ENG31-03142624-n] (a street intersecting a main street (usually at right angles) and continuing on both sides of it)
                  • local road [ENG31-03687350-n] (a street that is primarily used to gain access to the property bordering it)

                    • frontage road [ENG31-03403690-n] (a local road that runs parallel to an expressway and allows local traffic to gain access to property)
                  • main street [ENG31-03718268-n] (street that serves as a principal thoroughfare for traffic in a town)

                    • main drag [ENG31-03717142-n] (the main street of a town or city)
                  • mews [ENG31-03763252-n] (street lined with buildings that were originally private stables but have been remodeled as dwellings)
                  • rue [ENG31-04125011-n] ((French) a street or road in France)
                  • side street [ENG31-04222354-n] (a street intersecting a main street and terminating there)
                • street [ENG31-04342347-n] (the part of a thoroughfare between the sidewalks)

                  • one-way street [ENG31-03852854-n] (a street on which vehicular traffic is allowed to move in only one direction)
                  • two-way street [ENG31-04511592-n] (a street on which vehicular traffic can move in either of two directions)
              • track [ENG31-04470745-n] (any road or path affording passage especially a rough one)

                • portage [ENG31-03991946-n] (overland track between navigable waterways)
                • trail [ENG31-04473848-n] (a path or track roughly blazed through wild or hilly country)

                  • cattle trail [ENG31-02989935-n] (a trail over which cattle were driven to market)
                  • deer trail [ENG31-03175668-n] (a trail worn by the passage of deer)
                  • horse-trail [ENG31-03544858-n] (a trail for horses)
                  • Indian trail [ENG31-03573188-n] (a trail through the wilderness worn by Amerindians)
                  • mountain trail [ENG31-03798623-n] (a trail through mountainous country)
                  • ski run [ENG31-04238637-n] (trail or slope prepared for skiing)

                    • piste [ENG31-03954518-n] (a ski run densely packed with snow)
              • turnoff [ENG31-04507999-n] (a side road where you can turn off)
            • stairway [ENG31-04305446-n] (a way of access (upward and downward) consisting of a set of steps)

              • backstairs [ENG31-02774171-n] (a second staircase at the rear of a building)
              • companionway [ENG31-03083620-n] (a stairway or ladder that leads from one deck to another on a ship)
              • escalator [ENG31-03300702-n] (a stairway whose steps move continuously on a circulating belt)
              • fire escape [ENG31-03350504-n] (a stairway (often on the outside of a building) that permits exit in the case of fire or other emergency)
              • flight [ENG31-03367905-n] (a stairway (set of steps) between one floor or landing and the next)
              • ghat [ENG31-03440985-n] (stairway in India leading down to a landing on the water)
              • stairs [ENG31-04305309-n] (a flight of stairs or a flight of steps)

                • ladder [ENG31-03637568-n] (steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs)

                  • articulated ladder [ENG31-02748233-n] (a ladder consisting of segments (usually four) that are held together by joints that can lock in place)
                  • extension ladder [ENG31-03312101-n] (a ladder whose length can be extended)

                    • aerial ladder [ENG31-02685553-n] (mechanically extendible ladder)
                  • Jacob's ladder [ENG31-03596303-n] ((nautical) a hanging ladder of ropes or chains supporting wooden or metal rungs or steps)
                  • monkey ladder [ENG31-03788222-n] (a light ladder to the monkey bridge on a ship)
                  • rope ladder [ENG31-04116002-n] (a ladder with side pieces of rope)
                  • scaling ladder [ENG31-04149392-n] (a ladder used to scale walls (as in an attack))
                  • sea ladder [ENG31-04166737-n] ((nautical) ladder to be lowered over a ship's side for coming aboard)

                    • accommodation ladder [ENG31-02675276-n] ((nautical) a portable ladder hung over the side of a vessel to give access to small boats alongside)
                  • step ladder [ENG31-04322737-n] (a folding portable ladder hinged at the top)
              • ramp [ENG31-04623085-n] (a movable staircase that passengers use to board or leave an aircraft)
            • watercourse [ENG31-04566561-n] (a conduit through which water flows)

              • canal [ENG31-02950684-n] (long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation)

                • cut [ENG31-03157409-n] (a canal made by erosion or excavation)
                • industrial watercourse [ENG31-03574354-n] (a canal that is operated by one or more industries)
                • raceway [ENG31-04044349-n] (a canal for a current of water)
                • ship canal [ENG31-04203380-n] (a canal large enough for seagoing vessels)
              • flume [ENG31-03374712-n] (watercourse that consists of an open artificial chute filled with water for power or for carrying logs)
              • headrace [ENG31-03510159-n] (a waterway that feeds water to a mill or water wheel or turbine)
              • tailrace [ENG31-04392756-n] (a watercourse that carries water away from a mill or water wheel or turbine)
          • weight [ENG31-04578374-n] (an artifact that is heavy)

            • bob [ENG31-02863579-n] (a hanging weight, especially a metal ball on a string)

              • kite tail [ENG31-03627035-n] (a bob on a kite to provide balance)
              • plumb bob [ENG31-03975060-n] (the metal bob of a plumb line)
              • sounding lead [ENG31-04269520-n] (a metal bob at the end of a sounding line)
            • counterweight [ENG31-03123190-n] (a weight that balances another weight)

              • sash weight [ENG31-04144080-n] (a counterweight for a sliding sash)
              • tare [ENG31-04401124-n] ((chemical analysis) a counterweight used in chemical analysis)
            • load [ENG31-03685312-n] (weight to be borne or conveyed)

              • burthen [ENG31-02927407-n] (a variant of `burden')
              • dead load [ENG31-03171026-n] (a constant load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) due to the weight of the supported structure itself)
              • live load [ENG31-03684363-n] (a variable load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) such as moving traffic)
              • millstone [ENG31-03772647-n] (any load that is difficult to carry)
              • overload [ENG31-03870532-n] (an excessive burden)
              • overload [ENG31-03870709-n] (an electrical load that exceeds the available electrical power)
            • makeweight [ENG31-03720149-n] (a weight added to the scale to reach a required weight)
            • paperweight [ENG31-03893494-n] (a weight used to hold down a stack of papers)
            • sinker [ENG31-04230853-n] (a weight that sinks (as to hold nets or fishing lines under water))
          • building material [ENG31-14810638-n] (material used for constructing buildings)

            • building block [ENG31-02918159-n] (a block of material used in construction work)

              • ashlar [ENG31-02750546-n] (a rectangular block of hewn stone used for building purposes)
              • cinder block [ENG31-03035942-n] (a light concrete building block made with cinder aggregate)
              • keystone [ENG31-03620342-n] (the central building block at the top of an arch or vault)

                • quoin [ENG31-04042388-n] (the keystone of an arch)
              • voussoir [ENG31-04549615-n] (wedge-shaped stone building block used in constructing an arch or vault)
            • stone [ENG31-04333222-n] (building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose)

              • capstone [ENG31-02960863-n] (a stone that forms the top of wall or building)
              • cornerstone [ENG31-03114983-n] (a stone at the outer corner of two intersecting masonry walls)
              • cornerstone [ENG31-03115121-n] (a stone in the exterior of a large and important building)
              • foundation stone [ENG31-03392352-n] (a stone laid at a ceremony to mark the founding of a new building)
              • hearthstone [ENG31-03512698-n] (a stone that forms a hearth)
              • millstone [ENG31-03772470-n] (one of a pair of heavy flat disk-shaped stones that are rotated against one another to grind the grain)
              • monolith [ENG31-03789288-n] (a single great stone (often in the form of a column or obelisk))
              • paving stone [ENG31-03907152-n] (a stone used for paving)

                • cobble [ENG31-03063531-n] (rectangular paving stone with curved top)
                • curbstone [ENG31-03154352-n] (a paving stone forming part of a curb)
                • flag [ENG31-03360185-n] (stratified stone that splits into pieces suitable as paving stones)
              • springer [ENG31-04295922-n] (the lowest stone in an arch -- from which it springs)
              • whetstone [ENG31-04584712-n] (a flat stone for sharpening edged tools or knives)

                • hone [ENG31-03535691-n] (a whetstone made of fine gritstone)
                • oilstone [ENG31-03850627-n] (a whetstone for use with oil)
            • bricks and mortar [ENG31-14809224-n] (building material consisting of bricks laid with mortar between them)
            • cement [ENG31-14828345-n] (a building material that is a powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay)

              • hydraulic cement [ENG31-14829128-n] (a cement that hardens under water)
            • concrete [ENG31-14844350-n] (a strong hard building material composed of sand and gravel and cement and water)

              • cement [ENG31-14828657-n] (concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement)
              • reinforced concrete [ENG31-14828967-n] (concrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses)
            • covering material [ENG31-14849232-n] (a material used by builders to cover surfaces)

              • fiberglass [ENG31-14890920-n] (a covering material made of glass fibers in resins)
              • linoleum [ENG31-14962527-n] (a floor covering)
              • plaster [ENG31-15016854-n] (a mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water)

                • grout [ENG31-14916139-n] (a thin mortar that can be poured and used to fill cracks in masonry or brickwork)
                • parget [ENG31-15001917-n] (plaster used to coat outer walls and line chimneys)
                • roughcast [ENG31-15030579-n] (a coarse plaster for the surface of external walls)
                • spackle [ENG31-15073455-n] (powder (containing gypsum plaster and glue) that when mixed with water forms a plastic paste used to fill cracks and holes in plaster)
                • stucco [ENG31-15086624-n] (a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime)

                  • render [ENG31-15084893-n] (a substance similar to stucco but exclusively applied to masonry walls)
              • puddle [ENG31-15017512-n] (a mixture of wet clay and sand that can be used to line a pond and that is impervious to water when dry)
            • fencing material [ENG31-14883251-n] (material for building fences)
            • flooring [ENG31-14895521-n] (building material used in laying floors)
            • gunite [ENG31-14916661-n] (a mixture of cement and sand and water that is sprayed on a surface under pneumatic pressure)
            • insulant [ENG31-14944995-n] (insulating material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat or sound or electricity)

              • lagging [ENG31-14811102-n] (insulation used to wrap around pipes or boilers or laid in attics to prevent loss of heat)
              • corkboard [ENG31-14847546-n] (a heat-insulating building material consisting of cork granules that are made into sheets by compressing and baking)
            • lath and plaster [ENG31-14954450-n] (a building material consisting of thin strips of wood that provide a foundation for a coat of plaster)
            • lumber [ENG31-14967718-n] (the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material)

              • stock [ENG31-04329525-n] (lumber used in the construction of something)
              • strip [ENG31-04346716-n] (thin piece of wood or metal)

                • batten [ENG31-02813143-n] (a strip fixed to something to hold it firm)
                • cleat [ENG31-03044968-n] (a strip of wood or metal used to strengthen the surface to which it is attached)
                • fingerboard [ENG31-03346242-n] (a narrow strip of wood on the neck of some stringed instruments (violin or cello or guitar etc) where the strings are held against the wood with the fingers)
                • furring strip [ENG31-03411748-n] (strip used to give a level surface for attaching wallboard)
                • jackstraw [ENG31-03596652-n] (a thin strip of wood used in playing the game of jackstraws)
                • picket [ENG31-03936190-n] (a wooden strip forming part of a fence)
                • slat [ENG31-04241561-n] (a thin strip (wood or metal))

                  • lath [ENG31-03651462-n] (a narrow thin strip of wood used as backing for plaster or to make latticework)
                  • louver [ENG31-03698002-n] (one of a set of parallel slats in a door or window to admit air and reject rain)
                  • splat [ENG31-04288887-n] (a slat of wood in the middle of the back of a straight chair)
                  • stave [ENG31-04314407-n] (one of several thin slats of wood forming the sides of a barrel or bucket)
                • spline [ENG31-04289517-n] (a flexible strip (wood or rubber) used in drawing curved lines)
              • board [ENG31-15126421-n] (a stout length of sawn timber)

                • matchboard [ENG31-03734622-n] (a board that has a groove cut into one edge and a tongue cut into the other so they fit tightly together (as in a floor))
                • skid [ENG31-04235906-n] (one of a pair of planks used to make a track for rolling or sliding objects)
                • wale [ENG31-04552091-n] (thick plank forming a ridge along the side of a wooden ship)

                  • garboard [ENG31-03422112-n] (the first wale laid next to the keel of a wooden ship)
                  • gunwale [ENG31-03475925-n] (wale at the top of the side of boat)
                • chipboard [ENG31-15127022-n] (a cheap hard material made from wood chips that are pressed together and bound with synthetic resin)
                • deal [ENG31-15127189-n] (a plank of softwood (fir or pine board))
              • planking [ENG31-15126926-n] (planks collectively)
            • mortar [ENG31-14980028-n] (used as a bond in masonry or for covering a wall)
            • roofing material [ENG31-15030283-n] (building material used in constructing roofs)

              • roofing paper [ENG31-15000560-n] (a heavy paper impregnated with tar and used as part of a roof for waterproofing)
              • slate [ENG31-15067569-n] (thin layers of rock used for roofing)
              • thatch [ENG31-15094279-n] (plant stalks used as roofing material)
              • tile [ENG31-15099135-n] (a thin flat slab of fired clay used for roofing)

                • hip tile [ENG31-14932178-n] (a tile shaped so as to cover the hip of a hip roof)
                • pantile [ENG31-15001318-n] (a roofing tile with a S-shape)
                • ridge tile [ENG31-15030144-n] (a decorative tile that is bent in cross section)
            • shingle [ENG31-15064012-n] (building material used as siding or roofing)
            • siding [ENG31-15065617-n] (material applied to the outside of a building to make it weatherproof)

              • clapboard [ENG31-15127574-n] (a long thin board with one edge thicker than the other)
            • staff [ENG31-15074887-n] (building material consisting of plaster and hair)
            • sticks and stone [ENG31-15085136-n] (a general term for building materials)
            • wattle and daub [ENG31-15085255-n] (building material consisting of interwoven rods and twigs covered with clay)
          • paving [ENG31-15002063-n] (material used to pave an area)

            • asphalt [ENG31-14793644-n] (mixed asphalt and crushed gravel or sand)
            • blacktop [ENG31-15001430-n] (a black bituminous material used for paving roads or other areas)
            • macadam [ENG31-15001634-n] (broken stone used in macadamized roadways)
            • tarmacadam [ENG31-15001747-n] (a paving material of tar and broken stone)
        • assembly [ENG31-02752958-n] (a unit consisting of components that have been fitted together)
        • item [ENG31-03593583-n] (a whole individual unit)

          • custom-made [ENG31-03157149-n] (an item made to the customer's specifications)
          • disposable [ENG31-03216724-n] (an item that can be disposed of after it has been used)
          • piece [ENG31-03938737-n] (an item that is an instance of some type)
          • number [ENG31-06609408-n] (a numbered item in a series)
        • sum [ENG31-04360881-n] (the whole amount)
      • location [ENG31-00027365-n] (a point or extent in space)

        • here [ENG31-08506507-n] (the present location)
        • there [ENG31-08506637-n] (a location other than here)
        • somewhere [ENG31-08506775-n] (an indefinite or unknown location)
        • bilocation [ENG31-08506900-n] (the ability (said of certain Roman Catholic saints) to exist simultaneously in two locations)
        • seat [ENG31-08507049-n] (the location (metaphorically speaking) where something is based)
        • home [ENG31-08507209-n] (the country or state or city where you live)
        • base [ENG31-08507412-n] (the place where you are stationed and from which missions start and end)
        • outer space [ENG31-08517454-n] (any location outside the Earth's atmosphere)
        • jungle [ENG31-08526132-n] (a location marked by an intense competition and struggle for survival)

          • concrete jungle [ENG31-08526272-n] (an area in a city with large modern buildings that is perceived as dangerous and unpleasant)
        • north [ENG31-08578618-n] (a location in the northern part of a country, region, or city)
        • northeast [ENG31-08578767-n] (a location in the northeastern part of a country, region, or city)
        • east [ENG31-08578888-n] (a location in the eastern part of a country, region, or city)
        • southeast [ENG31-08578999-n] (a location in the southeastern part of a country, region, or city)
        • south [ENG31-08579120-n] (a location in the southern part of a country, region, or city)
        • southwest [ENG31-08579251-n] (a location in the southwestern part of a country, region, or city)
        • west [ENG31-08579372-n] (a location in the western part of a country, region, or city)
        • northwest [ENG31-08579483-n] (a location in the northwestern part of a country, region, or city)
        • Earth [ENG31-08579604-n] (the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell))
        • line [ENG31-08610818-n] (a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent)

          • part [ENG31-05263841-n] (a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions)
          • axis [ENG31-06017958-n] (a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions)

            • coordinate axis [ENG31-06018245-n] (one of the fixed reference lines of a coordinate system)

              • x-axis [ENG31-06018582-n] (the horizontal axis in a plane coordinate system)
              • y-axis [ENG31-06018683-n] (the vertical axis in a plane coordinate system)
              • z-axis [ENG31-06018782-n] (the third axis in a 3-dimensional coordinate system)
            • major axis [ENG31-06018886-n] (the longest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid)
            • semimajor axis [ENG31-06019034-n] (one-half the major axis of an ellipse)
            • minor axis [ENG31-06019206-n] (the shorter or shortest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid)
            • semiminor axis [ENG31-06019337-n] (one-half the minor axis of an ellipse)
            • principal axis [ENG31-06019454-n] (a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted)
            • optic axis [ENG31-06019730-n] (in a doubly refracting crystal, the line in the direction of which no double refraction occurs)
          • aclinic line [ENG31-08507541-n] (an imaginary line paralleling the equator where a magnetic needle has no dip)
          • agonic line [ENG31-08507695-n] (an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is zero)
          • isogonic line [ENG31-08507850-n] (an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is the same)
          • crest [ENG31-08565119-n] (the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave)
          • timber line [ENG31-08565230-n] (line marking the upper limit of tree growth in mountains or northern latitudes)
          • snow line [ENG31-08565391-n] (the line on a mountain above which there is perpetual snow and ice)
          • fault line [ENG31-08587120-n] ((geology) line determined by the intersection of a geological fault and the earth's surface)
          • great circle [ENG31-08597015-n] (a circular line on the surface of a sphere formed by intersecting it with a plane passing through the center)

            • celestial equator [ENG31-08537373-n] (the great circle on the celestial sphere midway between the celestial poles)
            • ecliptic [ENG31-08582743-n] (the great circle representing the apparent annual path of the sun)
            • equator [ENG31-08586248-n] (an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles)
            • horizon [ENG31-08603373-n] (the great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane passes through the sensible horizon and the center of the Earth)
            • hour circle [ENG31-08604243-n] (a great circle on the celestial sphere that passes through both celestial poles)
            • meridian [ENG31-08616379-n] (an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator)

              • observer's meridian [ENG31-08616730-n] (a meridian that passes through the observer's zenith)
              • prime meridian [ENG31-08616848-n] (meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England))
              • magnetic meridian [ENG31-08617218-n] (an imaginary line passing through both magnetic poles of the Earth)
            • vertical circle [ENG31-08695729-n] (a great circle on the celestial sphere passing through the zenith and perpendicular to the horizon)
          • hemline [ENG31-08600819-n] (the line formed by the lower edge of a skirt or coat)
          • hipline [ENG31-08601081-n] (the line formed by the lower edge of hip-length garment)
          • hipline [ENG31-08601209-n] (the line formed by measuring the hip at its greatest part)
          • horizon [ENG31-08603184-n] (the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet)
          • isogram [ENG31-08607357-n] (a line drawn on a map connecting points having the same numerical value of some variable)

            • isobar [ENG31-08606907-n] ((meteorology)an isogram connecting points having equal barometric pressure at a given time)
            • isochrone [ENG31-08607088-n] (an isogram connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time)
            • isoclinic line [ENG31-08607226-n] (an isogram connecting points of equal magnetic inclination)
            • isohel [ENG31-08607611-n] (an isogram connecting points receiving equal amounts of sunshine)
            • isotherm [ENG31-08607728-n] ((meteorology) an isogram connecting points having the same temperature at a given time)
          • flight line [ENG31-08612099-n] (place where airplanes are parked and the maintenance hangars (but not the runways or taxiways))
          • line of sight [ENG31-08612954-n] (an imaginary straight line along which an observer looks)
          • latitude [ENG31-08613276-n] (an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator)

            • polar circle [ENG31-08513665-n] (a line of latitude at the north or south poles)
            • horse latitude [ENG31-08603563-n] (either of two belts or regions near 30 degrees north or 30 degrees south)
            • tropic [ENG31-08692883-n] (either of two parallels of latitude about 23.5 degrees to the north and south of the equator representing the points farthest north and south at which the sun can shine directly overhead and constituting the boundaries of the Torrid Zone or tropics)
          • lunar latitude [ENG31-08613514-n] (an imaginary line around the moon parallel to its equator)
          • path [ENG31-08633886-n] (an established line of travel or access)

            • feeder line [ENG31-03331184-n] (a branching path off of a main transportation line (especially an airline))
            • main line [ENG31-03717436-n] (the principal route of a transportation system)
            • track [ENG31-04471446-n] ((computer science) one of the circular magnetic paths on a magnetic disk that serve as a guide for writing and reading data)
            • air lane [ENG31-08509556-n] (a designated route followed by airplanes in flying from one airport to another)

              • approach path [ENG31-08510971-n] (the final path followed by an aircraft as it is landing)
              • holding pattern [ENG31-08518750-n] (the flight path (usually circular) maintained by an aircraft that is awaiting permission to land)
            • traffic pattern [ENG31-08509757-n] (the path that is prescribed for an airplane that is preparing to land at an airport)
            • flight path [ENG31-08510715-n] (the path of a rocket or projectile or aircraft through the air)
            • beat [ENG31-08524402-n] (a regular route for a sentry or policeman)
            • bus route [ENG31-08534832-n] (the route regularly followed by a passenger bus)
            • line of flight [ENG31-08612727-n] (the path along which a freely moving object travels through the air)
            • line of march [ENG31-08612855-n] (the route along which a column advances)
            • orbit [ENG31-08629606-n] (the (usually elliptical) path described by one celestial body in its revolution about another)

              • geosynchronous orbit [ENG31-08630055-n] (a circular orbit around the Earth having a period of 24 hours)

                • geostationary orbit [ENG31-08630201-n] (a geosynchronous orbit that is fixed with respect to a position on the Earth)
            • orbit [ENG31-08629897-n] (the path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom)
            • paper route [ENG31-08630653-n] (the route taken when delivering newspapers every day)
            • beeline [ENG31-08634447-n] (the most direct route)
            • circuit [ENG31-08634560-n] (an established itinerary of venues or events that a particular group of people travel to)
            • crosscut [ENG31-08634886-n] (a diagonal path)
            • supply line [ENG31-08634974-n] (a route over which supplies can be delivered)
            • line of fire [ENG31-08635091-n] (the path of a missile discharged from a firearm)
            • migration route [ENG31-08635197-n] (the geographic route along which birds customarily migrate)
            • fairway [ENG31-08635326-n] (the usual course taken by vessels through a harbor or coastal waters)
            • direction [ENG31-08697710-n] (a line leading to a place or point)

              • bearing [ENG31-08698626-n] (the direction or path along which something moves or along which it lies)

                • tack [ENG31-08698822-n] (the heading or position of a vessel relative to the trim of its sails)
              • course [ENG31-08698960-n] (general line of orientation)
              • east-west direction [ENG31-08699160-n] (in a direction parallel with lines of latitude)
              • north-south direction [ENG31-08699272-n] (in a direction parallel with lines of longitude)
              • qibla [ENG31-08699387-n] (the direction of the Kaaba toward which Muslims turn for their daily prayers)
              • tendency [ENG31-08699515-n] (a general direction in which something tends to move)
            • trade route [ENG31-08697975-n] (a route followed by traders (usually in caravans))
          • quadrant [ENG31-08645380-n] (a quarter of the circumference of a circle)
          • rhumb line [ENG31-08650253-n] (a line on a sphere that cuts all meridians at the same angle)
          • danger line [ENG31-08661902-n] (a line beyond which it is dangerous to go)
          • side [ENG31-08666742-n] (a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure)
          • waterline [ENG31-08696521-n] (a line corresponding to the surface of the water when the vessel is afloat on an even keel)

            • load line [ENG31-08613892-n] (waterlines to show the level the water should reach when the ship is properly loaded)
          • water line [ENG31-08696749-n] (a line marking the level reached by a body of water)

            • high-water mark [ENG31-08696905-n] (a line marking the highest level reached)
            • low-water mark [ENG31-08697007-n] (a line marking the lowest level reached)
          • watershed [ENG31-08697107-n] (a ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems)

            • continental divide [ENG31-08697300-n] (the watershed of a continent (especially the watershed of North America formed by a series of mountain ridges extending from Alaska to Mexico))
          • path [ENG31-09410115-n] (a line or route along which something travels or moves)

            • collision course [ENG31-09272178-n] (a course of a moving object that will lead to a collision if it continues unchanged)
            • inside track [ENG31-09336919-n] (the inner side of a curved racecourse)
            • round [ENG31-09439975-n] (the course along which communications spread)
            • steps [ENG31-09468470-n] (the course along which a person has walked or is walking in)
            • swath [ENG31-09475783-n] (a path or strip (as cut by one course of mowing))
            • trail [ENG31-09483442-n] (a track or mark left by something that has passed)

              • slot [ENG31-09460791-n] (the trail of an animal (especially a deer))
              • spoor [ENG31-09466185-n] (the trail left by a person or an animal)
          • line of force [ENG31-11477474-n] (an imaginary line in a field of force)

            • electrical line of force [ENG31-11477700-n] (a line of force in an electrical field)
            • magnetic line of force [ENG31-11477809-n] (a line of force in a magnetic field)
        • point [ENG31-08637636-n] (the precise location of something)

          • punctum [ENG31-05286421-n] ((anatomy) a point or small area)
          • blind spot [ENG31-05463658-n] (the point where the optic nerve enters the retina)
          • navel [ENG31-05564228-n] (a scar where the umbilical cord was attached)
          • McBurney's point [ENG31-05616174-n] (a point one third of the way along a line drawn from the hip to the umbilicus)
          • node [ENG31-08515608-n] ((physics) the point of minimum displacement in a periodic system)
          • antinode [ENG31-08515760-n] ((physics) the point of maximum displacement in a periodic system)
          • beginning [ENG31-08524579-n] (the place where something begins, where it springs into being)

            • derivation [ENG31-08525126-n] (the source or origin from which something derives (i.e. comes or issues))
            • spring [ENG31-08525382-n] (a point at which water issues forth)
            • fountainhead [ENG31-08525470-n] (the source of water from which a stream arises)
            • headwater [ENG31-08525650-n] (the source of a river)
            • wellhead [ENG31-08525757-n] (the source of water for a well)
            • jumping-off place [ENG31-08525855-n] (a place from which an enterprise or expedition is launched)
            • birthplace [ENG31-08527477-n] (where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence)
            • home [ENG31-08602685-n] (place where something began and flourished)
            • point source [ENG31-08602825-n] (a concentrated source (especially of radiation or pollution) that is spatially constricted)
            • trail head [ENG31-08602974-n] (the beginning of a trail)
          • celestial point [ENG31-08537584-n] (a point in the heavens (on the celestial sphere))

            • apex [ENG31-08511997-n] (the point on the celestial sphere toward which the sun and solar system appear to be moving relative to the fixed stars)
            • antapex [ENG31-08512259-n] (the point opposite in direction from the solar apex)
            • apoapsis [ENG31-08512627-n] ((astronomy) the point in an orbit farthest from the body being orbited)

              • apogee [ENG31-08512430-n] (apoapsis in Earth orbit)
              • aphelion [ENG31-08512918-n] (apoapsis in solar orbit)
              • apojove [ENG31-08513105-n] (apoapsis in orbit around Jupiter)
              • aposelene [ENG31-08513209-n] (apoapsis in orbit around the moon)
            • node [ENG31-08515452-n] ((astronomy) a point where an orbit crosses a plane)

              • ascending node [ENG31-08515307-n] (the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going north)
              • descending node [ENG31-08566499-n] (the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going south)
            • equinoctial point [ENG31-08537911-n] ((astronomy) either of the two celestial points at which the celestial equator intersects the ecliptic)

              • vernal equinox [ENG31-08538141-n] ((astronomy) the equinoctial point that lies in the constellation of Pisces)
              • autumnal equinox [ENG31-08538295-n] ((astronomy) the equinoctial point that lies in the constellation of Virgo)
            • culmination [ENG31-08565814-n] ((astronomy) a heavenly body's highest celestial point above an observer's horizon)
            • nadir [ENG31-08618316-n] (the point below the observer that is directly opposite the zenith on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected)
            • periapsis [ENG31-08635954-n] ((astronomy) the point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited)

              • perigee [ENG31-08636244-n] (periapsis in Earth orbit)
              • perihelion [ENG31-08636406-n] (periapsis in solar orbit)
              • perijove [ENG31-08636581-n] (periapsis in orbit around Jupiter)
              • periselene [ENG31-08636687-n] (periapsis in orbit around the moon)
            • pole [ENG31-08638674-n] (one of two points of intersection of the Earth's axis and the celestial sphere)
            • zenith [ENG31-08702507-n] (the point above the observer that is directly opposite the nadir on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected)
            • exaltation [ENG31-08702757-n] (the location of a planet in the zodiac at which it is believed to exert its maximum influence)
          • center [ENG31-08538999-n] (a point equidistant from the ends of a line or the extremities of a figure)

            • bight [ENG31-02840781-n] (the middle part of a slack rope (as distinguished from its ends))
            • center of curvature [ENG31-05110026-n] (the center of the circle of curvature)
            • bowels [ENG31-08533732-n] (the center of the Earth)
            • bull's eye [ENG31-08534727-n] (the center of a target)
            • center of gravity [ENG31-08539815-n] (the point within something at which gravity can be considered to act)

              • center of flotation [ENG31-08540077-n] (the center of gravity of a floating object)
            • center of mass [ENG31-08540245-n] (point representing the mean position of the matter in a body)

              • center of buoyancy [ENG31-08539508-n] ((physics) the center of mass of the immersed part of ship or other floating object)
              • barycenter [ENG31-08540475-n] ((astronomy) the common center of mass around which two or more bodies revolve)
              • centroid [ENG31-08540628-n] (the center of mass of an object of uniform density)
            • core [ENG31-08541787-n] (the center of an object)

              • corncob [ENG31-08561700-n] (the hard cylindrical core that bears the kernels of an ear of corn)
            • navel [ENG31-08541929-n] (the center point or middle of something)
            • nombril [ENG31-08628896-n] (the center point on a shield)
            • core [ENG31-09279721-n] (the central part of the Earth)
            • nucleus [ENG31-09397997-n] (the positively charged dense center of an atom)
            • nucleus [ENG31-09398135-n] ((astronomy) the center of the head of a comet)
          • trichion [ENG31-08540751-n] (point where the hairline meets the midpoint of the forehead)
          • chokepoint [ENG31-08561339-n] (a point of congestion or blockage)
          • corner [ENG31-08561850-n] (the point where two lines meet or intersect)

            • canthus [ENG31-05321600-n] (either of the corners of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet)

              • nasal canthus [ENG31-05322012-n] (the inner corner of the eye)
              • temporal canthus [ENG31-05322099-n] (the outer corner of the eye)
          • crossing [ENG31-08565513-n] (a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect)
          • focus [ENG31-08589882-n] (a fixed reference point on the concave side of a conic section)
          • geographic point [ENG31-08596234-n] (a point on the surface of the Earth)

            • workplace [ENG31-04609402-n] (a place where work is done)

              • beehive [ENG31-02826172-n] (any workplace where people are very busy)
              • brokerage house [ENG31-02908613-n] (place where a broker conducts his business)
              • central [ENG31-02998465-n] (a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication)

                • centrex [ENG31-02999377-n] ((CENTRal EXchange) a kind of telephone exchange)
                • switchboard [ENG31-04380351-n] (telephone central where circuits are completed with patchcords)
              • colliery [ENG31-03074400-n] (a workplace consisting of a coal mine plus all the buildings and equipment connected with it)
              • creamery [ENG31-03133519-n] (a workplace where dairy products (butter and cheese etc.) are produced or sold)
              • drill site [ENG31-03245939-n] (workplace that is the site of a drill hole)
              • exchange [ENG31-03307432-n] (a workplace for buying and selling)

                • commodity exchange [ENG31-03081078-n] (an exchange for buying and selling commodities for future delivery)

                  • futures exchange [ENG31-03413828-n] (a commodity exchange where futures contracts are traded)
                  • spot market [ENG31-04293934-n] (a market in which a commodity is bought or sold for immediate delivery or delivery in the very near future)
                • corn exchange [ENG31-03115588-n] (an exchange where grains are bought and sold)
                • stock exchange [ENG31-04330164-n] (an exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers)

                  • curb market [ENG31-03153927-n] (a stock market for trading in securities not listed on the New York Stock Exchange)
                  • over-the-counter market [ENG31-03872028-n] (a stock exchange where securities transactions are made via telephone and computer rather than on the floor of an exchange)
              • farm [ENG31-03327044-n] (workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit)

                • chicken farm [ENG31-03020165-n] (farm where chickens are raised for sale)
                • croft [ENG31-03138666-n] (a small farm worked by a crofter)
                • dairy [ENG31-03164201-n] (a farm where dairy products are produced)
                • farmplace [ENG31-03328041-n] (a farm together with its buildings)
                • grange [ENG31-03458106-n] (an outlying farm)
                • home-farm [ENG31-03533941-n] (a farm that supplies the needs of a large estate of establishment)
                • piggery [ENG31-03941510-n] (a farm where pigs are raised or kept)
                • ranch [ENG31-04059554-n] (farm consisting of a large tract of land along with facilities needed to raise livestock (especially cattle))
                • sewage farm [ENG31-04185845-n] (a farm that is irrigated and fertilized with raw sewage)
                • sheepwalk [ENG31-04195107-n] (farm devoted to raising sheep)
                • stud farm [ENG31-04350997-n] (a farm where horses are bred)
                • truck farm [ENG31-04497909-n] (a farm where vegetables are grown for market)
                • vineyard [ENG31-04543333-n] (a farm of grapevines where wine grapes are produced)
              • fishery [ENG31-03355726-n] (a workplace where fish are caught and processed and sold)

                • pearl fishery [ENG31-03908947-n] (a fishery where they fish for pearl oysters)
              • fish farm [ENG31-03355882-n] (a workplace (usually a pond) where fish are raised for food)
              • forge [ENG31-03388492-n] (a workplace where metal is worked by heating and hammering)
              • gasworks [ENG31-03431994-n] (the workplace where coal gas is manufactured)
              • glassworks [ENG31-03444184-n] (a workplace where glass is made)
              • ironworks [ENG31-03592080-n] (the workplace where iron is smelted or where iron goods are made)
              • job [ENG31-03604821-n] (a workplace)
              • lab [ENG31-03635277-n] (a workplace for the conduct of scientific research)

                • biology lab [ENG31-02845246-n] (a laboratory for biological research)
                • chemistry lab [ENG31-03017372-n] (a laboratory for research in chemistry)
                • defense laboratory [ENG31-03175760-n] (a laboratory devoted to research and development for national defense)
                • physics lab [ENG31-03934239-n] (a laboratory for research in physics)
              • laundry [ENG31-03653380-n] (workplace where clothes are washed and ironed)

                • launderette [ENG31-03653186-n] (a self-service laundry (service mark Laundromat) where coin-operated washing machines are available to individual customers)
                • washhouse [ENG31-04562284-n] (a building or outbuilding where laundry is done)
              • location [ENG31-03687515-n] (a workplace away from a studio at which some or all of a movie may be made)
              • lumberyard [ENG31-03702599-n] (a workplace where lumber is stocked for sale)
              • oyster bed [ENG31-03875654-n] (a workplace where oysters are bred and grown)
              • proving ground [ENG31-04022527-n] (a workplace for testing new equipment or ideas)
              • ropewalk [ENG31-04116198-n] (workplace consisting of a long narrow path or shed where rope is made)
              • roundhouse [ENG31-04121522-n] (workplace consisting of a circular building for repairing locomotives)
              • shipyard [ENG31-04204278-n] (a workplace where ships are built or repaired)

                • navy yard [ENG31-03819244-n] (a military shipyard)
              • shop floor [ENG31-04210557-n] (workplace consisting of the part of a factory housing the machines)
              • studio [ENG31-04351324-n] (workplace for the teaching or practice of an art)

                • artist's workroom [ENG31-02749846-n] (a studio especially for an artist or designer)
                • broadcasting studio [ENG31-02906913-n] (a studio where broadcasts originate)
                • recording studio [ENG31-04071219-n] (studio where tapes and records are recorded)
              • studio [ENG31-04351622-n] (workplace consisting of a room or building where movies or television shows or radio programs are produced and recorded)
              • tannery [ENG31-04397846-n] (workplace where skins and hides are tanned)
              • test bed [ENG31-04422213-n] (a place equipped with instruments for testing (e.g. engines or machinery or computer programs etc.) under working conditions)
              • waterworks [ENG31-04571076-n] (workplace where water is stored and purified and distributed for a community)
              • workshop [ENG31-04610439-n] (small workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done)

                • bindery [ENG31-02843744-n] (a workshop where books are bound)
                • bookbindery [ENG31-02874133-n] (a bookbinder's workshop)
                • brickyard [ENG31-02901761-n] (a place where bricks are made and sold)
                • chop shop [ENG31-03029324-n] (a place where stolen cars are disassembled for their parts)
                • dye-works [ENG31-03264909-n] (a workshop where dyeing is done)
                • machine shop [ENG31-03707486-n] (workshop where metal is cut and shaped etc., by machine tools)
                • pottery [ENG31-03999246-n] (a workshop where clayware is made)
                • print shop [ENG31-04011466-n] (a workplace where printing is done)
                • saddlery [ENG31-04131589-n] (workshop where a saddler works)
                • sheltered workshop [ENG31-04199404-n] (a workshop that offers jobs to members of the physically or developmentally disabled population)
                • turnery [ENG31-04507685-n] (workshop where objects are made on a lathe)
            • address [ENG31-08508037-n] (the place where a person or organization can be found or communicated with)

              • mailing address [ENG31-08508255-n] (the address where a person or organization can be communicated with)

                • box number [ENG31-08508420-n] (a mailing address to which answers to a newspaper ad can be sent)
                • post-office box number [ENG31-08508541-n] (the number of a letter box at the post office where mail is collected)
              • street address [ENG31-08508720-n] (the address where a person or organization can be found)
              • residence [ENG31-08576500-n] (any address at which you dwell more than temporarily)

                • domicile [ENG31-08576692-n] ((law) the residence where you have your permanent home or principal establishment and to where, whenever you are absent, you intend to return)
                • home [ENG31-08577045-n] (where you live at a particular time)

                  • home away from home [ENG31-08577303-n] (a place where you are just as comfortable and content as if you were home)
              • business address [ENG31-08577459-n] (the address at which a business is located)
            • confluence [ENG31-08560197-n] (a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers))
            • epicenter [ENG31-08595522-n] (the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake)
            • magnetic pole [ENG31-08615135-n] (either of two points where the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field are vertical)
            • pole [ENG31-08638456-n] (one of two antipodal points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects the Earth's surface)
            • port [ENG31-08651532-n] (a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country)

              • entrepot [ENG31-08655346-n] (a port where merchandise can be imported and then exported without paying import duties)
              • free port [ENG31-08655608-n] (a port open on equal terms to all commercial vessels)
              • home port [ENG31-08655716-n] (the port from which a ship originates of where it is registered)
              • outport [ENG31-08655835-n] (a subsidiary port built in deeper water than the original port (but usually farther from the center of trade))
              • port of entry [ENG31-08656017-n] (a port in the United States where customs officials are stationed to oversee the entry and exit of people and merchandise)
              • seaport [ENG31-08656633-n] (a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo)

                • coaling station [ENG31-08656942-n] (a seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal)
                • port of call [ENG31-08657054-n] (any port where a ship stops except its home port)
              • treaty port [ENG31-08657526-n] (a port in China or Korea or Japan that once was open to foreign trade on the basis of a trading treaty)
          • ground zero [ENG31-08597854-n] (the point of detonation (or above or below) of a nuclear weapon)
          • hot spot [ENG31-08603745-n] (a point of relatively intense heat or radiation)
          • midair [ENG31-08617703-n] (some point in the air)
          • abutment [ENG31-08638338-n] (point of contact between two objects or parts)
          • position [ENG31-08639173-n] (the particular portion of space occupied by something)

            • wing [ENG31-08510835-n] ((in flight formation) a position to the side and just to the rear of another aircraft)
            • half-mast [ENG31-08598472-n] (a position some distance below the top of a mast to which a flag is lowered in mourning or to signal distress)
            • lead [ENG31-08609721-n] ((baseball) the position taken by a base runner preparing to advance to the next base)
            • pole position [ENG31-08638858-n] (the most favorable position at the start of a race)
            • polls [ENG31-08638968-n] (the place where people vote)
            • pride of place [ENG31-08639047-n] (the first or highest or most important or most ostentatious place)
            • anomaly [ENG31-08640338-n] ((astronomy) position of a planet as defined by its angular distance from its perihelion (as observed from the sun))
            • site [ENG31-08640525-n] (physical position in relation to the surroundings)

              • active site [ENG31-08640835-n] (the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs)
              • close quarters [ENG31-08640999-n] (a situation of being uncomfortably close to someone or something)
              • locus [ENG31-08641143-n] (the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome)
              • locus of infection [ENG31-08641251-n] (the specific site in the body where an infection originates)
              • restriction site [ENG31-08641375-n] (the specific sites at which a restriction enzyme will cleave DNA)
              • antigenic determinant [ENG31-15062231-n] (the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself)
            • setting [ENG31-08641502-n] (the physical position of something)
            • juxtaposition [ENG31-08641670-n] (a side-by-side position)
            • lie [ENG31-08641771-n] (position or manner in which something is situated)
            • post [ENG31-08641960-n] (the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand)

              • bridgehead [ENG31-08534288-n] (a defensive post at the end of a bridge nearest to the enemy)
              • lookout [ENG31-08614732-n] (an elevated post affording a wide view)

                • meteorological observation post [ENG31-08617532-n] (one of a network of observation posts where meteorological data is recorded)
              • outstation [ENG31-08631560-n] (a station in a remote or sparsely populated location)
            • pitch [ENG31-08642231-n] (a vendor's position (especially on the sidewalk))
            • landmark [ENG31-08642466-n] (the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape)
            • right [ENG31-08642648-n] (location near or direction toward the right side)

              • stage right [ENG31-08642872-n] (the part of the stage on the actor's right as the actor faces the audience)
            • left [ENG31-08643037-n] (location near or direction toward the left side)

              • stage left [ENG31-08643259-n] (the part of the stage on the actor's left as the actor faces the audience)
            • back [ENG31-08643421-n] (the part of something that is furthest from the normal viewer)
            • front [ENG31-08643655-n] (the part of something that is nearest to the normal viewer)
            • stand [ENG31-08671281-n] (the position where a thing or person stands)

              • cabstand [ENG31-08535244-n] (a place where taxis park while awaiting customers)
            • station [ENG31-08674221-n] ((nautical) the location to which a ship or fleet is assigned for duty)
            • vantage [ENG31-08694813-n] (place or situation affording some advantage (especially a comprehensive view or commanding perspective))

              • vantage point [ENG31-08694988-n] (a place from which something can be viewed)
          • position [ENG31-08639776-n] (the appropriate or customary location)
          • pressure point [ENG31-08639915-n] (any of several points on the body where the pulse can be felt and where pressure on an underlying artery will control bleeding from that artery at a more distal point)
          • military position [ENG31-08640161-n] (a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons)

            • ground [ENG31-08597662-n] (a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle))
            • line [ENG31-08611842-n] (a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops))

              • firing line [ENG31-08589346-n] (the line from which soldiers deliver fire)
              • battlefront [ENG31-08591221-n] (the line along which opposing armies face each other)
              • line of battle [ENG31-08612270-n] (a line formed by troops or ships prepared to deliver or receive an attack)
              • battle line [ENG31-08612610-n] (the line along which warring troops meet)
          • corner [ENG31-08677624-n] (the point where three areas or surfaces meet or intersect)
          • topographic point [ENG31-08682181-n] (a point located with respect to surface features of some region)

            • grave [ENG31-03459977-n] (a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone))

              • mastaba [ENG31-03732558-n] (an ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof)
            • junction [ENG31-03610935-n] (the place where two or more things come together)

              • interchange [ENG31-03582987-n] (a junction of highways on different levels that permits traffic to move from one to another without crossing traffic streams)

                • cloverleaf [ENG31-03057148-n] (an interchange that does not require left-hand turns)
                • spaghetti junction [ENG31-04274078-n] (a complicated highway interchange with multiple overpasses)
              • intersection [ENG31-03586294-n] (a junction where one street or road crosses another)

                • corner [ENG31-03114137-n] (the intersection of two streets)

                  • blind corner [ENG31-02854934-n] (a street corner that you cannot see around as you are driving)
                • level crossing [ENG31-03664448-n] (intersection of a railway and a road on the same level)
              • railway junction [ENG31-04056091-n] (a junction where two or more railway lines meet or cross)
              • T-junction [ENG31-04449036-n] (a junction where two roads or pipes etc. meet to form a T)
              • traffic circle [ENG31-04473168-n] (a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island)
            • birthplace [ENG31-08527371-n] (the place where someone was born)
            • polling place [ENG31-08556480-n] (a place where voters go to cast their votes in an election)
            • end [ENG31-08584413-n] (one of two places from which people are communicating to each other)
            • hiding place [ENG31-08601976-n] (a place suitable for hiding something (such as yourself))

              • drop [ENG31-08601320-n] (a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property))

                • dead drop [ENG31-08601521-n] (a drop used for the clandestine exchange of intelligence information)
              • hideout [ENG31-08601745-n] (a hiding place)
              • lurking place [ENG31-08601888-n] (a place suitable for lurking)
            • high [ENG31-08602145-n] (a high place)
            • hole-in-the-wall [ENG31-08602441-n] (a small unpretentious out-of-the-way place)
            • holy place [ENG31-08602583-n] (a sacred place of pilgrimage)
            • mecca [ENG31-08616124-n] (a place that attracts many visitors)
            • nesting place [ENG31-08628532-n] (a place suitable for nesting)
            • overlook [ENG31-08631679-n] (a high place affording a good view)
            • peak [ENG31-08635538-n] (the top or extreme point of something (usually a mountain or hill))

              • hilltop [ENG31-08602314-n] (the peak of a hill)
              • pinnacle [ENG31-08637032-n] (a lofty peak)
              • mountain peak [ENG31-09383019-n] (the summit of a mountain)
            • rendezvous [ENG31-08660445-n] (a place where people meet)
            • scour [ENG31-08665032-n] (a place that is scoured (especially by running water))
            • service area [ENG31-08666356-n] (place on a highway providing garage services and eating and toilet facilities)
            • showplace [ENG31-08666492-n] (a place that is frequently exhibited and visited for its historical interest or natural beauty)
            • solitude [ENG31-08670055-n] (a solitary place)
            • stop [ENG31-08674524-n] (a spot where something halts or pauses)

              • bus stop [ENG31-08534954-n] (a place on a bus route where buses stop to discharge and take on passengers)
              • checkpoint [ENG31-08535103-n] (a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance)
              • loading zone [ENG31-08613770-n] (a stop where carriers can be loaded and unloaded)
              • stopover [ENG31-08674731-n] (a stopping place on a journey)
            • target [ENG31-08678672-n] (the location of the target that is to be hit)

              • ground zero [ENG31-08678801-n] (the target of a projectile (as a bomb or missile))
            • pool [ENG31-08682839-n] (something resembling a pool of liquid)
            • zone [ENG31-08705985-n] (a locally circumscribed place characterized by some distinctive features)

              • island [ENG31-03592487-n] (a zone or area resembling an island)

                • kitchen island [ENG31-03625809-n] (an unattached counter in a kitchen that permits access from all sides)
                • traffic island [ENG31-04473404-n] (a curbed area in a roadway from which traffic is excluded)
          • vanishing point [ENG31-08694689-n] (the point beyond which something disappears or ceases to exist)
          • focus [ENG31-11476112-n] (a point of convergence of light (or other radiation) or a point from which it diverges)
          • hilum [ENG31-11698944-n] (the scar on certain seeds marking its point of attachment to the funicle)
          • focus [ENG31-14206179-n] (a central point or locus of an infection in an organism)
        • region [ENG31-08647614-n] (the extended spatial location of something)

          • atmosphere [ENG31-08516085-n] (the mass of air surrounding the Earth)

            • airspace [ENG31-08519338-n] (the atmosphere above a nation that is deemed to be under its jurisdiction)
          • biosphere [ENG31-08516532-n] (the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist)
          • depths [ENG31-08517241-n] ((plural) the deepest and most remote part)

            • back of beyond [ENG31-08516708-n] (a very remote and inaccessible place)
          • interplanetary space [ENG31-08517840-n] (the part of outer space within the solar system)

            • interplanetary medium [ENG31-09337509-n] (interplanetary space including forms of energy and gas and dust)
          • interstellar space [ENG31-08518010-n] (the space between stars)

            • interstellar medium [ENG31-09337735-n] (interstellar space including streams of protons moving from the stars)
          • heliosphere [ENG31-08518586-n] (the region inside the heliopause containing the sun and solar system)
          • intergalactic space [ENG31-08518908-n] (the space between galaxies)
          • deep space [ENG31-08519072-n] (any region in space outside the solar system)
          • aerospace [ENG31-08519192-n] (the atmosphere and outer space considered as a whole)
          • zone [ENG31-08526463-n] (an area or region distinguished from adjacent parts by a distinctive feature or characteristic)

            • buffer zone [ENG31-08706162-n] (a neutral zone between two rival powers that is created in order to diminish the danger of conflict)
            • combat zone [ENG31-08706328-n] (a military area where combat forces operate)

              • war zone [ENG31-08706517-n] (a combat zone where military operations are coordinated (especially a designated area in international waters where the rights of neutrals are not respected by nations at war))
              • bridgehead [ENG31-08706766-n] (an area in hostile territory that has been captured and is held awaiting further troops and supplies)

                • airhead [ENG31-08707095-n] (a bridgehead seized by airborne troops)
                • beachhead [ENG31-08707187-n] (a bridgehead on the enemy's shoreline seized by an amphibious operation)
            • danger zone [ENG31-08707611-n] (a dangerous area)
            • demilitarized zone [ENG31-08707685-n] (a zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited)
            • drop zone [ENG31-08707932-n] (an agreed area where military supplies are dropped to ground troops)
            • kill zone [ENG31-08708090-n] (an area where a battle has occurred with many fatalities)
            • strike zone [ENG31-08708712-n] ((baseball) the area over home plate between a batter's knees and shoulders through which a pitch must pass in order to be called a strike)
            • tidal zone [ENG31-08708926-n] (an area subject to tidal action)
          • belt [ENG31-08526807-n] (an elongated region where a specific condition or characteristic is found)

            • asteroid belt [ENG31-08515916-n] (the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found)
            • greenbelt [ENG31-08597539-n] (a belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city)
          • bottom [ENG31-08529042-n] (the lowest part of anything)

            • foot [ENG31-08528642-n] (the lower part of anything)
            • base [ENG31-08528849-n] ((anatomy) the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment)
            • rock bottom [ENG31-08529254-n] (the absolute bottom)
          • county [ENG31-08563758-n] ((United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government)

            • Wight [ENG31-09502368-n] (an isle and county of southern England in the English Channel)
          • distance [ENG31-08573923-n] (a distant region)
          • Eden [ENG31-08583035-n] (any place of complete bliss and delight and peace)
          • extremity [ENG31-08586507-n] (the outermost or farthest region or point)

            • boundary [ENG31-08529331-n] (the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something)

              • hairline [ENG31-05263703-n] (the natural margin formed by hair on the head)
              • frontier [ENG31-08518135-n] (an international boundary or the area (often fortified) immediately inside the boundary)
              • heliopause [ENG31-08518296-n] (the boundary marking the edge of the sun's influence)
              • boundary line [ENG31-08529808-n] (a line that indicates a boundary)

                • circumference [ENG31-08531740-n] (the boundary line encompassing an area or object)
                • fence line [ENG31-08532013-n] (a boundary line created by a fence)
                • property line [ENG31-08532497-n] (the boundary line between two pieces of property)
                • state line [ENG31-08532605-n] (the boundary between two states)
              • bourn [ENG31-08530144-n] (an archaic term for a boundary)
              • district line [ENG31-08532965-n] (the boundary between two districts)
              • county line [ENG31-08533059-n] (the boundary between two counties)
              • city line [ENG31-08533150-n] (the boundary of a city)
              • edge [ENG31-08583230-n] (the boundary of a surface)

                • brink [ENG31-08534405-n] (the edge of a steep place)
                • limb [ENG31-08610050-n] ((astronomy) the circumferential edge of the apparent disc of the sun or the moon or a planet)
              • end [ENG31-08583423-n] (a boundary marking the extremities of something)
              • limit [ENG31-08610212-n] (the boundary of a specific area)

                • edge [ENG31-03269453-n] (the outside limit of an object or area or surface)

                  • border [ENG31-02878255-n] (a strip forming the outer edge of something)

                    • edging [ENG31-03270390-n] (border consisting of anything placed on the edge to finish something (such as a fringe on clothing or on a rug))

                      • fringe [ENG31-03402598-n] (an ornamental border consisting of short lengths of hanging threads or tassels)
                      • orphrey [ENG31-03861855-n] (a richly embroidered edging on an ecclesiastical vestment)
                    • selvage [ENG31-04178127-n] (border consisting of an ornamental fringe at either end of an oriental carpet)
                    • verge [ENG31-04535551-n] (a grass border along a road)
                  • hem [ENG31-03518771-n] (the edge of a piece of cloth)
                  • luff [ENG31-03700778-n] ((nautical) the forward edge of a fore-and-aft sail that is next to the mast)
                  • molding [ENG31-03785780-n] (a decorative recessed or relieved surface on an edge)
                  • selvage [ENG31-04177994-n] (the edge of a fabric that is woven so that it will not ravel or fray)
                  • shoulder [ENG31-04214015-n] (a narrow edge of land (usually unpaved) along the side of a road)

                    • hard shoulder [ENG31-03498180-n] (a paved strip beside a motorway (for stopping in emergencies))
                  • wayside [ENG31-04572519-n] (edge of a way or road or path)
                • city limit [ENG31-08558693-n] (the limits of the area occupied by a city or town)
                • upper limit [ENG31-08610454-n] (the limit on the upper (or northernmost) side of something)
                • lower limit [ENG31-08610570-n] (the limit on the lower (or southernmost) side of something)
                • three-mile limit [ENG31-08680789-n] (the limit of a nation's territorial waters)
              • outline [ENG31-08630343-n] (the line that appears to bound an object)

                • coastline [ENG31-08630575-n] (the outline of a coast)
                • profile [ENG31-08630777-n] (an outline of something (especially a human face as seen from one side))
                • silhouette [ENG31-08630920-n] (an outline of a solid object (as cast by its shadow))
                • skyline [ENG31-08669310-n] (the outline of objects seen against the sky)
              • surface [ENG31-08677970-n] (the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object)

                • interface [ENG31-03583604-n] ((chemistry) a surface forming a common boundary between two things (two objects or liquids or chemical phases))

                  • oil-water interface [ENG31-09400423-n] (an interface forming the boundary between the non-miscible liquids oil and water)
                • hard palate [ENG31-05317116-n] (the bony part of the roof of the mouth)
                • palate [ENG31-05317250-n] (the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities)
                • side [ENG31-08527687-n] (a surface forming part of the outside of an object)

                  • beam-ends [ENG31-08528089-n] ((nautical) at the ends of the transverse deck beams of a vessel)
                  • bottom [ENG31-08528313-n] (the lower side of anything)

                    • base [ENG31-02801733-n] (a flat bottom on which something is intended to sit)
                    • bilge [ENG31-02841249-n] (where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom)

                      • bilges [ENG31-02841683-n] (in a vessel with two hulls, an enclosed area between the frames at each side)
                    • heel [ENG31-03516570-n] (the bottom of a shoe or boot)

                      • Cuban heel [ENG31-03148928-n] (a broad heel of medium height on women's shoes)
                      • French heel [ENG31-03399652-n] (a fairly high narrow heel on women's shoes)
                      • spike heel [ENG31-04283927-n] (a very high narrow heel on women's shoes)
                      • stacked heel [ENG31-04302613-n] (a heel made of many layers of leather)
                      • wedge heel [ENG31-04577269-n] (a heel that is an extension of the sole of the shoe)
                      • wineglass heel [ENG31-04599546-n] (a heel on a woman's shoe in the shape of a wineglass)
                    • sole [ENG31-04266092-n] (the underside of footwear or a golf club)

                      • half sole [ENG31-03483224-n] (shoe sole extending from the shank to the toe)
                      • insole [ENG31-03578999-n] (the inner sole of a shoe or boot where the foot rests)
                      • outsole [ENG31-03867710-n] (the outer sole of a shoe or boot that is the bottom of the shoe and makes contact with the ground)
                    • underbelly [ENG31-08528545-n] (lower side)
                  • front [ENG31-08591019-n] (the side that is forward or prominent)

                    • forefront [ENG31-08590014-n] (the part in the front or nearest the viewer)
                  • lee [ENG31-08609908-n] (the side of something that is sheltered from the wind)
                  • windward [ENG31-08627580-n] (the side of something that is toward the wind)
                  • rear [ENG31-08647083-n] (the side of an object that is opposite its front)

                    • nape [ENG31-05555029-n] (the back side of the neck)
                    • rearward [ENG31-08647321-n] (direction toward the rear)
                  • top [ENG31-08681092-n] (the highest or uppermost side of anything)

                    • crown [ENG31-03143632-n] (the center of a cambered road)
                    • poll [ENG31-05546645-n] (the part of the head between the ears)
                    • pate [ENG31-05547228-n] (the top of the head)

                      • tonsure [ENG31-05547350-n] (the shaved crown of a monk's or priest's head)
                    • desktop [ENG31-08681441-n] (the top of a desk)
                    • rooftop [ENG31-08681512-n] (the top of a (usually flat) roof)
                    • tiptop [ENG31-08682103-n] (the extreme top or summit)
                • celestial sphere [ENG31-08538450-n] (the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected)
                • end [ENG31-08584236-n] (the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object)
                • inside [ENG31-08605707-n] (the inner or enclosed surface of something)

                  • belly [ENG31-08606041-n] (the hollow inside of something)
                • outside [ENG31-08631047-n] (the outer side or surface of something)
                • substrate [ENG31-08677777-n] (a surface on which an organism grows or is attached)
                • wave front [ENG31-08699704-n] ((physics) an imaginary surface joining all points in space that are reached at the same instant by a wave propagating through a medium)
                • photosphere [ENG31-09414279-n] (the intensely luminous surface of a star (especially the sun))
              • shoreline [ENG31-09456743-n] (a boundary line between land and water)
            • end [ENG31-08583557-n] (either extremity of something that has length)

              • bitter end [ENG31-02848814-n] ((nautical) the inboard end of a line or cable especially the end that is wound around a bitt)
              • bitthead [ENG31-02849001-n] (the upper end of a bitt)
              • heel [ENG31-03517093-n] (the lower end of a ship's mast)
              • point [ENG31-03980573-n] (sharp end)

                • arrowhead [ENG31-02746055-n] (the pointed head or striking tip of an arrow)
                • barb [ENG31-02793345-n] (a subsidiary point facing opposite from the main point that makes an arrowhead or spear hard to remove)

                  • fluke [ENG31-03374613-n] (a barb on a harpoon or arrow)
                • barb [ENG31-02793573-n] (the pointed part of barbed wire)
                • cusp [ENG31-03156582-n] (point formed by two intersecting arcs (as from the intrados of a Gothic arch))
                • diamond point [ENG31-03192852-n] (a very hard small point made from a diamond)
                • nib [ENG31-03828651-n] (the writing point of a pen)
                • pike [ENG31-03941974-n] (a sharp point (as on the end of a spear))
                • pinpoint [ENG31-03949820-n] (the sharp point of a pin)
                • spearhead [ENG31-04278481-n] (the head and sharpened point of a spear)
                • spike [ENG31-04283650-n] (each of the sharp points on the soles of athletic shoes to prevent slipping (or the shoes themselves))

                  • gaff [ENG31-03415213-n] (a sharp metal spike or spur that is fastened to the leg of a gamecock)
              • pole [ENG31-03983318-n] (one of the two ends of a magnet where the magnetism seems to be concentrated)

                • negative magnetic pole [ENG31-03822871-n] (the pole of a magnet that points toward the south when the magnet is suspended freely)
                • positive pole [ENG31-03994032-n] (the pole of a magnet that points toward the north when the magnet is suspended freely)
              • railhead [ENG31-04054403-n] (the end of the completed track on an unfinished railway)
              • terminus [ENG31-04420766-n] (either end of a railroad or bus route)
              • yardarm [ENG31-04618708-n] (either end of the yard of a square-rigged ship)
              • nerve ending [ENG31-05476684-n] (the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse)

                • free nerve ending [ENG31-05476892-n] (microscopic sensory nerve endings in the skin that are not connected to any specific sensory receptor)
                • Pacinian corpuscle [ENG31-05477076-n] (a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin)
                • proprioceptor [ENG31-05477316-n] (special nerve endings in the muscles and tendons and other organs that respond to stimuli regarding the position and movement of the body)
              • telomere [ENG31-05618275-n] (either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome)
              • heel [ENG31-07699718-n] (one of the crusty ends of a loaf of bread)
              • end point [ENG31-08584083-n] (a place where something ends or is complete)
              • finish [ENG31-08585406-n] (the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey))

                • finishing line [ENG31-08589006-n] (a line indicating the location of the finish of a race)

                  • tape [ENG31-08701724-n] (the finishing line for a foot race)
                  • wire [ENG31-08701845-n] (the finishing line on a racetrack)
              • tip [ENG31-08680894-n] (the extreme end of something)

                • fingertip [ENG31-05574750-n] (the end (tip) of a finger)
                • tiptoe [ENG31-05584935-n] (the tip of a toe)
                • beak [ENG31-12896354-n] (a beaklike, tapering tip on certain plant structures)
            • extreme point [ENG31-08586694-n] (the point located farthest from the middle of something)

              • vertex [ENG31-08695539-n] (the highest point (of something))

                • crown [ENG31-03143185-n] (the part of a hat (the vertex) that covers the crown of the head)
                • roof peak [ENG31-04112885-n] (the highest point of a roof)
            • limit [ENG31-08610686-n] (as far as something can go)

              • maximum [ENG31-08615688-n] (the point on a curve where the tangent changes from positive on the left to negative on the right)
              • minimum [ENG31-08617830-n] (the point on a curve where the tangent changes from negative on the left to positive on the right)
              • range [ENG31-08646496-n] (the limits within which something can be effective)

                • earshot [ENG31-08578322-n] (the range within which a voice can be heard)
                • view [ENG31-08578489-n] (the range of the eye)
                • rifle range [ENG31-08649520-n] (the distance that a rifle bullet will carry)
          • hell [ENG31-08600365-n] (any place of pain and turmoil)
          • inside [ENG31-08605849-n] (the region that is inside of something)

            • midland [ENG31-08606151-n] (the interior part of a country)
            • midst [ENG31-08606254-n] (the location of something surrounded by other things)
            • penetralium [ENG31-08606395-n] (the innermost parts)
          • ionosphere [ENG31-08606472-n] (the outer region of the Earth's atmosphere)
          • layer [ENG31-08609236-n] (a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another)

            • stratum [ENG31-08674880-n] (one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock))

              • epidermis [ENG31-05247554-n] (the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates)

                • mantle [ENG31-05251388-n] ((zoology) a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell)
              • stratum corneum [ENG31-05250420-n] (the outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells that slough off)
              • stratum lucidum [ENG31-05250602-n] (the layer of epidermis immediately under the stratum corneum in the skin of the palms and soles)
              • stratum granulosum [ENG31-05250778-n] (the layer of epidermis just under the stratum corneum or (on the palms and soles) just under the stratum lucidum)
              • stratum germinativum [ENG31-05251047-n] (the innermost layer of the epidermis)
              • dermis [ENG31-05251222-n] (the deep vascular inner layer of the skin)
              • cambium [ENG31-05293911-n] (the inner layer of the periosteum)
              • wall [ENG31-05612009-n] ((anatomy) a layer (a lining or membrane) that encloses a structure)

                • abdominal wall [ENG31-05612189-n] (a wall of the abdomen)
              • substrate [ENG31-08675518-n] (any stratum or layer lying underneath another)
              • superstrate [ENG31-08675632-n] (any stratum or layer superimposed on another)
              • horizon [ENG31-08675749-n] (a specific layer or stratum of soil or subsoil in a vertical cross section of land)

                • soil horizon [ENG31-08675940-n] (a layer in a soil profile)
                • geological horizon [ENG31-08676549-n] (a layer of rock with a particular composition (especially of fossils))
              • seam [ENG31-08676707-n] (a stratum of ore or coal thick enough to be mined with profit)

                • coal seam [ENG31-08676873-n] (a seam of coal)
              • bed [ENG31-09240774-n] ((geology) a stratum of rock (especially sedimentary rock))

                • ore bed [ENG31-09402780-n] (a stratum of ore)
            • asthenosphere [ENG31-09231932-n] (the lower layer of the crust)
            • chromosphere [ENG31-09267375-n] (a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun)
            • crust [ENG31-09282916-n] (the outer layer of the Earth)

              • horst [ENG31-09328634-n] (a ridge of the earth's crust that has been forced upward between two faults and so is higher than the surrounding land)
              • plate [ENG31-09418350-n] (a rigid layer of the Earth's crust that is believed to drift slowly)
            • exosphere [ENG31-09300338-n] (the outermost atmospheric layer)
            • hydrosphere [ENG31-09330808-n] (the watery layer of the earth's surface)
            • lithosphere [ENG31-09362716-n] (the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle)
            • lower mantle [ENG31-09366849-n] (the deeper part of the mantle)
            • mantle [ENG31-09369347-n] (the layer of the earth between the crust and the core)
            • mesosphere [ENG31-09375475-n] (the atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere)
            • ozone layer [ENG31-09405619-n] (a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun)
            • stratosphere [ENG31-09471239-n] (the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere)
            • surface [ENG31-09474647-n] (the outermost level of the land or sea)

              • floor [ENG31-09304990-n] (the bottom surface of any lake or other body of water)
              • floor [ENG31-09305269-n] (the lower inside surface of any hollow structure)
            • thermosphere [ENG31-09480497-n] (the atmospheric layer between the mesosphere and the exosphere)
            • tropopause [ENG31-09485582-n] (the region of discontinuity between the troposphere and the stratosphere)
            • troposphere [ENG31-09485730-n] (the lowest atmospheric layer)
            • upper mantle [ENG31-09489887-n] (the upper part of the mantle)
            • cell wall [ENG31-11550734-n] (a rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells)
            • snow [ENG31-15068330-n] (a layer of snowflakes (white crystals of frozen water) covering the ground)

              • corn snow [ENG31-15068689-n] (granular snow formed by alternate thawing and freezing)
              • crud [ENG31-15068799-n] (heavy wet snow that is unsuitable for skiing)
          • outside [ENG31-08631168-n] (the region that is outside of something)

            • outdoors [ENG31-08631308-n] (where the air is unconfined)
          • radius [ENG31-08646153-n] (a circular region whose area is indicated by the length of its radius)
          • side [ENG31-08666920-n] (a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location)

            • bedside [ENG31-08667286-n] (space by the side of a bed (especially the bed of a sick or dying person))
            • blind side [ENG31-08667448-n] (the side on which your vision is limited or obstructed)
            • dockside [ENG31-08667559-n] (the region adjacent to a boat dock)
            • east side [ENG31-08667648-n] (the side that is on the east)
            • hand [ENG31-08667732-n] (a position given by its location to the side of an object)
            • north side [ENG31-08667880-n] (the side that is on the north)
            • shipside [ENG31-08667966-n] (the part of a wharf that is next to a ship)
            • south side [ENG31-08668082-n] (the side that is on the south)
            • west side [ENG31-08668168-n] (the side that is on the west)
          • air [ENG31-08670889-n] (the region above the ground)
          • vacuum [ENG31-08671049-n] (a region that is devoid of matter)
          • top [ENG31-08681598-n] (the upper part of anything)

            • capital [ENG31-02959683-n] (the upper part of a column that supports the entablature)
            • masthead [ENG31-03733229-n] (the head or top of a mast)
            • crown [ENG31-05315640-n] (the part of a tooth above the gum that is covered with enamel)
            • head [ENG31-08681922-n] (the top of something)
            • crown [ENG31-13148762-n] (the upper branches and leaves of a tree or other plant)

              • capitulum [ENG31-13148915-n] (an arrangement of leafy branches forming the top or head of a tree)
          • zodiac [ENG31-08702926-n] (a belt-shaped region in the heavens on either side to the ecliptic)
          • sign of the zodiac [ENG31-08703415-n] ((astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided)
          • Papua [ENG31-08863915-n] (the southeastern part of Papua New Guinea)
          • Sind [ENG31-09000215-n] (a region of southeastern Pakistan)
          • black hole [ENG31-09246084-n] (a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star)
          • Kuiper belt [ENG31-09350444-n] (a disk-shaped region of minor planets outside the orbit of Neptune)
          • mare [ENG31-09369510-n] (a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon)
        • region [ENG31-08648560-n] (a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth)

          • area [ENG31-08514304-n] (a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography))

            • arena [ENG31-08514117-n] (the central area of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and spectacles were held)
            • high country [ENG31-08515191-n] (an area lying above the piedmont but below the timberline)
            • bed ground [ENG31-08516385-n] (an area on which a drove of cattle or sheep can sleep for a night)
            • broadcast area [ENG31-08534482-n] (the area over which a radio or tv transmission can be received)
            • center [ENG31-08540894-n] (an area that is approximately central within some larger region)

              • center stage [ENG31-08541470-n] (the central area on a theater stage)
              • city center [ENG31-08541617-n] (the central part of a city)
              • storm center [ENG31-08542097-n] (the central area or place of lowest barometric pressure within a storm)
              • financial center [ENG31-08560644-n] (the part of a city where financial institutions are centered)
              • hub [ENG31-08560786-n] (a center of activity or interest or commerce or transportation)

                • civic center [ENG31-08561059-n] (the center of a city)
              • inner city [ENG31-08561188-n] (the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city)
              • medical center [ENG31-08588686-n] (the part of a city where medical facilities are centered)
              • midfield [ENG31-08588822-n] ((sports) the middle part of a playing field (as in football or lacrosse))
              • seat [ENG31-08665520-n] (a center of authority (as a city from which authority is exercised))

                • capital [ENG31-08535783-n] (a seat of government)

                  • national capital [ENG31-08709407-n] (the capital city of a nation)
                  • provincial capital [ENG31-08713012-n] (the capital city of a province)
                  • state capital [ENG31-08713353-n] (the capital city of a political subdivision of a country)
                • county seat [ENG31-08564718-n] (the town or city that is the seat of government for a county)
                • county town [ENG31-08564875-n] (the town or city that is the seat of government for a shire)
                • see [ENG31-08604380-n] (the seat within a bishop's diocese where his cathedral is located)
              • midstream [ENG31-09377408-n] (the middle of a stream)
            • corner [ENG31-08561994-n] (a place off to the side of an area)
            • corner [ENG31-08562168-n] (a remote area)
            • disaster area [ENG31-08568752-n] (a region whose population is affected by a general disaster)
            • haunt [ENG31-08599031-n] (a frequently visited place)

              • gathering place [ENG31-08591763-n] (a favorite haunt where people gather)
            • hearth [ENG31-08599227-n] (an area near a fireplace (usually paved and extending out into a room))
            • hunting ground [ENG31-08599593-n] (an area in which game is hunted)
            • no-go area [ENG31-08628620-n] (an area that is dangerous or impossible to enter or to which entry is forbidden)
            • no man's land [ENG31-08628775-n] (an unoccupied area between the front lines of opposing armies)
            • quadrant [ENG31-08645129-n] (the area enclosed by two perpendicular radii of a circle)
            • quadrant [ENG31-08645240-n] (any of the four areas into which a plane is divided by two orthogonal coordinate axes)
            • rain shadow [ENG31-08646321-n] (an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it)
            • staging area [ENG31-08649833-n] (an area where troops and equipment in transit are assembled before a military operation)
            • open [ENG31-08649998-n] (a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water)
            • free port [ENG31-08657161-n] (an area adjoining a port where goods that are intended for reshipment can be received and stored without payment of duties)
            • anchorage [ENG31-08657351-n] (place for vessels to anchor)

              • mooring [ENG31-08657686-n] (a place where a craft can be made fast)
              • roads [ENG31-08657875-n] (a partly sheltered anchorage)
            • resort area [ENG31-08658314-n] (an area where many people go for recreation)

              • watering place [ENG31-08696353-n] (a health resort near a spring or at the seaside)
              • borscht circuit [ENG31-09148650-n] ((informal) a resort area in the Catskill Mountains of New York that was patronized primarily by Jewish guests)
            • block [ENG31-08659720-n] (a rectangular area in a city surrounded by streets and usually containing several buildings)
            • neighborhood [ENG31-08659906-n] (an area within a city or town that has some distinctive features (especially one forming a community))
            • retreat [ENG31-08660590-n] (a place of privacy)

              • ashram [ENG31-08660842-n] ((India) a place of religious retreat for Hindus)
              • ashram [ENG31-08660961-n] (a place of religious retreat modeled after the Indian ashram)
              • nook [ENG31-08661223-n] (a sheltered and secluded place)
              • nest [ENG31-08661304-n] (a cosy or secluded retreat)
              • pleasance [ENG31-08661381-n] (a pleasant and secluded part of a garden)
              • sanctum [ENG31-08663146-n] (a place of inviolable privacy)
            • safety [ENG31-08661508-n] (a safe place)

              • harborage [ENG31-08661620-n] ((nautical) a place of refuge (as for a ship))
            • danger [ENG31-08661788-n] (a dangerous place)
            • scene [ENG31-08663538-n] (the place where some action occurs)

              • light [ENG31-08663763-n] (an illuminated area)
              • darkness [ENG31-08663881-n] (an unilluminated area)
              • field of honor [ENG31-08664061-n] (the scene of a duel)
              • stage [ENG31-08664141-n] (any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something)
              • venue [ENG31-08695366-n] (the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting))
            • section [ENG31-08665897-n] (a distinct region or subdivision of a territorial or political area or community or group of people)

              • outskirts [ENG31-08556839-n] (outlying areas (as of a city or town))
              • vicinity [ENG31-08658688-n] (a surrounding or nearby region)

                • gold coast [ENG31-08659319-n] (a rich neighborhood noted for expensive homes and luxurious living)
                • 'hood [ENG31-08659519-n] ((slang) a neighborhood)
                • place [ENG31-08659612-n] (a general vicinity)
                • proximity [ENG31-08660092-n] (the region close around a person or thing)

                  • presence [ENG31-08660207-n] (the immediate proximity of someone or something)
                • scenery [ENG31-08664362-n] (the appearance of a place)

                  • landscape [ENG31-08664477-n] (an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view)
                  • seascape [ENG31-08664624-n] (a view of the sea)
            • shrubbery [ENG31-08666642-n] (an area where a number of shrubs are planted)
            • space [ENG31-08670545-n] (an area reserved for some particular purpose)

              • airspace [ENG31-08573106-n] (the space in the atmosphere immediately above the earth)
              • crawlspace [ENG31-08573247-n] (low space beneath a floor of a building)
              • disk space [ENG31-08573420-n] ((computer science) the space available on a magnetic disk)

                • disk overhead [ENG31-08573602-n] ((computer science) the disk space required for information that is not data but is used for location and timing)
                • swap space [ENG31-08573803-n] (the disk space that is set aside for virtual memory)
              • flies [ENG31-08589709-n] ((theater) the space over the stage (out of view of the audience) used to store scenery (drop curtains))
              • key [ENG31-08608465-n] ((basketball) a space (including the foul line) in front of the basket at each end of a basketball court)
              • no-parking zone [ENG31-08628978-n] (a space where automobiles are not allowed to park)
              • parking space [ENG31-08633385-n] (a space where an automobile can be parked)
              • separation [ENG31-08664696-n] (the space where a division or parting occurs)
              • seat [ENG31-08665191-n] (a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane))

                • perch [ENG31-08644333-n] (an elevated place serving as a seat)
              • terreplein [ENG31-08680165-n] (level space where heavy guns can be mounted behind the parapet at the top of a rampart)
              • workspace [ENG31-08701929-n] (space allocated for your work (as in an office))
            • tank farm [ENG31-08678448-n] (an area used exclusively for storing petroleum in large tanks)
            • trouble spot [ENG31-08678565-n] (a place where trouble exists or occurs regularly)
            • winner's circle [ENG31-08701579-n] (a small area at a racecourse where awards are given to the owners of winning horses)
          • backwater [ENG31-08519528-n] (a place or condition in which no development or progress is occurring)
          • breadbasket [ENG31-08534045-n] (a geographic region serving as the principal source of grain)
          • theater of war [ENG31-08568995-n] (the entire land, sea, and air area that may become or is directly involved in war operations)
          • field [ENG31-08569203-n] (a region in which active military operations are in progress)
          • zone of interior [ENG31-08569559-n] (the part of the theater of war not included in the theater of operations)
          • district [ENG31-08569713-n] (a region marked off for administrative or other purposes)

            • administrative district [ENG31-08508836-n] (a district defined for administrative purposes)

              • borough [ENG31-08558095-n] (one of the administrative divisions of a large city)
              • canton [ENG31-08558333-n] (a small administrative division of a country)

                • Swiss canton [ENG31-09054666-n] (one of the cantons of Switzerland)
              • city [ENG31-08558466-n] (an incorporated administrative district established by state charter)
              • commune [ENG31-08559172-n] (the smallest administrative district of several European countries)
              • country [ENG31-08562388-n] (the territory occupied by a nation)

                • banana republic [ENG31-08520025-n] (a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas))
                • fatherland [ENG31-08527190-n] (the country where you were born)

                  • old country [ENG31-08629511-n] (the country of origin of an immigrant)
                • buffer state [ENG31-08534605-n] (a small neutral state between two rival powers)
                • kingdom [ENG31-08608825-n] (a country with a king as head of state)
                • tax haven [ENG31-08678908-n] (a country or independent region where taxes are low)
                • European country [ENG31-08714745-n] (any one of the countries occupying the European continent)

                  • Scandinavian country [ENG31-08715641-n] (any one of the countries occupying Scandinavia)
                  • Balkan country [ENG31-08715940-n] (any one of the countries on the Balkan Peninsula)

                    • Greece [ENG31-08800171-n] (ancient Greece)
                • African country [ENG31-08716193-n] (any one of the countries occupying the African continent)
                • Asian country [ENG31-08718069-n] (any one of the nations occupying the Asian continent)
                • South American country [ENG31-08720216-n] (any one of the countries occupying the South American continent)
                • North American country [ENG31-08720619-n] (any country on the North American continent)

                  • Central American country [ENG31-08720849-n] (any one of the countries occupying Central America)
                • sultanate [ENG31-08916554-n] (country or territory ruled by a sultan)
              • county [ENG31-08564445-n] ((United States) the largest administrative district within a state)
              • county palatine [ENG31-08564623-n] (the territory of a count palatine)
              • department [ENG31-08566308-n] (the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France))
              • federal district [ENG31-08570817-n] (a district set apart as the seat of government of a federation)
              • reservation [ENG31-08604729-n] (a district that is reserved for particular purpose)

                • Indian reservation [ENG31-08604883-n] (a reservation set aside for the use of Indians)
                • preserve [ENG31-08604994-n] (a reservation where animals are protected)

                  • shooting preserve [ENG31-08605126-n] (a preserve on which hunting is permitted during certain months of the year)
              • school district [ENG31-08605264-n] (a district whose public schools are administered together)
              • shire [ENG31-08605383-n] (a former administrative district of England)
              • municipality [ENG31-08643858-n] (an urban district having corporate status and powers of self-government)

                • city [ENG31-08542298-n] (a large and densely populated urban area)
                • town [ENG31-08683242-n] (an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city)

                  • burg [ENG31-08688906-n] (colloquial American term for a town)
                  • boom town [ENG31-08689031-n] (a town enjoying sudden prosperity)
                  • cow town [ENG31-08689120-n] (a small town in a cattle-raising area of western North America)
                  • ghost town [ENG31-08689247-n] (a deserted settlement (especially in western United States))
                  • hometown [ENG31-08689382-n] (the town (or city) where you grew up or where you have your principal residence)
                  • Main Street [ENG31-08689560-n] (any small town (or the people who inhabit it))
                  • market town [ENG31-08689811-n] (a (usually small) town where a public market is held at stated times)
              • prefecture [ENG31-08644522-n] (the district administered by a prefect (as in France or Japan or the Roman Empire))
              • state [ENG31-08671935-n] (the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation)

                • commonwealth [ENG31-08559966-n] (the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico))
                • eparchy [ENG31-08671835-n] (a province in ancient Greece)
                • American state [ENG31-08673095-n] (one of the 50 states of the United States)

                  • slave state [ENG31-09072365-n] (any of the southern states in which slavery was legal prior to the American Civil War)
                  • free state [ENG31-09072545-n] (any state prohibiting slavery prior to the American Civil War)
                • Italian region [ENG31-08821234-n] (Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposes)
                • Canadian province [ENG31-08840877-n] (Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes)
                • Australian state [ENG31-08851439-n] (one of the several states constituting Australia)
                • Malaysian state [ENG31-08984793-n] (one of the several states constituting Malaysia)
                • Soviet Socialist Republic [ENG31-09028575-n] (one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991))
              • township [ENG31-08689937-n] (an administrative division of a county)
              • ward [ENG31-08690135-n] (a district into which a city or town is divided for the purpose of administration and elections)
            • borderland [ENG31-08530235-n] (district consisting of the area on either side of a border or boundary of a country or an area)
            • city district [ENG31-08555400-n] (a district of a town or city)

              • Barbary Coast [ENG31-08520660-n] (a part of a city that is notorious for gambling dens and brothels and saloons and riotous night life (especially the waterfront of San Francisco after the gold rush of 1849))
              • precinct [ENG31-08555989-n] (a district of a city or town marked out for administrative purposes)

                • police precinct [ENG31-08556147-n] (a precinct in which law enforcement is the responsibility of particular police force)
                • voting precinct [ENG31-08556293-n] (one of several districts into which a city or town is divided for voting)
              • business district [ENG31-08556635-n] (the central area or commercial center of a town or city)

                • Tin Pan Alley [ENG31-08557120-n] (a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business)
              • ghetto [ENG31-08566867-n] (a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions)
              • red-light district [ENG31-08571883-n] (a district with many brothels)
              • quarter [ENG31-08645494-n] (a district of a city having some distinguishing character)

                • ghetto [ENG31-08596479-n] (formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live)
                • kasbah [ENG31-08645716-n] (an older or native quarter of many cities in northern Africa)
                • medina [ENG31-08645883-n] (the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa)
                • skid road [ENG31-08669731-n] (the district of a town frequented by loggers)
                • barrio [ENG31-08694087-n] (a Spanish-speaking quarter in a town or city (especially in the United States))
              • waterfront [ENG31-08651258-n] (the area of a city (such as a harbor or dockyard) alongside a body of water)

                • seafront [ENG31-08651426-n] (the waterfront of a seaside town)
                • dockyard [ENG31-08657967-n] (an establishment on the waterfront where vessels are built or fitted out or repaired)
              • slum [ENG31-08669407-n] (a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions)

                • shantytown [ENG31-08669611-n] (a city district inhabited by people living in huts and shanties)
                • skid row [ENG31-08669831-n] (a city district frequented by vagrants and alcoholics and addicts)
              • combat zone [ENG31-08707384-n] (a city district known for its vice and high crime rate)
              • turf [ENG31-08707509-n] (the territory claimed by a juvenile gang as its own)
              • enterprise zone [ENG31-08708403-n] (a city district where development receives special tax advantages)
              • outskirt [ENG31-08708530-n] (a part of the city far removed from the center)
            • congressional district [ENG31-08560447-n] (a territorial division of a state)
            • development [ENG31-08566645-n] (a district that has been developed to serve some purpose)

              • housing development [ENG31-08567055-n] (a residential area of similar dwellings built by property developers and usually under a single management)

                • housing project [ENG31-08567486-n] (a housing development that is publicly funded and administered for low-income families)
              • housing estate [ENG31-08567308-n] (a residential area where the houses were all planned and built at the same time)
            • enclave [ENG31-08570669-n] (an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it)
            • palatinate [ENG31-08570961-n] (a territory under the jurisdiction of a count palatine)
            • residential district [ENG31-08571072-n] (a district where people live)

              • planned community [ENG31-08571424-n] (a residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents)

                • retirement community [ENG31-08571577-n] (a planned community for residents who have retired from an active working life)
              • uptown [ENG31-08571743-n] (a residential part of town away from the central commercial district)
              • suburb [ENG31-08571977-n] (a residential district located on the outskirts of a city)

                • addition [ENG31-08572409-n] (a suburban area laid out in streets and lots for a future residential area)
                • bedroom community [ENG31-08572538-n] (a community where many commuters live)
                • faubourg [ENG31-08572639-n] (a New Orleans district lying outside the original city limits)
                • stockbroker belt [ENG31-08572870-n] (a wealthy residential suburb)
              • exurbia [ENG31-08572299-n] (a residential area outside of a city and beyond suburbia)
              • tenement district [ENG31-08572980-n] (a residential district occupied primarily with tenement houses)
              • warren [ENG31-08696253-n] (an overcrowded residential area)
            • goldfield [ENG31-08596794-n] (a district where gold is mined)
            • jurisdiction [ENG31-08607925-n] (in law)

              • abbacy [ENG31-08567939-n] (the jurisdiction or office of an abbot)
              • archbishopric [ENG31-08568030-n] (the territorial jurisdiction of an archbishop)
              • archdeaconry [ENG31-08568135-n] (the territorial jurisdiction of an archdeacon)
              • bailiwick [ENG31-08568239-n] (the area over which a bailiff has jurisdiction)
              • caliphate [ENG31-08568341-n] (the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph)
              • diocese [ENG31-08568541-n] (the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop)

                • archdiocese [ENG31-08568437-n] (the diocese of an archbishop)
                • eparchy [ENG31-08568871-n] (a diocese of the Eastern Orthodox Church)
              • justiciary [ENG31-08604641-n] (the jurisdiction of a justiciar)
              • turf [ENG31-08608275-n] (range of jurisdiction or influence)
              • parish [ENG31-08632576-n] (the local subdivision of a diocese committed to one pastor)
              • patriarchate [ENG31-08635448-n] (the jurisdiction of a patriarch)
              • venue [ENG31-08695263-n] (in law: the jurisdiction where a trial will be held)
              • viceroyalty [ENG31-08695889-n] (a district or province governed by a viceroy)
            • mandate [ENG31-08615283-n] (a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves)
            • protectorate [ENG31-08644891-n] (a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs)
            • possession [ENG31-08649106-n] (a territory that is controlled by a ruling state)
            • trust territory [ENG31-08693533-n] (a dependent country)
            • British East Africa [ENG31-08877521-n] (the former British territories of eastern Africa, including Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar)
            • British West Africa [ENG31-08877705-n] (the former British territories of western Africa, including Nigeria, Cameroon, Gambia, Togo, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast)
          • domain [ENG31-08574028-n] (territory over which rule or control is exercised)

            • archduchy [ENG31-08574487-n] (the domain controlled by an archduke or archduchess)
            • barony [ENG31-08574594-n] (the domain of a baron)
            • duchy [ENG31-08574668-n] (the domain controlled by a duke or duchess)
            • earldom [ENG31-08574808-n] (the domain controlled by an earl or count or countess)
            • emirate [ENG31-08574933-n] (the domain controlled by an emir)
            • empire [ENG31-08575019-n] (the domain ruled by an emperor or empress)
            • fiefdom [ENG31-08575291-n] (the domain controlled by a feudal lord)
            • grand duchy [ENG31-08575401-n] (the domain controlled by a grand duke or grand duchess)
            • viscounty [ENG31-08575513-n] (the domain controlled by a viscount or viscountess)
            • khanate [ENG31-08575619-n] (the realm of a khan)
            • kingdom [ENG31-08575692-n] (the domain ruled by a king or queen)
            • principality [ENG31-08576025-n] (territory ruled by a prince)
            • sheikdom [ENG31-08576307-n] (the domain ruled by a sheik)
            • suzerainty [ENG31-08576419-n] (the domain of a suzerain)
          • northland [ENG31-08580527-n] (any region lying in or toward the north)
          • southland [ENG31-08580622-n] (any region lying in or toward the south)
          • field [ENG31-08587306-n] (somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected)
          • geographical area [ENG31-08591861-n] (a demarcated area of the Earth)

            • territory [ENG31-08510074-n] (the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state)
            • colony [ENG31-08516868-n] (a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country)

              • Crown Colony [ENG31-08517107-n] (a British colony controlled by the British Crown, represented by a governor)
            • semidesert [ENG31-08523368-n] (a region much like a desert but usually located between a desert and the surrounding regions)
            • narco-state [ENG31-08530489-n] (an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels and where law enforcement is effectively nonexistent)
            • place [ENG31-08530790-n] (any area set aside for a particular purpose)

              • boatyard [ENG31-02863295-n] (a place where boats are built or maintained or stored)
              • sanctuary [ENG31-04140731-n] (a consecrated place where sacred objects are kept)

                • holy of holies [ENG31-03532855-n] ((Judaism) sanctuary comprised of the innermost chamber of the Tabernacle in the temple of Solomon where the Ark of the Covenant was kept)
                • Tabernacle [ENG31-04385738-n] ((Judaism) a portable sanctuary in which the Jews carried the Ark of the Covenant on their exodus)
              • center [ENG31-08531106-n] (a place where some particular activity is concentrated)

                • nerve center [ENG31-08531522-n] (a center that provides information and control)
                • capital [ENG31-08535930-n] (a center that is associated more than any other with some activity or product)
              • colony [ENG31-08531343-n] (a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated)
              • hatchery [ENG31-08598827-n] (a place where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions (especially fish eggs))
            • river basin [ENG31-08536123-n] (the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries)

              • detention basin [ENG31-08536482-n] (a storage site (such as a small reservoir) that delays the flow of water downstream)
              • retention basin [ENG31-08536627-n] (a storage site similar to a detention basin but the water in storage is permanently obstructed from flowing downstream)
            • environs [ENG31-08557020-n] (an outer adjacent area of any place)
            • zone [ENG31-08559404-n] (any of the regions of the surface of the Earth loosely divided according to latitude or longitude)

              • climatic zone [ENG31-08559644-n] (any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude)

                • Frigid Zone [ENG31-08590805-n] (the part of the Earth's surface forming a cap over a pole)
                • Temperate Zone [ENG31-08679616-n] (the part of the Earth's surface between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer or between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn)
                • subtropics [ENG31-08692082-n] (regions adjacent to the tropics)
              • time zone [ENG31-08709014-n] (any of the 24 regions of the globe (loosely divided by longitude) throughout which the same standard time is used)
              • transit zone [ENG31-08709183-n] (a six million square mile area that includes the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern Pacific Ocean)
            • environment [ENG31-08584764-n] (the area in which something exists or lives)

              • ambiance [ENG31-08511143-n] (the atmosphere of an environment)
              • medium [ENG31-08585671-n] (the surrounding environment)
              • setting [ENG31-08585785-n] (the context and environment in which something is set)

                • scenario [ENG31-08585959-n] (a setting for a work of art or literature)
              • element [ENG31-08586108-n] (the most favorable environment for a plant or animal)
              • habitat [ENG31-08598111-n] (the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs)

                • habitation [ENG31-08598331-n] (the native habitat or home of an animal or plant)

                  • aerie [ENG31-08509364-n] (any habitation at a high altitude)
                  • lair [ENG31-08608955-n] (the habitation of wild animals)
              • melting pot [ENG31-08616252-n] (an environment in which many ideas and races are socially assimilated)
              • parts [ENG31-08633501-n] (the local environment)
            • dust bowl [ENG31-08595702-n] (a region subject to dust storms)
            • hemisphere [ENG31-08600622-n] (half of the terrestrial globe)

              • eastern hemisphere [ENG31-08579780-n] (the hemisphere that includes Eurasia and Africa and Australia)
              • western hemisphere [ENG31-08700127-n] (the hemisphere that includes North America and South America)
            • hot spot [ENG31-08603857-n] (a place of political unrest and potential violence)
            • panhandle [ENG31-08631932-n] (a relatively narrow strip of land projecting from some larger area)
            • country [ENG31-08662297-n] (an area outside of cities and towns)

              • backwoods [ENG31-08519693-n] (a remote and undeveloped area)
              • farmland [ENG31-08587011-n] (a rural area where farming is practiced)
              • countryside [ENG31-08662608-n] (rural regions)
              • scrubland [ENG31-08662679-n] (an uncultivated region covered with scrub vegetation)
              • weald [ENG31-08662787-n] (an area of open or forested country)
              • wold [ENG31-08662893-n] (a tract of open rolling country (especially upland))
            • sphere [ENG31-08671145-n] (the geographical area in which one nation is very influential)
            • field [ENG31-08677077-n] (a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found)

              • coalfield [ENG31-08677294-n] (a region where there is coal underground)
              • gasfield [ENG31-08677390-n] (a region where there is natural gas underground)
              • oilfield [ENG31-08677492-n] (a region rich in petroleum deposits (especially one with producing oil wells))
            • settlement [ENG31-08690300-n] (an area where a group of families live together)

              • village [ENG31-08690476-n] (a settlement smaller than a town)

                • kampong [ENG31-08690777-n] (a native village in Malaysia)
                • kraal [ENG31-08690869-n] (a village of huts for native Africans in southern Africa)
                • pueblo [ENG31-08691011-n] (a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States)
            • tract [ENG31-08691133-n] (an extended area of land)

              • baseball diamond [ENG31-02802752-n] (the area of a baseball field that is enclosed by 3 bases and home plate)
              • center field [ENG31-02997788-n] (the piece of ground in the outfield directly ahead of the catcher)
              • left field [ENG31-03659700-n] (the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's left)
              • outfield [ENG31-03865237-n] (the area of a baseball playing field beyond the lines connecting the bases)
              • right field [ENG31-04098951-n] (the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right)
              • short [ENG31-04211665-n] (the location on a baseball field where the shortstop is stationed)
              • yard [ENG31-04618511-n] (an area having a network of railway tracks and sidings for storage and maintenance of cars and engines)

                • marshalling yard [ENG31-03729144-n] (a railway yard in which trains are assembled and goods are loaded)
              • desert [ENG31-08522594-n] (arid land with little or no vegetation)
              • oasis [ENG31-08523517-n] (a fertile tract in a desert (where the water table approaches the surface))
              • battlefield [ENG31-08523662-n] (a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought)
              • minefield [ENG31-08524276-n] (a region in which explosives mines have been placed)
              • breeding ground [ENG31-08534163-n] (a place where animals breed)

                • pesthole [ENG31-08636825-n] (a breeding ground for epidemic disease)
                • rookery [ENG31-08662001-n] (a breeding ground for gregarious birds (such as rooks))

                  • heronry [ENG31-08600982-n] (a breeding ground for herons)
              • clearing [ENG31-08558851-n] (a tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area)
              • field [ENG31-08587527-n] (a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed)

                • yard [ENG31-04618236-n] (the enclosed land around a house or other building)

                  • backyard [ENG31-02775202-n] (the grounds in back of a house)
                  • dooryard [ENG31-03229090-n] (a yard outside the front or rear door of a house)
                  • front yard [ENG31-03404767-n] (the yard in front of a house)
                  • garden [ENG31-03422659-n] (a yard or lawn adjoining a house)
                  • playground [ENG31-03969939-n] (yard consisting of an outdoor area for children's play)
                  • side yard [ENG31-04223080-n] (the grounds at either side of a house)
                • campus [ENG31-08535652-n] (a field on which the buildings of a university are situated)
                • firebreak [ENG31-08589189-n] (a narrow field that has been cleared to check the spread of a prairie fire or forest fire)
                • grainfield [ENG31-08596880-n] (a field where grain is grown)

                  • cornfield [ENG31-08562294-n] (a field planted with corn)
                  • wheatfield [ENG31-08701024-n] (a field planted with wheat)
                • lawn [ENG31-08609148-n] (a field of cultivated and mowed grass)
                • paddy [ENG31-08631804-n] (an irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown)
              • field of fire [ENG31-08587771-n] (the area that a weapon or group of weapons can cover effectively with gun fire from a given position)
              • grounds [ENG31-08587931-n] (a tract of land cleared for some special purposes (recreation or burial etc.))
              • playing field [ENG31-08588287-n] (a piece of land prepared for playing a game)

                • arena [ENG31-02739516-n] (a playing field where sports events take place)

                  • circus [ENG31-03038845-n] (an arena consisting of an oval or circular area enclosed by tiers of seats and usually covered by a tent)
                • ball field [ENG31-02783939-n] (the baseball playing field)
                • court [ENG31-03125142-n] (a specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played)

                  • badminton court [ENG31-02775440-n] (the court on which badminton is played)
                  • basketball court [ENG31-02805710-n] (the court on which basketball is played)

                    • home court [ENG31-03533802-n] ((basketball) the court where the host team plays its home games)
                  • handball court [ENG31-03488071-n] (the court on which handball is played)
                  • piste [ENG31-03954623-n] (a flat rectangular area for fencing bouts)
                  • squash court [ENG31-04299451-n] (the indoor court in which squash is played)
                  • tennis court [ENG31-04416847-n] (the court on which tennis is played)
                  • volleyball court [ENG31-04547439-n] (the court on which volleyball is played)
                • football field [ENG31-03383761-n] (the playing field on which football is played)
                • palestra [ENG31-03884208-n] (a public place in ancient Greece or Rome devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes)
                • bowling green [ENG31-08533808-n] (a field of closely mowed turf for playing bowls)
                • pitch [ENG31-08533915-n] (a sports field with predetermined dimensions for playing soccer)
              • industrial park [ENG31-08605540-n] (a tract of land at a distance from city center that is designed for a cluster of businesses and factories)
              • grassland [ENG31-08615857-n] (land where grass or grasslike vegetation grows and is the dominant form of plant life)

                • bent [ENG31-08588062-n] (an area of grassland unbounded by fences or hedges)
                • hayfield [ENG31-08588163-n] (a field where grass or alfalfa are grown to be made into hay)
                • pasture [ENG31-08633625-n] (a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock)

                  • commons [ENG31-08559867-n] (a pasture subject to common use)
                  • cow pasture [ENG31-08565043-n] (a pasture for cows)
                • prairie [ENG31-08637099-n] (a treeless grassy plain)
                • savanna [ENG31-08663422-n] (a flat grassland in tropical or subtropical regions)
                • veld [ENG31-08695162-n] (elevated open grassland in southern Africa)
              • mud flat [ENG31-08618174-n] (a tract of low muddy land near an estuary)
              • parade ground [ENG31-08632120-n] (an area for holding parades)
              • fairground [ENG31-08632207-n] (an open area for holding fairs or exhibitions or circuses)
              • midway [ENG31-08632321-n] (the place at a fair or carnival where sideshows and similar amusements are located)
              • fairway [ENG31-08632475-n] (a tract of ground free of obstacles to movement)
              • park [ENG31-08632724-n] (a large area of land preserved in its natural state as public property)

                • national park [ENG31-08618548-n] (a tract of land declared by the national government to be public property)
                • safari park [ENG31-08662995-n] (an area of parkland where wild animals are kept and can be viewed by visitors driving through)
              • park [ENG31-08632949-n] (a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area)

                • amusement park [ENG31-08511241-n] (a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement)

                  • theme park [ENG31-08680652-n] (an amusement park that is organized around some theme (as the world of tomorrow))
                • village green [ENG31-08696143-n] (a village park consisting of a plot of grassy land)
              • picnic area [ENG31-08636918-n] (a tract of land set aside for picnicking)
              • public square [ENG31-08637195-n] (an open area at the meeting of two or more streets)

                • plaza [ENG31-08637370-n] (a public square with room for pedestrians)
              • toll plaza [ENG31-08637524-n] (an area where tollbooths are located)
              • range [ENG31-08646774-n] (a large tract of grassy open land on which livestock can graze)

                • home range [ENG31-08603067-n] (the area in which an animal normally ranges)
              • sector [ENG31-08666233-n] (a portion of a military position)
              • site [ENG31-08668822-n] (the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be located))

                • camp [ENG31-02949049-n] (a site where care and activities are provided for children during the summer months)

                  • day camp [ENG31-03170009-n] (a camp providing care and activities for children during the daytime)
                • apron [ENG31-08513344-n] ((golf) the part of the fairway leading onto the green)
                • bomb site [ENG31-08533579-n] (an area in a town that has been devastated by bombs)
                • campsite [ENG31-08535449-n] (a site where people on holiday can pitch a tent)
                • cemetery [ENG31-08538806-n] (a tract of land used for burials)

                  • potter's field [ENG31-08644420-n] (a cemetery for unknown or indigent people)
                • dig [ENG31-08567651-n] (the site of an archeological exploration)
                • dump [ENG31-08577564-n] (a piece of land where waste materials are dumped)

                  • eitchen midden [ENG31-08578097-n] ((archeology) a mound of domestic refuse containing shells and animal bones marking the site of a prehistoric settlement)
                  • garbage heap [ENG31-08591389-n] (an accumulation of refuse and discarded matter)
                  • toxic waste dump [ENG31-08591585-n] (a location where toxic wastes can be or have been disposed of (often illegally))
                • fairway [ENG31-08586848-n] (the area between the tee and putting green where the grass is cut short)
                • green [ENG31-08597308-n] (an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course)
                • launching site [ENG31-08609042-n] (a place for launching pads)
                • monument [ENG31-08617999-n] (an important site that is marked and preserved as public property)

                  • market cross [ENG31-08615529-n] (a cross-shaped monument set up in the marketplace of a town where public business is often conducted)
                • premises [ENG31-08644736-n] (land and the buildings on it)
                • rough [ENG31-08658537-n] (the part of a golf course bordering the fairway where the grass is not cut short)
                • tee [ENG31-08679015-n] (the starting place for each hole on a golf course)
                • toxic site [ENG31-08679205-n] (a site where toxic wastes have been dumped and the Environmental Protection Agency has designated them to be cleaned up)

                  • orphan site [ENG31-08679435-n] (a toxic waste area where the polluter could not be identified or the polluter refused to take action or pay for the cleanup)
              • subdivision [ENG31-08691989-n] (an area composed of subdivided lots)
              • mine field [ENG31-08692202-n] (a tract of land containing explosive mines)
              • terrain [ENG31-08692301-n] (a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential)
              • plot [ENG31-08692477-n] (a small area of ground covered by specific vegetation)

                • bed [ENG31-02822609-n] (a plot of ground in which plants are growing)

                  • asparagus bed [ENG31-02751093-n] (a bed in which asparagus is growing)
                  • flowerbed [ENG31-03373198-n] (a bed in which flowers are growing)

                    • rose bed [ENG31-04116565-n] (a flower bed in which roses are growing)
                    • tulip bed [ENG31-04503814-n] (a flowerbed in which tulips are growing)
                  • hotbed [ENG31-03547253-n] (a bed of earth covered with glass and heated by rotting manure to promote the growth of plants)
                  • seedbed [ENG31-04174183-n] (a bed where seedlings are grown before transplanting)
                  • turnip bed [ENG31-04507908-n] (a bed in which turnips are growing)
                • garden [ENG31-03422255-n] (a plot of ground where plants are cultivated)

                  • flower garden [ENG31-03373483-n] (a garden featuring flowering plants)

                    • parterre [ENG31-03899300-n] (an ornamental flower garden)
                  • formal garden [ENG31-03389552-n] (a garden laid out on regular lines with plants arranged in symmetrical locations or in geometrical designs)
                  • grove [ENG31-03468764-n] (garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth)

                    • apple orchard [ENG31-02732699-n] (a grove of apple trees)
                    • lemon grove [ENG31-03661337-n] (a grove of lemon trees)
                    • orange grove [ENG31-03858543-n] (grove of orange trees)
                    • peach orchard [ENG31-03908560-n] (a grove of peach trees)
                  • herb garden [ENG31-03520807-n] (a garden for growing herbs)
                  • hop garden [ENG31-03540366-n] (a garden where hops are grown)
                  • kitchen garden [ENG31-03625652-n] (a small garden where vegetables are grown)

                    • victory garden [ENG31-04540668-n] (a kitchen garden planted during wartime to relieve food shortages)
                  • landscaping [ENG31-03645602-n] (a garden laid out for esthetic effect)
                  • market garden [ENG31-03727660-n] (a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for marketing)
                  • pot farm [ENG31-03998327-n] (a plot of ground where marijuana is grown and harvested (often hidden in a national forest))
                  • rock garden [ENG31-04106948-n] (a garden featuring rocks)
                  • roof garden [ENG31-04112703-n] (a garden on a flat roof of a building)
                  • rose garden [ENG31-04116693-n] (a garden for growing roses)
                  • sunken garden [ENG31-04363393-n] (a garden set below the level of the ground surrounding it)
                  • tea garden [ENG31-04404688-n] (a public garden where tea is served)
                  • topiary [ENG31-04462179-n] (a garden having shrubs clipped or trimmed into decorative shapes especially of animals)
              • lot [ENG31-08692708-n] (a parcel of land having fixed boundaries)

                • parking lot [ENG31-08633213-n] (a lot where cars are parked)

                  • used-car lot [ENG31-08694237-n] (a parking lot where a dealer in used-cars displays cars for sale)
                • vacant lot [ENG31-08694360-n] (a lot on which there are no permanent buildings)

                  • sandlot [ENG31-08663324-n] (a vacant lot used by city boys to play games)
              • yard [ENG31-08702032-n] (a tract of land enclosed for particular activities (sometimes paved and usually associated with buildings))

                • junkyard [ENG31-08604533-n] (a field where junk is collected and stored for resale)
                • schoolyard [ENG31-08664839-n] (the yard associated with a school)
                • churchyard [ENG31-08664929-n] (the yard associated with a church)
                • tiltyard [ENG31-08702310-n] ((formerly) an enclosed field for tilting contests)
              • yard [ENG31-08702414-n] (a tract of land where logs are accumulated)
            • urban area [ENG31-08693705-n] (a geographical area constituting a city or town)

              • megalopolis [ENG31-08555271-n] (a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns))
              • conurbation [ENG31-08557280-n] (an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities)

                • subtopia [ENG31-08557456-n] (monotonous urban sprawl of standardized buildings)
              • new town [ENG31-08644097-n] (a planned urban community created in a rural or undeveloped area and designed to be self-sufficient with its own housing and education and commerce and recreation)
              • barrio [ENG31-08693991-n] (an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country)
            • wilderness [ENG31-08701286-n] (a wild and uninhabited area left in its natural condition)

              • barren [ENG31-08521615-n] (an uninhabited wilderness that is worthless for cultivation)

                • heath [ENG31-08521872-n] (a tract of level wasteland)
              • bush [ENG31-08522039-n] (a large wilderness area)

                • outback [ENG31-08522131-n] (the bush country of the interior of Australia)
              • frontier [ENG31-08522423-n] (a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country)
            • killing field [ENG31-08708217-n] ((usually plural) an area where many people have died (usually by massacre or genocide during war or violent civil disturbance))
            • northern Europe [ENG31-08778226-n] (the northernmost countries of Europe)
            • French region [ENG31-08959335-n] (a geographical subdivision of France)
            • Baltic State [ENG31-09034471-n] (European countries bordering the Baltic Sea)
            • Colony [ENG31-09070916-n] (one of the 13 British colonies that formed the original states of the United States)
            • Dar al-Islam [ENG31-09201378-n] (areas where Muslims are in the majority)
            • Dar al-harb [ENG31-09201493-n] (areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted)
          • biogeographical region [ENG31-08595892-n] (an area of the Earth determined by distribution of flora and fauna)

            • benthos [ENG31-08596045-n] (a region including the bottom of the sea and the littoral zones)
          • heartland [ENG31-08599425-n] (the central region of a country or continent)
          • irredenta [ENG31-08606696-n] (a region that is related ethnically or historically to one country but is controlled politically by another)
          • antipodes [ENG31-08649325-n] (any two places or regions on diametrically opposite sides of the Earth)
          • unknown [ENG31-08649671-n] (an unknown and unexplored region)
          • testing ground [ENG31-08680308-n] (a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation)
        • whereabouts [ENG31-08701121-n] (the general location where something is)
        • sodom [ENG31-08813732-n] (any location known for vice and corruption)
        • pass [ENG31-09409735-n] (the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks)

          • col [ENG31-09271940-n] (a pass between mountain peaks)

            • water gap [ENG31-09498846-n] (a pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows)
            • wind gap [ENG31-09503092-n] (a pass in a mountain ridge with no stream flowing through it)
          • defile [ENG31-09286818-n] (a narrow pass (especially one between mountains))
          • saddleback [ENG31-09441688-n] (a pass or ridge that slopes gently between two peaks (is shaped like a saddle))
        • space [ENG31-13933399-n] (an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things))

          • compartment [ENG31-03084313-n] (a space into which an area is subdivided)

            • cell [ENG31-02995166-n] (any small compartment)
            • cubbyhole [ENG31-03149152-n] (a small compartment)
            • Post-Office box [ENG31-03996568-n] (a numbered compartment in a post office where mail is put to be called for)
          • crenel [ENG31-03134991-n] (a notch or open space between two merlons in a crenelated battlement)
          • pleural space [ENG31-05396008-n] (the small potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura)
          • subarachnoid space [ENG31-05490574-n] (a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid)
          • enclosure [ENG31-09296197-n] (a naturally enclosed space)

            • cavern [ENG31-09262357-n] (any large dark enclosed space)
            • matrix [ENG31-09371952-n] (an enclosure within which something originates or develops (from the Latin for womb))
          • expanse [ENG31-09300444-n] (a wide and open space or area as of surface or land or sky)

            • sheet [ENG31-09454964-n] (any broad thin expanse or surface)
            • stretch [ENG31-09472094-n] (a large and unbroken expanse or distance)

              • slack [ENG31-09459810-n] (a stretch of water without current or movement)
          • opening [ENG31-09402023-n] (an open or empty space in or between things)

            • pocket [ENG31-03979157-n] (an opening at the corner or on the side of a billiard table into which billiard balls are struck)

              • corner pocket [ENG31-03114751-n] (a pocket at the corner of a billiard table)
              • side pocket [ENG31-04222025-n] (a pocket on the side of a billiard table)
            • diastema [ENG31-05290151-n] (a gap or vacant space between two teeth)
            • Ranvier's nodes [ENG31-05472186-n] (small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons)
            • foramen [ENG31-05553072-n] (a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure)

              • interventricular foramen [ENG31-05553244-n] (the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere)
              • foramen magnum [ENG31-05553512-n] (the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes)
            • breach [ENG31-09251708-n] (an opening (especially a gap in a dike or fortification))
            • chasm [ENG31-09265295-n] (a deep opening in the earth's surface)

              • abyss [ENG31-09209256-n] (a bottomless gulf or pit)
              • gulf [ENG31-09318959-n] (a deep wide chasm)
            • crack [ENG31-09281621-n] (a long narrow opening)

              • chap [ENG31-09264835-n] (a crack in a lip caused usually by cold)
              • chink [ENG31-09266675-n] (a narrow opening as e.g. between planks in a wall)
              • crevasse [ENG31-09282583-n] (a deep fissure)
              • fatigue crack [ENG31-09301338-n] (a crack in metal resulting from metal fatigue)
              • fault [ENG31-09301443-n] ((geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other)

                • inclined fault [ENG31-09333522-n] (a geological fault in which one side is above the other)

                  • normal fault [ENG31-09395224-n] (an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall)
                  • thrust fault [ENG31-09480637-n] (a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression)
                • strike-slip fault [ENG31-09472276-n] (a geological fault in which one of the adjacent surfaces appears to have moved horizontally)
              • rift [ENG31-09432904-n] (a narrow fissure in rock)
              • slit [ENG31-09460273-n] (a narrow fissure)
              • split [ENG31-09466040-n] (a lengthwise crack in wood)
              • vent [ENG31-09493680-n] (a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt)
            • hole [ENG31-09327371-n] (an opening into or through something)

              • aperture [ENG31-09223909-n] (a natural opening in something)

                • pupil [ENG31-05327733-n] (the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye)
                • micropyle [ENG31-11699829-n] (minute opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters)
                • stoma [ENG31-11700483-n] (a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass)

                  • germ pore [ENG31-11700746-n] (a pore in the outer wall of a spore or pollen grain through which the germ tube or pollen tube makes its exit on germination)
                  • hydathode [ENG31-13174524-n] (a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants)
                  • lenticel [ENG31-13174683-n] (one of many raised pores on the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the interior tissue)
              • bolt-hole [ENG31-09249274-n] (a hole through which an animal may bolt when pursued into its burrow or den)
              • bullet hole [ENG31-09252848-n] (a hole made by a bullet passing through it)
              • cranny [ENG31-09282010-n] (a small opening or crevice (especially in a rock face or wall))
              • leak [ENG31-09359954-n] (an accidental hole that allows something (fluid or light etc.) to enter or escape)
              • ozone hole [ENG31-09405463-n] (an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone)
              • perforation [ENG31-09412760-n] (a hole made in something)
              • rathole [ENG31-09428561-n] (a hole (as in the wall of a building) made by rats)
              • knothole [ENG31-15127461-n] (a hole in a board where a knot came out)
            • mouth [ENG31-09385366-n] (an opening that resembles a mouth (as of a cave or a gorge))
            • rift [ENG31-09432979-n] (a gap between cloud masses)
            • rip [ENG31-09433806-n] (an opening made forcibly as by pulling apart)
            • window [ENG31-09503207-n] (an opening that resembles a window in appearance or function)
          • swath [ENG31-13801119-n] (the space created by the swing of a scythe or the cut of a mowing machine)
          • angle [ENG31-13910202-n] (the space between two lines or planes that intersect)

            • crotch [ENG31-05605191-n] (the angle formed by the inner sides of the legs where they join the human trunk)
            • axil [ENG31-13151182-n] (the upper angle between an axis and an offshoot such as a branch or leafstalk)
            • helix angle [ENG31-13900424-n] (the constant angle at which a helix cuts the elements of a cylinder or cone)
            • complementary angles [ENG31-13911080-n] (two angles whose sum is a right angle)
            • angular distance [ENG31-13911184-n] (the angular separation between two objects as perceived by an observer)

              • latitude [ENG31-08613087-n] (the angular distance between an imaginary line around a heavenly body parallel to its equator and the equator itself)
              • longitude [ENG31-08614224-n] (the angular distance between a point on any meridian and the prime meridian at Greenwich)
              • declination [ENG31-08650469-n] ((astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial body north or to the south of the celestial equator)
              • right ascension [ENG31-08650766-n] ((astronomy) the equatorial coordinate specifying the angle, measured eastward along the celestial equator, from the vernal equinox to the intersection of the hour circle that passes through an object in the sky)
              • hour angle [ENG31-13911476-n] ((astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing)
              • true anomaly [ENG31-13911759-n] (the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis measured in degrees)
            • plane angle [ENG31-13911909-n] (an angle formed by two straight lines (in the same plane))
            • spherical angle [ENG31-13912024-n] (an angle formed at the intersection of the arcs of two great circles)
            • solid angle [ENG31-13912154-n] (an angle formed by three or more planes intersecting at a common point (the vertex))
            • inclination [ENG31-13912295-n] ((geometry) the angle formed by the x-axis and a given line (measured counterclockwise from the positive half of the x-axis))
            • inclination [ENG31-13912536-n] ((astronomy) the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of the ecliptic stated in degrees)
            • salient angle [ENG31-13912919-n] (an angle pointing outward)
            • interior angle [ENG31-13913084-n] (the angle inside two adjacent sides of a polygon)

              • reentrant angle [ENG31-13912757-n] (an interior angle of a polygon that is greater than 180 degrees)
            • exterior angle [ENG31-13913228-n] (the supplement of an interior angle of a polygon)

              • hip [ENG31-13913372-n] ((architecture) the exterior angle formed by the junction of a sloping side and a sloping end of a roof)
            • angle of incidence [ENG31-13913562-n] (the angle that a line makes with a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence)

              • angle of attack [ENG31-13913775-n] (the acute angle between the direction of the undisturbed relative wind and the chord of an airfoil)
              • critical angle [ENG31-13913935-n] (the smallest angle of incidence for which light is totally reflected)
            • angle of reflection [ENG31-13914064-n] (the angle between a reflected ray and a line perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence)
            • angle of refraction [ENG31-13914240-n] (the angle between a refracted ray and a line perpendicular to the surface between the two media at the point of refraction)
            • angle of extinction [ENG31-13914428-n] (the angle from its axis that a crystal must be rotated before appearing maximally dark when viewed in polarized light)
            • dogleg [ENG31-13914835-n] (angle that resembles the hind leg of a dog)
            • right angle [ENG31-13914930-n] (the 90 degree angle between two perpendicular lines)
            • oblique angle [ENG31-13915076-n] (an angle that is not a right angle or a multiple of a right angle)

              • acute angle [ENG31-13914630-n] (an angle less than 90 degrees but more than 0 degrees)
              • obtuse angle [ENG31-13914741-n] (an angle between 90 and 180 degrees)
            • reflex angle [ENG31-13915255-n] (an angle greater than 180 degrees (but less than 360))
            • perigon [ENG31-13915367-n] (an angle of 360 degrees)
            • cutting angle [ENG31-13915458-n] (the angle between the face of a cutting tool and the surface of the work)
            • dip [ENG31-13915590-n] ((physics) the angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon)
            • lead [ENG31-13915822-n] (the angle between the direction a gun is aimed and the position of a moving target (correcting for the flight time of the missile))
            • magnetic declination [ENG31-13916003-n] (the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north)
            • azimuth [ENG31-13916195-n] (the azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian)
            • polyhedral angle [ENG31-13939396-n] (the space enclosed by three or more planes that intersect in a vertex)
            • face angle [ENG31-13939528-n] (the angle formed by two edges of a polyhedral angle)
            • tilt angle [ENG31-13941617-n] (the angle a rocket makes with the vertical as it curves along its trajectory)
            • vertical angle [ENG31-13941849-n] (either of two equal and opposite angles formed by the intersection of two straight lines)
            • view angle [ENG31-13942092-n] (the angle included by a photographic lens)
            • wave angle [ENG31-13942427-n] (the angle of arrival (or departure) of a radio wave with respect to the axis of an antenna array)
          • void [ENG31-13933131-n] (an empty area or space)
          • hole [ENG31-13934444-n] (an unoccupied space)

            • pore [ENG31-13935130-n] (any tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid (fluid or gas))
          • cavity [ENG31-13934532-n] (space that is surrounded by something)

            • hollow [ENG31-13933910-n] (a cavity or space in something)
            • pouch [ENG31-13937488-n] (an enclosed space)
          • pocket [ENG31-13934675-n] ((bowling) the space between the headpin and the pins behind it on the right or left)
      • charm [ENG31-03013287-n] (something believed to bring good luck)

        • amulet [ENG31-02709445-n] (a trinket or piece of jewelry usually hung about the neck and thought to be a magical protection against evil or disease)

          • grigri [ENG31-03464430-n] (an African amulet)
        • juju [ENG31-03609171-n] (a charm superstitiously believed to embody magical powers)
      • curio [ENG31-03154617-n] (something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting)

        • bric-a-brac [ENG31-02900975-n] (miscellaneous curios)
        • collectible [ENG31-03073217-n] (things considered to be worth collecting (not necessarily valuable or antique))

          • chachka [ENG31-03002303-n] ((Yiddish) an inexpensive showy trinket)
        • collector's item [ENG31-03073571-n] (the outstanding item (the prize piece or main exhibit) in a collection)

          • rariora [ENG31-04061678-n] ((plural) rare collector's items)
      • draw [ENG31-03238126-n] (anything (straws or pebbles etc.) taken or chosen at random)
      • film [ENG31-03343593-n] (a thin coating or layer)

        • scum [ENG31-04164764-n] (a film of impurities or vegetation that can form on the surface of a liquid)

          • slag [ENG31-15067423-n] (the scum formed by oxidation at the surface of molten metals)

            • basic slag [ENG31-14797779-n] (slag produced in making steel)
        • slick [ENG31-04244760-n] (a film of oil or garbage floating on top of water)

          • oil slick [ENG31-03850485-n] (a thin film of oil floating on top of water (especially crude oil spilled from a ship))
        • soap film [ENG31-04261315-n] (a film left on objects after they have been washed in soap)
      • hoodoo [ENG31-03537260-n] (something believed to bring bad luck)
      • je ne sais quoi [ENG31-03600372-n] (something indescribable)
      • keepsake [ENG31-03615483-n] (something of sentimental value)

        • love-token [ENG31-03698943-n] (keepsake given as a token of love)
        • party favor [ENG31-03900459-n] (souvenir consisting of a small gift given to a guest at a party)

          • cracker [ENG31-03130003-n] (a party favor consisting of a paper roll (usually containing candy or a small favor) that pops when pulled at both ends)
      • makeweight [ENG31-03720260-n] (anything added to fill out a whole)
      • part [ENG31-03898588-n] (something less than the whole of a human artifact)

        • appendage [ENG31-02731707-n] (a part that is joined to something larger)

          • appendicle [ENG31-02731912-n] (a small appendage)
          • handhold [ENG31-03490658-n] (an appendage to hold onto)
          • handle [ENG31-03491080-n] (the appendage to an object that is designed to be held in order to use or move it)

            • ax handle [ENG31-02767403-n] (the handle of an ax)
            • broomstick [ENG31-02910407-n] (the handle of a broom)
            • crop [ENG31-03139147-n] (the stock or handle of a whip)
            • haft [ENG31-03480019-n] (the handle of a weapon or tool)
            • hilt [ENG31-03525817-n] (the handle of a sword or dagger)

              • basket hilt [ENG31-02806052-n] (a hilt with a basket-shaped guard for the hand)
            • hoe handle [ENG31-03529925-n] (the handle of a hoe)
            • knob [ENG31-03631305-n] (a round handle)

              • doorknob [ENG31-03227662-n] (a knob used to release the catch when opening a door (often called `doorhandle' in Great Britain))
              • stop [ENG31-04334462-n] ((music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes)
            • mop handle [ENG31-03790675-n] (the handle of a mop)
            • panhandle [ENG31-03888657-n] (the handle of a pan)
            • pommel [ENG31-03986536-n] (handgrip formed by the raised front part of a saddle)

              • horn [ENG31-03542111-n] (a high pommel of a Western saddle (usually metal covered with leather))
            • pommel [ENG31-03986690-n] (a handgrip that a gymnast uses when performing exercises on a pommel horse)
            • rake handle [ENG31-04057425-n] (the handle of a rake)
            • stock [ENG31-04328942-n] (the handle end of some implements or tools)

              • brace [ENG31-02890148-n] (a carpenter's tool having a crank handle for turning and a socket to hold a bit for boring)
              • butt [ENG31-02930680-n] (thick end of the handle)

                • rifle butt [ENG31-04097794-n] (the butt end of a rifle)
          • tailpiece [ENG31-04392518-n] (appendage added to extend the length of something)
        • bit [ENG31-02848240-n] (the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers)
        • bottleneck [ENG31-02881107-n] (the narrow part of a bottle near the top)
        • bulb [ENG31-02918826-n] (a rounded part of a cylindrical instrument (usually at one end))
        • butt [ENG31-02930783-n] (the small unused part of something (especially the end of a cigarette that is left after smoking))

          • cigar butt [ENG31-03034418-n] (small part of a cigar that is left after smoking)
          • cigarette butt [ENG31-03034865-n] (small part of a cigarette that is left after smoking)
          • roach [ENG31-04102947-n] (the butt of a marijuana cigarette)
        • component [ENG31-03085025-n] (an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up)

          • accessory [ENG31-02674051-n] (a supplementary component that improves capability)

            • auto accessory [ENG31-02761758-n] (an accessory for an automobile)
            • computer accessory [ENG31-03088246-n] (an accessory for a computer)
            • fitting [ENG31-03358462-n] (a small and often standardized accessory to a larger system)

              • gas fitting [ENG31-03427844-n] (the fitting (pipes or valves or meters) that convey gas from the gas main to the gas fixtures of a building)
              • pipefitting [ENG31-03952438-n] (fitting consisting of threaded pieces of pipe for joining pipes together)

                • reducer [ENG31-04073771-n] (pipefitting that joins two pipes of different diameter)
              • receptacle [ENG31-04068554-n] (an electrical (or electronic) fitting that is connected to a source of power and equipped to receive an insert)

                • outlet box [ENG31-03866089-n] ((electricity) receptacle consisting of the metal box designed for connections to a wiring system)
                • slot [ENG31-04250855-n] ((computer) a socket in a microcomputer that will accept a plug-in circuit board)
                • socket [ENG31-04262144-n] (a receptacle into which an electric device can be inserted)

                  • electric socket [ENG31-03279048-n] (a socket into which a lightbulb can be inserted)
                • wall socket [ENG31-04556057-n] (receptacle providing a place in a wiring system where current can be taken to run electrical devices)

                  • point [ENG31-03981029-n] (a wall socket)
            • fixings [ENG31-03359196-n] (the accessories that normally accompany (something or some activity))
          • addition [ENG31-02682269-n] (a component that is added to something to improve it)

            • additive [ENG31-02682642-n] (something added to enhance food or gasoline or paint or medicine)

              • adjuvant [ENG31-02683801-n] (an additive that enhances the effectiveness of medical treatment)
              • food additive [ENG31-03382691-n] (an additive to food intended to improve its flavor or appearance or shelf-life)
            • afterthought [ENG31-02686795-n] (an addition that was not included in the original plan)
            • annex [ENG31-02716453-n] (an addition that extends a main building)

              • ell [ENG31-03286732-n] (an extension at the end and at right angles to the main building)
            • attachment [ENG31-02758249-n] (a supplementary part or accessory)

              • hood [ENG31-03536988-n] (a tubular attachment used to keep stray light out of the lens of a camera)
            • elongation [ENG31-03286846-n] (an addition to the length of something)
          • audio [ENG31-02759756-n] (the sound elements of television)
          • auto part [ENG31-02765049-n] (a component of an automobile)
          • crystal [ENG31-03147563-n] (a crystalline element used as a component in various electronic devices)

            • piezoelectric crystal [ENG31-03941056-n] (a crystal that can be used as a transducer)
          • hardware [ENG31-03498434-n] ((computer science) the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical components making up a computer system)

            • scheduler [ENG31-04152482-n] (computer hardware that arranges jobs to be done by the computer in an appropriate order)
            • sequencer [ENG31-04180405-n] (computer hardware that sorts data or programs into a predetermined sequence)
            • upgrade [ENG31-04520981-n] (hardware that provides better performance than an earlier version did)
          • heating element [ENG31-03513772-n] (the component of a heater or range that transforms fuel or electricity into heat)

            • bar [ENG31-02793035-n] (a heating element in an electric fire)
            • burner [ENG31-02926715-n] (the heating elements of a stove or range on which pots and pans are placed for cooking)
            • immersion heater [ENG31-03567588-n] (a heating element that is immersed in the liquid that is to be heated (as in a hot-water tank))
          • ingredient [ENG31-03575860-n] (a component of a mixture or compound)

            • admixture [ENG31-02683938-n] (an additional ingredient that is added by mixing with the base)
            • base [ENG31-02801928-n] (the principal ingredient of a mixture)
          • input [ENG31-03578305-n] (a component of production)
          • landside [ENG31-03645770-n] (component consisting of a side piece opposite the moldboard)
          • making [ENG31-03720438-n] ((usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something)
          • module [ENG31-03784133-n] (a self-contained component (unit or item) that is used in combination with other components)

            • cartridge [ENG31-02975641-n] (a module designed to be inserted into a larger piece of equipment)

              • ink cartridge [ENG31-03576857-n] (a cartridge that contains ink and can be replaced)
              • tape cartridge [ENG31-04399457-n] (a cartridge containing magnetic tape)
            • power module [ENG31-04002104-n] (module that provides power to operate other modules)
          • pixel [ENG31-03958553-n] ((computer science) the smallest discrete component of an image or picture on a CRT screen (usually a colored dot))
          • retrofit [ENG31-04091346-n] (a component or accessory added to something after it has been manufactured)
          • spare part [ENG31-04274980-n] (an extra component of a machine or other apparatus)
          • spark gap [ENG31-04275909-n] (a component of an ignition system)
        • cutout [ENG31-03158347-n] (a part that is cut out or is intended to be cut out)
        • foible [ENG31-03380289-n] (the weaker part of a sword's blade from the forte to the tip)
        • fore edge [ENG31-03387379-n] (the part of a book that faces inward when the book is shelved)
        • forte [ENG31-03390266-n] (the stronger part of a sword blade between the hilt and the foible)
        • fraction [ENG31-03395053-n] (a small part or item forming a piece of a whole)
        • heel [ENG31-03516930-n] ((golf) the part of the clubhead where it joins the shaft)
        • hub [ENG31-03552838-n] (the central part of a car wheel (or fan or propeller etc) through which the shaft or axle passes)
        • jetsam [ENG31-03601832-n] (the part of a ship's equipment or cargo that is thrown overboard to lighten the load in a storm)
        • limb [ENG31-03674420-n] (either of the two halves of a bow from handle to tip)
        • neck [ENG31-03819888-n] (a narrow part of an artifact that resembles a neck in position or form)
        • peen [ENG31-03911172-n] (the part of a hammerhead opposite the flat striking surface (may have various shapes))
        • piece [ENG31-03938441-n] (a separate part of a whole)

          • piece of leather [ENG31-03939459-n] (a separate part consisting of leather)

            • counter [ENG31-03121593-n] (a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot)
            • quarter [ENG31-04038076-n] (piece of leather that comprises the part of a shoe or boot covering the heel and joining the vamp)
            • saddle [ENG31-04131081-n] (a piece of leather across the instep of a shoe)
            • upper [ENG31-04521654-n] (piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot)

              • toe box [ENG31-04451656-n] (the forward tip of the upper of a shoe or boot that provides space and protection for the toes)
            • vamp [ENG31-04527315-n] (piece of leather forming the front part of the upper of a shoe)
          • scrap [ENG31-04157733-n] (a small piece of something that is left over after the rest has been used)
          • shard [ENG31-04191744-n] (a broken piece of a brittle artifact)

            • potsherd [ENG31-03998794-n] (a shard of pottery)
          • snip [ENG31-04257136-n] (a small piece of anything (especially a piece that has been snipped off))
          • spindle [ENG31-04284807-n] (a piece of wood that has been turned on a lathe)
        • pressing [ENG31-04007225-n] (a metal or plastic part that is made by a mechanical press)
        • seat [ENG31-04169660-n] (a part of a machine that supports or guides another part)
        • section [ENG31-04172050-n] (one of several parts or pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole object)

          • bend [ENG31-02832880-n] (curved segment (of a road or river or railroad track etc.))

            • blind curve [ENG31-02855054-n] (a curve or bend in the road that you cannot see around as you are driving)
            • elbow [ENG31-03273381-n] (a sharp bend in a road or river)
            • hairpin bend [ENG31-03481581-n] (a U-shaped bend in a road)
          • dado [ENG31-03163334-n] (the section of a pedestal between the base and the surbase)
          • leaf [ENG31-03657552-n] (hinged or detachable flat section (as of a table or door))

            • drop-leaf [ENG31-03251491-n] (a hinged leaf on a table that can be raised and supported by a bracket)
          • length [ENG31-03661557-n] (a section of something that is long and narrow)
          • straightaway [ENG31-04338264-n] (a straight segment of a roadway or racecourse)

            • stretch [ENG31-04343783-n] (a straightaway section of a racetrack)

              • homestretch [ENG31-03534920-n] (the straight stretch of a racetrack leading to the finish line)
          • subsection [ENG31-04355626-n] (a section of a section)
        • shank [ENG31-04190706-n] (the narrow part of the shoe connecting the heel and the wide part of the sole)
        • spine [ENG31-04285118-n] (the part of a book's cover that encloses the inner side of the book's pages and that faces outward when the book is shelved)
        • toe [ENG31-04451479-n] ((golf) the part of a clubhead farthest from the shaft)
        • turnout [ENG31-04508161-n] (a part of a road that has been widened to allow cars to pass or park)
        • upstage [ENG31-04522925-n] (the rear part of the stage)
        • upstairs [ENG31-04523024-n] (the part of a building above the ground floor)
        • wreckage [ENG31-04613716-n] (the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked)

          • flotsam [ENG31-03372721-n] (the floating wreckage of a ship)
          • lagan [ENG31-03638765-n] (goods (or wreckage) on the sea bed that is attached to a buoy so that it can be recovered)
      • property [ENG31-04018636-n] (any movable articles or objects used on the set of a play or movie)

        • custard pie [ENG31-03156810-n] (a prop consisting of an open pie filled with real or artificial custard)
      • snake [ENG31-04255138-n] (something long, thin, and flexible that resembles a snake)

        • closet auger [ENG31-03053590-n] (a snake used to unblock toilets)
      • stuff [ENG31-04352366-n] (miscellaneous unspecified objects)

        • doodad [ENG31-03223248-n] (something unspecified whose name is either forgotten or not known)
        • etcetera [ENG31-03304208-n] (additional unspecified odds and ends)
        • sundries [ENG31-04362762-n] (miscellaneous objects too numerous or too small to be specified)
      • triviality [ENG31-04493701-n] (something of small importance)

        • bagatelle [ENG31-02777507-n] (something of little value or significance)
      • paring [ENG31-07867030-n] ((usually plural) a part of a fruit or vegetable that is pared or cut off)
      • catch [ENG31-09261049-n] (anything that is caught (especially if it is worth catching))
      • commemorative [ENG31-09274595-n] (an object (such as a coin or postage stamp) made to mark an event or honor a person)
      • discard [ENG31-09290396-n] (anything that is cast aside or discarded)
      • finding [ENG31-09302364-n] (something that is found)
      • floater [ENG31-09304683-n] (an object that floats or is capable of floating)

        • iceberg [ENG31-09331478-n] (a large mass of ice floating at sea)

          • growler [ENG31-09318116-n] (a small iceberg or ice floe just large enough to be hazardous for shipping)
      • fomite [ENG31-09306099-n] (any inanimate object (as a towel or money or clothing or dishes or books or toys etc.) that can transmit infectious agents from one person to another)
      • geological formation [ENG31-09310874-n] ((geology) the geological features of the earth)

        • aquifer [ENG31-09224876-n] (underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc)
        • beach [ENG31-09240137-n] (an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake)

          • plage [ENG31-09416417-n] (the beach at a seaside resort)
        • cave [ENG31-09261832-n] (a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea)

          • cavern [ENG31-09262208-n] (a large cave or a large chamber in a cave)
          • cove [ENG31-09280749-n] (small or narrow cave in the side of a cliff or mountain)
          • grotto [ENG31-09317783-n] (a small cave (usually with attractive features))
        • cliff [ENG31-09269370-n] (a steep high face of rock)

          • crag [ENG31-09281931-n] (a steep rugged rock or cliff)
          • precipice [ENG31-09421552-n] (a very steep cliff)
        • delta [ENG31-09287709-n] (a low triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides before entering a larger body of water)
        • diapir [ENG31-09289510-n] (a domed rock formation where a core of rock has moved upward and pierced through the more brittle overlying strata)
        • folium [ENG31-09305972-n] (a thin layer or stratum of (especially metamorphic) rock)
        • foreshore [ENG31-09306772-n] (the part of the seashore between the highwater mark and the low-water mark)
        • ice mass [ENG31-09332198-n] (a large mass of ice)

          • glacier [ENG31-09312237-n] (a slowly moving mass of ice)

            • Alpine glacier [ENG31-09217105-n] (a glacier that moves down from a high valley)
            • continental glacier [ENG31-09277976-n] (a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice)

              • polar glacier [ENG31-09419483-n] (a glacier near the Arctic or Antarctic poles)
            • Piedmont glacier [ENG31-09414667-n] (a type of glaciation characteristic of Alaska)
          • icecap [ENG31-09331649-n] (a mass of ice and snow that permanently covers a large area of land (e.g., the polar regions or a mountain peak))
          • ice field [ENG31-09331952-n] (a large flat mass of ice (larger than an ice floe) floating at sea)
          • ice floe [ENG31-09332074-n] (a flat mass of ice (smaller than an ice field) floating at sea)
        • lakefront [ENG31-09354157-n] (land bordering a lake)
        • massif [ENG31-09371357-n] (a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range)
        • monocline [ENG31-09380344-n] (a geological formation in which all strata are inclined in the same direction)
        • mouth [ENG31-09385213-n] (the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water)
        • natural depression [ENG31-09388914-n] (a sunken or depressed geological formation)

          • basin [ENG31-09238344-n] (a natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it)

            • cirque [ENG31-09268421-n] (a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain)
            • saltpan [ENG31-09443909-n] (a shallow basin in a desert region)
            • tidal basin [ENG31-09481109-n] (a basin that is full of water at high tide)
          • bed [ENG31-09240545-n] (a depression forming the ground under a body of water)

            • lake bed [ENG31-09353284-n] (the bottom of a lake)
            • ocean floor [ENG31-09399438-n] (the bottom of a sea or ocean)

              • abyssal zone [ENG31-09209489-n] (the deep sea (2000 meters or more) where there is no light)
              • continental shelf [ENG31-09278113-n] (the relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent)
              • continental slope [ENG31-09278249-n] (the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone)
              • neritic zone [ENG31-09391936-n] (the ocean waters from the low tide mark to a depth of about 100 fathoms)
              • twilight zone [ENG31-09487351-n] (the lowest level of the ocean to which light can reach)
            • riverbed [ENG31-09438549-n] (a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a river)
            • streambed [ENG31-09471839-n] (a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a stream)

              • wash [ENG31-09498025-n] (the dry bed of an intermittent stream (as at the bottom of a canyon))
          • crater [ENG31-09282125-n] (a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb)

            • collector [ENG31-09272061-n] (a crater that has collected cosmic material hitting the earth)
            • lunar crater [ENG31-09367221-n] (a crater on the Earth's Moon)
          • hole [ENG31-09327656-n] (a depression hollowed out of solid matter)

            • burrow [ENG31-09252948-n] (a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter)

              • warren [ENG31-09497895-n] (a series of connected underground tunnels occupied by rabbits)
            • gopher hole [ENG31-09313256-n] (a hole in the ground made by gophers)
            • kettle hole [ENG31-09347944-n] ((geology) a hollow (typically filled by a lake) that results from the melting of a mass of ice trapped in glacial deposits)
            • pit [ENG31-09416001-n] (a sizeable hole (usually in the ground))

              • trou-de-loup [ENG31-04495551-n] (a sloping pit with a stake in the middle used as an obstacle to the enemy)
              • barbecue pit [ENG31-09237176-n] (a pit where wood or charcoal is burned to make a bed of hot coals suitable for barbecuing meat)
              • borrow pit [ENG31-09249776-n] (a pit created to provide earth that can be used as fill at another site)
              • divot [ENG31-09290913-n] ((golf) the cavity left when a piece of turf is cut from the ground by the club head in making a stroke)
              • fire pit [ENG31-09303019-n] (a pit whose floor is incandescent lava)
              • quicksand [ENG31-09425819-n] (a pit filled with loose wet sand into which objects are sucked down)
              • sandpit [ENG31-09445068-n] (a large pit in sandy ground from which sand is dug)
              • sawpit [ENG31-09447897-n] (a pit over which lumber is positioned to be sawed by two men with a long two-handed saw)
              • tar pit [ENG31-09477874-n] (a natural accumulation of bitumens at the surface of the earth)
            • pothole [ENG31-09420951-n] (a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface))
            • rabbit burrow [ENG31-09425961-n] (a hole in the ground as a nest made by wild rabbits)
            • wormhole [ENG31-09504166-n] (hole made by a burrowing worm)
          • lowland [ENG31-09367095-n] (low level country)

            • landfill [ENG31-09358715-n] (a low area that has been filled in)

              • sanitary landfill [ENG31-09445509-n] (a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth)
          • sinkhole [ENG31-09458643-n] (a depression in the ground communicating with a subterranean passage (especially in limestone) and formed by solution or by collapse of a cavern roof)
          • trench [ENG31-09484445-n] (a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor)
          • trough [ENG31-09485903-n] (a narrow depression (as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed))

            • swale [ENG31-09475421-n] (a low area (especially a marshy area between ridges))
          • valley [ENG31-09491734-n] (a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river)

            • dale [ENG31-09285596-n] (an open river valley (in a hilly area))
            • glen [ENG31-09312502-n] (a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains))
            • gully [ENG31-09323212-n] (deep ditch cut by running water (especially after a prolonged downpour))

              • arroyo [ENG31-09229784-n] (a stream or brook)
              • draw [ENG31-09292788-n] (a gully that is shallower than a ravine)
              • wadi [ENG31-09497140-n] (gully or streambed in northern Africa and the Middle East that remains dry except during rainy season)
            • hollow [ENG31-09327937-n] (a small valley between mountains)

              • dell [ENG31-09287505-n] (a small wooded hollow)
            • nullah [ENG31-09398518-n] (a ravine or gully in southern Asia)
            • ravine [ENG31-09428665-n] (a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water))

              • canyon [ENG31-09256353-n] (a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall)
              • gorge [ENG31-09313350-n] (a deep ravine (usually with a river running through it))

                • gulch [ENG31-09318852-n] (a narrow gorge with a stream running through it)
            • rift valley [ENG31-09433102-n] (a valley with steep sides)
        • natural elevation [ENG31-09389214-n] (a raised or elevated geological formation)

          • highland [ENG31-09325522-n] (elevated (e.g., mountainous) land)

            • down [ENG31-09292247-n] ((usually plural) a rolling treeless highland with little soil)
            • tableland [ENG31-09476138-n] (a relatively flat highland)

              • mesa [ENG31-09374802-n] (flat tableland with steep edges)
              • terrace [ENG31-09479337-n] (a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below))
          • hill [ENG31-09325914-n] (a local and well-defined elevation of the land)

            • butte [ENG31-09253109-n] (a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region)
            • foothill [ENG31-09306311-n] (a relatively low hill on the lower slope of a mountain)
            • knoll [ENG31-09349568-n] (a small natural hill)

              • anthill [ENG31-09221979-n] (a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest)
              • kopje [ENG31-09349983-n] (a small hill rising up from the African veld)
              • molehill [ENG31-09380243-n] (a mound of earth made by moles while burrowing)
            • tor [ENG31-09483109-n] (a high rocky hill)
          • mountain [ENG31-09382700-n] (a land mass that projects well above its surroundings)

            • alp [ENG31-09216583-n] (any high mountain)
            • ben [ENG31-09241548-n] (a mountain or tall hill)
            • seamount [ENG31-09450630-n] (an underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor)

              • guyot [ENG31-09323465-n] (a seamount of volcanic origin (especially in the Pacific Ocean))
            • volcano [ENG31-09495727-n] (a mountain formed by volcanic material)
          • promontory [ENG31-09422467-n] (a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea))

            • mull [ENG31-09385842-n] (a term used in Scottish names of promontories)
            • point [ENG31-09419340-n] (a promontory extending out into a large body of water)
          • ridge [ENG31-09432390-n] (a long narrow natural elevation or striation)

            • bank [ENG31-09236341-n] (a long ridge or pile)

              • bluff [ENG31-09247632-n] (a high steep bank (usually formed by river erosion))
              • sandbank [ENG31-09444677-n] (a submerged bank of sand near a shore or in a river)

                • shoal [ENG31-09456216-n] (a sandbank in a stretch of water that is visible at low tide)
            • dune [ENG31-09293641-n] (a ridge of sand created by the wind)

              • seif dune [ENG31-09452534-n] (a long and tall sand dune with a sharp crest)
            • esker [ENG31-09297211-n] ((geology) a long winding ridge of post glacial gravel and other sediment)
            • ledge [ENG31-09360159-n] (a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water)

              • berm [ENG31-09242140-n] (a narrow ledge or shelf typically at the top or bottom of a slope)
            • reef [ENG31-09429671-n] (a submerged ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the water)

              • coral reef [ENG31-09279385-n] (a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone)

                • atoll [ENG31-09233769-n] (an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon)
                • barrier reef [ENG31-09237823-n] (a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore)
                • key [ENG31-09348301-n] (a coral reef off the southern coast of Florida)
            • ripple mark [ENG31-09434173-n] (one of a series of small ridges produced in sand by water currents or by wind)
          • swell [ENG31-09475890-n] (a rounded elevation (especially one on an ocean floor))
        • oceanfront [ENG31-09399698-n] (land bordering an ocean)
        • range [ENG31-09426609-n] (a series of hills or mountains)
        • relict [ENG31-09430072-n] (geological feature that is a remnant of a pre-existing formation after other parts have disappeared)
        • ridge [ENG31-09432630-n] (a long narrow range of hills)

          • arete [ENG31-09228397-n] (a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains)
          • hogback [ENG31-09327282-n] (a narrow ridge of hills)
        • ridge [ENG31-09432776-n] (a long narrow natural elevation on the floor of the ocean)
        • shore [ENG31-09456346-n] (the land along the edge of a body of water)

          • lakeside [ENG31-09355796-n] (the shore of a lake)
          • seashore [ENG31-09451197-n] (the shore of a sea or ocean)

            • littoral [ENG31-08613632-n] (the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean)
            • landfall [ENG31-09358599-n] (the seacoast first sighted on a voyage (or flight over water))
            • seaside [ENG31-09451532-n] (the shore of a sea or ocean regarded as a resort)
            • tideland [ENG31-09481399-n] (land near the sea that is overflowed by the tide)
          • strand [ENG31-09470815-n] (a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides))
        • slope [ENG31-09460358-n] (an elevated geological formation)

          • ascent [ENG31-09229873-n] (an upward slope or grade (as in a road))

            • uphill [ENG31-09489808-n] (the upward slope of a hill)
          • bank [ENG31-09236472-n] (sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water))

            • riverbank [ENG31-09438462-n] (the bank of a river)
            • waterside [ENG31-09499055-n] (land bordering a body of water)
          • bank [ENG31-09236735-n] (a slope in the turn of a road or track)
          • canyonside [ENG31-09256510-n] (the steeply sloping side of a canyon)
          • coast [ENG31-09271059-n] (a slope down which sleds may coast)
          • descent [ENG31-09288526-n] (a downward slope or bend)

            • downhill [ENG31-09292378-n] (the downward slope of a hill)
            • steep [ENG31-09467912-n] (a steep place (as on a hill))
          • escarpment [ENG31-09297058-n] (a long steep slope or cliff at the edge of a plateau or ridge)
          • hillside [ENG31-09326434-n] (the side or slope of a hill)

            • brae [ENG31-09250962-n] (a slope or hillside)
          • mountainside [ENG31-09384414-n] (the side or slope of a mountain)
          • piedmont [ENG31-09414537-n] (a gentle slope leading from the base of a mountain to a region of flat land)
          • ski slope [ENG31-09459348-n] (a snow-covered slope for skiing)
        • spring [ENG31-09466357-n] (a natural flow of ground water)

          • Fountain of Youth [ENG31-09307823-n] (a fountain described in folk tales as able to make people young again)
          • geyser [ENG31-09311541-n] (a spring that discharges hot water and steam)
          • hot spring [ENG31-09328804-n] (a natural spring of water at a temperature of 70 F or above)
        • talus [ENG31-09477283-n] (a sloping mass of loose rocks at the base of a cliff)
        • vein [ENG31-09493352-n] (a layer of ore between layers of rock)

          • bonanza [ENG31-09249405-n] (an especially rich vein of precious ore)
        • volcanic crater [ENG31-09495543-n] (a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano)

          • caldera [ENG31-09254024-n] (a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression)
          • maar [ENG31-09367621-n] (a flat-bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion)
        • wall [ENG31-09497542-n] (a vertical (or almost vertical) smooth rock face (as of a cave or mountain))
        • water table [ENG31-09499253-n] (underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water)
      • growth [ENG31-09318244-n] (something grown or growing)

        • ingrowth [ENG31-09336065-n] (something that grows inward)
      • hail [ENG31-09323811-n] (many objects thrown forcefully through the air)
      • head [ENG31-09324937-n] (a rounded compact mass)
      • ice [ENG31-09331304-n] (the frozen part of a body of water)

        • drift ice [ENG31-09293320-n] (masses of ice floating in the open sea)
        • icefall [ENG31-09331824-n] (a steep part of a glacier resembling a frozen waterfall)
        • neve [ENG31-09392917-n] (the upper part of a glacier (beyond the limit of perpetual snow) where the snow turns to ice)
        • pack ice [ENG31-09406794-n] (a large expanse of floating ice)
        • shelf ice [ENG31-09455067-n] (ice that is attached to land but projects out to sea)
      • land [ENG31-09357302-n] (the solid part of the earth's surface)

        • archipelago [ENG31-09226715-n] (a group of many islands in a large body of water)
        • beachfront [ENG31-09240321-n] (a strip of land running along a beach)
        • cape [ENG31-09256622-n] (a strip of land projecting into a body of water)

          • spit [ENG31-09465499-n] (a narrow strip of land that juts out into the sea)
        • coastal plain [ENG31-09271200-n] (a plain adjacent to a coast)

          • tidewater [ENG31-09481502-n] (low-lying coastal land drained by tidal streams)
        • floor [ENG31-09305114-n] (the ground on which people and animals move about)
        • foreland [ENG31-09306673-n] (land forming the forward margin of something)
        • forest [ENG31-09306921-n] (land that is covered with trees and shrubs)

          • greenwood [ENG31-09317505-n] (woodlands in full leaf)
          • riparian forest [ENG31-09434067-n] (woodlands along the banks of stream or river)
          • silva [ENG31-09458309-n] (the forest trees growing in a country or region)
          • tree farm [ENG31-09484300-n] (a forest (or part of a forest) where trees are grown for commercial use)

            • pinetum [ENG31-09415295-n] (an area planted with pine trees or related conifers)
        • island [ENG31-09339360-n] (a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water)

          • Caribbean Island [ENG31-08764775-n] (an island in the Caribbean Sea)
          • Aegean island [ENG31-08800479-n] (an island in the Aegean Sea)
          • barrier island [ENG31-09237667-n] (a long narrow sandy island (wider than a reef) running parallel to the shore)
          • South Sea Islands [ENG31-09464905-n] (any islands in the southern or southwestern of central parts of the Pacific Ocean)
        • isthmus [ENG31-09342510-n] (a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas)
        • landmass [ENG31-09358822-n] (a large continuous extent of land)

          • continent [ENG31-09277520-n] (one of the large landmasses of the earth)
          • subcontinent [ENG31-09473098-n] (a large and distinctive landmass (as India or Greenland) that is a distinct part of some continent)
        • mainland [ENG31-09369017-n] (the main land mass of a country or continent)
        • neck [ENG31-09390630-n] (a narrow elongated projecting strip of land)
        • oxbow [ENG31-09404992-n] (the land inside an oxbow bend in a river)
        • peninsula [ENG31-09411741-n] (a large mass of land projecting into a body of water)
        • plain [ENG31-09416498-n] (extensive tract of level open land)

          • flat [ENG31-09304317-n] (a level tract of land)

            • alluvial flat [ENG31-09216429-n] (a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running water)
            • salt flat [ENG31-09443428-n] (a flat expanse of salt left by the evaporation of a body of salt water)
          • floodplain [ENG31-09304820-n] (a low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding)
          • llano [ENG31-09364225-n] (an extensive grassy and nearly treeless plain (especially in Latin America))
          • moor [ENG31-09381648-n] (open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss)
          • peneplain [ENG31-09411546-n] (a more or less level land surface representing an advanced stage of erosion undisturbed by crustal movements)
          • snowfield [ENG31-09461936-n] (a permanent wide expanse of snow)
          • steppe [ENG31-09468193-n] (extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia))
          • tundra [ENG31-09486356-n] (a vast treeless plain in the Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen)
        • slash [ENG31-09460002-n] (an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind))
        • wonderland [ENG31-09503829-n] (a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder)
      • land [ENG31-09358146-n] (material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use))

        • badlands [ENG31-09235479-n] (deeply eroded barren land)
        • bottomland [ENG31-09250335-n] (low-lying alluvial land near a river)
        • coastland [ENG31-09271305-n] (land in a coastal area)
        • cultivated land [ENG31-09283813-n] (arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops)

          • fallow [ENG31-09301201-n] (cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons)
        • overburden [ENG31-09404773-n] (the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral deposits)
        • permafrost [ENG31-09413039-n] (ground that is permanently frozen)
        • polder [ENG31-09419876-n] (low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands))
        • rangeland [ENG31-09427953-n] (land suitable for grazing livestock)
        • scablands [ENG31-09448222-n] ((geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington))
        • turf [ENG31-09487049-n] (surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots)

          • divot [ENG31-09290760-n] (a piece of turf dug out of a lawn or fairway (by an animals hooves or a golf club))
        • wetland [ENG31-09501020-n] (a low area where the land is saturated with water)

          • bog [ENG31-09248850-n] (wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation)

            • mire [ENG31-09378747-n] (a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot)
            • slough [ENG31-09461217-n] (a hollow filled with mud)
          • marsh [ENG31-09370676-n] (low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation)

            • salt marsh [ENG31-09443672-n] (low-lying wet land that is frequently flooded with saltwater)
          • swamp [ENG31-09475525-n] (low land that is seasonally flooded)

            • slough [ENG31-09461116-n] (a stagnant swamp (especially as part of a bayou))
      • moon [ENG31-09381447-n] (any object resembling a moon)
      • neighbor [ENG31-09391121-n] (a nearby object of the same kind)
      • remains [ENG31-09430224-n] (any object that is left unused or still extant)

        • fossil [ENG31-09307495-n] (the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil)

          • fucoid [ENG31-01407136-n] (a fossilized cast or impression of algae of the order Fucales)
          • belemnite [ENG31-01976364-n] (a conical calcareous fossil tapering to a point at one end and with a conical cavity at the other end containing (when unbroken) a small chambered phragmocone from the shell of any of numerous extinct cephalopods of the family Belemnitidae)
          • ammonite [ENG31-09218836-n] (one of the coiled chambered fossil shells of extinct mollusks)
          • index fossil [ENG31-09333973-n] (a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found)
          • microfossil [ENG31-09376712-n] (a fossil that must be studied microscopically)
          • wormcast [ENG31-09504089-n] (fossil trail of a worm)
      • ribbon [ENG31-09432081-n] (any long object resembling a thin line)

        • blade [ENG31-09246498-n] (something long and thin resembling a blade of grass)
      • shiner [ENG31-09455894-n] (something that shines (with emitted or reflected light))

        • twinkler [ENG31-09487616-n] (an object that emits or reflects light in an intermittent flickering manner)
      • vagabond [ENG31-09491367-n] (anything that resembles a vagabond in having no fixed place)
      • wall [ENG31-09497292-n] (anything that suggests a wall in structure or function or effect)

        • footwall [ENG31-09306420-n] (the lower wall of an inclined fault)
        • hanging wall [ENG31-09324531-n] (the upper wall of an inclined fault)
      • web [ENG31-09500167-n] (an intricate network suggesting something that was formed by weaving or interweaving)

        • spider web [ENG31-04282482-n] (a web spun by spiders to trap insect prey)

          • cobweb [ENG31-03063688-n] (a dense elaborate spider web that is more efficient than the orb web)
          • funnel web [ENG31-03408788-n] (a funnel-shaped spider web)
          • orb web [ENG31-03858623-n] (a circular spider web)
          • sheet web [ENG31-04196956-n] (an irregular spider web woven in a single plane and looking like flattened hammocks)
        • tent [ENG31-09479040-n] (a web that resembles a tent or carpet)
        • webbing [ENG31-09500449-n] (something forming a web (as between the toes of birds))
    • causal agent [ENG31-00007347-n] (any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results)

      • agent [ENG31-09213796-n] (an active and efficient cause)

        • vasoconstrictor [ENG31-04529716-n] (any agent that causes a narrowing of an opening of a blood vessel: cold or stress or nicotine or epinephrine or norepinephrine or angiotensin or vasopressin or certain drugs)

          • adrenergic [ENG31-02684892-n] (drug that has the effects of epinephrine)

            • phenylephrine [ENG31-03928985-n] (a powerful vasoconstrictor used to dilate the pupils and relieve nasal congestion)
            • phenylpropanolamine [ENG31-03929126-n] (an adrenergic drug used in many preparations to relieve allergic reactions or respiratory infections)
          • angiotensin [ENG31-02714749-n] (any of several vasoconstrictor substances (trade name Hypertensin) that cause narrowing of blood vessels)

            • angiotensin I [ENG31-02714993-n] (a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II)
            • angiotensin II [ENG31-02715139-n] (a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I)
          • lypressin [ENG31-03704472-n] (an antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor used to treat diabetes insipidus)
          • naphazoline [ENG31-03812592-n] (vasoconstrictor (trade names Privine and Sudafed) used in nasal sprays to treat symptoms of nasal congestion and in eyedrops to treat eye irritation)
          • vasopressor [ENG31-04530496-n] (any agent that produces vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure (usually understood as increased arterial pressure))
          • coldness [ENG31-05022301-n] (the absence of heat)

            • chill [ENG31-05022647-n] (coldness due to a cold environment)
            • chilliness [ENG31-05022862-n] (the property of being moderately cold)
            • frostiness [ENG31-05023062-n] (coldness as evidenced by frost)
            • cool [ENG31-05023185-n] (the quality of being at a refreshingly low temperature)
          • noradrenaline [ENG31-05415233-n] (a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses)
          • epinephrine [ENG31-05415731-n] (a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin))
          • vasopressin [ENG31-05421490-n] (hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus)
          • nicotine [ENG31-14738978-n] (an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco)
        • biological agent [ENG31-09244331-n] (any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare)
        • eliminator [ENG31-09295374-n] (an agent that eliminates something)

          • obliterator [ENG31-09398990-n] (an eliminator that does away with all traces)
        • impairer [ENG31-09333366-n] (an agent that impairs)
        • infectious agent [ENG31-09335749-n] (an agent capable of producing infection)
        • lethal agent [ENG31-09361267-n] (an agent capable of causing death)
        • motor [ENG31-09382528-n] (a nonspecific agent that imparts motion)
        • mutagen [ENG31-09386983-n] (any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation)
        • quickener [ENG31-09425579-n] (an agent that gives or restores life or vigor)
        • relaxer [ENG31-09429921-n] (any agent that produces relaxation)
        • repressor [ENG31-09430419-n] (an agent that represses)
        • retardant [ENG31-09431128-n] (any agent that retards or delays or hinders)
        • satisfier [ENG31-09447367-n] (any agent capable of producing satisfaction)
        • shortener [ENG31-09456856-n] (any agent that shortens)
        • stressor [ENG31-09471978-n] (any agent that causes stress to an organism)
        • teratogen [ENG31-09479128-n] (any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples)

          • thalidomide [ENG31-04424602-n] (a sedative and hypnotic drug)
        • vector [ENG31-09492415-n] (any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease)

          • transducing vector [ENG31-09483646-n] (a vector for delivering genes into cells)

            • liposomal delivery vector [ENG31-09362574-n] (a transducing vector that uses liposomes to carry the gene of interest)
            • viral delivery vector [ENG31-09494995-n] (a transducing vector that uses a retrovirus)
        • weakener [ENG31-09499651-n] (that which weakens or causes a loss of strength)
      • nature [ENG31-09526814-n] (a causal agent creating and controlling things in the universe)
      • supernatural [ENG31-09527009-n] (supernatural forces and events and beings collectively)
      • theurgy [ENG31-09527596-n] (the effect of supernatural or divine intervention in human affairs)
      • first cause [ENG31-09527735-n] (an agent that is the cause of all things but does not itself have a cause)
      • destiny [ENG31-09528047-n] (the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman))
      • catalyst [ENG31-09920164-n] (something that causes an important event to happen)
      • deus ex machina [ENG31-10029580-n] (any active agent who appears unexpectedly to solve an insoluble difficulty)
      • operator [ENG31-10398111-n] (an agent that operates some apparatus or machine)

        • company operator [ENG31-09966053-n] (an operator who works for a company)
        • driver [ENG31-10054631-n] (the operator of a motor vehicle)

          • busman [ENG31-09902814-n] (someone who drives a bus)
          • chauffeur [ENG31-09928311-n] (a man paid to drive a privately owned car)

            • chauffeuse [ENG31-09928444-n] (a woman chauffeur)
          • designated driver [ENG31-10027165-n] (the member of a party who is designated to refrain from alcohol and so is sober when it is time to drive home)
          • honker [ENG31-10203175-n] (a driver who causes his car's horn to make a loud honking sound)
          • kerb crawler [ENG31-10249391-n] (someone who drives slowly along the curb seeking sex from prostitutes or other women)
          • motorist [ENG31-10353814-n] (someone who drives (or travels in) an automobile)
          • owner-driver [ENG31-10409459-n] (a motorist who owns the car that he/she drives)
          • racer [ENG31-10522161-n] (someone who drives racing cars at high speeds)

            • finisher [ENG31-09642904-n] (a racing driver who finishes a race)
          • road hog [ENG31-10553337-n] (a driver who obstructs others)
          • speeder [ENG31-10653994-n] (a driver who exceeds the safe speed limit)
          • tailgater [ENG31-10708925-n] (a driver who follows too closely behind another motor vehicle)
          • taxidriver [ENG31-10713142-n] (someone who drives a taxi for a living)
          • teamster [ENG31-10714688-n] (someone who drives a truck as an occupation)
          • test driver [ENG31-10723202-n] (a driver who drives a motor vehicle to evaluate its performance)
        • elevator operator [ENG31-10070240-n] (an operator of an elevator)

          • elevator girl [ENG31-10069971-n] (a girl employed to operate an elevator)
          • elevator man [ENG31-10070069-n] (a man employed to operate an elevator)
        • engineer [ENG31-10077522-n] (the operator of a railway locomotive)
        • hoister [ENG31-10199448-n] (an operator of a hoist)
        • jockey [ENG31-10242964-n] (an operator of some vehicle or machine or apparatus)
        • motorman [ENG31-10353968-n] (the operator of streetcar)
        • radio operator [ENG31-10524019-n] (someone who operates a radio transmitter)

          • ham [ENG31-10177732-n] (a licensed amateur radio operator)
        • switchman [ENG31-10704021-n] (a man who operates railroad switches)
        • telegrapher [ENG31-10717015-n] (someone who transmits messages by telegraph)
        • telephone operator [ENG31-10717560-n] (someone who helps callers get the person they are calling)
      • power [ENG31-10480990-n] (one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority)

        • juggernaut [ENG31-10246226-n] (a massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way)
        • influence [ENG31-10481313-n] (one having power to influence another)
        • Moloch [ENG31-10481571-n] (a tyrannical power to be propitiated by human subservience or sacrifice)
      • vital principle [ENG31-10777586-n] (a hypothetical force to which the functions and qualities peculiar to living things are sometimes ascribed)

        • spirit [ENG31-10655996-n] (the vital principle or animating force within living things)

          • soul [ENG31-10646444-n] (the immaterial part of a person)

            • ghost [ENG31-09569105-n] (the visible disembodied soul of a dead person)

              • poltergeist [ENG31-09569274-n] (a ghost that announces its presence with rapping and the creation of disorder)
              • revenant [ENG31-10546016-n] (someone who has returned from the dead)
      • engine [ENG31-11437675-n] (something used to achieve a purpose)
      • cause of death [ENG31-14564166-n] (the causal agent resulting in death)
      • danger [ENG31-14564646-n] (a cause of pain or injury or loss)

        • hazard [ENG31-14565454-n] (a source of danger)

          • health hazard [ENG31-14565922-n] (hazard to the health of those exposed to it)

            • biohazard [ENG31-14566043-n] (hazard to humans or the environment resulting from biological agents or conditions)
          • moral hazard [ENG31-14566181-n] ((economics) the lack of any incentive to guard against a risk when you are protected against it (as by insurance))
          • occupational hazard [ENG31-14566460-n] (any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury)
          • sword of Damocles [ENG31-14566585-n] (a constant and imminent peril)
        • powder keg [ENG31-14566747-n] (a potentially explosive state)
        • menace [ENG31-14566833-n] (something that is a source of danger)

          • yellow peril [ENG31-14567013-n] (the threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power of Asiatic peoples)
      • agent [ENG31-14802595-n] (a substance that exerts some force or effect)

        • antiflatulent [ENG31-02722862-n] (any agent that reduces intestinal gas)
        • antifungal [ENG31-02723112-n] (any agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungi)

          • Bordeaux mixture [ENG31-02878118-n] (antifungal agent consisting of a solution of copper sulphate and quicklime)
          • griseofulvin [ENG31-03465606-n] (a kind of penicillin (a fungicidal antibiotic with the trade name Fulvicin) produced by molds of the genus Penicillium)
          • iodochlorhydroxyquin [ENG31-03588278-n] (drug used to treat certain fungal infection (as athlete's foot))
          • itraconazole [ENG31-03593855-n] (an oral antifungal drug (trade name Sporanox) taken for cases of fungal nail disease)
          • miconazole [ENG31-03764249-n] (an antifungal agent usually administered in the form of a nitrate (trade name Monistat))
          • nystatin [ENG31-03842677-n] (an antifungal and antibiotic (trade names Mycostatin and Nystan) discovered in New York State)
          • terbinafine [ENG31-04419862-n] (an oral antifungal drug (trade name Lamisil) used to treat cases of fungal nail disease)
          • thiabendazole [ENG31-04430309-n] (an antifungal agent and anthelmintic)
          • gentian violet [ENG31-14794999-n] (a green crystal (violet in water) used as a dye or stain or bactericide or fungicide or anthelmintic or burn treatment)
        • disinfectant [ENG31-03212950-n] (an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease)

          • cetrimide [ENG31-14829720-n] (a cationic detergent that is a powerful disinfectant)
          • sodium hypochlorite [ENG31-15070057-n] (an unstable salt (NaOCl) used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant)

            • Javelle water [ENG31-14946112-n] (an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite)
        • drug [ENG31-03252323-n] (a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic)

          • abortifacient [ENG31-02670536-n] (a drug (or other chemical agent) that causes abortion)

            • abortion pill [ENG31-02670723-n] (an abortion-inducing drug (trade name RU 486) developed in France)
          • agonist [ENG31-02687648-n] ((biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction)
          • anesthetic [ENG31-02713625-n] (a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations)

            • general anesthetic [ENG31-03438344-n] (an anesthetic that anesthetizes the entire body and causes loss of consciousness)

              • inhalation anesthetic [ENG31-03575989-n] (a gas that produces general anesthesia when inhaled)

                • chloroform [ENG31-03026089-n] (a volatile liquid haloform (CHCl3))
                • cyclopropane [ENG31-03160327-n] (a colorless flammable gas sometimes used as an inhalation anesthetic)
                • ether [ENG31-03304876-n] (a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid formerly used as an inhalation anesthetic)

                  • enflurane [ENG31-03292370-n] (a nonflammable liquid (trade name Ethrane) used as an inhalation general anesthetic)
                • halothane [ENG31-03485450-n] (a nonflammable inhalation anesthetic that produces general anesthesia)
                • isoflurane [ENG31-03592792-n] (a widely used inhalation anesthetic)
                • nitrous oxide [ENG31-03832485-n] (inhalation anesthetic used as an anesthetic in dentistry and surgery)
              • ketamine [ENG31-03616799-n] (a general anesthetic and tranquilizer (not a barbiturate) that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly)

                • K [ENG31-03611785-n] (street names for ketamine)
            • intravenous anesthetic [ENG31-03587474-n] (an anesthetic that produces anesthesia when injected into the circulatory system)

              • dibucaine [ENG31-03195339-n] (a local anesthetic that is administered by injection)
              • tribromoethanol [ENG31-04488400-n] (an intravenous anesthetic)
              • truth serum [ENG31-04500151-n] (an intravenous anesthetic drug that has a hypnotic effect)

                • amobarbital [ENG31-02706358-n] (a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic effects)

                  • amobarbital sodium [ENG31-02706551-n] (the sodium salt of amobarbital that is used as a barbiturate)
                • thiopental [ENG31-04432071-n] (barbiturate that is a hygroscopic powder (trade name Pentothal) that is a strong barbiturate that acts rapidly)
            • local anesthetic [ENG31-03686474-n] (anesthetic that numbs a particular area of the body)

              • anesthyl [ENG31-02713969-n] (a mixture of methyl and ethyl chloride)
              • antipruritic [ENG31-02726416-n] (a substance that relieves or prevents itching)
              • benzocaine [ENG31-02833905-n] (a white crystalline ester used as a local anesthetic)
              • butacaine [ENG31-02930111-n] (a white crystalline ester that is applied to mucous membranes as a local anesthetic)
              • ethyl chloride [ENG31-03305731-n] (a colorless flammable gas used as a local surface anesthetic)
              • Lidocaine [ENG31-03667342-n] (a local anesthetic (trade names Lidocaine and Xylocaine) used topically on the skin and mucous membranes)
              • procaine [ENG31-04013103-n] (a white crystalline powder (trade name Ethocaine) administered near nerves as a local anesthetic in dentistry and medicine)

                • procaine hydrochloride [ENG31-04013329-n] (procaine administered as a hydrochloride (trade name Novocain))
              • tetracaine [ENG31-04423336-n] (a crystalline compound used in the form of a hydrochloride as a local anesthetic)
            • spinal anesthetic [ENG31-04284342-n] (an anesthetic that is injected into the spine)

              • piperocaine [ENG31-03953209-n] (a compound used in the form of its hydrochloride as a local or spinal anesthetic)
          • antagonist [ENG31-02717794-n] (a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug)

            • estrogen antagonist [ENG31-03303512-n] (an antagonist for estrogen that is used in the treatment of breast cancer)
            • narcotic antagonist [ENG31-03814517-n] (an antagonist used to counteract the effects of narcotics (especially to counteract the depression of respiration))

              • nalorphine [ENG31-03811720-n] (a narcotic antagonist (trade name Nalline) that counteracts the effects of narcotics (especially the effects of poisoning by morphine))
              • naloxone [ENG31-03811921-n] (a potent narcotic antagonist (trade name Narcan) especially effective with morphine)
              • naltrexone [ENG31-03812087-n] (an oral antagonist against the action of opiates)
          • antisyphilitic [ENG31-02727763-n] (a drug (or other chemical agent) that is effective against syphilis)
          • anti-TNF compound [ENG31-02727891-n] (a class of drugs that block the action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF))

            • etanercept [ENG31-03303953-n] (a genetically engineered anti-TNF compound (trade name Enbrel) consisting of receptors that bind TNF)
            • infliximab [ENG31-03574837-n] (an anti-TNF compound (trade name Remicade) consisting of an antibody directed against TNF)
            • leflunomide [ENG31-03659412-n] (an anti-TNF compound (trade name Arava) that is given orally)
          • botanical [ENG31-02879779-n] (a drug made from part of a plant (as the bark or root or leaves))
          • brand-name drug [ENG31-02894807-n] (a drug that has a trade name and is protected by a patent (can be produced and sold only by the company holding the patent))
          • controlled substance [ENG31-03102541-n] (a drug or chemical substance whose possession and use are controlled by law)

            • cannabis [ENG31-02953127-n] (the most commonly used illicit drug)

              • Acapulco gold [ENG31-02672679-n] (a particularly potent variety of marijuana)
              • pot [ENG31-03997192-n] (street names for marijuana)
            • club drug [ENG31-03058083-n] (a controlled substance that is usually taken by young people at dance clubs and raves)

              • flunitrazepan [ENG31-03374866-n] (a depressant and tranquilizer (trade name Rohypnol) often used in the commission of sexual assault)

                • R-2 [ENG31-04042970-n] (street names for flunitrazepan)
              • gamma hydroxybutyrate [ENG31-03419724-n] (a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol))

                • soap [ENG31-04260861-n] (street names for gamma hydroxybutyrate)
              • methylenedioxymethamphetamine [ENG31-03761713-n] (a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects)

                • Adam [ENG31-02681592-n] (street names for methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
            • hard drug [ENG31-03497818-n] (a narcotic that is considered relatively strong and likely to cause addiction)

              • cocaine [ENG31-03064297-n] (a narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves)

                • basuco [ENG31-02809459-n] (low-grade cocaine mixed with coca paste and cannabis)
                • coke [ENG31-03070747-n] (street names for cocaine)
                • crack [ENG31-03129835-n] (a purified and potent form of cocaine that is smoked rather than snorted)
              • heroin [ENG31-03521174-n] (a narcotic that is considered a hard drug)

                • big H [ENG31-02840630-n] (street names for heroin)
            • lysergic acid diethylamide [ENG31-03704730-n] (a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid)

              • acid [ENG31-02678511-n] (street name for lysergic acid diethylamide)
            • methamphetamine [ENG31-03759824-n] (an amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride)
            • opium [ENG31-03856486-n] (an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy)
          • dilator [ENG31-03203067-n] (a drug that causes dilation)

            • vasodilator [ENG31-04530199-n] (a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels)

              • amlodipine besylate [ENG31-02705668-n] (a vasodilator (trade name Norvasc) taken in tablet form)
              • amyl nitrate [ENG31-02709775-n] (a vasodilator that is sometimes used to treat angina pectoris)
              • butyl nitrite [ENG31-02933133-n] (a colorless pungent liquid sometimes used as a stimulant drug by drug abusers)
              • diazoxide [ENG31-03194987-n] (vasodilator (trade name Hyperstat) used to treat severe hypertension)
              • hydralazine [ENG31-03555851-n] (an antihypertensive drug (trade name Apresoline) that dilates blood vessels)
              • minoxidil [ENG31-03777353-n] (a vasodilator (trade name Loniten) used to treat severe hypertension)
              • Nitrospan [ENG31-03832302-n] (trade names for nitroglycerin used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris)
              • pentaerythritol [ENG31-03918447-n] (a coronary vasodilator (trade name Peritrate) used to treat angina pectoris)
              • tolazoline [ENG31-04455951-n] (vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis))
              • nitroglycerin [ENG31-14910730-n] (a heavy yellow poisonous oily explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol)
          • diuretic drug [ENG31-03219373-n] (any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine, which causes the body to get rid of excess water)

            • chlorthalidone [ENG31-03027306-n] (a diuretic (trade names Hygroton and Thalidone) used to control hypertension and conditions that cause edema)
            • ethacrynic acid [ENG31-03304595-n] (diuretic (trade name Edecrin) used to treat edema)
            • furosemide [ENG31-03411507-n] (commonly used diuretic (trade name Lasix) used to treat hypertension and edema)
            • indapamide [ENG31-03572505-n] (diuretic (trade name Lozal) used in the treatment of hypertension)
            • mannitol [ENG31-03723595-n] (a diuretic (trade name Osmitrol) used to promote the excretion of urine)
            • thiazide [ENG31-04430423-n] (any of a group of drugs commonly used as diuretics in the treatment of hypertension)

              • chlorothiazide [ENG31-03026471-n] (a diuretic drug (trade name Diuril) used in the treatment of edema and hypertension)
              • hydrochlorothiazide [ENG31-03557349-n] (a diuretic drug (trade name Microzide, Esidrix, and HydroDIURIL) used in the treatment of hypertension)
              • hydroflumethiazide [ENG31-03557819-n] (diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema)
              • trichlormethiazide [ENG31-04488629-n] (diuretic drug (trade name Naqua) used to treat hypertension)
          • drug of abuse [ENG31-03253661-n] (a drug that is taken for nonmedicinal reasons (usually for mind-altering effects))

            • amphetamine [ENG31-02707012-n] (a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite)

              • amphetamine sulfate [ENG31-02707321-n] (a sulfate derivative of amphetamine that is used as a stimulant for the central nervous system)
              • Benzedrine [ENG31-02833780-n] (a form of amphetamine)
              • dextroamphetamine sulphate [ENG31-03190689-n] (an isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant)
            • gateway drug [ENG31-03433481-n] (a habit-forming drug that is not addictive but its use may lead to the use of other addictive drugs)
            • sedative [ENG31-04173614-n] (a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person)

              • chloral hydrate [ENG31-03025043-n] (a colorless crystalline drug used as a sedative)

                • knockout drops [ENG31-03632312-n] (chloral hydrate in combination with alcohol)

                  • Mickey Finn [ENG31-03764143-n] (slang term for knockout drops)
              • glutethimide [ENG31-03446702-n] (sedative (trade name Doriden) used to treat some sleep disorders)
              • sedative-hypnotic [ENG31-04173902-n] (a sedative that depresses activity of the central nervous system and reduces anxiety and induces sleep)

                • barbiturate [ENG31-02795072-n] (organic compound having powerful soporific effect)

                  • barbital [ENG31-02794917-n] (a barbiturate used as a hypnotic)
                  • mephobarbital [ENG31-03752999-n] (a long-acting crystalline barbiturate (trade name Mebaral) used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy)
                  • pentobarbital sodium [ENG31-03919248-n] (a barbiturate (trade name Nembutal) used as a sedative and hypnotic and antispasmodic)
                  • secobarbital sodium [ENG31-04170801-n] (barbiturate that is a white odorless slightly bitter powder (trade name Seconal) used as a sodium salt for sedation and to treat convulsions)
                  • sodium thiopental [ENG31-04263262-n] (a long-acting barbiturate used as a sedative)
                • ethchlorvynol [ENG31-03304735-n] (a mild sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Placidyl))
                • methaqualone [ENG31-03760351-n] (sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Quaalude) that is a drug of abuse)
                • tranquilizer [ENG31-04477467-n] (a drug used to reduce stress or tension without reducing mental clarity)

                  • major tranquilizer [ENG31-03719275-n] (tranquilizer used to treat psychotic conditions when a calming effect is desired)

                    • chlorpromazine [ENG31-03026858-n] (a drug (trade name Thorazine) derived from phenothiazine that has antipsychotic effects and is used as a sedative and tranquilizer)
                    • clozapine [ENG31-03057257-n] (an antipsychotic drug (trade name Clozaril) used as a sedative and for treatment-resistant schizophrenia)
                    • diphenylbutyl piperidine [ENG31-03208325-n] (a group of antipsychotic drugs used mainly in the treatment of schizophrenia)

                      • pimozide [ENG31-03946430-n] (the most commonly used diphenylbutyl piperidine)
                    • fluphenazine [ENG31-03376104-n] (tranquilizer used to treat psychotic disorders)
                    • haloperidol [ENG31-03485269-n] (tranquilizer (trade name Haldol) used to treat some psychotic disorders and Tourette's syndrome)
                    • loxapine [ENG31-03699816-n] (a tranquilizer (trade name Loxitane) used to treat schizophrenia)
                    • molindone [ENG31-03786429-n] (antipsychotic drug (trade name Moban) used in the treatment of schizophrenia)
                    • prochlorperazine [ENG31-04013615-n] (antipsychotic and antiemetic drug used to treat schizophrenia and to combat nausea and vomiting)
                    • thioridazine [ENG31-04432397-n] (a tranquilizer (trade name Mellaril) used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders)
                    • thiothixene [ENG31-04432791-n] (a tranquilizer (trade name Navane) used to treat schizophrenia)
                    • lithium carbonate [ENG31-14966022-n] (a white powder (LiCO3) used in manufacturing glass and ceramics and as a drug)
                  • minor tranquilizer [ENG31-03776976-n] (a tranquilizer used to relieve anxiety and reduce tension and irritability)

                    • benzodiazepine [ENG31-02834036-n] (any of several similar lipophilic amines used as tranquilizers or sedatives or hypnotics or muscle relaxants)

                      • alprazolam [ENG31-02702202-n] (an antianxiety agent (trade name Xanax) of the benzodiazepine class)
                      • chlordiazepoxide [ENG31-03025724-n] (a tranquilizer (trade names Librium and Libritabs) used in the treatment of alcoholism)
                      • diazepam [ENG31-03194679-n] (a tranquilizer (trade name Valium) used to relieve anxiety and relax muscles)
                      • estazolam [ENG31-03303158-n] (a frequently prescribed sleeping pill (trade name ProSom))
                      • lorazepam [ENG31-03695331-n] (tranquilizer (trade name Ativan) used to treat anxiety and tension and insomnia)
                      • midazolam [ENG31-03767380-n] (an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical procedures)
                      • nitrazepam [ENG31-03831871-n] (a hypnotic and sedative drug of the benzodiazepine type)
                      • temazepam [ENG31-04414142-n] (a frequently prescribed benzodiazepine (trade name Restoril))
                      • triazolam [ENG31-04487881-n] (a form of benzodiazepine (trade name Halcion) frequently prescribed as a sleeping pill)
                    • buspirone [ENG31-02929428-n] (a drug (trade name BuSpar) designed specifically for anxiety)
                    • flurazepam [ENG31-03376209-n] (tranquilizer (trade name Dalmane) used to treat insomnia)
                    • hydroxyzine hydrochloride [ENG31-03559311-n] (a drug (trade names Atarax and Vistaril) used as a tranquilizer to treat anxiety and motion sickness)
                    • meprobamate [ENG31-03753237-n] (a sedative and tranquilizer (trade name Miltown and Equanil and Meprin) used to treat muscle tension and anxiety)
                    • oxazepam [ENG31-03873353-n] (a tranquilizing drug (trade name Serax) used to treat anxiety and insomnia and alcohol withdrawal)
                    • perphenazine [ENG31-03924419-n] (tranquilizer and antidepressant (trade name Triavil) sometimes used as an antiemetic for adults)
            • soft drug [ENG31-04264103-n] (a drug of abuse that is considered relatively mild and not likely to cause addiction)

              • bhang [ENG31-02837352-n] (a preparation of the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant)
              • hashish [ENG31-03502307-n] (purified resinous extract of the hemp plant)
            • tobacco [ENG31-04449965-n] (leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion)

              • filler [ENG31-03342954-n] (the tobacco used to form the core of a cigar)
              • roll of tobacco [ENG31-04110585-n] (tobacco leaves that have been made into a cylinder)

                • cigar [ENG31-03034020-n] (a roll of tobacco for smoking)

                  • cheroot [ENG31-03017773-n] (a cigar with both ends cut flat)
                  • cigarillo [ENG31-03035291-n] (small cigar or cigarette wrapped in tobacco instead of paper)
                  • claro [ENG31-03042175-n] (a cigar made with light-colored tobacco)
                  • corona [ENG31-03116134-n] (a long cigar with blunt ends)
                  • panatela [ENG31-03886904-n] (a long slender cigar)
                  • stogy [ENG31-04332473-n] (a cheap cigar)
                • cigarette [ENG31-03034648-n] (finely ground tobacco wrapped in paper)

                  • cubeb [ENG31-03149422-n] (a cigarette containing cubeb)
                  • filter-tipped cigarette [ENG31-03345408-n] (a cigarette with a filter tip)
                  • joint [ENG31-03606019-n] (marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking)
              • smoking mixture [ENG31-04254464-n] (a blend of tobaccos to be smoked in a pipe)
              • snuff [ENG31-04260049-n] (finely powdered tobacco for sniffing up the nose)

                • rappee [ENG31-04061583-n] (strong snuff made from dark coarse tobacco)
              • shag [ENG31-14739517-n] (a strong coarse tobacco that has been shredded)
              • Turkish tobacco [ENG31-14739614-n] (a dark aromatic tobacco of eastern Europe that is used in cigarettes)

                • latakia [ENG31-14739762-n] (aromatic Turkish tobacco)
            • alcohol [ENG31-07900542-n] (a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent)

              • proof spirit [ENG31-07901680-n] (a mixture containing half alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit)
              • home brew [ENG31-07902032-n] (an alcoholic beverage (especially beer) made at home)
              • hooch [ENG31-07902151-n] (an illicitly distilled (and usually inferior) alcoholic liquor)

                • pruno [ENG31-07938539-n] (a liquor concocted from a mixture of ingredients (such as prunes and raisins and milk and sugar) that can be fermented to produce alcohol)
              • kava [ENG31-07902292-n] (an alcoholic drink made from the aromatic roots of the kava shrub)
              • aperitif [ENG31-07902438-n] (alcoholic beverage taken before a meal as an appetizer)
              • brew [ENG31-07902547-n] (drink made by steeping and boiling and fermenting rather than distilling)

                • beer [ENG31-07902824-n] (a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops)

                  • draft beer [ENG31-07903074-n] (beer drawn from a keg)
                  • suds [ENG31-07903167-n] (a dysphemism for beer (especially for lager that effervesces))
                  • lager [ENG31-07903609-n] (a general term for beer made with bottom fermenting yeast (usually by decoction mashing))

                    • Munich beer [ENG31-07903279-n] (a dark lager produced in Munich since the 10th century)
                    • bock [ENG31-07903436-n] (a very strong lager traditionally brewed in the fall and aged through the winter for consumption in the spring)
                    • light beer [ENG31-07903942-n] (lager with reduced alcohol content)
                    • Oktoberfest [ENG31-07904033-n] (a strong lager made originally in Germany for the Oktoberfest celebration)
                    • Pilsner [ENG31-07904204-n] (a pale lager with strong flavor of hops)
                    • malt [ENG31-07905249-n] (a lager of high alcohol content)
                  • ale [ENG31-07905485-n] (a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast)

                    • Weissbier [ENG31-07904440-n] (a general name for beers made from wheat by top fermentation)

                      • Weizenbier [ENG31-07904684-n] (a general name in southern Germany for wheat beers)
                      • Weizenbock [ENG31-07904791-n] (a German wheat beer of bock strength)
                    • bitter [ENG31-07905789-n] (English term for a dry sharp-tasting ale with strong flavor of hops (usually on draft))
                    • Burton [ENG31-07905965-n] (a strong dark English ale)
                    • pale ale [ENG31-07906043-n] (an amber colored ale brewed with pale malts)
                    • porter [ENG31-07906201-n] (a very dark sweet ale brewed from roasted unmalted barley)
                    • stout [ENG31-07906327-n] (a strong very dark heavy-bodied ale made from pale malt and roasted unmalted barley and (often) caramel malt with hops)

                      • Guinness [ENG31-07906515-n] (a kind of bitter stout)
                • kvass [ENG31-07906592-n] (fermented beverage resembling beer but made from rye or barley)
                • mead [ENG31-07906725-n] (made of fermented honey and water)

                  • metheglin [ENG31-07906865-n] (spiced or medicated mead)
                • cassiri [ENG31-07948563-n] (a drink resembling beer)
                • spruce beer [ENG31-07948694-n] (a brew made by fermenting molasses and other sugars with the sap of spruce trees (sometimes with malt))
              • sake [ENG31-07907408-n] (Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice)
              • nipa [ENG31-07907588-n] (made from sap of the Australasian nipa palm)
              • wine [ENG31-07907701-n] (fermented juice (of grapes especially))

                • vintage [ENG31-07908393-n] (a season's yield of wine from a vineyard)
                • red wine [ENG31-07908487-n] (wine having a red color derived from skins of dark-colored grapes)

                  • Beaujolais [ENG31-07910077-n] (dry fruity light red wine drunk within a few months after it is made)
                  • Medoc [ENG31-07910273-n] (red Bordeaux wine from the Medoc district of southwestern France)
                  • Pinot noir [ENG31-07910940-n] (dry red California table wine made from purple Pinot grapes)
                  • claret [ENG31-07911410-n] (dry red Bordeaux or Bordeaux-like wine)

                    • Saint Emilion [ENG31-07914092-n] (full-bodied red wine from around the town of Saint Emilion in Bordeaux)
                  • Chianti [ENG31-07911570-n] (dry red Italian table wine from the Chianti region of Tuscany)
                  • Cabernet [ENG31-07911685-n] (superior Bordeaux type of red wine)
                  • Merlot [ENG31-07911814-n] (dry red wine made from a grape grown widely in Bordeaux and California)
                  • Rioja [ENG31-07913840-n] (dry red table wine from the Rioja region of northern Spain)
                  • zinfandel [ENG31-07914308-n] (dry fruity red wine from California)
                • white wine [ENG31-07908788-n] (pale yellowish wine made from white grapes or red grapes with skins removed before fermentation)

                  • Canary wine [ENG31-07910426-n] (a sweet white wine from the Canary Islands)
                  • Chablis [ENG31-07910526-n] (dry white table wine of Chablis, France or a wine resembling it)
                  • Montrachet [ENG31-07910678-n] (a white Burgundy wine)
                  • Chardonnay [ENG31-07910774-n] (dry white table wine resembling Chablis but made from Chardonnay grapes)
                  • Pinot blanc [ENG31-07911075-n] (dry white California table wine made from white Pinot grapes)
                  • Sauvignon blanc [ENG31-07911937-n] (a California wine)
                  • Moselle [ENG31-07912740-n] (German white wine from the Moselle valley or a similar wine made elsewhere)
                  • Muscadet [ENG31-07912868-n] (dry white wine from the Loire valley in France)
                  • Rhine wine [ENG31-07913175-n] (any of several white wines from the Rhine River valley in Germany (`hock' is British usage))

                    • Riesling [ENG31-07913413-n] (fragrant dry or sweet white wine from the Rhine valley or a similar wine from California)
                    • liebfraumilch [ENG31-07913575-n] (a sweetened Rhenish wine (especially one from Hesse in western Germany))
                  • sack [ENG31-07913950-n] (any of various light dry strong white wine from Spain and Canary Islands (including sherry))
                  • Soave [ENG31-07914222-n] (dry white Italian wine from Verona)
                  • Sauterne [ENG31-07914418-n] (semisweet golden-colored table or dessert wine from around Bordeaux in France)
                  • Chenin blanc [ENG31-07915508-n] (made in California and the Loire valley in France)
                  • Verdicchio [ENG31-07915635-n] (a dry white Italian wine made from Verdicchio grapes)
                  • Vouvray [ENG31-07915744-n] (a dry white French wine (either still or sparkling) made in the Loire valley)
                  • Yquem [ENG31-07915874-n] (a sweet white French wine)
                • blush wine [ENG31-07909228-n] (pinkish table wine from red grapes whose skins were removed after fermentation began)
                • altar wine [ENG31-07909400-n] (used in a communion service)
                • sparkling wine [ENG31-07909503-n] (effervescent wine)

                  • champagne [ENG31-07909617-n] (a white sparkling wine either produced in Champagne or resembling that produced there)
                  • cold duck [ENG31-07909767-n] (pink sparkling wine originally from Germany)
                • Burgundy [ENG31-07909866-n] (red table wine from the Burgundy region of France (or any similar wine made elsewhere))
                • Bordeaux [ENG31-07911212-n] (any of several red or white wines produced around Bordeaux, France or wines resembling them)
                • California wine [ENG31-07912035-n] (any of various wines produced in California)
                • Cotes de Provence [ENG31-07912140-n] (a wine from southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast)
                • dessert wine [ENG31-07912262-n] (still sweet wine often served with dessert or after a meal)

                  • straw wine [ENG31-07914592-n] (sweet wine from grapes partially sun-dried on the vine or on straw mats)
                • Dubonnet [ENG31-07912397-n] ((trademark) a sweet aromatic French wine (red or white) used chiefly as an aperitif)
                • jug wine [ENG31-07912535-n] (inexpensive wine sold in large bottles or jugs)
                • macon [ENG31-07912636-n] (fine Burgundy wine usually white and dry)
                • plonk [ENG31-07912969-n] (a cheap wine of inferior quality)
                • retsina [ENG31-07913091-n] (Greek wine flavored with resin)
                • Rhone wine [ENG31-07913725-n] (any of various wines from the Rhone River valley in France)
                • table wine [ENG31-07914720-n] (wine containing not more than 14 percent alcohol usually served with a meal)

                  • vin ordinaire [ENG31-07914978-n] (cheap French table wine of unspecified origin)
                • Tokay [ENG31-07914870-n] (Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes)
                • vermouth [ENG31-07915083-n] (any of several white wines flavored with aromatic herbs)

                  • sweet vermouth [ENG31-07915267-n] (sweet dark amber variety)
                  • dry vermouth [ENG31-07915409-n] (dry pale amber variety)
                • generic [ENG31-07915951-n] (wine that does not meet the minimum qualifications and standards for use of a designation by appellation of origin (where the grapes are grown) or by varietal content)
                • varietal [ENG31-07916465-n] (a wine made principally from one grape and carrying the name of that grape)
                • fortified wine [ENG31-07916646-n] (wine to which alcohol (usually grape brandy) has been added)

                  • Madeira [ENG31-07916856-n] (an amber dessert wine from the Madeira Islands)

                    • malmsey [ENG31-07916974-n] (sweet Madeira wine)
                  • port [ENG31-07917065-n] (sweet dark-red dessert wine originally from Portugal)
                  • sherry [ENG31-07917198-n] (dry to sweet amber wine from the Jerez region of southern Spain or similar wines produced elsewhere)

                    • Manzanilla [ENG31-07917416-n] (very dry pale sherry from Spain)
                    • Amontillado [ENG31-07917504-n] (pale medium-dry sherry from Spain)
                  • Marsala [ENG31-07917595-n] (dark sweet or semisweet dessert wine from Sicily)
                  • muscat [ENG31-07917697-n] (wine from muscat grapes)
                • mulled wine [ENG31-07943160-n] (wine heated with sugar and spices and often citrus fruit)

                  • bishop [ENG31-07929540-n] (port wine mulled with oranges and cloves)
                  • negus [ENG31-07943310-n] (wine and hot water with sugar and lemon juice and nutmeg)
              • liquor [ENG31-07917827-n] (an alcoholic beverage that is distilled rather than fermented)

                • aqua vitae [ENG31-07918576-n] (strong distilled liquor or brandy)
                • aquavit [ENG31-07919039-n] (Scandinavian liquor usually flavored with caraway seeds)
                • arrack [ENG31-07919177-n] (any of various strong liquors distilled from the fermented sap of toddy palms or from fermented molasses)
                • bitters [ENG31-07919341-n] (alcoholic liquor flavored with bitter herbs and roots)
                • brandy [ENG31-07919448-n] (distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice)

                  • eau de vie [ENG31-07918683-n] (strong coarse brandy)
                  • applejack [ENG31-07919783-n] (distilled from hard cider)
                  • Calvados [ENG31-07919883-n] (dry apple brandy made in Normandy)
                  • Armagnac [ENG31-07919971-n] (dry brandy distilled in the Armagnac district of France)
                  • Cognac [ENG31-07920081-n] (high quality grape brandy distilled in the Cognac district of France)
                  • grappa [ENG31-07920202-n] (Italian brandy made from residue of grapes after pressing)
                  • kirsch [ENG31-07920312-n] (from fermented juice of black morello cherries)
                  • marc [ENG31-07920430-n] (made from residue of grapes or apples after pressing)
                  • slivovitz [ENG31-07920533-n] (a colorless plum brandy popular in the Balkans)
                • gin [ENG31-07920635-n] (strong liquor flavored with juniper berries)

                  • bathtub gin [ENG31-07918938-n] (homemade gin especially that made illegally)
                  • sloe gin [ENG31-07920877-n] (gin flavored with sloes (fruit of the blackthorn))
                  • geneva [ENG31-07921000-n] (gin made in the Netherlands)
                • ouzo [ENG31-07921174-n] (a Greek liquor flavored with anise)
                • rum [ENG31-07921278-n] (liquor distilled from fermented molasses)

                  • grog [ENG31-07921105-n] (rum cut with water)
                  • demerara [ENG31-07921536-n] (dark rum from Guyana)
                  • Jamaica rum [ENG31-07921626-n] (heavy pungent rum from Jamaica)
                • schnapps [ENG31-07921714-n] (any of various strong liquors especially a Dutch spirit distilled from potatoes)
                • mescal [ENG31-07922010-n] (a colorless Mexican liquor distilled from fermented juices of certain desert plants of the genus Agavaceae (especially the century plant))
                • tequila [ENG31-07922219-n] (Mexican liquor made from fermented juices of an agave plant)
                • vodka [ENG31-07922351-n] (unaged colorless liquor originating in Russia)
                • whiskey [ENG31-07922524-n] (a liquor made from fermented mash of grain)

                  • blended whiskey [ENG31-07922812-n] (mixture of two or more whiskeys or of a whiskey and neutral spirits)
                  • bourbon [ENG31-07922958-n] (whiskey distilled from a mash of corn and malt and rye and aged in charred oak barrels)
                  • corn whiskey [ENG31-07923117-n] (whiskey distilled from a mash of not less than 80 percent corn)

                    • moonshine [ENG31-07918760-n] (whiskey illegally distilled from a corn mash)
                  • Irish [ENG31-07923401-n] (whiskey made in Ireland chiefly from barley)

                    • poteen [ENG31-07923582-n] (unlawfully distilled Irish whiskey)
                  • rye [ENG31-07923669-n] (whiskey distilled from rye or rye and malt)
                  • Scotch [ENG31-07923788-n] (whiskey distilled in Scotland)

                    • Drambuie [ENG31-07925833-n] (a sweet Scotch whisky liqueur)
                  • sour mash [ENG31-07924071-n] (any whiskey distilled from sour mash)
                • firewater [ENG31-07923277-n] (any strong spirits (such as strong whisky or rum))
                • lacing [ENG31-07942367-n] (a small amount of liquor added to a food or beverage)
              • neutral spirits [ENG31-07918361-n] (nonflavored alcohol of 95 percent or 190 proof used for blending with straight whiskies and in making gin and liqueurs)
              • pulque [ENG31-07921858-n] (fermented Mexican drink from juice of various agave plants especially the maguey)
              • liqueur [ENG31-07924183-n] (strong highly flavored sweet liquor usually drunk after a meal)

                • absinth [ENG31-07924651-n] (strong green liqueur flavored with wormwood and anise)
                • amaretto [ENG31-07924807-n] (an Italian almond liqueur)
                • anisette [ENG31-07924887-n] (liquorice-flavored usually colorless sweet liqueur made from aniseed)
                • benedictine [ENG31-07925052-n] (a French liqueur originally made by Benedictine monks)
                • Chartreuse [ENG31-07925163-n] (aromatic green or yellow liqueur flavored with orange peel and hyssop and peppermint oils)
                • coffee liqueur [ENG31-07925369-n] (coffee-flavored liqueur)

                  • Kahlua [ENG31-07927210-n] (coffee-flavored liqueur made in Mexico)
                • creme de cacao [ENG31-07925471-n] (sweet liqueur flavored with vanilla and cacao beans)
                • creme de menthe [ENG31-07925602-n] (sweet green or white mint-flavored liqueur)
                • creme de fraise [ENG31-07925744-n] (strawberry-flavored liqueur)
                • Galliano [ENG31-07925954-n] (golden Italian liqueur flavored with herbs)
                • orange liqueur [ENG31-07926051-n] (liqueur flavored with orange)

                  • curacao [ENG31-07926194-n] (flavored with sour orange peel)
                  • triple sec [ENG31-07926288-n] (type of curacao having higher alcoholic content)
                  • Grand Marnier [ENG31-07926392-n] (an orange-flavored French liqueur)
                • kummel [ENG31-07926485-n] (liqueur flavored with caraway seed or cumin)
                • maraschino [ENG31-07926619-n] (distilled from fermented juice of bitter wild marasca cherries)
                • pastis [ENG31-07926778-n] (similar to absinthe but containing no wormwood)
                • Pernod [ENG31-07926896-n] ((registered trademark) a liqueur flavored with anise)
                • pousse-cafe [ENG31-07927039-n] (small drink served after dinner (especially several liqueurs poured carefully so as to remain in separate layers))
                • ratafia [ENG31-07927301-n] (sweet liqueur made from wine and brandy flavored with plum or peach or apricot kernels and bitter almonds)
                • sambuca [ENG31-07927489-n] (an Italian liqueur made with elderberries and flavored with licorice)
              • mixed drink [ENG31-07927611-n] (made of two or more ingredients)

                • cocktail [ENG31-07927917-n] (a short mixed drink)

                  • Bloody Mary [ENG31-07929633-n] (a cocktail made with vodka and spicy tomato juice)

                    • Virgin Mary [ENG31-07929777-n] (a Bloody Mary made without alcohol)
                  • bullshot [ENG31-07929884-n] (a cocktail made with vodka and beef bouillon or consomme)
                  • daiquiri [ENG31-07930653-n] (a cocktail made with rum and lime or lemon juice)

                    • strawberry daiquiri [ENG31-07930826-n] (daiquiri with crushed strawberries)
                    • NADA daiquiri [ENG31-07930926-n] (a daiquiri made without alcohol)
                  • gimlet [ENG31-07931235-n] (a cocktail made of gin or vodka and lime juice)
                  • grasshopper [ENG31-07931453-n] (a cocktail made of creme de menthe and cream (sometimes with creme de cacao))
                  • Harvey Wallbanger [ENG31-07931606-n] (a cocktail made of vodka or gin and orange juice and Galliano)
                  • manhattan [ENG31-07931858-n] (a cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters)

                    • Rob Roy [ENG31-07932040-n] (a manhattan cocktail made with Scotch whiskey)
                  • margarita [ENG31-07932158-n] (a cocktail made of tequila and triple sec with lime and lemon juice)
                  • martini [ENG31-07932281-n] (a cocktail made of gin (or vodka) with dry vermouth)

                    • vodka martini [ENG31-07932559-n] (martini made with vodka rather than gin)
                  • gin and it [ENG31-07932423-n] (a cocktail made of gin and sweet vermouth)
                  • old fashioned [ENG31-07932677-n] (a cocktail made of whiskey and bitters and sugar with fruit slices)
                  • pink lady [ENG31-07932822-n] (a cocktail made of gin and brandy with lemon juice and grenadine shaken with an egg white and ice)
                  • Sazerac [ENG31-07933373-n] (a cocktail made with bourbon with bitters and Pernod and sugar served with lemon peel)
                  • screwdriver [ENG31-07933512-n] (a cocktail made with vodka and orange juice)
                  • sidecar [ENG31-07933632-n] (a cocktail made of orange liqueur with lemon juice and brandy)
                  • sour [ENG31-07934268-n] (a cocktail made of a liquor (especially whiskey or gin) mixed with lemon or lime juice and sugar)

                    • whiskey sour [ENG31-07934433-n] (a sour made with whiskey)
                  • stinger [ENG31-07934549-n] (a cocktail made of made of creme de menthe and brandy)
                  • planter's punch [ENG31-07947692-n] (a cocktail made of rum and lime or lemon juice with sugar and sometimes bitters)
                  • White Russian [ENG31-07947852-n] (a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and milk or cream)
                • Dom Pedro [ENG31-07928333-n] (South African mixed drink made by mixing ice cream with whisky)
                • highball [ENG31-07928451-n] (a mixed drink made of alcoholic liquor mixed with water or a carbonated beverage and served in a tall glass)

                  • cobbler [ENG31-07930014-n] (tall sweetened iced drink of wine or liquor with fruit)
                  • collins [ENG31-07930122-n] (tall iced drink of liquor (usually gin) with fruit juice)
                  • gin and tonic [ENG31-07931334-n] (gin and quinine water)
                  • julep [ENG31-07931731-n] (bourbon and sugar and mint over crushed ice)
                  • Scotch and soda [ENG31-07933747-n] (a highball with Scotch malt whiskey and club soda)
                  • sling [ENG31-07933858-n] (a highball with liquor and water with sugar and lemon or lime juice)

                    • brandy sling [ENG31-07934031-n] (a sling made with brandy)
                    • gin sling [ENG31-07934114-n] (a sling made with gin)
                    • rum sling [ENG31-07934191-n] (a sling made with rum)
                  • zombie [ENG31-07935405-n] (several kinds of rum with fruit juice and usually apricot liqueur)
                • spritzer [ENG31-07931017-n] (a mixed drink made of wine mixed with a sparkling water)
                • flip [ENG31-07931127-n] (hot or cold alcoholic mixed drink containing a beaten egg)
                • swizzle [ENG31-07934946-n] (any of various tall frothy mixed drinks made usually of rum and lime juice and sugar shaken with ice)
                • hot toddy [ENG31-07935119-n] (a mixed drink made of liquor and water with sugar and spices and served hot)

                  • Tom and Jerry [ENG31-07935295-n] (hot rum toddy with a beaten egg)
                • mimosa [ENG31-07946555-n] (a mixed drink containing champagne and orange juice)
                • pina colada [ENG31-07946673-n] (a mixed drink made of pineapple juice and coconut cream and rum)
                • punch [ENG31-07946794-n] (an iced mixed drink usually containing alcohol and prepared for multiple servings)

                  • fruit punch [ENG31-07946302-n] (a punch made of fruit juices mixed with water or soda water (with or without alcohol))
                  • milk punch [ENG31-07946445-n] (a punch made of spirits and milk and sugar and spices)
                  • cup [ENG31-07947104-n] (a punch served in a pitcher instead of a punch bowl)

                    • champagne cup [ENG31-07947241-n] (a punch containing a sparkling wine)
                    • claret cup [ENG31-07947336-n] (a punch made of claret and brandy with lemon juice and sugar and sometimes sherry or curacao and fresh fruit)
                  • wassail [ENG31-07947520-n] (a punch made of sweetened ale or wine heated with spices and roasted apples)
                  • fish house punch [ENG31-07947973-n] (a punch made of rum and brandy and water or tea sweetened with sugar syrup)
                  • May wine [ENG31-07948110-n] (a punch made of Moselle and sugar and sparkling water or champagne flavored with sweet woodruff)
                  • eggnog [ENG31-07948279-n] (a punch made of sweetened milk or cream mixed with eggs and usually alcoholic liquor)
                  • glogg [ENG31-07948416-n] (Scandinavian punch made of claret and aquavit with spices and raisins and orange peel and sugar)
                • rickey [ENG31-07948854-n] (a mixed drink made of sweetened lime juice and soda water usually with liquor)

                  • gin rickey [ENG31-07949002-n] (a rickey made with gin)
              • hard cider [ENG31-07937855-n] (alcoholic drink from fermented cider)
              • perry [ENG31-07938387-n] (a fermented and often effervescent beverage made from juice of pears)
              • rotgut [ENG31-07938752-n] (any alcoholic beverage of inferior quality)
              • slug [ENG31-07938847-n] (an amount of an alcoholic drink (usually liquor) that is poured or gulped)
              • koumiss [ENG31-07942048-n] (an alcoholic beverage made from fermented mare's milk)
          • Feosol [ENG31-03334003-n] (trade name of a drug rich in iron)
          • Fergon [ENG31-03334125-n] (trade name of a drug rich in iron)
          • fertility drug [ENG31-03334825-n] (a drug used to increase a woman's fertility)

            • clomiphene [ENG31-03052079-n] (a fertility drug (trade name Clomid) that is used to stimulate ovulation and that has been associated with multiple births)
          • intoxicant [ENG31-03586803-n] (a drug that can produce a state of intoxication)
          • levallorphan [ENG31-03663699-n] (drug (trade name Lorfan) that is related to morphine but that counteracts the respiratory depression produced by morphine poisoning but without affecting its analgesic effects)
          • medicine [ENG31-03745652-n] ((medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease)

            • acyclovir [ENG31-02681382-n] (an oral antiviral drug (trade name Zovirax) used to treat genital herpes)
            • alendronate [ENG31-02699243-n] (a tablet (trade name Fosamax) prescribed to prevent or treat osteoporosis in women after menopause)
            • allopurinol [ENG31-02700895-n] (a drug (trade name Zyloprim) used to treat gout and other conditions in which there is an excessive buildup of uric acid)
            • amrinone [ENG31-02709232-n] (a drug (trade name Inocor) used intravenously in heart failure)
            • analgesic [ENG31-02710542-n] (a medicine used to relieve pain)

              • acetaminophen [ENG31-02677336-n] (an analgesic for mild pain but not for inflammation)
              • acetanilide [ENG31-02677766-n] (a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic)
              • acetophenetidin [ENG31-02678208-n] (a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic)
              • aminopyrine [ENG31-02705025-n] (a white crystalline substance used as an analgesic and antipyretic)
              • aspirin [ENG31-02751623-n] (the acetylated derivative of salicylic acid)

                • buffered aspirin [ENG31-02915236-n] (aspirin coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid (trade name Bufferin))
                • enteric-coated aspirin [ENG31-03295400-n] (aspirin that is treated to pass through the stomach unaltered and to dissolve in the intestines)
              • codeine [ENG31-03066464-n] (derivative of opium)
              • colchicine [ENG31-03070969-n] (an analgesic drug derived from the saffron plant and used to treat gout)
              • Fentanyl [ENG31-03333595-n] (trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive)
              • hydromorphone hydrochloride [ENG31-03558888-n] (a narcotic analgesic (trade name Dilaudid) used to treat moderate to severe pain)
              • morphine [ENG31-03791950-n] (an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium)

                • apomorphine [ENG31-02730585-n] (a morphine derivative that is not as strong as morphine)
              • pentazocine [ENG31-03918783-n] (analgesic drug (trade name Talwin) that is less addictive than morphine)
              • phenazopyridine [ENG31-03927459-n] (analgesic (trade name Pyridium) used to treat urinary tract infections)
              • propoxyphene [ENG31-04019228-n] (a mildly narcotic analgesic drug (trade name Darvon) related to methadone but less addictive)
              • sodium salicylate [ENG31-04263143-n] (a crystalline salt used as an analgesic and antipyretic)
            • angiogenesis inhibitor [ENG31-02714281-n] (a drug that is designed to prevent the growth of blood vessels that nourish tumors)
            • antiarrhythmic [ENG31-02718852-n] (a drug used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm)

              • amiodarone [ENG31-02705163-n] (an antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Cordarone) that has potentially fatal side effects and is used to control serious heart rhythm problems only when safer agents have been ineffective)
              • encainide [ENG31-03290259-n] (antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Enkaid) used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias but increases the risk of sudden death in heart attack patients)
              • flecainide [ENG31-03367239-n] (oral antiarrhythmic medication (trade name Tambocor) used as a last resort in treating arrhythmias)
              • mexiletine [ENG31-03763454-n] (antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Mexitil) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias)
              • quinidine [ENG31-04041360-n] (cardiac drug (trade names Quinidex and Quinora) used to treat certain heart arrhythmias)
              • tocainide [ENG31-04451052-n] (antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Tonocard) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias when less dangerous drugs have failed)
            • antibacterial [ENG31-02719116-n] (any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth)

              • antibiotic [ENG31-02719777-n] (a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill microorganisms and cure bacterial infections)

                • actinomycin [ENG31-02680456-n] (any of various red antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria)
                • amphotericin [ENG31-02708417-n] (an antibiotic and antifungal agent)
                • antimycin [ENG31-02725274-n] (a crystalline antibiotic active against various fungi)
                • antineoplastic antibiotic [ENG31-02725922-n] (an antibiotic drug used as an antineoplastic in chemotherapy)

                  • mithramycin [ENG31-03780206-n] (an antineoplastic drug (trade name Mithracin) used to treat cancer of the testes)
                • aztreonam [ENG31-02768873-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Azactam) used against severe infections)
                • bacitracin [ENG31-02770245-n] (a polypeptide antibiotic of known chemical structure effective against several types of Gram-positive organisms)
                • carbomycin [ENG31-02965150-n] (a colorless basic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive organisms)
                • cephaloglycin [ENG31-03000177-n] (antibiotic related to cephalosporin but no longer in common use)
                • cephaloridine [ENG31-03000310-n] (a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic produced by modifying cephalosporin)
                • cephalosporin [ENG31-03000447-n] (one of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin (trade names Mefoxin))

                  • cefadroxil [ENG31-02992633-n] (a cephalosporin antibiotic (trade name Ultracef))
                  • cefoperazone [ENG31-02992768-n] (a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Cefobid) used for severe infections)
                  • cefotaxime [ENG31-02992930-n] (a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Claforan) used for severe infections of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract)
                  • ceftazidime [ENG31-02993140-n] (a parenteral cephalosporin (trade names Fortaz and Tazicef) used to treat moderate infections)
                  • ceftriaxone [ENG31-02993348-n] (a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Rocephin) used for severe infection of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract)
                  • cefuroxime [ENG31-02993558-n] (a cephalosporin that can be given parenterally (trade name Zinacef) or orally by tablets (trade name Ceftin))
                  • cephalexin [ENG31-02999856-n] (an oral cephalosporin (trade names Keflex and Keflin and Keftab) commonly prescribe for mild to moderately severe infections of the skin or ears or throat or lungs or urinary tract)
                  • cephalothin [ENG31-03000899-n] (a semisynthetic analogue of cephalosporin)
                • chloramphenicol [ENG31-03025541-n] (an oral antibiotic (trade name Chloromycetin) used to treat serious infections (especially typhoid fever))
                • chlortetracycline [ENG31-03027098-n] (a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trade name Aureomycin) used to treat certain bacterial and rickettsial diseases)
                • ciprofloxacin [ENG31-03036561-n] (an oral antibiotic (trade name Cipro) used against serious bacterial infections of the skin or respiratory tract or urinary tract or bones or joints)
                • cycloserine [ENG31-03160454-n] (an antibiotic that is especially active against the tubercle bacillus)
                • dihydrostreptomycin [ENG31-03202712-n] (antibiotic consisting of a hydrogenated form of streptomycin)
                • doxorubicin [ENG31-03234852-n] (an antibiotic used as an anticancer drug)
                • doxycycline [ENG31-03234950-n] (an antibiotic derived from tetracycline that is effective against many infections)
                • erythromycin [ENG31-03300286-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Erythrocin or E-Mycin or Ethril or Ilosone or Pediamycin) obtained from the actinomycete Streptomyces erythreus)
                • gentamicin [ENG31-03440292-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Garamycin) that is derived from an actinomycete)
                • gramicidin [ENG31-03456999-n] (an antibiotic produced by a soil bacterium)
                • kanamycin [ENG31-03613569-n] (antibiotic (trade name Kantrex) used to treat severe infections)
                • lincomycin [ENG31-03675948-n] (antibiotic (trade name Lincocin) obtained from a streptomyces bacterium and used in the treatment of certain penicillin-resistant infections)
                • mitomycin [ENG31-03780375-n] (a complex of antibiotic substances obtained from a streptomyces bacterium)
                • mycomycin [ENG31-03809028-n] (a highly unsaturated antibiotic acid obtained from an actinomycete)
                • neomycin [ENG31-03823630-n] (an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used (as a sulphate under the trade name Neobiotic) as an intestinal antiseptic in surgery)
                • novobiocin [ENG31-03838949-n] (an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used to treat infections by Gram-positive bacteria)
                • oxytetracycline [ENG31-03875067-n] (a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trademark Terramycin) obtained from a soil actinomycete)
                • penicillin [ENG31-03916152-n] (any of various antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases)

                  • amoxicillin [ENG31-02706753-n] (an antibiotic)
                  • ampicillin [ENG31-02708510-n] (semisynthetic penicillin (trade names Principen and Polycillin and SK-Ampicillin))
                  • methicillin [ENG31-03760917-n] (antibiotic drug of the penicillin family used in the treatment of certain staphylococcal infections)
                  • penicillinase-resistant antibiotic [ENG31-03916536-n] (a form of penicillin that is not rendered inactive by penicillinase)

                    • nafcillin [ENG31-03810033-n] (a penicillinase-resistant form of penicillin (trade name Nafcil) used (usually in the form of its sodium salt) to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci)
                    • oxacillin [ENG31-03873033-n] (a form of penicillin resistant to penicillinase and effective against penicillin-resistant staphylococci)
                  • penicillin F [ENG31-03916720-n] (the first form of penicillin that was isolated in Great Britain)
                  • penicillin G [ENG31-03916842-n] (the penicillin that constitutes the principal component of many commercial antibiotics)
                  • penicillin O [ENG31-03917006-n] (a penicillin that is similar in antibiotic action to penicillin G but is obtained differently)
                  • penicillin V [ENG31-03917158-n] (a crystalline penicillin similar in action to penicillin G but more resistant to the action of gastric acids)

                    • penicillin V potassium [ENG31-03917370-n] (a form of penicillin V (trade name Ledercillin VK))
                  • piperacillin [ENG31-03952808-n] (a synthetic type of penicillin antibiotic (trade name Pipracil) used for moderate to severe infections)
                • polymyxin [ENG31-03986075-n] (any of several toxic antibiotics obtained from a particular soil bacterium)
                • Primaxin [ENG31-04008894-n] (trade name for a parenteral antibiotic)
                • pyocyanase [ENG31-04035357-n] (a yellow-green mixture of antibiotics obtained from the bacillus of green pus)
                • pyocyanin [ENG31-04035491-n] (a toxic blue crystalline antibiotic found in green pus)
                • spectinomycin [ENG31-04279660-n] (an antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea)
                • streptomycin [ENG31-04343518-n] (an antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus and used to treat tuberculosis)
                • streptothricin [ENG31-04343671-n] (a basic antibiotic derived from a soil actinomycete)
                • subtilin [ENG31-04355932-n] (a polypeptide antibiotic (similar to bacitracin) obtained from a soil bacterium)
                • tobramycin [ENG31-04450722-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Nebcin) that is especially effective against Gram-negative bacteria)
                • tyrocidine [ENG31-04513001-n] (a basic polypeptide antibiotic derived from a soil bacterium)
                • tyrothricin [ENG31-04513420-n] (a mixture of antibiotics applied locally to infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria)
                • vancomycin [ENG31-04527913-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Vancocin) effective against some bacterial infections)
                • viomycin [ENG31-04544530-n] (a basic polypeptide antibiotic (trade name Viocin) administered intramuscularly (along with other drugs) in the treatment of tuberculosis)
              • azithromycin [ENG31-02768661-n] (a systemic antibacterial medicine (trade name Zithromax) that is prescribed to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body)
              • dapsone [ENG31-03166837-n] (antibacterial drug used to treat leprosy and some kinds of skin diseases)
              • dicloxacillin [ENG31-03197031-n] (antibacterial (trade name Dynapen) used to treat staphylococcal infections that are resistant to penicillin)
              • hexachlorophene [ENG31-03522434-n] (antibacterial substance that is a water-soluble powder used in antiseptic soaps and toothpaste)
              • isoniazid [ENG31-03592884-n] (antibacterial drug (trade name Nydrazid) used to treat tuberculosis)
              • methenamine [ENG31-03760669-n] (antibacterial agent (trade names Mandelamine and Urex) that is contained in many products that are used to treat urinary infections)
              • nalidixic acid [ENG31-03811580-n] (antibacterial agent used especially to treat genitourinary infections)
              • Neosporin [ENG31-03824169-n] (trade name for a topical drug containing several antibacterials)
              • nitrofurantoin [ENG31-03831983-n] (derivative of nitrofuran used as an antibacterial medicine (trade name Macrodantin) effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria)
              • rifampin [ENG31-04097176-n] (an antibacterial drug (trade names Rifadin and Rimactane) used to treat tuberculosis)
              • sulfa drug [ENG31-04359148-n] (antibacterial consisting of any of several synthetic organic compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria that require PABA)

                • sulfacetamide [ENG31-04358854-n] (a topical sulfonamide (trade name Sulamyd) used to treat eye infections)
                • sulfadiazine [ENG31-04359014-n] (a sulfa drug used in treating meningitis and pneumonia and other infections)
                • sulfamethazine [ENG31-04359513-n] (a sulfa drug used like sulfadiazine and also in veterinary medicine)
                • sulfamethoxazole [ENG31-04359658-n] (a sulfonamide (trade name Gantanol) used to treat infections (especially infections of the urinary tract))
                • sulfanilamide [ENG31-04359837-n] (a white odorless crystalline sulfa drug)
                • sulfapyridine [ENG31-04359984-n] (sulfa drug derived from pyridine and sulfanilamide)
                • sulfisoxazole [ENG31-04360094-n] (a sulfonamide (trade name Gantrisin) used to treat infections of the urinary tract)
                • Thiosulfil [ENG31-04432580-n] (trade name for a sulfonamide antibacterial)
              • tetracycline [ENG31-04423665-n] (an antibiotic (trade name Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and used broadly to treat infections)

                • demeclocycline hydrochloride [ENG31-03178877-n] (tetracycline antibacterial (trade name Declomycin) effective in the treatment of some bacterial and rickettsial and other infections)
                • minocycline [ENG31-03776599-n] (tetracycline antibiotic (trade name Minocin) used to treat a variety of bacterial and rickettsial infections)
            • anticholinergic [ENG31-02720812-n] (a substance that opposes or blocks the action of acetylcholine)

              • oxyphencyclimine [ENG31-03874900-n] (an anticholinergic drug (trade name Daricon) used in treating peptic ulcers)
            • anticholinesterase [ENG31-02720995-n] (a medicine that inhibits cholinesterase by combining with it and so has a cholinergic effect)

              • neostigmine [ENG31-03824383-n] (a cholinergic drug (trade name Prostigmin) used to treat some ophthalmic conditions and to treat myasthenia gravis)
            • anticoagulant [ENG31-02721170-n] (medicine that prevents or retards the clotting of blood)

              • dicumarol [ENG31-03197337-n] (an anticoagulant drug that has now been largely replaced by warfarin)
              • warfarin [ENG31-04558491-n] (an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus)
            • anticonvulsant [ENG31-02721380-n] (a drug used to treat or prevent convulsions (as in epilepsy))

              • ethosuximide [ENG31-03305523-n] (an anticonvulsant drug (trade names Emeside and Zarontin) used to treat petit mal epilepsy)
              • gabapentin [ENG31-03413980-n] (an anticonvulsant (trade name Neurontin) used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy)
              • hydantoin [ENG31-03555713-n] (any of a group of anticonvulsant drugs used in treating epilepsy)

                • diphenylhydantoin [ENG31-03208125-n] (an anticonvulsant drug (trade name Dilantin) used to treat epilepsy and that is not a sedative)
              • mephenytoin [ENG31-03752772-n] (a toxic anticonvulsant drug (trade name Mesantoin) used in the treatment of epilepsy when less toxic anticonvulsants have been ineffective)
              • metharbital [ENG31-03760508-n] (anticonvulsant drug (trade name Gemonil) used in the treatment of epilepsy)
              • phensuximide [ENG31-03928534-n] (anticonvulsant (trade name Milontin) used to treat petit mal)
              • primidone [ENG31-04009289-n] (an anticonvulsant (trade name Mysoline) used to treat grand mal seizures and essential tremor)
              • valproic acid [ENG31-04526149-n] (anticonvulsant (trade name Depokene) used to prevent some kinds of seizures)
            • antidepressant [ENG31-02721722-n] (any of a class of drugs used to treat depression)

              • monoamine oxidase inhibitor [ENG31-03788550-n] (any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate)

                • iproclozide [ENG31-03589695-n] (an antidepressant drug that acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
                • isocarboxazid [ENG31-03592611-n] (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Marplan) that is used to treat clinical depression)
                • phenelzine [ENG31-03927871-n] (monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Nardil) used to treat clinical depression)
                • tranylcypromine [ENG31-04481552-n] (an antidepressant drug that is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
              • nefazodone [ENG31-03822602-n] (an antidepressant drug (trade name Serzone))
              • nontricyclic [ENG31-03834625-n] (a class of antidepressant drugs that are not tricyclic drugs and do not act by inhibiting MAO)

                • trazodone [ENG31-04483868-n] (oral antidepressant (trade name Desyrel) that is a nontricyclic drug used as a sedative)
              • reboxetine [ENG31-04067428-n] (an antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine)
              • selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor [ENG31-04176213-n] (an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain)

                • fluoxetine [ENG31-03375773-n] (a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade names Prozac or Sarafem))
                • paroxetime [ENG31-03897548-n] (a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Paxil))
                • sertraline [ENG31-04181914-n] (a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Zoloft))
              • tricyclic [ENG31-04489799-n] (an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and thus making more of those substances available to act on receptors in the brain)

                • amitriptyline [ENG31-02705434-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Elavil) with serious side effects)
                • clomipramine [ENG31-03052307-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant drug)
                • desipramine [ENG31-03184819-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant drug that activates the psychomotor system)
                • doxepin [ENG31-03234608-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Adapin and Sinequan) with numerous side effects (dry mouth and sedation and gastrointestinal disturbances))
                • imipramine [ENG31-03567069-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Imavate and Tofranil) used to treat clinical depression)
                • nortriptyline [ENG31-03836122-n] (a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Pamelor) used along with psychotherapy to treat dysthymic depression)
                • protriptyline [ENG31-04022409-n] (tricyclic antidepressant used to treat clinical depression)
                • trimipramine [ENG31-04490655-n] (tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Surmontil) used to treat depression and anxiety and (sometimes) insomnia)
              • maleate [ENG31-14970389-n] (a salt or ester of maleic acid)
            • antidiabetic [ENG31-02722016-n] (a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus)

              • glipizide [ENG31-03444948-n] (an oral antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucotrol) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas)
              • glyburide [ENG31-03446854-n] (an oral antidiabetic drug (trade names DiaBeta and Micronase) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas)
              • metformin [ENG31-03759186-n] (an antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucophage) prescribed to treat type II diabetes)
              • sulfonylurea [ENG31-04360267-n] (antidiabetic consisting of any of several drugs that reduce the level of glucose in the blood)

                • tolazamide [ENG31-04455782-n] (a drug (trade name Tolinase) used in treating stable adult-onset diabetes mellitus)
                • tolbutamide [ENG31-04456097-n] (sulfonylurea)
            • antidiarrheal [ENG31-02722205-n] (a drug used to control or stop diarrhea)

              • Kaopectate [ENG31-03613874-n] (trade name for a fixed-combination antidiarrheal drug that use kaolin as the adsorbent and pectin as the emollient)
              • Lomotil [ENG31-03692930-n] (trade name of an antidiarrheal)
            • antidiuretic [ENG31-02722361-n] (a drug that limits the formation of urine)
            • antiemetic [ENG31-02722661-n] (a drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting)

              • dimenhydrinate [ENG31-03203635-n] (antihistamine and antiemetic (trade name Dramamine) used to treat motion sickness)
              • Emetrol [ENG31-03288628-n] (trade name for an antiemetic drug that has a mint flavor)
              • promethazine [ENG31-04016724-n] (antihistamine (trade name Phenergan) used to treat allergies)
            • antihistamine [ENG31-02723650-n] (a medicine used to treat allergies and hypersensitive reactions and colds)

              • Actifed [ENG31-02680086-n] (trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant)
              • brompheniramine maleate [ENG31-02908747-n] (antihistamine (trade name Dimetane) used to treat hypersensitivity reactions (as rhinitis))
              • chlorpheniramine maleate [ENG31-03026661-n] (an antihistamine (trade names Coricidin and Chlor-Trimeton))
              • cyproheptadine [ENG31-03162248-n] (an antihistamine (trade name Periactin) used to treat some allergic reactions)
              • Dimetapp [ENG31-03203826-n] (trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant)
              • diphenhydramine [ENG31-03207909-n] (antihistamine (trade name Benadryl) used to treat allergic reactions involving the nasal passages (hay fever) and also to treat motion sickness)
              • meclizine [ENG31-03744627-n] (an antihistamine (trade name Antivert) used to treat or prevent motion sickness)
              • methapyrilene [ENG31-03760205-n] (antihistamine used to treat allergic responses (as rhinitis or dermatitis or pruritus))
              • pheniramine [ENG31-03928037-n] (an antihistamine used in preparations to treat allergies and respiratory infections)
              • phenyltoloxamine [ENG31-03929351-n] (antihistamine included in some preparations used to treat coughing and nasal congestion)
              • pyrilamine [ENG31-04036017-n] (antihistamine used to treat rhinitis and pruritus)
            • antihypertensive [ENG31-02724085-n] (a drug that reduces high blood pressure)

              • ACE inhibitor [ENG31-02676491-n] (an antihypertensive drug that blocks the formation of angiotensin II in the kidney, leading to relaxation of the arteries)

                • captopril [ENG31-02961438-n] (a drug (trade name Capoten) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidneys resulting in vasodilation)
                • enalapril [ENG31-03290017-n] (an ACE inhibitor (trade name Vasotec) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidney and so results in vasodilation)
                • lisinopril [ENG31-03682634-n] (an ACE inhibiting drug (trade names Prinival or Zestril) administered as an antihypertensive and after heart attacks)
                • ramipril [ENG31-04058180-n] (an ACE inhibitor (trade name Altace) used to treat high blood pressure or in some patients who have had a heart attack)
                • trandolapril [ENG31-04477272-n] (an ACE inhibiting drug (trade name Mavik) used in some patients after a heart attack or to treat hypertension)
              • clonidine [ENG31-03052397-n] (an antihypertensive (trade name Catapres) that can be administered orally or via transdermal patches)
              • doxazosin [ENG31-03234359-n] (an antihypertensive drug (trade name Cardura) that works by relaxing blood vessels so that blood passes through them more easily)
              • guanabenz [ENG31-03469198-n] (antihypertensive drug (trade name Wytensin) that reduces blood pressure by its effect on the central nervous system)
              • labetalol [ENG31-03635835-n] (antihypertensive drug (trade names Trandate and Normodyne) that blocks alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (leading to a decrease in blood pressure))
              • Maxzide [ENG31-03738319-n] (trade name for an antihypertensive drug containing hydrochlorothiazide and another diuretic)
              • methyldopa [ENG31-03761520-n] (antihypertensive drug (trade name Aldomet) used in the treatment of high blood pressure)
              • prazosin [ENG31-04004883-n] (antihypertensive drug (trade name Minipress))
              • reserpine [ENG31-04085348-n] (antihypertensive consisting of an alkaloid extracted from the plant Rauwolfia serpentina (trade names Raudixin or Rau-Sed or Sandril or Serpasil))
              • Tenoretic [ENG31-04417325-n] (trade name for an antihypertensive drug consisting of a fixed combination of atenolol and a diuretic)
              • terazosin [ENG31-04419685-n] (antihypertensive drug (trade name Hytrin) used to treat high blood pressure)
              • spironolactone [ENG31-14778371-n] (a synthetic corticosteroid (trade name Aldactone) used to treat hypertension)
            • anti-inflammatory [ENG31-02724463-n] (a medicine intended to reduce inflammation)

              • Cox-2 inhibitor [ENG31-03129351-n] (an anti-inflammatory drug that fights pain and blocks Cox-2 activity without impeding the activity of Cox-1)

                • celecoxib [ENG31-02994016-n] (a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Celebrex) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract)
                • rofecoxib [ENG31-04108088-n] (a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Vioxx) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract)
                • valdecoxib [ENG31-04525763-n] (a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Bextra) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract)
              • hydroxychloroquine [ENG31-03559088-n] (anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Plaquenil) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and malaria and lupus erythematosus)
              • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory [ENG31-03834005-n] (an anti-inflammatory drug that does not contain steroids)

                • diclofenac potassium [ENG31-03196651-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Cataflam))
                • diclofenac sodium [ENG31-03196826-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Voltaren) that is administered only orally)
                • diflunisal [ENG31-03199802-n] (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Dolobid) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions)
                • etodolac [ENG31-03305852-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Lodine))
                • fenoprofen [ENG31-03333337-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Nalfon) used in the treatment of arthritis and other painful inflammatory disorders)
                • flurbiprofen [ENG31-03376378-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Ansaid) that is administered only orally)
                • ibuprofen [ENG31-03561461-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an antipyretic)
                • indomethacin [ENG31-03573833-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Indocin))
                • ketoprofen [ENG31-03617343-n] (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Orudis or Orudis KT or Oruvail))
                • ketorolac [ENG31-03617587-n] (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Torodal) that is given only orally)
                • ketorolac tromethamine [ENG31-03617768-n] (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Acular and Toradol) that is administered only intramuscularly)
                • meclofenamate [ENG31-03744818-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Meclomen) used to treat arthritis)
                • mefenamic acid [ENG31-03748022-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug (trade name Ponstel) used to treat mild pain (especially menstrual cramps))
                • nabumetone [ENG31-03809588-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Relafen))
                • naproxen [ENG31-03813435-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Naprosyn) used in the treatment of arthritis and musculoskeletal inflammation and moderate pain)
                • naproxen sodium [ENG31-03813684-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trademarks Aleve and Anaprox and Aflaxen) that fights pain and inflammation)
                • oxaprozin [ENG31-03873193-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Daypro))
                • piroxicam [ENG31-03954317-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Feldene) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions)
                • sulindac [ENG31-04360488-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Clinoril))
                • tolmetin sodium [ENG31-04457067-n] (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tolectin))
                • salicylate [ENG31-15034410-n] (a salt of salicylic acid (included in several commonly used drugs))

                  • methyl salicylate [ENG31-14976580-n] (a liquid ester with a strong odor of wintergreen)
                  • salol [ENG31-15034997-n] (a white powder with a pleasant taste and odor)
              • oxyphenbutazone [ENG31-03874722-n] (an anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tandearil) used to treat arthritis and bursitis)
              • phenylbutazone [ENG31-03928844-n] (anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Butazolidin))
              • prednisolone [ENG31-14777367-n] (a glucocorticoid (trade names Pediapred or Prelone) used to treat inflammatory conditions)
              • prednisone [ENG31-14777593-n] (a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisol (trade names Orasone or Deltasone or Liquid Pred or Meticorten))
              • dexamethasone [ENG31-14777987-n] (a corticosteroid drug (trade names Decadron or Dexamethasone Intensol or Dexone or Hexadrol or Oradexon) used to treat allergies or inflammation)
            • antiprotozoal [ENG31-02726217-n] (a medicinal drug used to fight diseases (like malaria) that are caused by protozoa)

              • antimalarial [ENG31-02724873-n] (a medicinal drug used to prevent or treat malaria)

                • chloroquine [ENG31-03026317-n] (an antimalarial drug used to treat malaria and amebic dysentery and systemic lupus erythematosus)
                • mefloquine [ENG31-03748219-n] (an antimalarial drug (trade name Larium and Mephaquine) that is effective in cases that do not respond to chloroquine)
                • primaquine [ENG31-04008810-n] (synthetic antimalarial drug)
                • quinacrine [ENG31-04041117-n] (a drug (trade name Atabrine) used to treat certain worm infestations and once used to treat malaria)
                • quinine [ENG31-04041562-n] (a bitter alkaloid extracted from chinchona bark)
              • metronidazole [ENG31-03762957-n] (antiprotozoal medication (trade name Flagyl) used to treat trichomoniasis and giardiasis)
            • antipyretic [ENG31-02726520-n] (any medicine that lowers body temperature to prevent or alleviate fever)
            • antiseptic [ENG31-02727132-n] (a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues)

              • chloramine [ENG31-03025379-n] (any of several compounds containing chlorine and nitrogen)
              • chlorhexidine [ENG31-03025933-n] (a long-lasting liquid antiseptic)
              • iodoform [ENG31-03588421-n] (a yellowish crystalline solid with a penetrating odor)
              • merbromine [ENG31-03753493-n] (a mercurial compound applied topically as an antiseptic)
              • mild silver protein [ENG31-03768344-n] (antiseptic consisting of a compound of protein and silver (trade name Argyrol))
              • thimerosal [ENG31-04431138-n] (a light-colored crystalline powder (trade name Merthiolate) used as a surgical antiseptic)
              • tincture of iodine [ENG31-04446439-n] (a tincture consisting of a solution of iodine in ethyl alcohol)
            • antispasmodic [ENG31-02727458-n] (a drug used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the smooth muscles))

              • atropine [ENG31-02757761-n] (a poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family)

                • belladonna [ENG31-02828146-n] (an alkaloidal extract or tincture of the poisonous belladonna plant that is used medicinally)
            • antitussive [ENG31-02728167-n] (any medicine used to suppress or relieve coughing)
            • antiviral [ENG31-02728292-n] (any drug that destroys viruses)

              • dideoxycytosine [ENG31-03195447-n] (an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection)
              • dideoxyinosine [ENG31-03195581-n] (an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection)
              • interferon [ENG31-03584306-n] (an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus)

                • alpha-interferon [ENG31-02701955-n] (a form of interferon that is produced endogenously and commercially for its pharmacological effects (including regulation of the immune system and antiviral and antineoplastic effects))
                • beta-interferon [ENG31-02835857-n] (a form of interferon that is produced by fibroblasts and have antiviral effects)
                • gamma-interferon [ENG31-03419993-n] (a form of interferon that is produced by T cells and macrophages)
              • protease inhibitor [ENG31-04020369-n] (an antiviral drug used against HIV)

                • indinavir [ENG31-03573610-n] (a protease inhibitor (trade name Crixivan) used for treating HIV)
                • nelfinavir [ENG31-03823370-n] (a protease inhibitor (trade name Viracept) used in treating HIV usually in combination with other drugs)
                • ritonavir [ENG31-04102077-n] (a protease inhibitor (trade name Norvir) used in treating HIV)
                • saquinavir [ENG31-04300746-n] (a weak protease inhibitor (trade name Invirase) used in treating HIV)
              • reverse transcriptase inhibitor [ENG31-04092477-n] (an antiviral drug that inhibits the action of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses such as HIV)

                • non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [ENG31-03833695-n] (an antiviral drug used against HIV)

                  • delavirdine [ENG31-03177098-n] (a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Rescriptor) used to treat AIDS and HIV)
                  • nevirapine [ENG31-03826799-n] (a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV)
                • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [ENG31-03840376-n] (an antiviral drug used against HIV)

                  • zidovudine [ENG31-02768434-n] (an antiviral drug (trade name Retrovir) used in the treatment of AIDS)
                  • lamivudine [ENG31-03641353-n] (a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is very effective in combination with zidovudine in treating AIDS and HIV)
              • ribavirin [ENG31-04094636-n] (an inhaled antiviral agent (trade name Virazole) that may be used to treat serious virus infections)
            • APC [ENG31-02729786-n] (a drug combination found in some over-the-counter headache remedies (aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine))
            • astringent [ENG31-02753840-n] (a drug that causes contraction of body tissues and canals)

              • alum [ENG31-02703481-n] (a double sulphate of aluminum and potassium that is used as an astringent (among other things))
            • atomic cocktail [ENG31-02756574-n] (an oral dose of radioactive substance used in treatment and diagnosis of cancer)
            • azathioprine [ENG31-02768252-n] (an immunosuppressive drug (trade name Imuran) used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ)
            • blocker [ENG31-02857415-n] (a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process)

              • alpha blocker [ENG31-02701628-n] (any of various drugs that block alpha-adrenergic receptors)
              • beta blocker [ENG31-02835373-n] (any of various drugs used in treating hypertension or arrhythmia)

                • acebutolol [ENG31-02676334-n] (an oral beta blocker (trade name Sectral) used in treating hypertension)
                • atenolol [ENG31-02754787-n] (an oral beta blocker (trade name Tenormin) used in treating hypertension and angina)
                • carvedilol [ENG31-02976854-n] (beta blocker that can reduce the progression of heart failure in individuals whose disease is not advanced)
                • esmolol [ENG31-03301688-n] (intravenous beta blocker (trade name Brevibloc) that acts for only a short time)
                • metoprolol [ENG31-03762386-n] (beta blocker (trade name Lopressor) used in treating hypertension and angina and arrhythmia and acute myocardial infarction)
                • nadolol [ENG31-03809851-n] (a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (trade name Corgard) that is used to treat hypertension and angina)
                • pindolol [ENG31-03948520-n] (an oral beta blocker (trade name Visken) used in treating hypertension)
                • propanolol [ENG31-04017785-n] (the first beta blocker (trade name Inderal) used in treating hypertension and angina pectoris and essential tremor)
                • timolol [ENG31-04445876-n] (a beta blocker (trade name Blocadren) administered after heart attacks)
              • neuromuscular blocking agent [ENG31-14985651-n] (a substance that interferes with the neural transmission between motor neurons and skeletal muscles)

                • gallamine [ENG31-14883773-n] (neuromuscular blocking agent (trade name Flaxedil) used as a muscle relaxant in the administration of anesthesia)
                • tubocurarine [ENG31-15136176-n] (a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles)
            • bronchodilator [ENG31-02908937-n] (a drug that relaxes and dilates the bronchial passageways and improves the passages of air into the lungs)

              • albuterol [ENG31-02698180-n] (a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions)
              • aminophylline [ENG31-02704843-n] (a theophylline derivative that is used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of bronchial asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis)
              • ipratropium bromide [ENG31-03589280-n] (an inhaled bronchodilator (trade name Atrovent))
              • metaproterenol [ENG31-03758140-n] (a bronchodilator (trade name Alupent) used to treat asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions)
              • theophylline [ENG31-04426450-n] (a colorless crystalline alkaloid derived from tea leaves or made synthetically)
              • ephedrine [ENG31-14737648-n] (white odorless powdered or crystalline alkaloid from plants of the genus Ephedra (especially Ephedra sinica) or made synthetically)
            • calcium blocker [ENG31-02941898-n] (any of a class of drugs that block the flow of the electrolyte calcium (either in nerve cell conduction or smooth muscle contraction of the heart))

              • diltiazem [ENG31-03203321-n] (a calcium blocker (trade name Cardizem) used in treating hypertension or angina or heart failure)
              • nifedipine [ENG31-03829554-n] (calcium blocker (trade name Procardia))
              • verapamil [ENG31-04535103-n] (a drug (trade names Calan and Isoptin) used as an oral or parenteral calcium blocker in cases of hypertension or congestive heart failure or angina or migraine)
            • carminative [ENG31-02969069-n] (medication that prevents the formation of gas in the alimentary tract or eases its passing)
            • clofibrate [ENG31-03051338-n] (a drug (trade name Atromid-S) that reduces lipids in the blood serum)
            • clopidogrel bisulfate [ENG31-03052583-n] (a blood thinner (trade name Plavix) approved for the treatment of mild heart attacks)
            • cold medicine [ENG31-03071694-n] (medicine intended to relieve the symptoms of the common cold)
            • counterirritant [ENG31-03122427-n] (a medicine applied locally to produce superficial inflammation in order to reduce deeper inflammation)
            • cytotoxic drug [ENG31-03162653-n] (any drug that has a toxic effect on cells)

              • antineoplastic [ENG31-02725383-n] (any of several drugs that control or kill neoplastic cells)

                • alkylating agent [ENG31-02700297-n] (an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer)

                  • chlorambucil [ENG31-03025214-n] (an alkylating agent (trade name Leukeran) used to treat some kinds of cancer)
                • antimetabolite [ENG31-02725091-n] (an antineoplastic drug that inhibits the utilization of a metabolite)

                  • fluorouracil [ENG31-03375667-n] (an antimetabolite used to treat certain cancers)
                  • mercaptopurine [ENG31-03753947-n] (a drug (trade name Purinethol) that interferes with the metabolism of purine and is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia)
                  • methotrexate [ENG31-03761241-n] (toxic antimetabolite that limits cellular reproduction by acting as an antagonist to folic acid)
                • asparaginase [ENG31-02750920-n] (antineoplastic drug (trade name Elspar) sometimes used to treat lymphoblastic leukemia)
                • floxuridine [ENG31-03373596-n] (antineoplastic drug used to treat some cancers)
                • lomustine [ENG31-03693014-n] (an antineoplastic drug often used to treat brain tumors or Hodgkin's disease)
                • melphalan [ENG31-03749068-n] (antineoplastic drug (trade name Alkeran) used to treat multiple myeloma and some other malignancies)
                • periwinkle plant derivative [ENG31-03923577-n] (an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer)

                  • vinblastine [ENG31-04542929-n] (periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Velban) that disrupts cell division)
                  • vincristine [ENG31-04543121-n] (periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Oncovin))
                • procarbazine [ENG31-04013502-n] (an antineoplastic drug used to treat Hodgkin's disease)
                • thioguanine [ENG31-04431961-n] (an antineoplastic drug used to treat acute leukemias)
                • thiotepa [ENG31-04432679-n] (an antineoplastic drug used to treat certain malignancies)
            • decongestant [ENG31-03173937-n] (a drug that decreases pulmonary congestion)

              • nasal decongestant [ENG31-03815479-n] (a decongestant that provides temporary relief of nasal symptoms of the common cold and rhinitis and upper respiratory infections)
            • demulcent [ENG31-03179495-n] (a medication (in the form of an oil or salve etc.) that soothes inflamed or injured skin)
            • diaphoretic [ENG31-03193663-n] (used to produce perspiration)
            • disulfiram [ENG31-03218754-n] (a drug (trade name Antabuse) used in the treatment of alcoholism)
            • dose [ENG31-03229941-n] (a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time)

              • booster [ENG31-02875533-n] (an additional dose that makes sure the first dose was effective)
              • draft [ENG31-03235373-n] (a dose of liquid medicine)
              • hit [ENG31-03527722-n] (a dose of a narcotic drug)
              • lethal dose [ENG31-03663151-n] (the size dose that will cause death)
              • pill [ENG31-03942844-n] (a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet)

                • bolus [ENG31-02869814-n] (a large pill)
                • capsule [ENG31-02961022-n] (a pill in the form of a small rounded gelatinous container with medicine inside)
                • dragee [ENG31-03236426-n] (pill that is a sugar-coated medicated candy)
                • sleeping pill [ENG31-04243288-n] (a soporific drug in the form of a pill (or tablet or capsule))
            • Drixoral [ENG31-03249778-n] (the trade name for a drug used to treat upper respiratory congestion)
            • drug cocktail [ENG31-03253263-n] (a combination of protease inhibitors taken with reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
            • expectorant [ENG31-03309550-n] (a medicine promoting expectoration)

              • Robitussin [ENG31-04105126-n] (trade name of an expectorant that loosens phlegm and makes it easier to cough up)
            • fixed-combination drug [ENG31-03358928-n] (drug containing fixed amounts of two or more ingredients)
            • gemfibrozil [ENG31-03437989-n] (medication (trade name Lopid) used to lower the levels of triglyceride in the blood)
            • hematinic [ENG31-03519105-n] (a medicine that increases the hemoglobin content of the blood)
            • herbal medicine [ENG31-03520663-n] (a medicine made from plants and used to prevent or treat disease or promote health)
            • histamine blocker [ENG31-03527402-n] (a medicine used to treat the gastric effects of histamine in cases of peptic ulcers and gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux)

              • cimetidine [ENG31-03035538-n] (a drug (trade name Tagamet) used to treat peptic ulcers by decreasing the secretion of stomach acid)
              • famotidine [ENG31-03324803-n] (a histamine blocker (trade name Pepcid) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux)
              • ranitidine [ENG31-04061107-n] (a histamine blocker and antacid (trade name Zantac) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux)
            • immunosuppressant [ENG31-03568138-n] (a drug that lowers the body's normal immune response)
            • inhalant [ENG31-03576306-n] (a medication to be taken by inhaling it)
            • isoproterenol [ENG31-03593043-n] (drug (trade name Isuprel) used to treat bronchial asthma and to stimulate the heart)
            • isosorbide [ENG31-03593215-n] (drug (trade name Isordil) used to treat angina pectoris and congestive heart failure)
            • lipid-lowering medicine [ENG31-03681501-n] (a medicine that lowers blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase)

              • atorvastatin [ENG31-02757426-n] (an oral drug (trade name Lipitor) that is effective in lowering triglycerides)
              • cerivastatin [ENG31-03001816-n] (an oral drug (trade name Baycol) to reduce blood cholesterol levels)
              • fluvastatin [ENG31-03377502-n] (least expensive statin drug (trade name Lescol))
              • lovastatin [ENG31-03698415-n] (an oral drug (trade name Mevacor) to reduce blood cholesterol levels)
              • pravastatin [ENG31-04004338-n] (an oral drug (trade name Pravachol) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels)
              • simvastatin [ENG31-04229061-n] (an oral lipid-lowering medicine (trade name Zocor) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels)
            • methacholine [ENG31-03759355-n] (parasympathomimetic drug (trademark Mecholyl) that stimulates secretions and smooth muscle activity)
            • nux vomica [ENG31-03842219-n] (a medicine made from the seeds of an Asiatic tree)
            • over-the-counter drug [ENG31-03871854-n] (a drug that is sold without a prescription)
            • oxytocic [ENG31-03875363-n] (a drug that induces labor by stimulating contractions of the muscles of the uterus)
            • paregoric [ENG31-03895671-n] (medicine used to treat diarrhea)
            • patent medicine [ENG31-03904633-n] (medicine that is protected by a patent and available without a doctor's prescription)

              • nostrum [ENG31-03837845-n] (patent medicine whose efficacy is questionable)
            • penicillamine [ENG31-03915954-n] (a drug (trade name Cuprimine) used to treat heavy metal poisoning and Wilson's disease and severe arthritis)
            • pentylenetetrazol [ENG31-03919821-n] (a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant)
            • pharmaceutical [ENG31-03927111-n] (drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment)

              • radiopharmaceutical [ENG31-04050348-n] (pharmaceutical consisting of a radioactive compound used in radiation therapy)
              • thrombolytic [ENG31-04436303-n] (a kind of pharmaceutical that can break up clots blocking the flow of blood to the heart muscle)

                • tissue plasminogen activator [ENG31-04448416-n] (a thrombolytic agent (trade name Activase) that causes fibrinolysis at the site of a blood clot)
            • placebo [ENG31-03958972-n] (an innocuous or inert medication)

              • active placebo [ENG31-02681028-n] (a placebo used in experimental tests of a drug that has noticeable side effects)
            • prescription drug [ENG31-04005638-n] (a drug that is available only with written instructions from a doctor or dentist to a pharmacist)

              • refill [ENG31-04075373-n] (a prescription drug that is provided again)
            • probenecid [ENG31-04012960-n] (a uricosuric drug that reduces the level of uric acid in the blood)
            • purgative [ENG31-04032142-n] (a purging medicine)

              • aloes [ENG31-02701225-n] (a purgative made from the leaves of aloe)
              • castor oil [ENG31-02984300-n] (a purgative extracted from the seed of the castor-oil plant)
              • Epsom salts [ENG31-03298232-n] ((used with a singular noun) hydrated magnesium sulfate used as a laxative)
              • laxative [ENG31-03655410-n] (a mild cathartic)

                • phenolphthalein [ENG31-03928231-n] (a laxative used in many preparations under various trade names)
              • milk of magnesia [ENG31-03770804-n] (purgative consisting of a milky white liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide)
              • Seidlitz powder [ENG31-15034204-n] (an effervescing salt containing sodium bicarbonate and Rochelle salt and tartaric acid)
            • remedy [ENG31-04081594-n] (a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain)

              • acoustic [ENG31-02678841-n] (a remedy for hearing loss or deafness)
              • antidote [ENG31-02722499-n] (a remedy that stops or controls the effects of a poison)

                • obidoxime chloride [ENG31-15042736-n] (a chloride used as an antidote for nerve gases such as sarin or VX)
              • emetic [ENG31-03288430-n] (a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting)

                • ipecac [ENG31-03589136-n] (a medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting (especially in cases of drug overdose or poisoning))
                • powdered mustard [ENG31-04000775-n] (a substance such that one to three tablespoons dissolved in a glass of warm water is a homemade emetic)
              • lenitive [ENG31-03661700-n] (remedy that eases pain and discomfort)
              • lotion [ENG31-03696454-n] (liquid preparation having a soothing or antiseptic or medicinal action when applied to the skin)

                • blackwash [ENG31-02851180-n] (a mixture of calomel and limewater that is used on syphilitic sores)
                • calamine lotion [ENG31-02941150-n] (a lotion consisting of a liquid preparation containing calamine)
                • eye-lotion [ENG31-03314159-n] (lotion consisting of a solution used as a cleanser for the eyes)
                • liniment [ENG31-03678920-n] (a medicinal liquid that is rubbed into the skin to relieve muscular stiffness and pain)
                • menthol [ENG31-03752352-n] (a lotion containing menthol which gives it the smell of mint)
                • rubbing alcohol [ENG31-04124013-n] (lotion consisting of a poisonous solution of isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethanol alcohol for external use)
                • witch hazel [ENG31-04603551-n] (lotion consisting of an astringent alcoholic solution containing an extract from the witch hazel plant)
              • magic bullet [ENG31-03710179-n] (a remedy (drug or therapy or preventive) that cures or prevents a disease)
              • ointment [ENG31-03851070-n] (semisolid preparation (usually containing a medicine) applied externally as a remedy or for soothing an irritation)

                • arnica [ENG31-02744986-n] (an ointment used in treating bruises)
                • baby oil [ENG31-02769966-n] (an ointment for babies)
                • balsam [ENG31-02786813-n] (an ointment containing a fragrant resin)
                • carron oil [ENG31-02973770-n] (an ointment formerly used to treat burns)
                • cerate [ENG31-03001380-n] (a hard medicated paste made of lard or oil mixed with wax or resin)

                  • camphor ice [ENG31-02950088-n] (a cerate made of camphor and wax and spermaceti and castor oil)
                • chrism [ENG31-03030033-n] (a consecrated ointment consisting of a mixture of oil and balsam)
                • lip balm [ENG31-03681332-n] (a balm applied to the lips)
                • mentholated salve [ENG31-03752485-n] (a salve containing menthol)
                • mercurial ointment [ENG31-03754900-n] (an ointment containing mercury)
                • zinc ointment [ENG31-04622375-n] (an ointment containing zinc that is used to treat certain skin diseases)
              • palliative [ENG31-03885551-n] (remedy that alleviates pain without curing)
              • panacea [ENG31-03886467-n] (hypothetical remedy for all ills or diseases)

                • elixir [ENG31-07899359-n] (a substance believed to cure all ills)

                  • elixir of life [ENG31-07899485-n] (a hypothetical substance believed to maintain life indefinitely)
              • preventive [ENG31-04008384-n] (remedy that prevents or slows the course of an illness or disease)
            • rubefacient [ENG31-04124183-n] (a medicine for external application that produces redness of the skin)
            • soothing syrup [ENG31-04267926-n] (medicine in the form of a syrup that has a calming effect)
            • specific [ENG31-04278750-n] (a medicine that has a mitigating effect on a specific disease)
            • sucralfate [ENG31-04356779-n] (medicine consisting of a tablet (trade name Carafate) used to treat peptic ulcers)
            • sudorific [ENG31-04357425-n] (a medicine that causes or increases sweating)
            • suppository [ENG31-04368468-n] (a small plug of medication designed for insertion into the rectum or vagina where it melts)
            • tincture [ENG31-04446256-n] ((pharmacology) a medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution)

              • arnica [ENG31-11947978-n] (used especially in treating bruises)
            • tonic [ENG31-04458744-n] (a medicine that strengthens and invigorates)

              • bracer [ENG31-02891374-n] (a tonic or restorative (especially a drink of liquor))
            • tyrosine kinase inhibitor [ENG31-04513300-n] (a drug used in cases of chronic myeloid leukemia)
            • vermicide [ENG31-04535649-n] (an agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines))
            • vermifuge [ENG31-04535925-n] (a medication capable of causing the evacuation of parasitic intestinal worms)

              • mebendazole [ENG31-03742165-n] (an anthelmintic used to treat hookworm and pinworm and roundworm infestations)
              • piperazine [ENG31-03953090-n] (vermifuge used to treat infestations by roundworms or pinworms)
              • tetrachlorethylene [ENG31-04423473-n] (anthelmintic agent used against hookworm and other nematodes)
          • miotic drug [ENG31-03778414-n] (a drug that causes miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye))
          • mydriatic [ENG31-03809150-n] (a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate)
          • narcotic [ENG31-03814104-n] (a drug that produces numbness or stupor)

            • meperidine [ENG31-03752594-n] (a synthetic narcotic drug (trade name Demerol) used to treat pain)
            • methadone [ENG31-03759543-n] (synthetic narcotic drug similar to morphine but less habit-forming)
            • opiate [ENG31-03856266-n] (a narcotic drug that contains opium or an opium derivative)

              • laudanum [ENG31-03652422-n] (narcotic consisting of an alcohol solution of opium or any preparation in which opium is the main ingredient)
            • recreational drug [ENG31-04072100-n] (a narcotic drug that is used only occasionally and is claimed to be nonaddictive)
          • pentoxifylline [ENG31-03919556-n] (a drug (trade name Trental) used to treat claudication)
          • psychoactive drug [ENG31-04023531-n] (a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions)

            • designer drug [ENG31-03184155-n] (a psychoactive drug deliberately synthesized to avoid anti-drug laws)
            • dronabinol [ENG31-03250256-n] (psychoactive substance present in marijuana)
            • euphoriant [ENG31-03306641-n] (a psychoactive drug that tends to produce elation and euphoria)
            • hallucinogen [ENG31-03484730-n] (a psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences)

              • mescaline [ENG31-03756403-n] (the hallucinatory alkaloid that is the active agent in mescal buttons)
              • phencyclidine [ENG31-03927621-n] (a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians)
              • psilocybin [ENG31-04023413-n] (a hallucinogenic compound obtained from a mushroom)
              • salvinorin [ENG31-04139139-n] (a hallucinogen obtained from Salvia divinorum)
            • tetrahydrocannabinol [ENG31-04423920-n] (psychoactive substance present in marijuana)
          • psychotropic agent [ENG31-04023823-n] (a chemical substance that can influence human consciousness)
          • relaxant [ENG31-04079923-n] (a drug that relaxes and relieves tension)

            • muscle relaxant [ENG31-03805523-n] (a drug that reduces muscle contractility by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses or by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate or by other actions)

              • cyclobenzaprine [ENG31-03160000-n] (muscle relaxant (trade name Flexeril) used for muscle spasms or acute injury)
              • methocarbamol [ENG31-03761074-n] (muscle relaxant for skeletal muscles (trade name Robaxin) used to treat spasms)
              • orphenadrine [ENG31-03861668-n] (a skeletal muscle relaxant (trade name Norflex) used to treat severe muscle strain and Parkinsonism)
              • papaverine [ENG31-03891934-n] (an alkaloid medicine (trade name Kavrin) obtained from opium)
              • procyclidine [ENG31-04013886-n] (drug (trade name Kemadrin) used to reduce tremors in Parkinsonism)
              • succinylcholine [ENG31-04356604-n] (a muscle relaxant for striated muscle that is used as an adjunct to anesthesia during certain surgical procedures)
          • soporific [ENG31-04268044-n] (a drug that induces sleep)

            • narcoleptic [ENG31-03813964-n] (a soporific drug that produces an uncontrollable desire to sleep)
          • stimulant [ENG31-04327264-n] (a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process)

            • analeptic [ENG31-02710406-n] (a medication used as a stimulant to the central nervous system)
            • aphrodisiac [ENG31-02730206-n] (a drug or other agent that stimulates sexual desire)
            • kat [ENG31-03614083-n] (the leaves of the shrub Catha edulis which are chewed like tobacco or used to make tea)
            • methylphenidate [ENG31-03762153-n] (central nervous system stimulant (trade name Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy in adults and attention deficit disorder in children)
            • popper [ENG31-03990172-n] (a container of stimulant drug (amyl nitrate or butyl nitrite))
          • suppressant [ENG31-04368616-n] (a drug that suppresses appetite)
          • synergist [ENG31-04383346-n] (a drug that augments the activity of another drug)
          • virility drug [ENG31-04544897-n] (drug to treat impotence attributable to erectile dysfunction)

            • phentolamine [ENG31-03928683-n] (a virility drug (trade name Vasomax) to treat erectile dysfunction in men)
            • sildenafil [ENG31-04225450-n] (virility drug (trade name Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men)
            • tadalafil [ENG31-04390624-n] (virility drug (trade name Cialis) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men)
            • vardenafil [ENG31-04528723-n] (virility drug (trade name Levitra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men)
          • arsenical [ENG31-14626899-n] (a pesticide or drug containing arsenic)
        • antacid [ENG31-14802178-n] (an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (especially in the stomach))

          • Alka-seltzer [ENG31-14801083-n] (a commercial antacid that contains aspirin)
          • Brioschi [ENG31-14801263-n] (an antacid)
          • Bromo-seltzer [ENG31-14801347-n] (an antacid)
          • Maalox [ENG31-14801600-n] (an antacid)
          • Mylanta [ENG31-14801682-n] (an antacid)
          • omeprazole [ENG31-14801765-n] (antacid (trade name Prilosec) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach)
          • Pepto-bismal [ENG31-14801927-n] (an antacid)
          • Rolaids [ENG31-14802015-n] (an antacid)
          • Tums [ENG31-14802098-n] (an antacid)
        • bacteriostat [ENG31-14803241-n] (a chemical or biological material that inhibits bacterial growth)
        • bleaching agent [ENG31-14803364-n] (an agent that makes things white or colorless)

          • benzoyl peroxide [ENG31-14799589-n] (a white crystalline peroxide used in bleaching (flour or oils or fats) and as a catalyst for free radical reactions)
          • bleaching powder [ENG31-14805009-n] (a white powder comprised of calcium hydroxide and chloride and hypochlorite and used to bleach and/or disinfect)
          • calcium hypochlorite [ENG31-14813535-n] (any hypochlorite of calcium)
          • chlorine dioxide [ENG31-14834013-n] (an explosive gas (ClO2) used chiefly in bleaching paper or starch or soap or flour and in water purification)
          • chlorine water [ENG31-14834202-n] (an aqueous solution of chlorine used as a bleaching agent)
          • Clorox [ENG31-14839798-n] (a commercial bleaching agent)
        • chemical agent [ENG31-14803709-n] (an agent that produces chemical reactions)

          • active agent [ENG31-14800963-n] (chemical agent capable of activity)
          • reagent [ENG31-14803141-n] (a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions)
          • desiccant [ENG31-14803955-n] (a substance that promotes drying (e.g., calcium oxide absorbs water and is used to remove moisture))
          • oxidant [ENG31-14804199-n] (a substance that oxidizes another substance)

            • hydrogen peroxide [ENG31-14805384-n] (a viscous liquid with strong oxidizing properties)
          • reducing agent [ENG31-14804426-n] (a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized)

            • hydrazine [ENG31-14934732-n] (a colorless fuming corrosive liquid)
          • scavenger [ENG31-15045195-n] (a chemical agent that is added to a chemical mixture to counteract the effects of impurities)
          • wetting agent [ENG31-15121350-n] (a chemical agent capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved)

            • emulsifier [ENG31-14698569-n] (a surface-active agent that promotes the formation of an emulsion)
            • detergent [ENG31-15121584-n] (a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering)

              • anionic detergent [ENG31-14642228-n] (a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions)
              • cationic detergent [ENG31-14827865-n] (a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation)
              • sodium lauryl sulphate [ENG31-15070349-n] (a caustic detergent useful for removing grease)
          • vesicant [ENG31-15136806-n] (a chemical agent that causes blistering (especially mustard gas))
        • coagulant [ENG31-14839898-n] (an agent that produces coagulation)
        • coolant [ENG31-14846311-n] (a fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling)
        • dilutant [ENG31-14859503-n] (a diluting agent)
        • emmenagogue [ENG31-14876833-n] (any agent that promotes menstrual discharge)
        • galactagogue [ENG31-14900830-n] (agent that induces milk secretion)
        • hypnagogue [ENG31-14937895-n] (an agent that induces drowsiness or sleep)
        • hypoglycemic agent [ENG31-14938452-n] (any of various agents that decrease the level of glucose in the blood and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus)

          • insulin [ENG31-05417989-n] (hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas)

            • Lente Insulin [ENG31-05418244-n] (trade names for forms of insulin that are used to treat diabetes mellitus)
            • recombinant human insulin [ENG31-05418392-n] (a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin)
        • inducer [ENG31-14942935-n] (an agent capable of activating specific genes)
        • lactifuge [ENG31-14953347-n] (any agent that reduces milk secretion (as given to a woman who is not breast feeding))
        • lactogen [ENG31-14953488-n] (any agent that enhances milk production)

          • prolactin [ENG31-14773722-n] (gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary)
        • mitogen [ENG31-14977496-n] (an agent that triggers mitosis)
        • precipitant [ENG31-15021960-n] (an agent that causes a precipitate to form)

          • dimethylglyoxime [ENG31-14859856-n] (a compound used in analysis as a precipitant for palladium or nickel)
        • solvating agent [ENG31-15072751-n] (an agent that converts something into a solvate)
        • viricide [ENG31-15072860-n] (an agent (physical or chemical) that inactivates or destroys viruses)
    • matter [ENG31-00021007-n] (that which has mass and occupies space)

      • substance [ENG31-00019793-n] (the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists)

        • body substance [ENG31-05271349-n] (the substance of the body)

          • solid body substance [ENG31-05271580-n] (the solid parts of the body)

            • scab [ENG31-05271746-n] (the crustlike surface of a healing skin lesion)

              • eschar [ENG31-05271916-n] (a dry scab formed on the skin following a burn or cauterization of the skin)
            • node [ENG31-05272412-n] (any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part)

              • nodule [ENG31-05272537-n] (a small node)
            • enamel [ENG31-05316180-n] (hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth)
            • cementum [ENG31-05316335-n] (a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth)
          • liquid body substance [ENG31-05404811-n] (the liquid parts of the body)

            • aqueous humor [ENG31-05325813-n] (the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens)
            • vitreous humor [ENG31-05325957-n] (the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball)
            • endolymph [ENG31-05329651-n] (the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear)
            • perilymph [ENG31-05329795-n] (the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear)
            • extracellular fluid [ENG31-05405366-n] (liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid)

              • interstitial fluid [ENG31-05405641-n] (liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body)
              • plasma [ENG31-05410770-n] (the colorless watery fluid of the blood and lymph that contains no cells, but in which the blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) are suspended)
            • intracellular fluid [ENG31-05405805-n] (liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes))
            • juice [ENG31-05405952-n] (any of several liquids of the body)

              • cancer juice [ENG31-05406103-n] (a milky substance found in certain cancerous growths)
              • digestive juice [ENG31-05413289-n] (secretions that aid digestion)

                • gastric juice [ENG31-05413471-n] (digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase)
                • pancreatic juice [ENG31-05413740-n] (a fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas)
                • bile [ENG31-05413913-n] (a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder)
            • karyolymph [ENG31-05406214-n] (a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersed)
            • milk [ENG31-05406377-n] (produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their young)

              • mother's milk [ENG31-05406586-n] (milk secreted by a woman who has recently given birth)
              • colostrum [ENG31-05406699-n] (milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition)
            • amniotic fluid [ENG31-05406970-n] (the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion)
            • blood [ENG31-05407190-n] (the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets)

              • arterial blood [ENG31-05407788-n] (blood found in arteries)
              • blood group [ENG31-05407944-n] (human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens)

                • A [ENG31-05408203-n] (the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen)
                • B [ENG31-05408321-n] (the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen)
                • AB [ENG31-05408439-n] (the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens)
                • O [ENG31-05408572-n] (the blood group whose red cells carry neither the A nor B antigens)
                • Rh-positive blood type [ENG31-05408754-n] (the blood group (approximately 85% of people) whose red cells have the Rh factor (Rh antigen))
                • Rh-negative blood type [ENG31-05408930-n] (the blood group whose red cells lack the Rh factor (Rh antigen))
              • gore [ENG31-05409096-n] (coagulated blood from a wound)
              • lifeblood [ENG31-05409194-n] (the blood considered as the seat of vitality)
              • bloodstream [ENG31-05409294-n] (the blood flowing through the circulatory system)
              • blood clot [ENG31-05409676-n] (a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells)
              • cord blood [ENG31-05409815-n] (blood obtained from the umbilical cord at birth)
              • menorrhea [ENG31-05409919-n] (flow of blood from the uterus)
              • venous blood [ENG31-05410131-n] (blood found in the veins)
              • whole blood [ENG31-05410304-n] (blood that has not been modified except for the addition of an anticoagulant)
            • serum [ENG31-05410492-n] (an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates)

              • antiserum [ENG31-05411045-n] (blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens)
              • whey [ENG31-15122145-n] (the serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the curd in making cheese)
            • chyle [ENG31-05411192-n] (a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats)
            • lymph [ENG31-05411417-n] (a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle)
            • semen [ENG31-05411679-n] (the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract)

              • milt [ENG31-02325364-n] (seminal fluid produced by male fish)
            • ink [ENG31-05411941-n] (dark protective fluid ejected into the water by cuttlefish and other cephalopods)
            • secretion [ENG31-05412071-n] (a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cell)

              • ganoin [ENG31-02640734-n] (shiny substance that resemble enamel and is secreted by the corium of certain fishes (especially ganoid fishes) and composes the outer layer of their scales)
              • lacrimal secretion [ENG31-05412482-n] (saline fluid secreted by lacrimal glands)
              • perspiration [ENG31-05413094-n] (salty fluid secreted by sweat glands)
              • hormone [ENG31-05414462-n] (the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect)

                • adrenocorticotropic hormone [ENG31-05415456-n] (a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex)
                • gastrointestinal hormone [ENG31-05416027-n] (hormones that affect gastrointestinal functioning)

                  • gastrin [ENG31-05416251-n] (polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach)
                  • cholecystokinin [ENG31-05416479-n] (a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the contraction and emptying of the gall bladder)
                  • secretin [ENG31-05416769-n] (a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts whenever the stomach empties too much acid into the small intestine)
                  • ghrelin [ENG31-05417006-n] (a gastrointestinal hormone produced by epithelial cells lining the fundus of the stomach)
                  • motilin [ENG31-05417288-n] (a gastrointestinal hormone that apparently participates in controlling smooth muscle contractions in the stomach and small intestine)
                • glucagon [ENG31-05417474-n] (a hormone secreted by the pancreas)
                • gonadotropin [ENG31-05417658-n] (hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta)

                  • follicle-stimulating hormone [ENG31-14772944-n] (a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm)
                  • human chorionic gonadotropin [ENG31-14773209-n] (hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta)
                  • luteinizing hormone [ENG31-14773451-n] (a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary)
                • melatonin [ENG31-05418681-n] (hormone secreted by the pineal gland)
                • neurohormone [ENG31-05418773-n] (a hormone that is released by nerve impulses (e.g., norepinephrine or vasopressin))
                • oxytocin [ENG31-05418914-n] (hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin))
                • parathyroid hormone [ENG31-05419128-n] (hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands)
                • relaxin [ENG31-05419396-n] (hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy)
                • releasing hormone [ENG31-05419585-n] (any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones)
                • somatotropin [ENG31-05419992-n] (a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland)

                  • Protropin [ENG31-05420255-n] (trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone)
                • thymosin [ENG31-05420445-n] (hormone secreted by the thymus)
                • thyroid hormone [ENG31-05420584-n] (any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically)

                  • calcitonin [ENG31-05420808-n] (thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone)
                  • thyroxine [ENG31-05420990-n] (hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells)
                  • triiodothyronine [ENG31-05421216-n] (thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity)
                • steroid hormone [ENG31-14769814-n] (any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs)

                  • progestin [ENG31-14771517-n] (any of a group of steroid hormones that have the effect of progesterone)

                    • progesterone [ENG31-14770227-n] (a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary)
                    • megestrol [ENG31-14770449-n] (a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma)
                    • norethindrone [ENG31-14770596-n] (a synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis)
                    • norethynodrel [ENG31-14770972-n] (a progesterone derivative used in oral contraceptives and in the control of menstruation and the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding)
                    • norgestrel [ENG31-14771186-n] (synthetic progestin used in oral contraceptives)
                    • medroxyprogesterone [ENG31-14771347-n] (a progestin compound (trade name Provera) used to treat menstrual disorders)
                  • androgen [ENG31-14771766-n] (male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics)

                    • androsterone [ENG31-14772160-n] (an androgenic hormone that is less active than testosterone)
                    • methyltestosterone [ENG31-14772296-n] (an androgenic compound contained in drugs that are used to treat testosterone deficiency and female breast cancer and to stimulate growth and weight gain)
                    • nandrolone [ENG31-14772514-n] (an androgen (trade names Durabolin or Kabolin) that is used to treat testosterone deficiency or breast cancer or osteoporosis)
                    • testosterone [ENG31-14772756-n] (a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes)
                  • estrogen [ENG31-14773973-n] (a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics)

                    • diethylstilbestrol [ENG31-14774301-n] (a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry)
                    • estradiol [ENG31-14774495-n] (the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally)
                    • estriol [ENG31-14774801-n] (a naturally occurring estrogenic hormone)
                    • estrone [ENG31-14774961-n] (a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary)
                    • hexestrol [ENG31-14775234-n] (estrogen compound used to treat menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms and to prevent pregnancy)
                    • mestranol [ENG31-14775395-n] (a synthetic form of estrogen used in combination with a progestin in oral contraceptives)
                  • corticosteroid [ENG31-14775596-n] (a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized)

                    • mineralocorticoid [ENG31-14776042-n] (hormone that is one of the steroids of the adrenal cortex that influences the metabolism of sodium and potassium)

                      • aldosterone [ENG31-14776690-n] (a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland)
                    • glucocorticoid [ENG31-14776236-n] (a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals)

                      • corticosterone [ENG31-14770070-n] (secreted by the adrenal cortex)
                    • hydrocortisone [ENG31-14776881-n] (an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism)
                    • cortisone [ENG31-14777131-n] (a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex)
                    • triamcinolone [ENG31-15103335-n] (a synthetic corticosteroid (trade names Aristocort or Aristopak or Kenalog) used as an anti-inflammatory agent)
                  • anabolic steroid [ENG31-15135683-n] (any of a group of synthetic steroid hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth)
                • adrenosterone [ENG31-14772017-n] (a steroid having androgenic activity)
                • catecholamine [ENG31-14832099-n] (any of a group of chemicals including epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland)
                • melanocyte-stimulating hormone [ENG31-15098351-n] (a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes)
                • thyrotropin [ENG31-15098540-n] (anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland)
                • thyrotropin-releasing hormone [ENG31-15098770-n] (hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary)
              • intestinal juice [ENG31-05415115-n] (secretions by glands lining the walls of the intestines)
              • autacoid [ENG31-05421877-n] (any physiologically active internal secretion especially one of uncertain classification)

                • prostaglandin [ENG31-05422274-n] (a potent substance that acts like a hormone and is found in many bodily tissues (and especially in semen))
              • synovia [ENG31-05422543-n] (viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc.)
              • mucus [ENG31-05422738-n] (protective secretion of the mucous membranes)

                • phlegm [ENG31-05423159-n] (expectorated matter)
                • snot [ENG31-05423392-n] (nasal mucus)
                • booger [ENG31-05423472-n] (dried nasal mucus)
                • leukorrhea [ENG31-05425165-n] (discharge of white mucous material from the vagina)
              • saliva [ENG31-05423542-n] (a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth)

                • drool [ENG31-05424022-n] (saliva spilling from the mouth)
                • tobacco juice [ENG31-05424205-n] (saliva colored brown by tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco))
              • sebum [ENG31-05424323-n] (the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands)

                • smegma [ENG31-05424506-n] (a white secretion of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin)
              • royal jelly [ENG31-14798389-n] (a secretion of the pharyngeal glands of bees that is fed to very young larvae and to bees destined to be queens)
              • musk [ENG31-14870816-n] (an odorous glandular secretion from the male musk deer)
              • nectar [ENG31-14870949-n] (a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators)
              • pheromone [ENG31-14871060-n] (a chemical substance secreted externally by some animals (especially insects) that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals of the same species)
            • black bile [ENG31-05414125-n] (a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy)
            • yellow bile [ENG31-05414301-n] (a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and anger)
            • lochia [ENG31-05424616-n] (substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirth)
            • pus [ENG31-05424816-n] (a fluid product of inflammation)

              • gleet [ENG31-05425042-n] (a thin morbid discharge as from a wound or especially chronic gonorrhea)
            • spinal fluid [ENG31-05511758-n] (clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain)
          • chromatin [ENG31-05443656-n] (the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins)

            • sex chromatin [ENG31-05443431-n] (chromatin found only in female cells)
          • achromatin [ENG31-05443957-n] (the part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes)
          • linin [ENG31-05444124-n] (an obsolete term for the network of viscous material in the cell nucleus on which the chromatin granules were thought to be suspended)
          • matrix [ENG31-05589955-n] (the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded)
          • humor [ENG31-05612290-n] ((Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state)
        • protoplasm [ENG31-05440312-n] (the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus))

          • cytoplasm [ENG31-05440524-n] (the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus)

            • plasmodium [ENG31-01430644-n] (multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds)
            • cytoplast [ENG31-05440976-n] (the intact cytoplasmic content of a cell)
            • cytosol [ENG31-05441285-n] (the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended)
            • ectoplasm [ENG31-05441432-n] (the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm)
            • endoplasm [ENG31-05441529-n] (the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell)
            • hyaloplasm [ENG31-05441629-n] (the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell)
            • centrosome [ENG31-05454343-n] (small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus)
            • sarcoplasm [ENG31-05454547-n] (the cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber)
            • syncytium [ENG31-05613517-n] (a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers))
          • nucleoplasm [ENG31-05442360-n] (the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell)
          • germ plasm [ENG31-05443298-n] (the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes)
          • platelet [ENG31-15048526-n] (tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood)
        • chemistry [ENG31-14604732-n] (the chemical composition and properties of a substance or object)
        • material [ENG31-14604877-n] (the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object)

          • ballast [ENG31-02782868-n] (any heavy material used to stabilize a ship or airship)
          • bedding material [ENG31-02823567-n] (material used to provide a bed for animals)
          • rind [ENG31-07686476-n] (the natural outer covering of food (usually removed before eating))

            • bacon rind [ENG31-07686647-n] (the rind of bacon)
            • peel [ENG31-07754329-n] (the rind of a fruit or vegetable)

              • jacket [ENG31-07727216-n] (the outer skin of a potato)
              • banana peel [ENG31-07754546-n] (the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded))
              • lemon peel [ENG31-07754736-n] (the rind of a lemon)

                • lemon zest [ENG31-07826721-n] (tiny bits of lemon peel)
              • orange peel [ENG31-07754881-n] (the rind of an orange)

                • orange zest [ENG31-07826801-n] (tiny bits of orange peel)
            • cheese rind [ENG31-07866933-n] (the rind of a cheese)
          • recycling [ENG31-14606023-n] (used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products)
          • precursor [ENG31-14607246-n] (a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction))
          • atom [ENG31-14609699-n] ((nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything)

            • grain [ENG31-09313683-n] (a relatively small granular particle of a substance)

              • granule [ENG31-09314419-n] (a tiny grain)

                • microsome [ENG31-05441937-n] (a tiny granule in the cytoplasm that is where protein synthesis takes place under the direction of mRNA)
                • chondrule [ENG31-09267237-n] (small granule (of e.g. chrysolite) found in some meteoric rocks)
                • plastid [ENG31-12983382-n] (any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein)

                  • chromoplast [ENG31-12983607-n] (plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids)
                  • chloroplast [ENG31-12983752-n] (plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments)
            • grinding [ENG31-09317622-n] (material resulting from the process of grinding)
            • chylomicron [ENG31-14836529-n] (a microscopic particle of triglycerides produced in the intestines during digestion)
            • flyspeck [ENG31-14894126-n] (a tiny dark speck made by the excrement of a fly)
            • identification particle [ENG31-14940336-n] (a tiny particle of material that can be added to a product to indicate the source of manufacture)

              • Microtaggant [ENG31-14976793-n] ((trademark) a microscopic and traceable identification particle used to trace explosives or other hazardous materials or to prevent counterfeiting)
          • ammunition [ENG31-14609988-n] (any nuclear or chemical or biological material that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction)
          • floccule [ENG31-14610140-n] (a small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid)
          • HAZMAT [ENG31-14610299-n] (an abbreviation for `hazardous material' used on warning signs)
          • aggregate [ENG31-14619105-n] (material such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete, mortar, or plaster)
          • raw material [ENG31-14620880-n] (material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing)

            • feedstock [ENG31-14621019-n] (the raw material that is required for some industrial process)
          • sorbate [ENG31-14621136-n] (a material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption)

            • absorbate [ENG31-14621808-n] (a material that has been or is capable of being absorbed)
            • adsorbate [ENG31-14622884-n] (a material that has been or is capable of being adsorbed)
          • sorbent [ENG31-14621338-n] (a material that sorbs another substance)

            • absorbent material [ENG31-14621593-n] (a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance)

              • sponge [ENG31-14621938-n] (a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used)
              • absorber [ENG31-14622259-n] ((physics) material in a nuclear reactor that absorbs radiation)
              • absorbent cotton [ENG31-14622431-n] (cotton made absorbent by removal of the natural wax)
            • adsorbent [ENG31-14622705-n] (a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance)
          • diamagnet [ENG31-14628941-n] (a substance that exhibits diamagnetism)
          • mineral [ENG31-14686753-n] (solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition)

            • ader wax [ENG31-14689281-n] (a waxy mineral that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and occurs in association with petroleum)
            • amblygonite [ENG31-14689784-n] (a white or grey mineral consisting of lithium aluminum phosphate)
            • amphibole [ENG31-14689946-n] (a mineral or mineral variety belonging to the amphibole group)

              • nephrite [ENG31-14707756-n] (an amphibole mineral consisting of calcium magnesium silicate in monoclinic crystalline form)
              • actinolite [ENG31-14749396-n] (a green mineral of the amphibole group)
              • anthophyllite [ENG31-14749623-n] (a dark brown mineral of the amphibole group)
              • asbestos [ENG31-14749770-n] (a fibrous amphibole)

                • chrysotile [ENG31-14749988-n] (a grey or green fibrous mineral)
                • tremolite [ENG31-14750120-n] (a white or pale green mineral (calcium magnesium silicate) of the amphibole group used as a form of asbestos)
              • hornblende [ENG31-14750303-n] (a green to black mineral of the amphibole group)
            • amphibole group [ENG31-14690191-n] (a group of minerals with similar crystal structures containing a silicate chain and combinations of chiefly sodium and calcium and magnesium and iron and aluminum)
            • apatite [ENG31-14690689-n] (a common complex mineral consisting of calcium fluoride phosphate or calcium chloride phosphate)

              • fluorapatite [ENG31-14699377-n] (a form of apatite in which fluorine predominates over chlorine)
            • aragonite [ENG31-14690937-n] (a mineral form of crystalline calcium carbonate)
            • argentite [ENG31-14691064-n] (a valuable silver ore consisting of silver sulfide (Ag2S))
            • argyrodite [ENG31-14691360-n] (a rare steel-grey mineral consisting of silver and germanium and sulfur)
            • arsenopyrite [ENG31-14691507-n] (a silver-white or grey ore of arsenic)
            • asphalt [ENG31-14691634-n] (a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation)
            • augite [ENG31-14691829-n] (dark-green to black glassy mineral of the pyroxene group containing large amounts of aluminum and iron and magnesium)
            • baddeleyite [ENG31-14692110-n] (a mineral consisting of zirconium oxide)
            • bastnasite [ENG31-14692226-n] (a yellow-to-brown mineral that is a source of rare earth elements)
            • bauxite [ENG31-14692438-n] (a clay-like mineral)
            • beryl [ENG31-14692700-n] (the chief source of beryllium)

              • aquamarine [ENG31-14791842-n] (a transparent variety of beryl that is blue green in color)
              • emerald [ENG31-14873825-n] (a green transparent form of beryl)
              • morganite [ENG31-14979915-n] (a kind of pink beryl used as a gemstone)
            • borax [ENG31-14693245-n] (an ore of boron consisting of hydrated sodium borate)
            • bornite [ENG31-14693403-n] (a mineral consisting of sulfides of copper and iron that is found in copper deposits)
            • carnallite [ENG31-14693574-n] (a white or reddish mineral consisting of hydrous chlorides of potassium and magnesium)
            • cassiterite [ENG31-14694088-n] (a hard heavy dark mineral that is the chief source of tin)
            • celestite [ENG31-14694222-n] (a mineral consisting of strontium sulphate)
            • cerussite [ENG31-14694339-n] (a mineral consisting of lead carbonate that is an important source of lead)
            • chalcocite [ENG31-14694505-n] (a heavy grey mineral that is an ore of copper)
            • chalcopyrite [ENG31-14694642-n] (a yellow copper ore (CuFeS2) made up of copper and iron sulfide)
            • chlorite [ENG31-14695115-n] (a generally green or black mineral)
            • chromite [ENG31-14695286-n] (a brownish-black mineral)
            • chrysoberyl [ENG31-14695533-n] (a rare hard yellow green mineral consisting of beryllium aluminate in crystal form)

              • alexandrite [ENG31-14739840-n] (a green variety of chrysoberyl used as a gemstone)
            • cinnabar [ENG31-14695748-n] (a heavy reddish mineral consisting of mercuric sulfide)
            • cobaltite [ENG31-14696056-n] (a rare silvery-white mineral)
            • halite [ENG31-14696385-n] (naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride)
            • columbite-tantalite [ENG31-14696534-n] (a valuable black mineral combining niobite and tantalite)
            • cordierite [ENG31-14696705-n] (a blue mineral of magnesium and iron and aluminum and silicon and oxygen)

              • water sapphire [ENG31-15043924-n] (a deep blue cordierite often used as a gemstone)
            • corundom [ENG31-14696878-n] (very hard mineral used as an abrasive)

              • alumina [ENG31-14848114-n] (any of various forms of aluminum oxide occurring naturally as corundum)

                • alundum [ENG31-14848639-n] (a substance made of fused alumina)
              • ruby [ENG31-15032709-n] (a transparent deep red variety of corundum)
              • sapphire [ENG31-15044050-n] (a precious transparent stone of rich blue corundum valued as a gemstone)

                • star sapphire [ENG31-15078270-n] (a sapphire that when cut shows a starlike figure in reflected light because of its crystalline structure)
            • cristobalite [ENG31-14697054-n] (a white mineral consisting of silica)
            • crocolite [ENG31-14697193-n] (a rare lead chromite mineral that forms bright orange crystals)
            • cryolite [ENG31-14697311-n] (a white mineral consisting of fluorides of aluminum and sodium)
            • cuprite [ENG31-14697486-n] (a mineral consisting of cuprous oxide that is a source of copper)
            • dolomite [ENG31-14697908-n] (a light colored mineral consisting of calcium magnesium carbonate)
            • earth color [ENG31-14698139-n] (a colored mineral used as a pigment)

              • sienna [ENG31-14867663-n] (an earth color containing ferric oxides)

                • burnt sienna [ENG31-14867937-n] (a reddish-brown pigment produced by roasting sienna)
                • raw sienna [ENG31-14868047-n] (a yellowish-brown pigment made from untreated sienna)
              • ocher [ENG31-14868156-n] (any of various earths containing silica and alumina and ferric oxide)

                • sinopis [ENG31-14868339-n] (a red ocher formerly used as a pigment)
                • yellow ocher [ENG31-14868451-n] (pigment consisting of a limonite mixed with clay and silica)
              • umber [ENG31-15107996-n] (an earth pigment)

                • raw umber [ENG31-15108100-n] (greenish brown pigment)
                • burnt umber [ENG31-15108178-n] (dark brown pigment obtained by heating umber)
            • emery [ENG31-14698304-n] (a hard grey-black mineral consisting of corundum and either hematite or magnetite)
            • erythrite [ENG31-14698937-n] (a reddish mineral consisting of hydrated cobalt arsenate in monoclinic crystalline form and used in coloring glass)
            • fergusonite [ENG31-14699173-n] (a dark mineral consisting of oxides of yttrium and erbium and tantalum and other minerals)
            • fluorite [ENG31-14699517-n] (a soft mineral (calcium fluoride) that is fluorescent in ultraviolet light)
            • gadolinite [ENG31-14699730-n] (a mineral that is a source of rare earths)
            • galena [ENG31-14700071-n] (soft blue-grey mineral)
            • garnet [ENG31-14700203-n] (any of a group of hard glassy minerals (silicates of various metals) used as gemstones and as an abrasive)

              • almandite [ENG31-14700647-n] (a deep red garnet consisting of iron aluminum silicate)
              • andradite [ENG31-14853434-n] (a garnet consisting of calcium iron silicate and having any color ranging from yellow and green to brown and black)

                • demantoid [ENG31-14853342-n] (a green andradite used as a gemstone)
              • carbuncle [ENG31-14901637-n] (deep-red cabochon garnet cut without facets)
              • cinnamon stone [ENG31-14927617-n] (a garnet ranging in color from yellow to brown)
              • pyrope [ENG31-15024627-n] (a deep red garnet used as a gemstone)
              • rhodolite [ENG31-15025961-n] (a red or pink variety of garnet used as a gemstone)
            • garnierite [ENG31-14700487-n] (a green mineral consisting of hydrated nickel magnesium silicate)
            • germanite [ENG31-14700769-n] (a rare reddish-grey mineral consisting of a copper iron germanium sulfide)
            • gibbsite [ENG31-14701104-n] (white crystalline mineral consisting of aluminum hydroxide)
            • glauconite [ENG31-14701305-n] (a green mineral consisting of hydrated silicate of potassium or iron or magnesium or aluminum)
            • greenockite [ENG31-14701771-n] (ore of cadmium)
            • gypsum [ENG31-14701939-n] (a common white or colorless mineral (hydrated calcium sulphate) used to make cements and plasters (especially plaster of Paris))

              • alabaster [ENG31-14689530-n] (a compact fine-textured, usually white gypsum used for carving)
              • gesso [ENG31-14700917-n] (gypsum or plaster of Paris spread on a surface to make it suitable for painting or gilding (or a surface so prepared))
              • terra alba [ENG31-14928093-n] (finely pulverized gypsum used especially as a pigment)
            • hausmannite [ENG31-14702229-n] (a mineral consisting of manganese tetroxide)
            • heavy spar [ENG31-14702391-n] (a white or colorless mineral (BaSO4))
            • hemimorphite [ENG31-14702567-n] (a white mineral)
            • ilmenite [ENG31-14702712-n] (a weakly magnetic black mineral found in metamorphic and plutonic rocks)
            • jadeite [ENG31-14702923-n] (a hard green mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate in monoclinic crystalline form)
            • kainite [ENG31-14703113-n] (a white mineral consisting of magnesium sulphate and potassium chloride)
            • kaolinite [ENG31-14703308-n] (a mineral consisting of aluminum silicate)
            • kernite [ENG31-14703428-n] (a light soft mineral consisting of hydrated sodium borate in crystalline form)
            • kieserite [ENG31-14703608-n] (a white mineral consisting of hydrous magnesium sulfate often found in salt mines)
            • kyanite [ENG31-14703745-n] (a grey or greenish-blue mineral consisting of aluminum silicate in crystalline form)
            • langbeinite [ENG31-14704043-n] (a mineral consisting of potassium magnesium double sulphate)
            • magnesite [ENG31-14704675-n] (a white mineral consisting of magnesium carbonate)
            • malachite [ENG31-14704822-n] (a green or blue mineral used as an ore of copper and for making ornamental objects)

              • azurite [ENG31-14692016-n] (blue carbonate of copper)
            • maltha [ENG31-14704997-n] (a thick black tar intermediate between petroleum and asphalt)
            • manganite [ENG31-14705261-n] (a black mineral consisting of basic manganese oxide)
            • meerschaum [ENG31-14705606-n] (a white clayey mineral)
            • mica [ENG31-14705716-n] (any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves)

              • biotite [ENG31-14692904-n] (dark brown to black mica found in igneous and metamorphic rock)

                • lepidomelane [ENG31-14704576-n] (a mica that is a biotite containing iron)
              • lepidolite [ENG31-14704422-n] (a mineral of the mica group)
              • muscovite [ENG31-14707246-n] (a colorless or pale brown mica with potassium)

                • damourite [ENG31-14697830-n] (a variety of muscovite)
              • paragonite [ENG31-14713387-n] (a colorless or pale brown mica with sodium)
              • phlogopite [ENG31-14714951-n] (a brown form of mica consisting of hydrous silicate of potassium and magnesium and aluminum)
              • zinnwaldite [ENG31-15133583-n] (a mica containing iron and lithium)
            • millerite [ENG31-14706148-n] (a yellow mineral consisting of nickel sulfide)
            • molybdenite [ENG31-14706630-n] (a mineral resembling graphite that is valued as the chief source of molybdenum and its compounds)
            • monazite [ENG31-14706803-n] (a reddish-brown mineral containing rare earth metals)
            • nepheline [ENG31-14707365-n] (a whitish mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate or potassium aluminum silicate in crystalline form)
            • nephelinite [ENG31-14707608-n] (an igneous rock consisting of nepheline and pyroxene)
            • niobite [ENG31-14708020-n] (a black mineral that is an ore of niobium and tantalum)
            • nitrocalcite [ENG31-14708178-n] (the mineral form of calcium nitrate)
            • olivine [ENG31-14708272-n] (a mineral consisting of magnesium iron silicate)

              • chrysolite [ENG31-14836217-n] (a brown or yellow-green olivine found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and used as a gemstone)

                • peridot [ENG31-15004520-n] (a pale green variety of chrysolite)
            • olivenite [ENG31-14708433-n] (rare green to black mineral consisting of hydrated copper arsenate that is found in copper deposits)
            • opal [ENG31-14712395-n] (a translucent mineral consisting of hydrated silica of variable color)

              • black opal [ENG31-14800845-n] (a dark colored opal with internal reflections of green or red)
              • fire opal [ENG31-14893067-n] (an opal with flaming orange and yellow and red colors)
              • harlequin opal [ENG31-14929758-n] (a reddish opal with small patches of brilliant color)
            • ore [ENG31-14712661-n] (a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined)

              • dressed ore [ENG31-14861676-n] (the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore)
              • iron ore [ENG31-14947596-n] (an ore from which iron can be extracted)

                • goethite [ENG31-14701475-n] (a red or yellow or brown mineral)
                • chamosite [ENG31-14830898-n] (a greenish grey or black silicate of iron and aluminum)
                • taconite [ENG31-14894816-n] (a variety of chert containing magnetite and hematite)
                • hematite [ENG31-14929871-n] (the principal form of iron ore)
                • lepidocrocite [ENG31-14958491-n] (a red to reddish brown mineral consisting of iron oxide hydroxide)
                • limonite [ENG31-14961939-n] (a widely occurring iron oxide ore)
                • magnetite [ENG31-14970052-n] (an oxide of iron that is strongly attracted by magnets)
                • ruddle [ENG31-15032854-n] (a red iron ore used in dyeing and marking)
                • siderite [ENG31-15064394-n] (iron ore in the form of ferrous carbonate)
              • lead ore [ENG31-14957801-n] (ore containing lead)

                • massicot [ENG31-14957893-n] (the mineral form of lead monoxide)
              • pay dirt [ENG31-15002300-n] (ore that yields a substantial profit to the miner)
              • uranium ore [ENG31-15109391-n] (any ore from which uranium can be extracted)

                • carnotite [ENG31-14693838-n] (a yellow radioactive mineral)
                • uraninite [ENG31-15109112-n] (a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and trace amounts of radium and thorium and polonium and lead and helium)
            • orpiment [ENG31-14712992-n] (a yellow mineral occurring in conjunction with realgar)
            • osmiridium [ENG31-14713139-n] (a hard and corrosion resistant mineral that is a natural alloy of osmium and iridium (usually containing small amounts of rhodium and platinum))
            • pentlandite [ENG31-14713833-n] (a mineral (iron and nickel sulphide) that is the chief ore of nickel)
            • periclase [ENG31-14714768-n] (a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase)
            • pinite [ENG31-14715099-n] (grey or green or brown mineral similar to mica and containing aluminum and potassium sulphates)
            • pollucite [ENG31-14715246-n] (a rare mineral that is an important source of cesium)
            • psilomelane [ENG31-14716503-n] (a mineral consisting of hydrated basic oxide of manganese and barium)
            • pyrite [ENG31-14716843-n] (a common mineral (iron disulfide) that has a pale yellow color)
            • pyrolusite [ENG31-14717134-n] (a mineral consisting of manganese dioxide)
            • pyromorphite [ENG31-14717285-n] (a mineral consisting of lead chloride and phosphate)
            • pyrophyllite [ENG31-14717436-n] (a white or greenish aluminum silicate mineral (resembles talc))
            • pyroxene [ENG31-14717557-n] (any of a group of crystalline silicate mineral common in igneous and metamorphic rocks)
            • pyrrhotite [ENG31-14717736-n] (a brownish iron sulfide mineral (FeS) having weak magnetic properties)
            • quartz [ENG31-14717894-n] (a hard glossy mineral consisting of silicon dioxide in crystal form)

              • quartz crystal [ENG31-04039186-n] (a thin plate or small rod of quartz cut along certain lines and ground so that it can produce an electric signal at a constant frequency)
              • rock crystal [ENG31-14718454-n] (a clear quartz used in making electronic and optical equipment)

                • rhinestone [ENG31-14718614-n] (an imitation diamond made from rock crystal or glass or paste)
              • cairngorm [ENG31-14718732-n] (a smoky yellow or brown quartz)
              • amethyst [ENG31-14746750-n] (a transparent purple variety of quartz)
              • chalcedony [ENG31-14830503-n] (a milky or greyish translucent to transparent quartz)

                • agate [ENG31-14732393-n] (an impure form of quartz consisting of banded chalcedony)

                  • moss agate [ENG31-14732574-n] (an agate resembling moss with brown, black, or green markings)
                • bloodstone [ENG31-14805790-n] (green chalcedony with red spots that resemble blood)
                • carnelian [ENG31-14825764-n] (a translucent red or orange variety of chalcedony)
                • chrysoprase [ENG31-14836403-n] (a green variety of chalcedony valued as a gemstone)
                • onyx [ENG31-14994082-n] (a chalcedony with alternating black and white bands)

                  • sardonyx [ENG31-15044539-n] (an onyx characterized by parallel layers of sard and a different colored mineral)
                • plasma [ENG31-15016732-n] (a green slightly translucent variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone)
                • sard [ENG31-15044301-n] (a deep orange-red variety of chalcedony)
              • citrine [ENG31-14837237-n] (semiprecious yellow quartz resembling topaz)
              • rose quartz [ENG31-15030462-n] (a translucent rose-red variety of quartz used for ornaments)
              • sunstone [ENG31-15089127-n] (a translucent quartz spangled with bits of mica or other minerals)

                • goldstone [ENG31-14914008-n] (aventurine spangled densely with fine gold-colored particles)
              • topaz [ENG31-15101090-n] (a yellow quartz)
            • realgar [ENG31-14719071-n] (a rare soft orange mineral consisting of arsenic sulphide)
            • red clay [ENG31-14719230-n] (clay whose redness results from iron oxide)
            • rhodochrosite [ENG31-14720196-n] (a mineral consisting of manganese carbonate)
            • rhodonite [ENG31-14720341-n] (a pink or red mineral consisting of crystalline manganese silicate)
            • rutile [ENG31-15032966-n] (a mineral consisting of titanium dioxide in crystalline form)
            • samarskite [ENG31-15037235-n] (a complex black mineral occurring in pegmatites)
            • sapphirine [ENG31-15037377-n] (a rare light blue or green mineral)
            • scheelite [ENG31-15045361-n] (a mineral used as an ore of tungsten)
            • smaltite [ENG31-15067685-n] (a grey mineral consisting of cobalt arsenide and nickel)
            • sodalite [ENG31-15069215-n] (a vitreous mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate and sodium chloride in crystalline form)
            • spar [ENG31-15073663-n] (any of various nonmetallic minerals (calcite or feldspar) that are light in color and transparent or translucent and cleavable)

              • feldspar [ENG31-14889112-n] (any of a group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium)

                • orthoclase [ENG31-14889372-n] (a white or colored monoclinic feldspar)
                • plagioclase [ENG31-14889467-n] (any of a series of triclinic feldspars that form rocks)

                  • albite [ENG31-14889684-n] (a widely distributed feldspar that forms rocks)
                  • anorthite [ENG31-14889818-n] (rare plagioclastic feldspar occurring in many igneous rocks)
                • moonstone [ENG31-14978961-n] (a transparent or translucent gemstone with a pearly luster)
              • calcite [ENG31-14959889-n] (a common mineral consisting of crystallized calcium carbonate)

                • alabaster [ENG31-14689648-n] (a hard compact kind of calcite)
                • chalk [ENG31-14830768-n] (a soft whitish calcite)
                • Iceland spar [ENG31-14940204-n] (a transparent calcite found in Iceland and used in polarizing microscopes)
            • spinel [ENG31-15075465-n] (a hard glassy mineral consisting of an oxide of magnesium and aluminum)

              • spinel ruby [ENG31-15075696-n] (a spinel used as a gemstone (usually dark red))

                • almandine [ENG31-15075868-n] (a purple variety of the ruby spinel)
                • balas [ENG31-15075959-n] (a pale rose-colored variety of the ruby spinel)
                • rubicelle [ENG31-15076175-n] (a yellow or orange variety of ruby spinel)
              • Ceylonite [ENG31-15076070-n] (a dark-colored spinel containing iron)
            • spodumene [ENG31-15076790-n] (a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminum silicate)

              • kunzite [ENG31-14952318-n] (a pinkish lilac crystal form of the mineral spodumene that is used as a gemstone)
              • hiddenite [ENG31-15076980-n] (a green transparent form of the mineral spodumene used as a gemstone)
            • stannite [ENG31-15078135-n] (a dark grey mineral with a metallic luster that is a source of tin)
            • stibnite [ENG31-15085016-n] (a soft grey mineral)
            • strontianite [ENG31-15086503-n] (a mineral consisting of strontium carbonate)
            • sylvanite [ENG31-15090280-n] (a silver-white mineral consisting of silver gold telluride)
            • sylvite [ENG31-15090495-n] (a mineral consisting of native potassium chloride)
            • talc [ENG31-15090934-n] (a fine grained mineral having a soft soapy feel and consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate)

              • soapstone [ENG31-15068894-n] (a soft heavy compact variety of talc having a soapy feel)
              • French chalk [ENG31-15091233-n] (a soft white compact talc used to mark cloth or to remove grease stains)
              • rensselaerite [ENG31-15091363-n] (a kind of soft talc)
            • tantalite [ENG31-15091942-n] (a mineral consisting of tantalum oxide of iron and manganese that occurs with niobite or in coarse granite)
            • thorite [ENG31-15094933-n] (a radioactive mineral consisting of thorium silicate)
            • thortveitite [ENG31-15095117-n] (a mineral consisting of scandium yttrium silicate)
            • topaz [ENG31-15100916-n] (a mineral (fluosilicate of aluminum) that occurs in crystals of various colors and is used as a gemstone)
            • tourmaline [ENG31-15101186-n] (a mineral that is a complex borosilicate and hydroxide of aluminum containing iron and magnesium and calcium and lithium and sodium)

              • schorl [ENG31-15045472-n] (black tourmaline)
            • tridymite [ENG31-15104124-n] (a mineral form of silica)
            • turquoise [ENG31-15106765-n] (a blue to grey green mineral consisting of copper aluminum phosphate)
            • vanadinite [ENG31-15111506-n] (a mineral consisting of chloride and vanadate of lead)
            • vermiculite [ENG31-15112053-n] (any of a group of yellow or brown hydrous silicate minerals having a micaceous structure)
            • vesuvianite [ENG31-15112471-n] (a green or yellow or brown mineral consisting of a hydrated silicate)
            • wolframite [ENG31-15127793-n] (a mineral consisting of iron and manganese tungstate in crystalline form)
            • wollastonite [ENG31-15128052-n] (a white or greyish mineral typically found in metamorphic limestone)
            • wulfenite [ENG31-15130300-n] (a yellow to orange or brown mineral used as a molybdenum ore)
            • wurtzite [ENG31-15130416-n] (a brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulfide)
            • xenotime [ENG31-15130522-n] (a brown-to-yellow mineral that is a phosphate of yttrium in crystalline form)
            • zeolite [ENG31-15131434-n] (any of a family of glassy minerals analogous to feldspar containing hydrated aluminum silicates of calcium or sodium or potassium)

              • chabazite [ENG31-15131763-n] (a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminum)
              • heulandite [ENG31-15131929-n] (a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous aluminum silicate of sodium and calcium)
              • natrolite [ENG31-15132091-n] (a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of sodium and aluminum)
              • phillipsite [ENG31-15132244-n] (a group of white or reddish crystalline minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium and aluminum)
            • zinc blende [ENG31-15132443-n] (an ore that is the chief source of zinc)
            • zinkenite [ENG31-15133464-n] (a steel grey metallic mineral (a sulphide of lead and antimony))
            • zircon [ENG31-15133694-n] (a common mineral occurring in small crystals)

              • hyacinth [ENG31-14933735-n] (a red transparent variety of zircon used as a gemstone)
              • jargoon [ENG31-14949053-n] (a colorless (or pale yellow or smoky) variety of zircon)
          • rock [ENG31-14720954-n] (material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust)

            • quartzite [ENG31-14718322-n] (hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals)
            • road metal [ENG31-14720851-n] (broken rock used for repairing or making roads)
            • sedimentary rock [ENG31-14722161-n] (rock formed from consolidated clay sediments)

              • argillite [ENG31-14691196-n] (a sedimentary rock differing from shale in being bound by silica and from slate in having no slate cleavages)
              • arenaceous rock [ENG31-14721646-n] (a sedimentary rock composed of sand)

                • sandstone [ENG31-15020108-n] (a sedimentary rock consisting of sand consolidated with some cement (clay or quartz etc.))

                  • firestone [ENG31-09303142-n] (a sandstone that withstands intense heat)
                  • holystone [ENG31-09328135-n] (a soft sandstone used for scrubbing the decks of a ship)
                  • grit [ENG31-14724755-n] (a hard coarse-grained siliceous sandstone)
                  • brownstone [ENG31-14809999-n] (a reddish brown sandstone)
                  • bluestone [ENG31-15020379-n] (bluish-grey sandstone used for paving and building)
                  • greensand [ENG31-15020485-n] (an olive-green sandstone containing glauconite)
                  • siltstone [ENG31-15066761-n] (a fine-grained sandstone of consolidated silt)
              • argillaceous rock [ENG31-14721761-n] (a sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits)
              • rudaceous rock [ENG31-14721869-n] (a sedimentary rock formed of coarse-grained material)

                • breccia [ENG31-14722000-n] (a rudaceous rock consisting of sharp fragments embedded in clay or sand)
              • slate [ENG31-14724323-n] (a fine-grained metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers)
              • limestone [ENG31-14960364-n] (a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals)

                • rottenstone [ENG31-14960612-n] (a weathered and decomposed siliceous limestone)
              • shale [ENG31-15063087-n] (a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay)

                • humic shale [ENG31-15063247-n] (shale that is rich in humic acids)
                • oil shale [ENG31-15063356-n] (shale from which oil can be obtained by heating)
            • sial [ENG31-14722394-n] (the granitelike rocks that form the outermost layer of the earth's crust)
            • sima [ENG31-14722566-n] (rock that form the continuous lower layer of the earth's crust)
            • metamorphic rock [ENG31-14722859-n] (rock altered by pressure and heat)

              • amphibolite [ENG31-14690548-n] (a metamorphic rock composed chiefly of amphibole and plagioclase)
              • marlite [ENG31-14722729-n] (metamorphic rock with approximately the same composition as marl)
              • hornfels [ENG31-14723229-n] (a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the action of heat on clay rocks)
              • gneiss [ENG31-14913422-n] (a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite)
              • schist [ENG31-14913522-n] (any metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers)
            • gravel [ENG31-14723045-n] (rock fragments and pebbles)

              • ballast [ENG31-14723370-n] (coarse gravel laid to form a bed for streets and railroads)
              • bank gravel [ENG31-14723482-n] (gravel as found in natural deposits)
              • shingle [ENG31-14723735-n] (coarse beach gravel of small waterworn stones and pebbles (or a stretch of shore covered with such gravel))
            • caliche [ENG31-14723602-n] (nitrate-bearing rock or gravel of the sodium nitrate deposits of Chile and Peru)
            • shingling [ENG31-14724441-n] ((geology) sediment in which flat pebbles are uniformly tilted in the same direction)
            • pumice [ENG31-14724599-n] (a light glass formed on the surface of some lavas)
            • aphanite [ENG31-14750494-n] (fine-grained homogeneous rock (such as basalt) containing minerals undetectable by the naked eye)
            • claystone [ENG31-14838589-n] (fine-grained rock consisting of compacted clay particles)
            • dolomite [ENG31-14862225-n] (a kind of sedimentary rock resembling marble or limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate)
            • emery stone [ENG31-14874221-n] (a mixture of emery dust and a binder)
            • pudding stone [ENG31-14887182-n] (a composite rock made up of particles of varying size)
            • fieldstone [ENG31-14892267-n] (stone that occurs naturally in fields)
            • greisen [ENG31-14915732-n] (a granitic rock composed of quartz and mica)
            • tufa [ENG31-14955461-n] (a soft porous rock consisting of calcium carbonate deposited from springs rich in lime)
            • magma [ENG31-14955933-n] (molten rock in the earth's crust)
            • igneous rock [ENG31-14956017-n] (rock formed by the solidification of molten magma)

              • andesite [ENG31-14749543-n] (a dark grey volcanic rock)
              • aplite [ENG31-14750663-n] (light-colored and fine-grained granitic rock consisting chiefly of quartz and feldspars)
              • groundmass [ENG31-14915829-n] ((geology) the matrix of fine-grained crystalline material in which larger crystals are embedded)
              • adesite [ENG31-14956360-n] (dark greyish extrusive rock)
              • batholith [ENG31-14956441-n] (large mass of intrusive igneous rock believed to have solidified deep within the earth)

                • granite [ENG31-14914437-n] (plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture)
              • diorite [ENG31-14956692-n] (a granular crystalline intrusive rock)
              • gabbro [ENG31-14956783-n] (one of a family of granular intrusive rocks)
              • pegmatite [ENG31-14956879-n] (a form of igneous rock consisting of extremely coarse granite resulting from the crystallization of magma rich in rare elements)
              • peridotite [ENG31-14957081-n] (a dark coarse-grained igneous rock consisting principally of olivine)

                • kimberlite [ENG31-14957224-n] (a rare type of peridotite that sometimes contains diamonds)
              • rhyolite [ENG31-14957374-n] (very acid volcanic rock)
              • volcanic rock [ENG31-14957452-n] (extrusive igneous rock solidified near or on the surface of the Earth)

                • agglomerate [ENG31-14735808-n] (volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together)
                • amygdaloid [ENG31-14746899-n] (volcanic rock in which rounded cavities formed by expanding gas have subsequently become filled with mineral deposits)
                • dacite [ENG31-14751002-n] (a grey volcanic rock containing plagioclase and quartz and other crystalline minerals)
                • basalt [ENG31-14797183-n] (the commonest type of solidified lava)
                • volcanic glass [ENG31-14904928-n] (a kind of natural glass produced when molten lava cools very rapidly)

                  • obsidian [ENG31-14905111-n] (acid or granitic glass formed by the rapid cooling of lava without crystallization)
                  • pitchstone [ENG31-14905294-n] (dark acid granitic glass)
                  • tachylite [ENG31-14905375-n] (a basic or basalt glass)
                • lava [ENG31-14955127-n] (rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos)

                  • aa [ENG31-14955610-n] (a dry form of lava resembling clinkers)
                  • pahoehoe [ENG31-14955697-n] (freely flowing lava)
                  • pillow lava [ENG31-14955771-n] (lava that hardened in rounded shapes suggestive of pillows)
                • tuff [ENG31-14955350-n] (hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash)
              • porphyry [ENG31-15020962-n] (any igneous rock with crystals embedded in a finer groundmass of minerals)
            • marble [ENG31-14971945-n] (a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish)

              • verd antique [ENG31-14972193-n] (a dark green impure marble)
            • matrix [ENG31-14973365-n] ((geology) a mass of fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, or gems are embedded)
          • adhesive material [ENG31-14726577-n] (a substance that unites or bonds surfaces together)

            • birdlime [ENG31-14726864-n] (a sticky adhesive that is smeared on small branches to capture small birds)
            • spirit gum [ENG31-14728489-n] (an adhesive solution made of gum and ether and used to attach false hair to skin)
            • binder [ENG31-14728626-n] (something used to bind separate particles together or facilitate adhesion to a surface)
            • cement [ENG31-14728801-n] (something that hardens to act as adhesive material)

              • glue [ENG31-14727036-n] (cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive)

                • animal glue [ENG31-14727351-n] (a protein gelatin obtained by boiling e.g. skins and hoofs of cattle and horses)
                • casein glue [ENG31-14727506-n] (made from casein)
                • fish glue [ENG31-14727727-n] (gelatinous substance obtained by boiling skins fins and bones of fish)
                • marine glue [ENG31-14727870-n] (glue that is not water soluble)
              • putty [ENG31-14727958-n] (a dough-like mixture of whiting and boiled linseed oil)
              • iron putty [ENG31-14728160-n] (a cement resembling putty)
              • red-lead putty [ENG31-14728313-n] (a cement resembling putty)
              • mastic [ENG31-14729012-n] (a pasty cement used as an adhesive or filler)
            • paste [ENG31-14729127-n] (an adhesive made from water and flour or starch)

              • wafer [ENG31-14729344-n] (a small adhesive disk of paste)
            • rubber cement [ENG31-14729547-n] (an adhesive made by dissolving unvulcanized rubber in a solvent like benzene or naphtha)
          • sealing material [ENG31-14729694-n] (any substance used to seal joints or fill cracks in a porous surface)

            • sealant [ENG31-14729879-n] (a kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface))

              • caulk [ENG31-15039263-n] (a waterproof filler and sealant that is used in building and repair to make watertight)
            • filler [ENG31-14730187-n] (used for filling cracks or holes in a surface)

              • size [ENG31-14730533-n] (any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics)
              • stiffener [ENG31-15085392-n] (material used for stiffening something)
            • lute [ENG31-14730375-n] (a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid)
          • animal material [ENG31-14779983-n] (material derived from animals)

            • animal product [ENG31-14724906-n] (a product made from animal material)

              • ambergris [ENG31-14725146-n] (waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore)
              • lac [ENG31-14725304-n] (resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects)

                • garnet lac [ENG31-14725573-n] (lac refined by treating with solvent)
                • gum-lac [ENG31-14725682-n] (an inferior lac produced by lac insects in Madagascar)
                • shellac [ENG31-14725789-n] (lac purified by heating and filtering)
                • stick lac [ENG31-14726110-n] (lac in its natural state as scraped off twigs and dried)
                • seed lac [ENG31-14726278-n] (granular material obtained from stick lac by crushing and washing)
              • Sonora lac [ENG31-14726417-n] (resembling lac)
              • animal skin [ENG31-14783021-n] (the outer covering of an animal)

                • parchment [ENG31-14783182-n] (skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on)

                  • vellum [ENG31-14783326-n] (fine parchment prepared from the skin of a young animal e.g. a calf or lamb)
                • hide [ENG31-14783454-n] (the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal))

                  • cowhide [ENG31-14783623-n] (the hide of a cow)
                  • goatskin [ENG31-14783694-n] (the hide of a goat)
                  • rawhide [ENG31-14783767-n] (untanned hide especially of cattle)
                • leather [ENG31-14783901-n] (an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning)

                  • grain [ENG31-14784518-n] (the side of leather from which the hair has been removed)
                  • alligator [ENG31-14784626-n] (leather made from alligator's hide)
                  • buckskin [ENG31-14784734-n] (a soft yellowish suede leather originally from deerskin but now usually from sheepskin)
                  • buff [ENG31-14784875-n] (a soft thick undyed leather from the skins of e.g. buffalo or oxen)
                  • ooze leather [ENG31-14784992-n] (a very soft leather made from the skins of calves and having a suede finish on the flesh side)
                  • Russia leather [ENG31-14785144-n] (a smooth leather tanned with willow, birch, or oak, and scented on the flesh side with birch oil)
                  • calf [ENG31-14785513-n] (fine leather from the skin of a calf)

                    • box calf [ENG31-14808760-n] (black calfskin leather tanned with chromium salts)
                  • white leather [ENG31-14785629-n] (a leather that has been treated with alum and/or salt)
                  • chamois [ENG31-14785985-n] (a soft suede leather formerly from the skin of the chamois antelope but now from sheepskin)

                    • wash leather [ENG31-14786217-n] (piece of chamois used for cleaning and polishing)
                  • cordovan [ENG31-14786324-n] (a fine leather originally made in Cordoba, Spain)
                  • cowhide [ENG31-14786427-n] (leather made from the hide of a cow)
                  • crushed leather [ENG31-14786545-n] (leather that has had its grain pattern accentuated)
                  • deerskin [ENG31-14786665-n] (leather from the hide of a deer)
                  • doeskin [ENG31-14786751-n] (soft leather from deerskin or lambskin)
                  • glove leather [ENG31-14786843-n] (leather suitable for making gloves)
                  • horsehide [ENG31-14786937-n] (leather from the hide of a horse)
                  • kid [ENG31-14787025-n] (soft smooth leather from the hide of a young goat)
                  • mocha [ENG31-14787148-n] (soft suede glove leather from goatskin)
                  • morocco [ENG31-14787238-n] (a soft pebble-grained leather made from goatskin)

                    • Levant [ENG31-14787397-n] (a heavy morocco often used in bookbinding)
                  • patent leather [ENG31-14787508-n] (leather with a hard glossy surface)
                  • pigskin [ENG31-14787603-n] (leather from the skin of swine)
                  • sheepskin [ENG31-14787687-n] (tanned skin of a sheep with the fleece left on)

                    • Golden Fleece [ENG31-14787853-n] (in Greek mythology, a fleece of gold owned by the king of Colchis and guarded in a sacred grove by a dragon)
                  • shoe leather [ENG31-14788058-n] (leather used to make shoes)
                  • suede [ENG31-14788143-n] (leather with a napped surface)
                  • roan [ENG31-15039412-n] (a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco)
                • fur [ENG31-14788240-n] (the dressed hairy coat of a mammal)

                  • astrakhan [ENG31-14788619-n] (the fur of young lambs)
                  • bearskin [ENG31-14788697-n] (the pelt of a bear (sometimes used as a rug))
                  • beaver [ENG31-14788796-n] (the soft brown fur of the beaver)
                  • chinchilla [ENG31-14788894-n] (the expensive silvery grey fur of the chinchilla)
                  • ermine [ENG31-14788999-n] (the expensive white fur of the ermine)
                  • fox [ENG31-14789089-n] (the grey or reddish-brown fur of a fox)
                  • lambskin [ENG31-14789195-n] (the skin of a lamb with the wool still on)

                    • broadtail [ENG31-14789327-n] (the fur of a very young karakul lamb)
                    • Persian lamb [ENG31-14789419-n] (the fur of a karakul lamb)
                  • lapin [ENG31-14789503-n] (the fur of a rabbit)
                  • leopard [ENG31-14789601-n] (the pelt of a leopard)
                  • mink [ENG31-14789676-n] (the expensive fur of a mink)
                  • muskrat [ENG31-14789754-n] (the brown fur of a muskrat)

                    • hudson seal [ENG31-14789866-n] (muskrat fur dressed to simulate sealskin)
                  • otter [ENG31-14789964-n] (the fur of an otter)
                  • raccoon [ENG31-14790035-n] (the fur of the North American racoon)
                  • sable [ENG31-14790125-n] (the expensive dark brown fur of the marten)
                  • seal [ENG31-14790219-n] (the pelt or fur (especially the underfur) of a seal)
                  • squirrel [ENG31-14790368-n] (the fur of a squirrel)
              • animal fiber [ENG31-14983611-n] (fiber derived from animals)

                • horsehair [ENG31-14932735-n] (hair taken from the mane or tail of a horse)
                • silk [ENG31-15066478-n] (animal fibers produced by silkworms and other larvae that spin cocoons and by most spiders)
                • wool [ENG31-15128784-n] (fiber sheared from animals (such as sheep) and twisted into yarn for weaving)

                  • Shetland wool [ENG31-15063902-n] (a wool obtained from sheep of the Shetland islands)
                  • raw wool [ENG31-15129055-n] (wool in its natural condition)
                  • alpaca [ENG31-15129165-n] (wool of the alpaca)
                  • cashmere [ENG31-15129236-n] (the wool of the Kashmir goat)
                  • fleece [ENG31-15129319-n] (the wool of a sheep or similar animal)
                  • shoddy [ENG31-15129427-n] (reclaimed wool fiber)
                  • vicuna [ENG31-15129500-n] (the wool of the vicuna)
                  • virgin wool [ENG31-15129575-n] (wool not used before)
            • dentine [ENG31-14781561-n] (a calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth)

              • ivory [ENG31-14781726-n] (a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses)
            • bone [ENG31-14782027-n] (the porous calcified substance from which bones are made)
            • horn [ENG31-14782206-n] (the material (mostly keratin) that covers the horns of ungulates and forms hooves and claws and nails)

              • whalebone [ENG31-14782431-n] (a horny material from the upper jaws of certain whales)
              • tortoiseshell [ENG31-14782599-n] (the mottled horny substance of the shell of some turtles)
            • shell [ENG31-14782715-n] (the material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals)

              • mother-of-pearl [ENG31-14782885-n] (the iridescent internal layer of a mollusk shell)
          • fluff [ENG31-14781933-n] (any light downy material)
          • bimetal [ENG31-14800396-n] (material made by bonding together sheets of two different metals)
          • abrasive [ENG31-14823414-n] (a substance that abrades or wears down)

            • carborundum [ENG31-14823646-n] (an abrasive composed of silicon carbide crystals)
            • steel wool [ENG31-14827748-n] (a mass of woven steel fibers used as an abrasive)
            • emery cloth [ENG31-14873959-n] (cloth covered with powdered emery)
            • emery paper [ENG31-14874050-n] (stiff paper coated with powdered emery or sand)
          • chemical [ENG31-14831008-n] (material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules)

            • explosive [ENG31-03309675-n] (a chemical substance that undergoes a rapid chemical change (with the production of gas) on being heated or struck)

              • charge [ENG31-03011879-n] (a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time)

                • shot [ENG31-04213050-n] (an explosive charge used in blasting)
                • undercharge [ENG31-04514904-n] (an insufficient charge)
                • rocket fuel [ENG31-14716187-n] (an explosive charge that propels a rocket)
              • explosive compound [ENG31-03310080-n] (a compound that is explosive)

                • cordite [ENG31-03111803-n] (explosive powder (nitroglycerin and guncotton and petrolatum) dissolved in acetone and dried and extruded in brown cords)
                • dynamite [ENG31-03264996-n] (an explosive containing nitrate sensitized with nitroglycerin absorbed on wood pulp)

                  • gelignite [ENG31-03437706-n] (a type of dynamite in which the nitroglycerin is absorbed in a base of wood pulp and sodium or potassium nitrate)
                • plastic explosive [ENG31-03964742-n] (an explosive material that is easily molded around the object it is intended to destroy)
                • TNT [ENG31-04449277-n] (explosive consisting of a yellow crystalline compound that is a flammable toxic derivative of toluene)
              • explosive mixture [ENG31-03310789-n] (a mixture that is explosive)

                • blasting gelatin [ENG31-02853456-n] (mixture of guncotton with nitroglycerin)
              • propellant explosive [ENG31-04017985-n] (an explosive that is used to propel projectiles from guns or to propel rockets and missiles or to launch torpedos and depth charges)
              • warhead [ENG31-04558661-n] (the front part of a guided missile or rocket or torpedo that carries the nuclear or explosive charge or the chemical or biological agents)

                • atomic warhead [ENG31-02756886-n] (the warhead of a missile designed to deliver an atom bomb)
              • hydrazoic acid [ENG31-14636942-n] (a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling)
              • low explosive [ENG31-14877579-n] (an explosive with a low rate of combustion)

                • firework [ENG31-03353300-n] ((usually plural) a device with an explosive that burns at a low rate and with colored flames)

                  • catherine wheel [ENG31-02987783-n] (a circular firework that spins round and round emitting colored fire)
                  • firecracker [ENG31-03349961-n] (firework consisting of a small explosive charge and fuse in a heavy paper casing)

                    • cannon cracker [ENG31-02954526-n] (a large firecracker)
                    • cherry bomb [ENG31-03017858-n] (a red ball-shaped firecracker with high explosive power)
                    • whizbang [ENG31-04588548-n] (a firecracker that (like the whizbang shell) makes a whizzing sound followed by a loud explosion)
                  • fizgig [ENG31-03359662-n] (a firework that fizzes as it moves)
                  • maroon [ENG31-03728545-n] (an exploding firework used as a warning signal)
                  • Roman candle [ENG31-04111735-n] (a cylindrical firework that projects a series of colored balls of fire)
                  • serpent [ENG31-04181657-n] (a firework that moves in serpentine manner when ignited)
                  • skyrocket [ENG31-04240011-n] (sends a firework display high into the sky)
                  • sparkler [ENG31-04276079-n] (a firework that burns slowly and throws out a shower of sparks)
                  • squib [ENG31-04300588-n] (firework consisting of a tube filled with powder (as a broken firecracker) that burns with a fizzing noise)
                  • torpedo [ENG31-04464199-n] (a small firework that consists of a percussion cap and some gravel wrapped in paper)
              • gunpowder [ENG31-15040881-n] (a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks)
              • smokeless powder [ENG31-15041070-n] (an explosive (trade name Ballistite) that burns with relatively little smoke)
              • tetryl [ENG31-15094151-n] (a yellow crystalline explosive solid that is used in detonators)
            • reactant [ENG31-14718926-n] (a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction)
            • Alar [ENG31-14732692-n] (a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time)
            • carrier [ENG31-14751332-n] (an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction)
            • bactericide [ENG31-14796346-n] (any chemical agent that destroys bacteria)
            • carbon tetrahalide [ENG31-14822501-n] (compounds composed of 1 carbon and 4 halogen molecules)
            • congener [ENG31-14825012-n] (a minor chemical constituent that gives a wine or liquor its distinctive character)
            • compound [ENG31-14842408-n] ((chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight)

              • vanillin [ENG31-12107549-n] (a crystalline compound found in vanilla beans and some balsam resins)
              • acceptor [ENG31-14608023-n] ((chemistry) in the formation of a coordinate bond it is the compound to which electrons are donated)
              • adduct [ENG31-14608196-n] (a compound formed by an addition reaction)
              • antiknock [ENG31-14609403-n] (any of various compounds that are added to gasoline to reduce engine knocking)

                • tetraethyl lead [ENG31-14624537-n] (a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking)
              • acid [ENG31-14631699-n] (any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt)

                • alkapton [ENG31-14609228-n] (an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine)
                • arsenic acid [ENG31-14634525-n] (an acid formed from arsenic pentoxide)
                • cerotic acid [ENG31-14634726-n] (a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax))
                • chloric acid [ENG31-14634960-n] ((HClO3) a strong unstable acid with an acrid odor found in chlorate salts)
                • chlorous acid [ENG31-14635092-n] ((HClO2) a strongly oxidizing acid)
                • monobasic acid [ENG31-14635209-n] (an acid containing only one replaceable hydrogen atom per molecule)
                • dibasic acid [ENG31-14635336-n] (an acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule)
                • tribasic acid [ENG31-14635575-n] (an acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule)
                • tetrabasic acid [ENG31-14635857-n] (an acid containing four replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule)
                • fulminic acid [ENG31-14635982-n] ((CNOH) an unstable acid occurring mainly in the form of explosive salts and esters that is isomeric with cyanic acid)
                • gamma acid [ENG31-14636158-n] (a crystalline acid used to make azo dyes)
                • hydriodic acid [ENG31-14637150-n] ((HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide)
                • hydrocyanic acid [ENG31-14637821-n] (a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water)
                • hydroxy acid [ENG31-14638100-n] (any acid that has hydroxyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group in the acid itself)

                  • hydroxybenzoic acid [ENG31-14638317-n] (a crystalline derivative of benzoic acid)
                  • juniperic acid [ENG31-14638922-n] (a crystalline acid found in the exudations of some conifers)
                  • salicylic acid [ENG31-15034605-n] (a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste)
                  • tartaric acid [ENG31-15092143-n] (an acid found in many fruits)

                    • racemic acid [ENG31-15092306-n] (the optically inactive form of tartaric acid that is often found in grape juice)
                • hyponitrous acid [ENG31-14638556-n] (an explosive white crystalline weak acid (H2N2O2))
                • lysergic acid [ENG31-14639042-n] (a crystalline acid often used in medical research)
                • manganic acid [ENG31-14639184-n] (a dibasic acid (H2MnO4) found only in solution and in manganate salts)
                • methacrylic acid [ENG31-14640000-n] (an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics)
                • selenic acid [ENG31-14640251-n] (a strong acid (H2SeO4) analogous to sulfuric acid)
                • sulfonic acid [ENG31-14640686-n] (an acid derived from sulphuric acid)
                • titanic acid [ENG31-14640798-n] (a white weak acid that is a hydrated form of titanium dioxide)
                • perchloric acid [ENG31-14708851-n] (a powerful oxidizing agent)
                • carboxylic acid [ENG31-14763539-n] (an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups)

                  • acetic acid [ENG31-14623348-n] (a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals)

                    • acetum [ENG31-14623821-n] (a dilute solution of acetic acid that is used as a solvent (e.g. for a drug))
                    • trichloroacetic acid [ENG31-15103877-n] (a strong acid made by chlorinating acetic acid)
                    • vinegar [ENG31-15112678-n] (dilute acetic acid)
                  • hexanedioic acid [ENG31-14636495-n] (a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon)
                  • mucic acid [ENG31-14640149-n] (a solid acid (C6H10O8) found in milk or sugar)
                  • suberic acid [ENG31-14640359-n] (a dicarboxylic acid found in cork)
                  • succinic acid [ENG31-14640470-n] (a dicarboxylic acid (C4H6O4) active in metabolic processes)
                  • saccharic acid [ENG31-14763913-n] (a white dicarboxylic acid formed from oxidation of sugar or starch)
                  • sebacic acid [ENG31-14764040-n] (a dicarboxylic acid used to make resins)
                  • sorbic acid [ENG31-14764157-n] (a white crystalline carboxylic acid used as a preservative)
                  • valeric acid [ENG31-14764273-n] (a clear liquid carboxylic acid used in perfumes and drugs)
                  • fatty acid [ENG31-14764406-n] (any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis)

                    • saturated fatty acid [ENG31-14764766-n] (a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms)

                      • margaric acid [ENG31-14766655-n] (a colorless crystalline synthetic fatty acid)
                      • butyric acid [ENG31-14812502-n] (an unpleasant smelling fatty acid found especially in butter)

                        • hydroxybutyric acid [ENG31-14951589-n] (hydroxy derivative of butyric acid)

                          • beta-hydroxybutyric acid [ENG31-14951388-n] (beta derivative of hydroxybutyric acid that is found in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism)
                      • capric acid [ENG31-14816000-n] (a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats)
                      • caproic acid [ENG31-14816158-n] (a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats or made synthetically)
                      • caprylic acid [ENG31-14816316-n] (a fatty acid having a rancid taste)
                      • lauric acid [ENG31-14954614-n] (a crystalline fatty acid occurring as glycerides in natural fats and oils (especially coconut oil and palm-kernel oil))
                      • myristic acid [ENG31-14982241-n] (a saturated fatty acid occurring naturally in animal and vegetable fats)
                      • palmitic acid [ENG31-14997862-n] (a saturated fatty acid that is the major fat in meat and dairy products)
                      • stearic acid [ENG31-15081505-n] (a waxy saturated fatty acid)
                    • unsaturated fatty acid [ENG31-14765094-n] (a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms)

                      • monounsaturated fatty acid [ENG31-14765653-n] (an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has one double or triple valence bond per molecule)

                        • elaidic acid [ENG31-14864512-n] (a monounsaturated fatty acid that has the same structure as oleic acid except that it is a trans fatty acid)
                        • oleic acid [ENG31-14992914-n] (a colorless oily liquid occurring as a glyceride)
                      • polyunsaturated fatty acid [ENG31-14765909-n] (an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has more than one double or triple valence bond per molecule)

                        • omega-3 fatty acid [ENG31-14766207-n] (a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning)

                          • alpha-linolenic acid [ENG31-14633621-n] (a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms)
                          • docosahexaenoic acid [ENG31-14862070-n] (an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms)
                          • eicosapentaenoic acid [ENG31-14871824-n] (an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms)
                        • omega-6 fatty acid [ENG31-14766450-n] (a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond six carbons from the beginning)

                          • linolenic acid [ENG31-14962337-n] (a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid that occurs in some plant oils)
                        • linoleic acid [ENG31-14962081-n] (a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid abundant in plant fats and oils)
                      • ricinoleic acid [ENG31-14766780-n] (an oily fatty acid found in castor oil and used in soap)
                      • eleostearic acid [ENG31-14871980-n] (a crystalline unsaturated fatty acid)
                    • trans fatty acid [ENG31-14765303-n] (a fatty acid that has been produced by hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid (and so changing its shape))
                  • benzoic acid [ENG31-14799480-n] (a white crystalline solid occurring in many resins)
                  • propionic acid [ENG31-14886904-n] (a liquid fatty acid found in milk and sweat and in fuel distillates)
                  • lactic acid [ENG31-14953200-n] (a clear odorless hygroscopic syrupy carboxylic acid found in sour milk and in many fruits)
                  • propenoic acid [ENG31-15023089-n] (an unsaturated liquid carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of acrylic resins)
                • aminobenzoic acid [ENG31-14767468-n] (a derivative of benzoic acid)
                • nitric acid [ENG31-14790711-n] (acid used especially in the production of fertilizers and explosives and rocket fuels)
                • nitrous acid [ENG31-14790904-n] (an unstable inorganic acid known only in solution and as nitrite salts)
                • aqua regia [ENG31-14791656-n] (a yellow fuming corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that dissolves metals (including gold))
                • barbituric acid [ENG31-14796877-n] (a white crystalline acid derived from pyrimidine)
                • lansoprazole [ENG31-14801436-n] (antacid (trade name Prevacid) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach)
                • boric acid [ENG31-14807829-n] (any of various acids containing boron and oxygen)

                  • perboric acid [ENG31-15003611-n] (a form of boric acid)
                • boric acid [ENG31-14807967-n] (a white or colorless slightly acid solid that is soluble in water and ethanol)
                • bromic acid [ENG31-14809683-n] (an unstable acid used as an oxidizing agent)
                • carbamic acid [ENG31-14816559-n] (an acid that is known only by virtue of its salts (as ammonium carbamate) or its esters (as urethane))
                • carbolic acid [ENG31-14820243-n] (a toxic white soluble crystalline acidic derivative of benzene)
                • carbonic acid [ENG31-14823254-n] (a weak acid known only in solution)
                • chromic acid [ENG31-14835876-n] (an unstable acid known only in solution and as chromate salts)
                • citric acid [ENG31-14837042-n] (a weak water-soluble acid found in many fruits (especially citrus fruits))
                • cyanamide [ENG31-14850652-n] (a weak soluble dibasic acid (the parent acid of cyanamide salts))
                • cyanic acid [ENG31-14850783-n] (a colorless poisonous volatile liquid acid that hydrolyzes readily to ammonia and carbon dioxide)
                • cyanuric acid [ENG31-14851850-n] (a trimer of cyanic acid)
                • ferricyanic acid [ENG31-14890085-n] (a brown unstable acid formed from ferricyanide)
                • ferrocyanic acid [ENG31-14890641-n] (a white unstable acid formed from ferrocyanide salts)
                • fluoroboric acid [ENG31-14895942-n] (an acid of fluorine and boron)
                • fluosilicic acid [ENG31-14896559-n] (an unstable poisonous corrosive acid known primarily in the form of its salts)
                • formic acid [ENG31-14897495-n] (a colorless pungent fuming vesicatory liquid acid HCOOH found naturally in ants and many plants or made catalytically from carbon monoxide and steam)
                • fumaric acid [ENG31-14900217-n] (a colorless crystalline acid with a fruity taste)
                • gallic acid [ENG31-14901144-n] (a colorless crystalline acid obtained from tannin)
                • glyceric acid [ENG31-14909114-n] (a syrupy acid obtained by oxidation of glycerol or glyceraldehyde)
                • glycolic acid [ENG31-14912275-n] (a translucent crystalline compound found in sugar cane and sugar beets and unripe grapes)
                • hydrobromic acid [ENG31-14935077-n] (an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide that is a strong liquid acid)
                • hydrochloric acid [ENG31-14936538-n] (an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride)

                  • muriatic acid [ENG31-14981196-n] (a former name for hydrochloric acid)
                • hydrogen chloride [ENG31-14936991-n] (a colorless corrosive gas (HCl))
                • hydrofluoric acid [ENG31-14937287-n] (a weak poisonous liquid acid)
                • hydroiodic acid [ENG31-14937554-n] (an acid formed by aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide)
                • hypochlorous acid [ENG31-14938165-n] (a weak unstable acid known only in solution and in its salts)
                • iodic acid [ENG31-14946390-n] (a soluble crystalline acid)
                • isocyanic acid [ENG31-14948100-n] (an acid known only in the form of its esters)
                • itaconic acid [ENG31-14948611-n] (a crystalline carboxylic acid)
                • maleic acid [ENG31-14970562-n] (a colorless crystalline compound found in unripe fruit (such as apples or tomatoes or cherries) and used mainly to make polyester resins)
                • oxalacetic acid [ENG31-14995311-n] (an acid formed by oxidation of maleic acid (as in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates))
                • oxalic acid [ENG31-14995581-n] (a toxic colorless crystalline organic acid found in oxalis and other plants)
                • oxyacid [ENG31-14996918-n] (any acid that contains oxygen)

                  • hypophosphoric acid [ENG31-14638668-n] (a crystalline tetrabasic acid (H4P2O6))
                  • hypophosphorous acid [ENG31-14638772-n] (a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2))
                  • polyphosphoric acid [ENG31-14639442-n] (a series of oxyacids of phosphorus)

                    • metaphosphoric acid [ENG31-14639313-n] (a glassy solid acid ([HPO3]n) often used as a dehydrating agent)
                    • pyrophosphoric acid [ENG31-14639780-n] (a solid acid formed by reactions of orthophosphoric acid)
                  • periodic acid [ENG31-14997141-n] (any acid of iodine that contains oxygen)
                  • phosphoric acid [ENG31-15007466-n] (an acid used in fertilizers and soaps: H3PO4)
                  • tungstic acid [ENG31-15106603-n] (an oxyacid of tungsten (often polymeric in nature) formed by neutralizing alkaline tungstate solutions)
                  • vanadium pentoxide [ENG31-15111657-n] (any of various oxyacids of vanadium)
                • pantothenic acid [ENG31-14998144-n] (a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids)
                • para aminobenzoic acid [ENG31-14998524-n] (a metabolic acid found in yeast and liver cells)
                • pectic acid [ENG31-15002673-n] (a complex acid that occurs in ripe fruit and some vegetables)
                • permanganic acid [ENG31-15004147-n] (an unstable purple acid (HMnO4) known only in solution or of permanganate salts)
                • phthalic acid [ENG31-15007595-n] (a colorless acid used to make dyes and perfumes)
                • picric acid [ENG31-15007885-n] (a yellow toxic highly explosive strong acid)
                • pyruvic acid [ENG31-15024901-n] (a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation)
                • dichromic acid [ENG31-15038144-n] (the hypothetical acid (H2Cr2O7) from which dichromates are derived)
                • silicic acid [ENG31-15064502-n] (a jellylike substance (hydrated silica))
                • sulfanilic acid [ENG31-15087925-n] (a crystalline acid made from aniline and used as a dye)
                • thiocyanic acid [ENG31-15094801-n] (an unstable acid that can be obtained by distilling a thiocyanate salt)
                • toluic acid [ENG31-15100163-n] (an isomeric acid derived from toluene)
                • triphosphoric acid [ENG31-15104949-n] (an acid that is a partial anhydride of three molecules of phosphoric acid)
                • undecylenic acid [ENG31-15108280-n] (an acid that is a component of perspiration)
                • uric acid [ENG31-15110249-n] (a white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism)
                • vitriol [ENG31-15118049-n] ((H2SO4) a highly corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxide)

                  • battery acid [ENG31-14798026-n] (dilute sulfuric acid used in storage batteries)
                • xanthic acid [ENG31-15137499-n] (any of a class of unstable organic acids containing sulphur)
              • arsenide [ENG31-14634621-n] (a compound of arsenic with a more positive element)
              • hydrogen cyanide [ENG31-14637546-n] (a highly poisonous gas or volatile liquid that smells like bitter almonds)
              • anionic compound [ENG31-14642122-n] (a compound characterized by an active anion)
              • base [ENG31-14642431-n] (any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water)

                • pyridine [ENG31-14716671-n] (a toxic colorless flammable liquid organic base with a disagreeable odor)

                  • triphosphopyridine [ENG31-15104735-n] (a pyridine ring with three phosphorus groups)
                • purine [ENG31-14730735-n] (a colorless crystalline organic base containing nitrogen)
                • purine [ENG31-14730910-n] (any of several bases that are derivatives of purine)

                  • adenine [ENG31-14731050-n] ((biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA)
                  • guanine [ENG31-14916289-n] (a purine base found in DNA and RNA)
                • imidazole [ENG31-14940821-n] (an organic base C3H4N2)
                • melamine [ENG31-14973885-n] (a white crystalline organic base)
                • pyrimidine [ENG31-15024480-n] (any of several basic compounds derived from pyrimidine)

                  • cytosine [ENG31-14852681-n] (a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine)
                  • thymine [ENG31-15097424-n] (a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine)
              • binary compound [ENG31-14643012-n] (chemical compound composed of only two elements)

                • sodium chloride [ENG31-14696184-n] (a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl))
                • ammonia [ENG31-14767761-n] (a pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3))

                  • ammonium [ENG31-14768299-n] (the ion NH4 derived from ammonia)
                • calcium carbide [ENG31-14813257-n] (a grey salt of calcium (CaC) used in making acetylene)
                • water [ENG31-14869913-n] (binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid)

                  • tap water [ENG31-07952417-n] (water directly from the spigot)
                  • bath water [ENG31-14797948-n] (water used for a bath)
                  • dishwater [ENG31-14861021-n] (water in which dishes and cooking utensils are washed)
                  • distilled water [ENG31-14861428-n] (water that has been purified by distillation)
                  • holy water [ENG31-14870687-n] (water that has been blessed by a priest for use in symbolic purification)
                  • ground water [ENG31-14871673-n] (underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks)
                  • hard water [ENG31-14929573-n] (water that contains mineral salts (as calcium and magnesium ions) that limit the formation of lather with soap)
                  • limewater [ENG31-14961231-n] (solution of calcium hydroxide in water used as an antacid)
                  • meltwater [ENG31-14974194-n] (melted snow or ice)
                  • seawater [ENG31-15033414-n] (water containing salts)

                    • red tide [ENG31-15028063-n] (seawater that is discolored by large numbers of certain dinoflagellates that produce saxitoxin)
                  • fresh water [ENG31-15033893-n] (water that is not salty)

                    • rain [ENG31-15033174-n] (drops of fresh water that fall as precipitation from clouds)
                    • condensate [ENG31-15033332-n] (a product of condensation)
                  • slush [ENG31-15067875-n] (partially melted snow)
                  • soft water [ENG31-15071283-n] (water that is not hard (does not contain mineral salts that interfere with the formation of lather with soap))
                  • bilge [ENG31-15084364-n] (water accumulated in the bilge of a ship)
                  • water of crystallization [ENG31-15118703-n] (the water present in hydrated compounds)
                • hydride [ENG31-14934899-n] (any binary compound formed by the union of hydrogen and other elements)

                  • calcium hydride [ENG31-14961504-n] (a saltlike binary compound (CaH2) used as a reducing agent and source of hydrogen)
                  • sodium hydride [ENG31-15069946-n] (a flammable grey crystalline binary compound (NaH))
              • taurine [ENG31-14681105-n] (a colorless crystalline substance obtained from the bile of mammals)
              • chromogen [ENG31-14695414-n] (a compound that can be converted to a pigment)

                • urobilinogen [ENG31-14780933-n] (a chromogen formed in the intestine from the breakdown of bilirubin)
              • manganese tetroxide [ENG31-14705124-n] (an oxide of manganese found naturally as hausmannite)
              • monomer [ENG31-14707124-n] (a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers)
              • ozonide [ENG31-14708588-n] (any of a class of unstable chemical compounds resulting from the addition of ozone to a double bond in an unsaturated compound)
              • organic compound [ENG31-14751849-n] (any compound of carbon and another element or a radical)

                • aldehyde [ENG31-14608945-n] (any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds)

                  • paraldehyde [ENG31-14713486-n] (a colorless liquid (a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde) that is used as a sedative and a solvent)
                  • acetaldehyde [ENG31-14735169-n] (a colorless volatile water-soluble liquid aldehyde used chiefly in the manufacture of acetic acid and perfumes and drugs)
                  • formaldehyde [ENG31-14897347-n] (a colorless poisonous gas)
                  • furfural [ENG31-14900624-n] (a liquid aldehyde with a penetrating odor)
                  • glyceraldehyde [ENG31-14908971-n] (a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars)
                  • propanal [ENG31-15022609-n] (a colorless liquid aldehyde)
                  • propenal [ENG31-15022857-n] (a pungent colorless unsaturated liquid aldehyde made from propene)
                • aliphatic compound [ENG31-14625472-n] (organic compound that is an alkane or alkene or alkyne or their derivative)

                  • acetylene [ENG31-14624920-n] (a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis)
                  • alicyclic compound [ENG31-14625356-n] (an aliphatic compound that contains a ring of atoms)
                  • alkene [ENG31-14737281-n] (any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon)

                    • ethylene [ENG31-14875344-n] (a flammable colorless gaseous alkene)

                      • trichloroethylene [ENG31-14875601-n] (a heavy colorless highly toxic liquid used as a solvent to clean electronic components and for dry cleaning and as a fumigant)
                  • methane series [ENG31-14975516-n] (a series of non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n+2))

                    • butane [ENG31-14709178-n] (occurs in natural gas)
                    • amine [ENG31-14763183-n] (a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals)

                      • histamine [ENG31-05422067-n] (amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels)
                      • aniline [ENG31-14778684-n] (oily poisonous liquid amine obtained from nitrobenzene and used to make dyes and plastics and medicines)
                      • enamine [ENG31-14907812-n] (an amine containing the double bond linkage -C=C-N-)
                      • monoamine [ENG31-14977952-n] (a molecule containing one amine group (especially one that is a neurotransmitter))

                        • monoamine neurotransmitter [ENG31-14831907-n] (a monoamine that is functionally important in neural transmission)

                          • serotonin [ENG31-14832443-n] (a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory)
                          • dopamine [ENG31-14862387-n] (a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system)
                      • ptomaine [ENG31-15023978-n] (any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria)

                        • putrescine [ENG31-14887328-n] (a colorless crystalline ptomaine with a foul odor that is produced in decaying animal matter)
                        • cadaverine [ENG31-15120338-n] (a colorless toxic ptomaine with an unpleasant odor formed during the putrefaction of animal tissue)
                    • ethane [ENG31-14875013-n] (a colorless odorless alkane gas used as fuel)
                    • heptane [ENG31-14930807-n] (a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid obtained from petroleum and used as an anesthetic or a solvent or in determining octane ratings)
                    • hexane [ENG31-14931273-n] (a colorless flammable liquid alkane derived from petroleum and used as a solvent)
                    • methane [ENG31-14975368-n] (a colorless odorless gas used as a fuel)

                      • marsh gas [ENG31-14972403-n] (methane gas produced when vegetation decomposes in water)
                • alkylbenzene [ENG31-14625683-n] (organic compound that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring)

                  • toluene [ENG31-15099945-n] (a colorless flammable liquid obtained from petroleum or coal tar)
                • alkyl halide [ENG31-14625824-n] (organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane)

                  • haloform [ENG31-14645073-n] (compounds with the formula CHX3, where X is a halogen atom)

                    • bromoform [ENG31-14644727-n] (colorless liquid haloform CHBr3)
                    • fluoroform [ENG31-14644832-n] (colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform))
                    • iodoform [ENG31-14644959-n] (sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3)
                • amino acid [ENG31-14626007-n] (organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group)

                  • alanine [ENG31-14626668-n] (a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins)
                  • asparagine [ENG31-14627029-n] (a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and in many plants (e.g., asparagus))
                  • aspartic acid [ENG31-14627165-n] (a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and occurring naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane)
                  • canavanine [ENG31-14627321-n] (an amino acid found in the jack bean)
                  • citrulline [ENG31-14628464-n] (an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine)
                  • cysteine [ENG31-14628632-n] (an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins)
                  • cystine [ENG31-14628794-n] (a crystalline amino acid found in proteins (especially keratin))
                  • dopa [ENG31-14629137-n] (amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain)

                    • L-dopa [ENG31-14629310-n] (the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa))
                  • essential amino acid [ENG31-14629965-n] (an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize)

                    • arginine [ENG31-14791975-n] (a bitter tasting amino acid found in proteins and necessary for nutrition)
                    • histidine [ENG31-14932297-n] (an essential amino acid found in proteins that is important for the growth and repair of tissue)
                    • isoleucine [ENG31-14948205-n] (an essential amino acid found in proteins)
                    • leucine [ENG31-14959266-n] (a white crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins that is essential for nutrition)
                    • lysine [ENG31-14968320-n] (an essential amino acid found in proteins)
                    • methionine [ENG31-14976429-n] (a crystalline amino acid containing sulfur)
                    • phenylalanine [ENG31-15006138-n] (an essential amino acid found in proteins and needed for growth of children and for protein metabolism in children and adults)
                    • threonine [ENG31-15095266-n] (a colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein)
                    • tryptophan [ENG31-15105984-n] (an amino acid that occurs in proteins)
                    • valine [ENG31-15110655-n] (an essential amino acid found in proteins)
                  • gamma aminobutyric acid [ENG31-14630468-n] (an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system)
                  • glutamic acid [ENG31-14630660-n] (an amino acid occurring in proteins)
                  • glutamine [ENG31-14630882-n] (a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins)
                  • glycine [ENG31-14631171-n] (the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane)
                  • hydroxyproline [ENG31-14631309-n] (a crystalline amino acid obtained from gelatin or collagen)
                  • iodoamino acid [ENG31-14631428-n] (an amino acid with iodine added)

                    • iodotyrosine [ENG31-14859174-n] (tyrosine with iodine added)

                      • mono-iodotyrosine [ENG31-14858977-n] (tyrosine with one iodine atom added)
                      • di-iodotyrosine [ENG31-14859076-n] (tyrosine with two iodine atoms added)
                    • iodothyronine [ENG31-14859295-n] (thyronine with iodine added)

                      • tri-iodothyronine [ENG31-14859400-n] (thyronine with three iodine atoms added)
                  • ornithine [ENG31-14631556-n] (an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea)
                  • proline [ENG31-14708959-n] (an amino acid that is found in many proteins (especially collagen))
                  • creatine [ENG31-14849413-n] (an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine)
                  • sarcosine [ENG31-15044212-n] (a sweetish crystalline amino acid)
                  • serine [ENG31-15046602-n] (a sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine)
                  • thyronine [ENG31-15099023-n] (a phenolic amino acid of which thyroxine is a derivative)
                  • tyramine [ENG31-15107091-n] (amino acid derived from tyrosine)
                  • tyrosine [ENG31-15107333-n] (an amino acid found in most proteins)
                • diamine [ENG31-14629035-n] (any organic compound containing two amino groups)
                • enol [ENG31-14629768-n] (an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which in turn is doubly bonded to another carbon atom)
                • halon [ENG31-14644435-n] (a compound in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by bromine and other halogen atoms)
                • peptone [ENG31-14714608-n] (any of various water-soluble compounds that form by hydrolysis in the digestion of proteins to amino acids)
                • quaternary ammonium compound [ENG31-14715392-n] (a compound derived from ammonium with hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups)
                • proenzyme [ENG31-14715606-n] (any of a group of compounds that are inactive precursors of enzymes and require some change (such as the hydrolysis of a fragment that masks an active enzyme) to become active)
                • propylthiouracil [ENG31-14716363-n] (a crystalline compound used as an antithyroid drug in the treatment of goiter)
                • ether [ENG31-14733263-n] (any of a class of organic compounds that have two hydrocarbon groups linked by an oxygen atom)
                • acetal [ENG31-14734966-n] (any organic compound formed by adding alcohol molecules to aldehyde molecules)
                • aldol [ENG31-14735960-n] (an oily colorless liquid obtained by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde)

                  • acetaldol [ENG31-14735096-n] (unsaturated aldol)
                • alkaloid [ENG31-14736853-n] (natural bases containing nitrogen found in plants)

                  • hyoscyamine [ENG31-03559975-n] (a poisonous crystalline alkaloid (isometric with atropine but more potent))
                  • pilocarpine [ENG31-03945114-n] (cholinergic alkaloid used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma)
                  • scopolamine [ENG31-04156555-n] (an alkaloid with anticholinergic effects that is used as a sedative and to treat nausea and to dilate the pupils in ophthalmic procedures)
                  • physostigmine [ENG31-12507767-n] (used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma)
                  • cinchonine [ENG31-14737502-n] (an alkaloid derivative of the bark of cinchona trees that is used as an antimalarial drug)
                  • ergonovine [ENG31-14737909-n] (an alkaloid derived from ergot (trade name Ergotrate Maleate) that is less toxic than ergot)
                  • ergotamine [ENG31-14738189-n] (an alkaloid derived from ergot that is less toxic than ergot)
                  • pseudoephedrine [ENG31-14738374-n] (poisonous crystalline alkaloid occurring with ephedrine and isomorphic with it)
                  • strychnine [ENG31-14739169-n] (an alkaloid plant toxin extracted chiefly from nux vomica)
                  • brucine [ENG31-14739350-n] (a bitter alkaloid poison resembling strychnine and extracted from nux vomica)
                  • betaine [ENG31-14746112-n] (a sweet tasting alkaloid that occurs in sugar beets)
                  • caffeine [ENG31-14785301-n] (a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects)
                  • rauwolfia [ENG31-15027381-n] (any of several alkaloids extracted from the shrub Rauwolfia serpentina)
                • amide [ENG31-14748425-n] (any organic compound containing the group -CONH2)

                  • acetamide [ENG31-14735358-n] (a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds)
                  • acrylamide [ENG31-14735525-n] (a white crystalline amide of propenoic acid can damage the nervous system and is carcinogenic in laboratory animals)
                  • peptide [ENG31-14767225-n] (amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another)

                    • fibrinopeptide [ENG31-14766916-n] (peptide released from the amino end of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin to form fibrin during clotting of the blood)
                    • polypeptide [ENG31-14767096-n] (a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids)
                    • endorphin [ENG31-14833227-n] (a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties)

                      • beta endorphin [ENG31-14833417-n] (an endorphin produced by the pituitary gland that suppresses pain)
                      • enkephalin [ENG31-14833543-n] (an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere)
                  • proprionamide [ENG31-14886791-n] (the amide of propionic acid (C2H5CONH2))
                • rennet [ENG31-14762802-n] (a substance that curdles milk in making cheese and junket)
                • azadirachtin [ENG31-14763450-n] (insecticide)
                • thiazine [ENG31-14795249-n] (a compound made up of a ring of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom and one nitrogen atom)

                  • methylene blue [ENG31-14795431-n] (a dark green dye used as a stain, an antiseptic, a chemical indicator, and an antidote in cyanide poisoning)
                  • phenothiazine [ENG31-14795804-n] (a compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites)
                • cacodyl [ENG31-14813045-n] (a poisonous oily liquid with a garlicky odor composed of 2 cacodyl groups)
                • neurochemical [ENG31-14831580-n] (any organic substance that occurs in neural activity)

                  • neurotransmitter [ENG31-14831728-n] (a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse)

                    • acetylcholine [ENG31-14832588-n] (a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline)
                • acyl anhydrides [ENG31-14832787-n] (organic compounds that react with water to form an acid)
                • acyl halide [ENG31-14832922-n] (organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom)

                  • acetyl chloride [ENG31-14833081-n] (colorless liquid acyl chloride (CH3COCl) that has a pungent odor)
                • creosote [ENG31-14849801-n] (a dark oily liquid obtained by distillation of coal tar)
                • creosote [ENG31-14849982-n] (a colorless or yellowish oily liquid obtained by distillation of wood tar)
                • nitrile [ENG31-14851516-n] (any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN)

                  • propenonitrile [ENG31-15023244-n] (a colorless liquid unsaturated nitrile made from propene)
                • cyanohydrin [ENG31-14851675-n] (any organic compound in which the cyano radical -CN and the hydroxyl radical -OH are attached to the same carbon atom)
                • ester [ENG31-14874653-n] (organic compound formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water)

                  • citrate [ENG31-14628362-n] (a salt or ester of citric acid)
                  • lactate [ENG31-14703941-n] (a salt or ester of lactic acid)
                  • banana oil [ENG31-14796755-n] (a liquid ester derived from amyl alcohol)
                  • cellulose ester [ENG31-14818993-n] (any ester of cellulose with an acid)

                    • cellulose nitrate [ENG31-14819163-n] (a nitric acid ester)

                      • pyrocellulose [ENG31-14819602-n] (nitrocellulose containing less nitrogen than guncotton)
                      • pyroxylin [ENG31-14819768-n] (highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers)
                    • cellulose acetate [ENG31-14989310-n] (an ester of acetic acid)

                      • cellulose triacetate [ENG31-14989496-n] (cellulose acetate that is relatively slow to burn)
                    • cellulose xanthate [ENG31-14989955-n] (a cellulose ester obtained by treating cellulose with caustic soda)
                  • cyclohexanol phthalate [ENG31-14852041-n] (the cyclohexanol ester of phthalic acid)
                  • ethyl acetate [ENG31-14875135-n] (a fragrant colorless flammable volatile liquid ester made from ethanol and acetic acid)
                  • glyceryl ester [ENG31-14911177-n] (an ester of glycerol)

                    • butyrin [ENG31-14812655-n] (any of three glycerides of butyric acid)

                      • tributyrin [ENG31-14812766-n] (a bitter oily triglyceride of butyric acid)
                    • glycerin jelly [ENG31-14910188-n] (a mixture of glycerin and gelatin that is used in histology for mounting specimens)
                    • glycerite [ENG31-14910331-n] (a medicine made by mixing a substance in glycerin)
                    • glycerogelatin [ENG31-14910448-n] (a medicated skin preparation made from glycerin and glycerinated gelatin)
                    • palmitin [ENG31-14998051-n] (an ester of glycerol and palmitic acid)
                    • stearin [ENG31-15081670-n] (an ester of glycerol and stearic acid)
                    • margarin [ENG31-15104012-n] (a glyceryl ester of margaric acid)
                    • triolein [ENG31-15104223-n] (a naturally occurring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils)
                    • tripalmitin [ENG31-15104622-n] (a triglyceride of palmitic acid)
                    • tristearin [ENG31-15105509-n] (a triglyceride of stearic acid)
                  • nucleotide [ENG31-14988729-n] (a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside)

                    • base pair [ENG31-14654947-n] (one of the pairs of chemical bases joined by hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary strands of a DNA molecule or of an RNA molecule that has two strands)
                    • adenosine monophosphate [ENG31-14731871-n] (a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism)
                    • adenosine diphosphate [ENG31-14732064-n] (an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage)
                    • adenosine triphosphate [ENG31-14732203-n] (a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue)
                    • deoxyadenosine monophosphate [ENG31-14853735-n] (one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA)
                    • deoxycytidine monophosphate [ENG31-14853935-n] (one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA)
                    • deoxyguanosine monophosphate [ENG31-14854134-n] (one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA)
                    • deoxythymidine monophosphate [ENG31-14854334-n] (one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA)
                    • muton [ENG31-14981685-n] (the smallest unit of DNA where a mutation can occur)
                    • polynucleotide [ENG31-14990367-n] ((biochemistry) a linear polymer whose molecule is composed of many nucleotide units constituting a section of a nucleic acid molecule)
                    • oligonucleotide [ENG31-14993642-n] ((biochemistry) a polynucleotide whose molecules contain relatively few nucleotides)
                    • uracil [ENG31-15108924-n] (a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine)
                  • polyester [ENG31-15018126-n] (a complex ester used for making fibers or resins or plastics or as a plasticizer)
                  • urethane [ENG31-15108844-n] (an ester of carbamic acid)
                • furan [ENG31-14900469-n] (a colorless toxic flammable liquid used in the synthesis of nylon)

                  • nitrofuran [ENG31-14987773-n] (derivative of furan used to inhibit bacterial growth)
                • glycoside [ENG31-14911456-n] (a group of compounds derived from monosaccharides)

                  • glucoside [ENG31-14911952-n] (a glycoside derived from glucose)

                    • amygdalin [ENG31-14911615-n] (a bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds)

                      • laetrile [ENG31-14911784-n] (a substance derived from amygdalin)
                    • saponin [ENG31-14912076-n] (any of various plant glucosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water)
                  • nucleoside [ENG31-14988506-n] (a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acid)

                    • adenosine [ENG31-14731262-n] ((biochemistry) a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids)
                    • inosine [ENG31-14943786-n] (a nucleoside that is formed by the deamination of adenosine)
                    • deoxyadenosine [ENG31-15097585-n] (a nucleoside component of DNA)
                    • deoxycytidine [ENG31-15097714-n] (a nucleoside component of DNA)
                    • deoxyguanosine [ENG31-15097852-n] (a nucleoside component of DNA)
                    • deoxythymidine [ENG31-15097991-n] (a nucleoside component of DNA)
                  • strophanthin [ENG31-15086241-n] (a bitter and very toxic glycoside derived from plants of the genus Strophanthus)
                • resin [ENG31-14918291-n] (any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules)

                  • East India kino [ENG31-12586617-n] (reddish or black juice or resin from certain trees of the genus Pterocarpus and used in medicine and tanning etc)
                  • natural resin [ENG31-14918632-n] (a plant exudate)

                    • sandarac [ENG31-11663805-n] (a brittle and faintly aromatic translucent resin used in varnishes)
                    • guaiacum [ENG31-12743528-n] (medicinal resin from the lignum vitae tree)
                    • storax [ENG31-12797939-n] (a vanilla-scented resin from various trees of the genus Styrax)
                    • scammony [ENG31-12845242-n] (resin from the root of Convolvulus scammonia)
                    • acaroid resin [ENG31-14623117-n] (an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees)
                    • anime [ENG31-14790444-n] (any of various resins or oleoresins)
                    • asafetida [ENG31-14793168-n] (the brownish gum resin of various plants)
                    • camphor [ENG31-14815149-n] (a resin obtained from the camphor tree)
                    • cannabin [ENG31-14815730-n] (a resin obtained from the hemp plant)
                    • amber [ENG31-14919031-n] (a hard yellowish to brownish translucent fossil resin)
                    • copal [ENG31-14919340-n] (a brittle aromatic resin used in varnishes)

                      • courbaril copal [ENG31-11771214-n] (resin from the courbaril tree)
                      • copalite [ENG31-14919524-n] (partly mineralized copal dug from the ground)
                      • congo copal [ENG31-14919649-n] (copal found usually as a fossil)
                      • kauri [ENG31-14919750-n] (resin of the kauri trees of New Zealand)
                      • Zanzibar copal [ENG31-14920169-n] (a hard copal derived from an African tree)
                    • dammar [ENG31-14919958-n] (any of various hard resins from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae and of the genus Agathis)
                    • colophony [ENG31-14920279-n] (translucent brittle substance produced from pine oleoresin)
                    • mastic [ENG31-14920472-n] (an aromatic exudate from the mastic tree)
                    • oleoresin [ENG31-14920592-n] (a naturally occurring mixture of a resin and an essential oil)

                      • labdanum [ENG31-12395624-n] (a soft blackish-brown resinous exudate from various rockroses used in perfumes especially as a fixative)
                      • balsam [ENG31-14920865-n] (any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes)

                        • tolu [ENG31-12572174-n] (aromatic yellowish brown balsam from the tolu balsam tree used especially in cough syrups)

                          • balsam of Peru [ENG31-12572382-n] (dark brown syrupy balsam from the Peruvian balsam tree used especially in dressing wounds and treating certain skin diseases)
                        • balm [ENG31-14921074-n] (any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing)

                          • balm of Gilead [ENG31-14921234-n] (a fragrant oleoresin)
                      • Canada balsam [ENG31-14921315-n] (yellow transparent exudate of the balsam fir)
                      • turpentine [ENG31-14921520-n] (obtained from conifers (especially pines))

                        • Chian turpentine [ENG31-14921672-n] (a turpentine exuded by the terebinth)
                      • copaiba [ENG31-14921771-n] (an oleoresin used in varnishes and ointments)
                      • labdanum [ENG31-14952656-n] (a dark brown to greenish oleoresin that has a fragrant odor and is used as a fixative in perfumes)
                      • oleoresin capiscum [ENG31-14993314-n] (an oleoresin extracted from the capsicum pepper plant)
                    • gum resin [ENG31-14921902-n] (a mixture of resin and gum)

                      • elemi [ENG31-12711789-n] (fragrant resin obtain from trees of the family Burseraceae and used as incense)
                      • myrrh [ENG31-12713636-n] (aromatic resin that is burned as incense and used in perfume)
                      • Sonora gum [ENG31-12744090-n] (acidulous gum resin of the creosote bush)
                      • benzoin [ENG31-14922092-n] (gum resin used especially in treating skin irritation)
                      • bdellium [ENG31-14922424-n] (aromatic gum resin)
                      • gamboge [ENG31-14922515-n] (a gum resin used as a yellow pigment and a purgative)
                    • wood tar [ENG31-15128655-n] (any tar obtained by the destructive distillation of wood)

                      • pine tar [ENG31-15016043-n] (a dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood)
                  • synthetic resin [ENG31-14926292-n] (a resin having a polymeric structure)

                    • acrylic [ENG31-14617851-n] (a glassy thermoplastic)

                      • polypropenonitrile [ENG31-03986205-n] (acrylic resin used to make a strong soft crease-resistant fabric (trade name Acrilan))
                      • polymethyl methacrylate [ENG31-14618054-n] (a transparent plastic used as a substitute for glass)

                        • Lucite [ENG31-14618212-n] (a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin)
                        • Plexiglas [ENG31-14618354-n] (a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic)
                    • polyethylene [ENG31-14618493-n] (a lightweight thermoplastic)
                    • allyl resin [ENG31-14744262-n] (a resin derived from allyl alcohol that hardens when cured)
                    • urea-formaldehyde resin [ENG31-14919154-n] (a clear thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde and used in electrical fittings, adhesives, and finishes)
                    • alkyd [ENG31-14926651-n] (a durable synthetic resin widely used in adhesives and paints)
                    • phenolic resin [ENG31-14926778-n] (a thermosetting resin)
                    • epoxy [ENG31-14926884-n] (a thermosetting resin)

                      • Crazy Glue [ENG31-14727619-n] (a commercial brand of epoxy glue)
                    • melamine resin [ENG31-14974025-n] (a thermosetting resin formed from melamine and an aldehyde)
                    • polyester [ENG31-15018280-n] (any of numerous synthetic resins)

                      • polyester fiber [ENG31-15018435-n] (a quick-drying resilient synthetic fiber consisting primarily of polyester)
                    • vinyl polymer [ENG31-15113007-n] (a thermoplastic derived by polymerization from compounds containing the vinyl group)

                      • polyvinyl acetate [ENG31-14619459-n] (a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives)
                      • polyvinyl chloride [ENG31-14619583-n] (a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables)
                      • styrene [ENG31-14619723-n] (a colorless oily liquid)

                        • polystyrene [ENG31-14619891-n] (a polymer of styrene)

                          • Styrofoam [ENG31-14620113-n] (a light resilient foam of polystyrene)
                • halocarbon [ENG31-14928679-n] (one of various compounds of carbon and any of the halogens)

                  • fluorocarbon [ENG31-14896119-n] (a halocarbon in which some hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine)

                    • chlorofluorocarbon [ENG31-14627675-n] (a fluorocarbon with chlorine)

                      • hydrochlorofluorocarbon [ENG31-14637308-n] (a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans)
                      • Freon [ENG31-14898882-n] (any one or more chlorofluorocarbons (or related compounds) that are used as an aerosol propellant, organic solvent, or refrigerant)
                    • hydrofluorocarbon [ENG31-14936707-n] (a fluorocarbon emitted as a by-product of industrial manufacturing)
                    • perfluorocarbon [ENG31-15003691-n] (a powerful greenhouse gas emitted during the production of aluminum)
                    • tetrafluoroethylene [ENG31-15093458-n] (a flammable gaseous fluorocarbon used in making plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene resins))
                • hemiacetal [ENG31-14930062-n] (an organic compound usually formed as an intermediate product in the preparation of acetals from aldehydes or ketones)
                • hemolysin [ENG31-14930412-n] (any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their hemoglobin)

                  • streptolysin [ENG31-15085995-n] (any of several hemolysins derived from strains of streptococcus)
                • humic substance [ENG31-14933470-n] (an organic residue of decaying organic matter)

                  • fulvic acid [ENG31-14900029-n] (a yellow to yellow-brown humic substance that is soluble in water under all pH conditions)
                  • humic acid [ENG31-14933271-n] (a dark brown humic substance that is soluble in water only at pH values greater than 2)
                  • humin [ENG31-14933631-n] (a black humic substance that is not soluble in water)
                • hydrocarbon [ENG31-14935208-n] (an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen)

                  • chlorobenzene [ENG31-14627414-n] (a colorless volatile flammable liquid with an almond odor that is made from chlorine and benzene)
                  • aromatic compound [ENG31-14634266-n] (a hydrocarbon containing one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of compounds)
                  • gasohol [ENG31-14710884-n] (a gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn)
                  • gasoline [ENG31-14711074-n] (a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum)

                    • leaded gasoline [ENG31-14711422-n] (gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks)
                    • napalm [ENG31-14982393-n] (gasoline jelled with aluminum soaps)
                    • unleaded gasoline [ENG31-15108386-n] (gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound)
                  • kerosene [ENG31-14711794-n] (a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters)

                    • paraffin [ENG31-14950224-n] ((British usage) kerosine)
                  • aromatic hydrocarbon [ENG31-14792175-n] (a hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of organic compounds)

                    • benzene [ENG31-14798860-n] (a colorless liquid hydrocarbon)

                      • benzene formula [ENG31-14799053-n] (a closed chain of 6 carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached)
                  • indene [ENG31-14849076-n] (a colorless liquid hydrocarbon extracted from petroleum or coal tar and used in making synthetic resins)
                  • cymene [ENG31-14852149-n] (any of three isotopes of a colorless aromatic liquid hydrocarbon occurring in the volatile oil of cumin and thyme and used in the manufacture of synthetic resins)
                  • dioxin [ENG31-14860478-n] (any of several toxic or carcinogenic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides)
                  • liquefied petroleum gas [ENG31-14902634-n] (hydrocarbon gases, usually propane or butane, kept under pressure)
                  • bitumen [ENG31-14935681-n] (any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons)

                    • pitch [ENG31-14935855-n] (any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue)

                      • coal tar [ENG31-14936050-n] (a tar formed from distillation of bituminous coal)
                  • butadiene [ENG31-14936243-n] (a gaseous hydrocarbon C4H6)

                    • chloroprene [ENG31-14936396-n] (derivative of butadiene used in making neoprene by polymerization)
                  • naphtha [ENG31-14982544-n] (any of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures)
                  • naphthalene [ENG31-14982703-n] (a white crystalline strong-smelling hydrocarbon made from coal tar or petroleum and used in organic synthesis and as a fumigant in mothballs)
                  • pyrene [ENG31-14983076-n] (a pale yellow crystalline hydrocarbon C16H10 extracted from coal tar)
                  • octane [ENG31-14990918-n] (any isomeric saturated hydrocarbon found in petroleum and used as a fuel and solvent)
                  • terpene [ENG31-15093202-n] (an unsaturated hydrocarbon obtained from plants)

                    • limonene [ENG31-14961796-n] (a liquid terpene with a lemon odor)
                  • provitamin [ENG31-15114946-n] (vitamin precursor)

                    • provitamin A [ENG31-15115102-n] (an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants)

                      • beta-carotene [ENG31-14745631-n] (an isomer of carotene that is found in dark green and dark yellow fruits and vegetables)
                • ketone [ENG31-14950432-n] (any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals)

                  • acetone [ENG31-14624684-n] (the simplest ketone)
                  • butanone [ENG31-14812124-n] (colorless soluble flammable liquid ketone used as a solvent for resins and as a paint remover and in lacquers and cements and adhesives and cleaning fluids and celluloid)
                  • flavin [ENG31-14895075-n] (a ketone that forms the nucleus of certain natural yellow pigments like riboflavin)
                  • ketone body [ENG31-14950733-n] (a ketone that is an intermediate product of the breakdown of fats in the body)

                    • acetoacetic acid [ENG31-14951189-n] (unstable acid found in abnormal amounts in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism (as diabetes mellitus or starvation))
                • nitrobenzene [ENG31-14987625-n] (a poisonous oily water-soluble liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of aniline)
                • oxime [ENG31-14996651-n] (any compound containing the group -C=NOH)
                • petrochemical [ENG31-15005027-n] (any compound obtained from petroleum or natural gas)
                • phosphocreatine [ENG31-15006980-n] (an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid)
                • phenol [ENG31-15014112-n] (any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds)

                  • pyrogallol [ENG31-14639578-n] (a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer)
                  • creosol [ENG31-14849657-n] (a colorless to yellow aromatic liquid that is a constituent of creosote)
                  • cresol [ENG31-14850152-n] (any of three poisonous colorless isomeric phenols)

                    • Lysol [ENG31-14968455-n] (a clear oily brown solution of cresols in soap)
                  • naphthol [ENG31-14982939-n] (either of two phenols derived from naphthalene)

                    • alpha-naphthol [ENG31-14633867-n] (an isomer of naphthol used in dyes)
                    • beta-naphthol [ENG31-14754600-n] (an isomer of naphthol used in rubber as an antioxidant)
                  • resorcinol [ENG31-15029282-n] (a crystalline phenol obtained from various resins)
                  • tannin [ENG31-15091592-n] (any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin)

                    • cutch [ENG31-12972091-n] (tannin extract derived from any of several mangrove barks of Pacific areas)
                    • catechin [ENG31-15091804-n] (a tannic acid that is extracted from black catechu as a white crystalline substance)
                  • thymol [ENG31-15098130-n] (a colorless crystalline solid used in perfume or preserving biological specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic)
                • pyrimidine [ENG31-15024368-n] (a heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating odor)
                • quassia [ENG31-15025042-n] (a bitter compound used as an insecticide and tonic and vermifuge)

                  • Jamaica quassia [ENG31-12739445-n] (similar to the extract from Quassia amara)
                • steroid [ENG31-15082311-n] (any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings)

                  • ketosteroid [ENG31-15082730-n] (a steroid containing a ketone group)
                  • sterol [ENG31-15082877-n] (any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals)

                    • cholesterol [ENG31-15083111-n] (an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver)

                      • HDL cholesterol [ENG31-15083322-n] (the cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins)
                      • LDL cholesterol [ENG31-15083554-n] (the cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins)

                        • oxidized LDL cholesterol [ENG31-15083804-n] (LDL cholesterol that has been bombarded by free radicals)
                    • ergosterol [ENG31-15083971-n] (a plant sterol that is converted into vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation)
                  • bile acid [ENG31-15084119-n] (any of the steroid acids generated in the liver and stored with bile)

                    • cholic acid [ENG31-15084261-n] (an insoluble crystalline acid present in bile)
                  • cardiac glycoside [ENG31-15084506-n] (obtained from a number of plants and used to stimulate the heart in cases of heart failure)

                    • digitalis [ENG31-15084698-n] (a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove)

                      • digitoxin [ENG31-03202350-n] (digitalis preparation used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia)
                      • digoxin [ENG31-03202488-n] (digitalis preparation (trade name Lanoxin) used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia)
                • nonsteroid [ENG31-15082590-n] (an organic compound that does no contain a steroid)

                  • diethylstilbesterol [ENG31-03198566-n] (synthetic nonsteroid with the properties of estrogen)
                • thiouracil [ENG31-15094565-n] (depresses the function of the thyroid gland)
                • urea [ENG31-15110039-n] (the chief solid component of mammalian urine)
                • imide [ENG31-15135233-n] (any of a class of organic compounds that contain the divalent radical -CONHCO-)
                • xanthine [ENG31-15137617-n] (crystalline oxidation product of the metabolism of nucleoproteins)
              • ammine [ENG31-14767906-n] (a complex inorganic compound that contains ammonia molecules)
              • anhydride [ENG31-14791470-n] (a compound formed from one or more other compounds in a reaction resulting in removal of water)

                • acetic anhydride [ENG31-14792819-n] (a compound that is needed in order to refine opium into heroin)
                • phthalic anhydride [ENG31-14792944-n] (a white cyclic anhydride)
              • azide [ENG31-14794409-n] (a chemical compound containing the azido group combined with an element or radical)

                • hydrazoite [ENG31-14794561-n] (a salt of hydrazoic acid)
              • bitter principle [ENG31-14800682-n] (any one of several hundred compounds having a bitter taste)
              • buffer [ENG31-14810100-n] ((chemistry) an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH)
              • calcium-cyanamide [ENG31-14813390-n] (a compound used as a fertilizer and as a source of nitrogen compounds)
              • carbonyl [ENG31-14814696-n] (a compound containing metal combined with carbon monoxide)
              • carbon disulfide [ENG31-14821606-n] (a toxic colorless flammable liquid (CS2))
              • cofactor [ENG31-14824876-n] (a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result)
              • cementite [ENG31-14829315-n] (a chemical compound that is a constituent of steel and cast iron)
              • chloropicrin [ENG31-14834338-n] (a heavy colorless insoluble liquid compound that causes tears and vomiting)
              • complex [ENG31-14841762-n] (a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated)

                • hydrochloride [ENG31-14842134-n] (a complex consisting of an organic base in association with hydrogen chloride)
              • allomorph [ENG31-14844026-n] (any of several different crystalline forms of the same chemical compound)
              • corrosive [ENG31-14847958-n] (a substance having the tendency to cause corrosion (such a strong acids or alkali))
              • aluminate [ENG31-14848310-n] (a compound of alumina and a metallic oxide)
              • defoliant [ENG31-14853097-n] (a chemical that is sprayed on plants and causes their leaves to fall off)
              • depilatory [ENG31-14857899-n] (a chemical (usually a sulfide) used to remove hair or wool or bristles from hides)
              • derivative [ENG31-14858055-n] (a compound obtained from, or regarded as derived from, another compound)
              • dimer [ENG31-14859739-n] (a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers)
              • fixing agent [ENG31-14893478-n] (a chemical compound that sets or fixes something (as a dye or a photographic image))

                • fixative [ENG31-14893328-n] (a compound (such as ethanol or formaldehyde) that fixes tissues and cells for microscopic study)
                • hypo [ENG31-14938011-n] (a compound used as a fixing agent in photographic developing)
              • flavone [ENG31-14893664-n] (a colorless crystalline compound that is part of a number of white or yellow plant pigments)
              • formulation [ENG31-14897792-n] (a substance prepared according to a formula)

                • cleansing agent [ENG31-03044572-n] (a preparation used in cleaning something)

                  • bathroom cleaner [ENG31-02811158-n] (a preparation for cleaning bathrooms)
                  • dentifrice [ENG31-03180750-n] (a substance for cleaning the teeth)

                    • toothpaste [ENG31-04460569-n] (a dentifrice in the form of a paste)
                    • tooth powder [ENG31-04460828-n] (a dentifrice in the form of a powder)
                  • detergent [ENG31-03186565-n] (a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension)

                    • dishwasher detergent [ENG31-03212783-n] (a low-sudsing detergent designed for use in dishwashers)
                    • laundry detergent [ENG31-03653841-n] (any of various detergents designed for use in a washing machine for clothing)
                    • liquid detergent [ENG31-03682352-n] (a detergent in liquid form)
                  • shampoo [ENG31-04190559-n] (cleansing agent consisting of soaps or detergents used for washing the hair)
                  • soap [ENG31-04260547-n] (a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetable or animal fats)

                    • bar soap [ENG31-02800614-n] (soap in the form of a bar)
                    • castile soap [ENG31-02983784-n] (a good hard soap made from olive oil and sodium hydroxide)
                    • liquid soap [ENG31-03682557-n] (soap in liquid form)
                    • saddle soap [ENG31-04131865-n] (a mild soap for cleansing and conditioning leather)
                    • soap flakes [ENG31-04261429-n] (soap that has been cut into flakes to make suds faster)
                    • soap powder [ENG31-04261645-n] (soap in powdered form mixed with alkaline builders)
                    • soft soap [ENG31-04264495-n] (a soft (or liquid) soap made from vegetable oils)
                    • toilet soap [ENG31-04455236-n] (soap used as a toiletry)
                • glycerinated gelatin [ENG31-14910008-n] (a gelatinous preparation made from gelatin and glycerin and water)
                • nebula [ENG31-14984745-n] (a medicinal liquid preparation intended for use in an atomizer)
                • polish [ENG31-15020587-n] (a preparation used in polishing)

                  • shoe polish [ENG31-15064135-n] (a substance used to produce a shiny protective surface on footwear)
                  • Simoniz [ENG31-15067109-n] (a brand of car polish)
                • starch [ENG31-15043456-n] (a commercial preparation of starch that is used to stiffen textile fabrics in laundering)
                • smelling salts [ENG31-15067966-n] (a pungent preparation of ammonium carbonate and perfume)
              • enantiomorph [ENG31-14907917-n] (either one of a pair of compounds (crystals or molecules) that are mirror images on each other but are not identical)
              • exotherm [ENG31-14908105-n] (a compound that gives off heat during its formation and absorbs heat during its decomposition)
              • goitrogen [ENG31-14913879-n] (any substance (such as thiouracil) that induces the formation of a goiter)
              • benzofuran [ENG31-14922252-n] (a colorless oily compound extracted from coal tar and used in manufacturing synthetic resins)
              • synthetic [ENG31-14926110-n] (a compound made artificially by chemical reactions)

                • Plasticine [ENG31-14616585-n] (a synthetic material resembling clay but remaining soft)
                • phosphor [ENG31-14673214-n] (a synthetic substance that is fluorescent or phosphorescent)
                • rubber [ENG31-15031356-n] (any of various synthetic elastic materials whose properties resemble natural rubber)

                  • silicone rubber [ENG31-15031583-n] (made from silicone elastomers)
                  • neoprene [ENG31-15031944-n] (a synthetic rubber that is resistant to oils and aging)
                  • buna [ENG31-15032370-n] (made by polymerizing butadiene)
                  • butyl rubber [ENG31-15032484-n] (synthetic rubber made by polymerizing isobutylene)
              • hydrate [ENG31-14934591-n] (any compound that contains water of crystallization)

                • monohydrate [ENG31-14978291-n] (a hydrate that contains one molecule of water per molecule of the compound)
              • hydroxide [ENG31-14938821-n] (a chemical compound containing the hydroxyl group)
              • incense [ENG31-14943145-n] (a substance that produces a fragrant odor when burned)

                • joss stick [ENG31-14949664-n] (a slender stick of incense burned before a joss by the Chinese)
              • inorganic compound [ENG31-14943662-n] (any compound that does not contain carbon)

                • carbide [ENG31-14816720-n] (a binary compound of carbon with a more electropositive element)

                  • silicon carbide [ENG31-15064833-n] (an extremely hard blue-black crystalline compound (SiC) used as an abrasive and a heat refractory material)
              • repellent [ENG31-14944539-n] (a chemical substance that repels animals)

                • insectifuge [ENG31-14944403-n] (a chemical substance that repels insects)
              • repellent [ENG31-14944737-n] (a compound with which fabrics are treated to repel water)
              • iodocompound [ENG31-14946667-n] (a compound containing the covalent iodine radical)
              • isomer [ENG31-14948326-n] (a compound that exists in forms having different arrangements of atoms but the same molecular weight)
              • hydroxide [ENG31-14959693-n] (a compound of an oxide with water)

                • aluminum hydroxide [ENG31-14848408-n] (white crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite)
                • calcium hydroxide [ENG31-14960148-n] (a caustic substance produced by heating limestone)
                • magnesium hydroxide [ENG31-14969537-n] (a white crystalline powder used chiefly in medicines)
                • potash [ENG31-15021410-n] (a potassium compound often used in agriculture and industry)
                • sodium hydroxide [ENG31-15039557-n] (a strongly alkaline caustic used in manufacturing soap and paper and aluminum and various sodium compounds)
              • menthol [ENG31-14974533-n] (a crystalline compound that has the cool and minty taste and odor that occurs naturally in peppermint oil)
              • nitrogen mustard [ENG31-14981788-n] (a toxic compound resembling mustard gas in structure)
              • nitride [ENG31-14987456-n] (a compound containing nitrogen and a more electropositive element (such as phosphorus or a metal))

                • magnesium nitride [ENG31-14969655-n] (a nitride containing nitrogen and magnesium)
              • oxide [ENG31-14996078-n] (any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical)

                • titanium dioxide [ENG31-14640918-n] (a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability)
                • pentoxide [ENG31-14714496-n] (an oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in the molecule)
                • nitrogen oxide [ENG31-14791069-n] (any of several oxides of nitrogen formed by the action of nitric acid on oxidizable materials)
                • calcium oxide [ENG31-14814055-n] (a white crystalline oxide used in the production of calcium hydroxide)
                • copper oxide [ENG31-14846932-n] (an oxide of copper)
                • dioxide [ENG31-14860297-n] (an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule)

                  • nitrogen dioxide [ENG31-14791266-n] (a highly poisonous brown gas (NO2))
                  • carbon dioxide [ENG31-14821139-n] (a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances)

                    • chokedamp [ENG31-14821434-n] (the atmosphere in a mine following an explosion)
                  • sulfur dioxide [ENG31-15088620-n] (a colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes)
                • ferric oxide [ENG31-14889951-n] (a red oxide of iron)

                  • rust [ENG31-14913630-n] (a red or brown oxide coating on iron or steel caused by the action of oxygen and moisture)
                • monoxide [ENG31-14978740-n] (an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule)

                  • carbon monoxide [ENG31-14821811-n] (an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon)
                • peroxide [ENG31-15004646-n] (an inorganic compound containing the divalent ion -O-O-)
                • red lead [ENG31-15027896-n] (a reddish oxide of lead (Pb3O4) used as a pigment in paints and in glass and ceramics)
                • silica [ENG31-15065844-n] (a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2))

                  • chert [ENG31-14894676-n] (variety of silica containing microcrystalline quartz)
                  • flint [ENG31-14895229-n] (a hard kind of stone)

                    • gunflint [ENG31-03474278-n] (the piece of flint that provides the igniting spark in a flintlock weapon)
                    • firestone [ENG31-14894972-n] (a piece of flint that is struck to light a fire)
                    • flintstone [ENG31-14895419-n] (pebbles of flint used in masonry construction)
                  • silex [ENG31-15065757-n] (a pure form of finely ground silica)
                • sulfur oxide [ENG31-15088513-n] (any of several oxides of sulphur)
                • superoxide [ENG31-15089484-n] (a metallic oxide containing the univalent anion O2-)
                • tetroxide [ENG31-15094039-n] (an oxide containing four atoms of oxygen in the molecule)
                • trioxide [ENG31-15104492-n] (an oxide containing three atoms of oxygen in the molecule)

                  • arsenic [ENG31-14792380-n] (a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic)
                • zinc oxide [ENG31-15132654-n] (oxide of zinc)
                • zirconium oxide [ENG31-15133958-n] (a white crystalline oxide)
              • polymer [ENG31-15018895-n] (a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers)

                • deoxyribonucleic acid [ENG31-14854534-n] ((biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix)

                  • operon [ENG31-05447783-n] (a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene)
                  • complementary DNA [ENG31-14841069-n] (single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase)

                    • provirus [ENG31-14841311-n] (cDNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus)
                    • dscDNA [ENG31-14841516-n] (double-stranded cDNA)
                  • episome [ENG31-14841589-n] (DNA that is not incorporated into the genome but is replicated together with the genome (especially in bacterial cells))
                  • exon [ENG31-14855162-n] (sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures)
                  • intron [ENG31-14855348-n] (sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein)
                  • junk DNA [ENG31-14855508-n] (stretches of DNA that do not code for genes)
                  • recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid [ENG31-14855649-n] (genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms)
                  • sticky end [ENG31-14855835-n] (an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other)
                  • transposon [ENG31-14855982-n] (a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole))
                • ribonucleic acid [ENG31-14856363-n] ((biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes)

                  • messenger RNA [ENG31-14856940-n] (the template for protein synthesis)
                  • nuclear RNA [ENG31-14857197-n] (ribonucleic acid found in the nucleolus of the cell)
                  • transfer RNA [ENG31-14857313-n] (RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA))
                • copolymer [ENG31-14927100-n] (a polymer consisting of two or more different monomers)
                • polyurethane [ENG31-14927246-n] (any of various polymers containing the urethane radical)

                  • polyfoam [ENG31-14927490-n] (a foam made by adding water to polyurethane plastics)
                • lignin [ENG31-14959457-n] (a complex polymer)
                • polyamide [ENG31-14990233-n] (a polymer containing repeated amide groups)

                  • nylon [ENG31-14990580-n] (a thermoplastic polyamide)
                • silicone [ENG31-15065060-n] (any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures)

                  • bouncing putty [ENG31-14808449-n] (a soft elastic silicone polymer that increases in elasticity with the application of force)
                • trimer [ENG31-15104362-n] (a polymer (or a molecule of a polymer) consisting of three identical monomers)
              • preservative [ENG31-15022096-n] (a chemical compound that is added to protect against decay or decomposition)

                • spice [ENG31-15074578-n] (aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative)

                  • stacte [ENG31-15074728-n] ((Old Testament) one of several sweet-smelling spices used in incense)
              • quinone [ENG31-15025540-n] (any of a class of aromatic yellow compounds including several that are biologically important as coenzymes or acceptors or vitamins)
              • salt [ENG31-15035270-n] (a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal))

                • acetate [ENG31-14623986-n] (a salt or ester of acetic acid)

                  • acetin [ENG31-14623674-n] (any of three liquid acetates that are formed when acetic acid and glycerin are heated together)
                  • lead acetate [ENG31-15013810-n] (a poisonous white solid (Pb[CH3CO]2) used in dyeing cotton and in making enamels and varnishes)
                • arsenate [ENG31-14634439-n] (a salt or ester of arsenic acid)
                • chlorate [ENG31-14634881-n] (any salt of chloric acid)
                • dibasic salt [ENG31-14635457-n] (a salt derived by replacing two hydrogen atoms per molecule)
                • hypochlorite [ENG31-14638423-n] (any salt or ester of hypochlorous acid)
                • pyrophosphate [ENG31-14639902-n] (a salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid)
                • sulfonate [ENG31-14640588-n] (a salt of sulphonic acid)

                  • alkylbenzenesulfonate [ENG31-14737408-n] (sulfonate of alkyl benzene)
                • perchlorate [ENG31-14708768-n] (a salt of perchloric acid)
                • alkali [ENG31-14736197-n] (a mixture of soluble salts found in arid soils and some bodies of water)
                • ammonium chloride [ENG31-14768768-n] (a white salt used in dry cells)
                • benzoate [ENG31-14799226-n] (any salt or ester of benzoic acid)

                  • benzoate of soda [ENG31-14799332-n] (a white crystalline salt used as a food preservative and antiseptic)
                • borate [ENG31-14807747-n] (a salt or ester of boric acid)
                • borosilicate [ENG31-14808357-n] (a salt of boric and silicic acids)
                • calcium lactate [ENG31-14813674-n] (a white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate)
                • calcium stearate [ENG31-14814429-n] (an insoluble calcium salt of stearic acid and palmitic acid)
                • carbamate [ENG31-14816451-n] (a salt (or ester) of carbamic acid)

                  • ammonium carbamate [ENG31-14768470-n] (a salt of carbamic acid that is used as a nitrogen fertilizer)
                • carbonate [ENG31-14822620-n] (a salt or ester of carbonic acid (containing the anion CO3))

                  • ammonium carbonate [ENG31-14768596-n] (a carbonate of ammonium)
                  • bicarbonate [ENG31-14799888-n] (a salt of carbonic acid (containing the anion HCO3) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced)

                    • bicarbonate of soda [ENG31-14800154-n] (a white soluble compound (NaHCO3) used in effervescent drinks and in baking powders and as an antacid)
                    • potassium bicarbonate [ENG31-14884993-n] (a crystalline salt (KHCO3) that is used in baking powder and as an antacid)
                    • calcium bicarbonate [ENG31-14960928-n] (a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water)
                    • magnesium bicarbonate [ENG31-14969275-n] (a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water)
                  • potassium carbonate [ENG31-14885867-n] (a white salt (K2CO3) that is basic in solution)

                    • pearl ash [ENG31-14884900-n] (an impure form of potassium carbonate)
                  • calcium carbonate [ENG31-14961043-n] (a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone)

                    • dripstone [ENG31-14960768-n] (the form of calcium carbonate found in stalactites and stalagmites)
                  • magnesium carbonate [ENG31-14969392-n] (a very white crystalline salt that occurs naturally as magnesite or as dolomite)
                • fulminate [ENG31-14822879-n] (a salt or ester of fulminic acid)

                  • mercury fulminate [ENG31-14822985-n] (a fulminate that when dry explodes violently if struck or heated)
                • chromate [ENG31-14835996-n] (any salt or ester of chromic acid)

                  • lead chromate [ENG31-14836102-n] (a poisonous chromate of lead used as a pigment in paint)
                • cyanide [ENG31-14850937-n] (an extremely poisonous salt of hydrocyanic acid)

                  • sodium cyanide [ENG31-14851074-n] (a white poisonous salt (NaCN) used in electroplating)
                  • potassium cyanide [ENG31-14886215-n] (a poisonous salt (KCN) used in electroplating and in photography)
                • potassium bromide [ENG31-14885717-n] (a white crystalline salt (KBr) used as a sedative and in photography)
                • potassium chlorate [ENG31-14886038-n] (a white salt (KClO3) used in matches, fireworks, and explosives)
                • potassium dichromate [ENG31-14886343-n] (an orange-red salt used in making dyes and in photography)
                • ferricyanide [ENG31-14890194-n] (salt of ferricyanic acid obtained by oxidation of a ferrocyanide)
                • ferrocyanide [ENG31-14890756-n] (salt of ferrocyanic acid usually obtained by a reaction of a cyanide with iron sulphate)

                  • potassium ferrocyanide [ENG31-15019628-n] (a cyanide compound that is prepared by the reaction of potassium cyanide with ferrous salts)
                • fluoroboride [ENG31-14896034-n] (a salt of fluoroboric acid)
                • fluosilicate [ENG31-14896476-n] (salt of fluosilicic acid)
                • glutamate [ENG31-14908732-n] (a salt or ester of glutamic acid)
                • halide [ENG31-14928510-n] (a salt of any halogen acid)

                  • bromide [ENG31-14809784-n] (any of the salts of hydrobromic acid)

                    • hydrogen bromide [ENG31-14936861-n] (a colorless gas that yields hydrobromic acid in solution with water)
                    • methyl bromide [ENG31-14975821-n] (a poisonous gas or liquid (CH3Br) used to fumigate rodents, worms, etc.)
                    • silver bromide [ENG31-15039759-n] (a bromide that darkens when exposed to light)
                  • fluoride [ENG31-14895752-n] (a salt of hydrofluoric acid)

                    • boron trifluoride [ENG31-14808270-n] (a pungent colorless gas)
                    • hydrogen fluoride [ENG31-14937086-n] (a colorless poisonous corrosive liquid made by the action of sulphuric acid on calcium fluoride)
                    • stannous fluoride [ENG31-15043139-n] (a white powder that is used to fluoridate toothpaste)
                    • sulfur hexafluoride [ENG31-15088894-n] (a colorless gas that is soluble in alcohol and ether)
                  • iodide [ENG31-14946509-n] (a salt or ester of hydriodic acid)

                    • potassium iodide [ENG31-14886467-n] (a crystalline salt in organic synthesis and in making photographic emulsions and in iodized table salt)
                    • hydrogen iodide [ENG31-14937429-n] (a colorless gas that yields hydroiodic acid in aqueous solution)
                    • silver iodide [ENG31-15039922-n] (an iodide that is used in photography, in seeding clouds to make rain, and in medicine)
                    • sodium iodide [ENG31-15070244-n] (a crystalline salt used like potassium iodide)
                  • chloride [ENG31-15041419-n] (any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion))

                    • potassium chloride [ENG31-14885193-n] (salt of potassium (KCl) (trade names K-Dur 20, Kaochlor and K-lor and Klorvess and K-lyte))
                  • tetrahalide [ENG31-15093613-n] (any halide containing four halogen atoms in its molecules)
                • isocyanate [ENG31-14948010-n] (a salt or ester of isocyanic acid)
                • calcium chloride [ENG31-14961363-n] (a deliquescent salt)
                • calcium sulphate [ENG31-14961659-n] (a white salt (CaSO4))

                  • plaster of Paris [ENG31-15017180-n] (any of several gypsum cements)
                • manganate [ENG31-14971583-n] (a salt of manganic acid containing manganese as its anion)
                • chrome alum [ENG31-14979385-n] (a violet-colored salt used in hide tanning and as a mordant in dyeing)
                • tartrate [ENG31-14979698-n] (a salt or ester of tartaric acid)

                  • tartar emetic [ENG31-14979530-n] (a poisonous colorless salt used as a mordant and in medicine)
                  • bitartrate [ENG31-14979821-n] (an acid tartrate)
                • oxalacetate [ENG31-14995204-n] (a salt or ester of oxalacetic acid)
                • oxalate [ENG31-14995479-n] (a salt or ester of oxalic acid)

                  • uranyl oxalate [ENG31-15109894-n] (a salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with oxalic acid)
                • permanganate [ENG31-15003969-n] (a dark purple salt of permanganic acid)

                  • potassium permanganate [ENG31-15019845-n] (a poisonous salt that forms dark purple crystals and is purple-red when dissolved in water)
                • phosphate [ENG31-15006824-n] (a salt of phosphoric acid)

                  • calcium phosphate [ENG31-14814307-n] (a phosphate of calcium)
                  • sodium phosphate [ENG31-15071135-n] (phosphate of sodium)
                • polyphosphate [ENG31-15019293-n] (a salt or ester of polyphosphoric acid)
                • propenoate [ENG31-15022988-n] (a salt or ester of propenoic acid)
                • double salt [ENG31-15036554-n] (a solution of two simple salts that forms a single substance on crystallization)

                  • alum [ENG31-14652297-n] (a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the potassium double sulfate of aluminum)
                  • alum [ENG31-14652485-n] (a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the ammonium double sulfate of aluminum)
                  • Rochelle salt [ENG31-15034041-n] (a double salt used in Seidlitz powder)
                  • Paris green [ENG31-15036894-n] (a toxic double salt of copper arsenate and copper acetate)
                • bile salt [ENG31-15037566-n] (a salt of bile acid and a base)
                • Glauber's salt [ENG31-15037706-n] ((Na2SO4.10H2O) a colorless salt used as a cathartic)
                • cream of tartar [ENG31-15037836-n] (a salt used especially in baking powder)
                • sodium chlorate [ENG31-15038017-n] (a colorless salt (NaClO3) used as a weed killer and an antiseptic)
                • bichromate [ENG31-15038331-n] (a salt of the hypothetical dichromic acid)
                • sodium dichromate [ENG31-15038442-n] (a red-orange salt used as a mordant)
                • microcosmic salt [ENG31-15041293-n] (a white salt present in urine and used to test for metal oxides)
                • silicate [ENG31-15064600-n] (a salt or ester derived from silicic acid)
                • sodium carbonate [ENG31-15069411-n] (a sodium salt of carbonic acid)
                • sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [ENG31-15069597-n] (a gummy substance that is a sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose)
                • sodium fluoride [ENG31-15069783-n] (a colorless crystalline salt of sodium (NaF) used in fluoridation of water and to prevent tooth decay)
                • sulfate [ENG31-15088060-n] (a salt or ester of sulphuric acid)

                  • barium sulphate [ENG31-14797038-n] (a white insoluble radiopaque powder used as a pigment)
                  • copper sulfate [ENG31-14847009-n] (a copper salt made by the action of sulfuric acid on copper oxide)

                    • blue vitriol [ENG31-14806411-n] (hydrated blue crystalline form of copper sulfate)
                  • magnesium sulfate [ENG31-14969762-n] (a salt of magnesium)

                    • Epsom salts [ENG31-14969863-n] (hydrated magnesium sulfate that is taken orally to treat heartburn and constipation and injected to prevent seizures)
                  • sodium sulphate [ENG31-15070817-n] (a solid white bitter salt used in manufacturing glass and paper and dyes and pharmaceuticals)
                  • zinc sulfate [ENG31-15132891-n] (a colorless water-soluble powder)
                • thiocyanate [ENG31-15094665-n] (a salt of thiocyanic acid)
                • tungstate [ENG31-15106524-n] (a salt of tungstic acid)
                • urate [ENG31-15110403-n] (a salt of uric acid)

                  • tophus [ENG31-15110492-n] (a deposit of urates around a joint or in the external ear)
                • vanadate [ENG31-15111378-n] (a salt or ester of vanadic acid)
                • xanthate [ENG31-15137395-n] (a salt or ester of xanthic acid)
              • caustic [ENG31-15039096-n] (any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue)

                • lye [ENG31-14967952-n] (a strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide)
                • silver nitrate [ENG31-15038737-n] (a nitrate used in making photographic emulsions)

                  • lunar caustic [ENG31-15038973-n] (silver nitrate fused into sticks and formerly used as a caustic)
              • nitrate [ENG31-15040068-n] (any compound containing the nitrate group (such as a salt or ester of nitric acid))

                • calcium nitrate [ENG31-14813894-n] (a deliquescent salt that is soluble in water)
                • sodium nitrate [ENG31-14884754-n] ((NaNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive)
                • potassium nitrate [ENG31-14885506-n] ((KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive)
                • ammonium nitrate [ENG31-15038579-n] (used as an explosive and fertilizer and rocket propellant)
                • uranyl nitrate [ENG31-15109742-n] (a yellow salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid)
              • chloride [ENG31-15042171-n] (any compound containing a chlorine atom)

                • calomel [ENG31-14975076-n] (a tasteless colorless powder used medicinally as a cathartic)
                • trichloride [ENG31-15041551-n] (any compound containing three chlorine atoms in each molecule)

                  • nitrogen trichloride [ENG31-15041688-n] (a yellow pungent volatile oil (trade name Agene) formerly used for bleaching and aging flour)
                • dichloride [ENG31-15041910-n] (a compound containing two chlorine atoms per molecule)
                • perchloride [ENG31-15042033-n] (a chloride containing an unusually high proportion of chlorine)

                  • iron perchloride [ENG31-14947871-n] (a highly toxic chemical used to engrave metal plates and electronic circuits)
                • aluminum chloride [ENG31-15042445-n] (a chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst)
                • methylene chloride [ENG31-15042580-n] (a nonflammable liquid used as a solvent and paint remover and refrigerant)
                • silver chloride [ENG31-15042885-n] (a chloride used chiefly in the manufacture of photographic emulsions)
                • stannic chloride [ENG31-15043015-n] (a colorless caustic liquid made by treating tin with chlorine)
                • hemin [ENG31-15049795-n] (a reddish-brown chloride of heme)
              • heterocyclic compound [ENG31-15049964-n] (a compound containing a heterocyclic ring)

                • chelate [ENG31-14643211-n] (a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions)
              • silicide [ENG31-15064696-n] (any of various compounds of silicon with a more electropositive element or radical)
              • siloxane [ENG31-15065466-n] (any of a large class of compounds that have alternate silicon and oxygen atoms)
              • solvate [ENG31-15072555-n] (a compound formed by solvation (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute))
              • sternutator [ENG31-15082125-n] (a chemical substance that causes sneezing and coughing and crying)
              • stripper [ENG31-15086117-n] (a chemical compound used to remove paint or varnish)
              • sulfide [ENG31-15088266-n] (a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive)

                • pyrites [ENG31-14717005-n] (any of various metallic-looking sulfides (of which pyrite is the commonest))
                • hydrogen sulfide [ENG31-14937669-n] (a sulfide having the unpleasant smell of rotten eggs)
                • iron disulfide [ENG31-14947475-n] (a compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with iron)
                • cadmium sulfide [ENG31-15120493-n] (a yellow sulfide used chiefly as a pigment)

                  • zinc cadmium sulfide [ENG31-15120993-n] (cadmium sulfide containing zinc)
                • zinc sulfide [ENG31-15133105-n] (a yellow to white crystalline fluorescent compound that occurs naturally as sphalerite or wurtzite and is used as a luminous pigment)
              • telluride [ENG31-15092701-n] (any binary compound of tellurium with other more electropositive elements)
              • tenderizer [ENG31-15093003-n] (a substance (as the plant enzyme papain) applied to meat to make it tender)
              • tetrachloride [ENG31-15093321-n] (any compound that contains four chlorine atoms per molecule)

                • carbon tetrachloride [ENG31-14822209-n] (a colorless nonflammable liquid used as a solvent for fats and oils)
              • triazine [ENG31-15103597-n] (any of three isomeric compounds having three carbon and three nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring)
              • yellowcake [ENG31-15131096-n] (an impure mixture of uranium oxides obtained during the processing of uranium ore)
              • enamel [ENG31-15135021-n] (a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection)
              • pregnanediol [ENG31-15136004-n] (a compound found in women's urine during certain phases of the menstrual cycle and in the urine of pregnant women)
            • soil conditioner [ENG31-14869553-n] (a chemical substance used to improve the structure of the soil and increase its porosity)
            • fertilizer [ENG31-14883495-n] (any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile)

              • organic [ENG31-14883989-n] (a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter)

                • bonemeal [ENG31-14806992-n] (fertilizer made of ground bones)
                • neem cake [ENG31-14807078-n] (residue after oil is pressed from neem seeds)
                • manure [ENG31-14887672-n] (any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta usually with litter material)

                  • chicken manure [ENG31-14887939-n] (chicken excreta used as fertilizer)
                  • cow manure [ENG31-14888034-n] (cow excreta used as fertilizer)
                  • green manure [ENG31-14888121-n] (a growing crop that is plowed under to enrich soil)
                  • horse manure [ENG31-14888230-n] (horse excreta used as fertilizer)
                  • night soil [ENG31-14888321-n] (human excreta used as fertilizer)
                • fish meal [ENG31-14891696-n] (ground dried fish used as fertilizer and as feed for domestic livestock)
                • guano [ENG31-14916440-n] (the excrement of sea birds)
            • flux [ENG31-14884253-n] (a substance added to molten metals to bond with impurities that can then be readily removed)

              • soldering flux [ENG31-14884431-n] (flux applied to surfaces that are to be joined by soldering)
            • fumigant [ENG31-14900357-n] (a chemical substance used in fumigation)
            • herbicide [ENG31-14931001-n] (a chemical agent that destroys plants or inhibits their growth)

              • Agent Orange [ENG31-14625217-n] (a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas)
              • atrazine [ENG31-14653950-n] (a synthetic compound derived from triazine that is widely used as an agricultural herbicide)
              • linuron [ENG31-14962716-n] (a herbicide that kills weeds without harming vegetables)
              • paraquat [ENG31-14998712-n] (a poisonous yellow solid used in solution as a herbicide)
              • silvex [ENG31-15066862-n] (a herbicide that is effective in controlling woody plants but is toxic to animals)
              • simazine [ENG31-15066996-n] (a herbicide used to control weeds (especially among crops))
            • intermediate [ENG31-14945410-n] (a substance formed during a chemical process before the desired product is obtained)
            • fraction [ENG31-14946245-n] (a component of a mixture that has been separated by a fractional process)
            • larvicide [ENG31-14954211-n] (a chemical used to kill larval pests)
            • pesticide [ENG31-15004774-n] (a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects))

              • acaricide [ENG31-14623014-n] (a chemical agent used to kill mites)
              • insecticide [ENG31-14944099-n] (a chemical used to kill insects)

                • pyrethrum [ENG31-12043188-n] (made of dried flower heads of pyrethrum plants)
                • dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [ENG31-14624118-n] (an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans)
                • larvacide [ENG31-14624315-n] (an insecticide that kills the larvae of insects)
                • lead arsenate [ENG31-14624418-n] (a poisonous white solid (Pb3[AsO4]2) used as an insecticide)
                • lindane [ENG31-14959002-n] (a white crystalline powder used as an agricultural insecticide)

                  • Kwell [ENG31-14952470-n] (a preparation of lindane (trade name Kwell) that is used to kill lice and itch mites)
                • Malathion [ENG31-14970220-n] (a yellow insecticide used as a dust or spray to control garden pests and house flies and mites)
                • organophosphate [ENG31-14994553-n] (an insecticide that interferes with an insect's nervous system)

                  • chlorpyrifos [ENG31-14834636-n] (a common organophosphate insecticide)
                • parathion [ENG31-15036781-n] (a colorless and odorless toxic oil used as an insecticide)
                • rotenone [ENG31-15037045-n] (a white crystalline insecticide that has low toxicity for mammals)
              • pediculicide [ENG31-15003012-n] (a chemical agent that kills lice)
              • phosphine [ENG31-15006688-n] (a colorless gas with a strong fishy smell)
              • scabicide [ENG31-15062883-n] (a drug that destroys the itch mite that causes scabies)
              • sheep dip [ENG31-15063746-n] (a liquid mixture containing pesticides in which sheep are dipped to kill parasites)
              • spray [ENG31-15077122-n] (a pesticide in suspension or solution)
            • phytochemical [ENG31-15007702-n] (a chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but not nutritive)

              • carotenoid [ENG31-14745123-n] (any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals)

                • carotene [ENG31-14745397-n] (yellow or orange-red fat-soluble pigments in plants)
                • lycopene [ENG31-14745503-n] (carotenoid that makes tomatoes red)
                • xanthophyll [ENG31-14745796-n] (yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks)
                • zeaxanthin [ENG31-14745942-n] (yellow carotenoid (isomeric with lutein and occurs widely with it) that is the main pigment in yellow Indian corn)
              • flavonoid [ENG31-14893809-n] (any of a large class of plant pigments having a chemical structure based on or similar to flavone)
            • product [ENG31-15022266-n] (a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction)

              • hydrolysate [ENG31-14638019-n] (a product of hydrolysis)
              • filtrate [ENG31-14892715-n] (the product of filtration)

                • percolate [ENG31-15022455-n] (the product of percolation)
            • restrainer [ENG31-15029441-n] (a chemical that is added to a photographic developer in order to retard development and reduce the amount of fog on a film)
            • stabilizer [ENG31-15077234-n] (a chemical that is added to a solution or mixture or suspension to maintain it in a stable or unchanging state)
            • softener [ENG31-15080503-n] (a substance added to another to make it less hard)

              • conditioner [ENG31-03092476-n] (a substance used in washing (clothing or hair) to make things softer)
              • plasticizer [ENG31-14617342-n] (a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable)
              • water softener [ENG31-15080679-n] (a substance (such as sodium chloride) that lessens the hardness of water by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions and so gives the water more efficient sudsing power)
          • composite material [ENG31-14841953-n] (strong lightweight material developed in the laboratory)
          • conductor [ENG31-14845213-n] (a substance that readily conducts e.g. electricity and heat)

            • copper [ENG31-14659900-n] (a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element)

              • blister copper [ENG31-14805672-n] (an impure form of copper having a black blistered surface)
            • silver [ENG31-14679133-n] (a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal)

              • coin silver [ENG31-14840783-n] (a silver of the degree of purity established for making legal silver coins)
            • semiconductor [ENG31-14845418-n] (a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator)

              • germanium [ENG31-14662695-n] (a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors)
              • silicon [ENG31-14678720-n] (a tetravalent nonmetallic element)
          • insulator [ENG31-14845760-n] (a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity)

            • bushing [ENG31-02928634-n] (an insulating liner in an opening through which conductors pass)
            • mineral wool [ENG31-14793805-n] (a light fibrous material used as an insulator)
          • contaminant [ENG31-14846154-n] (a substance that contaminates)
          • particulate [ENG31-14863609-n] (a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant))

            • dust [ENG31-14864016-n] (fine powdery material such as dry earth or pollen that can be blown about in the air)

              • chalk dust [ENG31-14863868-n] (dust resulting from writing with a piece of chalk)
              • fallout [ENG31-14883101-n] (the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion)
          • dust [ENG31-14864262-n] (free microscopic particles of solid material)

            • interplanetary dust [ENG31-09337169-n] (microscopic particles in the interplanetary medium)
          • elastomer [ENG31-14864753-n] (any of various elastic materials that resemble rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed))
          • earth [ENG31-14867162-n] (the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface)

            • moraine [ENG31-09381804-n] (accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier)
            • saprolite [ENG31-14868730-n] (a deposit of clay and disintegrating rock that is found in its original place)
            • soil [ENG31-14868863-n] (the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock)

              • marl [ENG31-14705410-n] (a loose and crumbling earthy deposit consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite)
              • regosol [ENG31-14719512-n] (a type of soil consisting of unconsolidated material from freshly deposited alluvium or sand)
              • residual soil [ENG31-14719749-n] (the soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved)
              • topsoil [ENG31-14719898-n] (the layer of soil on the surface)
              • subsoil [ENG31-14719999-n] (the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock)
              • alluvial soil [ENG31-14743886-n] (a fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds)
              • bog soil [ENG31-14806562-n] (poorly drained soils on top of peat and under marsh or swamp vegetation)
              • clay [ENG31-14837352-n] (a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired)

                • adobe [ENG31-14625105-n] (the clay from which adobe bricks are made)
                • argil [ENG31-14626775-n] (a white clay (especially a white clay used by potters))
                • china clay [ENG31-14694800-n] (a fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (as feldspar))
                • pipeclay [ENG31-14837730-n] (fine white clay used in making tobacco pipes and pottery and in whitening leather)
                • bentonite [ENG31-14837879-n] (an absorbent aluminum silicate clay formed from volcanic ash)
                • fireclay [ENG31-14838013-n] (a heat-resistant clay)
                • Kitty Litter [ENG31-14838127-n] (granulated clay)
                • potter's clay [ENG31-14838295-n] (clay that does not contain any iron)

                  • slip [ENG31-14838465-n] (potter's clay that is thinned and used for coating or decorating ceramics)
                • daub [ENG31-14852853-n] (material used to daub walls)
              • clunch [ENG31-14838701-n] (hardened clay)
              • desert soil [ENG31-14858183-n] (a type of soil that develops in arid climates)
              • caliche [ENG31-14869748-n] (crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions)
              • fuller's earth [ENG31-14899858-n] (an absorbent soil resembling clay)
              • gilgai soil [ENG31-14903643-n] (soil in the melon holes of Australia)
              • gumbo [ENG31-14927747-n] (any of various fine-grained silty soils that become waxy and very sticky mud when saturated with water)
              • humus [ENG31-14932973-n] (partially decomposed organic matter)
              • indurated clay [ENG31-14941712-n] (hardened clay)
              • Indian red [ENG31-14942415-n] (a red soil containing ferric oxide)
              • laterite [ENG31-14954303-n] (a red soil produced by rock decay)
              • loam [ENG31-14966361-n] (a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials)

                • regur [ENG31-14719658-n] (a rich black loam of India)
                • chernozemic soil [ENG31-14833836-n] (a rich black loam of Russia)
              • loess [ENG31-14966769-n] (a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind)
              • mold [ENG31-14977703-n] (loose soil rich in organic matter)

                • leaf mold [ENG31-14958049-n] (soil composed mainly of decaying leaves)
              • mud [ENG31-14980464-n] (water soaked soil)

                • bleaching clay [ENG31-14804764-n] (an adsorbent clay that will remove coloring from oils)
                • mud pie [ENG31-14804896-n] (a mass of mud that a child has molded into the shape of pie)
                • slop [ENG31-14980662-n] (deep soft mud in water or slush)
              • bole [ENG31-15015431-n] (a soft oily clay used as a pigment (especially a reddish brown pigment))
              • podzol [ENG31-15017704-n] (a soil that develops in temperate to cold moist climates under coniferous or heath vegetation)
              • prairie soil [ENG31-15021841-n] (a type of soil occurring under grasses in temperate climates)
              • sand [ENG31-15043597-n] (a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral)
              • sedimentary clay [ENG31-15046391-n] (clay soil formed by sedimentary deposits)
              • silt [ENG31-15066619-n] (mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake)
              • till [ENG31-15099339-n] (unstratified soil deposited by a glacier)
              • tundra soil [ENG31-15106242-n] (a black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil that is characteristic of Arctic and subarctic regions)
              • wiesenboden [ENG31-15122561-n] (a dark meadow soil rich in organic material)
          • discharge [ENG31-14876637-n] (a substance that is emitted or released)

            • exudate [ENG31-14877100-n] (a substance that oozes out from plant pores)

              • gum [ENG31-14922621-n] (any of various substances (soluble in water) that exude from certain plants)

                • sweet gum [ENG31-12337370-n] (aromatic exudate from the sweet gum tree)
                • eucalyptus gum [ENG31-12359607-n] (reddish-brown dried gummy exudation from any of several trees of the genus Eucalyptus especially Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
                • balata [ENG31-12795256-n] (when dried yields a hard substance used e.g. in golf balls)
                • ammoniac [ENG31-14768155-n] (the aromatic gum of the ammoniac plant)
                • carrageenin [ENG31-14825881-n] (a colloidal extract from carrageen seaweed and other red algae)
                • conima [ENG31-14844811-n] (a gum resin from the poison hemlock, Conium maculatum)
                • dragon's blood [ENG31-14862847-n] (a dark red resinous substance derived from various trees and used in photoengraving)
                • euphorbium [ENG31-14876499-n] (an acrid brown gum resin now used mainly in veterinary medicine)
                • frankincense [ENG31-14898102-n] (an aromatic gum resin obtained from various Arabian or East African trees)
                • galbanum [ENG31-14901023-n] (a bitter aromatic gum resin that resembles asafetida)
                • ghatti [ENG31-14902995-n] (an Indian gum from the dhawa tree)
                • agar [ENG31-14924159-n] (a colloidal extract of algae)
                • algin [ENG31-14924605-n] (a gum used especially as a thickener or emulsifier)
                • cherry-tree gum [ENG31-14924722-n] (exudation from trees of the Prunus genus)
                • chicle [ENG31-14924846-n] (gum-like substance from the sapodilla)
                • guar gum [ENG31-14924968-n] (a gum from seeds of the guar plant)
                • gum arabic [ENG31-14925114-n] (gum from an acacia tree)

                  • Senegal gum [ENG31-14925309-n] (gum arabic from the vicinity of the Senegal river)
                • gum butea [ENG31-14925416-n] (dried juice of the dhak tree)
                • kino [ENG31-14925562-n] (a gum obtained from various tropical plants)
                • mesquite gum [ENG31-14925716-n] (a gum obtained from mesquite pods)
                • mucilage [ENG31-14925830-n] (a gelatinous substance secreted by plants)
                • sterculia gum [ENG31-14925944-n] (exudate of an Asian tree)
                • gutta-percha [ENG31-14927914-n] (a whitish rubber derived from the coagulated milky latex of gutta-percha trees)
                • lacquer [ENG31-14952867-n] (a black resinous substance obtained from certain trees and used as a natural varnish)
                • opopanax [ENG31-14994451-n] (an odorous gum resin formerly used in medicines)
                • sangapenum [ENG31-15043834-n] (a variety of gum)
                • tragacanth [ENG31-15101793-n] (a gum used in pharmacy, adhesives, and textile printing)
              • latex [ENG31-15030685-n] (a milky exudate from certain plants that coagulates on exposure to air)

                • rubber [ENG31-15030825-n] (an elastic material obtained from the latex sap of trees (especially trees of the genera Hevea and Ficus) that can be vulcanized and finished into a variety of products)

                  • foam rubber [ENG31-14897026-n] (spongy rubber)
                  • crepe rubber [ENG31-15031249-n] (crude natural rubber)
                  • cold rubber [ENG31-15031757-n] (a rubber made at low temperatures (5 degrees Centigrade) which is tougher than conventional rubber and is often used in car tires)
                  • hard rubber [ENG31-15032101-n] (a hard nonresilient rubber formed by vulcanizing natural rubber)
                  • Para rubber [ENG31-15032244-n] (a type of natural rubber obtained from tropical South American trees)
            • transudate [ENG31-14877299-n] (a substance that transudes)
            • effluvium [ENG31-14877717-n] (a foul-smelling outflow or vapor (especially a gaseous waste))
            • rheum [ENG31-14877834-n] (a watery discharge from the mucous membranes (especially from the eyes or nose))
            • vaginal discharge [ENG31-14877983-n] (discharge of secretions from the cervical glands of the vagina)
          • detritus [ENG31-14880285-n] (loose material (stone fragments and silt etc) that is worn away from rocks)
          • waste [ENG31-14880414-n] (any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted)

            • impurity [ENG31-14607850-n] (worthless or dangerous material that should be removed)
            • exhaust [ENG31-14861534-n] (gases ejected from an engine as waste products)
            • body waste [ENG31-14878134-n] (waste matter (as urine or sweat but especially feces) discharged from the body)

              • fecal matter [ENG31-14878449-n] (solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels)

                • dog shit [ENG31-09291386-n] (fecal droppings from a dog)
                • crap [ENG31-14878732-n] (obscene terms for feces)
                • droppings [ENG31-14878998-n] (fecal matter of animals)

                  • chip [ENG31-09266812-n] (a piece of dried bovine dung)
                  • coprolite [ENG31-09279178-n] (fossil excrement)
                  • pigeon droppings [ENG31-14878915-n] (droppings of pigeons)
                  • cow pie [ENG31-14879217-n] (fecal matter of a cow)
                • meconium [ENG31-14879301-n] (thick dark green mucoid material that is the first feces of a newborn child)
                • melena [ENG31-14879431-n] (abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding))
              • fecula [ENG31-14879579-n] (excreta (especially of insects))
              • wormcast [ENG31-14879663-n] (cylindrical mass of earth voided by a burrowing earthworm or lugworm)
              • human waste [ENG31-14879786-n] (the body wastes of human beings)
              • urine [ENG31-14879875-n] (liquid excretory product)
              • vomit [ENG31-14880143-n] (the matter ejected in vomiting)
            • filth [ENG31-14880903-n] (any substance considered disgustingly foul or unpleasant)
            • sewage [ENG31-14881044-n] (waste matter carried away in sewers or drains)
            • effluent [ENG31-14881172-n] (water mixed with waste matter)
            • garbage [ENG31-14881302-n] (food that is discarded (as from a kitchen))
            • pollutant [ENG31-14881429-n] (waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil)
            • rubbish [ENG31-14881648-n] (worthless material that is to be disposed of)

              • scrap metal [ENG31-14881888-n] (discarded metal suitable for reprocessing)

                • scrap iron [ENG31-15045541-n] (iron to be melted again and reworked)
              • debris [ENG31-14882048-n] (the remains of something that has been destroyed or broken up)

                • slack [ENG31-14882250-n] (dust consisting of a mixture of small coal fragments and coal dust and dirt that sifts out when coal is passed over a sieve)
              • litter [ENG31-14882443-n] (rubbish carelessly dropped or left about (especially in public places))
            • slop [ENG31-14882602-n] ((usually plural) waste water from a kitchen or bathroom or chamber pot that has to be emptied by hand)
            • toxic waste [ENG31-14882788-n] (poisonous waste materials)
          • fiber [ENG31-14891040-n] (a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn)

            • byssus [ENG31-01957959-n] (tuft of strong filaments by which e.g. a mussel makes itself fast to a fixed surface)
            • bristle [ENG31-02905839-n] (a stiff fiber (coarse hair or filament))
            • optical fiber [ENG31-03857551-n] (a very thin fiber made of glass that functions as a waveguide for light)
            • spindle [ENG31-05613253-n] ((biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division)
            • loofa [ENG31-12187592-n] (the dried fibrous part of the fruit of a plant of the genus Luffa)
            • cantala [ENG31-12498636-n] (hard fiber used in making coarse twine)
            • bassine [ENG31-12606728-n] (coarse leaf fiber from palmyra palms used in making brushes and brooms)
            • coir [ENG31-12608815-n] (stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut)
            • raffia [ENG31-12616066-n] (fiber of a raffia palm used as light cordage and in making hats and baskets)
            • string [ENG31-14891516-n] (a tough piece of fiber in vegetables, meat, or other food (especially the tough fibers connecting the two halves of a bean pod))
            • fibril [ENG31-14892009-n] (a very slender natural or synthetic fiber)

              • barb [ENG31-01900826-n] (one of the parallel filaments projecting from the main shaft of a feather)
              • cobweb [ENG31-03063809-n] (filaments from a web that was spun by a spider)
              • chromatid [ENG31-05451751-n] (one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis)
              • myofibril [ENG31-05467529-n] (one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber)
              • rhizoid [ENG31-12995586-n] (any of various slender filaments that function as roots in mosses and ferns and fungi etc)

                • leak fungus [ENG31-12994822-n] (fungus causing soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables and rings of dry rot around roots of sweet potatoes)
              • hypha [ENG31-13043298-n] (any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus)

                • conidiophore [ENG31-11569589-n] (a specialized fungal hypha that produces conidia)
                • rhizomorph [ENG31-13252196-n] (a dense mass of hyphae forming a root-like structure characteristic of many fungi)
              • paraphysis [ENG31-13113595-n] (a sterile simple or branched filament or hair borne among sporangia)
            • lint [ENG31-14962605-n] (fine ravellings of cotton or linen fibers)
            • man-made fiber [ENG31-14983197-n] (fiber created from natural materials or by chemical processes)

              • acrylic fiber [ENG31-14990133-n] (polymerized from acrylonitrile)
            • natural fiber [ENG31-14983373-n] (fiber derived from plants or animals)

              • pandanus [ENG31-12175643-n] (fiber from leaves of the pandanus tree)
              • New Zealand cotton [ENG31-12206043-n] (a fiber from the bast of New Zealand ribbon trees that resembles cotton fiber)
              • bowstring hemp [ENG31-12502146-n] (strong fiber that resembles hemp)
              • bast [ENG31-13120203-n] (strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants)
              • plant fiber [ENG31-14983783-n] (fiber derived from plants)

                • buntal [ENG31-14891841-n] (fine white Philippine fiber from stalks of unopened leaves of talipot palms)
                • flax [ENG31-14893980-n] (fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric)
                • cotton [ENG31-14894229-n] (soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state)

                  • long-staple cotton [ENG31-14894476-n] (cotton with relatively long fibers)
                  • short-staple cotton [ENG31-14894575-n] (cotton with relatively short fibers)
                • hemp [ENG31-14930651-n] (a plant fiber)

                  • kenaf [ENG31-12198875-n] (fiber from an East Indian plant Hibiscus cannabinus)
                  • bowstring hemp [ENG31-14808665-n] (hemp obtained from the sansevieria)
                  • Manila hemp [ENG31-14971696-n] (a kind of hemp obtained from the abaca plant in the Philippines)
                • jute [ENG31-14949783-n] (a plant fiber used in making rope or sacks)
                • kapok [ENG31-14949914-n] (a plant fiber from the kapok tree)
                • red silk cotton [ENG31-14950083-n] (a plant fiber from the red silk-cotton tree of eastern India)
                • straw [ENG31-14984078-n] (plant fiber used e.g. for making baskets and hats or as fodder)
                • raffia [ENG31-15027113-n] (leaf fibers of the raffia palm tree)
                • sisal [ENG31-15067221-n] (a plant fiber used for making rope)
              • staple [ENG31-15043255-n] (a natural fiber (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax) that can be twisted to form yarn)
            • oakum [ENG31-14990722-n] (loose hemp or jute fiber obtained by unravelling old ropes)
            • raveling [ENG31-15027526-n] (a bit of fiber that has become separated from woven fabric)
          • filling [ENG31-14892394-n] (any material that fills a space or container)

            • cement [ENG31-14828811-n] (any of various materials used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth)
          • foam [ENG31-14896848-n] (a lightweight material in cellular form)
          • homogenate [ENG31-14932573-n] (material that has been homogenized (especially tissue that has been ground and mixed))
          • humate [ENG31-14933128-n] (material that is high in humic acids)

            • peat [ENG31-14713654-n] (partially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water)
            • lignite [ENG31-14839433-n] (intermediate between peat and bituminous coal)

              • jet [ENG31-14949516-n] (a hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish and is used in jewelry or ornamentation)
          • impregnation [ENG31-14940947-n] (material with which something is impregnated)
          • paper [ENG31-14998823-n] (a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses)

            • card [ENG31-02965981-n] (one of a set of small pieces of stiff paper marked in various ways and used for playing games or for telling fortunes)

              • playing card [ENG31-03970276-n] (one of a pack of cards that are used to play card games)

                • crib [ENG31-00493094-n] (the cards discarded by players at cribbage)
                • ace [ENG31-02676145-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck having a single pip on its face)

                  • ace of clubs [ENG31-02676955-n] (the ace in the club suit)
                  • ace of diamonds [ENG31-02677038-n] (the ace in the diamond suit)
                  • ace of hearts [ENG31-02677127-n] (the ace in the heart suit)
                  • ace of spades [ENG31-02677212-n] (the ace in the spade suit)
                • club [ENG31-03057773-n] (a playing card in the minor suit that has one or more black trefoils on it)
                • deuce [ENG31-03187461-n] (one of the four playing cards in a deck that have two spots)
                • diamond [ENG31-03192656-n] (a playing card in the minor suit that has one or more red rhombuses on it)
                • draw [ENG31-03237949-n] (a playing card or cards dealt or taken from the pack)
                • face card [ENG31-03318973-n] (one of the twelve cards in a deck bearing a picture of a face)

                  • jack [ENG31-03594280-n] (one of four face cards in a deck bearing a picture of a young prince)
                  • king [ENG31-03623428-n] (one of the four playing cards in a deck bearing the picture of a king)
                  • queen [ENG31-04039901-n] (one of four face cards in a deck bearing a picture of a queen)
                • gaming card [ENG31-03419484-n] (one of a set of cards used in gambling games)
                • heart [ENG31-03512192-n] (a playing card in the major suit that has one or more red hearts on it)
                • hole card [ENG31-03532180-n] ((poker) a playing card dealt face down and not revealed until the showdown)
                • joker [ENG31-03607177-n] (a playing card that is usually printed with a picture of a jester)
                • singleton [ENG31-04230510-n] (the playing card that is the only card in a suit held in a bridge hand as initially dealt)
                • spade [ENG31-04273770-n] (a playing card in the major suit that has one or more black figures on it)
                • spot [ENG31-04293445-n] (a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value)

                  • eight-spot [ENG31-03272251-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck with eight pips on the face)
                  • nine-spot [ENG31-03831088-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck with nine pips on the face)
                  • seven-spot [ENG31-04185123-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck with seven pips on the face)
                  • ten-spot [ENG31-04418277-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck with ten pips on the face)
                • stopper [ENG31-04334963-n] ((bridge) a playing card with a value sufficiently high to insure taking a trick in a particular suit)
                • suit [ENG31-04358311-n] (playing card in any of four sets of 13 cards in a pack)

                  • major suit [ENG31-03719095-n] ((bridge) a suit of superior scoring value, either spades or hearts)
                  • minor suit [ENG31-03776794-n] (( bridge) a suit of inferior scoring value, either diamonds or clubs)
                  • trump [ENG31-04498154-n] ((card games) the suit that has been declared to rank above all other suits for the duration of the hand)
                • trey [ENG31-04487671-n] (one of four playing cards in a deck having three pips)
                • trump [ENG31-04498430-n] (a playing card in the suit that has been declared trumps)
                • wild card [ENG31-04591798-n] (a playing card whose value can be determined by the person who holds it)
              • punched card [ENG31-04030202-n] (a card on which data can be recorded in the form of punched holes)
              • tarot card [ENG31-04401914-n] (any of a set of (usually 78) cards that include 22 cards representing virtues and vices and death and fortune etc.)
              • trading card [ENG31-04473030-n] (a card with a picture on it)

                • baseball card [ENG31-02802601-n] (a trading card with a picture of a baseball player and information about his playing record)
            • confetti [ENG31-03094734-n] (small pieces or streamers of colored paper that are thrown around on festive occasions (as at a wedding))
            • sheet [ENG31-06266354-n] (paper used for writing or printing)

              • slip [ENG31-04247434-n] (a small sheet of paper)
              • signature [ENG31-06266618-n] (a sheet with several pages printed on it)
              • leaf [ENG31-06266806-n] (a sheet of any written or printed material (especially in a manuscript or book))

                • flyleaf [ENG31-06267071-n] (a blank leaf in the front or back of a book)
                • interleaf [ENG31-06267168-n] (a blank leaf inserted between the leaves of a book)
                • page [ENG31-06267274-n] (one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains)

                  • full page [ENG31-06267827-n] (something that covers an entire page)
                  • half page [ENG31-06267949-n] (something that covers (the top or bottom) half of a page)
                  • recto [ENG31-06268061-n] (right-hand page)
                  • verso [ENG31-06268146-n] (left-hand page)
                  • title page [ENG31-06268230-n] (a page of a book displaying the title and author and publisher)
                  • half title [ENG31-06268349-n] (a first page of some books displaying only the title of the book)
                  • sports page [ENG31-06268486-n] (any page in the sports section of a newspaper)
                  • spread [ENG31-06268608-n] (two facing pages of a book or other publication)

                    • center spread [ENG31-06268805-n] (the spread at the center of a magazine)
                    • centerfold [ENG31-06268976-n] (a magazine center spread)
                  • foldout [ENG31-06269194-n] (an oversize page that is folded in to a book or magazine)
              • tear sheet [ENG31-06267718-n] (a sheet that can be easily torn out of a publication)
              • foolscap [ENG31-06270140-n] (a size of paper used especially in Britain)
              • style sheet [ENG31-06270237-n] (a sheet summarizing the editorial conventions to be followed in preparing text for publication)
              • worksheet [ENG31-06270389-n] (a sheet of paper with multiple columns)
              • revenue stamp [ENG31-06868867-n] (a small piece of adhesive paper that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid)
            • art paper [ENG31-14793033-n] (a high-quality paper (usually having a filler of china clay))
            • blotting paper [ENG31-14805911-n] (absorbent paper used to dry ink)
            • blueprint paper [ENG31-14806309-n] (sensitized paper used to make blueprints)
            • carbon paper [ENG31-14821983-n] (a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon))
            • cardboard [ENG31-14823771-n] (a stiff moderately thick paper)

              • binder's board [ENG31-14800550-n] (a cardboard used by bookbinders to make covers for books)
              • card [ENG31-14824204-n] (thin cardboard, usually rectangular)

                • timecard [ENG31-04444265-n] (a card used with a time clock to record an employee's starting and quitting times each day)
              • corrugated board [ENG31-14825149-n] (cardboard with corrugations (can be glued to flat cardboard on one or both sides))
              • paperboard [ENG31-14825316-n] (a cardboard suitable for making posters)
              • pasteboard [ENG31-14825441-n] (stiff cardboard made by pasting together layers of paper)

                • millboard [ENG31-14825572-n] (stout pasteboard used to bind books)
              • strawboard [ENG31-14825663-n] (a coarse yellow cardboard made of straw pulp)
            • cartridge paper [ENG31-14824003-n] (paper for making cartridge cases)
            • chad [ENG31-14829846-n] (a small piece of paper that is supposed to be removed when a hole is punched in a card or paper tape)

              • dimpled chad [ENG31-14859987-n] (a chad that has been punched or dimpled but all four corners are still attached)
              • hanging chad [ENG31-14929107-n] (a chad that is incompletely removed and hanging by one corner)
              • swinging chad [ENG31-15090151-n] (a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at two corners)
              • tri-chad [ENG31-15103751-n] (a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at three corners)
            • computer paper [ENG31-14844222-n] (paper folded to permit continuous printing controlled by a computer)
            • construction paper [ENG31-14845103-n] (paper suitable for drawing and making cutouts)
            • crepe [ENG31-14850343-n] (paper with a crinkled texture)
            • drawing paper [ENG31-14862991-n] (paper that is specially prepared for use in drafting)

              • cartridge paper [ENG31-14824097-n] (thick white paper for pencil and ink drawings)
            • filter paper [ENG31-14892615-n] (a porous unsized paper used for filtering)
            • flypaper [ENG31-14896723-n] (paper that is poisoned or coated with a sticky substance to kill flies)
            • graph paper [ENG31-14914334-n] (paper that has lines to permit drawing graphs)
            • greaseproof paper [ENG31-14915283-n] (paper that is impermeable to oil or grease)
            • linen [ENG31-14959136-n] (a high-quality paper made of linen fibers or with a linen finish)
            • litmus paper [ENG31-14965780-n] (unsized paper treated with litmus for use as an acid-base indicator)
            • manifold paper [ENG31-14970888-n] (a lightweight paper used with carbon paper to make multiple copies)
            • manila [ENG31-14971077-n] (a strong paper or thin cardboard with a smooth light brown finish made from e.g. Manila hemp)
            • music paper [ENG31-14981291-n] (paper with lines appropriate for writing music)
            • newspaper [ENG31-14985861-n] (cheap paper made from wood pulp and used for printing newspapers)
            • oilpaper [ENG31-14992790-n] (paper that has been made translucent and waterproof by soaking in oil)
            • india paper [ENG31-14993980-n] (a thin tough opaque paper used in fine books)
            • pad [ENG31-14997692-n] (a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge)

              • message pad [ENG31-14975249-n] (a pad of paper on which messages can be written)
              • notepad [ENG31-15045652-n] (a pad of paper for keeping notes)

                • scratch pad [ENG31-15045756-n] (pad for preliminary or hasty writing or notes or sketches etc)
            • paper tape [ENG31-14999825-n] (a long narrow strip of paper)
            • paper toweling [ENG31-14999910-n] (absorbent paper used as toweling)
            • papier-mache [ENG31-15000003-n] (a substance made from paper pulp that can be molded when wet and painted when dry)
            • papyrus [ENG31-15000157-n] (paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat)
            • parchment [ENG31-15000338-n] (a superior paper resembling sheepskin)
            • rice paper [ENG31-15000431-n] (a thin delicate material resembling paper)
            • ticker tape [ENG31-15000882-n] (a continuous thin ribbon of paper on which stock quotes are written)
            • tissue [ENG31-15099529-n] (a soft thin (usually translucent) paper)

              • cigarette paper [ENG31-14836736-n] (a strong tissue paper that burns evenly and is sufficiently porous to control the burning of the tobacco in a cigarette)
              • facial tissue [ENG31-14888410-n] (tissue paper suitable for use on the face)
              • Kleenex [ENG31-14952146-n] (a piece of soft absorbent paper (usually two or more thin layers) used as a disposable handkerchief)
              • toilet tissue [ENG31-15099708-n] (a soft thin absorbent paper for use in toilets)

                • toilet roll [ENG31-15099865-n] (a roll of toilet paper)
            • tracing paper [ENG31-15101676-n] (a semitransparent paper that is used for tracing drawings)
            • transfer paper [ENG31-15102319-n] (a paper that is coated with a preparation for transferring a design to another surface)
            • wallpaper [ENG31-15118505-n] (a decorative paper for the walls of rooms)
            • waste paper [ENG31-15118620-n] (paper discarded after use)
            • wax paper [ENG31-15121228-n] (paper that has been waterproofed by treatment with wax or paraffin)
            • wrapping paper [ENG31-15129689-n] (a tough paper used for wrapping)

              • kraft [ENG31-14903131-n] (strong wrapping paper made from pulp processed with a sulfur solution)
              • butcher paper [ENG31-14903266-n] (a strong wrapping paper that resists penetration by blood or meat fluids)
              • gift wrap [ENG31-14903398-n] (attractive wrapping paper suitable for wrapping gifts)
            • writing paper [ENG31-15129835-n] (paper material made into thin sheets that are sized to take ink)

              • stationery [ENG31-06269505-n] (paper cut to an appropriate size for writing letters)

                • letterhead [ENG31-06269680-n] (a sheet of stationery with name and address of the organization printed at the top)
              • notepaper [ENG31-06269819-n] (writing paper intended for writing short notes or letters)

                • Post-It [ENG31-06269950-n] (brand name for a slip of notepaper that has an adhesive that allows it to stick to a surface and be removed without damaging the surface)
              • rag paper [ENG31-14718833-n] (paper made partly or wholly from rags)
              • bond [ENG31-14806688-n] (a superior quality of strong durable white writing paper)
              • ledger paper [ENG31-14958367-n] (a durable writing paper used in record books and business ledgers)
              • laid paper [ENG31-14958665-n] (writing paper having a watermark of fine lines running across the grain)
              • wove paper [ENG31-14958793-n] (writing paper having a very faint mesh pattern)
              • letter paper [ENG31-14958896-n] (writing paper for use in writing correspondence)
              • ola [ENG31-15000729-n] (leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in India for writing paper)
              • typewriter paper [ENG31-15106949-n] (writing paper suitable for use in a typewriter)

                • onionskin [ENG31-14993813-n] (a thin strong lightweight translucent paper used especially for making carbon copies)
              • vellum [ENG31-15111951-n] (a heavy creamy-colored paper resembling parchment)
          • packing material [ENG31-15001007-n] (any material used especially to protect something)

            • excelsior [ENG31-15001193-n] (thin curly wood shavings used for packing or stuffing)
          • coloring material [ENG31-15009532-n] (any material used for its color)

            • indicator [ENG31-14941359-n] ((chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance)

              • absorption indicator [ENG31-14622563-n] (an indicator used in reactions that involve precipitation)

                • fluorescein [ENG31-15012254-n] (a yellow dye that is visible even when highly diluted)

                  • eosin [ENG31-15012043-n] (a red fluorescent dye resulting from the action of bromine on fluorescein)
              • acid-base indicator [ENG31-14633376-n] (an indicator that changes color on going from acidic to basic solutions)

                • congo red [ENG31-14794792-n] (a red-brown azo dye especially as a chemical pH indicator (congo red is red in basic and blue in acidic solutions))
                • methyl orange [ENG31-14795643-n] (an azo dye used as an acid-base indicator)
                • litmus [ENG31-14965545-n] (a coloring material (obtained from lichens) that turns red in acid solutions and blue in alkaline solutions)
                • bromophenol blue [ENG31-15011278-n] (a dye used as an acid-base indicator)
                • bromothymol blue [ENG31-15011449-n] (a dye used as an acid-base indicator)
              • alpha-naphthol test [ENG31-14633962-n] (biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution)
              • oxidation-reduction indicator [ENG31-14995918-n] (an indicator that shows a reversible color change between oxidized and reduced forms)
            • mordant [ENG31-14979169-n] (a substance used to treat leather or other materials before dyeing)
            • dye [ENG31-15009942-n] (a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair)

              • acid dye [ENG31-14778557-n] (dye in which the chromophore is part of a negative ion)

                • metallized dye [ENG31-14651707-n] (acid dye in which the negative ion contains a chelated metal atom)
              • alizarin yellow [ENG31-14778884-n] (any of various yellow dyes)
              • anil [ENG31-14779039-n] (a blue dye obtained from plants or made synthetically)
              • aniline dye [ENG31-14779164-n] (any of many dyes made from aniline)
              • azo dye [ENG31-14794661-n] (any dye containing one or more azo groups)
              • basic dye [ENG31-14797436-n] (a dye that is considered to be a base because the chromophore is part of a positive ion)
              • bluing [ENG31-15011152-n] (used to whiten laundry or hair or give it a bluish tinge)
              • cochineal [ENG31-15011584-n] (a red dyestuff consisting of dried bodies of female cochineal insects)
              • cyanine dye [ENG31-15011709-n] (any of a class of dyes containing a -CH= group linking two heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen)
              • direct dye [ENG31-15011900-n] (dye with a high affinity for cellulose fibers (cotton or rayon etc.))
              • fluorochrome [ENG31-15012896-n] (any of various fluorescent substances used in fluorescence microscopy to stain specimens)

                • fluorescein isothiocyanate [ENG31-15012709-n] (a fluorochrome commonly conjugated with antibodies for use in indirect immunofluorescence)
              • hair dye [ENG31-15013061-n] (a dye for coloring the hair)

                • henna [ENG31-15013308-n] (a reddish brown dye used especially on hair)
                • rinse [ENG31-15013421-n] (a liquid preparation used on wet hair to give it a tint)
              • Kendal green [ENG31-15013528-n] (a green dye, often used to color cloth, which is obtained from the woad plant)
              • lac dye [ENG31-15013673-n] (scarlet dye like cochineal)
              • orchil [ENG31-15013997-n] (a purplish dye obtained from orchil lichens)
              • quercitron [ENG31-15025425-n] (a yellow dye made from the bark of the quercitron oak tree)
              • radiopaque dye [ENG31-15025779-n] (dye that does not allow the passage of X rays or other radiation)
              • safranine [ENG31-15026067-n] (any of a class of chiefly red organic dyes)

                • pheno-safranine [ENG31-15026207-n] (a purplish red water-soluble dye used in microscopy)
              • Tyrian purple [ENG31-15026320-n] (a red-purple to deep purple dye obtained from snails or made synthetically)
              • vat dye [ENG31-15026454-n] (a water-insoluble dye that is applied by reducing the dye to an alkaline form, applying the dye, then regenerating the insoluble dye by oxidation in the material)
              • woad [ENG31-15026705-n] (a blue dyestuff obtained from the woad plant)
            • tincture [ENG31-15010563-n] (a substance that colors or dyes)

              • argent [ENG31-15010703-n] (a metal tincture used in heraldry to give a silvery appearance)
            • hematochrome [ENG31-15013202-n] (a reddish coloring material found in some algae)
            • pigment [ENG31-15014387-n] (dry coloring material (especially a powder to be mixed with a liquid to produce paint, etc.))

              • chlorophyll [ENG31-01400853-n] (any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms)

                • chlorophyll a [ENG31-01401122-n] (a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution)
                • chlorophyll b [ENG31-01401273-n] (a dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution)
                • chlorophyll c [ENG31-01401444-n] (the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates)
                • chlorophyll d [ENG31-01401582-n] (the chlorophyll found (together with chlorophyll a) in red algae)
              • bacteriochlorophyll [ENG31-01401706-n] (a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants)
              • phycobilin [ENG31-01401877-n] (water-soluble proteinaceous pigments found in red algae and cyanobacteria)
              • phycoerythrin [ENG31-01402007-n] (red pigment in red algae)
              • phycocyanin [ENG31-01402091-n] (blue pigment in algae)
              • cobalt blue [ENG31-14695905-n] (greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of cobalt oxide and alumina)
              • mosaic gold [ENG31-14725987-n] (a yellow pigment sometimes suspended in lacquer)
              • animal pigment [ENG31-14780218-n] (pigment occurring in animals)

                • bilirubin [ENG31-14780548-n] (an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin)
                • urobilin [ENG31-14780785-n] (brown bile pigment formed from urobilinogens and found in feces and in small amounts in urine)
                • luciferin [ENG31-14781190-n] (pigment occurring in luminescent organisms (as fireflies))
                • melanin [ENG31-14781351-n] (insoluble pigments that account for the color of e.g. skin and scales and feathers)
              • cerulean blue [ENG31-14829582-n] (light greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of oxides of cobalt and tin)
              • chrome green [ENG31-14835366-n] (any of a class of green pigments consisting of chrome yellow and iron blue)

                • Windsor green [ENG31-14835517-n] (a light chrome green pigment)
              • Hooker's green [ENG31-14835605-n] (green pigment consisting of Prussian blue mixed with gamboge)
              • chrome yellow [ENG31-14835726-n] (any of several yellow pigments consisting of normal lead chromate and other lead compounds)
              • bister [ENG31-14867810-n] (a water-soluble brownish-yellow pigment made by boiling wood soot)
              • Indian red [ENG31-14942531-n] (a red pigment composed in part from ferric oxide which is often used in paints and cosmetics)
              • ivory black [ENG31-14943034-n] (a black pigment made from grinding burnt ivory in oil)
              • iron blue [ENG31-14947098-n] (any of various blue pigments)
              • Payne's grey [ENG31-14947345-n] (any pigment that produces a greyish to dark greyish blue)
              • alizarin [ENG31-15010836-n] (an orange-red crystalline compound used in making red pigments and in dyeing)

                • alizarin carmine [ENG31-15010997-n] (any of various acid dyes)
              • lake [ENG31-15015571-n] (any of numerous bright translucent organic pigments)
              • lake [ENG31-15015673-n] (a purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal)
              • orange [ENG31-15015777-n] (any pigment producing the orange color)
              • watercolor [ENG31-15015886-n] (water-soluble pigment)
              • retinene [ENG31-15029953-n] (either of two yellow to red retinal pigments formed from rhodopsin by the action of light)
              • sepia [ENG31-15046494-n] (rich brown pigment prepared from the ink of cuttlefishes)
              • porphyrin [ENG31-15048691-n] (any of various pigments distributed widely in living tissues)
              • heme [ENG31-15049564-n] (a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds)
              • hemosiderin [ENG31-15051530-n] (a granular brown substance composed of ferric oxide)
              • ultramarine [ENG31-15107713-n] (blue pigment made of powdered lapis lazuli)

                • French blue [ENG31-15107850-n] (ultramarine pigment prepared artificially)
              • photopigment [ENG31-15113671-n] (a special pigment found in the rods and cones of the retina)

                • iodopsin [ENG31-15113236-n] (a violet photopigment in the retinal cones of the eyes of most vertebrates)
                • visual purple [ENG31-15113436-n] (a red photopigment in the retinal rods of vertebrates)
              • cadmium yellow [ENG31-15120615-n] (pigment of cadmium sulfide and barium sulfate varying in hue from lemon yellow to orange)

                • cadmium yellow pale [ENG31-15120800-n] (pale-hued cadmium yellow pigment)
                • cadmium orange [ENG31-15120898-n] (orange-hued cadmium yellow pigment)
              • verdigris [ENG31-15121091-n] (a blue or green powder used as a paint pigment)
              • white lead [ENG31-15122289-n] (a poisonous white pigment that contains lead)
              • zinc white [ENG31-15133312-n] (a white pigment used in house paints)
            • pigment [ENG31-15015290-n] (any substance whose presence in plant or animal tissues produces a characteristic color)
            • stain [ENG31-15077537-n] ((microscopy) a dye or other coloring material that is used in microscopy to make structures visible)

              • counterstain [ENG31-15077779-n] (a stain of contrasting color that is used when the principal stain does not show the structure clearly)
          • plant material [ENG31-15016279-n] (material derived from plants)

            • cutin [ENG31-14697623-n] ((biochemistry) a waxy transparent material that occurs in the cuticle of plants and consists of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids)
            • chaff [ENG31-14830069-n] (material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds)

              • bran [ENG31-14830346-n] (broken husks of the seeds of cereal grains that are separated from the flour by sifting)
            • plant product [ENG31-15016494-n] (a product made from plant material)

              • coca [ENG31-03064077-n] (dried leaves of the coca plant (and related plants that also contain cocaine))
              • ethyl alcohol [ENG31-14733426-n] (the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors)

                • spirits of wine [ENG31-14733867-n] (rectified ethyl alcohol)
                • absolute alcohol [ENG31-14733952-n] (pure ethyl alcohol (containing no more than 1% water))
                • denatured alcohol [ENG31-14734325-n] (ethyl alcohol that is unfit for drinking but is still useful for other purposes)

                  • methylated spirit [ENG31-14975953-n] (ethyl alcohol denatured with methyl alcohol to prevent its use as an alcoholic beverage)

                    • surgical spirit [ENG31-15089847-n] (methylated spirit used in the practice of medicine (especially for cleansing the skin before injections or before surgery))
              • phytohormone [ENG31-14769020-n] ((botany) a plant product that acts like a hormone)

                • auxin [ENG31-14769236-n] (a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth)

                  • indoleacetic acid [ENG31-14942680-n] (a plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots)
                  • indolebutyric acid [ENG31-14942805-n] (a synthetic plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots)
                • gibberellin [ENG31-14769401-n] (a plant hormone isolated from a fungus)

                  • gibberellic acid [ENG31-14769547-n] (a crystalline acid associated with gibberellin)
                • kinin [ENG31-14769656-n] (any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves)
            • vegetable tallow [ENG31-15087208-n] (a waxy fat obtained from certain plants (e.g. bayberry) and used as tallow)
            • wood [ENG31-15122728-n] (the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees)

              • bentwood [ENG31-02833614-n] (wood that is steamed until it becomes pliable and then is shaped for use in making furniture)
              • pine [ENG31-11629336-n] (straight-grained durable and often resinous white to yellowish timber of any of numerous trees of the genus Pinus)

                • knotty pine [ENG31-11629573-n] (pine lumber with many knots)
                • white pine [ENG31-11629702-n] (soft white wood of white pine trees)
                • yellow pine [ENG31-11629813-n] (hard yellowish wood of a yellow pine)
              • larch [ENG31-11639587-n] (wood of a larch tree)
              • fir [ENG31-11641363-n] (nonresinous wood of a fir tree)

                • douglas fir [ENG31-11649129-n] (strong durable timber of a douglas fir)
              • cedar [ENG31-11643755-n] (durable aromatic wood of any of numerous cedar trees)

                • red cedar [ENG31-11644007-n] (fragrant reddish wood of any of various red cedar trees)

                  • pencil cedar [ENG31-11644136-n] (wood of a pencil cedar tree)
                • Port Orford cedar [ENG31-11656160-n] (the wood of the Port Orford cedar tree)
              • spruce [ENG31-11645291-n] (light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees)
              • hemlock [ENG31-11647815-n] (soft coarse splintery wood of a hemlock tree especially the western hemlock)
              • cypress [ENG31-11651341-n] (wood of any of various cypress trees especially of the genus Cupressus)

                • cypress pine [ENG31-11654084-n] (any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of Australia and northern New Caledonia)

                  • Port Jackson pine [ENG31-11654314-n] (Australian cypress pine having globular cones)
                  • black cypress pine [ENG31-11654450-n] (Australian tree with small flattened scales as leaves and numerous dark brown seed)
                  • white cypress pine [ENG31-11654694-n] (small tree or shrub of southern Australia)
                  • stringybark pine [ENG31-11654844-n] (Australian cypress pine with fibrous inner bark)
                • juniper [ENG31-11657017-n] (coniferous shrub or small tree with berrylike cones)

                  • pencil cedar [ENG31-11657466-n] (any of several junipers with wood suitable for making pencils)

                    • eastern red cedar [ENG31-11657698-n] (small juniper found east of Rocky Mountains having a conic crown, brown bark that peels in shreds, and small sharp needles)
                    • Bermuda cedar [ENG31-11657933-n] (ornamental densely pyramidal juniper of Bermuda)
                    • east African cedar [ENG31-11658110-n] (tropical African timber tree with fragrant wood)
                  • southern red cedar [ENG31-11658261-n] (juniper of swampy coastal regions of southeastern United States)
                  • dwarf juniper [ENG31-11658442-n] (procumbent or spreading juniper)
                  • common juniper [ENG31-11658560-n] (densely branching shrub or small tree having pungent blue berries used to flavor gin)
                  • ground cedar [ENG31-11658829-n] (a procumbent variety of the common juniper)
                  • creeping juniper [ENG31-11658976-n] (low to prostrate shrub of Canada and northern United States)
                  • Mexican juniper [ENG31-11659149-n] (small tree of western Texas and mountains of Mexico having spreading branches with drooping branchlets)
                • sequoia [ENG31-11661096-n] (either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet)

                  • California redwood [ENG31-11661485-n] (lofty evergreen of United States coastal foothills from Oregon to Big Sur)
                  • giant sequoia [ENG31-11661945-n] (extremely lofty evergreen of southern end of western foothills of Sierra Nevada in California)
                • bald cypress [ENG31-11662414-n] (common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base)
                • pond cypress [ENG31-11662694-n] (smaller than and often included in the closely related Taxodium distichum)
                • Montezuma cypress [ENG31-11662881-n] (cypress of river valleys of Mexican highlands)

                  • Ahuehuete [ENG31-11663073-n] (Mexico's most famous tree)
                • sandarac [ENG31-11663473-n] (large coniferous evergreen tree of North Africa and Spain having flattened branches and scalelike leaves yielding a hard fragrant wood)
              • redwood [ENG31-11661349-n] (the soft reddish wood of either of two species of sequoia trees)
              • sandarac [ENG31-11663957-n] (durable fragrant wood)
              • kauri [ENG31-11667999-n] (white close-grained wood of a tree of the genus Agathis especially Agathis australis)
              • yellowwood [ENG31-11671584-n] (the yellow wood of any of various yellowwood trees)
              • yew [ENG31-11682158-n] (wood of a yew)
              • lancewood [ENG31-11717075-n] (durable straight-grained wood of the lacewood tree)
              • tulipwood [ENG31-11733090-n] (light easily worked wood of a tulip tree)
              • zebrawood [ENG31-11766529-n] (handsomely striped or mottled wood of the zebrawood tree)
              • cocuswood [ENG31-11769742-n] (wood of the granadilla tree used for making musical instruments especially clarinets)
              • shittimwood [ENG31-11776991-n] (wood of the shittah tree used to make the ark of the Hebrew Tabernacle)
              • sabicu [ENG31-11783809-n] (the wood of the sabicu which resembles mahogany)
              • bamboo [ENG31-12168056-n] (the hard woody stems of bamboo plants)
              • tulipwood [ENG31-12209001-n] (the variegated or showily striped ornamental wood of various tulipwood trees)
              • balsa [ENG31-12212330-n] (strong lightweight wood of the balsa tree used especially for floats)
              • silver quandong [ENG31-12213722-n] (pale easily worked timber from the quandong tree)
              • obeche [ENG31-12222751-n] (the wood of an African obeche tree)
              • basswood [ENG31-12223848-n] (soft light-colored wood of any of various linden trees)
              • beefwood [ENG31-12246286-n] (any of several heavy hard reddish chiefly tropical woods of the families Casuarinaceae and Proteaceae)
              • briarwood [ENG31-12248562-n] (wood from the hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea)
              • beech [ENG31-12281696-n] (wood of any of various beech trees)
              • chestnut [ENG31-12283422-n] (wood of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea)
              • oak [ENG31-12289435-n] (the hard durable wood of any oak)

                • fumed oak [ENG31-12289616-n] (oak given a weathered appearance by exposure to fumes of ammonia)
                • holm oak [ENG31-12293167-n] (hard wood of the holm oak tree)
              • birch [ENG31-12302117-n] (hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees)
              • alder [ENG31-12305182-n] (wood of any of various alder trees)
              • hazel [ENG31-12309632-n] (the fine-grained wood of a hazelnut tree (genus Corylus) and the hazel tree (Australian genus Pomaderris))
              • olive [ENG31-12321555-n] (hard yellow often variegated wood of an olive tree)
              • ash [ENG31-12324438-n] (strong elastic wood of any of various ash trees)
              • ironwood [ENG31-12338004-n] (exceptionally tough or hard wood of any of a number of ironwood trees)
              • walnut [ENG31-12339132-n] (hard dark-brown wood of any of various walnut trees)
              • hickory [ENG31-12340802-n] (valuable tough heavy hardwood from various hickory trees)
              • pecan [ENG31-12341821-n] (wood of a pecan tree)
              • pyinma [ENG31-12350261-n] (relatively hard durable timber from the Queen's crape myrtle)
              • gumwood [ENG31-12355037-n] (wood or lumber from any of various gum trees especially the sweet gum)

                • sweet gum [ENG31-12337499-n] (reddish-brown wood and lumber from heartwood of the sweet gum tree used to make furniture)
              • eucalyptus [ENG31-12355868-n] (wood of any of various eucalyptus trees valued as timber)
              • tupelo [ENG31-12361515-n] (pale soft wood of a tupelo tree especially the water gum)
              • poon [ENG31-12385340-n] (wood of any poon tree)
              • red lauan [ENG31-12398175-n] (hard heavy red wood of the red lauan tree)
              • elm [ENG31-12426660-n] (hard tough wood of an elm tree)
              • brazilwood [ENG31-12510029-n] (heavy wood of various brazilwood trees)
              • locust [ENG31-12515901-n] (hardwood from any of various locust trees)
              • logwood [ENG31-12517827-n] (very hard brown to brownish-red heartwood of a logwood tree)
              • rosewood [ENG31-12542998-n] (hard dark reddish wood of a rosewood tree having a strongly marked grain)

                • amboyna [ENG31-12586095-n] (mottled curly-grained wood of Pterocarpus indicus)
              • kingwood [ENG31-12543824-n] (handsome violet-streaked wood of the kingwood tree)
              • granadilla wood [ENG31-12544515-n] (dark red hardwood derived from the cocobolo and used in making musical instruments e.g. clarinets)
              • blackwood [ENG31-12544900-n] (very dark wood of any of several blackwood trees)
              • Panama redwood [ENG31-12583786-n] (hard heavy red wood of a quira tree)
              • ruby wood [ENG31-12587132-n] (hard durable wood of red sandalwood trees (Pterocarpus santalinus))
              • black locust [ENG31-12589011-n] (strong stiff wood of a black-locust tree)
              • cherry [ENG31-12662557-n] (wood of any of various cherry trees especially the black cherry)
              • fruitwood [ENG31-12673637-n] (wood of various fruit trees (as apple or cherry or pear) used especially in cabinetwork)

                • applewood [ENG31-12654627-n] (wood of any of various apple trees of the genus Malus)
              • lemonwood [ENG31-12690774-n] (hard tough elastic wood of the lemonwood tree)
              • incense wood [ENG31-12714218-n] (fragrant wood of two incense trees of the genus Protium)
              • mahogany [ENG31-12716333-n] (wood of any of various mahogany trees)

                • Philippine mahogany [ENG31-12721320-n] (red hardwood of the Philippine mahogany tree used for cigar boxes and interior finish)
                • cigar-box cedar [ENG31-12721471-n] (fragrant wood much used for cigar boxes)
              • satinwood [ENG31-12718469-n] (hard yellowish wood of a satinwood tree having a satiny luster)
              • orangewood [ENG31-12729280-n] (fine-grained wood of an orange tree)
              • citronwood [ENG31-12730351-n] (wood of a citron tree)
              • guaiac wood [ENG31-12742465-n] (heartwood of a palo santo)
              • lignum vitae [ENG31-12743142-n] (hard greenish-brown wood of the lignum vitae tree and other trees of the genus Guaiacum)
              • poplar [ENG31-12752474-n] (soft light-colored non-durable wood of the poplar)
              • sandalwood [ENG31-12756212-n] (close-grained fragrant yellowish heartwood of the true sandalwood)
              • boxwood [ENG31-12767234-n] (very hard tough close-grained light yellow wood of the box (particularly the common box))
              • maple [ENG31-12773426-n] (wood of any of various maple trees)

                • bird's-eye maple [ENG31-12773652-n] (maple wood having a wavy grain with eyelike markings)
              • sumac [ENG31-12783965-n] (wood of a sumac)
              • ebony [ENG31-12791496-n] (hard dark-colored heartwood of the ebony tree)
              • sycamore [ENG31-12827842-n] (variably colored and sometimes variegated hard tough elastic wood of a sycamore tree)
              • teak [ENG31-12937483-n] (hard strong durable yellowish-brown wood of teak trees)
              • dogwood [ENG31-12967931-n] (hard tough wood of any dogwood of the genus Cornus)
              • sapwood [ENG31-13118295-n] (newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant)
              • heartwood [ENG31-13118511-n] (the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant)
              • burl [ENG31-13187089-n] (the wood cut from a tree burl or outgrowth)
              • brushwood [ENG31-14809356-n] (the wood from bushes or small branches)
              • cabinet wood [ENG31-14811986-n] (moderately dense wood used for cabinetwork)
              • driftwood [ENG31-14861848-n] (wood that is floating or that has been washed ashore)
              • log [ENG31-14966900-n] (a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches)

                • nurse log [ENG31-14989100-n] (a large decomposing tree trunk that has fallen, usually in a forest)
                • saw log [ENG31-15044770-n] (log large enough to be sawed into boards)
              • matchwood [ENG31-14973121-n] (wood suitable for making matchsticks)
              • matchwood [ENG31-14973213-n] (wood in small pieces or splinters)
              • sawdust [ENG31-15044674-n] (fine particles of wood made by sawing wood)
              • wicker [ENG31-15122416-n] (slender flexible branches or twigs (especially of willow or some canes))
              • dyewood [ENG31-15124590-n] (any wood from which dye is obtained)
              • hardwood [ENG31-15124679-n] (the wood of broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees (as distinguished from the wood of conifers))
              • softwood [ENG31-15124824-n] (wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir))

                • pulpwood [ENG31-15124964-n] (softwood used to make paper)
              • raw wood [ENG31-15125046-n] (wood that is not finished or painted)
              • knot [ENG31-15127279-n] (a hard cross-grained round piece of wood in a board where a branch emerged)
          • radioactive material [ENG31-15026800-n] (material that is radioactive)

            • radioactive waste [ENG31-15026913-n] (useless radioactive materials that are left after some laboratory or commercial process is completed)

              • high-level radioactive waste [ENG31-14931854-n] (radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the nuclear fuel has been consumed)
              • low-level radioactive waste [ENG31-14967497-n] ((medicine) radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests))
          • thickening [ENG31-15094387-n] (any material used to thicken)
          • toner [ENG31-15100434-n] (a black or colored powder used in a printer to develop a xerographic image)
          • transparent substance [ENG31-15103117-n] (a material having the property of admitting light diffusely)

            • hyaline [ENG31-14933854-n] (a glassy translucent substance that occurs in hyaline cartilage or in certain skin conditions)

              • keratohyalin [ENG31-14950318-n] (hyaline in the large granules of the stratum granulosum)
          • undercut [ENG31-15108541-n] (the material removed by a cut made underneath)
          • builder [ENG31-15121776-n] (a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action)

            • sodium pyrophosphate [ENG31-15070644-n] (a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents)
            • sodium tripolyphosphate [ENG31-15070988-n] (a sodium salt of triphosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents)
            • trisodium phosphate [ENG31-15105314-n] (the tertiary phosphate of sodium used as a builder in soaps and detergents)
          • vernix [ENG31-15136992-n] (a white cheeselike protective material that covers the skin of a fetus)
          • wad [ENG31-15137269-n] (a small mass of soft material)
        • phlogiston [ENG31-14607408-n] (a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning)
        • mixture [ENG31-14610438-n] ((chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding))

          • alloy [ENG31-14610949-n] (a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten)

            • heavy metal [ENG31-14636255-n] (a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead))
            • 18-karat gold [ENG31-14663447-n] (an alloy that contains 75 per cent gold)
            • 22-karat gold [ENG31-14663546-n] (an alloy that contains 87 per cent gold)
            • oroide [ENG31-14712866-n] (alloy of copper and tin and zinc)
            • Alnico [ENG31-14740519-n] (trade name for an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets)
            • amalgam [ENG31-14740711-n] (an alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth)
            • fusible metal [ENG31-14741006-n] (an alloy with a low melting point and used as solder and in safety plugs and sprinkler fuses)
            • electrum [ENG31-14742178-n] (an alloy of gold and silver)
            • pewter [ENG31-14742260-n] (any of various alloys of tin with small amounts of other metals (especially lead))
            • pinchbeck [ENG31-14742394-n] (an alloy of copper and zinc that is used in cheap jewelry to imitate gold)
            • pot metal [ENG31-14742523-n] (an alloy of copper and lead used especially for making large pots)
            • solder [ENG31-14742983-n] (an alloy (usually of lead and tin) used when melted to join two metal surfaces)

              • hard solder [ENG31-14742644-n] (solder that contains copper)
              • silver solder [ENG31-14742787-n] (a solder that contains silver)
              • soft solder [ENG31-14742876-n] (solder that melts at a relatively low temperature)
            • white gold [ENG31-14743330-n] (a pale alloy of gold usually with platinum or nickel or palladium)
            • type metal [ENG31-14743619-n] (an alloy of tin and lead and antimony used to make printing type)

              • type slug [ENG31-04512230-n] (a strip of type metal used for spacing)
            • white metal [ENG31-14743758-n] (an alloy (often of lead or tin base) used for bearings)
            • Babbitt metal [ENG31-14796168-n] (an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony)
            • Britannia metal [ENG31-14809595-n] (an alloy similar to pewter)
            • Carboloy [ENG31-14817393-n] (an alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or nickel as a binder)
            • steel [ENG31-14826620-n] (an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon)

              • alloy steel [ENG31-14740203-n] (steel who characteristics are determined by the addition of other elements in addition to carbon)

                • stainless steel [ENG31-14827091-n] (steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion)
                • chrome-nickel steel [ENG31-14835024-n] (Elinvar is a trademark for a kind of steel used for watch springs because its elasticity is constant over a wide range of temperatures)
                • chrome-tungsten steel [ENG31-14835253-n] (a steel alloy made with chromium and tungsten)
                • manganese steel [ENG31-14971393-n] (a steel with a relatively large component (10-14%) of manganese)
                • molybdenum steel [ENG31-14977813-n] (steel containing 10-15% molybdenum)
                • nickel steel [ENG31-14986660-n] (an alloy steel containing nickel)
                • tool steel [ENG31-15100747-n] (alloy steel that is suitable for making tools)

                  • high-speed steel [ENG31-14932018-n] (an alloy steel that remains hard at a red heat)
                • tungsten steel [ENG31-15106395-n] (a very hard heat-resistant steel containing tungsten)
                • vanadium steel [ENG31-15111811-n] (steel alloyed with vanadium for greater strength and high-temperature stability)
              • austenitic steel [ENG31-14794123-n] (steel that has enough nickel and chromium or manganese to retain austenite at atmospheric temperatures)
              • case-hardened steel [ENG31-14818863-n] (steel with a surface that is much harder than the interior metal)
              • carbon steel [ENG31-14827244-n] (steel whose characteristics are determined by the amount of carbon it contains)

                • drill steel [ENG31-14861956-n] (carbon steel used for rock drills and dowels)
                • eutectoid steel [ENG31-14876934-n] (a steel that contains 0.9% carbon (the eutectic point))
                • hyper-eutectoid steel [ENG31-14937784-n] (a steel that contains more than 0.9% carbon)
                • hypo-eutectoid steel [ENG31-14938342-n] (a steel that contains less that 0.9% carbon)
              • crucible steel [ENG31-14827453-n] (steel made by the mixture of molten wrought iron, charcoal, and other substances in a crucible)
              • Damascus steel [ENG31-14827608-n] (a hard resilient steel often decorated and used for sword blades)
              • chisel steel [ENG31-14833926-n] (steel used in making chisels)
              • hard steel [ENG31-14929484-n] (steel with more than 0.3% carbon)
              • medium steel [ENG31-14973661-n] (steel with 0.15-0.3% carbon)
              • mild steel [ENG31-14977017-n] (steel with less than 0.15% carbon)
              • quenched steel [ENG31-15025256-n] (steel that has been hardened by immersing it in water or oil to cool it)

                • oil-hardened steel [ENG31-14992696-n] (steel that is quenched in oil)
              • structural steel [ENG31-15087791-n] (a strong steel that is rolled into shapes that are used in construction)
            • cheoplastic metal [ENG31-14833691-n] (any alloy that fuses at low temperatures and can be used molding artificial teeth)
            • copper-base alloy [ENG31-14846733-n] (any alloy whose principal component is copper)

              • brass [ENG31-14741158-n] (an alloy of copper and zinc)

                • alpha-beta brass [ENG31-14744399-n] (a brass that has more zinc and is stronger than alpha brass)

                  • manganese bronze [ENG31-14971263-n] (a brass with from 1-4% manganese to harden it)
                  • naval brass [ENG31-14984400-n] (alpha-beta brass containing tin)
                • alpha brass [ENG31-14744635-n] (an alloy of brass and zinc)
                • bearing brass [ENG31-14798150-n] (a brass bushing or a lining for a bearing)
                • cartridge brass [ENG31-14818704-n] (an alloy of copper and zinc (containing about 30% zinc) that is wrought into cartridges or tubing)
                • gilding metal [ENG31-14903507-n] (a brass that is rich in copper)
                • high brass [ENG31-14931424-n] (brass with 35% zinc)
                • latten [ENG31-14954962-n] (brass (or a yellow alloy resembling brass) that was hammered into thin sheets)
                • low brass [ENG31-14967062-n] (brass with 30% (or less) zinc)
                • ormolu [ENG31-14995097-n] (brass that looks like gold)
                • red brass [ENG31-15027706-n] (brass with enough copper to give it a reddish tint)
              • bronze [ENG31-14741436-n] (an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements)

                • gunmetal [ENG31-14741795-n] (a type of bronze used for parts subject to wear or corrosion (especially corrosion by sea water))
                • phosphor bronze [ENG31-14741946-n] (a corrosion-resistant bronze containing phosphorus)
                • alpha bronze [ENG31-14744749-n] (an alloy of copper and tin that can be worked)
                • bell metal [ENG31-14798736-n] (bronze with 3 or 4 parts copper to 1 part tin)
                • beryllium bronze [ENG31-14799785-n] (a copper-base alloy containing beryllium)
                • leaded bronze [ENG31-14957707-n] (bronze to which 1-4% lead is added)
                • nickel bronze [ENG31-14986430-n] (a bronze containing up to 30% nickel)
                • silicon bronze [ENG31-15066360-n] (a bronze with 2-3% silicon that is resistant to corrosion)
              • cupronickel [ENG31-14742086-n] (a 60/40 alloy of copper and nickel)
              • aluminum bronze [ENG31-14747073-n] (an alloy of copper and aluminum with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion)
              • constantan [ENG31-14844917-n] (an alloy of copper and nickel with high electrical resistance and a low temperature coefficient)
            • dental gold [ENG31-14857788-n] (an alloy of gold used in dentistry)
            • Duralumin [ENG31-14863492-n] (an aluminum-based alloy)
            • Inconel [ENG31-14940520-n] (a nickel-base alloy with chromium and iron)
            • Invar [ENG31-14945552-n] (an alloy of iron and nickel having a low coefficient of thermal expansion)
            • nickel-base alloy [ENG31-14986256-n] (an alloy whose main constituent is nickel)

              • Monel metal [ENG31-14743452-n] (an alloy of nickel and copper and other metals (such as iron and/or manganese and/or aluminum))
              • Nichrome [ENG31-14986035-n] (an alloy of nickel and chromium with high electrical resistance and an ability to withstand high temperatures)
              • Permalloy [ENG31-15003844-n] (an 80/20 alloy of nickel and iron)
            • nickel silver [ENG31-14986526-n] (a silver-white alloy containing copper and zinc and nickel)
            • pyrophoric alloy [ENG31-15024716-n] (an alloy that emits sparks when struck or scratched with steel)

              • ferrocerium [ENG31-14890520-n] (a pyrophoric alloy of iron with cerium)
              • misch metal [ENG31-14977379-n] (a pyrophoric alloy made from a mixture of rare-earth metals)
            • shot metal [ENG31-15064270-n] (an alloy that is 98% lead and 2% arsenic)
            • Stellite [ENG31-15081779-n] (a very hard alloy of cobalt and chromium with cobalt as the principal ingredient)
            • sterling silver [ENG31-15082000-n] (a silver alloy with no more than 7.5% copper)
            • tombac [ENG31-15100258-n] (an alloy of copper and zinc (and sometimes arsenic) used to imitate gold in cheap jewelry and for gilding)
            • Wood's metal [ENG31-15128478-n] (a fusible alloy that is half bismuth plus lead, tin, and cadmium)
          • colloid [ENG31-14612399-n] (a mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension)

            • silver protein [ENG31-04228308-n] (a colloid preparation of protein (albumin or gelatin) and silver oxide)
            • gel [ENG31-14614722-n] (a colloid in a more solid form than a sol)

              • hydrogel [ENG31-14614865-n] (a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium)
            • sol [ENG31-14614975-n] (a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid)
            • emulsion [ENG31-14698745-n] ((chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids)
            • silica gel [ENG31-15066255-n] (a porous form of silica that is highly absorbent)
          • composition [ENG31-14612672-n] (a mixture of ingredients)

            • paste [ENG31-14729448-n] (any mixture of a soft and malleable consistency)
            • beebread [ENG31-14798251-n] (a mixture of nectar and pollen prepared by worker bees and fed to larvae)
            • compost [ENG31-14842271-n] (a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure)
            • soup [ENG31-15073190-n] (any composition having a consistency suggestive of soup)
          • mechanical mixture [ENG31-14613166-n] (a mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means)
          • eutectic [ENG31-14613294-n] (a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point)
          • solution [ENG31-14613403-n] (a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances)

            • brine [ENG31-07953443-n] (a strong solution of salt and water used for pickling)
            • aqueous solution [ENG31-14614092-n] (a solution in water)
            • bleach liquor [ENG31-14805221-n] (a solution containing bleaching agents that is used to bleach textiles or paper pulp)
            • buffer solution [ENG31-14810269-n] (a solution containing a buffer)

              • starting buffer [ENG31-14810416-n] (buffer solution at the start of a reaction)
              • phosphate buffer solution [ENG31-14810520-n] (a solution containing a phosphate buffer)
            • collodion [ENG31-14819433-n] (a colorless syrupy solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol)
            • conjugate solution [ENG31-14844595-n] (a mixture of two partially miscible liquids A and B produces two conjugate solutions: one of A in B and another of B in A)
            • dilution [ENG31-14859648-n] (a diluted solution)
            • electrolyte [ENG31-14872099-n] (a solution that conducts electricity)

              • polyelectrolyte [ENG31-14614621-n] (an electrolyte of high molecular weight)
            • eluate [ENG31-14872319-n] (a liquid solution that results from elution)
            • Fehling's solution [ENG31-14872415-n] (a liquid solution of copper sulfate and potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide that is used to test for sugar in the urine)
            • formalin [ENG31-14872649-n] (a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water)
            • gargle [ENG31-14872812-n] (a medicated solution used for gargling and rinsing the mouth)
            • infusion [ENG31-14872955-n] (a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water))

              • beef tea [ENG31-07826609-n] (an extract of beef (given to people who are ill))
              • black catechu [ENG31-11777902-n] (extract of the heartwood of Acacia catechu used for dyeing and tanning and preserving fishnets and sails)
              • pancreatin [ENG31-14873165-n] (extract from the pancreas of animals that contains pancreatic enzymes)
            • injection [ENG31-14873385-n] (any solution that is injected (as into the skin))
            • isotonic solution [ENG31-14873537-n] (a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood)

              • Ringer's solution [ENG31-14614174-n] (an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues)
              • saline solution [ENG31-14614473-n] (an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and distilled water)
            • liquid bleach [ENG31-14965090-n] (a solution containing bleaching agents)
            • sap [ENG31-15062694-n] (a watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular system of a plant)

              • manna [ENG31-12332317-n] (hardened sugary exudation of various trees)
            • solid solution [ENG31-15076272-n] (a homogeneous solid that can exist over a range of component chemicals)

              • austenite [ENG31-14793921-n] (a solid solution of ferric carbide or carbon in iron)
              • ferrite [ENG31-14883352-n] (a solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent)
              • martensite [ENG31-14972515-n] (a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed)
            • spirits of ammonia [ENG31-15076630-n] (a solution of ammonium carbonate in ammonia water and alcohol)
            • Gram's solution [ENG31-15077940-n] (a solution used in staining bacteria by Gram's method)
            • toner [ENG31-15100578-n] (a solution containing chemicals that can change the color of a photographic print)
          • suspension [ENG31-14615271-n] (a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy)

            • slurry [ENG31-14615513-n] (a suspension of insoluble particles (as plaster of Paris or lime or clay etc.) usually in water)
            • resuspension [ENG31-14615661-n] (a renewed suspension of insoluble particles after they have been precipitated)
            • mash [ENG31-14972783-n] (a mixture of mashed malt grains and hot water)

              • sour mash [ENG31-14972950-n] (a mash with optimum acidity for yeast fermentation)
            • vapor [ENG31-15080200-n] (a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance)

              • steam [ENG31-15079748-n] (water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere)

                • live steam [ENG31-15079909-n] (steam coming from a boiler at full pressure)
              • water vapor [ENG31-15080009-n] (water in a vaporous form diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature)

                • spray [ENG31-15081108-n] (water in small drops in the atmosphere)

                  • sea spray [ENG31-15081316-n] (spray from ocean waves)
                  • spindrift [ENG31-15081394-n] (spray blown up from the surface of the sea)
          • freezing mixture [ENG31-14898715-n] (a mixture of substances (usually salt and ice) to obtain a temperature below the freezing point of water)
          • gummite [ENG31-14928203-n] (a gummy orange mixture of uranium oxides and silicates occurring naturally in the hydration and oxidation of pitchblende)
          • lamellar mixture [ENG31-14953800-n] (a mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers)

            • pearlite [ENG31-15002404-n] (a lamellar mixture of cementite and ferrite formed during the cooling of austenite)

              • granular pearlite [ENG31-14914636-n] (if steel or iron cool very slowly the cementite may occur in globules instead of in layers)
          • matte [ENG31-14973523-n] (a mixture of sulfides that forms when sulfide metal ores are smelted)

            • sparkle metal [ENG31-15073876-n] (matte that has 74 percent copper)
          • oxyacetylene [ENG31-14996743-n] (a mixture of oxygen and acetylene)
          • petrolatum [ENG31-15005469-n] (a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum)

            • Vaseline [ENG31-04529604-n] (a trademarked brand of petroleum jelly)
          • soda lime [ENG31-15069090-n] (a mixture of sodium and calcium hydroxides)
        • atom [ENG31-14643403-n] ((physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element)

          • isotope [ENG31-14643836-n] (one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons)

            • radioisotope [ENG31-14644035-n] (a radioactive isotope of an element)

              • tracer [ENG31-04470070-n] ((radiology) any radioactive isotope introduced into the body to study metabolism or other biological processes)
              • label [ENG31-14644244-n] (a radioactive isotope that is used in a compound in order to trace the mechanism of a chemical reaction)
              • iodine-131 [ENG31-14665975-n] (heavy radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 8 days)
              • iodine-125 [ENG31-14666183-n] (light radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 60 days)
            • deuterium [ENG31-14665224-n] (an isotope of hydrogen which has one neutron (as opposed to zero neutrons in hydrogen))
          • monad [ENG31-14645258-n] ((chemistry) an atom having a valence of one)
          • carbon atom [ENG31-14657959-n] (an atom of carbon)
          • hydrogen atom [ENG31-14664934-n] (an atom of hydrogen)

            • acidic hydrogen [ENG31-14665068-n] (a hydrogen atom in an acid that forms a positive ion when the acid dissociates)
          • free radical [ENG31-14898347-n] (an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron)
        • chemical element [ENG31-14647071-n] (any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter)

          • allotrope [ENG31-14648203-n] (a structurally different form of an element)
          • transuranic element [ENG31-14648369-n] (any element having an atomic number greater than 92 (which is the atomic number of uranium))
          • noble gas [ENG31-14648547-n] (any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table)

            • argon [ENG31-14653098-n] (a colorless and odorless inert gas)
            • helium [ENG31-14664099-n] (a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses)
            • krypton [ENG31-14667094-n] (a colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses)
            • neon [ENG31-14670330-n] (a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube)
            • radon [ENG31-14676283-n] (a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium)
            • xenon [ENG31-14685453-n] (a colorless odorless inert gaseous element occurring in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts)
          • metallic element [ENG31-14649636-n] (any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.)

            • base metal [ENG31-14642852-n] (a metal that is common and not considered precious)
            • noble metal [ENG31-14651259-n] (any metal that is resistant to corrosion or oxidation)

              • gold [ENG31-14662977-n] (a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element)

                • 24-karat gold [ENG31-14663645-n] (100 per cent gold)
                • gold dust [ENG31-14743186-n] (the particles and flakes (and sometimes small nuggets) of gold obtained in placer mining)
                • green gold [ENG31-14915576-n] (a gold alloy (at least 14 karat gold with silver or silver and cadmium) that has a green appearance)
                • guinea gold [ENG31-14916556-n] (22-karat gold from which guinea coins were made)
              • platinum [ENG31-14673721-n] (a heavy precious metallic element)
            • aluminum [ENG31-14651998-n] (a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite)
            • americium [ENG31-14652672-n] (a radioactive transuranic metallic element)
            • antimony [ENG31-14652846-n] (a metallic element having four allotropic forms)
            • barium [ENG31-14654176-n] (a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group)

              • baryta [ENG31-14654382-n] (any of several compounds of barium)

                • barium hydroxide [ENG31-14654541-n] (white poisonous crystals)
                • barium monoxide [ENG31-14654670-n] (an oxide of barium)
                • barium dioxide [ENG31-14654808-n] (a white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air)
            • berkelium [ENG31-14655312-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
            • beryllium [ENG31-14655473-n] (a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element)
            • bismuth [ENG31-14655680-n] (a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically))
            • cadmium [ENG31-14656622-n] (a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element)
            • calcium [ENG31-14656826-n] (a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light)
            • californium [ENG31-14657215-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
            • cerium [ENG31-14658135-n] (a ductile grey metallic element of the lanthanide series)
            • cesium [ENG31-14658410-n] (a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures))

              • cesium 137 [ENG31-14658655-n] (a radioactive isotope of cesium used in radiation therapy)
            • chromium [ENG31-14659270-n] (a hard brittle multivalent metallic element)

              • chrome [ENG31-14834874-n] (another word for chromium when it is used in dyes or pigments)
            • cobalt [ENG31-14659468-n] (a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element)

              • cobalt 60 [ENG31-14659720-n] (a radioactive isotope of cobalt with mass number 60)
            • curium [ENG31-14660398-n] (a radioactive transuranic metallic element)
            • dysprosium [ENG31-14660825-n] (a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • einsteinium [ENG31-14661000-n] (a radioactive transuranic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons)
            • erbium [ENG31-14661166-n] (a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • europium [ENG31-14661354-n] (a bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • fermium [ENG31-14661517-n] (a radioactive transuranic metallic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons)
            • francium [ENG31-14662042-n] (a radioactive element of the alkali-metal group discovered as a disintegration product of actinium)
            • gadolinium [ENG31-14662219-n] (a ductile silvery-white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • gallium [ENG31-14662434-n] (a rare silvery (usually trivalent) metallic element)
            • hafnium [ENG31-14663734-n] (a grey tetravalent metallic element that resembles zirconium chemically and is found in zirconium minerals)
            • holmium [ENG31-14664400-n] (a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • indium [ENG31-14665401-n] (a rare soft silvery metallic element)
            • iridium [ENG31-14666397-n] (a heavy brittle metallic element of the platinum group)
            • iron [ENG31-14666595-n] (a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element)

              • alpha iron [ENG31-14744853-n] (a magnetic allotrope of iron)
              • beta iron [ENG31-14746217-n] (an allotrope of iron that is the same as alpha iron except that it is nonmagnetic)
              • gamma iron [ENG31-14746401-n] (a nonmagnetic allotrope of iron that is the basis of austenite)
              • delta iron [ENG31-14746587-n] (an allotrope of iron that is stable between 1403 degrees centigrade and the melting point (= 1532 degrees))
              • ingot iron [ENG31-14826015-n] (iron of high purity)
              • cast iron [ENG31-14826091-n] (an alloy of iron containing so much carbon that it is brittle and so cannot be wrought but must be shaped by casting)

                • alloy iron [ENG31-14739947-n] (cast iron containing alloying elements (usually nickel or chromium or copper or molybdenum) to increase the strength or facilitate heat treatment)

                  • Ni-hard [ENG31-14987190-n] (cast iron to which nickel has been added to make it resist abrasion)
                  • Ni-resist [ENG31-14987326-n] (cast iron consisting of graphite in a matrix of austenite)
                • pot metal [ENG31-14826337-n] (cast iron used for making cooking wares)
              • wrought iron [ENG31-14826432-n] (iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and welded)

                • Swedish iron [ENG31-15090050-n] (wrought iron of high purity made in Sweden)
              • galvanized iron [ENG31-14901251-n] (iron that is coated with zinc to protect it from rust)
              • pig iron [ENG31-15008050-n] (crude iron tapped from a blast furnace)

                • basic iron [ENG31-14797608-n] (pig iron containing a high percentage of phosphorus)
                • cinder pig [ENG31-14836933-n] (pig iron containing a substantial proportion of slag)
                • mine pig [ENG31-14977144-n] (pig iron made entirely from ore)
                • spiegeleisen [ENG31-15073968-n] (pig iron containing manganese)
              • structural iron [ENG31-15087675-n] (iron that has been cast or worked in structural shapes)
            • lanthanum [ENG31-14667296-n] (a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily)
            • lead [ENG31-14667645-n] (a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element)

              • hard lead [ENG31-14929227-n] (unrefined lead that is hard because of the impurities it contains)
              • hard lead [ENG31-14929348-n] (a lead alloy that contains about 5% antimony)

                • grid metal [ENG31-14916019-n] (a kind of hard lead that is used for grids in storage batteries)
              • pig lead [ENG31-15008253-n] (lead that is cast in pigs)
            • lithium [ENG31-14667971-n] (a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group)
            • lutetium [ENG31-14668241-n] (a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • magnesium [ENG31-14668427-n] (a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element)
            • manganese [ENG31-14668832-n] (a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic)
            • mercury [ENG31-14669524-n] (a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element)
            • molybdenum [ENG31-14669839-n] (a polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in its properties)
            • neodymium [ENG31-14670060-n] (a yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • neptunium [ENG31-14670581-n] (a radioactive transuranic metallic element)
            • nickel [ENG31-14670788-n] (a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion)
            • niobium [ENG31-14671120-n] (a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys)

              • columbium [ENG31-14671332-n] (a former name for niobium)
            • osmium [ENG31-14672085-n] (a hard brittle blue-grey or blue-black metallic element that is one of the platinum metals)
            • palladium [ENG31-14672932-n] (a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum)
            • polonium [ENG31-14674735-n] (a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth)
            • potassium [ENG31-14674986-n] (a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group)
            • praseodymium [ENG31-14675391-n] (a soft yellowish-white trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • promethium [ENG31-14675658-n] (a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group having no stable isotope)
            • protactinium [ENG31-14675887-n] (a short-lived radioactive metallic element formed from uranium and disintegrating into actinium and then into lead)
            • radium [ENG31-14676100-n] (an intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores)
            • rhenium [ENG31-14676569-n] (a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys)
            • rhodium [ENG31-14676802-n] (a white hard metallic element that is one of the platinum group and is found in platinum ores)
            • rubidium [ENG31-14677133-n] (a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group)
            • ruthenium [ENG31-14677421-n] (a rare polyvalent metallic element of the platinum group)
            • samarium [ENG31-14677775-n] (a grey lustrous metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • scandium [ENG31-14678010-n] (a white trivalent metallic element)
            • sodium [ENG31-14679550-n] (a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group)
            • strontium [ENG31-14679910-n] (a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group)

              • strontium 90 [ENG31-14680180-n] (a radioactive isotope of strontium (with the mass number 90) that is present in the fallout from nuclear explosions)
            • tantalum [ENG31-14680845-n] (a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion)
            • technetium [ENG31-14681226-n] (a crystalline metallic element not found in nature)
            • terbium [ENG31-14681745-n] (a metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • thallium [ENG31-14681997-n] (a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air)
            • thorium [ENG31-14682288-n] (a soft silvery-white tetravalent radioactive metallic element)

              • thorium-228 [ENG31-14682601-n] (radioactive isotope of thorium with mass number 228)
            • thulium [ENG31-14682725-n] (a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group)
            • tin [ENG31-14683034-n] (a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion)
            • titanium [ENG31-14683390-n] (a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts))
            • tungsten [ENG31-14683691-n] (a heavy grey-white metallic element)
            • uranium [ENG31-14684622-n] (a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element)

              • uranium 235 [ENG31-14684879-n] (a uranium isotope with mass number 235)
              • uranium 238 [ENG31-14685014-n] (the commonest isotope of uranium)
            • vanadium [ENG31-14685199-n] (a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys)
            • ytterbium [ENG31-14685661-n] (a soft silvery metallic element)
            • yttrium [ENG31-14685919-n] (a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals)
            • zinc [ENG31-14686156-n] (a bluish-white lustrous metallic element)

              • spelter [ENG31-15074312-n] (impure zinc containing about three percent lead and other impurities (especially in the form of ingots))
            • zirconium [ENG31-14686460-n] (a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium)
            • alkali metal [ENG31-14736385-n] (any of the monovalent metals of group I of the periodic table (lithium or sodium or potassium or rubidium or cesium or francium))
            • alkaline earth [ENG31-14736650-n] (any of the bivalent metals of group II of the periodic table (calcium or strontium or barium or magnesium or beryllium))
          • nonmetal [ENG31-14651424-n] (a chemical element lacking typical metallic properties)
          • transactinide [ENG31-14651551-n] (any of the artificially produced elements with atomic numbers greater than 103)
          • actinium [ENG31-14651833-n] (a radioactive element of the actinide series)
          • arsenic [ENG31-14653327-n] (a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms)
          • astatine [ENG31-14653739-n] (a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series))
          • bohrium [ENG31-14655935-n] (a transuranic element)
          • boron [ENG31-14656049-n] (a trivalent metalloid element)
          • bromine [ENG31-14656307-n] (a nonmetallic heavy volatile corrosive dark brown liquid element belonging to the halogens)
          • carbon [ENG31-14657384-n] (an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond)

            • fullerene [ENG31-14646319-n] (a form of carbon having a large molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms)

              • buckminsterfullerene [ENG31-14646528-n] (a spheroidal fullerene)
              • carbon nanotube [ENG31-14646669-n] (a fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal shape)
            • radiocarbon [ENG31-14658034-n] (a radioactive isotope of carbon)
            • char [ENG31-14709333-n] (a charred substance)

              • bone black [ENG31-14693056-n] (black substance containing char in the form of carbonized bone)
              • snuff [ENG31-15068583-n] (the charred portion of a candlewick)
            • charcoal [ENG31-14709457-n] (a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air)
            • carbon black [ENG31-14817703-n] (a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink)
            • activated carbon [ENG31-14820529-n] (powdered or granular carbon used for purifying by adsorption)
            • graphite [ENG31-14820745-n] (used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors)

              • lead [ENG31-03656410-n] (mixture of graphite with clay in different degrees of hardness)
              • pencil [ENG31-14820918-n] (graphite (or a similar substance) used in such a way as to be a medium of communication)
            • diamond [ENG31-14858733-n] (very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem)

              • carbonado [ENG31-14817563-n] (an inferior dark diamond used in industry for drilling and polishing)
          • chlorine [ENG31-14658769-n] (a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens)

            • radiochlorine [ENG31-14659177-n] (a radioactive isotope of chlorine)
          • darmstadtium [ENG31-14660570-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • dubnium [ENG31-14660701-n] (a transuranic element)
          • fluorine [ENG31-14661685-n] (a nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens)
          • hassium [ENG31-14663973-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • hydrogen [ENG31-14664612-n] (a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas)

            • tritium [ENG31-14635699-n] (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen)
          • iodine [ENG31-14665575-n] (a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens)
          • lawrencium [ENG31-14667501-n] (a radioactive transuranic element synthesized from californium)
          • meitnerium [ENG31-14669141-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • mendelevium [ENG31-14669270-n] (a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles (Md is the current symbol for mendelevium but Mv was formerly the symbol))
          • nitrogen [ENG31-14671413-n] (a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas)

            • azote [ENG31-14671801-n] (an obsolete name for nitrogen)
            • liquid nitrogen [ENG31-14964888-n] (nitrogen in a liquid state)
          • nobelium [ENG31-14671900-n] (a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding curium with carbon ions)
          • oxygen [ENG31-14672278-n] (a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas)

            • liquid oxygen [ENG31-14672704-n] (a bluish translucent magnetic liquid obtained by compressing gaseous oxygen and then cooling it below its boiling point)
          • phosphorus [ENG31-14673375-n] (a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells)
          • plutonium [ENG31-14673953-n] (a solid silvery grey radioactive transuranic element whose atoms can be split when bombarded with neutrons)

            • plutonium 239 [ENG31-14674315-n] (a highly fissionable isotope of plutonium that is used in atomic weapons and as a reactor fuel)

              • weapons plutonium [ENG31-14674544-n] (plutonium 239 that is recovered when nuclear weapons are disassembled)
          • roentgenium [ENG31-14677003-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • rutherfordium [ENG31-14677595-n] (a radioactive transuranic element which has been synthesized)
          • seaborgium [ENG31-14678237-n] (a transuranic element)
          • selenium [ENG31-14678354-n] (a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium)
          • sulfur [ENG31-14680398-n] (an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element)

            • brimstone [ENG31-14809484-n] (an old name for sulfur)
          • tellurium [ENG31-14681407-n] (a brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur)
          • ununbium [ENG31-14683973-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • ununhexium [ENG31-14684101-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • ununpentium [ENG31-14684231-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • ununquadium [ENG31-14684362-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • ununtrium [ENG31-14684493-n] (a radioactive transuranic element)
          • trace element [ENG31-15101498-n] (an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes)
        • activator [ENG31-14747240-n] ((biology) any agency bringing about activation)

          • activating agent [ENG31-14747586-n] ((mineral extraction) a surface-active chemical used in flotation process to increase the attraction to a specific mineral)
          • catalyst [ENG31-14747789-n] ((chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected)

            • biocatalyst [ENG31-14748070-n] (a biochemical catalyst such as an enzyme)
            • platinum black [ENG31-15008803-n] (a fine black powder of platinum)
          • sensitizer [ENG31-14748186-n] ((chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction)
        • substrate [ENG31-14763071-n] (the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment)
        • element [ENG31-14864925-n] (one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe)

          • air [ENG31-14866873-n] (once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles))
          • fire [ENG31-14867017-n] (once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles))
          • earth [ENG31-14868584-n] (once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles))
          • quintessence [ENG31-14871273-n] (the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water)
          • water [ENG31-14871527-n] (once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles))
        • medium [ENG31-14923303-n] (an intervening substance through which something is achieved)

          • solvent [ENG31-15071880-n] (a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances)

            • menstruum [ENG31-14974439-n] ((archaic) a solvent)
            • remover [ENG31-15028536-n] (a solvent that removes a substance (usually from a surface))
            • alkahest [ENG31-15073030-n] (hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists)
            • xylene [ENG31-15130710-n] (a colorless flammable volatile liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent)
        • medium [ENG31-14923681-n] ((biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed)

          • contrast medium [ENG31-14923838-n] (a substance that is opaque to x-rays)
        • fluid [ENG31-14964038-n] (a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure)

          • ichor [ENG31-14963893-n] ((Greek mythology) the rarified fluid said to flow in the veins of the Gods)
          • liquid [ENG31-14964524-n] (a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure)

            • beverage [ENG31-07897775-n] (any liquid suitable for drinking)

              • milk [ENG31-07860018-n] (a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings)

                • sour milk [ENG31-07860762-n] (milk that has turned sour)
                • pasteurized milk [ENG31-07861142-n] (milk that has been exposed briefly to high temperatures to destroy microorganisms and prevent fermentation)
                • cows' milk [ENG31-07861311-n] (milk obtained from dairy cows)
                • yak's milk [ENG31-07861397-n] (the milk of a yak)
                • goats' milk [ENG31-07861471-n] (the milk of a goat)
                • acidophilus milk [ENG31-07861547-n] (milk fermented by bacteria)
                • raw milk [ENG31-07861678-n] (unpasteurized milk)
                • scalded milk [ENG31-07861751-n] (milk heated almost to boiling)
                • homogenized milk [ENG31-07861839-n] (milk with the fat particles broken up and dispersed uniformly so the cream will not rise)
                • certified milk [ENG31-07861990-n] (milk from dairies regulated by an authorized medical milk commission)
                • powdered milk [ENG31-07862119-n] (dehydrated milk)

                  • nonfat dry milk [ENG31-07862250-n] (dehydrated skimmed milk)
                • evaporated milk [ENG31-07862335-n] (milk concentrated by evaporation)
                • condensed milk [ENG31-07862447-n] (sweetened evaporated milk)
                • skim milk [ENG31-07862533-n] (milk from which the cream has been skimmed)
                • semi-skimmed milk [ENG31-07862664-n] (milk from which some of the cream has been removed)
                • whole milk [ENG31-07862778-n] (milk from which no constituent (such as fat) has been removed)
                • low-fat milk [ENG31-07862914-n] (milk from which some of the cream has been removed)
                • buttermilk [ENG31-07863023-n] (residue from making butter from sour raw milk)
                • chocolate milk [ENG31-07937600-n] (milk flavored with chocolate syrup)
              • wish-wash [ENG31-07898395-n] (any thin watery drink)
              • potion [ENG31-07899226-n] (a medicinal or magical or poisonous beverage)

                • philter [ENG31-07899636-n] (a drink credited with magical power)
              • hydromel [ENG31-07906945-n] (honey diluted in water)
              • oenomel [ENG31-07907070-n] (wine mixed with honey)
              • near beer [ENG31-07907164-n] (drink that resembles beer but with less than 1/2 percent alcohol)
              • ginger beer [ENG31-07907284-n] (carbonated slightly alcoholic drink flavored with fermented ginger)
              • mixer [ENG31-07929420-n] (club soda or fruit juice used to mix with alcohol)
              • cooler [ENG31-07930246-n] (an iced drink especially white wine and fruit juice)
              • refresher [ENG31-07930368-n] (a drink that refreshes)
              • smoothie [ENG31-07930511-n] (a thick smooth drink consisting of fresh fruit pureed with ice cream or yoghurt or milk)
              • fizz [ENG31-07935550-n] (an effervescent beverage (usually alcoholic))
              • cider [ENG31-07937695-n] (a beverage made from juice pressed from apples)

                • scrumpy [ENG31-07938074-n] (strong cider (as made in western England))
                • sweet cider [ENG31-07938188-n] (unfermented cider)

                  • mulled cider [ENG31-07938281-n] (sweet cider heated with spices and citrus fruit)
              • cocoa [ENG31-07939004-n] (a beverage made from cocoa powder and milk and sugar)
              • fruit juice [ENG31-07940273-n] (drink produced by squeezing or crushing fruit)

                • nectar [ENG31-07940516-n] (fruit juice especially when undiluted)
                • apple juice [ENG31-07940606-n] (the juice of apples)
                • cranberry juice [ENG31-07940683-n] (the juice of cranberries (always diluted and sweetened))
                • grape juice [ENG31-07940800-n] (the juice of grapes)

                  • must [ENG31-07940895-n] (grape juice before or during fermentation)
                • grapefruit juice [ENG31-07940987-n] (the juice of grapefruits)
                • orange juice [ENG31-07941074-n] (bottled or freshly squeezed juice of oranges)

                  • frozen orange juice [ENG31-07941195-n] (orange juice that has been concentrated and frozen)
                • pineapple juice [ENG31-07941356-n] (the juice of pineapples (usually bottled or canned))
              • fruit drink [ENG31-07942206-n] (a sweetened beverage of diluted fruit juice)

                • lemonade [ENG31-07942490-n] (sweetened beverage of diluted lemon juice)
                • limeade [ENG31-07942586-n] (sweetened beverage of lime juice and water)
                • orangeade [ENG31-07942682-n] (sweetened beverage of diluted orange juice)
              • mate [ENG31-07943025-n] (South American tea-like drink made from leaves of a South American holly called mate)
              • soft drink [ENG31-07943437-n] (nonalcoholic beverage (usually carbonated))

                • pop [ENG31-07943752-n] (a sweet drink containing carbonated water and flavoring)
                • birch beer [ENG31-07943956-n] (carbonated drink containing an extract from bark of birch trees)
                • bitter lemon [ENG31-07944076-n] (tart lemon-flavored carbonated drink)
                • cola [ENG31-07944171-n] (carbonated drink flavored with extract from kola nuts (`dope' is a southernism in the United States))

                  • Coca Cola [ENG31-07944936-n] (Coca Cola is a trademarked cola)
                  • Pepsi [ENG31-07945030-n] (Pepsi Cola is a trademarked cola)
                • cream soda [ENG31-07944403-n] (sweet carbonated drink flavored with vanilla)
                • egg cream [ENG31-07944504-n] (made of milk and flavored syrup with soda water)
                • ginger ale [ENG31-07944607-n] (ginger-flavored carbonated drink)
                • orange soda [ENG31-07944728-n] (orange-flavored carbonated drink)
                • phosphate [ENG31-07944818-n] (carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid)
                • root beer [ENG31-07945127-n] (carbonated drink containing extracts of roots and herbs)
                • sarsaparilla [ENG31-07945238-n] (carbonated drink flavored with an extract from sarsaparilla root or with birch oil and sassafras)
                • tonic [ENG31-07945412-n] (lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine)
              • coffee [ENG31-07945759-n] (a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans)

                • coffee substitute [ENG31-07747098-n] (a drink resembling coffee that is sometimes substituted for it)

                  • chicory [ENG31-07747260-n] (root of the chicory plant roasted and ground to substitute for or adulterate coffee)
                  • Postum [ENG31-07747412-n] (trade mark for a coffee substitute invented by C. W. Post and made with chicory and roasted grains)
                • Irish coffee [ENG31-07935681-n] (sweetened coffee with Irish whiskey and whipped cream)
                • cafe au lait [ENG31-07935812-n] (equal parts of coffee and hot milk)
                • cafe noir [ENG31-07935905-n] (small cup of strong black coffee without milk or cream)
                • decaffeinated coffee [ENG31-07936027-n] (coffee with the caffeine removed)
                • drip coffee [ENG31-07936134-n] (coffee made by passing boiling water through a perforated container packed with finely ground coffee)
                • espresso [ENG31-07936292-n] (strong black coffee brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans)

                  • caffe latte [ENG31-07936462-n] (strong espresso coffee with a topping of frothed steamed milk)
                • cappuccino [ENG31-07936589-n] (equal parts of espresso and hot milk topped with cinnamon and nutmeg and usually whipped cream)
                • iced coffee [ENG31-07936780-n] (a strong sweetened coffee served over ice with cream)
                • instant coffee [ENG31-07936903-n] (dehydrated coffee that can be made into a drink by adding hot water)
                • mocha [ENG31-07937112-n] (a superior dark coffee made from beans from Arabia)
                • Turkish coffee [ENG31-07937479-n] (a drink made from pulverized coffee beans)
                • cafe royale [ENG31-07946180-n] (black coffee with Cognac and lemon peel and sugar)
              • tea [ENG31-07949514-n] (a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water)

                • cambric tea [ENG31-07949892-n] (a beverage for children containing hot water and milk and sugar and a small amount of tea)
                • cuppa [ENG31-07950039-n] (a cup of tea)
                • herb tea [ENG31-07950131-n] (tea-like drink made of leaves of various herbs)

                  • tisane [ENG31-07950272-n] (infusion of e.g. dried or fresh flowers or leaves)

                    • camomile tea [ENG31-07950392-n] (tea-like drink made from camomile leaves and flowers)
                • ice tea [ENG31-07950522-n] (strong tea served over ice)
                • sun tea [ENG31-07950613-n] (tea made by exposing tea leaves steeped in water to the direct rays of the sun)
              • tea-like drink [ENG31-07949770-n] (a beverage that resembles tea but is not made from tea leaves)
              • drinking water [ENG31-07952503-n] (water suitable for drinking)

                • bottled water [ENG31-07951977-n] (drinking water (often spring water) that is put into bottles and offered for sale)
                • sugar water [ENG31-07952333-n] (water sweetened with sugar)
                • ice water [ENG31-07952699-n] (water served ice-cold or with ice)
                • soda water [ENG31-07952788-n] (effervescent beverage artificially charged with carbon dioxide)
                • mineral water [ENG31-07952985-n] (water naturally or artificially impregnated with mineral salts or gasses)

                  • seltzer [ENG31-07953219-n] (naturally effervescent mineral water)
                  • Vichy water [ENG31-07953309-n] (sparkling mineral water from springs at Vichy, France or water similar to it)
                  • lithia water [ENG31-14965925-n] (mineral water containing lithium salts)
            • water [ENG31-07951744-n] (a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants)

              • branch water [ENG31-07952118-n] (pure natural water from a stream or brook)
              • spring water [ENG31-07952255-n] (water from a spring)
            • supernatant [ENG31-09474233-n] (the clear liquid that lies above a sediment or precipitate)
            • alcohol [ENG31-14732881-n] (any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation)

              • methanol [ENG31-14711979-n] (a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol)
              • isopropyl alcohol [ENG31-14734068-n] (alcohol used as antifreeze or a solvent)
              • allyl alcohol [ENG31-14744054-n] (an unsaturated primary alcohol present in wood spirit)
              • amyl alcohol [ENG31-14768877-n] (a mixture of 2 or more isomeric alcohols)
              • butyl alcohol [ENG31-14812370-n] (a flammable alcohol derived from butanes and used for solvents)
              • cyclohexanol [ENG31-14851933-n] (a colorless oily alcohol that smells like camphor)
              • diol [ENG31-14860150-n] (any of a class of alcohols having 2 hydroxyl groups in each molecule)
              • glycerol [ENG31-14909835-n] (a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils)
              • lauryl alcohol [ENG31-14954808-n] (a colorless insoluble solid alcohol used to make detergents and pharmaceuticals)
              • propanol [ENG31-15022709-n] (a clear colorless volatile liquid (alcohol) used as a solvent and antiseptic)
            • ammonia water [ENG31-14768019-n] (a water solution of ammonia)
            • antifreeze [ENG31-14790543-n] (a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point)

              • ethylene glycol [ENG31-14876037-n] (a sweet but poisonous syrupy liquid used as an antifreeze and solvent)
              • propylene glycol [ENG31-14876190-n] (a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid and also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects)
            • distillate [ENG31-14861130-n] (a purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling)
            • pyroligneous acid [ENG31-14887477-n] (a red-brown liquid formed in distillation of wood which contains acetic acid, methanol, acetone, wood oils, and tars)
            • medium [ENG31-14924039-n] (a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter)

              • megilp [ENG31-14973747-n] (a medium for oil-paints)
            • ink [ENG31-14941786-n] (a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing)

              • indelible ink [ENG31-14941113-n] (ink that cannot be erased or washed away)

                • marking ink [ENG31-14972294-n] (an indelible ink for marking clothes or linens etc.)
              • India ink [ENG31-14941231-n] (a black liquid ink used for printing or writing or drawing)
              • magnetic ink [ENG31-14942010-n] (an ink that contains particles of a magnetic substance whose presence can be detected by magnetic sensors)
              • printer's ink [ENG31-14942174-n] (a semisolid quick drying ink made especially for use in printing)
              • writing ink [ENG31-14942313-n] (any permanent or washable ink used with pens)
            • grume [ENG31-14963801-n] (a thick viscous liquid)
            • liquor [ENG31-14965368-n] (a liquid substance that is a solution (or emulsion or suspension) used or obtained in an industrial process)
            • snake oil [ENG31-15068146-n] ((medicine) any of various liquids sold as medicine (as by a travelling medicine show) but medically worthless)
        • volatile [ENG31-15118302-n] (a volatile substance)
        • essence [ENG31-15134663-n] (any substance possessing to a high degree the predominant properties of a plant or drug or other natural product from which it is extracted)
      • substance [ENG31-00020270-n] (a particular kind or species of matter with uniform properties)

        • food [ENG31-00021445-n] (any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue)

          • yolk [ENG31-01467485-n] (nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg))
          • comfort food [ENG31-07571971-n] (food that is simply prepared and gives a sense of wellbeing)
          • comestible [ENG31-07572202-n] (any substance that can be used as food)

            • tuck [ENG31-07572437-n] (eatables (especially sweets))
          • fare [ENG31-07576217-n] (the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed)

            • diet [ENG31-07576468-n] (the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal))
            • diet [ENG31-07576677-n] (a prescribed selection of foods)

              • allergy diet [ENG31-07577295-n] (a diet designed to avoid the foods that you are allergic to)
              • balanced diet [ENG31-07577413-n] (a diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity)
              • bland diet [ENG31-07577582-n] (a diet of foods that are not irritating)
              • diabetic diet [ENG31-07577944-n] (a diet designed to help control the symptoms of diabetes)
              • dietary supplement [ENG31-07578060-n] (something added to complete a diet or to make up for a dietary deficiency)
              • carbohydrate loading [ENG31-07578216-n] (a diet of foods high in starch that increases carbohydrate reserves in muscles)
              • gluten-free diet [ENG31-07578549-n] (diet prescribed to treat celiac disease)
              • high-protein diet [ENG31-07578772-n] (a diet high in plant and animal proteins)
              • high-vitamin diet [ENG31-07578931-n] (a diet designed to patients with vitamin deficiencies)
              • light diet [ENG31-07579207-n] (diet prescribed for bedridden or convalescent people)
              • liquid diet [ENG31-07579365-n] (a diet of foods that can be served in liquid or strained form (plus custards or puddings))

                • clear liquid diet [ENG31-07577737-n] (a diet of fluids with minimal residues (fat-free broth or strained fruit juices or gelatin))
              • low-fat diet [ENG31-07579666-n] (a diet containing limited amounts of fat and stressing foods high in carbohydrates)
              • low-sodium diet [ENG31-07579857-n] (a diet that limits the intake of salt (sodium chloride))
              • reducing diet [ENG31-07580194-n] (a diet designed to help you lose weight (especially fat))

                • fad diet [ENG31-07578446-n] (a reducing diet that enjoys temporary popularity)
                • low-calorie diet [ENG31-07579573-n] (a diet that is low on calories)
              • soft diet [ENG31-07580361-n] (a diet that does not require chewing)
              • vegetarianism [ENG31-07580536-n] (a diet excluding all meat and fish)

                • macrobiotic diet [ENG31-07580080-n] (a diet consisting chiefly of beans and whole grains)
            • dietary [ENG31-07577155-n] (a regulated daily food allowance)
            • menu [ENG31-07580648-n] (the dishes making up a meal)
            • chow [ENG31-07580726-n] (informal terms for a meal)
            • board [ENG31-07580824-n] (food or meals in general)

              • training table [ENG31-07581023-n] (planned meals for athletes in training (usually served in a mess hall))
            • ration [ENG31-07581290-n] (the food allowance for one day (especially for service personnel))

              • field ration [ENG31-07581510-n] (rations issued for United States troops in the field)

                • K ration [ENG31-07581657-n] (a small package of emergency rations)
                • C-ration [ENG31-07581796-n] (a canned field ration issued by the United States Army)
          • foodstuff [ENG31-07581905-n] (a substance that can be used or prepared for use as food)

            • starches [ENG31-07582428-n] (foodstuff rich in natural starch (especially potatoes, rice, bread))

              • bread [ENG31-07695101-n] (food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked)

                • anadama bread [ENG31-07695913-n] (a yeast-raised bread made of white flour and cornmeal and molasses)
                • bap [ENG31-07696058-n] (a small loaf or roll of soft bread)
                • barmbrack [ENG31-07696161-n] (a rich currant cake or bun)
                • breadstick [ENG31-07696262-n] (a crisp stick-shaped roll)

                  • grissino [ENG31-07696400-n] (a long slender crusty breadstick)
                • brown bread [ENG31-07696506-n] (dark steamed bread made of cornmeal wheat and flour with molasses and soda and milk or water)
                • bun [ENG31-07696677-n] (small rounded bread either plain or sweet)

                  • tea bread [ENG31-07697009-n] (sweetened buns to be eaten with tea)
                  • frankfurter bun [ENG31-07705764-n] (a long bun shaped to hold a frankfurter)
                  • hamburger bun [ENG31-07705897-n] (a round bun shaped to hold a hamburger patty)
                  • brioche [ENG31-07707284-n] (a light roll rich with eggs and butter and somewhat sweet)
                  • crescent roll [ENG31-07707395-n] (very rich flaky crescent-shaped roll)
                  • hard roll [ENG31-07707503-n] (yeast-raised roll with a hard crust)
                  • soft roll [ENG31-07707608-n] (yeast-raised roll with a soft crust)
                  • kaiser roll [ENG31-07707699-n] (rounded raised poppy-seed roll made of a square piece of dough by folding the corners in to the center)
                  • Parker House roll [ENG31-07707859-n] (yeast-raised dinner roll made by folding a disk of dough before baking)
                  • clover-leaf roll [ENG31-07707993-n] (yeast-raised dinner roll made by baking three small balls of dough in each cup of a muffin pan)
                  • onion roll [ENG31-07708150-n] (yeast-raised roll flavored with onion)

                    • bialy [ENG31-07708262-n] (flat crusty-bottomed onion roll)
                  • sweet roll [ENG31-07708359-n] (any of numerous yeast-raised sweet rolls with our without raisins or nuts or spices or a glaze)

                    • cross bun [ENG31-07706982-n] (moderately sweet raised roll containing spices and raisins and citron and decorated with a cross-shaped sugar glaze)
                    • bear claw [ENG31-07708632-n] (almond-flavored yeast-raised pastry shaped in an irregular semicircle resembling a bear's claw)
                    • cinnamon roll [ENG31-07708793-n] (rolled dough spread with cinnamon and sugar (and raisins) then sliced before baking)
                    • honey bun [ENG31-07708968-n] (rolled dough spread with sugar and nuts then sliced and baked in muffin tins with honey or sugar and butter in the bottom)
                    • pinwheel roll [ENG31-07709184-n] (pinwheel-shaped rolls spread with cinnamon and sugar and filled with e.g. jam before baking)
                    • danish [ENG31-07709335-n] (light sweet yeast-raised roll usually filled with fruits or cheese)
                  • bagel [ENG31-07709470-n] ((Yiddish) glazed yeast-raised doughnut-shaped roll with hard crust)

                    • onion bagel [ENG31-07709634-n] (bagel flavored with onion)
                • caraway seed bread [ENG31-07697100-n] (bread containing caraway seeds)
                • challah [ENG31-07697195-n] ((Judaism) a loaf of white bread containing eggs and leavened with yeast)
                • cinnamon bread [ENG31-07697436-n] (bread flavored with cinnamon often containing raisins)
                • cracked-wheat bread [ENG31-07697550-n] (bread made with cracked wheat that has been ground fine)
                • cracker [ENG31-07697671-n] (a thin crisp wafer made of flour and water with or without leavening and shortening)

                  • saltine [ENG31-07710932-n] (a cracker sprinkled with salt before baking)
                  • soda cracker [ENG31-07711029-n] (unsweetened cracker leavened slightly with soda and cream of tartar)
                  • oyster cracker [ENG31-07711155-n] (a small dry usually round cracker)
                  • water biscuit [ENG31-07711249-n] (a thin flour-and-water biscuit usually made without shortening)
                  • graham cracker [ENG31-07711397-n] (semisweet whole-wheat cracker)
                  • pretzel [ENG31-07711487-n] (glazed and salted cracker typically in the shape of a loose knot)

                    • soft pretzel [ENG31-07711623-n] (a pretzel made of soft bread)
                • crouton [ENG31-07697942-n] (a small piece of toasted or fried bread)
                • dark bread [ENG31-07698061-n] (bread made with whole wheat flour)

                  • graham bread [ENG31-07698784-n] (bread made of graham (whole wheat) flour)
                • English muffin [ENG31-07698222-n] (round, raised muffin cooked on a griddle)
                • flatbread [ENG31-07698369-n] (any of various breads made from usually unleavened dough)

                  • flatbrod [ENG31-07699010-n] (the thin wafer-like bread of Scandinavia)
                  • bannock [ENG31-07699105-n] (a flat bread made of oat or barley flour)
                  • chapatti [ENG31-07699235-n] (flat pancake-like bread cooked on a griddle)
                  • pita [ENG31-07699362-n] (usually small round bread that can open into a pocket for filling)
                • garlic bread [ENG31-07698553-n] (French or Italian bread sliced and spread with garlic butter then crisped in the oven)
                • gluten bread [ENG31-07698697-n] (bread made with gluten flour)
                • Host [ENG31-07698883-n] (a technical name for the bread used in the service of Mass or Holy Communion)
                • loaf of bread [ENG31-07699531-n] (a shaped mass of baked bread that is usually sliced before eating)

                  • French loaf [ENG31-07699829-n] (a loaf of French bread)
                  • meat loaf [ENG31-07887786-n] (a baked loaf of ground meat)

                    • fish loaf [ENG31-07891669-n] (flaked fish baked in a loaf with bread crumbs and various seasonings)

                      • salmon loaf [ENG31-07891811-n] (fish loaf made with flaked salmon)
                • matzo [ENG31-07699909-n] (brittle flat bread eaten at Passover)
                • nan [ENG31-07700034-n] (leavened bread baked in a clay oven in India)
                • onion bread [ENG31-07700167-n] (bread containing finely minced onions)
                • raisin bread [ENG31-07700262-n] (bread containing raisins)
                • quick bread [ENG31-07700345-n] (breads made with a leavening agent that permits immediate baking)

                  • banana bread [ENG31-07700683-n] (moist bread containing banana pulp)
                  • date bread [ENG31-07700776-n] (bread containing chopped dates)
                  • date-nut bread [ENG31-07700863-n] (bread containing chopped dates and nuts)
                  • nut bread [ENG31-07700963-n] (bread containing chopped nuts)
                  • oatcake [ENG31-07701048-n] (thin flat unleavened cake of baked oatmeal)
                  • Irish soda bread [ENG31-07701144-n] (round loaf made with soda and buttermilk)
                  • skillet bread [ENG31-07701291-n] (usually cooked in a skillet over an open fire: especially cornbread with ham bits and sometimes Irish soda bread)
                  • cornbread [ENG31-07703534-n] (bread made primarily of cornmeal)

                    • corn cake [ENG31-07703766-n] (baked in a pan or on a griddle (southern and midland))
                    • skillet corn bread [ENG31-07703875-n] (cornbread usually containing ham or bacon bits and cooked in a skillet)
                    • ashcake [ENG31-07704010-n] (corn bread wrapped in cabbage leaves and baked in hot ashes (southern))
                    • cornpone [ENG31-07704369-n] (cornbread often made without milk or eggs and baked or fried (southern))
                    • corn dab [ENG31-07704502-n] (small oval cake of corn bread baked or fried (chiefly southern))
                    • hush puppy [ENG31-07704643-n] (deep-fried cornbread ball (southern))
                    • johnnycake [ENG31-07704748-n] (cornbread usually cooked pancake-style on a griddle (chiefly New England))

                      • hoecake [ENG31-07704157-n] (thin usually unleavened johnnycake made of cornmeal)
                      • Shawnee cake [ENG31-07704962-n] (form of johnnycake)
                    • spoon bread [ENG31-07705058-n] (soft bread made of cornmeal and sometimes rice or hominy)
                  • muffin [ENG31-07706018-n] (a sweet quick bread baked in a cup-shaped pan)

                    • bran muffin [ENG31-07706176-n] (muffin containing bran)
                    • corn muffin [ENG31-07706256-n] (cornbread muffin)
                    • popover [ENG31-07706484-n] (light hollow muffin made of a puff batter (individual Yorkshire pudding) baked in a deep muffin cup)
                  • Yorkshire pudding [ENG31-07706330-n] (light puffy bread made of a puff batter and traditionally baked in the pan with roast beef)
                  • scone [ENG31-07706637-n] (small biscuit (rich with cream and eggs) cut into diamonds or sticks and baked in an oven or (especially originally) on a griddle)

                    • drop scone [ENG31-07706836-n] (a scone made by dropping a spoonful of batter on a griddle)
                  • biscuit [ENG31-07709717-n] (small round bread leavened with baking-powder or soda)

                    • rolled biscuit [ENG31-07709914-n] (biscuit made from dough rolled and cut)
                    • drop biscuit [ENG31-07710013-n] (biscuit made from dough with enough milk that it can be dropped from a spoon)
                    • baking-powder biscuit [ENG31-07710148-n] (leavened with baking powder)

                      • shortcake [ENG31-07710404-n] (very short biscuit dough baked as individual biscuits or a round loaf)
                    • buttermilk biscuit [ENG31-07710261-n] (very tender biscuit partially leavened with buttermilk and soda)
                    • hardtack [ENG31-07710584-n] (very hard unsalted biscuit or bread)
                • rye bread [ENG31-07701475-n] (any of various breads made entirely or partly with rye flour)

                  • black bread [ENG31-07701663-n] (bread made of coarse rye flour)
                  • Jewish rye bread [ENG31-07701766-n] ((Judaism) bread made with rye flour)
                  • limpa [ENG31-07701947-n] (a rye bread made with molasses or brown sugar)
                  • Swedish rye bread [ENG31-07702044-n] (a moist aromatic yeast-raised bread made with rye flour and molasses and orange rind)
                • salt-rising bread [ENG31-07702206-n] (white wheat bread raised by a salt-tolerant bacterium in a mixture of salt and either cornmeal or potato pulp)
                • simnel [ENG31-07702379-n] (a crisp bread of fine white flour)
                • sour bread [ENG31-07702465-n] (made with a starter of a small amount of dough in which fermentation is active)
                • toast [ENG31-07702618-n] (slices of bread that have been toasted)

                  • cinnamon toast [ENG31-07705235-n] (buttered toast with sugar and cinnamon (and nutmeg and grated lemon peel))
                  • orange toast [ENG31-07705369-n] (buttered toast with sugar and grated orange rind and a little orange juice)
                  • Melba toast [ENG31-07705502-n] (very thin crisp brown toast)
                  • zwieback [ENG31-07705587-n] (slice of sweet raised bread baked again until it is brown and hard and crisp)
                • wafer [ENG31-07702798-n] (thin disk of unleavened bread used in a religious service (especially in the celebration of the Eucharist))
                • white bread [ENG31-07702956-n] (bread made with finely ground and usually bleached wheat flour)

                  • French bread [ENG31-07703214-n] (a crusty sourdough bread often baked in long slender tapered loaves or baguettes)

                    • baguet [ENG31-07703126-n] (narrow French stick loaf)
                  • Italian bread [ENG31-07703371-n] (unsweetened yeast-raised bread made without shortening and baked in long thick loaves with tapered ends)
              • potato [ENG31-07726361-n] (an edible tuber native to South America)

                • baked potato [ENG31-07726697-n] (potato that has been cooked by baking it in an oven)

                  • jacket potato [ENG31-07727116-n] (a baked potato served with the jacket on)
                • french fries [ENG31-07726825-n] (strips of potato fried in deep fat)
                • home fries [ENG31-07726977-n] (sliced pieces of potato fried in a pan until brown and crisp)
                • mashed potato [ENG31-07727314-n] (potato that has been peeled and boiled and then mashed)
                • Uruguay potato [ENG31-07727544-n] (similar to the common potato)
              • rice [ENG31-07820299-n] (grains used as food either unpolished or more often polished)

                • brown rice [ENG31-07820519-n] (unpolished rice retaining the yellowish-brown outer layer)
                • white rice [ENG31-07820633-n] (having husk or outer brown layers removed)
                • paddy [ENG31-07820876-n] (rice in the husk either gathered or still in the field)
            • breadstuff [ENG31-07582604-n] (flour or meal or grain used in baking bread)
            • coloring [ENG31-07582704-n] (a digestible substance used to give color to food)
            • concentrate [ENG31-07582955-n] (a concentrated form of a foodstuff)

              • tomato concentrate [ENG31-07583176-n] (a concentrated form of tomatoes)
            • meal [ENG31-07583272-n] (coarsely ground foodstuff)

              • kibble [ENG31-07583545-n] (coarsely ground grain in the form of pellets (as for pet food))
              • cornmeal [ENG31-07583660-n] (coarsely ground corn)
              • farina [ENG31-07583806-n] (fine meal made from cereal grain especially wheat)
              • matzo meal [ENG31-07583954-n] (meal made from ground matzos)
              • oatmeal [ENG31-07584067-n] (meal made from rolled or ground oats)
              • pea flour [ENG31-07584190-n] (meal made from dried peas)
              • pinole [ENG31-07584271-n] (meal made of finely ground corn mixed with sugar and spices)
            • roughage [ENG31-07584383-n] (coarse, indigestible plant food low in nutrients)

              • bran [ENG31-07584556-n] (food prepared from the husks of cereal grains)
            • flour [ENG31-07584671-n] (fine powdery foodstuff obtained by grinding and sifting the meal of a cereal grain)

              • plain flour [ENG31-07584988-n] (flour that does not contain a raising agent)
              • wheat flour [ENG31-07585108-n] (flour prepared from wheat)

                • whole wheat flour [ENG31-07585209-n] (flour made by grinding the entire wheat berry including the bran)
              • soybean meal [ENG31-07585438-n] (meal made from soybeans)
              • semolina [ENG31-07585586-n] (milled product of durum wheat (or other hard wheat) used in pasta)
            • frozen food [ENG31-07588423-n] (food preserved by freezing)
            • canned food [ENG31-07588522-n] (food preserved by canning)

              • canned meat [ENG31-07588668-n] (meat preserved in a can or tin)

                • Fanny Adams [ENG31-07588806-n] (nautical term for tinned meat)
                • Spam [ENG31-07588912-n] (a canned meat made largely from pork)
            • dehydrated food [ENG31-07589018-n] (food preserved by dehydration)
            • carob [ENG31-07613906-n] (powder from the ground seeds and pods of the carob tree)
            • tapioca [ENG31-07635490-n] (granular preparation of cassava starch used to thicken especially puddings)
            • cocoa [ENG31-07771065-n] (powder of ground roasted cacao beans with most of the fat removed)

              • criollo [ENG31-07939195-n] (cocoa of superior quality)
            • grain [ENG31-07818393-n] (foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grasses)

              • corn [ENG31-07747928-n] (ears of corn that can be prepared and served for human food)

                • sweet corn [ENG31-07748144-n] (corn that can be eaten as a vegetable while still young and soft)
                • hominy [ENG31-07748278-n] (hulled corn with the bran and germ removed)

                  • lye hominy [ENG31-07748409-n] (hominy prepared by bleaching in lye)
                  • pearl hominy [ENG31-07748501-n] (hominy prepared by milling to pellets of medium size)
                • popcorn [ENG31-07748612-n] (small kernels of corn exploded by heat)
              • grist [ENG31-07818743-n] (grain intended to be or that has been ground)
              • groats [ENG31-07818839-n] (the hulled and crushed grain of various cereals)
              • millet [ENG31-07818939-n] (small seed of any of various annual cereal grasses especially Setaria italica)
              • barley [ENG31-07819069-n] (a grain of barley)

                • pearl barley [ENG31-07819189-n] (barley ground into small round pellets)
              • buckwheat [ENG31-07819286-n] (grain ground into flour)
              • wheat [ENG31-07819521-n] (grains of common wheat)

                • bulgur [ENG31-07819384-n] (parched crushed wheat)
                • cracked wheat [ENG31-07819755-n] (grains of wheat that have been crushed into small pieces)
              • oat [ENG31-07820128-n] (seed of the annual grass Avena sativa (spoken of primarily in the plural as `oats'))
              • wild rice [ENG31-07820747-n] (grains of aquatic grass of North America)
              • malt [ENG31-07904884-n] (a cereal grain (usually barley) that is kiln-dried after having been germinated by soaking in water)

                • wort [ENG31-07905168-n] (unfermented or fermenting malt)
            • ingredient [ENG31-07825072-n] (food that is a component of a mixture in cooking)

              • flavorer [ENG31-07825344-n] (something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts)

                • cola extract [ENG31-07790455-n] (a flavoring extracted from the kola nut)
                • anchovy paste [ENG31-07799803-n] (paste made primarily of anchovies)
                • bouillon cube [ENG31-07826507-n] (a cube of evaporated seasoned meat extract)
                • condiment [ENG31-07826883-n] (a preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavor or enjoyment)

                  • relish [ENG31-07598006-n] (spicy or savory condiment)

                    • pickle [ENG31-07840964-n] (vegetables (especially cucumbers) preserved in brine or vinegar)

                      • gherkin [ENG31-07774558-n] (any of various small cucumbers pickled whole)
                      • caper [ENG31-07838029-n] (pickled flower buds used as a pungent relish in various dishes and sauces)
                      • dill pickle [ENG31-07841170-n] (pickle preserved in brine or vinegar flavored with dill seed)
                      • sweet pickle [ENG31-07841693-n] (pickle cured in brine and preserved in sugar and vinegar)

                        • bread and butter pickle [ENG31-07841375-n] (thinly sliced sweet pickles)
                    • chowchow [ENG31-07841288-n] (chopped pickles in mustard sauce)
                    • pickle relish [ENG31-07841472-n] (relish of chopped (usually sweet) pickles)
                    • piccalilli [ENG31-07841573-n] (relish of chopped pickled cucumbers and green peppers and onion)
                  • dip [ENG31-07598174-n] (tasty mixture or liquid into which bite-sized foods are dipped)

                    • bean dip [ENG31-07598376-n] (a dip made of cooked beans)
                    • cheese dip [ENG31-07598457-n] (a dip made of cheeses)
                    • clam dip [ENG31-07598535-n] (a dip made of clams and soft cream cheese)
                    • guacamole [ENG31-07598631-n] (a dip made of mashed avocado mixed with chopped onions and other seasonings)
                  • mustard [ENG31-07835456-n] (pungent powder or paste prepared from ground mustard seeds)

                    • Chinese mustard [ENG31-07835658-n] (very hot prepared mustard)
                  • catsup [ENG31-07838173-n] (thick spicy sauce made from tomatoes)
                  • chili sauce [ENG31-07838821-n] (tomatoes and onions and peppers (sweet or hot) simmered with vinegar and sugar and various seasonings)
                  • chutney [ENG31-07839081-n] (a spicy condiment made of chopped fruits or vegetables cooked in vinegar and sugar with ginger and spices)
                  • steak sauce [ENG31-07839256-n] (pungent bottled sauce for steak)
                  • taco sauce [ENG31-07839345-n] (spicy tomato-based sauce for tacos)
                  • salsa [ENG31-07839436-n] (spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods)
                  • mint sauce [ENG31-07839567-n] (sweetened diluted vinegar with chopped mint leaves)
                  • cranberry sauce [ENG31-07839674-n] (sauce made of cranberries and sugar)
                  • duck sauce [ENG31-07840244-n] (a thick sweet and pungent Chinese condiment)
                  • horseradish [ENG31-07840359-n] (grated horseradish root)
                  • marinade [ENG31-07840478-n] (mixtures of vinegar or wine and oil with various spices and seasonings)
                  • soy sauce [ENG31-07841948-n] (thin sauce made of fermented soy beans)
                  • vinegar [ENG31-07844963-n] (sour-tasting liquid produced usually by oxidation of the alcohol in wine or cider and used as a condiment or food preservative)

                    • chili vinegar [ENG31-07838980-n] (fiery vinegar flavored with chili peppers)
                    • cider vinegar [ENG31-07845224-n] (vinegar made from cider)
                    • wine vinegar [ENG31-07845307-n] (vinegar made from wine)
                  • sauce [ENG31-07845388-n] (flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an accompaniment to food)

                    • anchovy sauce [ENG31-07846469-n] (made of white sauce and mashed anchovies)
                    • hot sauce [ENG31-07846569-n] (a pungent peppery sauce)

                      • Tabasco [ENG31-07842067-n] (very spicy sauce (trade name Tabasco) made from fully-aged red peppers)
                    • hard sauce [ENG31-07846666-n] (butter and sugar creamed together with brandy or other flavoring and served with rich puddings)
                    • horseradish sauce [ENG31-07846817-n] (creamy white sauce with horseradish and mustard)
                    • tartare sauce [ENG31-07847426-n] (mayonnaise with chopped pickles and sometimes capers and shallots and parsley and hard-cooked egg)
                    • wine sauce [ENG31-07847639-n] (white or veloute sauce with wine and stock variously seasoned with onions and herbs)
                    • marchand de vin [ENG31-07847797-n] (brown sauce with mushrooms and red wine or Madeira)
                    • bread sauce [ENG31-07847931-n] (creamy white sauce made with bread instead of flour and seasoned with cloves and onion)
                    • plum sauce [ENG31-07848075-n] (for Chinese dishes: plum preserves and chutney)
                    • peach sauce [ENG31-07848178-n] (for Chinese dishes: peach preserves and chutney)
                    • apricot sauce [ENG31-07848283-n] (for Chinese dishes: apricot preserves and chutney)
                    • pesto [ENG31-07848392-n] (a sauce typically served with pasta)
                    • ravigote [ENG31-07848568-n] (veloute sauce seasoned with chopped chervil, chives, tarragon, shallots and capers)
                    • remoulade sauce [ENG31-07848717-n] (a mayonnaise sauce flavored with herbs and mustard and capers)
                    • dressing [ENG31-07848878-n] (savory dressings for salads)

                      • sauce Louis [ENG31-07849309-n] (mayonnaise and heavy cream combined with chopped green pepper and green onion seasoned with chili sauce and Worcestershire sauce and lemon juice)
                      • bleu cheese dressing [ENG31-07849511-n] (creamy dressing containing crumbled blue cheese)
                      • blue cheese dressing [ENG31-07849648-n] (vinaigrette containing crumbled Roquefort or blue cheese)
                      • French dressing [ENG31-07849792-n] (oil and vinegar with mustard and garlic)
                      • Lorenzo dressing [ENG31-07849927-n] (vinaigrette with chili sauce and chopped watercress)
                      • anchovy dressing [ENG31-07850041-n] (vinaigrette and mashed anchovies)
                      • Italian dressing [ENG31-07850136-n] (a vinaigrette with garlic and herbs: oregano and basil and dill)
                      • half-and-half dressing [ENG31-07850262-n] (half mayonnaise and half vinaigrette seasoned with minced garlic and mashed anchovies and grated Parmesan cheese)
                      • mayonnaise [ENG31-07850483-n] (egg yolks and oil and vinegar)

                        • green mayonnaise [ENG31-07850594-n] (mayonnaise with tarragon or dill and chopped watercress and spinach or cucumber)
                      • Russian dressing [ENG31-07850848-n] (mayonnaise with horseradish grated onion and chili sauce or catsup)
                      • salad cream [ENG31-07851027-n] (a creamy salad dressing resembling mayonnaise)
                      • Thousand Island dressing [ENG31-07851149-n] (mayonnaise with chili sauce or catsup and minced olives and peppers and hard-cooked egg)
                    • aioli [ENG31-07850750-n] (garlic mayonnaise)
                    • barbecue sauce [ENG31-07851307-n] (spicy sweet and sour sauce usually based on catsup or chili sauce)
                    • hollandaise [ENG31-07851433-n] (eggs and butter with lemon juice)
                    • bearnaise [ENG31-07851523-n] (a sauce like hollandaise but made with white wine and tarragon and shallots instead of lemon juice)
                    • Bercy [ENG31-07851677-n] (butter creamed with white wine and shallots and parsley)
                    • bordelaise [ENG31-07851799-n] (brown sauce with beef marrow and red wine)
                    • bourguignon [ENG31-07851897-n] (reduced red wine with onions and parsley and thyme and butter)
                    • brown sauce [ENG31-07852053-n] (bouillon or beef stock thickened with butter and flour roux and variously seasoned with herbs or Worcestershire etc.)
                    • Espagnole [ENG31-07852245-n] (brown sauce with tomatoes and a caramelized mixture of minced carrots and onions and celery seasoned with Madeira)
                    • Chinese brown sauce [ENG31-07852432-n] (a sauce based on soy sauce)
                    • chocolate sauce [ENG31-07852814-n] (sauce made with unsweetened chocolate or cocoa and sugar and water)

                      • hot-fudge sauce [ENG31-07852978-n] (thick chocolate sauce served hot)
                    • cocktail sauce [ENG31-07853086-n] (usually catsup with horseradish and lemon juice)
                    • Colbert [ENG31-07853210-n] (butter creamed with parsley and tarragon and beef extract)
                    • white sauce [ENG31-07853338-n] (milk thickened with a butter and flour roux)

                      • blanc [ENG31-07852576-n] (a white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables (used especially with braised meat))
                      • cheese sauce [ENG31-07852707-n] (white sauce with grated cheese)

                        • Mornay sauce [ENG31-07853606-n] (onion-flavored creamy cheese sauce with egg yolk and grated cheese)
                      • cream sauce [ENG31-07853521-n] (white sauce made with cream)
                    • demiglace [ENG31-07853731-n] (sauce Espagnole with extra beef stock simmered down and seasoned with dry wine or sherry)
                    • gravy [ENG31-07854049-n] (a sauce made by adding stock, flour, or other ingredients to the juice and fat that drips from cooking meats)
                    • spaghetti sauce [ENG31-07854209-n] (any of numerous sauces for spaghetti or other kinds of pasta)

                      • bolognese pasta sauce [ENG31-07846962-n] (sauce for pasta)
                      • carbonara [ENG31-07847122-n] (sauce for pasta)
                      • tomato sauce [ENG31-07847243-n] (sauce made with a puree of tomatoes (or strained tomatoes) with savory vegetables and other seasonings)
                      • marinara [ENG31-07854417-n] (sauce for pasta)
                    • mole [ENG31-07854527-n] (spicy sauce often containing chocolate)
                    • hunter's sauce [ENG31-07854635-n] (brown sauce and tomato puree with onions and mushrooms and dry white wine)
                    • mushroom sauce [ENG31-07854787-n] (brown sauce and sauteed mushrooms)
                    • mustard sauce [ENG31-07854881-n] (sauce of prepared mustard thinned with vinegar and vegetable oil with sugar and seasonings)
                    • Nantua [ENG31-07855031-n] (white sauce with whipping cream and shrimp butter)
                    • Hungarian sauce [ENG31-07855148-n] (veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onion and paprika and cream)
                    • pepper sauce [ENG31-07855288-n] (for venison: brown sauce with sauteed vegetables and trimmings and marinade and plenty of pepper)
                    • Smitane [ENG31-07855569-n] (veloute or brown sauce with sauteed chopped onion and dry white wine and sour cream)
                    • Soubise [ENG31-07855706-n] (veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onions and whipping cream)
                    • Lyonnaise sauce [ENG31-07855840-n] (brown sauce with sauteed chopped onions and parsley and dry white wine or vinegar)
                    • veloute [ENG31-07856003-n] (white sauce made with stock instead of milk)
                    • allemande [ENG31-07856100-n] (egg-thickened veloute)
                    • caper sauce [ENG31-07856195-n] (allemande sauce with capers)
                    • poulette [ENG31-07856280-n] (allemande sauce with chopped parsley)
                    • curry sauce [ENG31-07856371-n] (allemande sauce with curry powder and coconut milk instead of stock)
                    • Worcester sauce [ENG31-07856496-n] (a savory sauce of vinegar and soy sauce and spices)
                    • snail butter [ENG31-07873574-n] (for preparing snails: butter seasoned with shallots and garlic and parsley)
                    • Newburg sauce [ENG31-07886710-n] (lobster butter and cream and egg yolks seasoned with onions and sherry or Madeira)
                  • spread [ENG31-07872246-n] (a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers or used in preparing other dishes)

                    • margarine [ENG31-07688659-n] (a spread made chiefly from vegetable oils and used as a substitute for butter)

                      • stick [ENG31-07864621-n] (a rectangular quarter pound block of butter or margarine)
                    • nut butter [ENG31-07871389-n] (ground nuts blended with a little butter)
                    • peanut butter [ENG31-07871486-n] (a spread made from ground peanuts)
                    • marshmallow fluff [ENG31-07871579-n] (a very sweet white spread resembling marshmallow candy)
                    • onion butter [ENG31-07871697-n] (butter blended with minced onion)
                    • pimento butter [ENG31-07871788-n] (butter blended with mashed pimento)
                    • shrimp butter [ENG31-07871883-n] (butter blended with chopped shrimp or seasoned with essence from shrimp shells)
                    • lobster butter [ENG31-07872021-n] (butter blended with chopped lobster or seasoned with essence from lobster shells)
                    • cheese spread [ENG31-07872732-n] (spread made of cheese mixed with butter or cream or cream cheese and seasonings)
                    • anchovy butter [ENG31-07872871-n] (butter blended with mashed anchovies)
                    • fishpaste [ENG31-07872968-n] (a paste of fish or shellfish)
                    • garlic butter [ENG31-07873052-n] (butter seasoned with mashed garlic)
                    • miso [ENG31-07873146-n] (a thick paste made from fermented soybeans and barley or rice malt)
                    • hummus [ENG31-07873707-n] (a thick spread made from mashed chickpeas, tahini, lemon juice and garlic)
                    • pate [ENG31-07873935-n] (liver or meat or fowl finely minced or ground and variously seasoned)

                      • duck pate [ENG31-07874090-n] (a pate made from duck liver)
                      • foie gras [ENG31-07874173-n] (a pate made from goose liver (marinated in Cognac) and truffles)
                    • tapenade [ENG31-07874312-n] (a spread consisting of capers and black olives and anchovies made into a puree with olive oil)
                    • tahini [ENG31-07874460-n] (a thick Middle Eastern paste made from ground sesame seeds)
                  • wasabi [ENG31-07873332-n] (the thick green root of the wasabi plant that the Japanese use in cooking and that tastes like strong horseradish)
                • herb [ENG31-07827392-n] (aromatic potherb used in cookery for its savory qualities)

                  • fines herbes [ENG31-07828022-n] (a mixture of finely chopped fresh herbs)
                  • basil [ENG31-07832140-n] (leaves of the common basil)
                  • bay leaf [ENG31-07832272-n] (dried leaf of the bay laurel)
                  • borage [ENG31-07832374-n] (an herb whose leaves are used to flavor sauces and punches)
                  • hyssop [ENG31-07832551-n] (bitter leaves used sparingly in salads)
                  • caraway [ENG31-07832702-n] (leaves used sparingly in soups and stews)
                  • chervil [ENG31-07832815-n] (fresh ferny parsley-like leaves used as a garnish with chicken and veal and omelets and green salads and spinach)
                  • chives [ENG31-07833000-n] (cylindrical leaves used fresh as a mild onion-flavored seasoning)
                  • comfrey [ENG31-07833136-n] (leaves make a popular tisane)
                  • coriander [ENG31-07833291-n] (parsley-like herb used as seasoning or garnish)
                  • costmary [ENG31-07833575-n] (leaves used sparingly (because of bitter overtones) in sauces and soups and stuffings)
                  • fennel [ENG31-07833734-n] (leaves used for seasoning)
                  • lemon balm [ENG31-07834665-n] (lemony leaves used for a tisane or in soups or fruit punches)
                  • lovage [ENG31-07834801-n] (stalks eaten like celery or candied like angelica)
                  • marjoram [ENG31-07834971-n] (pungent leaves used as seasoning with meats and fowl and in stews and soups and omelets)
                  • mint [ENG31-07835142-n] (the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied)
                  • parsley [ENG31-07835872-n] (aromatic herb with flat or crinkly leaves that are cut finely and used to garnish food)
                  • rosemary [ENG31-07836121-n] (extremely pungent leaves used fresh or dried as seasoning for especially meats)
                  • rue [ENG31-07836273-n] (leaves sometimes used for flavoring fruit or claret cup but should be used with great caution: can cause irritation like poison ivy)
                  • sage [ENG31-07836473-n] (aromatic fresh or dried grey-green leaves used widely as seasoning for meats and fowl and game etc)

                    • clary sage [ENG31-07836659-n] (fresh leaves used in omelets and fritters and with lamb)
                  • savory [ENG31-07836790-n] (either of two aromatic herbs of the mint family)

                    • summer savory [ENG31-07836936-n] (herb with delicately flavored leaves with many uses)
                    • winter savory [ENG31-07837083-n] (resinous leaves used in stews and stuffings and meat loaf)
                  • sweet woodruff [ENG31-07837236-n] (fragrant dark green leaves used to flavor May wine)
                  • sweet cicely [ENG31-07837380-n] (fresh ferny leaves and green seeds used as garnish in salads and cold vegetables)
                  • tarragon [ENG31-07837586-n] (fresh leaves (or leaves preserved in vinegar) used as seasoning)
                  • thyme [ENG31-07837734-n] (leaves can be used as seasoning for almost any meat and stews and stuffings and vegetables)
                  • angelica [ENG31-07842316-n] (aromatic stems or leaves or roots of Angelica Archangelica)
                  • dill [ENG31-07843872-n] (aromatic threadlike foliage of the dill plant used as seasoning)
                  • tea [ENG31-07949081-n] (dried leaves of the tea shrub)

                    • tea bag [ENG31-07949394-n] (a measured amount of tea in a bag for an individual serving of tea)
                    • black tea [ENG31-07950770-n] (fermented tea leaves)

                      • congou [ENG31-07950918-n] (black tea grown in China)
                      • Darjeeling [ENG31-07951040-n] (a fine variety of black tea grown in northern India)
                      • orange pekoe [ENG31-07951148-n] (a superior grade of black tea)
                      • souchong [ENG31-07951283-n] (a fine quality of black tea native to China)
                    • green tea [ENG31-07951392-n] (tea leaves that have been steamed and dried without fermenting)

                      • hyson [ENG31-07951528-n] (a Chinese green tea with twisted leaves)
                    • oolong [ENG31-07951619-n] (Chinese tea leaves that have been partially fermented before being dried)
                • spice [ENG31-07828160-n] (any of a variety of pungent aromatic vegetable substances used for flavoring food)

                  • five spice powder [ENG31-07829809-n] (Chinese seasoning made by grinding star anise and fennel and pepper and cloves and cinnamon)
                  • allspice [ENG31-07829983-n] (ground dried berrylike fruit of a West Indian allspice tree)
                  • cinnamon [ENG31-07830179-n] (spice from the dried aromatic bark of the Ceylon cinnamon tree)

                    • stick cinnamon [ENG31-07830366-n] (dried rolled strips of cinnamon bark)
                  • clove [ENG31-07830463-n] (spice from dried unopened flower bud of the clove tree)
                  • fennel [ENG31-07830766-n] (fennel seeds are ground and used as a spice or as an ingredient of a spice mixture)
                  • ginger [ENG31-07831139-n] (dried ground gingerroot)
                  • mace [ENG31-07831270-n] (spice made from the dried fleshy covering of the nutmeg seed)
                  • nutmeg [ENG31-07831400-n] (hard aromatic seed of the nutmeg tree used as spice when grated or ground)
                  • Chinese anise [ENG31-07842906-n] (anise-scented star-shaped fruit or seed used in Asian cooking and medicine)
                • peppermint oil [ENG31-07828473-n] (oil from the peppermint plant used as flavoring)
                • spearmint oil [ENG31-07828638-n] (an aromatic oil obtained from the spearmint plant)
                • lemon oil [ENG31-07828766-n] (fragrant yellow oil obtained from the lemon peel)
                • wintergreen oil [ENG31-07828889-n] (oil or flavoring obtained from the creeping wintergreen or teaberry plant)
                • salt [ENG31-07829083-n] (white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food)
                • celery salt [ENG31-07829300-n] (ground celery seed and salt)
                • garlic salt [ENG31-07829385-n] (ground dried garlic and salt)
                • onion salt [ENG31-07829471-n] (ground dried onion and salt)
                • seasoned salt [ENG31-07829555-n] (combination of salt and vegetable extracts and spices and monosodium glutamate)
                • sour salt [ENG31-07829693-n] (crystals of citric acid used as seasoning)
                • ginger [ENG31-07830901-n] (pungent rhizome of the common ginger plant)
                • pepper [ENG31-07831564-n] (pungent seasoning from the berry of the common pepper plant of East India)

                  • black pepper [ENG31-07831815-n] (pepper that is ground from whole peppercorns with husks on)
                  • white pepper [ENG31-07831932-n] (pepper ground from husked peppercorns)
                • sassafras [ENG31-07832028-n] (dried root bark of the sassafras tree)
                • coriander [ENG31-07833441-n] (dried coriander seeds used whole or ground)
                • fennel seed [ENG31-07834005-n] (aromatic anis-scented seeds)
                • fenugreek [ENG31-07834109-n] (aromatic seeds used as seasoning especially in curry)
                • garlic [ENG31-07834253-n] (aromatic bulb used as seasoning)

                  • clove [ENG31-07834398-n] (one of the small bulblets that can be split off of the axis of a larger garlic bulb)
                • garlic chive [ENG31-07834548-n] (large flat leaves used as chive is used)
                • mustard seed [ENG31-07835279-n] (black or white seeds ground to make mustard pastes or powders)
                • nasturtium [ENG31-07835745-n] (flowers and seeds and leaves all used as flavorings)
                • turmeric [ENG31-07837895-n] (ground dried rhizome of the turmeric plant used as seasoning)
                • cardamom [ENG31-07838299-n] (aromatic seeds used as seasoning like cinnamon and cloves especially in pickles and barbecue sauces)
                • cayenne [ENG31-07838494-n] (ground pods and seeds of pungent red peppers of the genus Capsicum)
                • chili powder [ENG31-07838663-n] (powder made of ground chili peppers mixed with e.g. cumin and garlic and oregano)
                • curry powder [ENG31-07839790-n] (pungent blend of cumin and ground coriander seed and turmeric and other spices)
                • paprika [ENG31-07840678-n] (a mild powdered seasoning made from dried pimientos)

                  • Spanish paprika [ENG31-07840839-n] (a mild seasoning made from a variety of pimiento grown in Spain)
                • angelica [ENG31-07842429-n] (candied stalks of the angelica plant)
                • almond extract [ENG31-07842520-n] (flavoring made from almonds macerated in alcohol)
                • anise [ENG31-07842629-n] (liquorice-flavored seeds, used medicinally and in cooking and liquors)
                • juniper berries [ENG31-07843106-n] (berrylike cone of a common juniper)
                • saffron [ENG31-07843260-n] (dried pungent stigmas of the Old World saffron crocus)
                • sesame seed [ENG31-07843386-n] (small oval seeds of the sesame plant)
                • caraway seed [ENG31-07843530-n] (aromatic seeds of the caraway plant)
                • poppy seed [ENG31-07843726-n] (small grey seed of a poppy flower)
                • dill seed [ENG31-07844017-n] (seed of the dill plant used as seasoning)
                • celery seed [ENG31-07844132-n] (seed of the celery plant used as seasoning)
                • lemon extract [ENG31-07844251-n] (a flavoring made from (or imitating) lemons)
                • monosodium glutamate [ENG31-07844354-n] (white crystalline compound used as a food additive to enhance flavor)
                • vanilla bean [ENG31-07844618-n] (long bean-like fruit)
                • vanilla [ENG31-07844783-n] (a flavoring prepared from vanilla beans macerated in alcohol (or imitating vanilla beans))
                • sweetening [ENG31-07874571-n] (something added to foods to make them taste sweeter)

                  • aspartame [ENG31-07874817-n] (an artificial sweetener made from aspartic acid)
                  • honey [ENG31-07874954-n] (a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees)
                  • saccharin [ENG31-07875118-n] (a crystalline substance 500 times sweeter than sugar)
                  • sugar [ENG31-07875260-n] (a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener and preservative)

                    • caramel [ENG31-07610751-n] (burnt sugar)
                    • lump sugar [ENG31-07610939-n] (refined sugar molded into rectangular shapes convenient as single servings)
                    • sugarloaf [ENG31-07611070-n] (a large conical loaf of concentrated refined sugar)
                    • cane sugar [ENG31-07611220-n] (sugar from sugarcane used as sweetening agent)
                    • granulated sugar [ENG31-07611617-n] (sugar in the form of small grains)

                      • powdered sugar [ENG31-07611485-n] (sugar granulated into a fine powder)

                        • castor sugar [ENG31-07611322-n] (very finely granulated sugar that was formerly sprinkled from a castor)
                        • icing sugar [ENG31-07611731-n] (finely powdered sugar used to make icing)
                    • beet sugar [ENG31-07611829-n] (sugar from sugar beets used as sweetening agent)
                    • corn sugar [ENG31-07611933-n] (dextrose used as sweetening agent)
                    • brown sugar [ENG31-07612023-n] (unrefined or only partly refined sugar)

                      • demerara [ENG31-07612137-n] (light brown cane sugar)
                  • syrup [ENG31-07875559-n] (a thick sweet sticky liquid)

                    • sugar syrup [ENG31-07875772-n] (sugar and water and sometimes corn syrup boiled together)
                    • molasses [ENG31-07875927-n] (thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugar cane)
                    • sorghum [ENG31-07876079-n] (made from juice of sweet sorghum)
                    • treacle [ENG31-07876184-n] (a pale cane syrup)
                    • grenadine [ENG31-07876307-n] (thin syrup made from pomegranate juice)
                    • maple syrup [ENG31-07876423-n] (made by concentrating sap from sugar maples)
                    • corn syrup [ENG31-07876524-n] (syrup prepared from corn)
                • mocha [ENG31-07937229-n] (a flavoring made from coffee mixed with chocolate)
                • cassareep [ENG31-07937330-n] (a flavoring made by boiling down the juice of the bitter cassava)
              • tomato paste [ENG31-07842226-n] (thick concentrated tomato puree)
              • egg white [ENG31-07857013-n] (the white part of an egg)
              • egg yolk [ENG31-07857321-n] (the yellow spherical part of an egg that is surrounded by the albumen)
              • malted milk [ENG31-07942780-n] (powder made of dried milk and malted cereals)
            • egg [ENG31-07856780-n] (oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food)
            • dairy product [ENG31-07859751-n] (milk and butter and cheese)

              • cream [ENG31-07863174-n] (the part of milk containing the butterfat)

                • clotted cream [ENG31-07863429-n] (thick cream made from scalded milk)
                • double creme [ENG31-07863561-n] (cream with a fat content of 48% or more)
                • heavy cream [ENG31-07863803-n] (contains more than 36% butterfat)
                • light cream [ENG31-07863893-n] (cream that has at least 18% butterfat)
                • sour cream [ENG31-07864069-n] (artificially soured light cream)
                • whipping cream [ENG31-07864172-n] (cream that has enough butterfat (30% to 36%) to be whipped)
              • half-and-half [ENG31-07863682-n] (half milk and half light cream)
              • butter [ENG31-07864314-n] (an edible emulsion of fat globules made by churning milk or cream)

                • clarified butter [ENG31-07864747-n] (butter made clear by heating and removing the sediment of milk solids)

                  • ghee [ENG31-07864912-n] (clarified butter used in Indian cookery)
                • brown butter [ENG31-07865002-n] (clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with vinegar or lemon juice and capers)
                • Meuniere butter [ENG31-07865162-n] (clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with lemon juice and parsley)
                • yak butter [ENG31-07872162-n] (butter made from yaks' milk)
              • yogurt [ENG31-07865312-n] (a custard-like food made from curdled milk)

                • frozen yogurt [ENG31-07631655-n] (a soft frozen dessert of sweetened flavored yogurt)
                • blueberry yogurt [ENG31-07865482-n] (yogurt with sweetened blueberries or blueberry jam)
              • whey [ENG31-07865709-n] (watery part of milk produced when raw milk sours and coagulates)
              • curd [ENG31-07865888-n] (coagulated milk)
              • clabber [ENG31-07866195-n] (raw milk that has soured and thickened)
              • cheese [ENG31-07866305-n] (a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk)

                • cream cheese [ENG31-07867274-n] (soft unripened cheese made of sweet milk and cream)

                  • double cream [ENG31-07867419-n] (fresh soft French cheese containing at least 60% fat)
                  • mascarpone [ENG31-07867530-n] (soft mild Italian cream cheese)
                • triple cream [ENG31-07867617-n] (fresh soft French cheese containing at least 72% fat)
                • cottage cheese [ENG31-07867743-n] (mild white cheese made from curds of soured skim milk)
                • process cheese [ENG31-07867902-n] (made by blending several lots of cheese)
                • bleu [ENG31-07868021-n] (cheese containing a blue mold)

                  • Stilton [ENG31-07868205-n] (English blue cheese)
                  • Roquefort [ENG31-07868278-n] (French blue cheese)
                  • gorgonzola [ENG31-07868352-n] (Italian blue cheese)
                  • Danish blue [ENG31-07868428-n] (blue cheese of Denmark)
                  • Bavarian blue [ENG31-07868508-n] (blue cheese of Bavaria)
                • Brie [ENG31-07868590-n] (soft creamy white cheese)
                • brick cheese [ENG31-07868688-n] (semisoft sweet American cheese from whole milk in a brick form)
                • Camembert [ENG31-07868809-n] (rich soft creamy French cheese)
                • cheddar [ENG31-07868895-n] (hard smooth-textured cheese)

                  • rat cheese [ENG31-07869101-n] (informal names for American cheddar)
                • Cheshire cheese [ENG31-07869208-n] (a mild yellow English cheese with a crumbly texture)
                • double Gloucester [ENG31-07869321-n] (a smooth firm mild orange-red cheese)
                • Edam [ENG31-07869421-n] (mild yellow Dutch cheese made in balls encased in a red covering)
                • goat cheese [ENG31-07869536-n] (made from goats' milk)
                • Gouda [ENG31-07869624-n] (mild cream-colored Dutch cheese shaped in balls)
                • grated cheese [ENG31-07869738-n] (hard or semihard cheese grated)
                • hand cheese [ENG31-07869828-n] (any cheese originally molded by hand)
                • Liederkranz [ENG31-07869922-n] (a soft cheese with a strong odor and flavor)
                • Limburger [ENG31-07870042-n] (a soft white cheese with a very strong pungent odor and flavor)
                • mozzarella [ENG31-07870160-n] (mild white Italian cheese)
                • Muenster [ENG31-07870242-n] (semisoft pale-yellow cheese)
                • Parmesan [ENG31-07870324-n] (hard dry sharp-flavored Italian cheese)
                • quark cheese [ENG31-07870431-n] (fresh unripened cheese of a smooth texture made from pasteurized milk, a starter, and rennet)
                • ricotta [ENG31-07870590-n] (soft Italian cheese like cottage cheese)
                • string cheese [ENG31-07870683-n] (cheese formed in long strings twisted together)
                • Swiss cheese [ENG31-07870789-n] (hard pale yellow cheese with many holes from Switzerland)

                  • Emmenthal [ENG31-07870958-n] (Swiss cheese with large holes)
                  • Gruyere [ENG31-07871081-n] (Swiss cheese with small holes)
                  • sapsago [ENG31-07871164-n] (a hard green Swiss cheese made with skim-milk curd and flavored with clover)
                • Velveeta [ENG31-07871293-n] (trademark: soft processed American cheese)
            • milk [ENG31-07860580-n] (any of several nutritive milklike liquids)

              • coconut milk [ENG31-07789404-n] (clear to whitish fluid from within a fresh coconut)
              • coconut milk [ENG31-07856648-n] (white liquid obtained from compressing fresh coconut meat)
              • soya milk [ENG31-07860843-n] (a milk substitute containing soybean flour and water)
              • formula [ENG31-07861063-n] (a liquid food for infants)
            • curd [ENG31-07866059-n] (a coagulated liquid resembling milk curd)

              • bean curd [ENG31-07725626-n] (cheeselike food made of curdled soybean milk)
            • concoction [ENG31-07898472-n] (any foodstuff made by combining different ingredients)

              • mincemeat [ENG31-07694331-n] (spiced mixture of chopped raisins and apples and other ingredients with or without meat)
              • stuffing [ENG31-07694474-n] (a mixture of seasoned ingredients used to stuff meats and vegetables)

                • turkey stuffing [ENG31-07694698-n] (stuffing for turkey)
                • oyster stuffing [ENG31-07694779-n] (stuffing made with oysters)
                • forcemeat [ENG31-07694885-n] (mixture of ground raw chicken and mushrooms with pistachios and truffles and onions and parsley and lots of butter and bound with eggs)
              • roux [ENG31-07855454-n] (a mixture of fat and flour heated and used as a basis for sauces)
              • batter [ENG31-07876781-n] (a liquid or semiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, and milk, used in cooking)

                • puff batter [ENG31-07643790-n] (batter for making light hollow cases to hold various fillings)
                • pancake batter [ENG31-07877223-n] (batter for making pancakes)
                • fritter batter [ENG31-07877310-n] (batter for making fritters)
              • dough [ENG31-07876964-n] (a flour mixture stiff enough to knead or roll)

                • pastry [ENG31-07638745-n] (a dough of flour and water and shortening)

                  • puff paste [ENG31-07643540-n] (dough used for very light flaky rich pastries)

                    • phyllo [ENG31-07643677-n] (tissue thin sheets of pastry used especially in Greek dishes)
                • bread dough [ENG31-07877134-n] (any of various doughs for bread)
              • mix [ENG31-07898861-n] (a commercially prepared mixture of dry ingredients)

                • ready-mix [ENG31-07609345-n] (a commercial preparation containing most of the ingredients for a dish)

                  • brownie mix [ENG31-07609543-n] (a commercial mix for making brownies)
                  • cake mix [ENG31-07609637-n] (a commercial mix for making a cake)
                  • lemonade mix [ENG31-07609726-n] (a commercial mix for making lemonade)
                • self-rising flour [ENG31-07609821-n] (a commercially prepared mixture of flour and salt and a leavening agent)
              • filling [ENG31-07899006-n] (a food mixture used to fill pastry or sandwiches etc.)

                • lekvar [ENG31-07899131-n] (a sweet filling made of prunes or apricots)
            • juice [ENG31-07939988-n] (the liquid part that can be extracted from plant or animal tissue by squeezing or cooking)

              • gravy [ENG31-07853888-n] (the seasoned but not thickened juices that drip from cooking meats)
              • lemon juice [ENG31-07941469-n] (usually freshly squeezed juice of lemons)
              • lime juice [ENG31-07941567-n] (usually freshly squeezed juice of limes)
              • papaya juice [ENG31-07941663-n] (juice from papayas)
              • tomato juice [ENG31-07941740-n] (the juice of tomatoes (usually bottled or canned))
              • carrot juice [ENG31-07941848-n] (usually freshly squeezed juice of carrots)
              • V-8 juice [ENG31-07941948-n] (brand name for canned mixed vegetable juices)
            • perishable [ENG31-07953584-n] (food that will decay rapidly if not refrigerated)
          • nutriment [ENG31-07586285-n] (a source of materials to nourish the body)

            • course [ENG31-07572535-n] (part of a meal served at one time)

              • entree [ENG31-07595140-n] (the principal dish of a meal)

                • plate [ENG31-07595352-n] (a main course served on a plate)
              • appetizer [ENG31-07596911-n] (food or drink to stimulate the appetite (usually served before a meal or as the first course))

                • antipasto [ENG31-07596814-n] (a course of appetizers in an Italian meal)
                • canape [ENG31-07597172-n] (an appetizer consisting usually of a thin slice of bread or toast spread with caviar or cheese or other savory food)
                • cocktail [ENG31-07597340-n] (an appetizer served as a first course at a meal)

                  • fruit cocktail [ENG31-07597496-n] (a mixture of sliced or diced fruits)
                  • crab cocktail [ENG31-07597592-n] (a cocktail of cold cooked crabmeat and a sauce)
                  • shrimp cocktail [ENG31-07597717-n] (a cocktail of cold cooked shrimp and a sauce)
                • hors d'oeuvre [ENG31-07597842-n] (a dish served as an appetizer before the main meal)

                  • stuffed mushroom [ENG31-07750855-n] (mushrooms stuffed with any of numerous mixtures of e.g. meats or nuts or seafood or spinach)
                  • rollmops [ENG31-07801463-n] (a pickled herring filet that has been rolled or wrapped around a pickle)
                  • pigs in blankets [ENG31-07889324-n] (small frankfurters wrapped in biscuit dough and baked)
                • crudites [ENG31-07724257-n] (raw vegetables cut into bite-sized strips and served with a dip)

                  • celery stick [ENG31-07724430-n] (celery stalks cut into small sticks)
                  • carrot stick [ENG31-07746296-n] (a stick of carrot eaten raw)
              • dessert [ENG31-07625449-n] (a dish served as the last course of a meal)

                • ambrosia [ENG31-07626111-n] (fruit dessert made of oranges and bananas with shredded coconut)
                • baked Alaska [ENG31-07626229-n] (cake covered with ice cream and meringue browned quickly in an oven)
                • blancmange [ENG31-07626355-n] (sweet almond-flavored milk pudding thickened with gelatin or cornstarch)
                • charlotte [ENG31-07626499-n] (a mold lined with cake or crumbs and filled with fruit or whipped cream or custard)

                  • charlotte russe [ENG31-07629613-n] (lady fingers enclosing Bavarian cream)
                • compote [ENG31-07626655-n] (dessert of stewed or baked fruit)
                • dumpling [ENG31-07626757-n] (dessert made by baking fruit wrapped in pastry)

                  • apple dumpling [ENG31-07629712-n] (apples wrapped in pastry and baked)
                • flan [ENG31-07626876-n] (open pastry filled with fruit or custard)
                • frozen dessert [ENG31-07626967-n] (any of various desserts prepared by freezing)

                  • ice [ENG31-07629807-n] (a frozen dessert with fruit flavoring (especially one containing no milk))

                    • water ice [ENG31-07629957-n] (an ice containing no milk but having a mushy consistency)
                  • ice cream [ENG31-07630109-n] (frozen dessert containing cream and sugar and flavoring)

                    • chocolate ice cream [ENG31-07630434-n] (ice cream flavored with chocolate)

                      • choc-ice [ENG31-07630551-n] (colloquial British abbreviation for chocolate ice cream)
                    • Neapolitan ice cream [ENG31-07630661-n] (a block of ice cream with 3 or 4 layers of different colors and flavors)
                    • peach ice cream [ENG31-07630799-n] (ice cream flavored with fresh peaches)
                    • strawberry ice cream [ENG31-07631069-n] (ice cream flavored with fresh strawberries)
                    • tutti-frutti [ENG31-07631178-n] (ice cream containing chopped candied fruits)
                    • vanilla ice cream [ENG31-07631280-n] (ice cream flavored with vanilla extract)
                  • ice-cream cone [ENG31-07630339-n] (ice cream in a crisp conical wafer)
                  • sherbert [ENG31-07630898-n] (a frozen dessert made primarily of fruit juice and sugar, but also containing milk or egg-white or gelatin)
                  • ice lolly [ENG31-07631383-n] (ice cream or water ice on a small wooden stick)
                  • ice milk [ENG31-07631563-n] (similar to ice cream but made of milk)
                  • snowball [ENG31-07631783-n] (ball of crushed ice with fruit syrup)
                  • snowball [ENG31-07631874-n] (ball of ice cream covered with coconut and usually chocolate sauce)
                  • parfait [ENG31-07631995-n] (layers of ice cream and syrup and whipped cream)
                  • ice-cream sundae [ENG31-07632096-n] (ice cream served with a topping)
                  • split [ENG31-07632199-n] (a dessert of sliced fruit and ice cream covered with whipped cream and cherries and nuts)

                    • banana split [ENG31-07632357-n] (a banana split lengthwise and topped with scoops of ice cream and sauces and nuts and whipped cream)
                  • frozen pudding [ENG31-07632515-n] (a chilled dessert consisting of a mixture of custard and nuts and (sometimes) liquor)
                  • frozen custard [ENG31-07632660-n] (dessert resembling ice cream but with a boiled custard base)
                  • ice-cream cake [ENG31-07647535-n] (ice cream molded to look like a cake)
                • junket [ENG31-07627342-n] (dessert made of sweetened milk coagulated with rennet)
                • mousse [ENG31-07627600-n] (a rich, frothy, creamy dessert made with whipped egg whites and heavy cream)

                  • chocolate mousse [ENG31-07633220-n] (dessert mousse made with chocolate)
                • pavlova [ENG31-07627746-n] (a dessert consisting of a meringue base or cup filled with fruit and whipped cream)
                • peach melba [ENG31-07627882-n] (ice cream and peaches with a liqueur)
                • whip [ENG31-07627976-n] (a dessert made of sugar and stiffly beaten egg whites or cream and usually flavored with fruit)

                  • prune whip [ENG31-07628139-n] (dessert made of prune puree and whipped cream)
                • pudding [ENG31-07628241-n] (any of various soft sweet desserts thickened usually with flour and baked or boiled or steamed)

                  • flummery [ENG31-07632953-n] (a bland custard or pudding especially of oatmeal)
                  • plum pudding [ENG31-07633317-n] (a rich steamed or boiled pudding that resembles cake)
                  • steamed pudding [ENG31-07633638-n] (a pudding cooked by steaming)
                  • duff [ENG31-07633728-n] (a stiff flour pudding steamed or boiled usually and containing e.g. currants and raisins and citron)
                  • vanilla pudding [ENG31-07633890-n] (sweet vanilla flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs)
                  • chocolate pudding [ENG31-07634041-n] (sweet chocolate flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs)
                  • brown Betty [ENG31-07634196-n] (baked pudding of apples and breadcrumbs)
                  • Nesselrode [ENG31-07634293-n] (a rich frozen pudding made of chopped chestnuts and maraschino cherries and candied fruits and liqueur or rum)
                  • pease pudding [ENG31-07634480-n] (a pudding made with strained split peas mixed with egg)
                  • tapioca pudding [ENG31-07635656-n] (sweet pudding thickened with tapioca)
                  • roly-poly [ENG31-07635754-n] (pudding made of suet pastry spread with jam or fruit and rolled up and baked or steamed)
                  • suet pudding [ENG31-07635936-n] (a sweet or savory pudding made with suet and steamed or boiled)

                    • spotted dick [ENG31-07636094-n] (a suet pudding containing currants)
                • pudding [ENG31-07628605-n] ((British) the dessert course of a meal (`pud' is used informally))

                  • trifle [ENG31-07629089-n] (a cold pudding made of layers of sponge cake spread with fruit or jelly)

                    • tipsy cake [ENG31-07629280-n] (a trifle soaked in wine and decorated with almonds and candied fruit)
                • syllabub [ENG31-07628767-n] (sweetened cream beaten with wine or liquor)
                • tiramisu [ENG31-07628875-n] (an Italian dessert consisting of layers of sponge cake soaked with coffee and brandy or liqueur layered with mascarpone cheese and topped with grated chocolate)
                • zabaglione [ENG31-07637106-n] (light foamy custard-like dessert served hot or chilled)
                • mold [ENG31-07954834-n] (a dish or dessert that is formed in or on a mold)
            • dainty [ENG31-07572730-n] (something considered choice to eat)

              • choice morsel [ENG31-07610308-n] (a small tasty bit of food)
              • savory [ENG31-07610411-n] (an aromatic or spicy dish served at the end of dinner or as an hors d'oeuvre)
              • sweet [ENG31-07612255-n] (a food rich in sugar)

                • confectionery [ENG31-07612538-n] (candy and other sweets considered collectively)
                • confiture [ENG31-07612716-n] (preserved or candied fruit)

                  • candied fruit [ENG31-07616077-n] (fruit cooked in sugar syrup and encrusted with a sugar crystals)

                    • crystallized ginger [ENG31-07616466-n] (strips of gingerroot cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar)
                    • candied citrus peel [ENG31-07616978-n] (strips of citrus peel cooked in a sugar syrup)

                      • grapefruit peel [ENG31-07616596-n] (strips of grapefruit peel cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar)
                      • lemon peel [ENG31-07616746-n] (strips of lemon peel cooked in sugar and coated with sugar)
                      • orange peel [ENG31-07616861-n] (strips of orange peel cooked in sugar and coated with sugar)
                  • conserve [ENG31-07658080-n] (fruit preserved by cooking with sugar)

                    • apple butter [ENG31-07658351-n] (thick dark spicy puree of apples)
                    • chowchow [ENG31-07658442-n] (a Chinese preserve of mixed fruits and ginger)
                    • jam [ENG31-07658542-n] (preserve of crushed fruit)

                      • strawberry jam [ENG31-07658809-n] (made with strawberries)
                    • lemon curd [ENG31-07658635-n] (a conserve with a thick consistency)
                    • jelly [ENG31-07658915-n] (a preserve made of the jelled juice of fruit)

                      • apple jelly [ENG31-07659083-n] (jelly made from apple juice)

                        • crabapple jelly [ENG31-07659186-n] (a tart apple jelly made from crab apples)
                      • grape jelly [ENG31-07659288-n] (jelly made from grape juice)
                    • marmalade [ENG31-07659373-n] (a preserve made of the pulp and rind of citrus fruits)

                      • orange marmalade [ENG31-07659500-n] (marmalade made from oranges)
                • sweetmeat [ENG31-07612834-n] (a sweetened delicacy (as a preserve or pastry))
                • candy [ENG31-07612936-n] (a rich sweet made of flavored sugar and often combined with fruit or nuts)

                  • candy bar [ENG31-07613827-n] (a candy shaped as a bar)
                  • carob bar [ENG31-07614100-n] (a bar of candy made with carob powder)
                  • hard candy [ENG31-07614305-n] (candy that is brittle)

                    • barley-sugar [ENG31-07614499-n] (a brittle transparent candy made by melting and cooling cane sugar)
                    • jawbreaker [ENG31-07614732-n] (a large round hard candy)
                    • lemon drop [ENG31-07614813-n] (a hard candy with lemon flavor and a yellow color and (usually) the shape of a lemon)
                    • sourball [ENG31-07614954-n] (round piece of tart hard candy)
                  • brandyball [ENG31-07614639-n] (a British candy flavored with brandy)
                  • patty [ENG31-07615039-n] (round flat candy)

                    • peppermint patty [ENG31-07615125-n] (a patty flavored with peppermint)
                  • bonbon [ENG31-07615220-n] (a candy that usually has a center of fondant or fruit or nuts coated in chocolate)
                  • brittle [ENG31-07615354-n] (caramelized sugar cooled in thin sheets)

                    • peanut brittle [ENG31-07615482-n] (brittle containing peanuts)
                  • butterscotch [ENG31-07615965-n] (a hard brittle candy made with butter and brown sugar)
                  • candy cane [ENG31-07617143-n] (a hard candy in the shape of a rod (usually with stripes))
                  • candy corn [ENG31-07617257-n] (a small yellow and white candy shaped to resemble a kernel of corn)
                  • caramel [ENG31-07617380-n] (firm chewy candy made from caramelized sugar and butter and milk)
                  • cotton candy [ENG31-07620649-n] (a candy made by spinning sugar that has been boiled to a high temperature)
                  • dragee [ENG31-07620807-n] (sugar-coated nut or fruit piece)
                  • dragee [ENG31-07620891-n] (silvery candy beads used for decorating cakes)
                  • fondant [ENG31-07620989-n] (candy made of a thick creamy sugar paste)
                  • fudge [ENG31-07621083-n] (soft creamy candy)

                    • chocolate fudge [ENG31-07621206-n] (fudge made with chocolate or cocoa)
                    • divinity [ENG31-07621302-n] (white creamy fudge made with egg whites)
                    • penuche [ENG31-07621413-n] (fudge made with brown sugar and butter and milk and nuts)
                  • gumdrop [ENG31-07621553-n] (a jellied candy coated with sugar crystals)

                    • jujube [ENG31-07621667-n] (chewy fruit-flavored jellied candy (sometimes medicated to soothe a sore throat))
                  • honey crisp [ENG31-07621800-n] (a crisp candy made with honey)
                  • mint [ENG31-07621887-n] (a candy that is flavored with a mint oil)

                    • peppermint [ENG31-07622147-n] (a candy flavored with peppermint oil)
                  • horehound [ENG31-07622028-n] (a candy that is flavored with an extract of the horehound plant)
                  • jelly bean [ENG31-07622278-n] (sugar-glazed jellied candy)
                  • kiss [ENG31-07622373-n] (any of several bite-sized candies)

                    • molasses kiss [ENG31-07622542-n] (a candy kiss that resembles toffee)
                    • meringue kiss [ENG31-07622636-n] (a kiss made of sugar and egg white and baked slowly)
                    • chocolate kiss [ENG31-07622747-n] (a kiss that consists of a conical bite-sized piece of chocolate)
                    • Scotch kiss [ENG31-07622889-n] (butterscotch candy kiss)
                  • licorice [ENG31-07622970-n] (a black candy flavored with the dried root of the licorice plant)
                  • Life Saver [ENG31-07623101-n] (a candy shaped like a small lifesaver)
                  • lollipop [ENG31-07623214-n] (hard candy on a stick)
                  • lozenge [ENG31-07623316-n] (a small aromatic or medicated candy)

                    • cachou [ENG31-07623441-n] (a scented lozenge used to sweeten the breath (e.g. to conceal the odor of tobacco))
                    • cough drop [ENG31-07623576-n] (a medicated lozenge used to soothe the throat)
                  • marshmallow [ENG31-07623707-n] (spongy confection made of gelatin and sugar and corn syrup and dusted with powdered sugar)
                  • marzipan [ENG31-07623854-n] (almond paste and egg whites)
                  • nougat [ENG31-07623948-n] (nuts or fruit pieces in a sugar paste)
                  • nougat bar [ENG31-07624038-n] (a bar of nougat candy often dipped in chocolate)
                  • nut bar [ENG31-07624142-n] (paste of nuts and sugar on a pastry base cut into bars)
                  • peanut bar [ENG31-07624250-n] (bar of peanuts in taffy)
                  • popcorn ball [ENG31-07624330-n] (popcorn combined with a thick sugar or molasses or caramel syrup and formed into balls)
                  • praline [ENG31-07624475-n] (cookie-sized candy made of brown sugar and butter and pecans)
                  • rock candy [ENG31-07624589-n] (sugar in large hard clear crystals on a string)
                  • rock candy [ENG31-07624692-n] (hard bright-colored stick candy (typically flavored with peppermint))
                  • sugar candy [ENG31-07624824-n] (made by boiling pure sugar until it hardens)
                  • sugarplum [ENG31-07624925-n] (any of various small sugary candies)
                  • taffy [ENG31-07625016-n] (chewy candy of sugar or syrup boiled until thick and pulled until glossy)

                    • molasses taffy [ENG31-07625158-n] (taffy made of molasses)
                  • truffle [ENG31-07625241-n] (creamy chocolate candy)
                  • Turkish Delight [ENG31-07625337-n] (a jellied candy typically flavored with rose water)
                  • Easter egg [ENG31-07857883-n] (an egg-shaped candy used to celebrate Easter)

                    • chocolate egg [ENG31-07858020-n] (egg-shaped chocolate candy)
                    • candy egg [ENG31-07858106-n] (egg-shaped candy)
                • hardbake [ENG31-07614193-n] (a British sweet made with molasses and butter and almonds)
                • chewing gum [ENG31-07615569-n] (a preparation (usually made of sweetened chicle) for chewing)

                  • gum ball [ENG31-07615748-n] (a ball of chewing gum with a coating of colored sugar)
                  • bubble gum [ENG31-07615856-n] (a kind of chewing gum that can be blown into bubbles)
                • candied apple [ENG31-07616267-n] (an apple that is covered with a candy-like substance (usually caramelized sugar))
                • center [ENG31-07618221-n] (the sweet central portion of a piece of candy that is enclosed in chocolate or some other covering)
                • comfit [ENG31-07620565-n] (candy containing a fruit or nut)
                • maraschino [ENG31-07636298-n] (cherry preserved in true or imitation maraschino liqueur)
                • nonpareil [ENG31-07636873-n] (colored beads of sugar used as a topping on e.g. candies and cookies)
              • ambrosia [ENG31-07625904-n] ((classical mythology) the food and drink of the gods)
              • gelatin [ENG31-07659590-n] (an edible jelly (sweet or pungent) made with gelatin and used as a dessert or salad base or a coating for foods)

                • calf's-foot jelly [ENG31-07610622-n] (a savory jelly made with gelatin obtained by boiling calves' feet)
                • gelatin dessert [ENG31-07659853-n] (jellied dessert made with gelatin and fruit juice or water)

                  • jello [ENG31-07629424-n] (fruit-flavored dessert (trade mark Jell-O) made from a commercially prepared gelatin powder)
                • aspic [ENG31-07824651-n] (savory jelly based on fish or meat stock used as a mold for meats or vegetables)
              • marrow [ENG31-07889033-n] (very tender and very nutritious tissue from marrowbones)
            • dish [ENG31-07572999-n] (a particular item of prepared food)

              • piece de resistance [ENG31-07595253-n] (the most important dish of a meal)
              • adobo [ENG31-07595482-n] (a dish of marinated vegetables and meat or fish)
              • side dish [ENG31-07595618-n] (a dish that is served with, but is subordinate to, a main course)

                • mushy peas [ENG31-07742501-n] (marrowfat peas that have been soaked overnight and then boiled)
                • raita [ENG31-07865595-n] (an Indian side dish of yogurt and chopped cucumbers and spices)
              • special [ENG31-07595818-n] (a dish or meal given prominence in e.g. a restaurant)
              • casserole [ENG31-07595924-n] (food cooked and served in a casserole)

                • chicken casserole [ENG31-07596035-n] (chicken cooked and served in a casserole)

                  • chicken cacciatore [ENG31-07596157-n] (chicken casserole prepared with tomatoes and mushrooms and herbs in the Italian style)
              • soup [ENG31-07598762-n] (liquid food especially of meat or fish or vegetable stock often containing pieces of solid food)

                • soup du jour [ENG31-07599430-n] (the soup that a restaurant is featuring on a given day)
                • alphabet soup [ENG31-07599543-n] (soup that contains small noodles in the shape of letters of the alphabet)
                • consomme [ENG31-07599675-n] (clear soup usually of beef or veal or chicken)

                  • madrilene [ENG31-07599793-n] (a tomato-flavored consomme)
                • bisque [ENG31-07599897-n] (a thick cream soup made from shellfish)
                • borsch [ENG31-07599988-n] (a Russian or Polish soup usually containing beet juice as a foundation)
                • broth [ENG31-07600158-n] (a thin soup of meat or fish or vegetable stock)

                  • barley water [ENG31-07600424-n] (broth used to feed infants)
                  • bouillon [ENG31-07600509-n] (a clear seasoned broth)
                • broth [ENG31-07600779-n] (liquid in which meat and vegetables are simmered)

                  • liquor [ENG31-07600292-n] (the liquid in which vegetables or meat have be cooked)
                  • beef broth [ENG31-07600586-n] (a stock made with beef)
                  • chicken broth [ENG31-07600678-n] (a stock made with chicken)
                  • stock cube [ENG31-07601045-n] (a cube of dehydrated stock)
                • chicken soup [ENG31-07601128-n] (soup made from chicken broth)
                • cock-a-leekie [ENG31-07601215-n] (soup made from chicken boiled with leeks)
                • gazpacho [ENG31-07601329-n] (a soup made with chopped tomatoes and onions and cucumbers and peppers and herbs)
                • gumbo [ENG31-07601477-n] (a soup or stew thickened with okra pods)
                • julienne [ENG31-07601568-n] (a clear soup garnished with julienne vegetables)
                • marmite [ENG31-07601670-n] (soup cooked in a large pot)
                • mock turtle soup [ENG31-07601750-n] (soup made from a calf's head or other meat in imitation of green turtle soup)
                • mulligatawny [ENG31-07601889-n] (a soup of eastern India that is flavored with curry)
                • oxtail soup [ENG31-07602056-n] (a soup made from the skinned tail of an ox)
                • pea soup [ENG31-07602175-n] (a thick soup made of dried peas (usually made into a puree))
                • pepper pot [ENG31-07602289-n] (a soup made with vegetables and tripe and seasoned with peppercorns)
                • petite marmite [ENG31-07602465-n] (soup made with a variety of vegetables)
                • potage [ENG31-07602594-n] (thick (often creamy) soup)
                • turtle soup [ENG31-07602777-n] (soup usually made of the flesh of green turtles)
                • eggdrop soup [ENG31-07602902-n] (made by stirring beaten eggs into a simmering broth)
                • chowder [ENG31-07603012-n] (a thick soup or stew made with milk and bacon and onions and potatoes)

                  • corn chowder [ENG31-07603189-n] (chowder containing corn)
                  • clam chowder [ENG31-07603271-n] (chowder containing clams)

                    • Manhattan clam chowder [ENG31-07603390-n] (a chowder made with clams and tomatoes and other vegetables and seasonings)
                    • New England clam chowder [ENG31-07603533-n] (a thick chowder made with clams and potatoes and onions and salt pork and milk)
                  • fish chowder [ENG31-07603682-n] (chowder containing fish)
                • won ton [ENG31-07603764-n] (a soup with won ton dumplings)
                • split-pea soup [ENG31-07603870-n] (made of stock and split peas with onions carrots and celery)
                • green pea soup [ENG31-07603990-n] (made of fresh green peas and stock with shredded lettuce onion and celery)
                • lentil soup [ENG31-07604145-n] (made of stock and lentils with onions carrots and celery)
                • Scotch broth [ENG31-07604259-n] (a thick soup made from beef or mutton with vegetables and pearl barley)
                • vichyssoise [ENG31-07604388-n] (a creamy potato soup flavored with leeks and onions)
              • stew [ENG31-07604518-n] (food prepared by stewing especially meat or fish with vegetables)

                • pottage [ENG31-07602682-n] (a stew of vegetables and (sometimes) meat)
                • bigos [ENG31-07605029-n] (a Polish stew of cabbage and meat)
                • Brunswick stew [ENG31-07605114-n] (spicy southern specialty: chicken (or small game) with corn and tomatoes and lima beans and okra and onions and potatoes)
                • burgoo [ENG31-07605295-n] (thick spicy stew of whatever meat and whatever vegetables are available)
                • olla podrida [ENG31-07605538-n] (Spanish version of burgoo)
                • mulligan stew [ENG31-07605639-n] (Irish version of burgoo)
                • purloo [ENG31-07605748-n] (thick stew made of rice and chicken and small game)
                • goulash [ENG31-07605891-n] (a rich meat stew highly seasoned with paprika)

                  • beef goulash [ENG31-07606323-n] (meat is browned before stewing)
                  • pork-and-veal goulash [ENG31-07606412-n] (made with sauerkraut and caraway seeds and served with sour cream)
                  • porkholt [ENG31-07606545-n] (made of lamb or pork)
                • hotchpotch [ENG31-07606073-n] (a stew (or thick soup) made with meat and vegetables)
                • hot pot [ENG31-07606182-n] (a stew of meat and potatoes cooked in a tightly covered pot)
                • Irish stew [ENG31-07606620-n] (meat (especially mutton) stewed with potatoes and onions)
                • oyster stew [ENG31-07606733-n] (oysters in cream)
                • lobster stew [ENG31-07606807-n] (diced lobster meat in milk or cream)
                • lobscouse [ENG31-07606901-n] (a stew of meat and vegetables and hardtack that is eaten by sailors)
                • fish stew [ENG31-07607044-n] (a stew made with fish)

                  • bouillabaisse [ENG31-07607157-n] (highly seasoned Mediterranean soup or stew made of several kinds of fish and shellfish with tomatoes and onions or leeks and seasoned with saffron and garlic and herbs)
                  • matelote [ENG31-07607384-n] (highly seasoned soup or stew made of freshwater fishes (eel, carp, perch) with wine and stock)
                • fricassee [ENG31-07607665-n] (pieces of chicken or other meat stewed in gravy with e.g. carrots and onions and served with noodles or dumplings)

                  • chicken stew [ENG31-07607888-n] (a stew made with chicken)
                  • turkey stew [ENG31-07607971-n] (a stew made with turkey)
                • beef stew [ENG31-07608052-n] (a stew made with beef)
                • ragout [ENG31-07608227-n] (well-seasoned stew of meat and vegetables)

                  • salmi [ENG31-07608493-n] (ragout of game in a rich sauce)
                • ratatouille [ENG31-07608339-n] (a vegetable stew)
                • pot-au-feu [ENG31-07608575-n] (traditional French stew of vegetables and beef)
                • slumgullion [ENG31-07608678-n] (a thin stew of meat and vegetables)
              • paella [ENG31-07607532-n] (saffron-flavored dish made of rice with shellfish and chicken)
              • viand [ENG31-07609042-n] (a choice or delicious dish)
              • mousse [ENG31-07627448-n] (a light creamy dish made from fish or meat and set with gelatin)

                • fish mousse [ENG31-07633056-n] (mousse made with fish)
                • chicken mousse [ENG31-07633135-n] (mousse made with chicken)
              • pudding [ENG31-07632797-n] (any of various soft thick unsweetened baked dishes)

                • carrot pudding [ENG31-07633448-n] (pudding made with grated carrots)
                • corn pudding [ENG31-07633541-n] (pudding made of corn and cream and egg)
              • custard [ENG31-07634613-n] (sweetened mixture of milk and eggs baked or boiled or frozen)

                • creme caramel [ENG31-07634817-n] (baked custard topped with caramel)
                • creme anglais [ENG31-07634910-n] (custard sauce flavored with vanilla or a liqueur)
                • creme brulee [ENG31-07635018-n] (custard sprinkled with sugar and broiled)
                • fruit custard [ENG31-07635117-n] (a custard containing fruit)
                • Bavarian cream [ENG31-07636206-n] (a rich custard set with gelatin)
              • turnover [ENG31-07640075-n] (a dish made by folding a piece of pastry over a filling)

                • apple turnover [ENG31-07640275-n] (turnover with an apple filling)
                • knish [ENG31-07640366-n] ((Yiddish) a baked or fried turnover filled with potato or meat or cheese)
                • pirogi [ENG31-07640533-n] (small fruit or meat turnover baked or fried)
                • samosa [ENG31-07640670-n] (small turnover of Indian origin filled with vegetables or meat and fried and served hot)
              • timbale [ENG31-07640933-n] (individual serving of minced e.g. meat or fish in a rich creamy sauce baked in a small pastry mold or timbale shell)
              • fish stick [ENG31-07657970-n] (a long fillet of fish breaded and fried)
              • buffalo wing [ENG31-07664522-n] (crisp spicy chicken wings)
              • barbecued wing [ENG31-07664606-n] (chicken wings cooked in barbecue sauce)
              • barbecue [ENG31-07669757-n] (meat that has been barbecued or grilled in a highly seasoned sauce)
              • biryani [ENG31-07669907-n] (an Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat or fish or vegetables)
              • escalope de veau Orloff [ENG31-07670676-n] (lightly sauteed veal cutlets spread with a Soubise sauce and liver paste then sprinkled with grated Parmesan and baked briefly)
              • saute [ENG31-07670872-n] (a dish of sauteed food)
              • patty [ENG31-07679644-n] (small flat mass of chopped food)

                • fish cake [ENG31-07657537-n] (a fried ball or patty of flaked fish and mashed potatoes)

                  • codfish ball [ENG31-07881551-n] (usually made of flaked salt cod and mashed potatoes)
              • veal parmesan [ENG31-07681183-n] (sauteed veal cutlet in a breadcrumb-and-cheese coating served with tomato sauce)
              • veal cordon bleu [ENG31-07681921-n] (thin slices of veal stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed)
              • sandwich plate [ENG31-07712148-n] (a serving consisting of a sandwich or sandwiches with garnishes)
              • snack food [ENG31-07728127-n] (food for light meals or for eating between meals)

                • sandwich [ENG31-07711710-n] (two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them)

                  • butty [ENG31-07712272-n] (a sandwich)
                  • ham sandwich [ENG31-07712370-n] (a sandwich made with a filling of sliced ham)
                  • chicken sandwich [ENG31-07712473-n] (a sandwich made with a filling of sliced chicken)
                  • club sandwich [ENG31-07712584-n] (made with three slices of usually toasted bread)
                  • open-face sandwich [ENG31-07712722-n] (sandwich without a covering slice of bread)
                  • hamburger [ENG31-07712845-n] (a sandwich consisting of a fried cake of minced beef served on a bun, often with other ingredients)

                    • cheeseburger [ENG31-07713058-n] (a hamburger with melted cheese on it)
                  • tunaburger [ENG31-07713153-n] (a sandwich that resembles a hamburger but made with tuna instead of beef)
                  • hotdog [ENG31-07713282-n] (a frankfurter served hot on a bun)

                    • chili dog [ENG31-07881081-n] (a hotdog with chili con carne on it)
                  • Sloppy Joe [ENG31-07713444-n] (ground beef (not a patty) cooked in a spicy sauce and served on a bun)
                  • bomber [ENG31-07713570-n] (a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with meats and cheese (and tomato and onion and lettuce and condiments))
                  • gyro [ENG31-07713995-n] (a Greek sandwich: sliced roast lamb with onion and tomato stuffed into pita bread)
                  • bacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich [ENG31-07714146-n] (sandwich filled with slices of bacon and tomato with lettuce)
                  • Reuben [ENG31-07714288-n] (a hot sandwich with corned beef and Swiss cheese and sauerkraut on rye bread)
                  • western [ENG31-07714417-n] (a sandwich made from a western omelet)
                  • wrap [ENG31-07714527-n] (a sandwich in which the filling is rolled up in a soft tortilla)
                • potato skin [ENG31-07727428-n] (crisp fried potato peeling)
                • chip [ENG31-07728304-n] (a thin crisp slice of potato fried in deep fat)
                • corn chip [ENG31-07728493-n] (thin piece of cornmeal dough fried)

                  • tortilla chip [ENG31-07728601-n] (a small piece of tortilla)

                    • nacho [ENG31-07728704-n] (a tortilla chip topped with cheese and chili-pepper and broiled)
              • salad [ENG31-07822197-n] (food mixtures either arranged on a plate or tossed and served with a moist dressing)

                • tossed salad [ENG31-07822609-n] (salad tossed with a dressing)

                  • green salad [ENG31-07822750-n] (tossed salad composed primarily of salad greens)
                  • Caesar salad [ENG31-07822855-n] (typically having fried croutons and dressing made with a raw egg)
                  • combination salad [ENG31-07823293-n] (containing meat or chicken or cheese in addition to greens and vegetables)

                    • chef's salad [ENG31-07823448-n] (the combination salad prepared as a particular chef's specialty)
                • salmagundi [ENG31-07822978-n] (cooked meats and eggs and vegetables usually arranged in rows around the plate and dressed with a salad dressing)
                • salad nicoise [ENG31-07823147-n] (typically containing tomatoes and anchovies and garnished with black olives and capers)
                • potato salad [ENG31-07823570-n] (any of various salads having chopped potatoes as the base)
                • pasta salad [ENG31-07823686-n] (a salad having any of various pastas as the base)

                  • macaroni salad [ENG31-07823810-n] (having macaroni as the base)
                • fruit salad [ENG31-07823898-n] (salad composed of fruits)

                  • Waldorf salad [ENG31-07823998-n] (typically made of apples and celery with nuts or raisins and dressed with mayonnaise)
                • crab Louis [ENG31-07824142-n] (lettuce and crabmeat dressed with sauce Louis)
                • herring salad [ENG31-07824244-n] (based on pickled herring)
                • tuna fish salad [ENG31-07824328-n] (salad composed primarily of chopped canned tuna fish)
                • chicken salad [ENG31-07824455-n] (salad composed primarily of chopped chicken meat)
                • coleslaw [ENG31-07824563-n] (basically shredded cabbage)
                • molded salad [ENG31-07824782-n] (salad of meats or vegetables in gelatin)
                • tabbouleh [ENG31-07824880-n] (a finely chopped salad with tomatoes and parsley and mint and scallions and bulgur wheat)
              • curry [ENG31-07839927-n] ((East Indian cookery) a pungent dish of vegetables or meats flavored with curry powder and usually eaten with rice)

                • lamb curry [ENG31-07840167-n] (curry made with lamb)
              • applesauce [ENG31-07841826-n] (puree of stewed apples usually sweetened and spiced)
              • boiled egg [ENG31-07857471-n] (egg cooked briefly in the shell in gently boiling water)

                • hard-boiled egg [ENG31-07857615-n] (an egg boiled gently until both the white and the yolk solidify)

                  • Easter egg [ENG31-07857776-n] (a colored hard-boiled egg used to celebrate Easter)
              • poached egg [ENG31-07858178-n] (egg cooked in gently boiling water)
              • scrambled eggs [ENG31-07858284-n] (eggs beaten and cooked to a soft firm consistency while stirring)
              • deviled egg [ENG31-07858409-n] (halved hard-cooked egg with the yolk mashed with mayonnaise and seasonings and returned to the white)
              • shirred egg [ENG31-07858581-n] (egg cooked individually in cream or butter in a small ramekin)
              • omelet [ENG31-07858729-n] (beaten eggs or an egg mixture cooked until just set)

                • firm omelet [ENG31-07858948-n] (eggs beaten with milk or cream and cooked until set)

                  • French omelet [ENG31-07859093-n] (omelet cooked quickly and slid onto a plate)
                  • western omelet [ENG31-07859324-n] (a firm omelet that has diced ham and peppers and onions)
                • fluffy omelet [ENG31-07859196-n] (souffle-like omelet made by beating and adding the whites separately)
                • egg foo yong [ENG31-07882547-n] (omelet containing onions and celery and chopped meat or fish)
              • souffle [ENG31-07859440-n] (light fluffy dish of egg yolks and stiffly beaten egg whites mixed with e.g. cheese or fish or fruit)

                • cheese souffle [ENG31-07879778-n] (puffy dish of cheese and eggs (whites beaten separately) and white sauce)
              • fried egg [ENG31-07859612-n] (eggs cooked by sauteing in oil or butter)
              • coq au vin [ENG31-07877533-n] (chicken and onions and mushrooms braised in red wine and seasonings)
              • chicken provencale [ENG31-07877657-n] (chicken cooked in a sauce made with tomatoes, garlic, and olive oil)
              • chicken and rice [ENG31-07877789-n] (rice and chicken cooked together with or without other ingredients and variously seasoned)

                • arroz con pollo [ENG31-07878071-n] (rice and chicken cooked together Spanish style)
              • moo goo gai pan [ENG31-07877959-n] (a Cantonese dish of chicken and sauteed vegetables)
              • bacon and eggs [ENG31-07878220-n] (eggs (fried or scrambled) served with bacon)
              • barbecued spareribs [ENG31-07878324-n] (baked or roasted with a spicy sauce)
              • beef Bourguignonne [ENG31-07878437-n] (beef and mushrooms and onions stewed in red wine and seasonings)
              • beef Wellington [ENG31-07878587-n] (rare-roasted beef tenderloin coated with mushroom paste in puff pastry)
              • bitok [ENG31-07878746-n] (a Russian dish made with patties of ground meat (mixed with onions and bread and milk) and served with a sauce of sour cream)
              • boiled dinner [ENG31-07878922-n] (corned beef simmered with onions and cabbage and usually other vegetables)
              • Boston baked beans [ENG31-07879083-n] (dried navy beans baked slowly with molasses and salt pork)
              • bubble and squeak [ENG31-07879205-n] (leftover cabbage fried with cooked potatoes and sometimes meat)
              • pasta [ENG31-07879350-n] (a dish that contains pasta as its main ingredient)

                • spaghetti [ENG31-07715748-n] (spaghetti served with a tomato sauce)
                • cannelloni [ENG31-07879523-n] (tubular pasta filled with meat or cheese)
                • lasagna [ENG31-07886143-n] (baked dish of layers of lasagna pasta with sauce and cheese and meat or vegetables)
                • macaroni and cheese [ENG31-07887210-n] (macaroni prepared in a cheese sauce)
              • carbonnade flamande [ENG31-07879620-n] (beef stewed in beer seasoned with garlic and served with boiled potatoes)
              • chicken Marengo [ENG31-07879911-n] (braised chicken with onions and mushrooms in a wine and tomato sauce)
              • chicken cordon bleu [ENG31-07880041-n] (thin slices of chicken stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed)
              • Maryland chicken [ENG31-07880174-n] (chicken fried than oven-baked and served with milk gravy)
              • chicken paprika [ENG31-07880293-n] (chicken simmered in broth with onions and paprika then mixed with sour cream)
              • Tetrazzini [ENG31-07880614-n] (a pasta dish with cream sauce and mushrooms)

                • chicken Tetrazzini [ENG31-07880451-n] (chicken prepared in a cream sauce with mushrooms and served over pasta)
              • chicken Kiev [ENG31-07880732-n] (pounded chicken cutlets rolled around butter (that has been seasoned with herbs) and then covered with crumbs and fried)
              • chili [ENG31-07880910-n] (ground beef and chili peppers or chili powder often with tomatoes and kidney beans)
              • chop suey [ENG31-07881172-n] (meat or fish stir-fried with vegetables (e.g., celery, onions, peppers or bean sprouts) seasoned with ginger and garlic and soy sauce)
              • chow mein [ENG31-07881460-n] (chop suey served with fried noodles)
              • coquille [ENG31-07881676-n] (seafood served in a scallop shell)
              • coquilles Saint-Jacques [ENG31-07881764-n] (scallops in white wine sauce served in scallop shells)
              • croquette [ENG31-07881991-n] (minced cooked meats (or vegetables) in thick white sauce)
              • cottage pie [ENG31-07882127-n] (a dish of minced meat topped with mashed potatoes)
              • rissole [ENG31-07882253-n] (minced cooked meat or fish coated in egg and breadcrumbs and fried in deep fat)
              • dolmas [ENG31-07882385-n] (well-seasoned rice (with nuts or currants or minced lamb) simmered or braised in stock)
              • egg roll [ENG31-07882699-n] (minced vegetables and meat wrapped in a pancake and fried)
              • eggs Benedict [ENG31-07882844-n] (toasted English muffin topped with ham and a poached egg (or an oyster) and hollandaise sauce)
              • enchilada [ENG31-07882997-n] (tortilla with meat filling baked in tomato sauce seasoned with chili)
              • falafel [ENG31-07883140-n] (small croquette of mashed chick peas or fava beans seasoned with sesame seeds)
              • fish and chips [ENG31-07883300-n] (fried fish and french-fried potatoes)
              • fondue [ENG31-07883397-n] (hot cheese or chocolate melted to the consistency of a sauce into which bread or fruits are dipped)

                • cheese fondue [ENG31-07883592-n] (fondue made of cheese melted in wine for dipping bread and sometimes fruits)
                • chocolate fondue [ENG31-07883727-n] (fondue made of chocolate melted with milk or cream for dipping fruits)
              • fondue [ENG31-07883859-n] (cubes of meat or seafood cooked in hot oil and then dipped in any of various sauces)

                • beef fondue [ENG31-07884021-n] (cubes of beef cooked in hot oil and then dipped in various tasty sauces)
              • French toast [ENG31-07884176-n] (bread slice dipped in egg and milk and fried)
              • fried rice [ENG31-07884316-n] (boiled rice mixed with scallions and minced pork or shrimp and quickly scrambled with eggs)
              • frittata [ENG31-07884484-n] (Italian omelet with diced vegetables and meats)
              • frog legs [ENG31-07884660-n] (hind legs of frogs used as food)
              • galantine [ENG31-07884806-n] (boned poultry stuffed then cooked and covered with aspic)
              • gefilte fish [ENG31-07884931-n] (well-seasoned balls of ground fish and eggs and crushed crumbs simmered in fish stock)
              • haggis [ENG31-07885087-n] (made of sheep's or calf's viscera minced with oatmeal and suet and onions and boiled in the animal's stomach)
              • ham and eggs [ENG31-07885267-n] (eggs (scrambled or fried) served with ham)
              • hash [ENG31-07885367-n] (chopped meat mixed with potatoes and browned)

                • corned beef hash [ENG31-07885498-n] (hash made with corned beef)
              • jambalaya [ENG31-07885587-n] (spicy Creole dish of rice and ham, sausage, chicken, or shellfish with tomatoes, peppers, onions, and celery)
              • kabob [ENG31-07885751-n] (cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables)

                • souvlaki [ENG31-07886045-n] (made of lamb)
              • kedgeree [ENG31-07885913-n] (a dish of rice and hard-boiled eggs and cooked flaked fish)
              • seafood Newburg [ENG31-07886289-n] (seafood in Newburg sauce served on toast or rice)

                • lobster Newburg [ENG31-07886454-n] (lobster in Newburg sauce served on buttered toast or rice)
                • shrimp Newburg [ENG31-07886596-n] (shrimp in Newburg sauce usually served in a rice ring)
              • lobster thermidor [ENG31-07886870-n] (diced lobster mixed with Mornay sauce placed back in the shell and sprinkled with grated cheese and browned)
              • lutefisk [ENG31-07887041-n] (dried cod soaked in a lye solution before boiling to give it a gelatinous consistency)
              • macedoine [ENG31-07887311-n] (mixed diced fruits or vegetables)
              • meatball [ENG31-07887412-n] (ground meat formed into a ball and fried or simmered in broth)

                • porcupine ball [ENG31-07887564-n] (meat patties rolled in rice and simmered in a tomato sauce)
                • Swedish meatball [ENG31-07887696-n] (meatballs simmered in stock)
              • moussaka [ENG31-07888569-n] (casserole of eggplant and ground lamb with onion and tomatoes bound with white sauce and beaten eggs)
              • osso buco [ENG31-07888724-n] (sliced veal knuckle or shin bone cooked with olive oil and wine and tomatoes and served with rice or vegetables)
              • pheasant under glass [ENG31-07889174-n] (a dish of roast pheasant served in a manner characteristic of expensive restaurants)
              • pilaf [ENG31-07889440-n] (rice cooked in well-seasoned broth with onions or celery and usually poultry or game or shellfish and sometimes tomatoes)

                • bulgur pilaf [ENG31-07889655-n] (pilaf made with bulgur wheat instead of rice and usually without meat)
              • pizza [ENG31-07889783-n] (Italian open pie made of thin bread dough spread with a spiced mixture of e.g. tomato sauce and cheese)

                • sausage pizza [ENG31-07890039-n] (tomato and cheese pizza with sausage)
                • pepperoni pizza [ENG31-07890135-n] (tomato and cheese pizza with pepperoni)
                • cheese pizza [ENG31-07890235-n] (pizza with lots of cheese)
                • anchovy pizza [ENG31-07890319-n] (tomato and cheese pizza with anchovies)
                • Sicilian pizza [ENG31-07890417-n] (pizza made with a thick crust)
              • poi [ENG31-07890507-n] (Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment)
              • pork and beans [ENG31-07890650-n] (dried beans cooked with pork and tomato sauce)
              • porridge [ENG31-07890756-n] (soft food made by boiling oatmeal or other meal or legumes in water or milk until thick)

                • hasty pudding [ENG31-07719634-n] (sweetened porridge made of tapioca or flour or oatmeal cooked quickly in milk or water)
                • gruel [ENG31-07719799-n] (a thin porridge (usually oatmeal or cornmeal))

                  • congee [ENG31-07719950-n] (a Chinese rice gruel eaten for breakfast)
                  • skilly [ENG31-07720050-n] (a thin porridge or soup (usually oatmeal and water flavored with meat))
                  • loblolly [ENG31-07891062-n] (thick gruel)
                • oatmeal [ENG31-07890971-n] (porridge made of rolled oats)
              • potpie [ENG31-07891128-n] (deep-dish meat and vegetable pie or a meat stew with dumplings)
              • rijsttaffel [ENG31-07891243-n] (dish originating in Indonesia)
              • risotto [ENG31-07891412-n] (rice cooked with broth and sprinkled with grated cheese)
              • roulade [ENG31-07891536-n] (a dish consisting of a slice of meat that is rolled around a filling and cooked)
              • Salisbury steak [ENG31-07891902-n] (ground beef patty usually with a sauce)
              • sauerbraten [ENG31-07892002-n] (pot roast marinated several days in seasoned vinegar before cooking)
              • sauerkraut [ENG31-07892165-n] (shredded cabbage fermented in brine)
              • scallopine [ENG31-07892257-n] (sauteed cutlets (usually veal or poultry) that have been pounded thin and coated with flour)

                • veal scallopini [ENG31-07892436-n] (thin sauteed cutlets of veal)
              • scampi [ENG31-07892526-n] (large shrimp sauteed in oil or butter and garlic)
              • Scotch egg [ENG31-07892627-n] (hard-cooked egg encased in sausage meat then breaded and deep-fried)
              • Scotch woodcock [ENG31-07892751-n] (creamy scrambled eggs on toast spread with anchovy paste)
              • scrapple [ENG31-07892869-n] (scraps of meat (usually pork) boiled with cornmeal and shaped into loaves for slicing and frying)
              • spaghetti and meatballs [ENG31-07893163-n] (spaghetti with meatballs in a tomato sauce)
              • Spanish rice [ENG31-07893275-n] (spicy rice with tomatoes and onions and green peppers)
              • steak tartare [ENG31-07893651-n] (ground beef mixed with raw egg and e.g. onions and capers and anchovies)
              • pepper steak [ENG31-07893825-n] (strips of steak sauteed with green peppers and onions)
              • steak au poivre [ENG31-07893937-n] (steak covered with crushed peppercorns pan-broiled and served with brandy-and-butter sauce)
              • beef Stroganoff [ENG31-07894121-n] (sauteed strips of beef and mushrooms in sour cream sauce served with noodles)
              • stuffed cabbage [ENG31-07894259-n] (parboiled head of cabbage scooped out and filled with a hash of chopped e.g. beef or ham and baked)
              • kishke [ENG31-07894455-n] ((Judaism) roasted fowl intestines with a seasoned filling of matzo meal and suet)
              • stuffed peppers [ENG31-07894623-n] (parboiled green peppers stuffed usually with rice and meat and baked briefly)
              • stuffed tomato [ENG31-07894761-n] (tomato cases filled with various mixtures and baked briefly)
              • stuffed tomato [ENG31-07894902-n] (tomato cases filled with various salad mixtures and served cold)
              • succotash [ENG31-07895048-n] (fresh corn and lima beans with butter or cream)
              • sukiyaki [ENG31-07895150-n] (thin beef strips (or chicken or pork) cooked briefly at the table with onions and greens and soy sauce)
              • sashimi [ENG31-07895326-n] (very thinly sliced raw fish)
              • sushi [ENG31-07895426-n] (rice (with raw fish) wrapped in seaweed)
              • Swiss steak [ENG31-07895536-n] (steak braised in tomato and onion mixture)
              • tamal [ENG31-07895635-n] (dough stuffed with a meat mixture and sometimes wrapped in corn husks and steamed)
              • tamale pie [ENG31-07895796-n] (a meat mixture covered with cornbread topping that resembles a Mexican dish)
              • tempura [ENG31-07895928-n] (vegetables and seafood dipped in batter and deep-fried)
              • teriyaki [ENG31-07896055-n] (beef or chicken or seafood marinated in spicy soy sauce and grilled or broiled)
              • terrine [ENG31-07896188-n] (a pate or fancy meatloaf baked in an earthenware casserole)
              • Welsh rarebit [ENG31-07896300-n] (cheese melted with ale or beer served over toast)
              • schnitzel [ENG31-07896433-n] (deep-fried breaded veal cutlets)
              • taco [ENG31-07896726-n] (a tortilla rolled cupped around a filling)

                • chicken taco [ENG31-07896855-n] (a taco with a chicken filling)
              • burrito [ENG31-07896943-n] (a flour tortilla folded around a filling)

                • beef burrito [ENG31-07897092-n] (a burrito with a beef filling)
                • quesadilla [ENG31-07897180-n] (a tortilla that is filled with cheese and heated)
              • tostada [ENG31-07897379-n] (a flat tortilla with various fillings piled on it)

                • bean tostada [ENG31-07897500-n] (a flat tortilla topped with refried beans)
              • refried beans [ENG31-07897600-n] (dried beans cooked and mashed and then fried in lard with various seasonings)
              • couscous [ENG31-07953701-n] (a spicy dish that originated in northern Africa)
              • ramekin [ENG31-07953861-n] (a cheese dish made with egg and bread crumbs that is baked and served in individual fireproof dishes)
            • fast food [ENG31-07575758-n] (inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly)
            • finger food [ENG31-07575896-n] (food to be eaten with the fingers)
            • ingesta [ENG31-07575987-n] (solid and liquid nourishment taken into the body through the mouth)
            • kosher [ENG31-07576107-n] (food that fulfills the requirements of Jewish dietary law)
            • meal [ENG31-07589261-n] (the food served and eaten at one time)

              • mess [ENG31-07581173-n] (a meal eaten in a mess hall by service personnel)
              • square meal [ENG31-07589128-n] (a substantial and nourishing meal)
              • potluck [ENG31-07589741-n] (whatever happens to be available especially when offered to an unexpected guest or when brought by guests and shared by all)
              • refection [ENG31-07589991-n] (a light meal or repast)
              • breakfast [ENG31-07590167-n] (the first meal of the day (usually in the morning))

                • continental breakfast [ENG31-07590345-n] (a breakfast that usually includes a roll and coffee or tea)
                • power breakfast [ENG31-08402720-n] (a meeting of influential people to conduct business while eating breakfast)
              • brunch [ENG31-07590488-n] (combination breakfast and lunch)
              • lunch [ENG31-07590641-n] (a midday meal)

                • business lunch [ENG31-07590791-n] (lunch (usually at a restaurant) where business is discussed and the cost is charged as a business expense)
              • tea [ENG31-07591075-n] (a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes)
              • dinner [ENG31-07591291-n] (the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday)

                • high tea [ENG31-07590957-n] (substantial early evening meal including tea)
              • supper [ENG31-07591549-n] (a light evening meal)

                • Seder [ENG31-01037699-n] ((Judaism) the ceremonial dinner on the first night (or both nights) of Passover)

                  • Last Supper [ENG31-01037536-n] (the traditional Passover supper of Jesus with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion)
              • buffet [ENG31-07591747-n] (a meal set out on a buffet at which guests help themselves)

                • smorgasbord [ENG31-07608770-n] (an assortment of foods starting with herring or smoked eel or salmon etc with bread and butter)
              • picnic [ENG31-07592003-n] (any informal meal eaten outside or on an excursion)

                • cookout [ENG31-07592142-n] (an informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors)

                  • barbecue [ENG31-07592346-n] (a cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire)
                  • clambake [ENG31-07592534-n] (a cookout at the seashore where clams and fish and other foods are cooked--usually on heated stones covered with seaweed)
                  • fish fry [ENG31-07592709-n] (a cookout where fried fish is the main course)
                  • wiener roast [ENG31-07592809-n] (a cookout where roasted frankfurters are the main course)
                  • burgoo [ENG31-07605443-n] (a gathering at which burgoo stew is served)
              • bite [ENG31-07592939-n] (a light informal meal)

                • refreshment [ENG31-07590069-n] (snacks and drinks served as a light meal)
                • nosh [ENG31-07593103-n] ((Yiddish) a snack or light meal)
                • coffee break [ENG31-07593483-n] (a snack taken during a break in the work day)
              • nosh-up [ENG31-07593222-n] (a large satisfying meal)
              • ploughman's lunch [ENG31-07593337-n] (a meal consisting of a sandwich of bread and cheese and a salad)
              • banquet [ENG31-07593658-n] (a meal that is well prepared and greatly enjoyed)
            • mess [ENG31-07666401-n] (soft semiliquid food)
            • mince [ENG31-07666512-n] (food chopped into small bits)
            • puree [ENG31-07666634-n] (food prepared by cooking and straining or processed in a blender)
            • stodge [ENG31-07819871-n] (heavy and filling (and usually starchy) food)
            • wheat germ [ENG31-07819968-n] (embryo of the wheat kernel)
            • vitamin [ENG31-15113825-n] (any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism)

              • fat-soluble vitamin [ENG31-15114039-n] (any vitamin that is soluble in fats)

                • vitamin A [ENG31-15114370-n] (any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision)

                  • vitamin A1 [ENG31-15114632-n] (an unsaturated alcohol that occurs in marine fish-liver oils and is synthesized biologically from carotene)
                  • vitamin A2 [ENG31-15114805-n] (a viscous alcohol that is less active in mammals than is vitamin A1)
                • vitamin D [ENG31-15116794-n] (a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets)
                • vitamin E [ENG31-15116976-n] (a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction)

                  • alpha-tocopheral [ENG31-14744994-n] (a potent form of vitamin E obtained from germ oils or by synthesis)
                • vitamin K [ENG31-15117318-n] (a fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood)

                  • vitamin K1 [ENG31-15117509-n] (a form of vitamin K)
                  • vitamin K3 [ENG31-15117616-n] (a form of vitamin K)
              • water-soluble vitamin [ENG31-15114212-n] (any vitamin that is soluble in water)

                • B-complex vitamin [ENG31-15115309-n] (originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins)

                  • choline [ENG31-14834731-n] (a B-complex vitamin that is a constituent of lecithin)
                  • inositol [ENG31-14943970-n] (an optically inactive alcohol that is a component of the vitamin B complex)
                  • vitamin B1 [ENG31-15115696-n] (a B vitamin that prevents beriberi)
                  • vitamin B12 [ENG31-15115871-n] (a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia)
                  • vitamin B2 [ENG31-15116040-n] (a B vitamin that prevents skin lesions and weight loss)
                  • vitamin B6 [ENG31-15116236-n] (a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch)
                  • vitamin Bc [ENG31-15116413-n] (a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction)
                  • niacin [ENG31-15116626-n] (a B vitamin essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract)
                  • biotin [ENG31-15117217-n] (a B vitamin that aids in body growth)
                • vitamin P [ENG31-15117704-n] (a vitamin that maintains the resistance of cell and capillary walls to permeation)
                • vitamin C [ENG31-15117865-n] (a vitamin found in fresh fruits (especially citrus fruits) and vegetables)
          • commissariat [ENG31-07587918-n] (a stock or supply of foods)

            • food cache [ENG31-07588084-n] (food in a secure or hidden storage place)
            • larder [ENG31-07588181-n] (a supply of food especially for a household)
          • feed [ENG31-07816067-n] (food for domestic livestock)

            • blood meal [ENG31-07585706-n] (the dried and powdered blood of animals)
            • corn gluten feed [ENG31-07586095-n] (a feed consisting primarily of corn gluten)
            • cattle cake [ENG31-07816463-n] (a concentrated feed for cattle)
            • creep feed [ENG31-07816612-n] (feed given to young animals isolated in a creep)
            • fodder [ENG31-07816716-n] (coarse food (especially for livestock) composed of entire plants or the leaves and stalks of a cereal crop)

              • eatage [ENG31-07817067-n] (bulky food like grass or hay for browsing or grazing horses or cattle)
              • alfalfa [ENG31-07817755-n] (leguminous plant grown for hay or forage)
              • broad bean [ENG31-07817868-n] (a bean plant cultivated for use animal fodder)
              • hay [ENG31-07818002-n] (grass mowed and cured for use as fodder)

                • timothy [ENG31-07818128-n] (a grass grown for hay)
              • stover [ENG31-07818222-n] (the dried stalks and leaves of a field crop (especially corn) used as animal fodder after the grain has been harvested)
            • feed grain [ENG31-07816983-n] (grain grown for cattle feed)
            • silage [ENG31-07817318-n] (fodder harvested while green and kept succulent by partial fermentation as in a silo)
            • oil cake [ENG31-07817484-n] (mass of e.g. linseed or cottonseed or soybean from which the oil has been pressed)

              • oil meal [ENG31-07817685-n] (ground oil cake)
            • slop [ENG31-07820982-n] (wet feed (especially for pigs) consisting of mostly kitchen waste mixed with water or skimmed or sour milk)
            • mash [ENG31-07821230-n] (mixture of ground animal feeds)

              • chicken feed [ENG31-07821365-n] (dry mash for poultry)
            • cud [ENG31-07821454-n] (food of a ruminant regurgitated to be chewed again)
            • bird feed [ENG31-07821570-n] (food given to birds)

              • canary seed [ENG31-07822096-n] (a mixture of seeds used to feed caged birds)
            • petfood [ENG31-07821707-n] (food prepared for animal pets)

              • dog food [ENG31-07821942-n] (food prepared for dogs)
              • cat food [ENG31-07822019-n] (food prepared for cats)
            • mast [ENG31-07821848-n] (nuts of forest trees used as feed for swine)
          • miraculous food [ENG31-07876605-n] ((Old Testament) food that God gave the Israelites during the Exodus)
          • soul food [ENG31-07954553-n] (food traditionally eaten by African-Americans in the South)
          • micronutrient [ENG31-14606896-n] (a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals))
          • chyme [ENG31-14607580-n] (a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum)
          • culture medium [ENG31-14923479-n] ((bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms)

            • agar [ENG31-14924335-n] (any culture medium that uses agar as the gelling agent)

              • blood agar [ENG31-14924493-n] (a culture medium containing whole blood as the nutrient)
        • nutrient [ENG31-00021914-n] (any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis)
        • philosopher's stone [ENG31-14607050-n] (hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold)
        • allergen [ENG31-14608440-n] (any substance that can cause an allergy)
        • assay [ENG31-14608570-n] (a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components)
        • pyrogen [ENG31-14608682-n] (any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature)
        • pyrogen [ENG31-14608838-n] (any substance characterized by its great flammability)
        • hydrocolloid [ENG31-14615155-n] (a substance that forms a gel with water)
        • adulterant [ENG31-14641117-n] (any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance)
        • propellant [ENG31-14715983-n] (any substance that propels)

          • compressed gas [ENG31-14866396-n] (gas at a high pressure that can be used as a propellant)

            • compressed air [ENG31-14866548-n] (air at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere)

              • air cushion [ENG31-14866730-n] (the trapped air that supports a hovercraft a short distance above the water or ground)
        • denaturant [ENG31-14734185-n] (any substance that serves as a denaturing agent)
        • inhibitor [ENG31-14748597-n] (a substance that retards or stops an activity)

          • angiotensin II inhibitor [ENG31-02715252-n] (an agent that retards or restrains the action of angiotensin II)

            • valsartan [ENG31-04526314-n] (an angiotensin II inhibitor that is used to treat high blood pressure)
          • antioxidant [ENG31-14748824-n] (substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides)

            • rust inhibitor [ENG31-14749095-n] (antioxidant that inhibits the formation of rust)
          • anticatalyst [ENG31-14749203-n] ((chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst)
          • moderator [ENG31-14751534-n] (any substance used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors)

            • heavy water [ENG31-14751687-n] (water containing a substantial proportion of deuterium atoms, used in nuclear reactors)
        • ferment [ENG31-14762931-n] (a substance capable of bringing about fermentation)
        • carcinogen [ENG31-14817982-n] (any substance that produces cancer)
        • digestive [ENG31-14858884-n] (any substance that promotes digestion)
        • fomentation [ENG31-14897207-n] (a substance used as a warm moist medicinal compress or poultice)
        • fuel [ENG31-14899228-n] (a substance that can be consumed to produce energy)

          • biomass [ENG31-14709079-n] (plant materials and animal waste used as fuel)
          • coal gas [ENG31-14709636-n] (gaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting)

            • town gas [ENG31-14709802-n] (coal gas manufactured for domestic and industrial use)
          • coke [ENG31-14709929-n] (carbon fuel produced by distillation of coal)
          • diesel oil [ENG31-14710042-n] (a heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines)

            • derv [ENG31-14710181-n] (diesel oil used in cars and lorries with diesel engines)
          • fire [ENG31-14710347-n] (fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking)
          • fossil fuel [ENG31-14710513-n] (fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content)

            • coal [ENG31-14838786-n] (fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period)

              • anthracite [ENG31-14839091-n] (a hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat)
              • bituminous coal [ENG31-14839256-n] (rich in tarry hydrocarbons)

                • cannel coal [ENG31-14815892-n] (a bituminous coal that burns with a luminous flame)
                • sea coal [ENG31-14839593-n] (pulverized bituminous coal)
              • steam coal [ENG31-14839700-n] (coal suitable for use under steam boilers)
            • natural gas [ENG31-14984229-n] (a fossil fuel in the gaseous state)
          • illuminant [ENG31-14711674-n] (something that can serve as a source of light)
          • nuclear fuel [ENG31-14712250-n] (fuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity)
          • propane [ENG31-14715847-n] (colorless gas found in natural gas and petroleum)
          • red fire [ENG31-14719345-n] (combustible material (usually salts of lithium or strontium) that burns bright red)
          • combustible [ENG31-14840915-n] (a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power)
          • water gas [ENG31-14902801-n] (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small amounts of other gases)
          • firewood [ENG31-15125211-n] (wood used for fuel)

            • cordwood [ENG31-15125401-n] (firewood cut and stacked in cords)
            • backlog [ENG31-15125512-n] (the large log at the back of a hearth fire)

              • Yule log [ENG31-15125626-n] (large log traditionally burned at Christmas)
            • brand [ENG31-15125724-n] (a piece of wood that has been burned or is burning)
            • pine knot [ENG31-15125838-n] (a joint of pine wood used for fuel)
          • igniter [ENG31-15125928-n] (a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire)

            • firelighter [ENG31-14892922-n] ((a piece of) a substance that burns easily and can be used to start a coal or coke fire)
            • kindling [ENG31-15126153-n] (material for starting a fire)
            • punk [ENG31-15126290-n] (substance that smolders when ignited)
        • lubricant [ENG31-14914810-n] (a substance capable of reducing friction by making surfaces smooth or slippery)

          • drilling mud [ENG31-14863121-n] (a mixture of clays and chemicals and water)
        • humectant [ENG31-14932834-n] (any substance that is added to another substance to keep it moist)
        • inoculant [ENG31-14943423-n] (a substance (a virus or toxin or immune serum) that is introduced into the body to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease)
        • jelly [ENG31-14949336-n] (any substance having the consistency of jelly or gelatin)
        • leaven [ENG31-14958169-n] (a substance used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid)

          • baking powder [ENG31-14796622-n] (any of various powdered mixtures used in baking as a substitute for yeast)
          • sourdough [ENG31-15073315-n] (a leaven of dough in which fermentation is active)
          • yeast [ENG31-15130838-n] (a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells)

            • yeast cake [ENG31-07656169-n] (small cake of compressed moist yeast)
            • brewer's yeast [ENG31-14808864-n] (yeast used in fermenting beer)

              • bottom fermenting yeast [ENG31-14808990-n] (brewer's yeast used in bottom fermentation of lager)
              • top fermenting yeast [ENG31-14809111-n] (brewer's yeast used in top fermentation of ale)
            • mother [ENG31-15131241-n] (a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria)
        • refrigerant [ENG31-15028364-n] (any substance used to provide cooling (as in a refrigerator))

          • cryogen [ENG31-14850498-n] (a liquid that boils at below -160 C and is used as a refrigerant)

            • liquid air [ENG31-14964994-n] (air in a liquid state)
        • lysin [ENG31-15054213-n] (any substance (such as an antibody) or agent that can cause lysis)

          • cytolysin [ENG31-14852566-n] (a substance that partly or completely destroys animal cells)
        • poison [ENG31-15056943-n] (any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism)

          • toxin [ENG31-15058641-n] (a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species)

            • animal toxin [ENG31-15059308-n] (a toxin resembling bacterial toxins in its antigenic properties that is found in the fluids of certain animals)

              • venom [ENG31-15061483-n] (toxin secreted by animals)

                • kokoi venom [ENG31-15061694-n] (a potent neurotoxin found in a particular frog)
                • snake venom [ENG31-15061816-n] (venom secreted by certain snakes)
            • bacterial toxin [ENG31-15059506-n] (any endotoxin or exotoxin formed in or elaborated by bacterial cells)

              • epsilon toxin [ENG31-14738514-n] (a bacterial toxin produced by clostridium perfringens)
              • anatoxin [ENG31-15059021-n] (a bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin)
            • cytotoxin [ENG31-15059934-n] (any substance that has a toxic effect on cells)

              • enterotoxin [ENG31-15060264-n] (a cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa)

                • staphylococcal enterotoxin [ENG31-15075083-n] (a soluble exotoxin produced by some strains of staphylococcus)
            • endotoxin [ENG31-15060072-n] (a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the microorganisms are broken down or die)
            • exotoxin [ENG31-15060399-n] (a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium)
            • hepatotoxin [ENG31-15060670-n] (any toxin that affects the liver)
            • nephrotoxin [ENG31-15060778-n] (any toxin that affects the kidneys)
            • neurotoxin [ENG31-15060888-n] (any toxin that affects neural tissues)

              • botulinum toxin [ENG31-14611868-n] (any of several neurotoxins that are produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum)

                • botulinum toxin A [ENG31-14612066-n] (a neurotoxin (trade name Botox) that is used clinically in small quantities to treat strabismus and facial spasms and other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions)
              • domoic acid [ENG31-14616081-n] (a neurotoxin that is deadly for humans)
              • saxitoxin [ENG31-15044864-n] (a powerful neurotoxin produced by certain dinoflagellates found in red tides)
              • tetrodotoxin [ENG31-15093905-n] (a powerful neurotoxin found in the ovaries of pufferfish)
            • plant toxin [ENG31-15061205-n] (any substance produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin)

              • hemlock [ENG31-14930236-n] (poisonous drug derived from an Eurasian plant of the genus Conium)
              • mycotoxin [ENG31-15061103-n] (a toxin produced by a fungus)
        • chemical irritant [ENG31-15057228-n] (a substance producing irritation)

          • capsaicin [ENG31-15057396-n] (colorless pungent crystalline compound derived from capsicum)
          • gingerol [ENG31-15057630-n] (derived from ginger)
          • piperin [ENG31-15057756-n] (derived from pepper (especially black pepper))
          • isothiocyanate [ENG31-15057934-n] (a family of compounds derived from horseradish and radishes and onions and mustards)
        • antigen [ENG31-15061906-n] (any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies))

          • immunogen [ENG31-03567919-n] (any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body)

            • vaccine [ENG31-04524830-n] (immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies)

              • DPT vaccine [ENG31-03235149-n] (abbreviation for combination vaccine against diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus toxoids)
              • pneumococcal vaccine [ENG31-03978129-n] (vaccine (trade name Pneumovax) effective against the 23 most common strains of pneumococcus)
              • poliovirus vaccine [ENG31-03984488-n] (vaccine prepared from poliovirus to provide immunity to poliomyelitis)

                • Sabin vaccine [ENG31-04129105-n] (an oral vaccine (containing live but weakened poliovirus) that is given to provide immunity to poliomyelitis)
                • Salk vaccine [ENG31-04137798-n] (a poliovirus vaccine consisting of inactivated polio virus that is injected subcutaneously to provide immunity to poliomyelitis)
              • proteosome vaccine [ENG31-04022046-n] (a form of vaccine that can be administered by an inhaler)
            • toxin antitoxin [ENG31-15053122-n] (a mixture of toxin and antitoxin used to immunize against a disease)
          • agglutinogen [ENG31-15053569-n] (any substance that acts as an antigen to cause agglutinin production)

            • isoagglutinogen [ENG31-15053714-n] (an antigen capable of causing the production of (or reacting with) an isoagglutinin)
          • fetoprotein [ENG31-15058229-n] (any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer)

            • alpha fetoprotein [ENG31-15058413-n] (an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly))
          • rhesus factor [ENG31-15062444-n] (a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people)
        • ligand [ENG31-15134874-n] (a substance (an atom or molecule or radical or ion) that forms a complex around a central atom)
        • metabolite [ENG31-15135363-n] (any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism))
        • vehicle [ENG31-15136653-n] (any substance that facilitates the use of a drug or pigment or other material that is mixed with it)
      • sediment [ENG31-09451871-n] (matter that has been deposited by some natural process)

        • alluvial sediment [ENG31-09216160-n] (clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down)

          • placer [ENG31-09416296-n] (an alluvial deposit that contains particles of some valuable mineral)
        • dregs [ENG31-09292878-n] (sediment that has settled at the bottom of a liquid)

          • grounds [ENG31-09317890-n] (dregs consisting of solid particles (especially of coffee) that form a residue)

            • coffee grounds [ENG31-09271820-n] (the dregs remaining after brewing coffee)
        • lees [ENG31-09360312-n] (the sediment from fermentation of an alcoholic beverage)
        • salt lick [ENG31-09443567-n] (a salt deposit that animals regularly lick)
        • evaporite [ENG31-15033759-n] (the sediment that is left after the evaporation of seawater)
      • ylem [ENG31-14606205-n] ((cosmology) the original matter that (according to the big bang theory) existed before the formation of the chemical elements)
      • dark matter [ENG31-14606400-n] ((cosmology) a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to make up 90 percent of the universe)
      • antimatter [ENG31-14606715-n] (matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those making up normal substances)
      • glop [ENG31-14607753-n] (any gummy shapeless matter)
      • fluid [ENG31-14963583-n] (continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas)

        • gas [ENG31-14901736-n] (a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely)

          • atmosphere [ENG31-09233511-n] (the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body)

            • sky [ENG31-09459612-n] (the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth)

              • blue sky [ENG31-09247473-n] (the sky as viewed during daylight)
              • mackerel sky [ENG31-09367899-n] (a sky filled with rows of cirrocumulus or small altocumulus clouds)
          • afterdamp [ENG31-14750821-n] (a toxic mixture of gases (including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and nitrogen) after an explosion of firedamp in a mine)
          • firedamp [ENG31-14751177-n] (a mixture of gases (mostly methane) that form in coal mines and become explosive when mixed with air)
          • arsine [ENG31-14780379-n] (a poisonous colorless flammable gas used in organic synthesis and to dope transistors and as a poison gas in warfare)
          • nitric oxide [ENG31-14791381-n] (a poisonous red-brown gas (NO))
          • blow gas [ENG31-14806031-n] (the gas leaving a generator during a blow period)
          • butylene [ENG31-14811263-n] (any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8)

            • isobutylene [ENG31-14811440-n] (used also in making gasoline components)
            • polybutylene [ENG31-14811556-n] (a polymer of butylene)
          • cyanogen [ENG31-14851187-n] (a colorless toxic gas with a pungent almond odor)
          • air [ENG31-14865437-n] (a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing)

            • breath [ENG31-14865940-n] (the air that is inhaled and exhaled in respiration)

              • halitus [ENG31-14866261-n] (exhaled breath)

                • halitosis [ENG31-14866189-n] (offensive breath)
            • hot air [ENG31-14866093-n] (air that has been heated and tends to rise)
          • producer gas [ENG31-14886632-n] (a gas made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and nitrogen)
          • greenhouse gas [ENG31-14901385-n] (a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation)
          • ideal gas [ENG31-14940663-n] (a hypothetical gas with molecules of negligible size that exert no intermolecular forces)
          • inhalant [ENG31-14943307-n] (something that is inhaled)
          • ozone [ENG31-14997366-n] (a colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water)
          • phosgene [ENG31-15006406-n] (a colorless poisonous gas that smells like new-mown hay)
          • propylene [ENG31-15023393-n] (a flammable gas obtained by cracking petroleum)
          • mephitis [ENG31-15060542-n] (a poisonous or foul smelling gas emitted from the earth)
          • sewer gas [ENG31-15062993-n] (foul-smelling gas that forms in sewers)
          • sublimate [ENG31-15086851-n] (the product of vaporization of a solid)

            • mercuric chloride [ENG31-14974833-n] (a white poisonous soluble crystalline sublimate of mercury)
        • liquid [ENG31-14964238-n] (fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume)

          • artificial blood [ENG31-14792659-n] (a liquid that can carry large amounts of oxygen and can serve as a temporary substitute for blood)
          • elixir [ENG31-14865226-n] (a sweet flavored liquid (usually containing a small amount of alcohol) used in compounding medicines to be taken by mouth in order to mask an unpleasant taste)
          • extravasation [ENG31-14882945-n] (an extravasated liquid (blood or lymph or urine))
          • instillation [ENG31-14944879-n] (a liquid that is instilled drop by drop)
          • liquid crystal [ENG31-14965225-n] (a liquid exhibiting properties of a crystal that are not shown by ordinary liquids)
          • spill [ENG31-15074161-n] (liquid that is spilled)
          • tuberculin [ENG31-15136470-n] (a sterile liquid containing a purified protein derivative of the tuberculosis bacterium)
      • sludge [ENG31-14980800-n] (any thick, viscous matter)

        • sapropel [ENG31-14981060-n] (sludge (rich in organic matter) that accumulates at the bottom of lakes or oceans)
      • system [ENG31-15005742-n] ((physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium)
      • residue [ENG31-15029068-n] (matter that remains after something has been removed)

        • greaves [ENG31-14701646-n] (the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered)
        • ash [ENG31-14793339-n] (the residue that remains when something is burned)

          • fly ash [ENG31-14793510-n] (fine solid particles of ash that are carried into the air when fuel is combusted)
          • bone ash [ENG31-14806848-n] (ash left when bones burn)
        • cottonseed cake [ENG31-14848726-n] (the solid matter remaining after oil has been pressed from cottonseeds)
        • dottle [ENG31-14862709-n] (the residue of partially burnt tobacco left caked in the bowl of a pipe after smoking)
      • solid [ENG31-15071467-n] (matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure)

        • food [ENG31-07571428-n] (any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment)

          • leftovers [ENG31-07579074-n] (food remaining from a previous meal)
          • fresh food [ENG31-07588277-n] (food that is not preserved by canning or dehydration or freezing or smoking)
          • convenience food [ENG31-07609120-n] (any packaged dish or food that can be prepared quickly and easily as by thawing or heating)

            • TV dinner [ENG31-07591876-n] (a meal that is prepared in advance and frozen)
            • delicatessen [ENG31-07609977-n] (ready-to-eat food products)
            • takeout [ENG31-07610082-n] (prepared food that is intended to be eaten off of the premises)
          • chocolate [ENG31-07617570-n] (a food made from roasted ground cacao beans)

            • bitter chocolate [ENG31-07617850-n] (pure unsweetened chocolate used in baking and icings and sauces and candy)
            • chocolate candy [ENG31-07618025-n] (candy made with chocolate)

              • choc [ENG31-07619020-n] (colloquial British abbreviation)
              • chocolate bar [ENG31-07619120-n] (a bar of chocolate candy)

                • Hershey bar [ENG31-07619222-n] (a bar of milk chocolate made by the Hershey company)
              • jimmies [ENG31-07619791-n] (bits of sweet chocolate used as a topping on e.g. ice cream)
              • nonpareil [ENG31-07620449-n] (a flat disk of chocolate covered with beads of colored sugar)
            • chocolate liquor [ENG31-07618438-n] (the liquid or paste that is produced when cocoa beans are roasted and ground)
            • cocoa butter [ENG31-07618605-n] (the vegetable fat from the cacao that is extracted from chocolate liquor)
            • cocoa powder [ENG31-07618786-n] (the powdery remains of chocolate liquor after cocoa butter is removed)

              • Dutch-processed cocoa [ENG31-07619652-n] (cocoa powder treated with a mild alkalizing agent (such as baking soda))
            • bittersweet chocolate [ENG31-07619331-n] (chocolate liquor with cocoa butter and small amounts of sugar and vanilla)
            • couverture [ENG31-07619539-n] (chocolate that contains at least 32 percent cocoa butter)
            • milk chocolate [ENG31-07619916-n] (chocolate made from chocolate liquor with sugar and cocoa butter and powdered milk solids and vanilla and (usually) lecithin)
            • white chocolate [ENG31-07620196-n] (a blend of cocoa butter and milk solids and sugar and vanilla)
          • baked goods [ENG31-07637670-n] (foods (like breads and cakes and pastries) that are cooked in an oven)

            • pastry [ENG31-07638317-n] (any of various baked foods made of dough or batter)

              • pie crust [ENG31-07638872-n] (pastry used to hold pie fillings)
              • dowdy [ENG31-07638972-n] (deep-dish apple dessert covered with a rich crust)
              • frangipane [ENG31-07639084-n] (pastry with a creamy almond-flavored filling)
              • streusel [ENG31-07639185-n] (pastry with a topping of streusel)
              • tart [ENG31-07639273-n] (a pastry cup with a filling of fruit or custard and no top crust)

                • apple tart [ENG31-07639443-n] (a tart filled with sliced apples and sugar)
              • timbale [ENG31-07640810-n] (small pastry shell for creamy mixtures of minced foods)
              • pie [ENG31-07641102-n] (dish baked in pastry-lined pan often with a pastry top)

                • tart [ENG31-07639542-n] (a small open pie with a fruit filling)

                  • quiche [ENG31-07635203-n] (a tart filled with rich unsweetened custard)

                    • quiche Lorraine [ENG31-07635395-n] (quiche made with cheese and bacon)
                  • apple tart [ENG31-07639739-n] (a small open pie filled with sliced apples and sugar)
                  • lobster tart [ENG31-07639848-n] (a pastry shell filled with cooked lobster)
                  • tartlet [ENG31-07639948-n] (a small tart usually used as a canape)
                • deep-dish pie [ENG31-07641440-n] (a pie made of fruit with rich biscuit dough usually only on top of the fruit)
                • shoofly pie [ENG31-07641586-n] (open pie filled with a mixture of sweet crumbs and molasses)
                • mince pie [ENG31-07641703-n] (pie containing mincemeat)
                • apple pie [ENG31-07641783-n] (pie (with a top crust) containing sliced apples and sugar)
                • lemon meringue pie [ENG31-07641896-n] (pie containing lemon custard and topped with meringue)
                • blueberry pie [ENG31-07642014-n] (pie containing blueberries and sugar)
                • rhubarb pie [ENG31-07642110-n] (pie containing diced rhubarb and much sugar)
                • pecan pie [ENG31-07642211-n] (pie made of pecans and sugar and corn syrup and butter and eggs)
                • pumpkin pie [ENG31-07642330-n] (pie made of mashed pumpkin and milk and eggs and sugar)
                • squash pie [ENG31-07642442-n] (similar to pumpkin pie but made with winter squash instead of pumpkin)
                • patty [ENG31-07642919-n] (small pie or pasty)
                • meat pie [ENG31-07887916-n] (pie made with meat or fowl enclosed in pastry or covered with pastry or biscuit dough)

                  • pasty [ENG31-07888146-n] (small meat pie or turnover)

                    • Cornish pasty [ENG31-07881887-n] (meat pie with filling of meat and vegetables)
                    • pork pie [ENG31-07888260-n] (small pie filled with minced seasoned pork)
                  • tourtiere [ENG31-07888357-n] (a meat pie that is usually eaten at Christmas in Quebec)
                  • shepherd's pie [ENG31-07893038-n] (pie of hash covered with mashed potatoes and browned in the oven)
                  • steak and kidney pie [ENG31-07893387-n] (steak with sauteed kidneys and onions cooked in wine and stock then covered with pastry and baked)
                  • kidney pie [ENG31-07893551-n] (like steak and kidney pie but without steak)
              • French pastry [ENG31-07642568-n] (sweet filled pastry made of especially puff paste)

                • napoleon [ENG31-07642695-n] (a rectangular piece of pastry with thin flaky layers and filled with custard cream)
              • patty shell [ENG31-07642832-n] (shell of puff paste)
              • sausage roll [ENG31-07642989-n] (sausage meat rolled and baked in pastry)
              • toad-in-the-hole [ENG31-07643087-n] (sausage baked in batter)
              • vol-au-vent [ENG31-07643173-n] (puff paste shell filled with a savory meat mixture usually with a sauce)
              • strudel [ENG31-07643302-n] (thin sheet of filled dough rolled and baked)
              • baklava [ENG31-07643399-n] (rich Middle Eastern cake made of thin layers of flaky pastry filled with nuts and honey)
              • profiterole [ENG31-07643937-n] (a small hollow pastry that is typically filled with cream and covered with chocolate)
              • puff [ENG31-07644079-n] (a light inflated pastry or puff shell)

                • cream puff [ENG31-07644185-n] (puff filled with cream or custard)

                  • eclair [ENG31-07644300-n] (oblong cream puff)

                    • chocolate eclair [ENG31-07644388-n] (eclair topped with chocolate)
              • rugulah [ENG31-07954026-n] (pastry made with a cream cheese dough and different fillings (as raisins and walnuts and cinnamon or chocolate and walnut and apricot preserves))
            • cake [ENG31-07644479-n] (baked goods made from or based on a mixture of flour, sugar, eggs, and fat)

              • applesauce cake [ENG31-07645306-n] (moist spicy cake containing applesauce)
              • baba [ENG31-07645406-n] (a small cake leavened with yeast)

                • baba au rhum [ENG31-07645507-n] (a baba soaked in rum)
              • birthday cake [ENG31-07645597-n] (decorated cake served at a birthday party)
              • cheesecake [ENG31-07645698-n] (made with sweetened cream cheese and eggs and cream baked in a crumb crust)
              • chiffon cake [ENG31-07645829-n] (very light cake)
              • chocolate cake [ENG31-07645903-n] (cake containing chocolate)

                • devil's food [ENG31-07646718-n] (very dark chocolate cake)
              • coconut cake [ENG31-07646007-n] (cake containing shredded coconut in batter and frosting)
              • coffeecake [ENG31-07646121-n] (a cake or sweet bread usually served with coffee)

                • babka [ENG31-07646276-n] (a coffee cake flavored with orange rind and raisins and almonds)
                • coffee ring [ENG31-07707169-n] (ring-shaped coffeecake with fruits or nuts and often iced)
              • crumb cake [ENG31-07646391-n] (cake or coffeecake topped with a mixture of sugar and butter and flour)
              • crumpet [ENG31-07646518-n] (a thick soft cake with a porous texture)
              • cupcake [ENG31-07646632-n] (small cake baked in a muffin tin)
              • Eccles cake [ENG31-07646821-n] (a flat round cake of sweetened pastry filled with dried fruit)
              • fruitcake [ENG31-07646959-n] (a rich cake containing dried fruit and nuts and citrus peel and so on)

                • Christmas cake [ENG31-07647120-n] (a rich fruitcake (usually covered with icing and marzipan) and eaten at Christmas)
                • simnel [ENG31-07647281-n] (a fruitcake (sometimes covered with almond paste) eaten at mid-Lent or Easter or Christmas)
              • gateau [ENG31-07647443-n] (any of various rich and elaborate cakes)
              • sponge cake [ENG31-07647646-n] (a light porous cake made with eggs and flour and sugar without shortening)

                • angel cake [ENG31-07647849-n] (a light sponge cake made without egg yolks)
                • jellyroll [ENG31-07647966-n] (thin sheet of sponge cake spread with jelly and then rolled up to make a cylindrical cake)
                • Madeira cake [ENG31-07648124-n] (a rich sponge cake with close texture)
                • Twinkie [ENG31-07648288-n] (a small sponge cake with a synthetic cream filling)
              • wedding cake [ENG31-07648411-n] (a rich cake with two or more tiers and covered with frosting and decorations)
              • white cake [ENG31-07648589-n] (cake made without egg yolks)
              • spice cake [ENG31-07648673-n] (cake flavored with spices)
              • gingerbread [ENG31-07648755-n] (cake flavored with ginger)
              • pound cake [ENG31-07648838-n] (rich loaf cake made of a pound each of butter and sugar and flour)
              • layer cake [ENG31-07648978-n] (cake having layers held together by a sweet filling and usually covered with frosting)
              • torte [ENG31-07649120-n] (rich cake usually covered with cream and fruit or nuts)
              • petit four [ENG31-07649249-n] (small (individual) frosted and ornamented cake)
              • prune cake [ENG31-07649352-n] (moist cake containing prunes that have been made into a puree)
              • jumble [ENG31-07649470-n] (small flat ring-shaped cake or cookie)
              • savarin [ENG31-07649569-n] (a sponge cake baked in a ring mold)
              • Boston cream pie [ENG31-07649657-n] (layer cake filled with custard)
              • upside-down cake [ENG31-07649750-n] (batter baked atop a layer of sweetened fruit then turned upside down so fruit is on top)
              • honey cake [ENG31-07649915-n] (a spicy cake partially sweetened with honey)
              • marble cake [ENG31-07650015-n] (made of light and dark batter very lightly blended)
              • genoise [ENG31-07650123-n] (rich and delicate Italian sponge cake)
              • seedcake [ENG31-07650214-n] (a sweet cake flavored with sesame or caraway seeds and lemon)
              • teacake [ENG31-07650360-n] (any of various small cakes or cookies often served with tea)

                • Sally Lunn [ENG31-07650653-n] (a flat round slightly sweet teacake usually served hot)
              • cookie [ENG31-07650764-n] (any of various small flat sweet cakes (`biscuit' is the British term))

                • teacake [ENG31-07650510-n] (flat semisweet cookie or biscuit usually served with tea)
                • dog biscuit [ENG31-07651355-n] (a hard biscuit for dogs)
                • butter cookie [ENG31-07651436-n] (cookie containing much butter)

                  • shortbread [ENG31-07651629-n] (very rich thick butter cookie)
                • spice cookie [ENG31-07651543-n] (cookie flavored with spices)
                • almond cookie [ENG31-07651735-n] (very rich cookie containing ground almonds)
                • brownie [ENG31-07651880-n] (square or bar of very rich chocolate cake usually with nuts)
                • gingersnap [ENG31-07651993-n] (a crisp round cookie flavored with ginger)

                  • brandysnap [ENG31-07710842-n] (a gingersnap flavored with brandy)
                • macaroon [ENG31-07652143-n] (chewy cookie usually containing almond paste)

                  • ratafia [ENG31-07652278-n] (macaroon flavored with ratafia liqueur)
                  • coconut macaroon [ENG31-07652388-n] (macaroon containing coconut)
                • kiss [ENG31-07652478-n] (a cookie made of egg whites and sugar)
                • ladyfinger [ENG31-07652566-n] (small finger-shaped sponge cake)
                • anise cookie [ENG31-07652654-n] (cookie made without butter and flavored with anise seed)
                • molasses cookie [ENG31-07652787-n] (very spicy cookies sweetened partially with molasses)
                • oreo [ENG31-07652901-n] (chocolate cookie with white cream filling)
                • raisin-nut cookie [ENG31-07653007-n] (cookie filled with a paste of raisins and nuts)
                • refrigerator cookie [ENG31-07653117-n] (dough formed into a roll and chilled in the refrigerator then sliced and baked)
                • raisin cookie [ENG31-07653261-n] (cookie containing raisins)
                • fruit bar [ENG31-07653346-n] (cookies containing chopped fruits either mixed in the dough or spread between layers of dough then baked and cut in bars)

                  • apricot bar [ENG31-07653558-n] (fruit bar containing apricot jam)
                  • date bar [ENG31-07653648-n] (fruit bar containing chopped dates)
                • sugar cookie [ENG31-07653737-n] (cookies sprinkled with granulated sugar)
                • oatmeal cookie [ENG31-07653835-n] (cookies containing rolled oats)
                • chocolate chip cookie [ENG31-07653926-n] (cookies containing chocolate chips)
                • fortune cookie [ENG31-07654048-n] (thin folded wafer containing a maxim on a slip of paper)
                • gingerbread man [ENG31-07654183-n] (gingerbread cut in the shape of a person)
                • wafer [ENG31-07710757-n] (a small thin crisp cake or cookie)
                • granola bar [ENG31-07720882-n] (cookie bar made of granola)
              • friedcake [ENG31-07654285-n] (small cake in the form of a ring or twist or ball or strip fried in deep fat)

                • doughboy [ENG31-07654507-n] (a rounded lump of dough that is deep-fried and served as hot bread)
                • doughnut [ENG31-07654678-n] (a small ring-shaped friedcake)

                  • raised doughnut [ENG31-07654797-n] (a doughnut made light with yeast rather than baking powder)

                    • Berlin doughnut [ENG31-07654953-n] (a raised doughnut filled with jelly or jam)
                    • fastnacht [ENG31-07655084-n] (doughnut traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday)
                • cruller [ENG31-07655186-n] (small friedcake formed into twisted strips and fried)
                • French fritter [ENG31-07655325-n] (a deep-fried, yeast-raised doughnut dusted with confectioners' sugar)
                • fritter [ENG31-07655464-n] (small quantity of fried batter containing fruit or meat or vegetables)

                  • apple fritter [ENG31-07655623-n] (fritter containing sliced apple)
                  • corn fritter [ENG31-07655714-n] (fritter containing corn or corn kernels)
              • pancake [ENG31-07655812-n] (a flat cake of thin batter fried on both sides on a griddle)

                • buckwheat cake [ENG31-07656262-n] (a pancake made with buckwheat flour)
                • buttermilk pancake [ENG31-07656358-n] (a pancake made with buttermilk)
                • blini [ENG31-07656453-n] (Russian pancake of buckwheat flour and yeast)
                • blintz [ENG31-07656600-n] ((Judaism) thin pancake folded around a filling and fried or baked)
                • crape [ENG31-07656747-n] (small very thin pancake)

                  • crepe Suzette [ENG31-07656865-n] (crepes flamed in a sweet orange-and-lemon flavored liqueur sauce)
                • pfannkuchen [ENG31-07656989-n] (puffy mildly sweet lemon-flavored egg mixture sprinkled with confectioners' sugar and served with jam or a wine or fruit sauce)
                • potato pancake [ENG31-07657190-n] (made of grated potato and egg with a little flour)
                • tortilla [ENG31-07896558-n] (thin unleavened pancake made from cornmeal or wheat flour)

                  • tostada [ENG31-07897285-n] (a crisp flat tortilla)
              • waffle [ENG31-07657308-n] (pancake batter baked in a waffle iron)

                • Belgian waffle [ENG31-07657416-n] (thick sweet waffle often eaten with ice cream or fruit sauce)
              • rock cake [ENG31-07657679-n] (a small cake with a hard surface said to resemble a rock)
              • Victoria sandwich [ENG31-07657791-n] (a cake consisting of two layers of sponge cake with a jelly filling in between)
          • loaf [ENG31-07665191-n] (a quantity of food (other than bread) formed in a particular shape)

            • haslet [ENG31-07687698-n] (heart and liver and other edible viscera especially of hogs)
            • headcheese [ENG31-07692816-n] (sausage or jellied loaf made of chopped parts of the head meat and sometimes feet and tongue of a calf or pig)
            • lunch meat [ENG31-07694173-n] (any of various sausages or molded loaf meats sliced and served cold)
          • meat [ENG31-07665463-n] (the flesh of animals (including fishes and birds and snails) used as food)

            • stew meat [ENG31-07608129-n] (tough meat that needs stewing to be edible)
            • bird [ENG31-07659991-n] (the flesh of a bird or fowl (wild or domestic) used as food)

              • poultry [ENG31-07660315-n] (flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food)

                • chicken [ENG31-07660576-n] (the flesh of a chicken used for food)

                  • broiler [ENG31-07660851-n] (flesh of a small young chicken not over 2 1/2 lb suitable for broiling)
                  • capon [ENG31-07660993-n] (flesh of a castrated male chicken)
                  • fryer [ENG31-07661078-n] (flesh of a medium-sized young chicken suitable for frying)
                  • roaster [ENG31-07661240-n] (flesh of a large young chicken over 3 1/2 lb suitable for roasting)

                    • Oven Stuffer [ENG31-07661378-n] (a brand name for a roasting chicken)
                  • spatchcock [ENG31-07661495-n] (flesh of a chicken (or game bird) split down the back and grilled (usually immediately after being killed))
                  • hen [ENG31-07661676-n] (flesh of an older chicken suitable for stewing)
                • Rock Cornish hen [ENG31-07661772-n] (flesh of a small fowl bred for roasting)
                • guinea hen [ENG31-07661893-n] (flesh of a guinea fowl (especially of hens))
                • squab [ENG31-07662012-n] (flesh of a pigeon suitable for roasting or braising)
                • duck [ENG31-07662187-n] (flesh of a duck (domestic or wild))

                  • duckling [ENG31-07662327-n] (flesh of a young domestic duck)
                • goose [ENG31-07662430-n] (flesh of a goose (domestic or wild))
                • turkey [ENG31-07663340-n] (flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted)
              • wildfowl [ENG31-07662536-n] (flesh of any of a number of wild game birds suitable for food)

                • grouse [ENG31-07662724-n] (flesh of any of various grouse of the family Tetraonidae)
                • quail [ENG31-07662930-n] (flesh of quail)
                • partridge [ENG31-07663105-n] (flesh of either quail or grouse)
                • pheasant [ENG31-07663211-n] (flesh of a pheasant)
            • game [ENG31-07666058-n] (the flesh of wild animals that is used for food)

              • venison [ENG31-07668920-n] (meat from a deer used as food)
              • buffalo [ENG31-07679237-n] (meat from an American bison)
              • rabbit [ENG31-07682266-n] (flesh of any of various rabbits or hares (wild or domesticated) eaten as food)
            • dark meat [ENG31-07666246-n] (the flesh of the legs of fowl used as food)
            • raw meat [ENG31-07666768-n] (uncooked meat)

              • gobbet [ENG31-07666854-n] (a lump or chunk of raw meat)
            • red meat [ENG31-07666934-n] (meat that is dark in color before cooking (as beef, venison, lamb, mutton))
            • variety meat [ENG31-07667063-n] (edible viscera of a butchered animal)

              • giblet [ENG31-07664705-n] (edible viscera of a fowl)
              • offal [ENG31-07667383-n] (viscera and trimmings of a butchered animal often considered inedible by humans)
              • heart [ENG31-07667514-n] (a firm rather dry variety meat (usually beef or veal))
              • liver [ENG31-07667661-n] (liver of an animal used as meat)

                • calves' liver [ENG31-07667816-n] (liver of a calf used as meat)
                • chicken liver [ENG31-07667919-n] (liver of a chicken used as meat)
                • goose liver [ENG31-07668010-n] (liver of a goose used as meat)
                • tomalley [ENG31-07809922-n] (edible greenish substance in boiled lobster)
              • sweetbread [ENG31-07668097-n] (edible glands of an animal)
              • brain [ENG31-07668194-n] (the brain of certain animals used as meat)

                • calf's brain [ENG31-07668305-n] (the brain of a calf eaten as meat)
              • stomach sweetbread [ENG31-07668397-n] (edible pancreas of an animal)
              • neck sweetbread [ENG31-07668490-n] (edible thymus gland of an animal)
              • tongue [ENG31-07668604-n] (the tongue of certain animals used as meat)

                • beef tongue [ENG31-07668735-n] (the tongue of a cow eaten as meat)
                • calf's tongue [ENG31-07668826-n] (the tongue of a calf eaten as meat)
              • tripe [ENG31-07678965-n] (lining of the stomach of a ruminant (especially a bovine) used as food)

                • honeycomb tripe [ENG31-07679105-n] (lining of the reticulum (or second stomach) of a ruminant used as food)
              • chitterlings [ENG31-07687467-n] (small intestines of hogs prepared as food)
            • cut [ENG31-07669003-n] (a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass)

              • roast [ENG31-07596347-n] (a piece of meat roasted or for roasting and of a size for slicing into more than one portion)

                • blade roast [ENG31-07677018-n] (a roast cut from the blade)
                • pot roast [ENG31-07677456-n] (cut of beef suitable for simmering in liquid in a closed pot)

                  • bottom round [ENG31-07678262-n] (cut from the round)
                • rib roast [ENG31-07677695-n] (a cut of meat (beef or venison) including more than one rib and the meat located along the outside of the ribs)
                • top round [ENG31-07678151-n] (roast cut from the round)
                • rump roast [ENG31-07678723-n] (a cut of beef or veal from the fleshy hindquarters of the animal)
                • beef roast [ENG31-07679541-n] (cut of beef suitable for roasting)
                • veal roast [ENG31-07681589-n] (cut of veal suitable for roasting)

                  • breast of veal [ENG31-07681728-n] (usually stuffed and roasted)
                  • fricandeau [ENG31-07681816-n] (larded veal braised and glazed in its own juices)
                • lamb roast [ENG31-07683960-n] (a cut of lamb suitable for roasting)

                  • rack of lamb [ENG31-07684101-n] (a roast of the rib section of lamb)
                  • leg of lamb [ENG31-07684333-n] (lamb leg suitable for roasting)
                • pork roast [ENG31-07685533-n] (cut of pork suitable for roasting)
              • confit [ENG31-07596697-n] (a piece of meat (especially a duck) cooked slowly in its own fat)
              • chop [ENG31-07669591-n] (a small cut of meat including part of a rib)

                • mutton chop [ENG31-07682592-n] (chop cut from a mature sheep)
                • lamb chop [ENG31-07683719-n] (chop cut from a lamb)
                • porkchop [ENG31-07685999-n] (chop cut from a hog)
              • chine [ENG31-07670147-n] (cut of meat or fish including at least part of the backbone)
              • leg [ENG31-07671114-n] (the limb of an animal used for food)

                • ham hock [ENG31-07684226-n] (a small cut of meat from the leg just above the foot)
              • side [ENG31-07671235-n] (a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food)

                • side of beef [ENG31-07671399-n] (dressed half of a beef carcass)
                • side of pork [ENG31-07685333-n] (dressed half of a hog carcass)

                  • pork belly [ENG31-07685458-n] (side of fresh pork)
              • forequarter [ENG31-07671507-n] (the front half of a side of meat)
              • hindquarter [ENG31-07671597-n] (the back half of a side of meat)
              • cut of beef [ENG31-07671686-n] (cut of meat from beef cattle)

                • chuck [ENG31-07672061-n] (the part of a forequarter from the neck to the ribs and including the shoulder blade)
                • chuck short ribs [ENG31-07672254-n] (between the chuck and the brisket)
                • plate [ENG31-07673273-n] (the thin under portion of the forequarter)
                • flank [ENG31-07673366-n] (a cut from the fleshy part of an animal's side between the ribs and the leg)
                • beef loin [ENG31-07674559-n] (cut of meat from a loin of beef)
                • wedge bone [ENG31-07674941-n] (part of the sirloin nearest the rump)
                • flat bone [ENG31-07675053-n] (part of the sirloin next to the wedge bone)
                • pin bone [ENG31-07675170-n] (part of the sirloin between the flat bone and the porterhouse)
                • sirloin tip [ENG31-07675305-n] (a cut of beef from the upper end of the sirloin)
                • blade [ENG31-07676910-n] (a cut of beef from the shoulder blade)
                • beef neck [ENG31-07677231-n] (a cut of beef from the neck of the animal)
                • short ribs [ENG31-07677590-n] (cut of beef containing rib ends near the sternum)
                • round [ENG31-07677901-n] (a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg)
                • rump [ENG31-07678578-n] (fleshy hindquarters)
                • aitchbone [ENG31-07678863-n] (a cut of beef including the H-shaped rump bone)
              • rib [ENG31-07672350-n] (cut of meat including one or more ribs)

                • sparerib [ENG31-07672570-n] (a cut of pork ribs with much of the meat trimmed off)
              • entrecote [ENG31-07672475-n] (cut of meat taken from between the ribs)
              • shank [ENG31-07672677-n] (a cut of meat (beef or veal or mutton or lamb) from the upper part of the leg)

                • foreshank [ENG31-07672842-n] (a cut of meat from the upper part of a front leg)
                • hindshank [ENG31-07672946-n] (a cut of meat from the upper part of a rear leg)
              • shin [ENG31-07673049-n] (a cut of meat from the lower part of the leg)
              • brisket [ENG31-07673156-n] (a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest especially of beef)
              • steak [ENG31-07673512-n] (a slice of meat cut from the fleshy part of an animal or large fish)

                • fish steak [ENG31-07673667-n] (cross-section slice of a large fish)

                  • flitch [ENG31-07807913-n] (fish steak usually cut from a halibut)
                • beefsteak [ENG31-07673777-n] (a beef steak usually cooked by broiling)

                  • flank steak [ENG31-07674070-n] (a cut of beef from the flank of the animal)
                  • minute steak [ENG31-07674189-n] (a thin steak that can be cooked quickly)
                  • sirloin steak [ENG31-07675429-n] (a cut of beef from the sirloin)
                  • fillet [ENG31-07675810-n] (a boneless steak cut from the tenderloin of beef)

                    • Chateaubriand [ENG31-07676106-n] (a very thick center cut of beef tenderloin)
                    • tournedos [ENG31-07676335-n] (thick steak cut from the beef tenderloin)
                    • filet mignon [ENG31-07676431-n] (small steak cut from the thick end of a beef tenderloin)
                  • Delmonico steak [ENG31-07676208-n] (small steak from the front of the short loin of beef)
                  • porterhouse [ENG31-07676545-n] (large steak from the thick end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and large piece of tenderloin)
                  • T-bone steak [ENG31-07676747-n] (small steak from the thin end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and small piece of tenderloin)
                  • round steak [ENG31-07678020-n] (a lean cut of beef from between the rump and the shank)
                  • rump steak [ENG31-07678363-n] (a steak cut from the rump)
                  • strip steak [ENG31-07678464-n] (steak from upper part of the short loin)
                  • chopped steak [ENG31-07679866-n] (a patty of ground cooked beef)
              • loin [ENG31-07674287-n] (a cut of meat taken from the side and back of an animal between the ribs and the rump)

                • short loin [ENG31-07674441-n] (the portion of the loin from which porterhouse steaks are cut)
              • sirloin [ENG31-07674703-n] (the portion of the loin (especially of beef) just in front of the rump)
              • tenderloin [ENG31-07675538-n] (the tender meat of the loin muscle on each side of the vertebral column)

                • beef tenderloin [ENG31-07675713-n] (beef loin muscle)
                • pork tenderloin [ENG31-07676028-n] (pork loin muscle)
              • neck [ENG31-07677102-n] (a cut of meat from the neck of an animal)
              • shoulder [ENG31-07677328-n] (a cut of meat including the upper joint of the foreleg)
              • cut of veal [ENG31-07681340-n] (cut of meat from a calf)

                • scrag [ENG31-07681458-n] (the lean end of a neck of veal)
              • cut of mutton [ENG31-07682787-n] (cut of meat from a mature sheep)

                • scrag [ENG31-07682678-n] (lean end of the neck)
              • cut of lamb [ENG31-07683071-n] (cut of meat from a lamb)

                • breast of lamb [ENG31-07683225-n] (a cut of lamb including the breastbone and attached muscles dressed as meat)
                • saddle of lamb [ENG31-07683523-n] (backbone and both loins of a lamb)
                • loin of lamb [ENG31-07683617-n] (meat from a loin of lamb)
              • saddle [ENG31-07683381-n] (cut of meat (especially mutton or lamb) consisting of part of the backbone and both loins)
              • rack [ENG31-07683818-n] (rib section of a forequarter of veal or pork or especially lamb or mutton)
              • cut of pork [ENG31-07684647-n] (cut of meat from a hog or pig)

                • pork loin [ENG31-07685215-n] (meat from a loin of pork)
                • ham [ENG31-07685636-n] (meat cut from the thigh of a hog (usually smoked))

                  • Virginia ham [ENG31-07685789-n] (a lean hickory-smoked ham)
                  • prosciutto [ENG31-07686073-n] (Italian salt-cured ham usually sliced paper thin)
                • picnic ham [ENG31-07685892-n] (shoulder of a hog usually smoked)
                • bacon [ENG31-07686178-n] (back and sides of a hog salted and dried or smoked)

                  • flitch [ENG31-07684956-n] (salted and cured abdominal wall of a side of pork)
                  • gammon [ENG31-07685112-n] (hind portion of a side of bacon)
                  • bacon strip [ENG31-07686402-n] (a slice of bacon)
                  • Canadian bacon [ENG31-07686740-n] (from a boned strip of cured loin)
                • spareribs [ENG31-07687204-n] (cut of pork from the rib section with most of the meat trimmed off)
            • cold cuts [ENG31-07670047-n] (sliced assorted cold meats)
            • beef [ENG31-07679337-n] (meat from an adult domestic bovine)

              • ground beef [ENG31-07679752-n] (beef that has been ground)
              • bully beef [ENG31-07680011-n] (beef cured or pickled in brine)
              • pastrami [ENG31-07680124-n] (highly seasoned cut of smoked beef)
            • carbonado [ENG31-07680213-n] (a piece of meat (or fish) that has been scored and broiled)
            • halal [ENG31-07680327-n] ((Islam) meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah)
            • jerky [ENG31-07680515-n] (meat (especially beef) cut in strips and dried in the sun)

              • beef jerky [ENG31-07680681-n] (strips of dried beef)
              • biltong [ENG31-07680758-n] (meat that is salted and cut into strips and dried in the sun)
            • pemmican [ENG31-07680891-n] (lean dried meat pounded fine and mixed with melted fat)
            • veal [ENG31-07681053-n] (meat from a calf)

              • calves' feet [ENG31-07682048-n] (feet of calves used as food)
            • horsemeat [ENG31-07682151-n] (the flesh of horses as food)
            • mouton [ENG31-07682478-n] (meat from a mature domestic sheep)
            • lamb [ENG31-07682896-n] (the flesh of a young domestic sheep eaten as food)
            • pork [ENG31-07684447-n] (meat from a domestic hog or pig)

              • cochon de lait [ENG31-07684843-n] (whole young pig suitable for roasting)
              • salt pork [ENG31-07686852-n] (fat from the back and sides and belly of a hog carcass cured with salt)

                • fatback [ENG31-07687014-n] (salt pork from the back of a hog carcass)
                • sowbelly [ENG31-07687108-n] (salt pork from the belly of a hog carcass)
              • pigs' feet [ENG31-07687326-n] (feet or knuckles of hogs used as food)
            • sausage [ENG31-07691372-n] (highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in casings)

              • blood sausage [ENG31-07691866-n] (a black sausage containing pig's blood and other ingredients)
              • bologna [ENG31-07692018-n] (large smooth-textured smoked sausage of beef and veal and pork)

                • polony [ENG31-07692712-n] (another name for Bologna sausage)
              • chipolata [ENG31-07692170-n] (a small thin sausage)
              • chorizo [ENG31-07692265-n] (a spicy Spanish pork sausage)
              • frank [ENG31-07692347-n] (a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked)

                • Vienna sausage [ENG31-07692600-n] (short slender frankfurter usually with ends cut off)
              • knackwurst [ENG31-07693000-n] (short thick highly seasoned sausage)
              • liver pudding [ENG31-07693105-n] (sausage containing ground liver)
              • pepperoni [ENG31-07693225-n] (a pork and beef sausage (or a thin slice of this sausage))
              • pork sausage [ENG31-07693338-n] (sausage containing pork)

                • banger [ENG31-07693605-n] ((British informal) pork sausage)
                • bratwurst [ENG31-07693727-n] (a small pork sausage)
                • linguica [ENG31-07693810-n] (a highly seasoned Portuguese pork sausage flavored with garlic and onions)
                • saveloy [ENG31-07693938-n] (a ready-cooked and highly seasoned pork sausage)
              • salami [ENG31-07693492-n] (highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried)
              • souse [ENG31-07694058-n] (pork trimmings chopped and pickled and jelled)
            • sausage meat [ENG31-07691707-n] (any meat that is minced and spiced and cooked as patties or used to fill sausages)
            • escargot [ENG31-07798451-n] (edible terrestrial snail usually served in the shell with a sauce of melted butter and garlic)
          • pasta [ENG31-07714660-n] (shaped and dried dough made from flour and water and sometimes egg)

            • farfalle [ENG31-07715175-n] (pasta shaped with scalloped edges and pinched in the middle, suggestive of a bow tie)
            • noodle [ENG31-07715329-n] (a ribbonlike strip of pasta)

              • egg noodle [ENG31-07715560-n] (narrow strip of pasta dough made with eggs)
            • orzo [ENG31-07715427-n] (pasta shaped like pearls of barley)
            • spaghetti [ENG31-07715659-n] (pasta in the form of long strings)
            • spaghettini [ENG31-07715840-n] (thin spaghetti)
            • tortellini [ENG31-07715912-n] (small ring-shaped stuffed pasta)
            • ziti [ENG31-07716000-n] (medium-sized tubular pasta in short pieces)
            • rigatoni [ENG31-07716093-n] (tubular pasta in short ribbed pieces)
            • fedelline [ENG31-07716184-n] (extremely fine pasta thinner than vermicelli)
            • linguine [ENG31-07716284-n] (pasta in long slender flat strips)
            • fettuccine [ENG31-07716383-n] (pasta in flat strips wider than linguine)

              • fettuccine Alfredo [ENG31-07716511-n] (fettuccine in cream sauce with cheese)
            • vermicelli [ENG31-07716613-n] (pasta in strings thinner than spaghetti)
            • macaroni [ENG31-07716709-n] (pasta in the form of slender tubes)
            • lasagna [ENG31-07716798-n] (very wide flat strips of pasta)
            • penne [ENG31-07716892-n] (pasta in short tubes with diagonally cut ends)
            • ravioli [ENG31-07716989-n] (small circular or square cases of dough with savory fillings)
            • tagliatelle [ENG31-07717117-n] (pasta cut in narrow ribbons)
            • manicotti [ENG31-07717202-n] (large pasta tubes stuffed with chopped meat or mild cheese and baked in tomato sauce)
            • couscous [ENG31-07717342-n] (a pasta made in northern Africa of crushed and steamed semolina)
            • dumpling [ENG31-07717938-n] (small balls or strips of boiled or steamed dough)

              • gnocchi [ENG31-07717460-n] ((Italian) a small dumpling made of potato or flour or semolina that is boiled or baked and is usually served with a sauce or with grated cheese)
              • matzo ball [ENG31-07717657-n] (a Jewish dumpling made of matzo meal)
              • won ton [ENG31-07717802-n] (a Chinese dumpling filled with spiced minced pork)
            • mostaccioli [ENG31-07888468-n] (pasta somewhat resembling little moustaches)
          • health food [ENG31-07718107-n] (any natural or prepared food popularly believed to promote good health)
          • junk food [ENG31-07718254-n] (food that tastes good but is high in calories having little nutritional value)
          • breakfast food [ENG31-07718387-n] (any food (especially cereal) usually served for breakfast)

            • cereal [ENG31-07718541-n] (a breakfast food prepared from grain)

              • Pablum [ENG31-07718798-n] (a soft form of cereal for infants)
              • hot cereal [ENG31-07718922-n] (a cereal that is served hot)

                • mush [ENG31-07719078-n] (cornmeal boiled in water)

                  • atole [ENG31-07719260-n] (eaten as mush or as a thin gruel)
                  • hasty pudding [ENG31-07719344-n] (cornmeal mush served with sweetening (maple syrup or brown sugar))
                  • polenta [ENG31-07719488-n] (a thick mush made of cornmeal boiled in stock or water)
                • grits [ENG31-07720173-n] (coarsely ground hulled corn boiled as a breakfast dish in the southern United States)
                • kasha [ENG31-07720324-n] (boiled or baked buckwheat)
                • frumenty [ENG31-07720401-n] (sweet spiced porridge made from hulled wheat)
              • cold cereal [ENG31-07720500-n] (a cereal that is not heated before serving)

                • granola [ENG31-07720739-n] (cereal made of especially rolled oats with dried fruits and nuts and honey or brown sugar)
                • raisin bran [ENG31-07720966-n] (bran flakes with raisins)
                • corn flake [ENG31-07721048-n] (crisp flake made from corn)
                • bran flake [ENG31-07721131-n] (wheat flake including the bran)
                • wheatflake [ENG31-07721218-n] (crisp flake made from wheat)
                • puffed rice [ENG31-07721302-n] (puffy rice kernels)
                • puffed wheat [ENG31-07721378-n] (puffy wheat berries)
            • muesli [ENG31-07718702-n] (mixture of untoasted dry cereals and fruits)
          • produce [ENG31-07721456-n] (fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market)

            • vegetable [ENG31-07723196-n] (edible seeds or roots or stems or leaves or bulbs or tubers or nonsweet fruits of any of numerous herbaceous plant)

              • julienne [ENG31-07723869-n] (a vegetable cut into thin strips (usually used as a garnish))
              • raw vegetable [ENG31-07724143-n] (an uncooked vegetable)
              • legume [ENG31-07724543-n] (the seedpod of a leguminous plant (such as peas or beans or lentils))

                • pulse [ENG31-07724791-n] (edible seeds of various pod-bearing plants (peas or beans or lentils etc.))
                • bean [ENG31-07740688-n] (any of various edible seeds of plants of the family Leguminosae used for food)

                  • goa bean [ENG31-07740921-n] (Old World tropical bean)
                  • mung bean [ENG31-07741018-n] (seed of the mung bean plant used for food)
                  • common bean [ENG31-07742772-n] (any of numerous beans eaten either fresh or dried)

                    • kidney bean [ENG31-07743024-n] (large dark red bean)
                    • navy bean [ENG31-07743116-n] (white-seeded bean)
                    • pinto bean [ENG31-07743228-n] (mottled or spotted bean of southwestern United States)
                    • frijole [ENG31-07743353-n] (Mexican bean)
                    • black bean [ENG31-07743434-n] (black-seeded bean of South America)
                    • fresh bean [ENG31-07743554-n] (beans eaten before they are ripe as opposed to dried)

                      • green bean [ENG31-07743844-n] (immature bean pod eaten as a vegetable)

                        • snap bean [ENG31-07744029-n] (tender green beans without strings that easily snap into sections)
                        • string bean [ENG31-07744157-n] (green beans with strings that must be removed)
                        • Kentucky wonder [ENG31-07744260-n] (flat-podded green bean)
                        • scarlet runner [ENG31-07744367-n] (long bean pods usually sliced into half-inch lengths)
                        • haricot vert [ENG31-07744561-n] (very small and slender green bean)
                      • wax bean [ENG31-07744684-n] (snap beans with yellow pods)
                      • shell bean [ENG31-07744780-n] (unripe beans removed from the pod before cooking)

                        • lima bean [ENG31-07744976-n] (broad flat beans simmered gently)

                          • Fordhooks [ENG31-07745118-n] (relatively large lima beans)
                        • sieva bean [ENG31-07745201-n] (small flat green bean similar to lima beans)
                        • fava bean [ENG31-07745360-n] (shell beans cooked as lima beans)
                        • green soybean [ENG31-07745804-n] (seeds shelled and cooked as lima beans)
                    • flageolet [ENG31-07743717-n] (a French bean variety with light-colored seeds)
                  • soy [ENG31-07745461-n] (the most highly proteinaceous vegetable known)

                    • field soybean [ENG31-07745902-n] (seeds used as livestock feed)
                • lentil [ENG31-07741231-n] (round flat seed of the lentil plant used for food)
                • pea [ENG31-07741352-n] (seed of a pea plant used for food)

                  • green pea [ENG31-07741507-n] (fresh pea)

                    • snow pea [ENG31-07741765-n] (green peas with flat edible pods)
                    • sugar snap pea [ENG31-07741864-n] (green peas with edible pods that are very crisp and not flat)
                    • split-pea [ENG31-07741985-n] (dried hulled pea)
                  • marrowfat pea [ENG31-07741639-n] (a variety of large pea that is commonly processed and sold in cans)
                  • cajan pea [ENG31-07742206-n] (small highly nutritious seed of the tropical pigeon-pea plant)
                  • field pea [ENG31-07742362-n] (coarse small-seeded pea often used as food when young and tender)
                • chickpea [ENG31-07742071-n] (large white roundish Asiatic legume)
                • black-eyed pea [ENG31-07742648-n] (eaten fresh as shell beans or dried)
              • potherb [ENG31-07724917-n] (any of various herbaceous plants whose leaves or stems or flowers are cooked and used for food or seasoning)
              • greens [ENG31-07725078-n] (any of various leafy plants or their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables)

                • chop-suey greens [ENG31-07725446-n] (succulent and aromatic young dark green leaves used in Chinese and Vietnamese and Japanese cooking)
                • sprout [ENG31-07735182-n] (a newly grown bud (especially from a germinating seed))

                  • bean sprout [ENG31-07735361-n] (any of various sprouted beans: especially mung beans or lentils or edible soybeans)
                  • alfalfa sprout [ENG31-07735501-n] (sprouted alfalfa seeds)
                • beet green [ENG31-07735725-n] (young leaves of the beetroot)
                • chard [ENG31-07736022-n] (long succulent whitish stalks with large green leaves)
                • salad green [ENG31-07739075-n] (greens suitable for eating uncooked as in salads)

                  • lettuce [ENG31-07739304-n] (leaves of any of various plants of Lactuca sativa)

                    • butterhead lettuce [ENG31-07739498-n] (lettuce with relatively soft leaves in a loose head)

                      • buttercrunch [ENG31-07739713-n] (lettuce with delicate and relatively crunchy leaves)
                      • Bibb lettuce [ENG31-07739823-n] (lettuce with relatively crisp leaves)
                      • Boston lettuce [ENG31-07739918-n] (lettuce with relatively soft leaves)
                    • crisphead lettuce [ENG31-07740014-n] (lettuce with crisp tightly packed light-green leaves in a firm head)
                    • cos [ENG31-07740237-n] (lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head)
                    • leaf lettuce [ENG31-07740399-n] (lettuce with loosely curled leaves that do not form a compact head)
                  • celtuce [ENG31-07740564-n] (leaves having celery-like stems eaten raw or cooked)
                  • chicory [ENG31-07746831-n] (crisp spiky leaves with somewhat bitter taste)

                    • radicchio [ENG31-07746982-n] (prized variety of chicory having globose heads of red leaves)
                  • chicory escarole [ENG31-07747563-n] (variety of endive having leaves with irregular frilled edges)

                    • Belgian endive [ENG31-07747743-n] (young broad-leaved endive plant deprived of light to form a narrow whitish head)
                  • cress [ENG31-07748723-n] (pungent leaves of any of numerous cruciferous herbs)

                    • watercress [ENG31-07748880-n] (cresses that grow in clear ponds and streams)
                    • garden cress [ENG31-07748981-n] (cress cultivated for salads and garnishes)
                    • winter cress [ENG31-07749100-n] (cress cultivated for winter salads)
                  • salad burnet [ENG31-07836012-n] (leaves sometimes used for salad)
                • dandelion green [ENG31-07749193-n] (edible leaves of the common dandelion collected from the wild)
                • lamb's-quarter [ENG31-07749688-n] (leaves collected from the wild)
                • wild spinach [ENG31-07749823-n] (leafy greens collected from the wild and used as a substitute for spinach)
                • turnip greens [ENG31-07752232-n] (tender leaves of young white turnips)
                • sorrel [ENG31-07752347-n] (large sour-tasting arrowhead-shaped leaves used in salads and sauces)
                • French sorrel [ENG31-07752503-n] (greens having small tart oval to pointed leaves)
                • spinach [ENG31-07752668-n] (dark green leaves)
              • solanaceous vegetable [ENG31-07725752-n] (any of several fruits of plants of the family Solanaceae)

                • eggplant [ENG31-07728819-n] (egg-shaped vegetable having a shiny skin typically dark purple but occasionally white or yellow)
                • pepper [ENG31-07736187-n] (sweet and hot varieties of fruits of plants of the genus Capsicum)

                  • sweet pepper [ENG31-07736360-n] (large mild crisp thick-walled capsicum peppers usually bell-shaped or somewhat oblong)

                    • bell pepper [ENG31-07736620-n] (large bell-shaped sweet pepper in green or red or yellow or orange or black varieties)
                    • green pepper [ENG31-07736763-n] (a sweet pepper that becomes red when ripe)
                    • globe pepper [ENG31-07736863-n] (round sweet pepper)
                    • pimento [ENG31-07736940-n] (fully ripened sweet red pepper)
                  • hot pepper [ENG31-07737070-n] (any of various pungent capsicum fruits)

                    • chili [ENG31-07737201-n] (very hot and finely tapering pepper of special pungency)

                      • jalapeno [ENG31-07737423-n] (hot green or red pepper of southwestern United States and Mexico)

                        • chipotle [ENG31-07737578-n] (a ripe jalapeno that has been dried for use in cooking)
                      • cayenne [ENG31-07737687-n] (a long and often twisted hot red pepper)
                    • tabasco [ENG31-07737797-n] (very hot red peppers)
                • tomato [ENG31-07749993-n] (mildly acid red or yellow pulpy fruit eaten as a vegetable)

                  • beefsteak tomato [ENG31-07750159-n] (any of several large tomatoes with thick flesh)
                  • cherry tomato [ENG31-07750268-n] (small red to yellow tomatoes)

                    • plum tomato [ENG31-07750393-n] (a kind of cherry tomato that is frequently used in cooking rather than eaten raw)
                • tomatillo [ENG31-07750531-n] (small edible yellow to purple tomato-like fruit enclosed in a bladderlike husk)
              • root vegetable [ENG31-07726028-n] (any of various fleshy edible underground roots or tubers)

                • yam [ENG31-07727652-n] (edible tuberous root of various yam plants of the genus Dioscorea grown in the tropics world-wide for food)
                • sweet potato [ENG31-07727808-n] (the edible tuberous root of the sweet potato vine which is grown widely in warm regions of the United States)

                  • yam [ENG31-07728012-n] (sweet potato with deep orange flesh that remains moist when baked)
                • Jerusalem artichoke [ENG31-07734803-n] (sunflower tuber eaten raw or boiled or sliced thin and fried as Saratoga chips)
                • beet [ENG31-07735584-n] (round red root vegetable)

                  • sugar beet [ENG31-07735829-n] (white-rooted beet grown as a source of sugar)
                  • mangel-wurzel [ENG31-07735930-n] (cultivated as feed for livestock)
                • carrot [ENG31-07746183-n] (orange root)
                • celeriac [ENG31-07746684-n] (thickened edible aromatic root of a variety of celery plant)
                • salsify [ENG31-07751028-n] (either of two long roots eaten cooked)

                  • oyster plant [ENG31-07751155-n] (long white salsify)
                  • scorzonera [ENG31-07751270-n] (long black salsify)
                • parsnip [ENG31-07751380-n] (whitish edible root)
                • radish [ENG31-07751663-n] (pungent fleshy edible root)
                • turnip [ENG31-07751779-n] (root of any of several members of the mustard family)

                  • white turnip [ENG31-07751957-n] (white root of a turnip plant)
                  • rutabaga [ENG31-07752063-n] (the large yellow root of a rutabaga plant used as food)
                • taro [ENG31-07752789-n] (tropical starchy tuberous root)
              • pieplant [ENG31-07729012-n] (long pinkish sour leafstalks usually eaten cooked and sweetened)
              • cruciferous vegetable [ENG31-07729140-n] (a vegetable of the mustard family: especially mustard greens)

                • mustard [ENG31-07729508-n] (leaves eaten as cooked greens)
                • cabbage [ENG31-07729640-n] (any of various types of cabbage)

                  • kale [ENG31-07729823-n] (coarse curly-leafed cabbage)

                    • collards [ENG31-07729933-n] (kale that has smooth leaves)
                  • Chinese cabbage [ENG31-07730032-n] (elongated head of crisp celery-like stalks and light green leaves)
                  • bok choy [ENG31-07730193-n] (elongated head of dark green leaves on thick white stalks)
                  • head cabbage [ENG31-07730316-n] (any of several varieties of cabbage having a large compact globular head)

                    • red cabbage [ENG31-07730547-n] (compact head of purplish-red leaves)
                    • savoy cabbage [ENG31-07730640-n] (head of soft crinkly leaves)
                • broccoli [ENG31-07730735-n] (branched green undeveloped flower heads)
                • cauliflower [ENG31-07730848-n] (compact head of white undeveloped flowers)
                • brussels sprouts [ENG31-07730966-n] (the small edible cabbage-like buds growing along a stalk of the brussels sprout plant)
                • broccoli rabe [ENG31-07731152-n] (slightly bitter dark green leaves and clustered flower buds)
                • kohlrabi [ENG31-07749543-n] (fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem of the kohlrabi plant)
              • squash [ENG31-07731306-n] (edible fruit of a squash plant)

                • summer squash [ENG31-07731466-n] (any of various fruits of the gourd family that mature during the summer)

                  • yellow squash [ENG31-07731779-n] (squash having yellow skin and yellowish flesh and usually elongated neck)

                    • crookneck [ENG31-07731948-n] (yellow squash with a thin curved neck and somewhat warty skin)
                  • zucchini [ENG31-07732103-n] (small cucumber-shaped vegetable marrow)
                  • marrow [ENG31-07732249-n] (large elongated squash with creamy to deep green skins)
                  • cocozelle [ENG31-07732394-n] (squash resembling zucchini)
                  • pattypan squash [ENG31-07732495-n] (round greenish-white squash having one face flattened with a scalloped edge)
                  • spaghetti squash [ENG31-07732651-n] (medium-sized oval squash with flesh in the form of strings that resemble spaghetti)
                • winter squash [ENG31-07732815-n] (any of various fruits of the gourd family with thick rinds and edible yellow to orange flesh that mature in the fall and can be stored for several months)

                  • acorn squash [ENG31-07733155-n] (small dark green or yellow ribbed squash with yellow to orange flesh)
                  • butternut squash [ENG31-07733301-n] (buff-colored squash with a long usually straight neck and sweet orange flesh)
                  • hubbard squash [ENG31-07733459-n] (large football-shaped winter squash with a warty grey-green rind)
                  • turban squash [ENG31-07733603-n] (large squash shaped somewhat like a turban usually with a rounded central portion protruding from the blossom end)

                    • buttercup squash [ENG31-07733813-n] (drum-shaped squash with dark green rind marked in silver or grey)
                  • cushaw [ENG31-07733940-n] (globose or ovoid squash with striped grey and green warty rind)
                  • winter crookneck squash [ENG31-07734074-n] (a squash with a hard rind and an elongated curved neck)
              • cucumber [ENG31-07734217-n] (cylindrical green fruit with thin green rind and white flesh eaten as a vegetable)

                • gherkin [ENG31-07734416-n] (small prickly cucumber)
              • artichoke [ENG31-07734492-n] (a thistlelike flower head with edible fleshy leaves and heart)
              • artichoke heart [ENG31-07734665-n] (the tender fleshy center of the immature artichoke flower)
              • asparagus [ENG31-07734958-n] (edible young shoots of the asparagus plant)
              • bamboo shoot [ENG31-07735075-n] (edible young shoots of bamboo)
              • onion [ENG31-07737962-n] (an aromatic flavorful vegetable)

                • Bermuda onion [ENG31-07738135-n] (mild flat onion grown in warm areas)
                • green onion [ENG31-07738230-n] (a young onion before the bulb has enlarged)
                • Vidalia onion [ENG31-07738411-n] (sweet-flavored onion grown in Georgia)
                • Spanish onion [ENG31-07738508-n] (large mild and succulent onion)

                  • purple onion [ENG31-07738633-n] (flat mild onion having purplish tunics)
                • shallot [ENG31-07738922-n] (small mild-flavored onion-like or garlic-like clustered bulbs used for seasoning)
              • leek [ENG31-07738784-n] (related to onions)
              • cardoon [ENG31-07746009-n] (only parts eaten are roots and especially stalks (blanched and used as celery))
              • celery [ENG31-07746382-n] (stalks eaten raw or cooked or used as seasoning)

                • pascal celery [ENG31-07746538-n] (any of several types of commercially grown celery having green stalks)
              • gumbo [ENG31-07749370-n] (long mucilaginous green pods)
              • mushroom [ENG31-07750720-n] (fleshy body of any of numerous edible fungi)
              • pumpkin [ENG31-07751486-n] (usually large pulpy deep-yellow round fruit of the squash family maturing in late summer or early autumn)
              • truffle [ENG31-07752947-n] (edible subterranean fungus of the genus Tuber)
              • plantain [ENG31-07784399-n] (starchy banana-like fruit)
              • fennel [ENG31-07833847-n] (aromatic bulbous stem base eaten cooked or raw in salads)
            • eater [ENG31-07724005-n] (any green goods that are good to eat)
          • coconut [ENG31-07789214-n] (the edible white meat of a coconut)

            • copra [ENG31-07789548-n] (the dried meat of the coconut from which oil is extracted)
          • dika bread [ENG31-07789803-n] (somewhat astringent paste prepared by grinding and heating seeds of the African wild mango)
          • fish [ENG31-07791351-n] (the flesh of fish used as food)

            • panfish [ENG31-07798915-n] (any of numerous small food fishes)
            • stockfish [ENG31-07799078-n] (fish cured by being split and air-dried without salt)
            • anchovy [ENG31-07799643-n] (tiny fishes usually canned or salted)
            • eel [ENG31-07799943-n] (the fatty flesh of eel)

              • smoked eel [ENG31-07800173-n] (eel cured by smoking)
              • elver [ENG31-07800250-n] (young eel)
            • mullet [ENG31-07800343-n] (highly valued lean flesh of marine or freshwater mullet)
            • alewife [ENG31-07801607-n] (flesh of shad-like fish abundant along the Atlantic coast or in coastal streams)
            • schrod [ENG31-07805358-n] (flesh of young Atlantic cod weighing up to 2 pounds)
            • haddock [ENG31-07805517-n] (lean white flesh of fish similar to but smaller than cod)

              • finnan haddie [ENG31-07805721-n] (haddock usually baked but sometimes broiled with lots of butter)
            • hake [ENG31-07808003-n] (the lean flesh of a fish similar to cod)
            • trout [ENG31-07810428-n] (flesh of any of several primarily freshwater game and food fishes)

              • rainbow trout [ENG31-07810581-n] (flesh of Pacific trout that migrate from salt to fresh water)
              • sea trout [ENG31-07810720-n] (flesh of marine trout that migrate from salt to fresh water)
            • rock salmon [ENG31-07811574-n] (any of several coarse fishes (such as dogfish or wolffish) when used as food)
            • salmon [ENG31-07811727-n] (flesh of any of various marine or freshwater fish of the family Salmonidae)

              • Atlantic salmon [ENG31-07811981-n] (fatty pink flesh of fish from northern coastal Atlantic)
              • red salmon [ENG31-07812141-n] (fatty red flesh of salmon of Pacific coast and rivers)
              • chinook salmon [ENG31-07812297-n] (pink or white flesh of large Pacific salmon)
              • silver salmon [ENG31-07812444-n] (fatty pinkish flesh of small salmon caught in the Pacific and Great Lakes)
              • smoked salmon [ENG31-07812625-n] (salmon cured by smoking)

                • lox [ENG31-07812726-n] (brine-cured salmon that is lightly smoked)

                  • Scandinavian lox [ENG31-07812853-n] (salt-cured Scandinavian salmon)
                  • Nova Scotia lox [ENG31-07812946-n] (brine-cured salmon that is less salty than most)
              • kippered salmon [ENG31-07814123-n] (salted and smoked salmon)
            • shad [ENG31-07814333-n] (bony flesh of herring-like fish usually caught during their migration to fresh water for spawning)
            • smelt [ENG31-07814530-n] (small cold-water silvery fish)

              • American smelt [ENG31-07814704-n] (common smelt of eastern North America and Alaska)
              • European smelt [ENG31-07814848-n] (common smelt of Europe)
          • seafood [ENG31-07792842-n] (edible fish (broadly including freshwater fish) or shellfish or roe etc)

            • saltwater fish [ENG31-07791881-n] (flesh of fish from the sea used as food)

              • bream [ENG31-07793165-n] (flesh of any of various saltwater fishes of the family Sparidae or the family Bramidae)
              • sea bass [ENG31-07793921-n] (the lean flesh of a saltwater fish of the family Serranidae)

                • striped bass [ENG31-07794079-n] (caught along the Atlantic coast of the United States)
              • grouper [ENG31-07794200-n] (flesh of a saltwater fish similar to sea bass)
              • croaker [ENG31-07794318-n] (the lean flesh of a saltwater fish caught along Atlantic coast of southern U.S.)
              • whiting [ENG31-07794470-n] (flesh of any of a number of slender food fishes especially of Atlantic coasts of North America)
              • whiting [ENG31-07794656-n] (flesh of a cod-like fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe)
              • cusk [ENG31-07794786-n] (the lean flesh of a cod-like fish of North Atlantic waters)
              • dolphinfish [ENG31-07794914-n] (the lean flesh of a saltwater fish found in warm waters (especially in Hawaii))
              • monkfish [ENG31-07795723-n] (flesh of a large-headed anglerfish of the Atlantic waters of North America)
              • tuna [ENG31-07796603-n] (important warm-water fatty fish of the genus Thunnus of the family Scombridae)

                • albacore [ENG31-07796850-n] (relatively small tuna with choice white flesh)
                • bonito [ENG31-07796998-n] (flesh of mostly Pacific food fishes of the genus Sarda of the family Scombridae)
                • bluefin [ENG31-07797183-n] (flesh of very large tuna)
              • mackerel [ENG31-07797295-n] (flesh of very important usually small (to 18 in) fatty Atlantic fish)

                • Spanish mackerel [ENG31-07797473-n] (flesh of commercially important fishes especially of the Atlantic coastal waters of America)
                • smoked mackerel [ENG31-07815980-n] (mackerel cured by smoking)
              • pompano [ENG31-07797665-n] (flesh of pompano)
              • blowfish [ENG31-07797948-n] (delicacy that is highly dangerous because of a potent nerve poison in ovaries and liver)

                • fugu [ENG31-07798180-n] (a blowfish highly prized as a delicacy in Japan but highly dangerous because the skin and organs are poisonous)
              • herring [ENG31-07800498-n] (valuable flesh of fatty fish from shallow waters of northern Atlantic or Pacific)

                • kipper [ENG31-07801114-n] (salted and smoked herring)
                • bloater [ENG31-07801211-n] (large fatty herring lightly salted and briefly smoked)
                • pickled herring [ENG31-07801318-n] (herring preserved in a pickling liquid (usually brine or vinegar))
                • red herring [ENG31-07814209-n] (a dried and smoked herring having a reddish color)
                • sprat [ENG31-07814961-n] (small fatty European fish)
                • whitebait [ENG31-07815108-n] (minnows or other small fresh- or saltwater fish (especially herring))
              • kingfish [ENG31-07800786-n] (the lean flesh of any of several fish caught off the Atlantic coast of the United States)
              • lingcod [ENG31-07800967-n] (the lean flesh of a fish caught off the Pacific coast of the United States)
              • bluefish [ENG31-07801759-n] (fatty bluish flesh of bluefish)
              • swordfish [ENG31-07801863-n] (flesh of swordfish usually served as steaks)
              • butterfish [ENG31-07801981-n] (any of numerous small flat Atlantic food fish having smooth skin)
              • cod [ENG31-07805039-n] (lean white flesh of important North Atlantic food fish)

                • salt cod [ENG31-07805887-n] (codfish preserved in salt)
              • pollack [ENG31-07805216-n] (lean white flesh of North Atlantic fish)
              • porgy [ENG31-07806057-n] (lean flesh of fish found in warm waters of southern Atlantic coast of the United States)
              • scup [ENG31-07806222-n] (flesh of fish found in colder waters of northern Atlantic coast of the United States)
              • flatfish [ENG31-07806376-n] (sweet lean whitish flesh of any of numerous thin-bodied fish)

                • flounder [ENG31-07806577-n] (flesh of any of various American and European flatfish)

                  • yellowtail flounder [ENG31-07806776-n] (flesh of American flounder having a yellowish tail)
                  • plaice [ENG31-07806911-n] (flesh of large European flatfish)
                  • turbot [ENG31-07807015-n] (flesh of a large European flatfish)
                  • sand dab [ENG31-07807121-n] (the lean flesh of a small flounder from the Pacific coast of North America)
                  • lemon sole [ENG31-07807639-n] (flesh of American flounder)
                • sole [ENG31-07807250-n] (lean flesh of any of several flatfish)

                  • grey sole [ENG31-07807410-n] (greyish-white flesh of a flatfish)
                  • lemon sole [ENG31-07807511-n] (highly valued almost pure white flesh)
                • halibut [ENG31-07807784-n] (lean flesh of very large flatfish of Atlantic or Pacific)
              • rockfish [ENG31-07808195-n] (the lean flesh of any of various valuable market fish caught among rocks)

                • redfish [ENG31-07808093-n] (North Atlantic rockfish)
              • sailfish [ENG31-07808359-n] (a saltwater fish with lean flesh)
              • weakfish [ENG31-07808446-n] (lean flesh of food and game fishes of the Atlantic coast of the United States)
              • sardine [ENG31-07810039-n] (small fatty fish usually canned)
              • snapper [ENG31-07813165-n] (flesh of any of various important food fishes of warm seas)

                • red snapper [ENG31-07813333-n] (highly esteemed reddish lean flesh of snapper from Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico)
              • red rockfish [ENG31-07813494-n] (red flesh of large food fish of Pacific coast)
            • freshwater fish [ENG31-07792521-n] (flesh of fish from fresh water used as food)

              • bream [ENG31-07793334-n] (flesh of various freshwater fishes of North America or of Europe)
              • freshwater bass [ENG31-07793488-n] (any of various North American freshwater fish with lean flesh (especially of the genus Micropterus))

                • largemouth bass [ENG31-07793711-n] (flesh of largemouth bass)
                • smallmouth bass [ENG31-07793816-n] (flesh of smallmouth bass)
              • carp [ENG31-07795099-n] (the lean flesh of a fish that is often farmed)
              • buffalofish [ENG31-07795239-n] (large carp-like North American fish)
              • pike [ENG31-07795351-n] (highly valued northern freshwater fish with lean flesh)

                • muskellunge [ENG31-07795511-n] (flesh of very large North American pike)
                • pickerel [ENG31-07795640-n] (flesh of young or small pike)
              • sucker [ENG31-07795871-n] (flesh of any of numerous North American food fishes with toothless jaws)
              • catfish [ENG31-07796014-n] (flesh of scaleless food fish of the southern United States)
              • perch [ENG31-07796149-n] (any of numerous fishes of America and Europe)
              • sunfish [ENG31-07796283-n] (the lean flesh of any of numerous American perch-like fishes of the family Centrarchidae)

                • crappie [ENG31-07796462-n] (small sunfishes of the genus Pomoxis of central United States rivers)
              • brook trout [ENG31-07810869-n] (a delicious freshwater food fish)
              • lake trout [ENG31-07810995-n] (flesh of large trout of northern lakes)
              • whitefish [ENG31-07811109-n] (flesh of salmon-like or trout-like cold-water fish of cold lakes of the northern hemisphere)

                • lake herring [ENG31-07811435-n] (cold-water fish caught in Lake Superior and northward)
            • squid [ENG31-07797777-n] ((Italian cuisine) squid prepared as food)
            • octopus [ENG31-07798341-n] (tentacles of octopus prepared as food)
            • periwinkle [ENG31-07798644-n] (small edible marine snail)
            • whelk [ENG31-07798780-n] (large marine snail much used as food in Europe)
            • shellfish [ENG31-07799186-n] (meat of edible aquatic invertebrate with a shell (especially a mollusk or crustacean))

              • mussel [ENG31-07799526-n] (black marine bivalves usually steamed in wine)
              • huitre [ENG31-07802140-n] (edible body of any of numerous oysters)

                • oysters Rockefeller [ENG31-07802313-n] (oysters spread with butter and spinach and seasonings and baked on the half shell)
                • bluepoint [ENG31-07802460-n] (oysters originally from Long Island Sound but now from anywhere along the northeastern seacoast)
              • clam [ENG31-07802662-n] (flesh of either hard-shell or soft-shell clams)

                • quahaug [ENG31-07802832-n] (Atlantic coast round clams with hard shells)

                  • littleneck [ENG31-07803084-n] (a quahog when young and small)
                  • cherrystone [ENG31-07803246-n] (small quahog larger than a littleneck)
                • soft-shell clam [ENG31-07803405-n] (a clam that is usually steamed in the shell)
              • cockle [ENG31-07803589-n] (common edible European bivalve)
              • crab [ENG31-07803691-n] (the edible flesh of any of various crabs)

                • blue crab [ENG31-07803956-n] (Atlantic crab)
                • crab legs [ENG31-07804082-n] (legs of especially Alaska king crabs)
                • soft-shell crab [ENG31-07804174-n] (freshly molted crab with new shell still tender and flexible)
                • Japanese crab [ENG31-07804316-n] (crabmeat usually canned)
                • Alaska king crab [ENG31-07804411-n] (meat of large cold-water crab)
                • Dungeness crab [ENG31-07804585-n] (flesh of Cancer magister (Dungeness crab))
                • stone crab [ENG31-07804706-n] (pale flesh with delicate texture and flavor)
              • crayfish [ENG31-07804861-n] (tiny lobster-like crustaceans usually boiled briefly)
              • limpet [ENG31-07808616-n] (mollusk with a low conical shell)
              • lobster [ENG31-07808701-n] (flesh of a lobster)

                • American lobster [ENG31-07808902-n] (flesh of cold-water lobsters having large tender claws)
                • European lobster [ENG31-07809109-n] (similar to but smaller than American lobsters)
                • Norwegian lobster [ENG31-07809497-n] (caught in European waters)
                • lobster tail [ENG31-07809661-n] (lobster tail meat)
              • spiny lobster [ENG31-07809236-n] (warm-water lobsters without claws)
              • scallop [ENG31-07813617-n] (edible muscle of mollusks having fan-shaped shells)

                • sea scallop [ENG31-07813889-n] (muscle of large deep-water scallops)
                • bay scallop [ENG31-07814001-n] (muscle of small choice shallow-water scallops)
            • prawn [ENG31-07810135-n] (any of various edible decapod crustaceans)

              • river prawn [ENG31-07810329-n] (large Australian prawn)
            • whitefish [ENG31-07811293-n] (any market fish--edible saltwater fish or shellfish--except herring)
            • roe [ENG31-07815254-n] (fish eggs or egg-filled ovary)

              • coral [ENG31-07809771-n] (unfertilized lobster roe)
              • caviar [ENG31-07815555-n] (salted roe of sturgeon or other large fish)

                • beluga caviar [ENG31-07815714-n] (roe of beluga sturgeon usually from Russia)
              • shad roe [ENG31-07815850-n] (roe of shad)
            • milt [ENG31-07815423-n] (fish sperm or sperm-filled reproductive gland)
          • slop [ENG31-07954667-n] ((usually plural) weak or watery unappetizing food or drink)
        • precipitate [ENG31-14615815-n] (a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering)

          • sludge [ENG31-14615984-n] (the precipitate produced by sewage treatment)
        • plastic [ENG31-14616790-n] (generic name for certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or filaments or used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives)

          • acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ENG31-14616208-n] (any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances)
          • Mylar [ENG31-14616397-n] (a thin polyester film)
          • thermoplastic [ENG31-14617524-n] (a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled)

            • saran [ENG31-14617725-n] (any of various thermoplastic resins used to make things)
            • celluloid [ENG31-14989676-n] (highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor)
          • thermosetting compositions [ENG31-14620243-n] (a material that hardens when heated and cannot be remolded)
          • Bakelite [ENG31-14620396-n] (a thermosetting plastic used as electric insulators and for making plastic ware and telephone receivers etc.)
          • Teflon [ENG31-14620578-n] (a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided)
          • Vinylite [ENG31-14620779-n] (any of various vinyl resins)
          • resinoid [ENG31-14720114-n] (a plastic containing resins)
          • amino plastic [ENG31-14767560-n] (a plastic (synthetic resin) made from amino compounds)
          • cellulosic [ENG31-14828209-n] (a plastic made from cellulose (or a derivative of cellulose))
          • coumarone-indene resin [ENG31-14848872-n] (a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of indene and coumarone)
          • fluorocarbon plastic [ENG31-14896377-n] (a plastic made with fluorocarbon)
          • phenolic plastic [ENG31-15006020-n] (a plastic consisting of phenolic resins)
          • polypropylene [ENG31-15020725-n] (a polymer of propylene used as a thermoplastic molding material)
          • polyvinyl-formaldehyde [ENG31-15020862-n] (a polymer of vinyl formaldehyde)
          • silicone resin [ENG31-15065376-n] (a polymeric silicone compound)
          • vinyl [ENG31-15112750-n] (shiny and tough and flexible plastic)
        • glass [ENG31-14905454-n] (a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure)

          • natural glass [ENG31-14903756-n] (magma of any composition that cooled very rapidly)

            • quartz glass [ENG31-14903901-n] (colorless glass made of almost pure silica)
            • tektite [ENG31-14904841-n] (thought to derive from meteorites)
          • opal glass [ENG31-14904147-n] (a milky white translucent or opaque glass)
          • optical glass [ENG31-14904258-n] (clear homogeneous glass of known refractive index)

            • optical crown [ENG31-14904424-n] (optical glass of low dispersion and low refractive index)
            • optical flint [ENG31-14904576-n] (optical glass of high dispersion and high refractive index)
          • crown glass [ENG31-14904708-n] (a glass blown into a globe which is later flattened and spun to form a disk)
          • soft glass [ENG31-14905910-n] (glass having a relatively low softening point)
          • ground glass [ENG31-14906012-n] (glass that diffuses light due to a rough surface produced by abrasion or etching)
          • ground glass [ENG31-14906151-n] (particulate glass made by grinding and used as an abrasive)
          • lead glass [ENG31-14906268-n] (glass containing lead oxide)

            • paste [ENG31-14906399-n] (a hard, brilliant lead glass that is used in making artificial jewelry)
          • safety glass [ENG31-14906521-n] (glass made with plates of plastic or resin or other material between two sheets of glass to prevent shattering)
          • soluble glass [ENG31-14906729-n] (a viscous glass consisting of sodium silicate in solution)
          • stained glass [ENG31-14906944-n] (glass that has been colored in some way)

            • Tiffany glass [ENG31-14907086-n] (a kind of opalescent colored glass that was used in the early 1900s for stained-glass windows and lamps)
          • wire glass [ENG31-14907249-n] (a glass that contains a layer of wire netting in it)
          • Pyrex [ENG31-15024181-n] (a borosilicate glass with a low coefficient of expansion)
        • crystal [ENG31-14907357-n] (a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure)

          • snowflake [ENG31-11529484-n] (a crystal of snow)
          • ice crystal [ENG31-11529795-n] (small crystals of ice)
          • gem [ENG31-14723913-n] (a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry)

            • cabochon [ENG31-14724207-n] (a highly polished gem that is cut convexly but without facets)
            • opaque gem [ENG31-14994225-n] (a gemstone that is opaque)

              • cat's eye [ENG31-14828056-n] (any of various gems (as chrysoberyl or chalcedony) that reflect light when cut in a rounded shape)
              • coral [ENG31-14847206-n] (the hard stony skeleton of a Mediterranean coral that has a delicate red or pink color and is used for jewelry)
              • jade [ENG31-14948740-n] (a semiprecious gemstone that takes a high polish)
              • jasper [ENG31-14949171-n] (an opaque form of quartz)
              • lapis lazuli [ENG31-14953935-n] (an azure blue semiprecious stone)
            • transparent gem [ENG31-15102617-n] (a gemstone having the property of transmitting light without serious diffusion)
          • twins [ENG31-14907668-n] ((mineralogy) two interwoven crystals that are mirror images on each other)
          • ice [ENG31-14939335-n] (water frozen in the solid state)

            • black ice [ENG31-14939613-n] (a thin coating of ice (as from freezing mist) on a road or sidewalk)
            • frost [ENG31-14939773-n] (ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside))
            • hailstone [ENG31-14939955-n] (small pellet of ice that falls during a hailstorm)
            • icicle [ENG31-14940079-n] (ice resembling a pendent spear, formed by the freezing of dripping water)
        • powder [ENG31-15021579-n] (a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles)
        • dry ice [ENG31-15071734-n] (solidified carbon dioxide)
        • vitrification [ENG31-15137132-n] (a vitrified substance)
      • solute [ENG31-15072416-n] (the dissolved matter in a solution)
      • emanation [ENG31-15134312-n] (something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.))

        • ectoplasm [ENG31-15134498-n] ((spiritualism) a substance supposed to emanate from the body of the medium during a trance)
      • vegetable matter [ENG31-15135523-n] (matter produced by plants or growing in the manner of a plant)
    • process [ENG31-00029976-n] (a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states)

      • phenomenon [ENG31-00034512-n] (any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning)

        • natural phenomenon [ENG31-11428673-n] (all phenomena that are not artificial)

          • chemical phenomenon [ENG31-11429173-n] (any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules))

            • allotropy [ENG31-11429443-n] (the phenomenon of an element existing in two or more physical forms)
            • exchange [ENG31-11429652-n] (chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another)

              • photochemical exchange [ENG31-11430137-n] (an exchange produced by the chemical action of radiant energy (especially light))
            • crystallization [ENG31-11430412-n] (the formation of crystals)

              • efflorescence [ENG31-11430641-n] (a powdery deposit on a surface)
            • valency [ENG31-11456605-n] (the phenomenon of forming chemical bonds)
            • polymorphism [ENG31-11513233-n] ((chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound)

              • dimorphism [ENG31-11513483-n] ((chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms)
            • state of matter [ENG31-14503199-n] ((chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container))

              • phase [ENG31-14503649-n] ((physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system)

                • dispersed phase [ENG31-14612826-n] ((of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state)
                • dispersing phase [ENG31-14612977-n] ((of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed)
              • liquid [ENG31-14504004-n] (the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility)
              • solid [ENG31-14504356-n] (the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress)
              • gas [ENG31-14504664-n] (the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity)
              • plasma [ENG31-14505095-n] ((physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors)

                • interplanetary gas [ENG31-09337304-n] (a rarefied flow of gas and charged particles (plasma) that stream from the sun and form the solar wind)
          • geological phenomenon [ENG31-11437786-n] (a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth)

            • earthquake [ENG31-07443554-n] (shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane or from volcanic activity)

              • shock [ENG31-07443876-n] (an instance of agitation of the earth's crust)
              • tremor [ENG31-07444084-n] (a small earthquake)

                • aftershock [ENG31-07444237-n] (a tremor (or one of a series of tremors) occurring after the main shock of an earthquake)
                • foreshock [ENG31-07444382-n] (a tremor preceding an earthquake)
              • seaquake [ENG31-07444470-n] (an earthquake at the sea bed)
            • endogeny [ENG31-11438125-n] (a geological phenomenon below the surface of the earth)
            • alluvial fan [ENG31-11443585-n] (a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out)
            • catastrophe [ENG31-11454130-n] (a sudden violent change in the earth's surface)

              • nuclear winter [ENG31-11454264-n] (a long period of darkness and extreme cold that scientists predict would follow a full-scale nuclear war)
            • continental drift [ENG31-11454562-n] (the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics))
            • deposit [ENG31-11465491-n] (the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating)

              • lode [ENG31-11466163-n] (a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks)

                • mother lode [ENG31-11466056-n] (the main vein of ore in a deposit)
            • flood [ENG31-11475008-n] (the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land)

              • debacle [ENG31-11475370-n] (flooding caused by a tumultuous breakup of ice in a river during the spring or summer)
              • flash flood [ENG31-11475509-n] (a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration)

                • floodhead [ENG31-11475653-n] (a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood)
              • Noah's flood [ENG31-11475803-n] ((Biblical) the great deluge that is said in the Book of Genesis to have occurred in the time of Noah)
            • frost heave [ENG31-11482083-n] (upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil)
            • transgression [ENG31-11540868-n] (the spreading of the sea over land as evidenced by the deposition of marine strata over terrestrial strata)
            • volcanism [ENG31-11544543-n] (the phenomena associated with volcanic activity)
          • organic phenomenon [ENG31-11438864-n] ((biology) a natural phenomenon involving living plants and animals)

            • dominance [ENG31-11433914-n] (the organic phenomenon in which one of a pair of alleles present in a genotype is expressed in the phenotype and the other allele of the pair is not)
            • abiogenesis [ENG31-11440490-n] (a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter)
            • alternation of generations [ENG31-11444308-n] (the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal)

              • metagenesis [ENG31-11444703-n] (alternation of sexual and asexual generations)
            • annual ring [ENG31-11444930-n] (an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow)
            • bioelectricity [ENG31-11449352-n] (electric phenomena in animals or plants)

              • brainwave [ENG31-11451416-n] ((neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph)

                • alpha rhythm [ENG31-11443870-n] (the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed)
                • beta rhythm [ENG31-11448976-n] (the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert)
                • delta rhythm [ENG31-11465283-n] (the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep)
                • theta rhythm [ENG31-11539348-n] (the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy)
            • circulation [ENG31-11459145-n] (movement through a circuit)

              • systemic circulation [ENG31-11459408-n] (circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs)
              • pulmonary circulation [ENG31-11459542-n] (circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs)
              • vitelline circulation [ENG31-11459662-n] (circulation of blood between the embryo and the yolk sac)
            • cyclosis [ENG31-11464025-n] (the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell)
            • death [ENG31-11464213-n] (the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism)

              • necrobiosis [ENG31-11506578-n] ((physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells))

                • apoptosis [ENG31-11506781-n] (a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself)
              • necrosis [ENG31-11507108-n] (the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply))

                • myonecrosis [ENG31-11507383-n] (localized death of muscle cell fibers)
              • brain death [ENG31-11507478-n] (death when respiration and other reflexes are absent)
            • decay [ENG31-11464739-n] (the organic phenomenon of rotting)
            • dehiscence [ENG31-11464912-n] ((biology) release of material by splitting open of an organ or tissue)
            • desquamation [ENG31-11465660-n] (loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales)
            • exfoliation [ENG31-11465849-n] (the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin)
            • diapedesis [ENG31-11466694-n] (passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue)
            • facilitation [ENG31-11474459-n] ((neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential)
            • food chain [ENG31-11476318-n] ((ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member)
            • food pyramid [ENG31-11476500-n] ((ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top)
            • food web [ENG31-11476690-n] ((ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains)
            • gene expression [ENG31-11480306-n] (conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein)
            • histocompatibility [ENG31-11486857-n] (condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue)
            • life [ENG31-11493691-n] (the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones)

              • biology [ENG31-11493888-n] (characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms)
              • aerobiosis [ENG31-11494085-n] (life sustained in the presence of air or oxygen)
            • life cycle [ENG31-11494207-n] (a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage)
            • pleomorphism [ENG31-11512216-n] ((biology) the appearance of two or more distinctly different forms in the life cycle of some organisms)
            • polymorphism [ENG31-11512788-n] ((biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences))

              • dimorphism [ENG31-11513043-n] ((biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences))
            • polymorphism [ENG31-11513666-n] ((genetics) the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on)

              • single nucleotide polymorphism [ENG31-11513852-n] ((genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered)
            • recognition [ENG31-11523113-n] ((biology) the ability of one molecule to attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape)
            • rejection [ENG31-11525736-n] ((medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign)
            • rejuvenation [ENG31-11525964-n] (the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored)
            • sex linkage [ENG31-11526967-n] (an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other)
          • physical phenomenon [ENG31-11439518-n] (a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy)

            • acoustic phenomenon [ENG31-11445515-n] (a physical phenomenon associated with the production or transmission of sound)

              • distortion [ENG31-11532198-n] (a change (usually undesired) in the waveform of an acoustic or analog electrical signal)

                • nonlinear distortion [ENG31-11532577-n] (distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal)
              • projection [ENG31-11532764-n] (the acoustic phenomenon that gives sound a penetrating quality)
            • atmospheric phenomenon [ENG31-11445694-n] (a physical phenomenon associated with the atmosphere)

              • cloud [ENG31-09270316-n] (a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude)

                • cirrocumulus [ENG31-09268556-n] (a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples)
                • cirrostratus [ENG31-09268739-n] (a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude)
                • cirrus [ENG31-09268870-n] (a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles))

                  • mare's tail [ENG31-09370013-n] (a long narrow flowing cirrus cloud)
                • cloud bank [ENG31-09270753-n] (a layer of clouds seen from a distance)
                • contrail [ENG31-09278425-n] (an artificial cloud created by an aircraft)
                • cumulonimbus [ENG31-09284678-n] (a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity)
                • cumulus [ENG31-09284866-n] (a globular cloud)

                  • altocumulus [ENG31-09217976-n] (a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles)
                  • thunderhead [ENG31-09480823-n] (a rounded projecting mass of a cumulus cloud with shining edges)
                • nacreous cloud [ENG31-09387479-n] (a luminous iridescent cloud at a high altitude that may be seen when the sun is a few degrees below the horizon)
                • nebule [ENG31-09390034-n] (a small cloud)
                • nimbus [ENG31-09394597-n] (a dark grey cloud bearing rain)
                • storm cloud [ENG31-09468814-n] (a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a storm)
                • stratus [ENG31-09471400-n] (a large dark low cloud)

                  • altostratus [ENG31-09218113-n] (a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles)
              • air pocket [ENG31-11443142-n] (a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly)
              • aurora [ENG31-11447355-n] (an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force)

                • aurora australis [ENG31-11447615-n] (the aurora of the southern hemisphere)
                • aurora borealis [ENG31-11447733-n] (the aurora of the northern hemisphere)
              • condensation [ENG31-11466338-n] (atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold)

                • sweat [ENG31-11466555-n] (condensation of moisture on a cold surface)
                • dew [ENG31-14858302-n] (water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air)
              • front [ENG31-11480887-n] ((meteorology) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses)

                • warm front [ENG31-11481127-n] (the front of an advancing mass of warmer air)
                • cold front [ENG31-11481228-n] (the front of an advancing mass of colder air)

                  • squall line [ENG31-11481361-n] (a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely)
                • occluded front [ENG31-11481479-n] ((meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft)
              • greenhouse effect [ENG31-11481667-n] (warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere)
              • inversion [ENG31-11481962-n] (the layer of air near the earth is cooler than an overlying layer)
              • storm [ENG31-11482925-n] (a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning)

                • firestorm [ENG31-11478361-n] (a storm in which violent winds are drawn into the column of hot air rising over a severely bombed area)
                • northeaster [ENG31-11483350-n] (a storm blowing from the northeast)
                • hailstorm [ENG31-11486087-n] (a storm during which hail falls)
                • ice storm [ENG31-11488050-n] (a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice)
                • rainstorm [ENG31-11522155-n] (a storm with rain)

                  • line storm [ENG31-11522282-n] (a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox)
                  • thundershower [ENG31-11522406-n] (a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning)
                • blizzard [ENG31-11529988-n] (a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds)
                • thunderstorm [ENG31-11539686-n] (a storm resulting from strong rising air currents)
                • windstorm [ENG31-11547465-n] (a storm consisting of violent winds)

                  • cyclone [ENG31-11463817-n] (a violent rotating windstorm)

                    • hurricane [ENG31-11487417-n] (a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving at 63-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale))
                    • tornado [ENG31-11539883-n] (a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground)

                      • supertwister [ENG31-11537474-n] (the most powerful tornado which can create enormously devastating damage)
                      • waterspout [ENG31-11544757-n] (a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist)
                    • typhoon [ENG31-11541578-n] (a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans)
                  • dust storm [ENG31-11468490-n] (a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand)
                  • tempest [ENG31-11538927-n] ((literary) a violent wind)
                  • whirlwind [ENG31-11546212-n] (a more or less vertical column of air whirling around itself as it moves over the surface of the Earth)

                    • dust devil [ENG31-11468350-n] (a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air)
              • atmospheric electricity [ENG31-11496631-n] (electrical discharges in the atmosphere)

                • elves [ENG31-11495174-n] (an acronym for emissions of light and very low frequency perturbations due to electromagnetic pulse sources)
                • jet [ENG31-11495467-n] (atmospheric discharges (lasting 10 msec) bursting from the tops of giant storm clouds in blue cones that widen as they flash upward)
                • lightning [ENG31-11495679-n] (abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light)

                  • forked lightning [ENG31-11479599-n] (a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like))
                  • thunderbolt [ENG31-11539554-n] (a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder)
                • sprites [ENG31-11496392-n] (atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves))
              • midnight sun [ENG31-11502979-n] (the sun visible at midnight (inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles))
              • halo [ENG31-11507824-n] (a circle of light around the sun or moon)

                • solar halo [ENG31-11507933-n] (a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun)
              • meteor shower [ENG31-11527418-n] (a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere)
              • sunrise [ENG31-11538089-n] (atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily appearance of the sun)
              • sunset [ENG31-11538209-n] (atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily disappearance of the sun)
              • afterglow [ENG31-11538331-n] (a glow sometimes seen in the sky after sunset)
              • weather [ENG31-11545095-n] (the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation)

                • cold weather [ENG31-11460108-n] (a period of unusually cold weather)

                  • freeze [ENG31-11460617-n] (weather cold enough to cause freezing)
                • fair weather [ENG31-11476879-n] (moderate weather)
                • hot weather [ENG31-11487100-n] (a period of unusually high temperatures)

                  • scorcher [ENG31-11487233-n] (an extremely hot day)
                  • sultriness [ENG31-11487308-n] (oppressively hot and humid weather)
                • thaw [ENG31-11502540-n] (warm weather following a freeze)
                • precipitation [ENG31-11515038-n] (the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist))

                  • fine spray [ENG31-11477913-n] (precipitation in very small drops)
                  • hail [ENG31-11485929-n] (precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents)
                  • rain [ENG31-11521799-n] (water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere)

                    • monsoon [ENG31-11505141-n] (any wind that changes direction with the seasons)
                    • downpour [ENG31-11522520-n] (a heavy rain)
                    • drizzle [ENG31-11522740-n] (very light rain)
                    • shower [ENG31-11522915-n] (a brief period of precipitation)

                      • scattering [ENG31-11526585-n] (a light shower that falls in some locations and not others nearby)
                  • sleet [ENG31-11528369-n] (partially melted snow (or a mixture of rain and snow))
                  • snow [ENG31-11528800-n] (precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals)

                    • flurry [ENG31-11528996-n] (a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that))
                    • whiteout [ENG31-11529226-n] (an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see)
                  • virga [ENG31-11529622-n] (light wispy precipitation that evaporates before it reaches the ground (especially when the lower air is low in humidity))
                • wave [ENG31-11544884-n] (a persistent and widespread unusual weather condition (especially of unusual temperatures))

                  • cold wave [ENG31-11460020-n] (a wave of unusually cold weather)
                  • heat wave [ENG31-11493012-n] (a wave of unusually hot weather)
                • elements [ENG31-11545736-n] (violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements))
                • wind [ENG31-11546388-n] (air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure)

                  • airstream [ENG31-11443470-n] (a relatively well-defined prevailing wind)

                    • jet stream [ENG31-11490539-n] (a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere)
                  • calm air [ENG31-11451731-n] (wind moving at less than 1 knot)
                  • breeze [ENG31-11451868-n] (a slight wind (usually refreshing))

                    • sea breeze [ENG31-11452269-n] (a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime))
                    • breath [ENG31-11452376-n] (a slight movement of the air)
                    • light air [ENG31-11452501-n] (wind moving 1-3 knots)
                    • light breeze [ENG31-11452622-n] (wind moving 4-7 knots)
                    • gentle breeze [ENG31-11452746-n] (wind moving 8-12 knots)
                    • moderate breeze [ENG31-11452872-n] (wind moving 13-18 knots)
                    • fresh breeze [ENG31-11453001-n] (wind moving 19-24 knots)
                    • strong breeze [ENG31-11453127-n] (wind moving 25-31 knots)
                  • chinook [ENG31-11458726-n] (a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies)
                  • harmattan [ENG31-11458870-n] (a dusty wind from the Sahara that blows toward the western coast of Africa during the winter)
                  • crosswind [ENG31-11462620-n] (wind blowing across the path of a ship or aircraft)
                  • fohn [ENG31-11462726-n] (a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps)
                  • khamsin [ENG31-11462848-n] (an oppressively hot southerly wind from the Sahara that blows across Egypt in the spring)
                  • Santa Ana [ENG31-11462990-n] (a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast)
                  • high wind [ENG31-11463153-n] (a very strong wind)
                  • headwind [ENG31-11463269-n] (wind blowing opposite to the path of a ship or aircraft)
                  • katabatic wind [ENG31-11463379-n] (a wind caused by the downward motion of cold air)
                  • tailwind [ENG31-11463505-n] (wind blowing in the same direction as the path of a ship or aircraft)
                  • doldrums [ENG31-11467787-n] (a belt of calms and light winds between the northern and southern trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific)
                  • languor [ENG31-11468109-n] (oppressively still air)
                  • east wind [ENG31-11468680-n] (a wind from the east)

                    • levanter [ENG31-11493433-n] (an easterly wind in the western Mediterranean area)
                  • northwest wind [ENG31-11468812-n] (a wind from the northwest)
                  • southwester [ENG31-11468930-n] (a strong wind from the southwest)
                  • southeaster [ENG31-11469051-n] (a strong wind from the southeast)
                  • gale [ENG31-11482224-n] (a strong wind moving 45-90 knots)

                    • moderate gale [ENG31-11482412-n] (wind moving 32-38 knots)
                    • fresh gale [ENG31-11482551-n] (wind moving 39-46 knots)
                    • strong gale [ENG31-11482675-n] (wind moving 47-54 knots)
                    • whole gale [ENG31-11482800-n] (wind moving 55-63 knots)
                  • gust [ENG31-11485416-n] (a strong current of air)

                    • bluster [ENG31-11485696-n] (a violent gusty wind)
                    • sandblast [ENG31-11485824-n] (a blast of wind laden with sand)
                    • puff [ENG31-11518288-n] (a short light gust of air)
                  • monsoon [ENG31-11504970-n] (a seasonal wind in southern Asia)
                  • north wind [ENG31-11508350-n] (a wind that blows from the north)

                    • bise [ENG31-11449470-n] (a dry cold north wind in southeastern France)
                    • mistral [ENG31-11503273-n] (a strong north wind that blows in France during the winter)
                    • tramontane [ENG31-11540704-n] (a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean)
                  • prevailing wind [ENG31-11517986-n] (the predominant wind direction)

                    • antitrades [ENG31-11445052-n] (wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds)
                    • trade wind [ENG31-11540382-n] (steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator)
                    • antitrade wind [ENG31-11540553-n] (winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics)
                  • simoom [ENG31-11528073-n] (a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa)
                  • south wind [ENG31-11531838-n] (a wind from the south)
                  • squall [ENG31-11534441-n] (sudden violent winds)

                    • line squall [ENG31-11534604-n] (a squall advancing along a front that forms a definite line)
                  • thermal [ENG31-11539078-n] (rising current of warm air)
                  • draft [ENG31-11542881-n] (a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle))

                    • updraft [ENG31-11543082-n] (a strong upward air current)
                    • downdraft [ENG31-11543163-n] (a strong downward air current)
                  • west wind [ENG31-11545913-n] (wind that blows from west to east)

                    • prevailing westerly [ENG31-11546047-n] (the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth)
                • atmosphere [ENG31-14543880-n] (the weather or climate at some place)

                  • air mass [ENG31-14544120-n] (a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally)

                    • high [ENG31-14544272-n] (an air mass of higher than normal pressure)
                    • low [ENG31-14544431-n] (an air mass of lower pressure)
                  • anticyclone [ENG31-14544623-n] ((meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center)
                  • cyclone [ENG31-14544904-n] ((meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure center)
                  • fog [ENG31-14545250-n] (an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance)

                    • fug [ENG31-14545556-n] ((British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere)
                • good weather [ENG31-14545715-n] (weather suitable for outdoor activities)

                  • calmness [ENG31-14545867-n] (an absence of strong winds or rain)

                    • stillness [ENG31-14546411-n] (calmness without winds)
                    • lull [ENG31-14546558-n] (a period of calm weather)
                  • mildness [ENG31-14546010-n] (good weather with comfortable temperatures)

                    • balminess [ENG31-14546172-n] (the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing)
                • bad weather [ENG31-14546692-n] (weather unsuitable for outdoor activities)

                  • raw weather [ENG31-14546946-n] (unpleasantly cold and damp weather)
                  • storminess [ENG31-14547038-n] (the state of being stormy)

                    • boisterousness [ENG31-14547271-n] (a turbulent and stormy state of the sea)
                    • breeziness [ENG31-14547389-n] (a mildly windy state of the air)
                    • tempestuousness [ENG31-14547525-n] (a state of wild storminess)
                    • choppiness [ENG31-14547631-n] (used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather)
                  • cloudiness [ENG31-14547800-n] (the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds)
                  • turbulence [ENG31-14547985-n] (instability in the atmosphere)

                    • clear-air turbulence [ENG31-14548089-n] (strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts)
            • boundary layer [ENG31-11451305-n] (the layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface)
            • chaos [ENG31-11455013-n] (the formless and disordered state of matter before the creation of the cosmos)
            • cloud [ENG31-11459786-n] (any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible)

              • coma [ENG31-09273908-n] ((astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet)
              • nebula [ENG31-09389837-n] (an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space)

                • diffuse nebula [ENG31-09289696-n] (a cluster of stars within an intricate cloud of gas and dust)

                  • Orion [ENG31-09403029-n] (a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus)
                • planetary nebula [ENG31-09417690-n] (a nebula that was once thought to be a star with its planets but is now thought to be a very hot star surrounded by an expanding envelope of ionized gases that emit a fluorescent glow because of intense radiation from the star)
              • aerosol [ENG31-11442711-n] (a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas)

                • fog [ENG31-11478731-n] (droplets of water vapor suspended in the air near the ground)

                  • fogbank [ENG31-11478931-n] (a large mass of fog on the sea (as seen from a distance))
                  • ice fog [ENG31-11487943-n] (a dense winter fog containing ice particles)
                  • mist [ENG31-11503106-n] (a thin fog with condensation near the ground)
                  • pea soup [ENG31-11511334-n] (a heavy thick yellow fog)
                • haze [ENG31-11486287-n] (atmospheric moisture or dust or smoke that causes reduced visibility)
                • smoke [ENG31-11528510-n] (a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas)

                  • gun smoke [ENG31-11485325-n] (smoke created by the firing of guns)
                  • smother [ENG31-11528721-n] (a stifling cloud of smoke)
              • cosmic dust [ENG31-11461512-n] (clouds of particles or gases occurring throughout interstellar space)
              • dust cloud [ENG31-11462076-n] (a cloud of dust suspended in the air)
              • mushroom [ENG31-11462169-n] (a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb))
            • decalescence [ENG31-11464467-n] (phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase)
            • electrical phenomenon [ENG31-11469339-n] (a physical phenomenon involving electricity)

              • amperage [ENG31-11444818-n] (the strength of an electrical current measured in amperes)
              • capacitance [ENG31-11453660-n] (an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored)
              • elastance [ENG31-11453812-n] (the reciprocal of capacitance)
              • charge [ENG31-11455142-n] (the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons)

                • electrostatic charge [ENG31-11455472-n] (the electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body (which establishes and adjacent electrostatic field))
                • positive charge [ENG31-11455985-n] (having a deficiency of electrons)
                • negative charge [ENG31-11456133-n] (having a surplus of electrons)
              • pyroelectricity [ENG31-11455775-n] (generation of an electric charge on certain crystals (such as tourmaline) as a result of a change in temperature)
              • current [ENG31-11463628-n] (a flow of electricity through a conductor)

                • juice [ENG31-11490748-n] (electric current)
                • thermionic current [ENG31-11539176-n] (an electric current produced between two electrodes as a result of electrons emitted by thermionic emission)
              • dielectric heating [ENG31-11470121-n] (heating of an insulator by a high-frequency electric field)
              • induction [ENG31-11488572-n] (an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current)

                • mutual induction [ENG31-11488842-n] (generation of electromotive forces in each other by two adjacent circuits)
                • self-induction [ENG31-11488978-n] (generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by changing the current in that circuit)
              • electric potential [ENG31-11514227-n] (the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts)

                • evoked potential [ENG31-11514476-n] (the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus)
                • resting potential [ENG31-11514687-n] (the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse)
              • conductance [ENG31-11524231-n] (a material's capacity to conduct electricity)
              • electric resistance [ENG31-11524386-n] (a material's opposition to the flow of electric current)

                • ohmage [ENG31-11524643-n] (the ohmic resistance of a conductor)
              • reactance [ENG31-11524731-n] (opposition to the flow of electric current resulting from inductance and capacitance (rather than resistance))
              • reluctance [ENG31-11525168-n] ((physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance))
              • skin effect [ENG31-11528215-n] (the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surface of a conductor)
              • electrical disturbance [ENG31-11534721-n] (electrical signals produced by unwanted sources (atmospherics or receiver noise or unwanted transmitters))
              • voltage [ENG31-11543971-n] (the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit)
            • electricity [ENG31-11470244-n] (a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons)

              • galvanism [ENG31-11470790-n] (electricity produced by chemical action)
              • hydroelectricity [ENG31-11487602-n] (electricity produced by water power)
              • photoelectricity [ENG31-11511594-n] (electricity generated by light or affected by light)
              • piezoelectricity [ENG31-11511708-n] (electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt))
              • static electricity [ENG31-11534895-n] (electricity produced by friction)
              • dynamic electricity [ENG31-11534992-n] (a flow of electric charge)
              • thermoelectricity [ENG31-11535105-n] (electricity produced by heat (as in a thermocouple))
            • energy [ENG31-11472496-n] (any source of usable power)
            • energy [ENG31-11472635-n] ((physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work)

              • activation energy [ENG31-11441936-n] (the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur)
              • alternative energy [ENG31-11444514-n] (energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment)

                • solar energy [ENG31-11530115-n] (energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy)
                • wind generation [ENG31-11547345-n] (power derived from the wind (as by windmills))
              • atomic energy [ENG31-11446103-n] (the energy released by a nuclear reaction)

                • atomic power [ENG31-11446239-n] (nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use))
              • binding energy [ENG31-11449171-n] (the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus)
              • chemical energy [ENG31-11458582-n] (that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction)
              • electricity [ENG31-11470903-n] (energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor)

                • alternating current [ENG31-11444066-n] (an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally)
                • direct current [ENG31-11467249-n] (an electric current that flows in one direction steadily)
                • signal [ENG31-11467415-n] (an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes)

                  • interrupt [ENG31-11467628-n] (a signal that temporarily stops the execution of a program so that another procedure can be carried out)
              • energy level [ENG31-11473167-n] (a definite stable energy that a physical system can have)
              • rest energy [ENG31-11473627-n] (the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest in an inertial frame of reference)
              • work [ENG31-11473837-n] ((physics) a manifestation of energy)
              • heat [ENG31-11486442-n] (a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature)

                • geothermal energy [ENG31-11486736-n] (energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth)
                • heat of dissociation [ENG31-11491021-n] (the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents)
                • heat of formation [ENG31-11491165-n] (the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements)
                • heat of solution [ENG31-11491333-n] (the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent)
                • latent heat [ENG31-11491497-n] (heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure)

                  • heat of condensation [ENG31-11491759-n] (heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid)
                  • heat of fusion [ENG31-11491978-n] (heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature)
                  • heat of solidification [ENG31-11492228-n] (heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point when it solidifies)
                  • heat of sublimation [ENG31-11492377-n] (heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state)
                  • heat of vaporization [ENG31-11492531-n] (heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature)
                • specific heat [ENG31-11492752-n] (the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade)
              • mechanical energy [ENG31-11502413-n] (energy in a mechanical form)

                • kinetic energy [ENG31-11490892-n] (the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion)
                • potential energy [ENG31-11514872-n] (the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position)

                  • elastic energy [ENG31-11469172-n] (potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring))
              • radiant energy [ENG31-11519491-n] (energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation)

                • luminous energy [ENG31-11497339-n] (the energy associated with visible light)
              • radiation [ENG31-11519684-n] (energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles)

                • ionizing radiation [ENG31-11457691-n] (high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes)

                  • alpha radiation [ENG31-11443721-n] (the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay)
                  • beta radiation [ENG31-11448813-n] (radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay)
                  • cosmic ray [ENG31-11461803-n] (highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin)
                  • neutron radiation [ENG31-11507698-n] (radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb))
                  • X ray [ENG31-11547628-n] (electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target)
                • cosmic radiation [ENG31-11461657-n] (radiation coming from outside the solar system)

                  • cosmic background radiation [ENG31-11461173-n] ((cosmology) the cooled remnant of the hot big bang that fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin)
                • electromagnetic radiation [ENG31-11471253-n] (radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge)

                  • actinic radiation [ENG31-11441515-n] (electromagnetic radiation that can produce photochemical reactions)

                    • infrared [ENG31-11489881-n] (electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves)
                    • light [ENG31-11494354-n] ((physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation)

                      • beam [ENG31-11448137-n] (a column of light (as from a beacon))

                        • heat ray [ENG31-11492903-n] (a ray that produces a thermal effect)

                          • infrared ray [ENG31-11493220-n] (a ray of infrared radiation)
                        • high beam [ENG31-11493099-n] (the beam of a car's headlights that provides distant illumination)
                        • moonbeam [ENG31-11505261-n] (a ray of moonlight)
                        • sunbeam [ENG31-11505982-n] (a ray of sunlight)
                        • laser beam [ENG31-11506081-n] (a beam of light generated by a laser)
                        • low beam [ENG31-11506174-n] (the beam of a car's headlights that provides illumination for a short distance)
                      • candlelight [ENG31-11453549-n] (the light provided by a burning candle)
                      • corona [ENG31-11460787-n] (one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object)
                      • counterglow [ENG31-11462394-n] (a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun)
                      • daylight [ENG31-11464134-n] (light during the daytime)
                      • firelight [ENG31-11478258-n] (the light of a fire (especially in a fireplace))
                      • fluorescence [ENG31-11478519-n] (light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength)

                        • autofluorescence [ENG31-11447850-n] (self-induced fluorescence)
                        • phosphorescence [ENG31-11511426-n] (a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased)
                      • friar's lantern [ENG31-11479768-n] (a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground)
                      • gaslight [ENG31-11483664-n] (light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas)
                      • radiance [ENG31-11483770-n] (the amount of electromagnetic radiation leaving or arriving at a point on a surface)

                        • aureole [ENG31-11447181-n] (the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere)
                      • glow [ENG31-11483943-n] (a steady even light without flames)

                        • sky glow [ENG31-11484046-n] (illumination of the night sky in urban areas)
                      • half-light [ENG31-11486174-n] (a greyish light (as at dawn or dusk or in dim interiors))
                      • incandescence [ENG31-11488186-n] (the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised)
                      • lamplight [ENG31-11493360-n] (light from a lamp)
                      • luminescence [ENG31-11496830-n] (light not due to incandescence)

                        • bioluminescence [ENG31-11497019-n] (luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly))
                        • chemiluminescence [ENG31-11497167-n] (luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction as the oxidation of luciferin in fireflies)
                      • meteor [ENG31-11504390-n] (a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode)

                        • bolide [ENG31-11504660-n] (an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding))
                      • moonlight [ENG31-11505375-n] (the light of the Moon)
                      • starlight [ENG31-11505586-n] (the light of the stars)
                      • sunlight [ENG31-11505767-n] (the rays of the sun)

                        • sunburst [ENG31-11505664-n] (a sudden emergence of the sun from behind clouds)
                      • scintillation [ENG31-11526767-n] ((physics) a flash of light that is produced in a phosphor when it absorbs a photon or ionizing particle)
                      • streamer [ENG31-11536167-n] (light that streams)
                      • torchlight [ENG31-11536282-n] (light from a torch or torches)
                      • twilight [ENG31-11536368-n] (the diffused light from the sky when the sun is below the horizon but its rays are refracted by the atmosphere of the earth)
                    • ultraviolet [ENG31-11542373-n] (radiation lying in the ultraviolet range)

                      • sunray [ENG31-11542639-n] (a ray of artificial ultraviolet light from a sunray lamp)
                  • beam [ENG31-11448493-n] (a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation)

                    • cathode ray [ENG31-11448681-n] (a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharge tube)
                    • particle beam [ENG31-11506307-n] (a collimated flow of particles (atoms or electrons or molecules))

                      • ion beam [ENG31-11506449-n] (a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed)
                  • black-body radiation [ENG31-11449775-n] (the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body)
                  • gamma radiation [ENG31-11483472-n] (electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength)
                  • line [ENG31-11495037-n] (a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum)
                  • microwave [ENG31-11502712-n] (a short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves))
                  • radio wave [ENG31-11520217-n] (an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m)

                    • Hertzian wave [ENG31-11471676-n] (a former name for a radio wave)
                    • sky wave [ENG31-11520540-n] (a radio wave that is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere or a communications satellite)

                      • ionospheric wave [ENG31-11520767-n] (a sky wave that is reflected by the ionosphere)
                    • ground wave [ENG31-11520876-n] (a radio wave propagated on or near the earth's surface)
                    • radio signal [ENG31-11520988-n] (a radio wave used to transmit and receive messages)
                    • carrier wave [ENG31-11521648-n] (a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal)
                    • short wave [ENG31-11527592-n] (a radio wave with a wavelength less than 100 meters (a frequency greater than 3 megahertz))
                    • medium wave [ENG31-11527739-n] (a radio wave with a wavelength between 100 and 1000 meters (a frequency between 300 kilohertz and 3000 kilohertz))
                    • long wave [ENG31-11527929-n] (a radio wave with a wavelength longer than a kilometer (a frequency below 300 kilohertz))
                • solar radiation [ENG31-11530485-n] (radiation from the sun)

                  • insolation [ENG31-11530386-n] (incident solar radiation)
                  • solar flare [ENG31-11530641-n] (a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface)
                  • solar prominence [ENG31-11530829-n] (large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rise thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere)
                  • solar wind [ENG31-11530989-n] (a stream of protons moving radially from the sun)
            • power [ENG31-11473433-n] ((physics) the rate of doing work)

              • electrical power [ENG31-11469756-n] (the product of voltage and current)

                • load [ENG31-11469898-n] (the power output of a generator or power plant)
              • waterpower [ENG31-11544646-n] (the power to do work that is latent in a head of water)
            • event [ENG31-11474277-n] (a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time)
            • field [ENG31-11477177-n] (the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it)

              • electric field [ENG31-11469995-n] (a field of force surrounding a charged particle)

                • electrostatic field [ENG31-11455655-n] (electric field associated with static electric charges)
              • gravitational field [ENG31-11484426-n] (a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass)
              • magnetic field [ENG31-11497784-n] (the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle)

                • magnetosphere [ENG31-11497441-n] (the magnetic field of a planet)
                • solar magnetic field [ENG31-11497669-n] (the magnetic field of the sun)
              • radiation field [ENG31-11497982-n] (a field that represents the energy lost from the radiator to space)
            • force [ENG31-11479041-n] ((physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity)

              • aerodynamic force [ENG31-11442228-n] (forces acting on airfoils in motion relative to the air (or other gaseous fluids))

                • aerodynamic lift [ENG31-11442391-n] (the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity)

                  • ground effect [ENG31-11442560-n] (apparent increase in aerodynamic lift experienced by an aircraft flying close to the ground)
              • affinity [ENG31-11442936-n] (the force attracting atoms to each other and binding them together in a molecule)
              • attraction [ENG31-11446644-n] (the force by which one object attracts another)

                • affinity [ENG31-11446892-n] ((immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody)
                • chemical bond [ENG31-11456397-n] (an electrical force linking atoms)

                  • covalent bond [ENG31-11456862-n] (a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule)

                    • double bond [ENG31-11457937-n] (a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms)
                    • coordinate bond [ENG31-11458071-n] (a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms)
                  • cross-link [ENG31-11457043-n] (a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule)
                  • hydrogen bond [ENG31-11457225-n] (a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond)
                  • ionic bond [ENG31-11457458-n] (a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion)
                  • metallic bond [ENG31-11458219-n] (a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs)
                  • peptide bond [ENG31-11458374-n] (the primary linkage of all protein structures)
                • gravity [ENG31-11484542-n] ((physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe)

                  • solar gravity [ENG31-11485183-n] (the gravity of the sun)
                • magnetism [ENG31-11499458-n] (attraction for iron)

                  • electromagnetism [ENG31-11499768-n] (magnetism produced by an electric current)
                  • antiferromagnetism [ENG31-11500040-n] (magnetic field creates parallel but opposing spins)

                    • ferrimagnetism [ENG31-11500491-n] (a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment)
                  • diamagnetism [ENG31-11500216-n] (phenomenon exhibited by materials like copper or bismuth that become magnetized in a magnetic field with a polarity opposite to the magnetic force)
                  • ferromagnetism [ENG31-11500684-n] (phenomenon exhibited by materials like iron (nickel or cobalt) that become magnetized in a magnetic field and retain their magnetism when the field is removed)
                  • paramagnetism [ENG31-11500921-n] (materials like aluminum or platinum become magnetized in a magnetic field but it disappears when the field is removed)
                • van der Waal's forces [ENG31-11543248-n] (relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles)
              • repulsion [ENG31-11447028-n] (the force by which bodies repel one another)
              • centrifugal force [ENG31-11454708-n] (the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body)
              • centripetal force [ENG31-11454861-n] (the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body)
              • cohesion [ENG31-11456699-n] ((physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid)
              • Coriolis force [ENG31-11460219-n] ((physics) a force due to the earth's rotation)
              • drift [ENG31-11467947-n] (a force that moves something along)
              • Lorentz force [ENG31-11496082-n] (the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field)
              • moment [ENG31-11503385-n] (a turning force produced by an object acting at a distance (or a measure of that force))

                • moment of inertia [ENG31-11489373-n] (the tendency of a body to resist angular acceleration)
                • moment of a couple [ENG31-11503579-n] (given two equal and opposite forces, the product of the force and the distance between them)
                • dipole moment [ENG31-11503754-n] (the moment of a dipole)

                  • electric dipole moment [ENG31-11503872-n] (the dipole moment in an electric dipole)
                  • magnetic dipole moment [ENG31-11503980-n] ((physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole)
              • propulsion [ENG31-11518177-n] (a propelling force)

                • nuclear propulsion [ENG31-11508560-n] (the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine) or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets))
                • reaction propulsion [ENG31-11519250-n] (propulsion that results from the ejection at high velocity of a mass of gas to which the vehicle reacts with an equal and opposite momentum)

                  • jet propulsion [ENG31-11490408-n] (propulsion by means of the discharge of a jet of fluid toward the rear)
                  • rocket propulsion [ENG31-11519079-n] (reaction propulsion using stored oxygen for combustion)
              • pull [ENG31-11518440-n] (the force used in pulling)
              • push [ENG31-11518603-n] (the force used in pushing)
              • reaction [ENG31-11518861-n] ((mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body)
              • stress [ENG31-11535238-n] ((physics) force that produces strain on a physical body)

                • tension [ENG31-11535484-n] ((physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body)
                • breaking point [ENG31-11535959-n] (the degree of tension or stress at which something breaks)
              • torsion [ENG31-11540135-n] (a twisting force)

                • magnetic moment [ENG31-11504229-n] (the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field)
              • magnetomotive force [ENG31-11544169-n] (the force that produces magnetic flux)
              • life force [ENG31-11544272-n] ((biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms)
            • hysteresis [ENG31-11487718-n] (the lagging of an effect behind its cause)
            • resonance [ENG31-11498699-n] (an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation)

              • nuclear resonance [ENG31-11498914-n] (the resonance absorption of a gamma ray by a nucleus identical to the nucleus that emitted the gamma ray)
              • magnetic resonance [ENG31-11499082-n] (resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field)

                • nuclear magnetic resonance [ENG31-11499298-n] (resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field)
            • mechanical phenomenon [ENG31-11501098-n] (a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects)

              • inertia [ENG31-11489163-n] ((physics) the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force)
              • leverage [ENG31-11493538-n] (the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever)
              • sound [ENG31-11501330-n] (mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium)

                • ultrasound [ENG31-11501609-n] (very high frequency sound)
              • trajectory [ENG31-11501734-n] (the path followed by an object moving through space)

                • ballistics [ENG31-11501887-n] (the trajectory of an object in free flight)
                • gravity-assist [ENG31-11502027-n] ((spaceflight) a trajectory that passes close to a planetary body in order to gain energy from its gravitational field)
              • resistance [ENG31-11524062-n] (any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion)

                • friction [ENG31-11479937-n] (the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another)

                  • grinding [ENG31-11480462-n] (the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice)
                  • grip [ENG31-11480680-n] (the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road))
                • acoustic resistance [ENG31-11524896-n] (opposition to the flow of sound through a surface)
                • drag [ENG31-11525316-n] (the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid)

                  • sonic barrier [ENG31-11525475-n] (the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound)
                  • windage [ENG31-11525628-n] (the retarding force of air friction on a moving object)
            • opacity [ENG31-11510458-n] (the phenomenon of not permitting the passage of electromagnetic radiation)

              • optical opacity [ENG31-11510657-n] (opacity to light)
              • radiopacity [ENG31-11510735-n] (opacity to X-rays or other radiation)
            • optical phenomenon [ENG31-11511038-n] (a physical phenomenon related to or involving light)

              • aberration [ENG31-11440253-n] (an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image)

                • chromatic aberration [ENG31-11459018-n] (an optical aberration in which the image has colored fringes)
                • spherical aberration [ENG31-11534194-n] (an optical aberration resulting in a distorted image)
              • absorption band [ENG31-11440745-n] (a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths)
              • diffraction [ENG31-11467030-n] (when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands)

                • X-ray diffraction [ENG31-11547837-n] (the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal)
              • fringe [ENG31-11480147-n] (one of the light or dark bands produced by the interference and diffraction of light)
              • incidence [ENG31-11488396-n] (the striking of a light beam on a surface)
              • optical illusion [ENG31-11510863-n] (an optical phenomenon that results in a false or deceptive visual impression)

                • apparent motion [ENG31-11445202-n] (an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object)
                • mirage [ENG31-11504775-n] (an optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects)

                  • fata morgana [ENG31-11477032-n] (a mirage in the Strait of Messina (attributed to the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay))
              • pleochroism [ENG31-11512019-n] (the phenomenon of different colors appearing when certain crystals are viewed from different directions)

                • dichroism [ENG31-11466867-n] (pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits two different colors when viewed from two different directions)
                • trichroism [ENG31-11541254-n] (pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different directions)
              • polarization [ENG31-11512414-n] (the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration)
              • parallax [ENG31-11548676-n] (the apparent displacement of an object as seen from two different points that are not on a line with the object)

                • heliocentric parallax [ENG31-11549087-n] (the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline)

                  • stellar parallax [ENG31-11549292-n] (the heliocentric parallax of a star)
                • geocentric parallax [ENG31-11549390-n] (the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates)

                  • horizontal parallax [ENG31-11549609-n] (the maximum parallax observed when the celestial body is at the horizon)
                  • solar parallax [ENG31-11549892-n] (the angle subtended by the mean equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of one astronomical unit)
              • Tyndall effect [ENG31-11548878-n] (the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path)
            • pressure [ENG31-11515441-n] (the force applied to a unit area of surface)

              • blood pressure [ENG31-11450082-n] (the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels)

                • systolic pressure [ENG31-11450597-n] (the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart)
                • diastolic pressure [ENG31-11450773-n] (the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood)
                • arterial pressure [ENG31-11450977-n] (the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries)
                • venous pressure [ENG31-11451172-n] (the pressure exerted on the walls of the veins by the circulating blood)
              • gas pressure [ENG31-11515335-n] (the pressure exerted by a gas)

                • atmospheric pressure [ENG31-11449572-n] (the pressure exerted by the atmosphere)

                  • barometric pressure [ENG31-11516108-n] (atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer)
                  • compartment pressure [ENG31-11516222-n] (the air pressure maintained in an air-tight compartment (as in an aircraft))
                  • overpressure [ENG31-11516364-n] (a transient air pressure greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure)
                  • sea-level pressure [ENG31-11516557-n] (the atmospheric pressure reduced by a formula to the pressure at sea level)
              • head [ENG31-11516007-n] (the pressure exerted by a fluid)
              • hydrostatic head [ENG31-11516696-n] (the pressure at a given point in a liquid measured in terms of the vertical height of a column of the liquid needed to produce the same pressure)
              • intraocular pressure [ENG31-11516903-n] (pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball)
              • oil pressure [ENG31-11517146-n] (pressure that keeps oil on the moving parts of an internal-combustion engine)
              • osmotic pressure [ENG31-11517281-n] ((physical chemistry) the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane)

                • hypertonicity [ENG31-14600235-n] ((of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than some other)
                • hypotonicity [ENG31-14600405-n] ((of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than some other)
              • radiation pressure [ENG31-11517573-n] (the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave)

                • acoustic radiation pressure [ENG31-05108243-n] ((acoustics) the pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a sound wave)
              • sound pressure [ENG31-11517778-n] (the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point)
              • suction [ENG31-11537927-n] (a force over an area produced by a pressure difference)
              • vapor pressure [ENG31-11543464-n] (the pressure exerted by a vapor)
            • reflection [ENG31-11523478-n] (the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface)

              • flare [ENG31-11474727-n] (am unwanted reflection in an optical system (or the fogging of an image that is caused by such a reflection))
              • interreflection [ENG31-11490227-n] (reciprocal reflection between two reflecting surfaces)
              • virtual image [ENG31-11543689-n] (a reflected optical image (as seen in a plane mirror))
              • zodiacal light [ENG31-11548007-n] (a luminous tract in the sky)
            • refraction [ENG31-11523705-n] (the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another)

              • double refraction [ENG31-11523900-n] (splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly)
            • resolving power [ENG31-11526187-n] (the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together)
            • resolution [ENG31-11526370-n] ((computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display)
            • conduction [ENG31-11533251-n] (the transmission of heat or electricity or sound)

              • electrical conduction [ENG31-11533083-n] (the passage of electricity through a conductor)

                • photoconductivity [ENG31-11429803-n] (change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation)
                • superconductivity [ENG31-11430006-n] (the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures)
                • discharge [ENG31-11531956-n] (electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field)

                  • brush discharge [ENG31-11453411-n] (discharge between electrodes creating visible streamers of ionized particles)
                  • corona discharge [ENG31-11460898-n] (an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere)
                  • flashover [ENG31-11474887-n] (an unintended electric discharge (as over or around an insulator))
            • propagation [ENG31-11533425-n] (the movement of a wave through a medium)

              • Doppler effect [ENG31-11533612-n] (change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other)
              • red shift [ENG31-11533790-n] ((astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum))
              • wave front [ENG31-11534064-n] (all the points just reached by a wave as it propagates)
            • interaction [ENG31-11536546-n] ((physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields)

              • electromagnetic interaction [ENG31-11536872-n] (an interaction between charged elementary particles that is intermediate in strength between the strong and weak interactions)
              • gravitational interaction [ENG31-11537092-n] (a weak interaction between particles that results from their mass)
              • strong interaction [ENG31-11537252-n] ((physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms)
              • weak interaction [ENG31-11537643-n] ((physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay)
            • surface tension [ENG31-11538432-n] (a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces)

              • capillarity [ENG31-11453920-n] (a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries)
              • interfacial tension [ENG31-11538601-n] (surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids)
            • syzygy [ENG31-11538763-n] (the straight line configuration of 3 celestial bodies (as the sun and earth and moon) in a gravitational system)
            • transparency [ENG31-11541052-n] (permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation)
            • turbulence [ENG31-11541422-n] (unstable flow of a liquid or gas)

              • rip [ENG31-07419184-n] (a stretch of turbulent water in a river or the sea caused by one current flowing into or across another current)
            • chop [ENG31-11548218-n] (the irregular motion of waves (usually caused by wind blowing in a direction opposite to the tide))
            • flotation [ENG31-11548418-n] (the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid without sinking))
        • levitation [ENG31-11428847-n] (the phenomenon of a person or thing rising into the air by apparently supernatural means)
        • metempsychosis [ENG31-11429028-n] (after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body)
        • consequence [ENG31-11430739-n] (a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon)

          • offspring [ENG31-07309665-n] (something that comes into existence as a result)
          • aftereffect [ENG31-11431615-n] (any result that follows its cause after an interval)
          • aftermath [ENG31-11431724-n] (the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event))
          • bandwagon effect [ENG31-11431953-n] (the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity)
          • brisance [ENG31-11432293-n] (the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion)
          • butterfly effect [ENG31-11432448-n] (the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago)
          • by-product [ENG31-11432706-n] (a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence)

            • epiphenomenon [ENG31-11474152-n] (a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon)
          • change [ENG31-11432841-n] (the result of alteration or modification)

            • depolarization [ENG31-11512640-n] (a loss of polarity or polarization)
          • coattails effect [ENG31-11433107-n] ((politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party)
          • Coriolis effect [ENG31-11433377-n] ((physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation)
          • dent [ENG31-11433775-n] (an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening))
          • domino effect [ENG31-11434155-n] (the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall))
          • harvest [ENG31-11434371-n] (the consequence of an effort or activity)
          • impact [ENG31-11434525-n] (a forceful consequence)
          • influence [ENG31-11434722-n] (the effect of one thing (or person) on another)

            • perturbation [ENG31-11434988-n] ((physics) a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate slightly)

              • variation [ENG31-11435198-n] ((astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon))

                • libration [ENG31-13528820-n] ((astronomy) a real or apparent slow oscillation of a moon or satellite)
            • purchase [ENG31-11435456-n] (a means of exerting influence or gaining advantage)
            • wind [ENG31-11435606-n] (a tendency or force that influences events)
          • knock-on effect [ENG31-11435722-n] (a secondary or incidental effect)
          • outgrowth [ENG31-11435835-n] (a natural consequence of development)
          • product [ENG31-11435956-n] (a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances)
          • placebo effect [ENG31-11436201-n] (any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo)
          • position effect [ENG31-11436648-n] ((genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosome)
          • repercussion [ENG31-11436836-n] (a remote or indirect consequence of some action)
          • response [ENG31-11437102-n] (a result)

            • reaction [ENG31-11437243-n] (a response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude)
          • side effect [ENG31-11437501-n] (any adverse and unwanted secondary effect)
          • spillover [ENG31-11534313-n] ((economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure)
        • luck [ENG31-11438252-n] (an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another)

          • bad luck [ENG31-11447956-n] (an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate)
          • tossup [ENG31-11540232-n] (an unpredictable phenomenon)
        • luck [ENG31-11438574-n] (an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that leads to a favorable outcome)

          • good luck [ENG31-11484145-n] (a stroke of luck)

            • serendipity [ENG31-11484294-n] (good luck in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries)
        • pulsation [ENG31-11549746-n] (a periodically recurring phenomenon that alternately increases and decreases some quantity)
      • chelation [ENG31-13467145-n] ((medicine) the process of removing a heavy metal from the bloodstream by means of a chelate as in treating lead or mercury poisoning)
      • dealignment [ENG31-13477079-n] (a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties)
      • decrease [ENG31-13479774-n] (a process of becoming smaller or shorter)

        • decay [ENG31-13477740-n] (a gradual decrease)

          • exponential decay [ENG31-13499258-n] (a decrease that follows an exponential function)

            • relaxation [ENG31-13570514-n] ((physics) the exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance)
        • decline [ENG31-13478551-n] (change toward something smaller or lower)

          • deterioration [ENG31-13485407-n] (process of changing to an inferior state)

            • slump [ENG31-13577712-n] (a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality)
          • detumescence [ENG31-13485643-n] (diminution of swelling)
          • ebb [ENG31-13491694-n] (a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number))
          • erosion [ENG31-13497147-n] (a gradual decline of something)
          • loss [ENG31-13530399-n] (gradual decline in amount or activity)

            • epilation [ENG31-13496408-n] (loss of hair)

              • psilosis [ENG31-13564058-n] (falling out of hair)
            • reducing [ENG31-13568716-n] (loss of excess weight (as by dieting))
          • nosedive [ENG31-13544291-n] (a sudden sharp drop or rapid decline)
          • sinking spell [ENG31-13577354-n] (a temporary decline in health or value)
          • slippage [ENG31-13577580-n] (decline from a standard level of performance or achievement)
        • desensitization [ENG31-13484458-n] (the process of reducing sensitivity)
        • narrowing [ENG31-13539766-n] (a decrease in width)
        • slippage [ENG31-13577452-n] (a decrease of transmitted power in a mechanical system caused by slipping)
        • wastage [ENG31-13595655-n] (the process of wasting)
      • degeneration [ENG31-13481502-n] (the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality)

        • attack [ENG31-13456721-n] (the onset of a corrosive or destructive process (as by a chemical agent))
        • obsolescence [ENG31-13545186-n] (the process of becoming obsolete)
        • macular degeneration [ENG31-14280150-n] (eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision)

          • age-related macular degeneration [ENG31-14280371-n] (macular degeneration that is age-related)
      • development [ENG31-13486023-n] (a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage))

        • assibilation [ENG31-13455579-n] (the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant)
        • deepening [ENG31-13480171-n] (a process of becoming deeper and more profound)
        • growth [ENG31-13511546-n] (a progression from simpler to more complex forms)
        • unfolding [ENG31-13592420-n] (a developmental process)
      • economic process [ENG31-13492409-n] (any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth)

        • deflation [ENG31-13481024-n] (a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices)
        • demand [ENG31-13482365-n] (the ability and desire to purchase goods and services)

          • consumption [ENG31-13472977-n] ((economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing)

            • conspicuous consumption [ENG31-13472838-n] (buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth)
        • disinflation [ENG31-13488052-n] (a reduction of prices intended to improve the balance of payments)
        • economic growth [ENG31-13492255-n] (steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income))
        • globalization [ENG31-13509313-n] (growth to a global or worldwide scale)
        • inflation [ENG31-13520031-n] (a general and progressive increase in prices)

          • cost-pull inflation [ENG31-13474910-n] (inflation caused by an increase in the costs of production)
          • demand-pull inflation [ENG31-13482593-n] (inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money)
          • reflation [ENG31-13569553-n] (inflation of currency after a period of deflation)
          • stagflation [ENG31-13581941-n] (a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation))
        • market forces [ENG31-13532446-n] (the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy)
        • spiral [ENG31-13581394-n] (a continuously accelerating change in the economy)

          • inflationary spiral [ENG31-13520596-n] (an episode of inflation in which prices and wages increase at an increasing rate and currency rapidly loses value)
          • deflationary spiral [ENG31-13520793-n] (an episode of deflation in which prices and wages decrease at an increasing rate and currency gains in value)
        • supply [ENG31-13584725-n] (offering goods and services for sale)
      • encapsulation [ENG31-13495698-n] (the process of enclosing (as in a capsule))
      • execution [ENG31-13498665-n] ((computer science) the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer)

        • batch processing [ENG31-13459075-n] (the serial execution of computer programs)
        • multiprogramming [ENG31-13539482-n] (the execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer)
      • human process [ENG31-13515201-n] (a process in which human beings are involved)

        • linguistic process [ENG31-13529536-n] (a process involved in human language)

          • agglutination [ENG31-13449594-n] (the building of words from component morphemes that retain their form and meaning in the process of combining)
          • assimilation [ENG31-13455710-n] (a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound)
          • derivation [ENG31-13483590-n] ((descriptive linguistics) the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation)

            • eponymy [ENG31-13483883-n] (the derivation of a general name from that of a famous person)
          • dissimilation [ENG31-13488646-n] (a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other)
          • drift [ENG31-13491096-n] (a process of linguistic change over a period of time)

            • melioration [ENG31-13491396-n] (the linguistic process in which over a period of time a word grows more positive in connotation or more elevated in meaning)
          • fusion [ENG31-13506970-n] (the merging of adjacent sounds or syllables or words)

            • syncretism [ENG31-13585418-n] (the fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections))
          • infection [ENG31-13519869-n] ((phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound)
          • lexicalization [ENG31-13528675-n] (the process of making a word to express a concept)
          • metathesis [ENG31-13536723-n] (a linguistic process of transposition of sounds or syllables within a word or words within a sentence)
          • omission [ENG31-13545602-n] (any process whereby sounds or words are left out of spoken words or phrases)

            • aphaeresis [ENG31-13454234-n] ((linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in `coon' for `raccoon' or `till' for `until')
            • aphesis [ENG31-13454456-n] (the gradual disappearance of an initial (usually unstressed) vowel or syllable as in `squire' for `esquire')
            • elision [ENG31-13494739-n] (omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next))
            • ellipsis [ENG31-13494919-n] (omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences)
          • syneresis [ENG31-13585998-n] (the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong)
        • ossification [ENG31-13550055-n] (the process of becoming rigidly fixed in a conventional pattern of thought or behavior)
        • psychoanalytic process [ENG31-13564150-n] (a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory)

          • defense mechanism [ENG31-13480525-n] ((psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires)

            • compensation [ENG31-13471809-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors)

              • overcompensation [ENG31-13550819-n] ((psychiatry) an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite)
            • conversion [ENG31-13474120-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis)
            • denial [ENG31-13483154-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts)
            • displacement [ENG31-13488212-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one)

              • transference [ENG31-06257311-n] ((psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another)

                • countertransference [ENG31-06257614-n] (the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction)
            • idealization [ENG31-13516839-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad)
            • intellectualization [ENG31-13522262-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict)
            • isolation [ENG31-13524876-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it)
            • projection [ENG31-13563001-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else)
            • rationalization [ENG31-13567372-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening)
            • reaction formation [ENG31-13567619-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them)
            • regression [ENG31-13570134-n] ((psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state)
            • repression [ENG31-13571292-n] ((psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious)
        • social process [ENG31-13578654-n] (a process involved in the formation of groups of persons)

          • assimilation [ENG31-13456051-n] (the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another)

            • Americanization [ENG31-13451061-n] (assimilation into American culture)
            • Anglicization [ENG31-13453258-n] (the act of anglicizing)
            • Europeanization [ENG31-13497643-n] (assimilation into European culture)
            • Westernization [ENG31-13595785-n] (assimilation of Western culture)
          • civilization [ENG31-13470143-n] (the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization)
          • decentralization [ENG31-13478354-n] (the social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts)
          • denazification [ENG31-13482925-n] (social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism)
          • destalinization [ENG31-13484859-n] (social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor)
          • marginalization [ENG31-13532149-n] (the social process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society))
          • Nazification [ENG31-13541629-n] (social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism)
          • peace process [ENG31-13554907-n] (any social process undertaken by governments who want their citizens to believe they are trying to avoid armed hostilities)
          • professionalization [ENG31-13562694-n] (the social process whereby people come to engage in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood)
          • Stalinization [ENG31-13582114-n] (social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin)
          • urbanization [ENG31-13592966-n] (the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban)
        • uptake [ENG31-13592783-n] (a process of taking up or using up or consuming)

          • reuptake [ENG31-13572599-n] (a process of using up or consuming again)
      • increase [ENG31-13518338-n] (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important)

        • accession [ENG31-13445650-n] (a process of increasing by addition (as to a collection or group))
        • accretion [ENG31-13446038-n] (an increase by natural growth or addition)

          • backup [ENG31-13458354-n] (an accumulation caused by clogging or a stoppage)
          • buildup [ENG31-13463341-n] (the result of the process of accumulation)
          • deposition [ENG31-13483394-n] (the natural process of laying down a deposit of something)

            • electrodeposition [ENG31-13493161-n] (the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis))
            • pigmentation [ENG31-13558825-n] (the deposition of pigment in animals or plants or human beings)
            • redeposition [ENG31-13568583-n] (deposition from one deposit to another)
            • superposition [ENG31-13584585-n] ((geology) the deposition of one geological stratum on another)
        • accretion [ENG31-13446240-n] ((geology) an increase in land resulting from alluvial deposits or waterborne sediment)
        • accretion [ENG31-13446418-n] ((biology) growth by addition as by the adhesion of parts or particles)
        • accretion [ENG31-13446598-n] ((astronomy) the formation of a celestial object by the effect of gravity pulling together surrounding objects and gases)
        • multiplication [ENG31-13539046-n] (a multiplicative increase)

          • doubling [ENG31-13490729-n] (increase by a factor of two)
          • quadrupling [ENG31-13565636-n] (increase by a factor of four)
          • quintupling [ENG31-13566133-n] (increasing by a factor of five)
          • tripling [ENG31-13591675-n] (increase by a factor of three)
        • population growth [ENG31-13560199-n] (increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state)

          • irruption [ENG31-13560346-n] (a sudden sharp increase in the relative numbers of a population)
        • proliferation [ENG31-13563317-n] (a rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons))
        • pullulation [ENG31-13565171-n] (a rapid and abundant increase)
        • relaxation [ENG31-13570691-n] ((physiology) the gradual lengthening of inactive muscle or muscle fibers)
        • widening [ENG31-13596007-n] (an increase in width)
      • industrial process [ENG31-13519131-n] (a systematic series of mechanical or chemical operations that produce or manufacture something)

        • Acheson process [ENG31-13447012-n] (an industrial process for making graphite by heating a mixture of coke and clay)
        • Bessemer process [ENG31-13459396-n] (an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities)
        • cyanide process [ENG31-13475962-n] (an industrial process for extracting gold and silver by treating ore with a sodium cyanide solution)
        • electrostatic precipitation [ENG31-13494065-n] (a process that removes suspended dust particles from a gas by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge to the particles and collecting them on charged plates)
        • fractionation [ENG31-13505285-n] (a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components)

          • destructive distillation [ENG31-13485234-n] (heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products)

            • carbonization [ENG31-13464543-n] (the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens))
          • fractional distillation [ENG31-13505174-n] (fractionation of a liquid by distillation)
        • Haber process [ENG31-13511886-n] (an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the presence of an iron catalyst)
        • Solvay process [ENG31-13579528-n] (an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide)
      • irreversible process [ENG31-13524429-n] (any process that is not reversible)
      • iteration [ENG31-13525111-n] ((computer science) executing the same set of instructions a given number of times or until a specified result is obtained)
      • iteration [ENG31-13525376-n] ((computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated)
      • natural process [ENG31-13540166-n] (a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings))

        • radiation [ENG31-07454483-n] (the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats)

          • adaptive radiation [ENG31-07454645-n] (the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches)
        • absorption [ENG31-13445356-n] ((physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium)
        • acidification [ENG31-13447411-n] (the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid)
        • adiabatic process [ENG31-13448654-n] ((thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat)
        • aeration [ENG31-13449332-n] (the process of exposing to air (so as to purify))
        • antiredeposition [ENG31-13453975-n] (the process of preventing redeposition)
        • capture [ENG31-13463888-n] (any process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional particle)
        • capture [ENG31-13464040-n] (a process whereby a star or planet holds an object in its gravitational field)
        • centrifugation [ENG31-13466469-n] (the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge)

          • ultracentrifugation [ENG31-13592126-n] (centrifugation at very high speeds)
        • chemical process [ENG31-13467563-n] ((chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved)

          • acylation [ENG31-13448121-n] (the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound)

            • acetylation [ENG31-13446810-n] (the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound)
          • agglutination [ENG31-13449977-n] (the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution)
          • amylolysis [ENG31-13451564-n] (conversion of starch to sugar)
          • association [ENG31-13456325-n] ((chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding)

            • hydration [ENG31-13515528-n] (the process of combining with water)
            • solvation [ENG31-13579328-n] (a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound)
          • bluing [ENG31-13461108-n] (a process that makes something blue (or bluish))
          • calcification [ENG31-13463485-n] (a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts))

            • ossification [ENG31-13550218-n] (the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material)
          • catalysis [ENG31-13465304-n] (acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction)

            • autocatalysis [ENG31-13456943-n] (catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction)
          • chelation [ENG31-13467004-n] (the process of forming a ring by forming one or more hydrogen bonds)
          • chemical reaction [ENG31-13468534-n] ((chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others)

            • addition reaction [ENG31-13448529-n] (a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another)
            • aldol reaction [ENG31-13450367-n] (a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol)
            • chain reaction [ENG31-13466652-n] (a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next)
            • chemical equilibrium [ENG31-13467370-n] (a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates)

              • acid-base equilibrium [ENG31-13447153-n] ((physiology) the normal equilibrium between acids and alkalis in the body)
            • decomposition [ENG31-13479471-n] ((chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance)

              • electrolysis [ENG31-13493328-n] ((chemistry) a chemical decomposition reaction produced by passing an electric current through a solution containing ions)
            • displacement [ENG31-13488427-n] ((chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound)
            • double decomposition [ENG31-13490269-n] (a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB))

              • double replacement reaction [ENG31-13490520-n] (a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound)
            • elimination reaction [ENG31-13494595-n] (a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules)
            • endothermic reaction [ENG31-13495937-n] (a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat)
            • exothermic reaction [ENG31-13499015-n] (a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat)
            • hydrolysis [ENG31-13516122-n] (a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds)
            • neutralization [ENG31-13542275-n] (a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt)
            • oxidation [ENG31-13551611-n] (the process of oxidizing)

              • calcination [ENG31-13463649-n] (the conversion of metals into their oxides as a result of heating to a high temperature)
              • combustion [ENG31-13471379-n] (a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light)

                • deflagration [ENG31-13471590-n] (combustion that propagates through a gas or along the surface of an explosive at a rapid rate driven by the transfer of heat)
                • fire [ENG31-13502051-n] (the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke)

                  • blaze [ENG31-13460261-n] (a strong flame that burns brightly)
                  • flare [ENG31-13503086-n] (a sudden burst of flame)
                  • ignition [ENG31-13517076-n] (the process of initiating combustion or catching fire)

                    • spontaneous combustion [ENG31-13581789-n] (ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process)
                • internal combustion [ENG31-13522464-n] (the combustion of fuel inside a cylinder (as in an internal-combustion engine))
              • nitrification [ENG31-13542819-n] (the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants))
              • rust [ENG31-13573473-n] (the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water)
            • oxidation-reduction [ENG31-13552002-n] (a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction)
            • photochemical reaction [ENG31-13557726-n] (a chemical reaction produced by the action of light)

              • light reaction [ENG31-13529208-n] (the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP)
            • reduction [ENG31-13568880-n] (any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen))
            • saponification [ENG31-13574061-n] (a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap))
          • chlorination [ENG31-13469795-n] (the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds)

            • prechlorination [ENG31-13561294-n] (chlorination prior to another chemical process)
          • cleavage [ENG31-13470492-n] (the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules)
          • corrosion [ENG31-13474601-n] (erosion by chemical action)

            • pitting [ENG31-13559097-n] (the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion)
          • cracking [ENG31-13475034-n] (the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process))

            • hydrocracking [ENG31-13515675-n] (the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst)
          • deamination [ENG31-13477244-n] (removal of the amino radical from an amino acid or other amino compound)
          • decalcification [ENG31-13477425-n] (loss of calcium from bones or teeth)
          • decarboxylation [ENG31-13477540-n] (the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen))
          • de-iodination [ENG31-13482066-n] (the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds)
          • demineralization [ENG31-13482728-n] (the removal of minerals and mineral salts from a liquid (especially from water))
          • desalination [ENG31-13483998-n] (the removal of salt (especially from sea water))
          • digestion [ENG31-13487201-n] (the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat)
          • dissociation [ENG31-13488903-n] ((chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions)
          • gasification [ENG31-13507473-n] (the process of changing into gas)
          • gassing [ENG31-13507634-n] (the process of interacting with gas)
          • hydrogenation [ENG31-13515910-n] (a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil)
          • intumescence [ENG31-13522751-n] (the increase in volume of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water))
          • inversion [ENG31-13523408-n] (a chemical process in which the direction of optical rotation of a substance is reversed from dextrorotatory to levorotary or vice versa)
          • iodination [ENG31-13523759-n] (the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds)
          • mechanism [ENG31-13533709-n] (the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction)

            • biochemical mechanism [ENG31-13459844-n] (a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms)
          • nitrification [ENG31-13543076-n] (the chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound))
          • peptization [ENG31-13555301-n] (the process of converting to a sol)
          • photosynthesis [ENG31-13558632-n] (synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants))
          • polymerization [ENG31-13559960-n] (a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound)
          • precipitation [ENG31-13561402-n] (the process of forming a chemical precipitate)
          • proteolysis [ENG31-13563891-n] (the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds)
          • pyrochemical process [ENG31-13565482-n] (processes for chemical reactions at high temperatures)
          • sequestration [ENG31-13575789-n] (the action of forming a chelate or other stable compound with an ion or atom or molecule so that it is no longer available for reactions)
          • syneresis [ENG31-13585842-n] (the separation of liquid from a gel that is caused by contraction (as in cheese making))
          • synthesis [ENG31-13586582-n] (the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds))

            • biosynthesis [ENG31-13459990-n] (production of a chemical compound by a living organism)
            • chemosynthesis [ENG31-13469352-n] (synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water)
            • nucleosynthesis [ENG31-13544706-n] ((astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom)
          • transamination [ENG31-13589163-n] (the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another)
          • transamination [ENG31-13589312-n] (the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound)
          • zymosis [ENG31-13596636-n] (a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances)

            • bottom fermentation [ENG31-13462327-n] (a slow kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature low enough that the yeast cells can sink to the bottom of the fermenting liquid)
            • top fermentation [ENG31-13588830-n] (a violent kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature high enough to carry the yeast cells to the top of the fermenting liquid)
            • vinification [ENG31-13594869-n] (the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine)
        • chromatography [ENG31-13469951-n] (a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency)

          • column chromatography [ENG31-13471243-n] (chromatography that uses selective adsorption by a column of powders)
          • paper chromatography [ENG31-13553130-n] (chromatography that uses selective adsorption on a strip of paper)
        • concretion [ENG31-13472246-n] (the formation of stonelike objects within a body organ (e.g., the kidneys))
        • condensation [ENG31-13472521-n] (the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state)
        • convection [ENG31-13473923-n] ((meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere)
        • curdling [ENG31-13475652-n] (the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid)

          • blood coagulation [ENG31-13460403-n] (a process in which liquid blood is changed into a semisolid mass (a blood clot))
          • thermocoagulation [ENG31-13588266-n] (congealing tissue by heat (as by electric current))
        • decay [ENG31-13477888-n] (the process of gradually becoming inferior)

          • cavity [ENG31-13465686-n] (soft decayed area in a tooth)
          • corruption [ENG31-13474813-n] (decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation))
          • decomposition [ENG31-13479192-n] ((biology) the process of decay caused by bacterial or fungal action)
          • dilapidation [ENG31-13487515-n] (the process of becoming dilapidated)
          • spoilage [ENG31-13581620-n] (the process of becoming spoiled)

            • mildew [ENG31-13537379-n] (the process of becoming mildewed)
            • souring [ENG31-13580612-n] (the process of becoming sour)
        • demagnetization [ENG31-13482194-n] (the process of removing magnetization)

          • degaussing [ENG31-13481332-n] (the process of making a (steel) ship's hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field)
        • desorption [ENG31-13484693-n] (changing from an adsorbed state on a surface to a gaseous or liquid state)
        • diffusion [ENG31-13486733-n] ((physics) the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration)

          • osmosis [ENG31-13549303-n] ((biology, chemistry) diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal)

            • reverse osmosis [ENG31-13549644-n] ((chemistry) a method of producing pure water)
          • permeation [ENG31-13556157-n] (the process of permeating or infusing something with a substance)

            • ammonification [ENG31-13451435-n] (impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia)
            • carbonation [ENG31-13464171-n] (saturation with carbon dioxide (as soda water))
            • impregnation [ENG31-13517720-n] (the process of totally saturating something with a substance)
          • transport [ENG31-13591439-n] (an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes)

            • active transport [ENG31-13447899-n] (transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient)
            • passive transport [ENG31-13554389-n] (transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion)
        • dissolution [ENG31-13489119-n] (separation into component parts)

          • fibrinolysis [ENG31-13501379-n] (a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots)
          • lysis [ENG31-13530731-n] ((biochemistry) dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria)

            • autolysis [ENG31-13457091-n] (lysis of plant or animal tissue by an internal process)
            • bacteriolysis [ENG31-13458552-n] (dissolution or destruction of bacteria)
            • cytolysis [ENG31-13476259-n] (pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane)
            • hemolysis [ENG31-13514416-n] (lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin)
            • karyolysis [ENG31-13526150-n] (disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies)
            • necrolysis [ENG31-13541832-n] (disintegration and dissolution of dead tissue)
            • osteolysis [ENG31-13550370-n] (lysis of bone caused by disease or infection or inadequate blood supply)
            • radiolysis [ENG31-13566830-n] (molecular disintegration resulting from radiation)
            • thrombolysis [ENG31-13588718-n] (the process of breaking up and dissolving blood clots)
        • distillation [ENG31-13489509-n] (the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors)
        • drift [ENG31-13490877-n] (the gradual departure from an intended course due to external influences (as a ship or plane))

          • leeway [ENG31-13528413-n] ((of a ship or plane) sideways drift)
        • effervescence [ENG31-13492884-n] (the process of bubbling as gas escapes)
        • electrophoresis [ENG31-13493721-n] (the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field)

          • immunoelectrophoresis [ENG31-13517370-n] (electrophoresis to separate antigens and antibodies)
          • paper electrophoresis [ENG31-13553262-n] (electrophoresis carried out on filter paper)
        • establishment [ENG31-13497470-n] ((ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat)
        • extinction [ENG31-13499545-n] (the reduction of the intensity of radiation as a consequence of absorption and radiation)
        • extraction [ENG31-13499728-n] (the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means)

          • decoction [ENG31-13478838-n] ((pharmacology) the extraction of water-soluble drug substances by boiling)
          • dehydration [ENG31-13481771-n] (the process of extracting moisture)

            • freeze-drying [ENG31-13506140-n] (a method of drying food or blood plasma or pharmaceuticals or tissue without destroying their physical structure)
            • inspissation [ENG31-13521760-n] (the process of thickening by dehydration)
          • elution [ENG31-13495039-n] (the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions))
          • infusion [ENG31-13521226-n] (the process of extracting certain active properties (as a drug from a plant) by steeping or soaking (usually in water))
          • mineral extraction [ENG31-13537515-n] (crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques)
        • feedback [ENG31-13500583-n] (the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output)

          • negative feedback [ENG31-13541934-n] (feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input)
          • positive feedback [ENG31-13560465-n] (feedback in phase with (augmenting) the input)

            • vicious circle [ENG31-13594571-n] (one trouble leads to another that aggravates the first)
        • filtration [ENG31-13501870-n] (the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium)

          • percolation [ENG31-13555477-n] (the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium)
        • flocculation [ENG31-13503390-n] (the process of flocculating)
        • flow [ENG31-13503533-n] (any uninterrupted stream or discharge)

          • slipstream [ENG31-11443311-n] (the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller)
          • turbulent flow [ENG31-11541700-n] (flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically)

            • sea [ENG31-11541837-n] (turbulent water with swells of considerable size)

              • head sea [ENG31-11541967-n] (a sea in which the waves are running directly against the course of the ship)
          • streamline flow [ENG31-11542098-n] (flow of a gas or liquid in which the velocity at any point is relatively steady)

            • laminar flow [ENG31-11542257-n] (nonturbulent streamline flow in parallel layers (laminae))
          • filling [ENG31-13501744-n] (flow into something (as a container))

            • refilling [ENG31-13569128-n] (filling again by supplying what has been used up)
          • flowage [ENG31-13503783-n] (gradual internal motion or deformation of a solid body (as by heat))
          • inflow [ENG31-13520985-n] (the process of flowing in)

            • inpouring [ENG31-13521640-n] (an inflow)
          • outflow [ENG31-13550498-n] (the process of flowing out)
        • formation [ENG31-13504691-n] (natural process that causes something to form)

          • incrustation [ENG31-13518853-n] (the formation of a crust)
          • reticulation [ENG31-13571958-n] ((photography) the formation of a network of cracks or wrinkles in a photographic emulsion)
        • fossilization [ENG31-13504929-n] (the process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age)

          • petrifaction [ENG31-13556786-n] (the process of turning some plant material into stone by infiltration with water carrying mineral particles without changing the original shape)
        • geological process [ENG31-13508041-n] ((geology) a natural process whereby geological features are modified)

          • alluvion [ENG31-13450473-n] (gradual formation of new land, by recession of the sea or deposit of sediment)
          • desertification [ENG31-13484192-n] (the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert)
          • diastrophism [ENG31-13486585-n] (the process of deformation that produces continents and ocean basins in the earth's crust)
          • erosion [ENG31-13496741-n] ((geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it))

            • chatter mark [ENG31-11456277-n] (marks on a glaciated rock caused by the movement of a glacier)
            • ablation [ENG31-13444662-n] (the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers)
            • abrasion [ENG31-13444788-n] (erosion by friction)
            • beach erosion [ENG31-13459179-n] (the erosion of beaches)
            • deflation [ENG31-13520368-n] ((geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind)
            • planation [ENG31-13559385-n] (the process of erosion whereby a level surface is produced)
            • soil erosion [ENG31-13579206-n] (the washing away of soil by the flow of water)

              • washout [ENG31-13595396-n] (the erosive process of washing away soil or gravel by water (as from a roadway))

                • rain-wash [ENG31-13566936-n] (the washing away of soil or other loose material by rain)
          • fold [ENG31-13504143-n] (a geological process that causes a bend in a stratum of rock)
          • glaciation [ENG31-13508612-n] (the process of covering the earth with glaciers or masses of ice)

            • Riss glaciation [ENG31-13508841-n] (the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps and the deposits laid down at that time)
            • Saale glaciation [ENG31-13508994-n] (the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in northern Europe and the deposits laid down at that time)
            • Wolstonian glaciation [ENG31-13509155-n] (the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in Britain and the deposits laid down at that time)
          • intrusion [ENG31-13522608-n] (the forcing of molten rock into fissures or between strata of an earlier rock formation)
          • metamorphism [ENG31-13535851-n] (change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat or introduction of new chemical substances)

            • anamorphism [ENG31-13452216-n] (metamorphism that occurs deep under the earth's surface)
            • epigenesis [ENG31-13496275-n] (a geological change in the mineral content of rock after the rock has formed)
            • katamorphism [ENG31-13526272-n] (metamorphism that occurs at or near the earth's surface)
          • orogeny [ENG31-13549020-n] (the process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust))
          • stratification [ENG31-13583531-n] (forming or depositing in layers)

            • foliation [ENG31-13504264-n] ((geology) the arrangement of leaflike layers in a rock)
          • subduction [ENG31-13583883-n] (a geological process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced sideways and downward into the mantle below another plate)
        • hardening [ENG31-13512263-n] (the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization)

          • congealment [ENG31-13472681-n] (the process of congealing)
        • inactivation [ENG31-13517974-n] (the process of rendering inactive)
        • ion exchange [ENG31-13523917-n] (a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble (usually resinous) solid)
        • ionization [ENG31-13524112-n] (the process of ionizing)
        • leach [ENG31-13527790-n] (the process of leaching)
        • magnetization [ENG31-13531636-n] (the process that makes a substance magnetic (temporarily or permanently))
        • materialization [ENG31-13533239-n] (the process of coming into being)
        • nuclear reaction [ENG31-13544411-n] ((physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei)

          • chain reaction [ENG31-13466797-n] (a self-sustaining nuclear reaction)
          • decay [ENG31-13478072-n] (the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation)

            • alpha decay [ENG31-13450605-n] (radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha particle)
            • beta decay [ENG31-13459694-n] (radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle)
          • endoergic reaction [ENG31-13495818-n] (a nuclear reaction occurring with absorption of energy)
          • exoergic reaction [ENG31-13498894-n] (a nuclear reaction accompanied by the evolution of energy)
          • fission [ENG31-13502427-n] (a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy)
          • fusion [ENG31-13506728-n] (a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy)

            • cold fusion [ENG31-13471065-n] (nuclear fusion at or near room temperatures)
            • thermonuclear reaction [ENG31-13588380-n] (a nuclear fusion reaction taking place at very high temperatures (as in the sun))

              • carbon cycle [ENG31-13464293-n] (a thermonuclear reaction in the interior of stars)
          • spallation [ENG31-13580712-n] ((physics) a nuclear reaction in which a bombarded nucleus breaks up into many particles)
        • opacification [ENG31-13545889-n] (the process of becoming cloudy or opaque)
        • oscillation [ENG31-13549168-n] (the process of oscillating between states)
        • oxygenation [ENG31-13552352-n] (the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen)
        • pair production [ENG31-13552638-n] (the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus)
        • phase change [ENG31-13557219-n] (a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition)

          • freeze [ENG31-13505847-n] (the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid)

            • frost [ENG31-13506473-n] (the formation of frost or ice on a surface)
          • liquefaction [ENG31-13529854-n] (the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid)

            • dissolving [ENG31-13489297-n] (the process of going into solution)
          • thaw [ENG31-13587738-n] (the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid)
          • vaporization [ENG31-13593639-n] (the process of becoming a vapor)

            • boiling [ENG31-13461952-n] (the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas)

              • decoction process [ENG31-13479004-n] ((brewing) a process in which part of the mash is removed and boiled and then returned)
            • clouding [ENG31-13470739-n] (the process whereby water particles become visible in the sky)
            • smoke [ENG31-13578096-n] (a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion)
        • precession of the equinoxes [ENG31-13561097-n] (a slow westward shift of the equinoxes along the plane of the ecliptic caused by precession of the Earth's axis of rotation)
        • release [ENG31-13570875-n] (a process that liberates or discharges something)

          • emission [ENG31-13495493-n] (the release of electrons from parent atoms)

            • photoemission [ENG31-11430286-n] (an emission of photoelectrons (especially from a metallic surface))
            • field emission [ENG31-13501597-n] (the emission of electrons that are stripped from parent atoms by a high electric field)
            • photoelectric emission [ENG31-13557864-n] (the release or absorption of quanta above a certain energy level)
            • radiation [ENG31-13566387-n] (the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay)

              • corpuscular radiation [ENG31-11519910-n] (a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons))
            • secondary emission [ENG31-13574961-n] (the emission of electrons from a surface that is bombarded by higher energy primary electrons)
            • thermionic emission [ENG31-13588131-n] (the emission of electrons from very hot substances)
        • saltation [ENG31-13573847-n] ((geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface)
        • scattering [ENG31-13574454-n] (the physical process in which particles are deflected haphazardly as a result of collisions)
        • sericulture [ENG31-13576304-n] (raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk)
        • sink [ENG31-13577118-n] ((technology) a process that acts to absorb or remove energy or a substance from a system)
        • soak [ENG31-13578361-n] (the process of becoming softened and saturated as a consequence of being immersed in water (or other liquid))
        • softening [ENG31-13578969-n] (the process of becoming softer)

          • maceration [ENG31-13531355-n] (softening due to soaking or steeping)
        • sorption [ENG31-13579693-n] (the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption))

          • absorption [ENG31-13445095-n] ((chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another)

            • imbibition [ENG31-13517220-n] ((chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel)
          • adsorption [ENG31-13448962-n] (the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid)

            • chemisorption [ENG31-13469096-n] (adsorption (especially when irreversible) by means of chemical instead of physical forces)
        • source [ENG31-13580156-n] ((technology) a process by which energy or a substance enters a system)

          • origin [ENG31-13580380-n] (the source of something's existence or from which it derives or is derived)
        • stiffening [ENG31-13582724-n] (the process of becoming stiff or rigid)

          • rigor mortis [ENG31-13573026-n] (muscular stiffening that begins 2 to 4 hours after death and lasts for about 4 days)
        • stimulation [ENG31-13582922-n] ((physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.))

          • activation [ENG31-13447549-n] (stimulation of activity in an organism or chemical)

            • indweller [ENG31-13519416-n] (activation by an inner spirit or force or principle)
          • galvanization [ENG31-13507171-n] (stimulation with a galvanic current)
        • succession [ENG31-13584065-n] ((ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established)
        • survival [ENG31-13584949-n] (a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment)
        • synergy [ENG31-13586113-n] (the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects)

          • potentiation [ENG31-13560625-n] ((medicine) the synergistic effect of two drugs given simultaneously)
        • temperature change [ENG31-13587415-n] (a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes)

          • advection [ENG31-13449162-n] ((meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties)
          • climate change [ENG31-13470623-n] (a change in the world's climate)
          • convection [ENG31-13473787-n] (the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion)
          • cooling [ENG31-13474333-n] (the process of becoming cooler)

            • heat dissipation [ENG31-13512997-n] (dissipation of heat)
            • refrigeration [ENG31-13569734-n] (the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes)
          • heating [ENG31-13513079-n] (the process of becoming warmer)

            • global warming [ENG31-13509513-n] (an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes))
            • induction heating [ENG31-13518987-n] (the heating of a conducting material caused by an electric current induced in it)
            • overheating [ENG31-13551311-n] (excessive heating)

              • meltdown [ENG31-13534565-n] (severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and radiation escaping)
            • radiant heating [ENG31-13566239-n] (heating a building by radiation from panels containing hot water or electrical heaters)
        • transduction [ENG31-13589727-n] (the process whereby a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back related energy in a different form)

          • microphoning [ENG31-13537031-n] (the transduction of sound waves into electrical waves (by a microphone))
        • transpiration [ENG31-13591108-n] (the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature)
        • vitrification [ENG31-13595008-n] (the process of becoming vitreous)
      • operation [ENG31-13546752-n] (process or manner of functioning or operating)
      • organic process [ENG31-13547313-n] (a process occurring in living organisms)

        • adaptation [ENG31-13448251-n] (the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions))

          • acclimatization [ENG31-13445816-n] (adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment))
          • dedifferentiation [ENG31-13480043-n] (the loss of specialization in form or function)
          • domestication [ENG31-13490157-n] (adaptation to intimate association with human beings)
          • specialization [ENG31-13580985-n] ((biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function)
        • agglutination [ENG31-13449781-n] (a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins))

          • hemagglutination [ENG31-13513339-n] (agglutination of red blood cells)
          • isoagglutination [ENG31-13524548-n] (agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species)
        • aging [ENG31-13450179-n] (the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age)

          • catabiosis [ENG31-13464882-n] (normal aging of cells)
        • anovulation [ENG31-13453616-n] (the absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary)
        • antisepsis [ENG31-13454076-n] (the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms)
        • assimilation [ENG31-13455861-n] (the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion)

          • anabolism [ENG31-13451668-n] (the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy)
          • malabsorption [ENG31-13532032-n] (abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract)
        • autoregulation [ENG31-13457676-n] ((physiology) processes that maintain a generally constant physiological state in a cell or organism)
        • bacteriostasis [ENG31-13458668-n] (inhibition of the growth of bacteria)
        • blooming [ENG31-13460563-n] (the organic process of bearing flowers)
        • bodily process [ENG31-13461236-n] (an organic process that takes place in the body)

          • control [ENG31-00832109-n] ((physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc)

            • motor control [ENG31-00832394-n] (control of muscles)
          • breathing [ENG31-00832852-n] (the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation)

            • artificial respiration [ENG31-00833580-n] (an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially)
            • abdominal breathing [ENG31-00834957-n] (breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles)
            • eupnea [ENG31-00835152-n] (normal relaxed breathing)
            • hyperpnea [ENG31-00835239-n] (energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders)
            • hypopnea [ENG31-00835433-n] (slow or shallow breathing)
            • hyperventilation [ENG31-00835531-n] (an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs)
            • panting [ENG31-00835796-n] (breathing heavily (as after exertion))
            • periodic breathing [ENG31-00835951-n] (abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate)
            • smoke [ENG31-00836297-n] (the act of smoking tobacco or other substances)

              • puffing [ENG31-00836527-n] (blowing tobacco smoke out into the air)
            • snore [ENG31-00837637-n] (the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound)
            • snuffle [ENG31-00837810-n] (the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested))
            • wheeze [ENG31-00838068-n] (breathing with a husky or whistling sound)
            • second wind [ENG31-00838300-n] (the return of relatively easy breathing after initial exhaustion during continuous exertion)
          • respiration [ENG31-00833443-n] (a single complete act of breathing in and out)
          • breath [ENG31-00836693-n] (the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing)

            • exhalation [ENG31-00836928-n] (the act of expelling air from the lungs)

              • puffing [ENG31-00836121-n] (an act of forcible exhalation)
              • blow [ENG31-00837162-n] (forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth)

                • insufflation [ENG31-00837491-n] (an act of blowing or breathing on or into something)
              • wind [ENG31-00838198-n] (breath)
            • inhalation [ENG31-00838449-n] (the act of inhaling)

              • gasp [ENG31-00838759-n] (a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open)
              • puff [ENG31-00839336-n] (a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke))

                • toke [ENG31-00839626-n] (a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette)
          • consumption [ENG31-00839759-n] (the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating))

            • eating [ENG31-00840028-n] (the act of consuming food)

              • mycophagy [ENG31-00412872-n] (the practice of eating fungi (especially mushrooms collected in the wild))
              • bite [ENG31-00840477-n] (the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws)

                • munch [ENG31-00843054-n] (a large bite)
                • nibble [ENG31-00843858-n] (gentle biting)
                • nip [ENG31-00843942-n] (a small sharp bite or snip)
              • browse [ENG31-00840684-n] (the act of feeding by continual nibbling)
              • coprophagy [ENG31-00840824-n] (eating feces)
              • dining [ENG31-00842178-n] (the act of eating dinner)

                • Dutch treat [ENG31-00843188-n] (a dinner where each person pays for his own)
              • engorgement [ENG31-00842291-n] (eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation)
              • feasting [ENG31-00842412-n] (eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment))
              • graze [ENG31-00842752-n] (the act of grazing)
              • lunching [ENG31-00842958-n] (the act of eating lunch)
              • repletion [ENG31-00843289-n] (eating until excessively full)
              • supping [ENG31-00843438-n] (ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking)
              • tasting [ENG31-00843562-n] (taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality)
              • necrophagia [ENG31-00844080-n] (feeding on corpses or carrion)
              • omophagia [ENG31-00844180-n] (the eating of raw food)
              • scatophagy [ENG31-00844258-n] (the eating of excrement or other filth)
            • swallow [ENG31-00841439-n] (the act of swallowing)

              • aerophagia [ENG31-00841718-n] (swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence))
              • gulp [ENG31-00841850-n] (a large and hurried swallow)
              • sip [ENG31-00845155-n] (a small drink)
            • sucking [ENG31-00844353-n] (the act of sucking)
            • drinking [ENG31-00844789-n] (the act of consuming liquids)

              • gulping [ENG31-00844986-n] (the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly)
              • potation [ENG31-00845236-n] (the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink))
          • sexual activity [ENG31-00845915-n] (activities associated with sexual intercourse)

            • bondage [ENG31-00845342-n] (sexual practice that involves physically restraining (by cords or handcuffs) one of the partners)
            • outercourse [ENG31-00845492-n] (sexual stimulation without vaginal penetration)
            • safe sex [ENG31-00845709-n] (sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS))
            • conception [ENG31-00846508-n] (the act of becoming pregnant)
            • sexual intercourse [ENG31-00847184-n] (sexual activity between individuals, especially the insertion of a man's penis into a woman's vagina until orgasm and ejaculation occur)

              • defloration [ENG31-00846655-n] (the act of depriving a woman of her virginity (especially by rupturing the hymen through sexual intercourse))
              • fuck [ENG31-00847651-n] (slang for sexual intercourse)
              • hank panky [ENG31-00848062-n] (illicit sexual intercourse)
              • penetration [ENG31-00848447-n] (the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman)
              • unlawful carnal knowledge [ENG31-00849728-n] (forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals)

                • extramarital sex [ENG31-00849912-n] (sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another)

                  • adultery [ENG31-00850096-n] (extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations)
                  • fornication [ENG31-00850375-n] (voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other)
                • incest [ENG31-00850521-n] (sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child))
            • pleasure [ENG31-00847956-n] (sexual gratification)
            • sexual love [ENG31-00848145-n] (sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people)
            • carnal abuse [ENG31-00848797-n] (any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse))
            • coupling [ENG31-00848970-n] (the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes)

              • assortative mating [ENG31-00849400-n] (mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating)
              • disassortative mating [ENG31-00849562-n] (mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating)
              • hybridization [ENG31-00852055-n] ((genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids)

                • dihybrid cross [ENG31-00852503-n] (hybridization using two traits with two alleles each)
                • monohybrid cross [ENG31-00852616-n] (hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas))
                • reciprocal cross [ENG31-00852776-n] (hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype)
                • testcross [ENG31-00852946-n] (a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring)
              • inbreeding [ENG31-00853217-n] (the act of mating closely related individuals)
              • servicing [ENG31-00855279-n] (the act of mating by male animals)
            • reproduction [ENG31-00851153-n] (the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring)

              • miscegenation [ENG31-00851398-n] (reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons))
              • generation [ENG31-00851612-n] (the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production)

                • biogenesis [ENG31-00851890-n] (the production of living organisms from other living organisms)
            • foreplay [ENG31-00855465-n] (mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse)

              • caressing [ENG31-00855630-n] (affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs))

                • snogging [ENG31-00856023-n] ((British informal) cuddle and kiss)
              • feel [ENG31-00856168-n] (manual stimulation of the genital area for sexual pleasure)
            • perversion [ENG31-00856347-n] (an aberrant sexual practice)

              • paraphilia [ENG31-00739003-n] (abnormal sexual activity)

                • exhibitionism [ENG31-00739192-n] (the perverse act of exposing and attracting attention to your own genitals)
                • fetishism [ENG31-00739356-n] (sexual arousal or gratification resulting from handling a fetish (or a specific part of the body other than the sexual organs))
                • pedophilia [ENG31-00739568-n] (a sexual attraction to children)
                • voyeurism [ENG31-00739670-n] (a perversion in which a person receives sexual gratification from seeing the genitalia of others or witnessing others' sexual behavior)
                • zoophilia [ENG31-00739896-n] (a sexual attraction to animals)
                • pederasty [ENG31-00859501-n] (sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner))
              • sodomy [ENG31-00850924-n] (intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman)
              • oral sex [ENG31-00856505-n] (oral stimulation of the genitals)

                • cunnilingus [ENG31-00856684-n] (oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris)
                • fellatio [ENG31-00856798-n] (oral stimulation of the penis)

                  • cock sucking [ENG31-00856930-n] (slang for fellatio)
                • soixante-neuf [ENG31-00857036-n] (oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people)
            • autoeroticism [ENG31-00857156-n] (using you own body as a sexual object)

              • masturbation [ENG31-00857303-n] (manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure)

                • self-stimulation [ENG31-00857565-n] (manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure)
                • frottage [ENG31-00857705-n] (masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd))
                • jacking off [ENG31-00857822-n] (slang for masturbation)
            • promiscuity [ENG31-00857971-n] (indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations)

              • one-night stand [ENG31-00858188-n] (a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night)
            • lechery [ENG31-00858362-n] (unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity)
            • homosexuality [ENG31-00858476-n] (a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex)

              • inversion [ENG31-00858904-n] (a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex)
              • lesbianism [ENG31-00859053-n] (female homosexuality)

                • tribadism [ENG31-00859159-n] (a form of lesbianism that simulates heterosexual intercourse)
            • bisexuality [ENG31-00858789-n] (sexual activity with both men and women)
            • heterosexuality [ENG31-00859293-n] (a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex)
            • bestiality [ENG31-00859689-n] (sexual activity between a person and an animal)
          • insemination [ENG31-00846839-n] (the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female)

            • artificial insemination [ENG31-00847013-n] (the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse)
          • sleeping [ENG31-00859826-n] (the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate)

            • sleepwalking [ENG31-00285985-n] (walking by a person who is asleep)
            • sleep talking [ENG31-00286231-n] (uttering speech while asleep)
            • nap [ENG31-00860015-n] (sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed))

              • siesta [ENG31-00860309-n] (a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries))
              • zizz [ENG31-00860420-n] (a nap)
            • doze [ENG31-00860527-n] (a light fitful sleep)
          • reaction [ENG31-00860679-n] (a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent)

            • automatism [ENG31-00861168-n] (any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy))
            • rebound [ENG31-00861369-n] (a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration)
            • overreaction [ENG31-00861541-n] (an excessive reaction)
            • galvanic skin response [ENG31-00861689-n] (a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety)
            • immune response [ENG31-00862112-n] (a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen)

              • anamnestic response [ENG31-00862535-n] (renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen)
              • humoral immune response [ENG31-00862724-n] (an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells)
              • cell-mediated immune response [ENG31-00862877-n] (an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells)
              • complement fixation [ENG31-00863060-n] (an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination))
            • tropism [ENG31-00863289-n] (an involuntary orienting response)

              • ergotropism [ENG31-00863572-n] (an affinity for work)
              • geotropism [ENG31-00863668-n] (an orienting response to gravity)
              • heliotropism [ENG31-00863757-n] (an orienting response to the sun)
              • meteortropism [ENG31-00863848-n] (an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.))
              • neurotropism [ENG31-00863988-n] (an affinity for neural tissues)
              • phototropism [ENG31-00864077-n] (an orienting response to light)
              • trophotropism [ENG31-00864166-n] (an orienting response to food)
              • thermotropism [ENG31-00864273-n] (an orienting response to warmth)
            • taxis [ENG31-00864364-n] (a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism)

              • chemotaxis [ENG31-00864537-n] (movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus)

                • negative chemotaxis [ENG31-00864695-n] (movement away from a chemical stimulus)
                • positive chemotaxis [ENG31-00864799-n] (movement toward a chemical stimulus)
            • kinesis [ENG31-00864900-n] (a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation)
            • double take [ENG31-00865095-n] (a delayed reaction indicating surprise)
            • reflex [ENG31-00865191-n] (an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus)

              • accommodation reflex [ENG31-00117944-n] (reflex changes in the eyes that enable an object to be focused on the retina)
              • Babinski [ENG31-00118087-n] (extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front)
              • belch [ENG31-00118398-n] (a reflex that expels gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth)
              • blink [ENG31-00118779-n] (a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly)

                • palpebration [ENG31-01267669-n] (repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent))
              • blush [ENG31-00119088-n] (sudden reddening of the face (as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty))
              • vomit [ENG31-00119553-n] (the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth)

                • rumination [ENG31-00119899-n] (regurgitation of small amounts of food)
                • hematemesis [ENG31-00120030-n] (vomiting blood)
                • hyperemesis [ENG31-00120117-n] (severe and excessive vomiting)

                  • hyperemesis gravidarum [ENG31-00120222-n] (hyperemesis during pregnancy)
              • defecation reflex [ENG31-00812882-n] (normal response to the presence of feces in the rectum)
              • yawn [ENG31-00838954-n] (an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth)

                • pandiculation [ENG31-00630123-n] (yawning and stretching (as when first waking up))
              • electric shock [ENG31-00840953-n] (a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body)
              • fart [ENG31-00841258-n] (a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus)
              • gulp [ENG31-00842024-n] (a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing)
              • knee jerk [ENG31-00866537-n] (a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon)
              • light reflex [ENG31-00867486-n] (reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller)
              • mydriasis [ENG31-00867757-n] (reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward)
              • micturition reflex [ENG31-00867951-n] (relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder)
              • pharyngeal reflex [ENG31-00868101-n] (normal reflex consisting of retching)
              • pilomotor reflex [ENG31-00868284-n] (reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation)
              • plantar reflex [ENG31-00868560-n] (flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years)
              • rooting reflex [ENG31-00868841-n] (reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek)
              • startle [ENG31-00869035-n] (a sudden involuntary movement)

                • startle response [ENG31-00866709-n] (a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise))
                • startle reflex [ENG31-00866962-n] (a normal reflex of young infants)
                • wince [ENG31-00867149-n] (a reflex response to sudden pain)
              • stretch reflex [ENG31-00869284-n] (reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled)
              • suckling reflex [ENG31-00869468-n] (reflex behavior in newborn mammals)
              • tremble [ENG31-00869661-n] (a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement)
              • sneeze [ENG31-14338277-n] (a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose)
              • hiccup [ENG31-14382864-n] ((usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound)
            • learned reaction [ENG31-00866213-n] (a reaction that has been acquired by learning)

              • conditional reflex [ENG31-00865904-n] (an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus)

                • conditioned avoidance [ENG31-00866358-n] (a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus)
            • passage [ENG31-00867278-n] (a bodily reaction of changing from one place or stage to another)
            • answer [ENG31-01237517-n] (a nonverbal reaction)
            • transfusion reaction [ENG31-01269837-n] (reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood)
          • crying [ENG31-00869874-n] (the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds))

            • snivel [ENG31-00870201-n] (whining in a tearful manner)
            • sob [ENG31-00870347-n] (convulsive gasp made while weeping)
            • wailing [ENG31-00870477-n] (loud cries made while weeping)
          • ablactation [ENG31-13444578-n] (the cessation of lactation)
          • anastalsis [ENG31-13452742-n] (muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis)
          • discharge [ENG31-13487789-n] (any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body)

            • ejaculation [ENG31-13493018-n] (the discharge of semen in males)

              • nocturnal emission [ENG31-13543814-n] (ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream))
              • premature ejaculation [ENG31-13561632-n] (ejaculation during the early stages of sexual excitement or soon after the insertion of the penis into the vagina)
            • elimination [ENG31-13494300-n] (the bodily process of discharging waste matter)

              • defecation [ENG31-13480291-n] (the elimination of fecal waste through the anus)

                • bowel movement [ENG31-13462560-n] (a euphemism for defecation)
                • hematochezia [ENG31-13513490-n] (passage of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer))
                • shit [ENG31-13576978-n] (a coarse term for defecation)
                • urochesia [ENG31-13593429-n] (passage of urine from the anus)
              • incontinence [ENG31-13518175-n] (involuntary urination or defecation)

                • enuresis [ENG31-13496061-n] (inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination)

                  • bed-wetting [ENG31-13459261-n] (enuresis during sleep)
                  • overflow incontinence [ENG31-13551034-n] (urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine)
                  • stress incontinence [ENG31-13583677-n] (urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining)
                  • urge incontinence [ENG31-13593146-n] (urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine)
              • micturition [ENG31-13537161-n] (the discharge of urine)

                • leak [ENG31-13527930-n] (a euphemism for urination)
                • lithuresis [ENG31-13530153-n] (passing small stones with the urine)
                • nocturia [ENG31-13543688-n] (excessive urination at night)
                • oliguria [ENG31-13545498-n] (production of an abnormally small amount of urine)
                • peeing [ENG31-13555089-n] (informal terms for urination)
            • menstruation [ENG31-13534950-n] (the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause)

              • menorrhagia [ENG31-13534743-n] (abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation)
              • oligomenorrhea [ENG31-13545394-n] (abnormally light or infrequent menstruation)
          • expectoration [ENG31-13499137-n] (the process of coughing up and spitting out)
          • festering [ENG31-13501092-n] ((medicine) the formation of morbific matter in an abscess or a vesicle and the discharge of pus)
          • healing [ENG31-13512819-n] (the natural process by which the body repairs itself)

            • convalescence [ENG31-13473520-n] (gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury)

              • lysis [ENG31-13531046-n] (recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside)
              • rally [ENG31-13567048-n] (a marked recovery of strength or spirits during an illness)
            • union [ENG31-13592568-n] (healing process involving the growing together of the edges of a wound or the growing together of broken bones)
          • hypostasis [ENG31-13516616-n] (the accumulation of blood in an organ)
          • lacrimation [ENG31-13527046-n] (shedding tears)
          • lactation [ENG31-13527190-n] (the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands)
          • opsonization [ENG31-13547115-n] (process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis)
          • overactivity [ENG31-13550653-n] (excessive activity)
          • peristalsis [ENG31-13555976-n] (the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along)
          • perspiration [ENG31-13556464-n] (the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid)

            • hyperhidrosis [ENG31-13516412-n] (excessive and profuse perspiration)
          • phagocytosis [ENG31-13557040-n] (process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris)
          • pinocytosis [ENG31-13558964-n] (process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid)
          • placentation [ENG31-13559283-n] (the formation of the placenta in the uterus)
          • tanning [ENG31-13586825-n] (process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light)
          • transpiration [ENG31-13591275-n] (the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes)
        • carbon cycle [ENG31-13464401-n] (the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again)
        • catabolism [ENG31-13464960-n] (breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy)
        • cell division [ENG31-13465876-n] (the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells)

          • amitosis [ENG31-13451247-n] (the direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes)
          • cleavage [ENG31-13470329-n] ((embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum)
          • meiosis [ENG31-13533928-n] ((genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms)

            • nondisjunction [ENG31-13544082-n] (meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate)
          • mitosis [ENG31-13537800-n] (cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes)
        • crossing over [ENG31-13475303-n] (the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis)
        • defoliation [ENG31-13481237-n] (the loss of foliage)
        • deossification [ENG31-13483287-n] (the loss of the mineral content of bone tissue)
        • digestion [ENG31-13487012-n] (the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body)

          • gastric digestion [ENG31-13507723-n] (the process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach)
        • eburnation [ENG31-13491890-n] (a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory)
        • ecchymosis [ENG31-13492071-n] (the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin)
        • effacement [ENG31-13492720-n] (shortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor)
        • erythropoiesis [ENG31-13497314-n] (the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow)
        • eutrophication [ENG31-13497793-n] (excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life)
        • evolution [ENG31-13498226-n] ((biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms)

          • anamorphosis [ENG31-13452394-n] (the evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes)
          • anthropogenesis [ENG31-13453820-n] (the evolution or genesis of the human race)
          • emergent evolution [ENG31-13495333-n] (the appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution)
          • macroevolution [ENG31-13531466-n] (evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups)
          • microevolution [ENG31-13536881-n] (evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies)
          • speciation [ENG31-13581282-n] (the evolution of a biological species)
        • expression [ENG31-13499408-n] ((genetics) the process of expressing a gene)
        • extravasation [ENG31-13500016-n] (the process of exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues)

          • blood extravasation [ENG31-14393931-n] (the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it)
          • urocele [ENG31-14596644-n] (extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac)
        • gastrulation [ENG31-13507874-n] (the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells)
        • glycogenesis [ENG31-13509701-n] (the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose)
        • growth [ENG31-13510240-n] ((biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically)

          • culture [ENG31-00922324-n] ((biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar))

            • starter [ENG31-00922541-n] (a culture containing yeast or bacteria that is used to start the process of fermentation or souring in making butter or cheese or dough)
          • amelogenesis [ENG31-13450953-n] (the developmental process of forming tooth enamel)
          • angiogenesis [ENG31-13453165-n] (the formation of new blood vessels)
          • apposition [ENG31-13455121-n] ((biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of material)
          • auxesis [ENG31-13457855-n] (growth from increase in cell size without cell division)
          • blossoming [ENG31-13460743-n] (the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms)
          • cenogenesis [ENG31-13466113-n] (introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution))
          • cohesion [ENG31-13470887-n] ((botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals))
          • cultivation [ENG31-13475491-n] (the process of fostering the growth of something)
          • cytogenesis [ENG31-13476123-n] (the origin and development and variation of cells)
          • foliation [ENG31-13504393-n] ((botany) the process of forming leaves)
          • fructification [ENG31-13506611-n] (the bearing of fruit)
          • gametogenesis [ENG31-13507318-n] (the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis)

            • oogenesis [ENG31-13545815-n] (development of ova)
            • spermatogenesis [ENG31-13581532-n] (development of spermatozoa)
          • germination [ENG31-13508410-n] (the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow)
          • habit [ENG31-13512112-n] (the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal))
          • infructescence [ENG31-13521126-n] (the fruiting stage of the inflorescence)
          • intussusception [ENG31-13522941-n] ((biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall)
          • juvenescence [ENG31-13525606-n] (the process of growing into a youth)
          • life cycle [ENG31-13529030-n] (the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced)
          • masculinization [ENG31-13532958-n] (the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction))
          • morphogenesis [ENG31-13538756-n] (differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism))
          • myelinization [ENG31-13539635-n] (the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber)
          • neurogenesis [ENG31-13542184-n] (the development of nerve tissues)
          • palingenesis [ENG31-13552855-n] (emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species)
          • proliferation [ENG31-13563178-n] (growth by the rapid multiplication of parts)
          • psychogenesis [ENG31-13564296-n] (a general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mind)
          • psychogenesis [ENG31-13564434-n] (the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors)
          • psychomotor development [ENG31-13564621-n] (progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities)
          • psychosexual development [ENG31-13564767-n] ((psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage)
          • rooting [ENG31-13573327-n] (the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow)
          • suppression [ENG31-13584850-n] (the failure to develop some part or organ)
          • teething [ENG31-13586984-n] (the eruption through the gums of baby teeth)

            • precocious dentition [ENG31-13561525-n] (teething at an earlier age than expected)
          • teratogenesis [ENG31-13587639-n] (the development of defects in an embryo)
          • vegetation [ENG31-13594260-n] (the process of growth in plants)
        • hematopoiesis [ENG31-13513656-n] (the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow))
        • heredity [ENG31-13514602-n] (the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next)
        • humification [ENG31-13515395-n] (the process of the formation of humus from plant remains)
        • hypostasis [ENG31-13516710-n] (the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene)
        • implantation [ENG31-13517489-n] ((embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals)
        • inhibition [ENG31-13521417-n] ((physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part)
        • invagination [ENG31-13523144-n] (the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface)
        • involution [ENG31-13523600-n] (reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth))
        • cytokinesis [ENG31-13525700-n] (organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells)
        • karyokinesis [ENG31-13525942-n] (organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis)
        • keratinization [ENG31-13526452-n] (organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair))
        • Krebs cycle [ENG31-13526670-n] (in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy)
        • lymphopoiesis [ENG31-13530586-n] (the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen)
        • lysogenization [ENG31-13531170-n] (the process by which a bacterium acquires a phage that becomes integrated into its genome)
        • maturation [ENG31-13533441-n] (coming to full development)
        • metabolism [ENG31-13535517-n] (the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life)

          • respiration [ENG31-00832472-n] (the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules)
          • basal metabolism [ENG31-13458926-n] (the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state)
          • fat metabolism [ENG31-13500372-n] (a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body)
          • glycolysis [ENG31-13509809-n] (a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP)
        • metamorphosis [ENG31-13536083-n] (the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals)

          • hemimetamorphosis [ENG31-13513992-n] (incomplete or partial metamorphosis in insects)
          • heterometabolism [ENG31-13514206-n] (development of insects with incomplete metamorphosis in which no pupal stage precedes maturity)
          • holometabolism [ENG31-13514895-n] (complete metamorphosis in insects)
        • nitrogen cycle [ENG31-13543287-n] (the circulation of nitrogen)
        • nitrogen fixation [ENG31-13543508-n] (the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria)
        • nondevelopment [ENG31-13543947-n] (failure of normal development to occur)

          • agenesis [ENG31-13449481-n] (imperfect development)
        • nutrition [ENG31-13544864-n] ((physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished)
        • organification [ENG31-13548929-n] (the process of organ formation)
        • ossification [ENG31-13549953-n] (the developmental process of bone formation)
        • ovulation [ENG31-13551440-n] (the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle))
        • oxidative phosphorylation [ENG31-13552192-n] (an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP)
        • parturition [ENG31-13554089-n] (the process of giving birth)

          • brooding [ENG31-13462985-n] (sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body)
          • calving [ENG31-13463812-n] (giving birth to a calf)
          • childbirth [ENG31-13469507-n] (the parturition process in human beings)

            • active birth [ENG31-13447764-n] (childbirth during which the mother is encouraged to be an active participant)
            • alternative birth [ENG31-13450758-n] (a method of childbirth that avoids intrusive high-tech medicine in favor of more natural and homely settings)
            • natural childbirth [ENG31-13539859-n] (labor and childbirth without medical intervention)

              • Bradley method of childbirth [ENG31-13462709-n] (a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth by providing education and exercises and nutrition and techniques of breathing and relaxation (with the assistance of the father))
              • Lamaze method of childbirth [ENG31-13527322-n] (a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth)
              • Leboyer method of childbirth [ENG31-13528109-n] (a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn)
              • Read method of childbirth [ENG31-13567971-n] (a method of natural childbirth that assumes it is a normal process and that the pain is largely psychological)
          • farrow [ENG31-13500237-n] (the production of a litter of pigs)
          • hatch [ENG31-13512667-n] (the production of young from an egg)
          • laying [ENG31-13527680-n] (the production of eggs (especially in birds))
          • parturiency [ENG31-14071923-n] (concluding state of pregnancy)

            • premature labor [ENG31-14071791-n] (labor beginning prior to the 37th week of gestation)
        • pathologic process [ENG31-13554673-n] (an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease)

          • feminization [ENG31-13500808-n] (the process of becoming feminized)
          • infection [ENG31-13519607-n] ((medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease)

            • zymosis [ENG31-13596429-n] ((medicine) the development and spread of an infectious disease (especially one caused by a fungus))

              • fungal infection [ENG31-14200377-n] (an inflammatory condition caused by a fungus)

                • blastomycosis [ENG31-14148641-n] (any of several infections of the skin or mucous membrane caused by Blastomyces)

                  • chromoblastomycosis [ENG31-14148815-n] (a fungal infection characterized by itchy warty nodules on the skin)
                • tinea [ENG31-14148948-n] (infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches)

                  • dhobi itch [ENG31-14149256-n] (fungal infection attacking moist parts of the body)
                  • kerion [ENG31-14149363-n] (ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard that usually results in a swelling that is covered with pustules and oozes fluid)
                  • tinea pedis [ENG31-14149560-n] (fungal infection of the feet)
                  • tinea barbae [ENG31-14149663-n] (fungal infection of the face and neck)
                  • tinea capitis [ENG31-14149775-n] (fungal infection of the scalp characterized by bald patches)
                  • tinea corporis [ENG31-14149894-n] (fungal infection of nonhairy parts of the skin)
                  • tinea cruris [ENG31-14150001-n] (fungal infection of the groin (most common in men))
                  • tinea unguium [ENG31-14150582-n] (fungal infection of the nails (especially toenails))
                • coccidioidomycosis [ENG31-14170496-n] (an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules)
                • cryptococcosis [ENG31-14170694-n] (a fungal infection characterized by nodular lesions--first in the lungs and spreading to the nervous system)
                • candidiasis [ENG31-14205195-n] (an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans))

                  • thrush [ENG31-14206050-n] (candidiasis of the oral cavity)
                • dermatomycosis [ENG31-14205430-n] (fungal infection of the skin (especially of moist parts covered by clothing))
                • favus [ENG31-14205585-n] (a contagious fungal infection of the scalp)
                • keratomycosis [ENG31-14205724-n] (fungal infection of the cornea)
                • phycomycosis [ENG31-14205814-n] (any fungal infection caused by fungi of the Phycomycetes group)
                • sporotrichosis [ENG31-14205935-n] (a chronic fungal infection of the skin and lymph nodes)
                • rhinosporidiosis [ENG31-14590862-n] (fungal infection of the nose)
          • metastasis [ENG31-13536556-n] (the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body)
          • neoplasia [ENG31-13542052-n] (the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor)
          • pathogenesis [ENG31-13554552-n] (the origination and development of a disease)

            • focalization [ENG31-13503984-n] (the confinement of an infection to a limited area)
        • perennation [ENG31-13555811-n] (the process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant))
        • preservation [ENG31-13561813-n] (a process that saves organic substances from decay)

          • fixation [ENG31-00277186-n] ((histology) the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body)
          • embalmment [ENG31-00822067-n] (preservation (of a dead body) by treating with balsams and drugs and other chemicals)

            • mummification [ENG31-00822244-n] (embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy)
          • plastination [ENG31-13559517-n] (a process involving fixation and dehydration and forced impregnation and hardening of biological tissues)
        • quellung [ENG31-13565740-n] (the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody)
        • quickening [ENG31-13565986-n] (the process of showing signs of life)
        • regeneration [ENG31-13569937-n] ((biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs)

          • morphallaxis [ENG31-13538588-n] (regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part)
        • regulation [ENG31-13570308-n] ((embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered)
        • replication [ENG31-13571119-n] ((genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division)
        • reproduction [ENG31-13571521-n] (the process of generating offspring)

          • asexual reproduction [ENG31-13455293-n] (reproduction without the fusion of gametes)

            • apomixis [ENG31-13454900-n] (any of several kinds of reproduction without fertilization)

              • apogamy [ENG31-13454635-n] ((botany) development of an embryo without fertilization)
              • parthenocarpy [ENG31-13553559-n] ((botany) the development of a fruit without fertilization or seeds)
              • parthenogenesis [ENG31-13553704-n] (process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual)

                • androgenesis [ENG31-13452895-n] (male parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only paternal chromosomes due to the failure of the egg nucleus to participate in fertilization)
                • gynogenesis [ENG31-13511690-n] (female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus)
            • blastogenesis [ENG31-13460152-n] (asexual reproduction by budding)
            • budding [ENG31-13463132-n] (reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent)
            • fission [ENG31-13502611-n] (reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts)

              • schizogony [ENG31-13574621-n] (asexual reproduction by multiple fission)
            • fissiparity [ENG31-13502783-n] (reproduction of some multicellular organisms by division, as in the case of some starfish)
            • monogenesis [ENG31-13538402-n] (asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores)

              • heterospory [ENG31-13514769-n] (the development of both microspores and megaspores)
              • homospory [ENG31-13515077-n] (the development of a single kind of asexual spores)
            • parthenogenesis [ENG31-13553950-n] (human conception without fertilization by a man)
            • pullulation [ENG31-13565276-n] (asexual reproduction in which a local growth on the surface or in the body of the parent becomes a separate individual)
          • sexual reproduction [ENG31-13576443-n] (reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete)

            • anisogamy [ENG31-13453422-n] ((biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size))
            • isogamy [ENG31-13524716-n] ((biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of gametes of the same size and structure)
        • resorption [ENG31-13571707-n] (the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation)
        • ripening [ENG31-13573168-n] (acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time)

          • mellowing [ENG31-13534425-n] (the process of becoming mellow)
        • secretion [ENG31-13575119-n] (the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance)

          • galactosis [ENG31-13507093-n] (the secretion of milk)
          • hypersecretion [ENG31-13516536-n] (excessive secretion)
          • salivation [ENG31-13573731-n] (the secretion of saliva)

            • ptyalism [ENG31-13565074-n] (excessive flow of saliva)
        • segregation [ENG31-13575324-n] ((genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes)
        • shedding [ENG31-13576802-n] (the process whereby something is shed)

          • abscission [ENG31-13444952-n] (shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant)
          • molt [ENG31-13538045-n] (periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles)
        • summation [ENG31-13584342-n] ((physiology) the process whereby multiple stimuli can produce a response (in a muscle or nerve or other part) that one stimulus alone does not produce)
        • symphysis [ENG31-13585151-n] (a growing together of parts or structures)
        • synapsis [ENG31-13585248-n] (the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis)
        • synizesis [ENG31-13586404-n] (the contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis)
        • transcription [ENG31-13589441-n] ((genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA)
        • transduction [ENG31-13589999-n] ((genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage)
        • translation [ENG31-13590186-n] ((genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm)
        • protein folding [ENG31-13590429-n] (the process whereby a protein molecule assumes its intricate three-dimensional shape)
        • translocation [ENG31-13590667-n] ((genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts)
        • translocation [ENG31-13590867-n] (the transport of dissolved material within a plant)
        • transpiration [ENG31-13590977-n] (the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants)
        • tumefaction [ENG31-13591777-n] (the process of tumefying)
        • ulceration [ENG31-13591986-n] (the process of ulcer formation)
        • vascularization [ENG31-13594063-n] (the organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries)
        • vesiculation [ENG31-13594384-n] (the formation of vesicles in or beneath the skin)
      • photography [ENG31-13557997-n] (the process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces)

        • anaglyphy [ENG31-13451959-n] (the process of producing pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed and viewed through spectacles with one red and one green lens)
        • autotype [ENG31-13457534-n] (process for producing permanent prints in a carbon pigment)
        • digital photography [ENG31-13487373-n] (a photographic method that stores the image digitally for later reproduction)
        • dry plate [ENG31-13491218-n] (a former photographic method that used a glass plate coated with a light-sensitive gelatinous emulsion)
        • photomechanics [ENG31-13558379-n] (the process whereby printing surfaces (plates or cylinders) are produced by photographic methods)
        • powder photography [ENG31-13560788-n] (a process for identifying minerals or crystals)
        • radiography [ENG31-13566585-n] (the process of making a radiograph)

          • autoradiography [ENG31-13457379-n] (producing a radiograph by means of the radiation emitted from the specimen being photographed)
        • scanning [ENG31-13574286-n] (the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a computer)
        • video digitizing [ENG31-13594702-n] (the process of capturing and converting and storing video images for use by a computer)

          • dithering [ENG31-13489989-n] (the process of representing intermediate colors by patterns of tiny colored dots that simulate the desired color)
      • processing [ENG31-13562370-n] (preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure)

        • blowing [ENG31-13460980-n] (processing that involves blowing a gas)

          • insufflation [ENG31-13521877-n] ((medicine) blowing air or medicated powder into the lungs (or into some other body cavity))
        • data processing [ENG31-13476660-n] ((computer science) a series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify information)

          • administrative data processing [ENG31-13448806-n] (data processing in accounting or business management)
          • automatic data processing [ENG31-13457236-n] (data processing by a computer)

            • electronic data processing [ENG31-13493544-n] (automatic data processing by electronic means without the use of tabulating cards or punched tapes)
            • integrated data processing [ENG31-13522063-n] (automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system)
          • data mining [ENG31-13476407-n] (data processing using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms to discover patterns and correlations in large preexisting databases)
          • distributed data processing [ENG31-13489745-n] (data processing in which some of the functions are performed in different places and connected by transmission facilities)
          • list processing [ENG31-13530033-n] (processing data that is given in the form of chained lists)
          • multiprocessing [ENG31-13539343-n] (simultaneous processing by two or more processing units)
          • operation [ENG31-13546128-n] ((computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction))

            • access [ENG31-02673854-n] ((computer science) the operation of reading or writing stored information)

              • disk access [ENG31-03213536-n] (memory access to the computer disk on which information is stored)
            • asynchronous operation [ENG31-13456550-n] (operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events)
            • auxiliary operation [ENG31-13457982-n] (a operation performed by off-line equipment not under the control of the central processing unit)
            • boolean operation [ENG31-13462108-n] (an operation that follows the rules of Boolean algebra)
            • computer operation [ENG31-13472035-n] (an elementary operation that a computer is designed and built to perform)

              • floating-point operation [ENG31-13503197-n] (an arithmetic operation performed on floating-point numbers)
              • retrieval [ENG31-13572143-n] ((computer science) the operation of accessing information from the computer's memory)

                • stovepiping [ENG31-13572320-n] (retrieval of information from unconnected databases)
              • storage [ENG31-13583336-n] ((computer science) the process of storing information in a computer memory or on a magnetic tape or disk)

                • fragmentation [ENG31-13505506-n] ((computer science) the condition of a file that is broken up and stored in many different locations on a magnetic disk)
            • concurrent operation [ENG31-13472377-n] (two or more operations performed at the same time (or within a give interval))
            • control operation [ENG31-13473290-n] (an operation that controls the recording or processing or transmission of interpretation of data)
            • dyadic operation [ENG31-13491595-n] (an operation on exactly two operands)
            • fixed-cycle operation [ENG31-13502930-n] (an operation that is completed in a specified number of regularly timed execution cycles)
            • logic operation [ENG31-13530245-n] (an operation that follows the rules of symbolic logic)
            • monadic operation [ENG31-13538283-n] (an operation with exactly one operand)
            • multiplex operation [ENG31-13538920-n] (an operation in which two or more activities are interleaved)
            • parallel operation [ENG31-13553399-n] (the simultaneous execution of two or more operations)
            • printing operation [ENG31-13561994-n] (an operation that controls the printing or display of information)

              • carriage return [ENG31-13464710-n] (the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on a line)
              • line feed [ENG31-13529386-n] (the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed on the next line)
              • new line [ENG31-13542647-n] (the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on the next line)
            • search [ENG31-13574763-n] (an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property)
            • serial operation [ENG31-13576003-n] (the sequential execution of operations one after another)
            • sort [ENG31-13579899-n] (an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion)
            • synchronous operation [ENG31-13585704-n] (operations that are initiated predictably by a clock)
            • threshold operation [ENG31-13588547-n] (an operation performed on operands in order to obtain the value of a threshold function)

              • majority operation [ENG31-13531841-n] (a threshold operation in which each operand is 0 or 1)
          • priority processing [ENG31-13562178-n] (data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities)

            • background processing [ENG31-13458165-n] (the execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system)
            • foreground processing [ENG31-13504534-n] (the execution of a program that preempts the use of the processing system)
          • real-time processing [ENG31-13568251-n] (data processing fast enough to keep up with an outside process)
          • serial processing [ENG31-13576187-n] (sequential processing by two or more processing units)
          • word processing [ENG31-13596131-n] (rapid and efficient processing (storage and printing) of linguistic data for composition and editing)
        • development [ENG31-13485760-n] (processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible)

          • underdevelopment [ENG31-13592244-n] ((photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrast)
        • refining [ENG31-13569308-n] (the process of removing impurities (as from oil or metals or sugar etc.))

          • rectification [ENG31-13568402-n] ((chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation)
        • vulcanization [ENG31-13595118-n] (process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them)
      • reversible process [ENG31-13572820-n] (any process in which a system can be made to pass through the same states in the reverse order when the process is reversed)
      • sensitization [ENG31-13575546-n] ((psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations))
      • shaping [ENG31-13576649-n] (any process serving to define the shape of something)
      • variation [ENG31-13593527-n] (the process of varying or being varied)

        • covariation [ENG31-06042282-n] ((statistics) correlated variation)
    • substance [ENG31-14604577-n] (material of a particular kind or constitution)
  • abstraction [ENG31-00002137-n] (a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples)

    • psychological feature [ENG31-00023280-n] (a feature of the mental life of a living organism)

      • cognition [ENG31-00023451-n] (the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning)

        • mind [ENG31-05619057-n] (that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions)

          • noddle [ENG31-05619467-n] (an informal British expression for head or mind)
          • tabula rasa [ENG31-05620826-n] (a young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke))
          • ego [ENG31-05620953-n] ((psychoanalysis) the conscious mind)
          • unconscious mind [ENG31-05621057-n] (that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware)
          • subconscious mind [ENG31-05621261-n] (psychic activity just below the level of awareness)
        • place [ENG31-05619605-n] (an abstract mental location)

          • level [ENG31-06257026-n] (an abstract place usually conceived as having depth)
        • public knowledge [ENG31-05619850-n] (knowledge that is available to anyone)

          • common knowledge [ENG31-05620024-n] (anything generally known to everyone)

            • ancient history [ENG31-05620314-n] (knowledge of some recent fact or event that has become so commonly known that it has lost its original pertinence)
          • light [ENG31-05620489-n] (public awareness)
          • open [ENG31-05620592-n] (information that has become public)
        • episteme [ENG31-05620141-n] (the body of ideas that determine the knowledge that is intellectually certain at any particular time)
        • ability [ENG31-05624029-n] (possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done)

          • know-how [ENG31-05624569-n] (the (technical) knowledge and skill required to do something)

            • bag of tricks [ENG31-05624738-n] (a supply of ways of accomplishing something)
            • wisdom [ENG31-05624890-n] (ability to apply knowledge or experience or understanding or common sense and insight)

              • astuteness [ENG31-05621745-n] (the intellectual ability to penetrate deeply into ideas)
              • sagacity [ENG31-05621958-n] (the mental ability to understand and discriminate between relations)

                • eye [ENG31-05622259-n] (good discernment (either visually or as if visually))
                • common sense [ENG31-05622440-n] (sound practical judgment)

                  • logic [ENG31-05622811-n] (reasoned and reasonable judgment)
                  • nous [ENG31-05622930-n] (common sense)
                  • road sense [ENG31-05623041-n] (good judgment in avoiding trouble or accidents on the road)
                • judiciousness [ENG31-05623156-n] (good judgment)

                  • caution [ENG31-05623652-n] (judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger)
                • discretion [ENG31-05623283-n] (knowing how to avoid embarrassment or distress)

                  • confidentiality [ENG31-05623532-n] (discretion in keeping secret information)
                • injudiciousness [ENG31-05623875-n] (lacking good judgment)
            • method [ENG31-05668113-n] (a way of doing something, especially a systematic way)

              • teaching method [ENG31-05668782-n] (the principles and methods of instruction)

                • Socratic method [ENG31-05668963-n] (a method of teaching by question and answer)
              • method of choice [ENG31-05669139-n] (the best method to achieve a desired result)
              • methodology [ENG31-05669245-n] (the system of methods followed in a particular discipline)

                • scientific method [ENG31-05668476-n] (a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses)

                  • experimental method [ENG31-05668646-n] (the use of controlled observations and measurements to test hypotheses)
              • mnemonics [ENG31-05669396-n] (a method or system for improving the memory)
              • solution [ENG31-05669513-n] (a method for solving a problem)

                • silver bullet [ENG31-05669670-n] (a simple guaranteed solution for a difficult problem)
              • system [ENG31-05669841-n] (a complex of methods or rules governing behavior)

                • accounting [ENG31-05670377-n] (a system that provides quantitative information about finances)

                  • balance of payments [ENG31-13431631-n] (a system of recording all of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of one year)
                  • current account [ENG31-13431976-n] (that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments)
                • discipline [ENG31-05670721-n] (a system of rules of conduct or method of practice)
                • frame of reference [ENG31-05670948-n] (a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning)

                  • vocabulary [ENG31-05671119-n] (the system of techniques or symbols serving as a means of expression (as in arts or crafts))
                • gambling system [ENG31-05671335-n] (a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning)
                • government [ENG31-05671515-n] ((government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed)
                • honor system [ENG31-05671722-n] (a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others)
                • logic [ENG31-05671913-n] (a system of reasoning)

                  • Aristotelian logic [ENG31-05672188-n] (the syllogistic logic of Aristotle as developed by Boethius in the Middle Ages)
                  • symbolic logic [ENG31-06174381-n] (any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity)

                    • Boolean logic [ENG31-06174716-n] (a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole)
                    • propositional logic [ENG31-06174863-n] (a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them)
                    • predicate calculus [ENG31-06175080-n] (a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions))
                    • modal logic [ENG31-06175539-n] (a system of logic whose formal properties resemble certain moral and epistemological concepts)

                      • alethic logic [ENG31-06175762-n] (the modal logic of necessity and possibility and contingency)
                      • deontic logic [ENG31-06175882-n] (the modal logic of obligation and permissibility)
                      • epistemic logic [ENG31-06175990-n] (the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and ignorance)
                      • doxastic logic [ENG31-06176110-n] (the modal logic of belief and disbelief)
                    • fuzzy logic [ENG31-06176210-n] (a form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1)
                • merit system [ENG31-05672331-n] (the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability)
                • point system [ENG31-05672484-n] (a system of evaluation based on awarding points according to rules)
                • spoils system [ENG31-05672647-n] (the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power)
                • organon [ENG31-05672830-n] (a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations)
                • program [ENG31-05907694-n] (a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need)

                  • defense program [ENG31-05908870-n] (a program for defending a country against its enemies)
                  • educational program [ENG31-05909037-n] (a program for providing education)

                    • academic program [ENG31-05918324-n] ((education) a program of education in liberal arts and sciences (usually in preparation for higher education))
                    • training program [ENG31-05918515-n] (a program designed for training in specific skills)

                      • biofeedback [ENG31-05918664-n] (a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them)
                      • preemployment training program [ENG31-05918922-n] (a training program to prepare you for employment)
                    • vocational program [ENG31-05919306-n] (a program of vocational education)
                  • rehabilitation program [ENG31-05909190-n] (a program for restoring someone to good health)

                    • vocational rehabilitation program [ENG31-05909855-n] (a program of rehabilitation through job training with an eye to gainful employment)
                  • space program [ENG31-05909323-n] (a technological program intended to explore outer space)
                  • Superfund program [ENG31-05909495-n] (the federal government's program to locate and investigate and clean up the worst uncontrolled and abandoned toxic waste sites nationwide)
                  • tax program [ENG31-05910017-n] (a program for setting taxes)
                  • works program [ENG31-05919404-n] (a program to provide jobs on public works paid for by government funds)
                • theosophy [ENG31-05962481-n] (a system of belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soul)

                  • Kabbalah [ENG31-05962967-n] (an esoteric theosophy of rabbinical origin based on the Hebrew scriptures and developed between the 7th and 18th centuries)
                • anthroposophy [ENG31-05962748-n] (a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner)
                • logic [ENG31-06142469-n] (the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine's representation of logical operations)
                • theology [ENG31-06193615-n] (a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings)

                  • Christian theology [ENG31-06194005-n] (the teachings of Christian churches)

                    • Christology [ENG31-06194309-n] (the branch of theology concerned with the person and attributes and deeds of Christ)
                    • Jesuitism [ENG31-06194873-n] (the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic))
                    • patristics [ENG31-06195037-n] (the study of the lives, writings, and doctrines of the Church Fathers)
                    • polemics [ENG31-06195193-n] (the branch of Christian theology devoted to the refutation of errors)
                    • soteriology [ENG31-06201422-n] (the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation as the effect of a divine agency)
                  • liberation theology [ENG31-06194468-n] (a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation)
                  • natural theology [ENG31-06194698-n] (a theology that holds that knowledge of God can be acquired by human reason without the aid of divine revelation)
                • ethic [ENG31-06676362-n] (a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct)

                  • double standard [ENG31-06682258-n] (an ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another)

                    • double standard of sexual behavior [ENG31-06682418-n] (a code that permits greater sexual freedom for men than for women (associated with the subordination of women))
              • technique [ENG31-05672990-n] (a practical method or art applied to some particular task)

                • antialiasing [ENG31-05673265-n] ((computer graphics) a technique that is used to smooth jagged distortions in curves and diagonal lines so they appear smoother)
                • Benday process [ENG31-05673469-n] (a photoengraving technique for adding shading or texture or tone to a printed image)
                • bonding [ENG31-05673613-n] ((dentistry) a technique for repairing a tooth)
                • emulation [ENG31-05673828-n] ((computer science) technique of one machine obtaining the same results as another)

                  • terminal emulation [ENG31-05674020-n] ((computer science) having a computer act exactly like a terminal)
                • immunofluorescence [ENG31-05674168-n] ((immunology) a technique that uses antibodies linked to a fluorescent dye in order to study antigens in a sample of tissue)
                • photomechanics [ENG31-05674374-n] (the technique of using photomechanical methods to make photographs into plates for printing)
                • simulation [ENG31-05674544-n] ((computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program)
              • technicolor [ENG31-05674930-n] (a trademarked method of making color motion pictures)
              • statistical method [ENG31-06030086-n] (a method of analyzing or representing statistical data)

                • least squares [ENG31-06030362-n] (a method of fitting a curve to data points so as to minimize the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from the curve)
                • multivariate analysis [ENG31-06030596-n] (a generic term for any statistical technique used to analyze data from more than one variable)

                  • multiple regression [ENG31-06037143-n] (a statistical technique that predicts values of one variable on the basis of two or more other variables)

                    • multicollinearity [ENG31-06037373-n] (a case of multiple regression in which the predictor variables are themselves highly correlated)
                  • regression analysis [ENG31-06037551-n] (the use of regression to make quantitative predictions of one variable from the values of another)
                  • correlational analysis [ENG31-06039360-n] (the use of statistical correlation to evaluate the strength of the relations between variables)

                    • factor analysis [ENG31-06039726-n] (any of several methods for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions or factors)
                  • analysis of variance [ENG31-06040131-n] (a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means)
                • regression [ENG31-06036794-n] (the relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x))

                  • linear regression [ENG31-06038434-n] (the relation between variables when the regression equation is linear: e.g., y = ax + b)
                  • curvilinear regression [ENG31-06038648-n] (the relation between variables when the regression equation is nonlinear (quadratic or higher order))
              • wrinkle [ENG31-06261425-n] (a clever method of doing something (especially something new and different))
          • leadership [ENG31-05625093-n] (the ability to lead)

            • generalship [ENG31-05625250-n] (the leadership ability of a military general)
          • intelligence [ENG31-05625389-n] (the ability to comprehend)

            • brain [ENG31-05625839-n] (mental ability)
            • breadth [ENG31-05626076-n] (the capacity to understand a broad range of topics)

              • capaciousness [ENG31-05626390-n] (intellectual breadth)
            • mind [ENG31-05626632-n] (knowledge and intellectual ability)
            • nonverbal intelligence [ENG31-05626842-n] (intelligence that is manifested in the performance of tasks requiring little or no use of language)
            • verbal intelligence [ENG31-05627009-n] (intelligence in the use and comprehension of language)
            • mental quickness [ENG31-05627128-n] (intelligence as revealed by an ability to give correct responses without delay)
            • nimbleness [ENG31-05627336-n] (intelligence as revealed by quickness and alertness of mind)
            • brilliance [ENG31-05627526-n] (unusual mental ability)

              • coruscation [ENG31-05627686-n] (a sudden or striking display of brilliance)
              • pyrotechnics [ENG31-05627833-n] ((music) brilliance of display (as in the performance of music))
              • scintillation [ENG31-05627973-n] (a brilliant display of wit)
            • precociousness [ENG31-05628077-n] (intelligence achieved far ahead of normal developmental schedules)
            • acuteness [ENG31-05628251-n] (a quick and penetrating intelligence)

              • steel trap [ENG31-05628537-n] (an acute intelligence (an analogy based on the well-known sharpness of steel traps))
            • brightness [ENG31-05628738-n] (intelligence as manifested in being quick and witty)
            • shrewdness [ENG31-05629222-n] (intelligence manifested by being astute (as in business dealings))

              • craft [ENG31-05628961-n] (shrewdness as demonstrated by being skilled in deception)
              • insightfulness [ENG31-05629591-n] (shrewdness shown by keen insight)
              • knowingness [ENG31-05629729-n] (shrewdness demonstrated by knowledge)
              • street smarts [ENG31-05629859-n] (a shrewd ability to survive in a dangerous urban environment)
            • wits [ENG31-05629979-n] (the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception)
          • aptitude [ENG31-05630239-n] (inherent ability)

            • instinct [ENG31-05630506-n] (inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli)

              • id [ENG31-05621577-n] ((psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity)
            • capability [ENG31-05630964-n] (an aptitude that may be developed)

              • perfectibility [ENG31-05631227-n] (the capability of becoming perfect)
              • compass [ENG31-05631411-n] (the limit of capability)

                • sight [ENG31-05631601-n] (the range of vision)
              • imperfectibility [ENG31-05655856-n] (the capability of becoming imperfect)
            • natural ability [ENG31-05631720-n] (ability that is inherited)

              • endowment [ENG31-05631825-n] (natural abilities or qualities)

                • bent [ENG31-05632037-n] (a special way of doing something)
                • flair [ENG31-05632244-n] (a natural talent)
                • raw talent [ENG31-05632398-n] (powerfully impressive talent)
          • bilingualism [ENG31-05630400-n] (the ability to speak two languages colloquially)
          • capacity [ENG31-05630739-n] (the power to learn or retain knowledge)

            • prescience [ENG31-05928025-n] (the power to foresee the future)
          • creativity [ENG31-05632483-n] (the ability to create)

            • fecundity [ENG31-05632849-n] (the intellectual productivity of a creative imagination)
            • flight [ENG31-05632993-n] (passing above and beyond ordinary bounds)
            • genius [ENG31-05633156-n] (exceptional creative ability)
            • imagination [ENG31-05633248-n] (the formation of a mental image of something that is not perceived as real and is not present to the senses)

              • imaginary place [ENG31-05633662-n] (a place that exists only in imagination)

                • afterworld [ENG31-05634307-n] (the place where you are after you die)
                • Annwfn [ENG31-05634401-n] ((Welsh mythology) the other world)
                • Asgard [ENG31-05634550-n] ((Norse mythology) the heavenly dwelling of the Norse gods (the Aesir) and slain war heroes)
                • Atlantis [ENG31-05634712-n] (according to legend, an island in the Atlantic Ocean that Plato said was swallowed by an earthquake)
                • Brobdingnag [ENG31-05634866-n] (a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where everything was enormous)
                • cloud-cuckoo-land [ENG31-05635005-n] (an imaginary place where you say people are when they seem optimistically out of touch with reality)
                • Cockaigne [ENG31-05635168-n] ((Middle Ages) an imaginary land of luxury and idleness)
                • El Dorado [ENG31-05635297-n] (an imaginary place of great wealth and opportunity)
                • fairyland [ENG31-05635465-n] (the enchanted realm of fairies)
                • Heaven [ENG31-05635568-n] (the abode of God and the angels)

                  • Abraham's bosom [ENG31-05635814-n] (the place where the just enjoy the peace of heaven after death)
                  • Celestial City [ENG31-05635976-n] (phrases used to refer to Heaven)
                  • Elysium [ENG31-05636186-n] ((Greek mythology) the abode of the blessed after death)
                  • Eden [ENG31-05636441-n] (a beautiful garden where Adam and Eve were placed at the Creation)
                  • Paradise [ENG31-05636722-n] ((Christianity) the abode of righteous souls after death)
                  • Promised Land [ENG31-05636887-n] (the goal towards which Christians strive)
                  • Valhalla [ENG31-05636987-n] ((Norse mythology) the hall in which the souls of heros slain in battle were received by Odin)
                • Elysium [ENG31-05636348-n] (a place or condition of ideal happiness)
                • Hell [ENG31-05637164-n] ((religion) the world of the dead)
                • Hell [ENG31-05637465-n] ((Christianity) the abode of Satan and the forces of evil)

                  • Gehenna [ENG31-05638060-n] (a place where the wicked are punished after death)
                  • hellfire [ENG31-05638192-n] (a place of eternal fire envisaged as punishment for the damned)
                • Houyhnhnms [ENG31-05637928-n] (a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where intelligent horses ruled the Yahoos)
                • Laputa [ENG31-05638322-n] (a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where impractical projects were pursued and practical projects neglected)
                • Lilliput [ENG31-05638517-n] (a land imagined by Jonathan Swift that was inhabited by tiny people)
                • limbo [ENG31-05638657-n] ((theology) in Roman Catholicism, the place of unbaptized but innocent or righteous souls (such as infants and virtuous individuals))
                • limbo [ENG31-05638859-n] (an imaginary place for lost or neglected things)
                • Midgard [ENG31-05638958-n] ((Norse mythology) the abode of humans in Norse mythology)
                • never-never land [ENG31-05639087-n] (a pleasing country existing only in dreams or imagination)
                • purgatory [ENG31-05639232-n] ((theology) in Roman Catholic theology the place where those who have died in a state of grace undergo limited torment to expiate their sins)
                • Ruritania [ENG31-05639464-n] (an imaginary kingdom in central Europe)
                • spirit world [ENG31-05639624-n] (any imaginary place where spiritual beings (demons or fairies or angels or the like) abide)
                • Utopia [ENG31-05639839-n] (an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal)
                • wonderland [ENG31-05639958-n] (an imaginary realm of marvels or wonders)
              • fancy [ENG31-05640055-n] (imagination or fantasy)
              • fantasy [ENG31-05640291-n] (imagination unrestricted by reality)

                • pipe dream [ENG31-05640577-n] (a fantastic but vain hope (from fantasies induced by the opium pipe))
                • fantasy life [ENG31-05640772-n] (an imaginary life lived in a fantasy world)
                • fantasy world [ENG31-05640889-n] (something existing solely in the imagination (but often mistaken for reality))

                  • paracosm [ENG31-05641073-n] (a prolonged fantasy world invented by children)
              • dream [ENG31-05776803-n] (imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake)

                • reverie [ENG31-05777468-n] (absentminded dreaming while awake)
                • woolgathering [ENG31-05777723-n] (an idle indulgence in fantasy)
              • imaginary being [ENG31-09506868-n] (a creature of the imagination)

                • hypothetical creature [ENG31-09507443-n] (a creature that has not been observed but is hypothesized to exist)

                  • extraterrestrial being [ENG31-09507595-n] (a form of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere)
                • mythical being [ENG31-09507794-n] (an imaginary being of myth or fable)

                  • halcyon [ENG31-01829843-n] (a mythical bird said to breed at the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea and to have the power of calming the winds and waves)
                  • mythical monster [ENG31-09515254-n] (a monster renowned in folklore and myth)

                    • legendary creature [ENG31-09510152-n] (a monster that is unverifiable but popularly accepted as possibly factual)

                      • abominable snowman [ENG31-09510382-n] (a large hairy humanoid creature said to live in the Himalayas)
                      • doppelganger [ENG31-09510822-n] (a ghostly double of a living person that haunts its living counterpart)
                      • sea serpent [ENG31-09511136-n] (huge creature of the sea resembling a snake or dragon)
                    • amphisbaena [ENG31-09515864-n] ((classical mythology) a serpent with a head at each end of its body)
                    • basilisk [ENG31-09516008-n] ((classical mythology) a serpent (or lizard or dragon) able to kill with its breath or glance)
                    • centaur [ENG31-09516174-n] ((classical mythology) a mythical being that is half man and half horse)

                      • Chiron [ENG31-09516938-n] ((Greek mythology) the learned centaur who tutored Achilles, Asclepius, Hercules, Jason, and other heroes)
                    • Cerberus [ENG31-09516335-n] ((Greek mythology) the three-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades)
                    • Chimera [ENG31-09516693-n] ((Greek mythology) fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head and a goat's body and a serpent's tail)
                    • cockatrice [ENG31-09517280-n] (monster hatched by a reptile from a cock's egg)
                    • dragon [ENG31-09517519-n] (a creature of Teutonic mythology)

                      • wyvern [ENG31-09526618-n] (a fire-breathing dragon used in medieval heraldry)
                    • Geryon [ENG31-09518082-n] ((Greek mythology) a mythical monster with three heads that was slain by Hercules)
                    • Gorgon [ENG31-09518234-n] ((Greek mythology) any of three winged sister monsters and the mortal Medusa who had live snakes for hair)

                      • Medusa [ENG31-09521044-n] ((Greek mythology) a woman transformed into a Gorgon by Athena)
                      • Stheno [ENG31-09521203-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons)
                      • Euryale [ENG31-09521317-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons)
                    • gryphon [ENG31-09519093-n] (winged monster with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion)
                    • Harpy [ENG31-09519230-n] ((Greek mythology) vicious winged monster)
                    • Hydra [ENG31-09519392-n] ((Greek mythology) monster with nine heads)
                    • leviathan [ENG31-09519933-n] (monstrous sea creature symbolizing evil in the Old Testament)
                    • manticore [ENG31-09521432-n] (a mythical monster having the head of man (with horns) and the body of a lion and the tail of a scorpion)
                    • Minotaur [ENG31-09522187-n] ((Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man)
                    • Nemean lion [ENG31-09522625-n] ((Greek mythology) an enormous lion strangled by Hercules as the first of his 12 labors)
                    • roc [ENG31-09524454-n] (mythical bird of prey having enormous size and strength)
                    • salamander [ENG31-09524559-n] (reptilian creature supposed to live in fire)
                    • Sphinx [ENG31-09525430-n] ((Greek mythology) a riddling winged monster with a woman's head and breast on a lion's body)
                    • troll [ENG31-09525613-n] ((Scandanavian folklore) a supernatural creature (either a dwarf or a giant) that is supposed to live in caves or in the mountains)
                    • Typhoeus [ENG31-09525832-n] ((Greek mythology) son of Gaea and Tartarus who created the whirlwinds)
                    • Typhon [ENG31-09526038-n] ((Greek mythology) a monster with a hundred heads who breathed out flames)
                    • werewolf [ENG31-09526253-n] (a monster able to change appearance from human to wolf and back again)
                  • phoenix [ENG31-09524068-n] (a legendary Arabian bird said to periodically burn itself to death and emerge from the ashes as a new phoenix)
                  • houri [ENG31-09568129-n] ((Islam) one of the dark-eyed virgins of perfect beauty believed to live with the blessed in Paradise)
                  • Amazon [ENG31-09806517-n] ((Greek mythology) one of a nation of women warriors of Scythia (who burned off the right breast in order to use a bow and arrow more effectively))
                  • Gog and Magog [ENG31-10154931-n] (biblical names of the enemies of God's people who wage war against God at the end of the world)
                  • golem [ENG31-10156295-n] ((Jewish folklore) an artificially created human being that is given life by supernatural means)
                  • hero [ENG31-10192757-n] ((classical mythology) a being of great strength and courage celebrated for bold exploits)
                • giant [ENG31-09511841-n] (an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength)

                  • Argus [ENG31-09513019-n] ((Greek mythology) a giant with 100 eyes)
                  • Cyclops [ENG31-09513702-n] ((Greek mythology) one of a group of giants having a single eye in the middle of their forehead)
                  • giantess [ENG31-09513887-n] (a female giant)
                  • ogre [ENG31-09513956-n] ((folklore) a giant who likes to eat human beings)

                    • ogress [ENG31-09514092-n] ((folklore) a female ogre)
                  • Jotun [ENG31-09604700-n] ((Norse mythology) one of a group of giants often in conflict with the Aesir)
                  • Mimir [ENG31-09605034-n] ((Norse mythology) giant who lives in the roots of Yggdrasil and guards the well of wisdom)
                • hobbit [ENG31-09512125-n] (an imaginary being similar to a person but smaller and with hairy feet)
                • mermaid [ENG31-09512731-n] (half woman and half fish)
                • merman [ENG31-09512827-n] (half man and half fish)
                • Cadmus [ENG31-09513184-n] ((Greek mythology) the brother of Europa and traditional founder of Thebes in Boeotia)
                • monster [ENG31-09515097-n] (an imaginary creature usually having various human and animal parts)

                  • bogeyman [ENG31-09511247-n] (an imaginary monster used to frighten children)
                • witch [ENG31-09526414-n] (a being (usually female) imagined to have special powers derived from the devil)

                  • pythoness [ENG31-10516631-n] (a witch with powers of divination)
                  • warlock [ENG31-10787430-n] (a male witch or demon)
                • fictional character [ENG31-09610740-n] (an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story))

                  • protagonist [ENG31-10192465-n] (the principal character in a work of fiction)

                    • antihero [ENG31-10192613-n] (a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero (or her a heroine))
                • psychopomp [ENG31-10509403-n] (a conductor of souls to the afterworld)
                • sylph [ENG31-10704783-n] (an elemental being believed to inhabit the air)
                • unicorn [ENG31-10757621-n] (an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead)
            • invention [ENG31-05641230-n] (the creation of something in the mind)

              • concoction [ENG31-05642064-n] (the invention of a scheme or story to suit some purpose)
              • contrivance [ENG31-05642302-n] (the faculty of contriving)
            • inventiveness [ENG31-05641517-n] (the power of creative imagination)

              • resource [ENG31-05641705-n] (the ability to deal resourcefully with unusual problems)

                • armory [ENG31-05641904-n] (a collection of resources)
          • originality [ENG31-05642458-n] (the ability to think and act independently)

            • innovativeness [ENG31-05642612-n] (originality by virtue of introducing new ideas)
            • unconventionality [ENG31-05642755-n] (originality by virtue of being unconventional)
            • novelty [ENG31-05642900-n] (originality by virtue of being new and surprising)
          • skill [ENG31-05644732-n] (ability to produce solutions in some problem domain)

            • nose [ENG31-05644951-n] (a natural skill)
            • virtuosity [ENG31-05645067-n] (technical skill or fluency or style exhibited by a virtuoso)

              • bravura [ENG31-05645201-n] (brilliant and showy technical skill)
          • skill [ENG31-05645403-n] (an ability that has been acquired by training)

            • craft [ENG31-05645908-n] (skill in an occupation or trade)

              • housecraft [ENG31-05651567-n] (skill in domestic management)
              • priestcraft [ENG31-05651652-n] (the skills involved in the work of a priest)
              • stagecraft [ENG31-05651753-n] (skill in writing or staging plays)

                • coup de theatre [ENG31-07020560-n] (a sensational bit of stagecraft)
              • tradecraft [ENG31-05651861-n] (skill acquired through experience in a trade)
              • watercraft [ENG31-05652179-n] (skill in the management of boats)
              • woodcraft [ENG31-05652268-n] (skill in carving or fashioning objects from wood)
            • horsemanship [ENG31-05646219-n] (skill in handling and riding horses)
            • literacy [ENG31-05646331-n] (the ability to read and write)
            • marksmanship [ENG31-05646451-n] (skill in shooting)
            • mastership [ENG31-05646545-n] (the skill of a master)
            • mixology [ENG31-05646623-n] (skill in preparing mixed drinks)
            • numeracy [ENG31-05647276-n] (skill with numbers and mathematics)
            • oarsmanship [ENG31-05647401-n] (skill as an oarsman)
            • salesmanship [ENG31-05647496-n] (skill in selling)
            • seamanship [ENG31-05647677-n] (skill in sailing)

              • boatmanship [ENG31-05647786-n] (skill in handling boats)
            • showmanship [ENG31-05647885-n] (the ability to present something (especially theatrical shows) in an attractive manner)
            • soldiering [ENG31-05648029-n] (skills that are required for the life of soldier)
            • swordsmanship [ENG31-05648184-n] (skill in fencing)
          • hand [ENG31-05645810-n] (ability)
          • superior skill [ENG31-05646727-n] (more than ordinary ability)

            • art [ENG31-05646832-n] (a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation)

              • aviation [ENG31-05643033-n] (the art of operating aircraft)
              • eristic [ENG31-05643166-n] (the art of logical disputation (especially if specious))
              • falconry [ENG31-05643293-n] (the art of training falcons to hunt and return)
              • fortification [ENG31-05643469-n] (the art or science of strengthening defenses)
              • homiletics [ENG31-05643609-n] (the art of preaching)
              • horology [ENG31-05643686-n] (the art of designing and making clocks)
              • minstrelsy [ENG31-05643815-n] (the art of a minstrel)
              • musicianship [ENG31-05643893-n] (artistry in performing music)
              • enology [ENG31-05644016-n] (the art of wine making)
              • puppetry [ENG31-05644139-n] (the art of making puppets and presenting puppet shows)
              • taxidermy [ENG31-05644247-n] (the art of mounting the skins of animals so that they have lifelike appearance)
              • telescopy [ENG31-05644399-n] (the art of making and using telescopes)
              • ventriloquism [ENG31-05644511-n] (the art of projecting your voice so that it seems to come from another source (as from a ventriloquist's dummy))
          • faculty [ENG31-05658174-n] (one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind)

            • attention [ENG31-05658424-n] (the faculty or power of mental concentration)

              • concentration [ENG31-05712213-n] (complete attention)

                • focus [ENG31-05712641-n] (the concentration of attention or energy on something)

                  • particularism [ENG31-05713022-n] (a focus on something particular)
                • specialism [ENG31-05713131-n] (the concentration of your efforts on a particular field of study or occupation)
                • study [ENG31-05713302-n] (a state of deep mental absorption)
              • mental note [ENG31-05712497-n] (special attention with intent to remember)
              • watchfulness [ENG31-05713669-n] (the process of paying close and continuous attention)

                • jealousy [ENG31-05714023-n] (zealous vigilance)
            • language [ENG31-05658665-n] (the mental faculty or power of vocal communication)
            • memory [ENG31-05659244-n] (the power of retaining and recalling past experience)

              • remembrance [ENG31-05769915-n] (the ability to recall past occurrences)
            • reason [ENG31-05659525-n] (the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination)
            • sense [ENG31-05659816-n] (the faculty through which the external world is apprehended)

              • modality [ENG31-05660241-n] (a particular sense)

                • sight [ENG31-05662207-n] (the ability to see)

                  • stigmatism [ENG31-05662628-n] (normal eyesight)
                  • achromatic vision [ENG31-05663327-n] (vision using the rods)
                  • acuity [ENG31-05663412-n] (sharpness of vision)

                    • twenty-twenty [ENG31-05663655-n] (normal visual acuity, as measured by the ability to read charts at a distance of 20 feet)
                    • oxyopia [ENG31-05663811-n] (unusually acute vision)
                  • binocular vision [ENG31-05663887-n] (vision involving the use of both eyes)

                    • stereoscopic vision [ENG31-05665360-n] (three-dimensional vision produced by the fusion of two slightly different views of a scene on each retina)
                  • central vision [ENG31-05664005-n] (vision using the fovea and parafovea)
                  • color vision [ENG31-05664139-n] (the normal ability to see colors)
                  • distance vision [ENG31-05664263-n] (vision for objects that a 20 feet or more from the viewer)
                  • eyesight [ENG31-05664382-n] (normal use of the faculty of vision)
                  • monocular vision [ENG31-05664648-n] (vision with only one eye)
                  • near vision [ENG31-05664735-n] (vision for objects 2 feet or closer to the viewer)
                  • night vision [ENG31-05664842-n] (the ability to see in reduced illumination (as in moonlight))
                  • daylight vision [ENG31-05665011-n] (normal vision in daylight)

                    • foveal vision [ENG31-05664567-n] (vision with the fovea)
                  • peripheral vision [ENG31-05665218-n] (vision at the edges of the visual field using only the periphery of the retina)
                • somatosense [ENG31-05662718-n] (any of the sensory systems that mediate sensations of pressure and tickle and warmth and cold and vibration and limb position and limb movement and pain)

                  • touch [ENG31-05662964-n] (the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body (especially the hands))
                  • kinesthesia [ENG31-05730155-n] (the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc)
                • hearing [ENG31-05665563-n] (the ability to hear)

                  • ear [ENG31-05665844-n] (good hearing)
                  • absolute pitch [ENG31-05665951-n] (the ability to identify the pitch of a tone)
                • taste [ENG31-05666071-n] (the faculty of distinguishing sweet, sour, bitter, and salty properties in the mouth)
                • smell [ENG31-05666448-n] (the faculty that enables us to distinguish scents)

                  • nose [ENG31-05666671-n] (the sense of smell (especially in animals))
              • sensitivity [ENG31-05660771-n] ((physiology) responsiveness to external stimuli)

                • acuteness [ENG31-05661172-n] (a sensitivity that is keen and highly developed)
                • hypersensitivity [ENG31-05661320-n] (extreme sensitivity)
                • responsiveness [ENG31-05661420-n] (responsive to stimulation)

                  • excitability [ENG31-05661555-n] (excessive sensitivity of an organ or body part)
                • exteroception [ENG31-05661693-n] (sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body)
                • interoception [ENG31-05661897-n] (sensitivity to stimuli originating inside of the body)

                  • proprioception [ENG31-05667466-n] (the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts)

                    • kinesthesis [ENG31-05666830-n] (the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body)
                    • kinanesthesia [ENG31-05667105-n] (inability to sense movement)
                    • equilibrium [ENG31-05667210-n] (a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head)
                  • somesthesia [ENG31-05667701-n] (the faculty of bodily perception)

                    • tactual sensation [ENG31-05729937-n] (the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain)
                • photosensitivity [ENG31-05662046-n] (sensitivity to the action of radiant energy)
            • volition [ENG31-05660438-n] (the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention)

              • velleity [ENG31-05660688-n] (volition in its weakest form)
        • inability [ENG31-05652767-n] (lack of ability (especially mental ability) to do something)

          • block [ENG31-05653044-n] (an inability to remember or think of something you normally can do)

            • writer's block [ENG31-05653310-n] (an inability to write)
          • stupidity [ENG31-05653442-n] (a poor ability to understand or to profit from experience)

            • denseness [ENG31-05653699-n] (the quality of being mentally slow and limited)
            • dullness [ENG31-05653884-n] (the quality of being slow to understand)

              • oscitancy [ENG31-14054153-n] (drowsiness and dullness manifested by yawning)
            • retardation [ENG31-05654063-n] (lack of normal development of intellectual capacities)

              • abnormality [ENG31-05654380-n] (retardation sufficient to fall outside the normal range of intelligence)

                • feeblemindedness [ENG31-05654568-n] (severe mental deficiency)
              • moronity [ENG31-05654673-n] (mild mental retardation)
              • idiocy [ENG31-05654771-n] (extreme mental retardation)
              • imbecility [ENG31-05654860-n] (retardation more severe than a moron but not as severe as an idiot)
            • folly [ENG31-05655001-n] (the quality of being rash and foolish)
            • vacuousness [ENG31-05655296-n] (indicative of or marked by mental vacuity and an absence of ideas)
          • inaptitude [ENG31-05655488-n] (a lack of aptitude)

            • talentlessness [ENG31-05655617-n] (a lack of talent)
            • incapability [ENG31-05655712-n] (lack of potential for development)
          • incapacity [ENG31-05655991-n] (lack of intellectual power)
          • unskillfulness [ENG31-05656092-n] (a lack of cognitive skill)

            • incoordination [ENG31-05649565-n] (a lack of coordination of movements)
            • disfluency [ENG31-05650917-n] (lack of skillfulness in speaking or writing)
            • awkwardness [ENG31-05656304-n] (unskillfulness resulting from a lack of training)

              • rustiness [ENG31-05656601-n] (ineptitude or awkwardness as a consequence of age or lack of practice)
            • inefficiency [ENG31-05656798-n] (unskillfulness resulting from a lack of efficiency)
            • amateurishness [ENG31-05656961-n] (something that demonstrates a lack of professional competency)
          • illiteracy [ENG31-05657101-n] (an inability to read)
          • uncreativeness [ENG31-05657230-n] (a lack of creativity)

            • fruitlessness [ENG31-05657383-n] (a lack of creative imagination)
            • unoriginality [ENG31-05657473-n] (uncreativeness due to a lack of originality)

              • triteness [ENG31-05657630-n] (unoriginality as a result of being dull and hackneyed)

                • camp [ENG31-05657805-n] (something that is considered amusing not because of its originality but because of its unoriginality)
              • conventionality [ENG31-05658025-n] (unoriginality as a result of being too conventional)
          • incomprehension [ENG31-05814239-n] (an inability to understand)
        • lexis [ENG31-05658913-n] (all of the words in a language)
        • vocabulary [ENG31-05659087-n] (a language user's knowledge of words)
        • practice [ENG31-05675040-n] (knowledge of how something is usually done)

          • custom [ENG31-05675248-n] (a specific practice of long standing)

            • habit [ENG31-05676878-n] (an established custom)
            • Hadith [ENG31-05677025-n] ((Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions)
            • institution [ENG31-05677194-n] (a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society)

              • levirate [ENG31-05677462-n] (the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line)
          • convention [ENG31-05675457-n] (something regarded as a normative example)

            • mores [ENG31-05675795-n] ((sociology) the conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group)
            • code of conduct [ENG31-05675939-n] (a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group)

              • courtly love [ENG31-05676425-n] ((Middle Ages) a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers)
              • knight errantry [ENG31-05676569-n] ((Middle Ages) the code of conduct observed by a knight errant who is wandering in search of deeds of chivalry)
              • protocol [ENG31-05676759-n] (code of correct conduct)
            • universal [ENG31-05676203-n] (a behavioral convention or pattern characteristic of all members of a particular culture or of all human beings)
          • heritage [ENG31-05677641-n] (practices that are handed down from the past by tradition)
        • cognitive factor [ENG31-05694286-n] (something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a result)

          • divine guidance [ENG31-05694495-n] ((theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings)
          • difficulty [ENG31-05694760-n] (a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result)

            • trouble [ENG31-05695143-n] (a source of difficulty)

              • pressure point [ENG31-05695459-n] (where problems or difficulties are likely to occur)
              • can of worms [ENG31-05695637-n] (a source of unpredictable trouble and complexity)
              • deep water [ENG31-05695763-n] (serious trouble)
              • growing pains [ENG31-05695835-n] (problems that arise in enlarging an enterprise (especially in the early stages))
              • hydra [ENG31-05695974-n] (trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality)
              • matter [ENG31-05696202-n] (a problem)
            • facer [ENG31-05696291-n] ((a dated Briticism) a serious difficulty with which one is suddenly faced)
            • killer [ENG31-05696435-n] (a difficulty that is hard to deal with)
            • kink [ENG31-05696575-n] (a difficulty or flaw in a plan or operation)
            • pisser [ENG31-05696712-n] (a very disagreeable difficulty)
            • pitfall [ENG31-05696795-n] (an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty)
            • snorter [ENG31-05696914-n] (something outstandingly difficult)
            • hindrance [ENG31-05697054-n] (something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress)

              • albatross [ENG31-05697450-n] ((figurative) something that hinders or handicaps)
              • bind [ENG31-05697606-n] (something that hinders as if with bonds)
              • diriment impediment [ENG31-05697714-n] ((canon law) an impediment that invalidates a marriage (such as the existence of a prior marriage))
              • drag [ENG31-05697896-n] (something that slows or delays progress)
              • obstacle [ENG31-05698074-n] (something immaterial that stands in the way and must be circumvented or surmounted)

                • barrier [ENG31-05698721-n] (any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective)

                  • color barrier [ENG31-05698967-n] (the barrier preventing Blacks from participating in various activities with whites)
                  • ideological barrier [ENG31-05699457-n] (a barrier to cooperation or interaction resulting from conflicting ideologies)

                    • iron curtain [ENG31-05699654-n] (an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy)
                    • bamboo curtain [ENG31-05700059-n] (an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s)
                    • color bar [ENG31-05700199-n] (barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites)
                  • language barrier [ENG31-05699928-n] (barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages)
                • hang-up [ENG31-05699109-n] (an unforeseen obstacle)
                • hurdle [ENG31-05699206-n] (an obstacle that you are expected to overcome)
                • stymie [ENG31-05699341-n] (a thwarting and distressing situation)
              • straitjacket [ENG31-05698489-n] (anything immaterial that severely hinders or confines)
            • wrinkle [ENG31-06261554-n] (a minor difficulty)
          • determinant [ENG31-05700384-n] (a determining or causal element or factor)

            • clincher [ENG31-05700723-n] (a point or fact or remark that settles something conclusively)
            • influence [ENG31-05700875-n] (a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do)

              • imponderable [ENG31-05701171-n] (a factor whose effects cannot be accurately assessed)

                • leaven [ENG31-05878029-n] (an influence that works subtly to lighten or modify something)
              • imprint [ENG31-05701348-n] (a distinctive influence)
              • morale builder [ENG31-05701502-n] (something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale)
              • pestilence [ENG31-05701634-n] (a pernicious and malign influence that is hard to get rid of)
              • support [ENG31-05701884-n] (something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest)

                • anchor [ENG31-05702197-n] (a central cohesive source of support and stability)
                • lifeline [ENG31-05702492-n] (support that enables people to survive or to continue doing something (often by providing an essential connection))
              • temptation [ENG31-05702756-n] (something that seduces or has the quality to seduce)

                • forbidden fruit [ENG31-05702967-n] (originally an apple from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden)
                • bait [ENG31-05703197-n] (anything that serves as an enticement)
                • allurement [ENG31-05703411-n] (attractiveness)
        • equivalent [ENG31-05703519-n] (a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc)

          • counterpart [ENG31-05703771-n] (a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another)

            • match [ENG31-05703985-n] (something that resembles or harmonizes with)
            • mismatch [ENG31-05704164-n] (a bad or unsuitable match)
            • complement [ENG31-05704262-n] (either of two parts that mutually complete each other)
          • substitute [ENG31-05704390-n] (a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another)

            • ersatz [ENG31-05704666-n] (an artificial or inferior substitute or imitation)
            • successor [ENG31-05704768-n] (a thing or person that immediately replaces something or someone)
            • succedaneum [ENG31-05704906-n] ((medicine) something that can be used as a substitute (especially any medicine that may be taken in place of another))
        • process [ENG31-05709328-n] ((psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity)

          • basic cognitive process [ENG31-05709891-n] (cognitive processes involved in obtaining and storing knowledge)

            • attention [ENG31-05710222-n] (the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others)

              • attentiveness [ENG31-05710673-n] (paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people))

                • advertence [ENG31-05712043-n] (the process of being heedful)
              • clock-watching [ENG31-05711017-n] (paying excessive attention to the clock (in anticipation of stopping work))
              • ear [ENG31-05711152-n] (attention to what is said)
              • eye [ENG31-05711254-n] (attention to what is seen)
              • notice [ENG31-05711376-n] (the act of noticing or paying attention)

                • mind [ENG31-05711903-n] (attention)
                • remark [ENG31-05718520-n] (explicit notice)
              • notice [ENG31-05711750-n] (polite or favorable attention)
            • inattention [ENG31-05714175-n] (lack of attention)

              • inattentiveness [ENG31-05714322-n] (a lack of attentiveness (as to children or helpless people))
              • distraction [ENG31-05714494-n] (an obstacle to attention)
              • disregard [ENG31-05714576-n] (lack of attention and due care)

                • omission [ENG31-05714901-n] (neglecting to do something)

                  • oversight [ENG31-05714762-n] (an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something)
                  • pretermission [ENG31-05715093-n] (letting pass without notice)
                  • exception [ENG31-05715216-n] (a deliberate act of omission)
            • intuition [ENG31-05715442-n] (instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes))

              • feeling [ENG31-05715665-n] (an intuitive understanding of something)

                • sprachgefuhl [ENG31-05715832-n] (an intuitive feeling for the natural idiom of a language)
              • gnosis [ENG31-05715977-n] (intuitive knowledge of spiritual truths)
              • insight [ENG31-05716154-n] (grasping the inner nature of things intuitively)
              • immediacy [ENG31-05716269-n] (immediate intuitive awareness)
              • inspiration [ENG31-05805481-n] (a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem)
            • perception [ENG31-05716379-n] (the process of perceiving)

              • constancy [ENG31-05716765-n] ((psychology) the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation)

                • brightness constancy [ENG31-05717095-n] (the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination)
                • color constancy [ENG31-05717290-n] (the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions)
                • shape constancy [ENG31-05717454-n] (the tendency to perceive the shape of a rigid object as constant despite differences in the viewing angle (and consequent differences in the shape of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye))
                • size constancy [ENG31-05717713-n] (the tendency to perceive the veridical size of a familiar object despite differences in their distance (and consequent differences in the size of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye))
              • detection [ENG31-05718634-n] (the perception that something has occurred or some state exists)
              • visual perception [ENG31-05718807-n] (perception by means of the eyes)

                • contrast [ENG31-05719031-n] (the perceptual effect of the juxtaposition of very different colors)
                • face recognition [ENG31-05719153-n] (the visual perception of familiar faces)
                • object recognition [ENG31-05719255-n] (the visual perception of familiar objects)
                • visual space [ENG31-05719361-n] (the visual perception of space)
                • fusion [ENG31-05945279-n] (the combining of images from the two eyes to form a single visual percept)
              • auditory perception [ENG31-05719450-n] (the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon)

                • speech perception [ENG31-05719621-n] (the auditory perception (and comprehension) of speech)
                • musical perception [ENG31-05719738-n] (the auditory perception of musical sounds)

                  • melody [ENG31-05719862-n] (the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes)
              • sensation [ENG31-05720023-n] (an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation)

                • threshold [ENG31-05720373-n] (the smallest detectable sensation)

                  • absolute threshold [ENG31-05720506-n] (the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect)

                    • pain threshold [ENG31-05720645-n] (the lowest intensity of stimulation at which pain is experienced)
                  • difference threshold [ENG31-05720839-n] (the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect)

                    • just-noticeable difference [ENG31-05721048-n] ((psychophysics) the difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected)
                • masking [ENG31-05721294-n] (the blocking of one sensation resulting from the presence of another sensation)
                • vision [ENG31-05721471-n] (the perceptual experience of seeing)
                • smell [ENG31-05721684-n] (the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form)

                  • scent [ENG31-05722108-n] (an odor left in passing by which a person or animal can be traced)

                    • musk [ENG31-05722279-n] (the scent of a greasy glandular secretion from the male musk deer)
                  • aroma [ENG31-05722413-n] (a distinctive odor that is pleasant)

                    • incense [ENG31-05722692-n] (the pleasing scent produced when incense is burned)
                  • malodor [ENG31-05722841-n] (a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant)

                    • niff [ENG31-05723097-n] (an unpleasant smell)
                  • acridity [ENG31-05725213-n] (having an acrid smell)
                • taste [ENG31-05723230-n] (the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus)

                  • relish [ENG31-05723811-n] (the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth)

                    • lemon [ENG31-05724289-n] (a distinctive tart flavor characteristic of lemons)
                    • vanilla [ENG31-05724409-n] (a distinctive fragrant flavor characteristic of vanilla beans)
                  • sweet [ENG31-05724524-n] (the taste experience when sugar dissolves in the mouth)
                  • sour [ENG31-05724691-n] (the taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice is taken into the mouth)

                    • acidity [ENG31-05724908-n] (the taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth)
                  • bitter [ENG31-05725062-n] (the taste experience when quinine or coffee is taken into the mouth)
                  • salt [ENG31-05725289-n] (the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth)
                  • astringency [ENG31-05725496-n] (a sharp astringent taste)
                  • finish [ENG31-05725694-n] ((wine tasting) the taste of a wine on the back of the tongue (as it is swallowed))
                  • flatness [ENG31-05725900-n] (a deficiency in flavor)
                  • mellowness [ENG31-05726065-n] (a taste (especially of fruit) that is ripe and of full flavor)
                • sound [ENG31-05726201-n] (the subjective sensation of hearing something)

                  • music [ENG31-05726503-n] (any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds)

                    • music of the spheres [ENG31-05727413-n] (an inaudible music that Pythagoras thought was produced by the celestial)
                  • music [ENG31-05726882-n] ((music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds))

                    • piano music [ENG31-05727272-n] (the sound of music produced by a piano)
                  • tone [ENG31-05727552-n] (a steady sound without overtones)

                    • harmonic [ENG31-05727751-n] (a tone that is a component of a complex sound)

                      • fundamental [ENG31-05727905-n] (the lowest tone of a harmonic series)
                      • overtone [ENG31-05728040-n] (a harmonic with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency)
                  • noise [ENG31-05728195-n] (the auditory experience of sound that lacks musical quality)
                  • dub [ENG31-05728468-n] (the new sounds added by dubbing)
                • synesthesia [ENG31-05728549-n] (a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated)

                  • chromesthesia [ENG31-05728773-n] (a form of synesthesia in which nonvisual stimulation results in the experience of color sensations)

                    • colored hearing [ENG31-05728966-n] (a form of chromesthesia in which experiences of color accompany auditory stimuli)
              • somesthesia [ENG31-05729127-n] (the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations)

                • feeling [ENG31-05729447-n] (a physical sensation that you experience)

                  • constriction [ENG31-05729675-n] (a tight feeling in some part of the body)
                • prickling [ENG31-05730815-n] (a somatic sensation as from many tiny stings)

                  • pins and needles [ENG31-05730701-n] (a sharp tingling sensation from lack of circulation)
                • pressure [ENG31-05732420-n] (the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin)
                • pain [ENG31-05732639-n] (a somatic sensation of acute discomfort)

                  • mittelschmerz [ENG31-05732910-n] (pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle))
                  • phantom limb pain [ENG31-05733082-n] (pain felt by an amputee that seems to be located in the missing limb)
                  • twinge [ENG31-05733214-n] (a sharp stab of pain)
                • temperature [ENG31-05733323-n] (the somatic sensation of cold or heat)

                  • heat [ENG31-05733472-n] (the sensation caused by heat energy)
                  • cold [ENG31-05733621-n] (the sensation produced by low temperatures)
                  • comfort zone [ENG31-05733824-n] (the temperature range (between 28 and 30 degrees Centigrade) at which the naked human body is able to maintain a heat balance without shivering or sweating)
              • touch [ENG31-05730374-n] (the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin)

                • creepiness [ENG31-05731025-n] (an uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on your skin)
                • cutaneous sensation [ENG31-05731155-n] (a sensation localized on the skin)

                  • tickle [ENG31-05731362-n] (a cutaneous sensation often resulting from light stroking)
                  • itch [ENG31-05731508-n] (an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch)

                    • pruritus [ENG31-05731756-n] (an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.))

                      • pruritus ani [ENG31-05731964-n] (chronic itching of the skin around the anus)
                      • pruritus vulvae [ENG31-05732066-n] (persistent itching of the external female genitalia)
                  • topognosia [ENG31-05732179-n] (recognition of the location of a stimulus on the skin)
                  • urtication [ENG31-05732302-n] (a sensation of having been stung by nettles)
            • apperception [ENG31-05716605-n] (the process whereby perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience)
            • believing [ENG31-05734038-n] (the cognitive process that leads to convictions)

              • doublethink [ENG31-05734182-n] (believing two contradictory ideas at the same time)
            • classification [ENG31-05740701-n] (the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories)

              • coordination [ENG31-05649277-n] (being of coordinate importance, rank, or degree)
              • appraisal [ENG31-05741528-n] (the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth)

                • critical appraisal [ENG31-05741809-n] (an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation)

                  • criticism [ENG31-05741963-n] (a serious examination and judgment of something)

                    • examen [ENG31-05742233-n] (a critical study (as of a writer's work))
                    • knock [ENG31-05742326-n] (negative criticism)
                    • self-criticism [ENG31-05742422-n] (criticism of yourself)
                • evaluation [ENG31-05744094-n] (an appraisal of the value of something)

                  • overvaluation [ENG31-05744413-n] (too high a value or price assigned to something)
                  • undervaluation [ENG31-05744538-n] (too low a value or price assigned to something)
                  • pricing [ENG31-05744681-n] (the evaluation of something in terms of its price)

                    • price gouging [ENG31-05744838-n] (pricing above the market price when no alternative retailer is available)
                  • reevaluation [ENG31-05744970-n] (the evaluation of something a second time (or more))
                  • mark [ENG31-05745098-n] (a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance))

                    • grade point [ENG31-05745477-n] (a numerical value assigned to a letter grade received in a course taken at a college or university multiplied by the number of credit hours awarded for the course)
                    • percentile [ENG31-05745697-n] ((statistics) any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total)
                    • decile [ENG31-05745927-n] ((statistics) any of nine points that divided a distribution of ranked scores into equal intervals where each interval contains one-tenth of the scores)
                    • quartile [ENG31-05746149-n] ((statistics) any of three points that divide an ordered distribution into four parts each containing one quarter of the scores)
                  • bond rating [ENG31-05746349-n] (an evaluation by a rating company of the probability that a particular bond issue will default)
                • assay [ENG31-05746570-n] (an appraisal of the state of affairs)

                  • countercheck [ENG31-05746839-n] (something that checks the correctness of a previous check)
                  • Apgar score [ENG31-05747345-n] (an assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant)
                  • paternity test [ENG31-05751441-n] (a test based on blood groups to determine whether a particular man could be the biological father of a particular child)
                  • stress test [ENG31-05755105-n] (a test measuring how a system functions when subjected to controlled amounts of stress)

                    • treadmill test [ENG31-05755267-n] (a stress test in which the patient walks on a moving treadmill while the heart and breathing rates are monitored)
                • acid test [ENG31-05755440-n] (a rigorous or crucial appraisal)
                • reappraisal [ENG31-05755527-n] (a new appraisal or evaluation)

                  • stocktaking [ENG31-05755760-n] (reappraisal of a situation or position or outlook)
                • underevaluation [ENG31-05755882-n] (an appraisal that underestimates the value of something)
              • attribution [ENG31-05742504-n] (assigning to a cause or source)

                • animatism [ENG31-05743201-n] (the attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones)
                • imputation [ENG31-05743423-n] (the attribution to a source or cause)
                • externalization [ENG31-05743625-n] (attributing to outside causes)
              • attribution [ENG31-05742854-n] (assigning some quality or character to a person or thing)

                • zoomorphism [ENG31-05743090-n] (the attribution of animal forms or qualities to a god)
              • cross-classification [ENG31-05743734-n] (classification according to more than one attribute at the same time)
              • subsumption [ENG31-05743947-n] (incorporating something under a more general category)
            • discrimination [ENG31-05755999-n] (the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished)

              • differentiation [ENG31-05756230-n] (a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes)

                • contradistinction [ENG31-05756611-n] (a distinction drawn on the basis of contrast)
                • line [ENG31-05756783-n] (a conceptual separation or distinction)

                  • Rubicon [ENG31-05757039-n] (a line that when crossed permits of no return and typically results in irrevocable commitment)
                • hairsplitting [ENG31-05757207-n] (making too fine distinctions of little importance)
              • individualization [ENG31-05757399-n] (discriminating the individual from the generic group or species)
              • taste [ENG31-05757616-n] (delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values))

                • virtu [ENG31-05758024-n] (love of or taste for fine objects of art)
                • vogue [ENG31-05758160-n] (the popular taste at a given time)

                  • New Look [ENG31-05758468-n] (a style of women's clothing created by Christian Dior in 1947)
                  • fashion [ENG31-05758654-n] (the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior)

                    • cult of personality [ENG31-05680130-n] (intense devotion to a particular person)
                    • cut [ENG31-05758945-n] (the style in which a garment is cut)
                    • haute couture [ENG31-05759060-n] (trend-setting fashions)
                    • fad [ENG31-05759170-n] (an interest followed with exaggerated zeal)
                    • retro [ENG31-05759427-n] (a fashion reminiscent of the past)
                  • bandwagon [ENG31-05759530-n] (a popular trend that attracts growing support)
                • delicacy [ENG31-05759704-n] (refined taste)
                • culture [ENG31-05759791-n] (the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group)

                  • counterculture [ENG31-05760017-n] (a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture)

                    • flower power [ENG31-05760293-n] (a counterculture of young people in the US during the 1960s and 70s)
                  • mass culture [ENG31-05760176-n] (the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media)
                  • letters [ENG31-05760419-n] (the literary culture)
            • learning [ENG31-05760541-n] (the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge)

              • conditioning [ENG31-05760918-n] (a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment)

                • extinction [ENG31-05766689-n] (a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus)
                • aversive conditioning [ENG31-05766904-n] (conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus)
                • classical conditioning [ENG31-05767179-n] (conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex)
                • operant conditioning [ENG31-05767693-n] (conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response)

                  • instrumental conditioning [ENG31-05767484-n] (operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials)
                • counter conditioning [ENG31-05767946-n] (conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus)
              • developmental learning [ENG31-05761204-n] (learning that takes place as a normal part of cognitive development)

                • accommodation [ENG31-05763483-n] (in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality)
                • assimilation [ENG31-05763711-n] (in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance)
              • digestion [ENG31-05761376-n] (learning and coming to understand ideas and information)
              • education [ENG31-05761561-n] (the gradual process of acquiring knowledge)

                • acculturation [ENG31-05765046-n] (the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure)
                • mastering [ENG31-05765231-n] (becoming proficient in the use of something)
                • self-education [ENG31-05765420-n] (the process of educating yourself)
                • school [ENG31-05765533-n] (the process of being formally educated at a school)
                • special education [ENG31-05765728-n] (education of physically or mentally handicapped children whose needs cannot be met in an ordinary classroom)
                • vocational training [ENG31-05765899-n] (training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade)
              • internalization [ENG31-05761951-n] (learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself)

                • introjection [ENG31-05762194-n] ((psychology) unconscious internalization of aspects of the world (especially aspects of persons) within the self in such a way that the internalized representation takes over the psychological functions of the external objects)
                • introjection [ENG31-05762516-n] ((psychoanalysis) the internalization of the parent figures and their values)
              • imprinting [ENG31-05762727-n] (a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established)
              • language learning [ENG31-05762896-n] (learning to use a language)

                • audio lingual acquisition [ENG31-05763004-n] (system of language acquisition focusing intensively on listening and speaking)
              • memorization [ENG31-05763153-n] (learning so as to be able to remember verbatim)

                • rote [ENG31-05763390-n] (memorization by repetition)
              • study [ENG31-05763880-n] (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading))
              • transfer [ENG31-05764200-n] (application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation)

                • generalization [ENG31-05764411-n] ((psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus)

                  • irradiation [ENG31-05764695-n] ((Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus)
            • memory [ENG31-05768199-n] (the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered)

              • short-term memory [ENG31-05768608-n] (what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it)
              • working memory [ENG31-05768748-n] (memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking)
              • long-term memory [ENG31-05768874-n] (your general store of remembered information)

                • episodic memory [ENG31-05769041-n] (memory for episodes in your own life)
                • semantic memory [ENG31-05769157-n] (your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts)
                • motor memory [ENG31-05769274-n] (your memory for motor skills)
              • retrieval [ENG31-05769377-n] (the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory)
              • recall [ENG31-05769556-n] (the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort))

                • mind [ENG31-05770146-n] (recall or remembrance)
                • reconstruction [ENG31-05770255-n] (recall that is hypothesized to work by storing abstract features which are then used to construct the memory during recall)
                • reproduction [ENG31-05770480-n] (recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall)
                • regurgitation [ENG31-05770668-n] (recall after rote memorization)
              • recognition [ENG31-05770995-n] (the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering)

                • identity [ENG31-05771409-n] (the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known)
                • speaker identification [ENG31-05771764-n] (identification of a person from the sound of their voice)
              • association [ENG31-05771913-n] (the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination)

                • colligation [ENG31-05772194-n] (the connection of isolated facts by a general hypothesis)

                  • generalization [ENG31-05782412-n] (reasoning from detailed facts to general principles)
              • retrospection [ENG31-05772970-n] (memory for experiences that are past)
            • representational process [ENG31-05773156-n] (any basic cognitive process in which some entity comes to stand for or represent something else)

              • symbol [ENG31-05773412-n] (something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible)

                • crossbones [ENG31-06820829-n] (two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death)
                • horn of plenty [ENG31-06820979-n] (a goat's horn filled with grain and flowers and fruit symbolizing prosperity)
                • death's head [ENG31-06821129-n] (a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death)
                • oriflamme [ENG31-06822149-n] (an inspiring symbol or ideal that serves as a rallying point in a struggle)
                • white feather [ENG31-06869537-n] (a symbol of cowardice)
                • emblem [ENG31-06893714-n] (a visible symbol representing an abstract idea)

                  • scarlet letter [ENG31-06852787-n] (the letter A in red)
                  • cupid [ENG31-06894274-n] (a symbol for love in the form of a cherubic naked boy with wings and a bow and arrow)
                  • donkey [ENG31-06894410-n] (the symbol of the Democratic Party)
                  • dove [ENG31-06894544-n] (an emblem of peace)
                  • eagle [ENG31-06894613-n] (an emblem representing power)
                  • elephant [ENG31-06894712-n] (the symbol of the Republican Party)
                  • fasces [ENG31-06894848-n] (bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding)
                  • hammer and sickle [ENG31-06895188-n] (the emblem on the flag of the Soviet Union)
                  • red flag [ENG31-06895294-n] (the emblem of socialist revolution)
                  • Star of David [ENG31-06895383-n] (a six-pointed star formed from two equilateral triangles)
                  • badge [ENG31-06895611-n] (an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.))

                    • merit badge [ENG31-06896003-n] (a badge award to Boy Scouts in recognition of special projects)
                    • insignia [ENG31-06896123-n] (a badge worn to show official position)

                      • caduceus [ENG31-06897570-n] (an insignia used by the medical profession)
                      • insignia of rank [ENG31-06897720-n] (an insignia worn on a military uniform)
                      • shoulder flash [ENG31-06897840-n] (something worn on the shoulder of a military uniform as an emblem of a division etc.)
                      • service stripe [ENG31-06898004-n] (an insignia worn to indicate years of service)
                      • cordon [ENG31-07282636-n] (cord or ribbon worn as an insignia of honor or rank)
                      • wings [ENG31-07282740-n] (stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members)
                    • ID [ENG31-06900328-n] (a card or badge used to identify the bearer)
                    • black belt [ENG31-07282871-n] (a black sash worn to show expert standards in the martial arts (judo or karate))
                    • blue ribbon [ENG31-07283007-n] (an honor or award gained for excellence)
                    • button [ENG31-07283118-n] (a round flat badge displaying information and suitable for pinning onto a garment)
                    • chevron [ENG31-07284257-n] (V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service)
                    • stripe [ENG31-07284463-n] (a piece of braid, usually on the sleeve, indicating military rank or length of service)
                  • Agnus Dei [ENG31-06896324-n] (figure of a lamb)
                  • maple-leaf [ENG31-06896433-n] (the emblem of Canada)
                  • medallion [ENG31-06896510-n] (an emblem indicating that a taxicab is registered)
                  • spread eagle [ENG31-06896615-n] (an emblem (an eagle with wings and legs spread) on the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States)
              • typification [ENG31-05773898-n] (a representational or typifying form or model)

                • picture [ENG31-05774074-n] (a typical example of some state or quality)
              • depicting [ENG31-05774981-n] (a representation by picture or portraiture)

                • mirror [ENG31-05775242-n] (a faithful depiction or reflection)
              • anthropomorphism [ENG31-05775383-n] (the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits)
              • imagination [ENG31-05775730-n] (the ability to form mental images of things or events)

                • mind's eye [ENG31-05776104-n] (the imaging of remembered or invented scenes)
                • vision [ENG31-05776249-n] (a vivid mental image)

                  • prevision [ENG31-05783826-n] (a prophetic vision (as in a dream))
                  • retrovision [ENG31-05783916-n] (a vision of events in the distant past)
                • picturing [ENG31-05776412-n] (visual imagery)
                • dream [ENG31-05776550-n] (a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep)

                  • nightmare [ENG31-05777059-n] (a terrifying or deeply upsetting dream)
                  • wet dream [ENG31-05777153-n] (an erotic dream (usually at night) accompanied by the (nocturnal) emission of semen)
                • chimera [ENG31-05777311-n] (a grotesque product of the imagination)
                • evocation [ENG31-05777830-n] (imaginative re-creation)
                • pretense [ENG31-05777927-n] (imaginative intellectual play)
          • higher cognitive process [ENG31-05778661-n] (cognitive processes that presuppose the availability of knowledge and put it to use)

            • search [ENG31-05778055-n] (the examination of alternative hypotheses)

              • hunt [ENG31-05778254-n] (an instance of searching for something)
              • pursuit [ENG31-05778388-n] (a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria)

                • wild-goose chase [ENG31-00321568-n] (the fruitless pursuit of something unattainable)
            • thinking [ENG31-05778923-n] (the process of using your mind to consider something carefully)

              • free association [ENG31-05779529-n] (a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence)
              • construction [ENG31-05779833-n] (the creation of a construct)

                • crystallization [ENG31-05780041-n] (a mental synthesis that becomes fixed or concrete by a process resembling crystal formation)
                • gestation [ENG31-05780212-n] (the conception and development of an idea or plan)
              • reasoning [ENG31-05780353-n] (thinking that is coherent and logical)

                • analysis [ENG31-05780664-n] (the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations)

                  • breakdown [ENG31-05789797-n] (an analysis into mutually exclusive categories)

                    • resolution [ENG31-05790881-n] (analysis into clear-cut components)

                      • factorization [ENG31-05791038-n] ((mathematics) the resolution of an expression into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original expression)
                      • diagonalization [ENG31-05791362-n] (changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal))
                  • cost-benefit analysis [ENG31-05789950-n] (an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs)
                  • dissection [ENG31-05790137-n] (a minute and critical analysis)
                  • elimination [ENG31-05790242-n] (analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives)
                  • reductionism [ENG31-05790445-n] (the analysis of complex things into simpler constituents)
                  • systems analysis [ENG31-05790710-n] (analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts)
                  • trend analysis [ENG31-05792157-n] (analysis of changes over time)
                • argumentation [ENG31-05781046-n] (a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood)

                  • line of inquiry [ENG31-05781773-n] (an ordering of questions so as to develop a particular argument)
                  • casuistry [ENG31-06169960-n] (argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading)
                  • policy [ENG31-06669153-n] (a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government)

                    • clericalism [ENG31-06501401-n] (a policy of supporting the influence and power of the clergy in secular or political matters)
                    • plank [ENG31-06513613-n] (an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party)
                    • economic policy [ENG31-06669486-n] (a government policy for maintaining economic growth and tax revenues)

                      • fiscal policy [ENG31-06669706-n] (a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing))
                      • New Deal [ENG31-06669854-n] (the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt)
                      • control [ENG31-06669947-n] (the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.)

                        • price control [ENG31-06670209-n] (restriction on maximum prices that is established and maintained by the government (as during periods of war or inflation))
                        • ceiling [ENG31-06670391-n] (an upper limit on what is allowed)

                          • glass ceiling [ENG31-06670658-n] (a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions)
                        • floor [ENG31-06670863-n] (a lower limit)

                          • price floor [ENG31-06671014-n] (floor below which prices are not allowed to fall)
                          • wage floor [ENG31-06671186-n] (floor below which wages are not allowed to fall)
                      • perestroika [ENG31-06671290-n] (an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union)
                      • protectionism [ENG31-06671531-n] (the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition)

                        • trade barrier [ENG31-06672969-n] (any regulation or policy that restricts international trade)

                          • quota [ENG31-06673141-n] (a limitation on imports)
                          • embargo [ENG31-06673265-n] (a government order imposing a trade barrier)
                    • social policy [ENG31-06671739-n] (a policy of for dealing with social issues)

                      • apartheid [ENG31-06671913-n] (a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites)
                      • glasnost [ENG31-06672142-n] (a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems)
                      • social action [ENG31-06672275-n] (a social policy of reform (especially socioeconomic reform))

                        • affirmative action [ENG31-06672430-n] (a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities)
                        • fence mending [ENG31-06672754-n] (social action to improve poor relations (especially in politics))
                      • nativism [ENG31-06673413-n] (the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation))
                    • party line [ENG31-06673561-n] (the policy of a political group)
                    • foreign policy [ENG31-06673687-n] (a policy governing international relations)

                      • brinkmanship [ENG31-06673988-n] (the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety))
                      • imperialism [ENG31-06674141-n] (a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries)

                        • manifest destiny [ENG31-06674802-n] (a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God))
                      • intervention [ENG31-06674307-n] (a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries)
                      • nonintervention [ENG31-06674492-n] (a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes)
                      • nonaggression [ENG31-06674668-n] (a policy of not initiating hostilities)
                      • isolationism [ENG31-06674938-n] (a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations)
                      • Monroe Doctrine [ENG31-06675111-n] (an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers)
                      • Truman doctrine [ENG31-06675267-n] (President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology)
                      • neutralism [ENG31-06675457-n] (a policy of neutrality or nonalignment in international affairs)
                      • regionalism [ENG31-06675595-n] (a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas)
                      • trade policy [ENG31-06675763-n] (a government's policy controlling foreign trade)

                        • open-door policy [ENG31-06675913-n] (the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries)
                    • zero-tolerance policy [ENG31-06676053-n] (any policy that allows no exception)
                    • Zionism [ENG31-06676208-n] (a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine)
                • conjecture [ENG31-05781920-n] (reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence)

                  • theorization [ENG31-05787368-n] (the production or use of theories)

                    • ideology [ENG31-05787565-n] (imaginary or visionary theorization)
                    • abstraction [ENG31-05788101-n] (the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances)
                  • supposition [ENG31-05787709-n] (the cognitive process of supposing)

                    • presupposition [ENG31-05787920-n] (the act of presupposing)
                • deduction [ENG31-05782126-n] (reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect))

                  • syllogism [ENG31-05787113-n] (deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises)
                • inference [ENG31-05782611-n] (the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation)

                  • analogy [ENG31-05788336-n] (an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others)
                  • corollary [ENG31-05788560-n] ((logic) an inference that follows directly from the proof of another proposition)
                  • derivation [ENG31-05788715-n] (a line of reasoning that shows how a conclusion follows logically from accepted propositions)
                  • deduction [ENG31-05788882-n] (something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied))
                  • extrapolation [ENG31-05789142-n] (an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations)
                  • presumption [ENG31-05789344-n] ((law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed)
                • prediction [ENG31-05783078-n] (the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future))

                  • projection [ENG31-05783290-n] (a prediction made by extrapolating from past observations)
                  • prophecy [ENG31-05783404-n] (knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source))

                    • crystal gazing [ENG31-05783692-n] (staring into a crystal ball to arouse visions of future or distant events)
                    • divination [ENG31-05784209-n] (the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means)

                      • arithmancy [ENG31-05784589-n] (divination by means of numbers)
                      • dowse [ENG31-05784676-n] (searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod)
                      • geomancy [ENG31-05784872-n] (divination by means of signs connected with the earth (as points taken at random or the arrangement of particles thrown down at random or from the configuration of a region and its relation to another))
                      • hydromancy [ENG31-05785146-n] (divination by water (as by patterns seen in the ebb and flow of the tides))
                      • lithomancy [ENG31-05785295-n] (divination by means of stones or stone talismans)
                      • necromancy [ENG31-05785436-n] (conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying)
                      • oneiromancy [ENG31-05785596-n] (divination through the interpretation of dreams)
                      • onomancy [ENG31-05785719-n] (divination by the letters of a name)
                      • palmistry [ENG31-05785827-n] (telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand)
                      • pyromancy [ENG31-05786026-n] (divination by fire or flames)
                  • prefiguration [ENG31-05784012-n] (the act of providing vague advance indications)
                • ratiocination [ENG31-05791663-n] (logical and methodical reasoning)
                • regress [ENG31-05791773-n] (the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence)
                • synthesis [ENG31-05791945-n] (the combination of ideas into a complex whole)
              • line of thought [ENG31-05781404-n] (a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group)
              • train of thought [ENG31-05781545-n] (the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together)
              • mysticism [ENG31-05792565-n] (obscure or irrational thought)
              • ideation [ENG31-05792704-n] (the process of forming and relating ideas)
              • consideration [ENG31-05792836-n] (the process of giving careful thought to something)

                • deliberation [ENG31-05793072-n] (careful consideration)

                  • think [ENG31-05794377-n] (an instance of deliberate thinking)
                • exploration [ENG31-05793316-n] (a systematic consideration)
                • contemplation [ENG31-05793513-n] (a calm, lengthy, intent consideration)

                  • cogitation [ENG31-05792247-n] (attentive consideration and meditation)

                    • lucubration [ENG31-05792487-n] (laborious cogitation)
                  • meditation [ENG31-05793890-n] (continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature)
                  • meditation [ENG31-05794189-n] ((religion) contemplation of spiritual matters (usually on religious or philosophical subjects))
                  • introspection [ENG31-05794660-n] (the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct)

                    • soul-searching [ENG31-05794876-n] (a penetrating examination of your own beliefs and motives)
                    • examen [ENG31-05795010-n] (a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits))
                  • retrospect [ENG31-05796034-n] (contemplation of things past)
              • excogitation [ENG31-05800850-n] (thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of it)
              • explanation [ENG31-05801008-n] (thought that makes something comprehensible)

                • interpretation [ENG31-05774244-n] (an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious)

                  • broad interpretation [ENG31-05774695-n] (an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court))
                • rationale [ENG31-05801218-n] ((law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature))

                  • dialectics [ENG31-06173112-n] (a rationale for dialectical materialism based on change through the conflict of opposing forces)
                • key [ENG31-05802065-n] (something crucial for explaining)
                • rationalization [ENG31-05802411-n] (the cognitive process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason)

                  • raison d'etre [ENG31-05802626-n] (reason for being)
                • theory [ENG31-05998364-n] (a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world)

                  • reductionism [ENG31-05790560-n] (a theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components)
                  • blastogenesis [ENG31-06001689-n] (theory that inherited characteristics are transmitted by germ plasm)
                  • preformation [ENG31-06001834-n] (a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell)
                  • scientific theory [ENG31-06002729-n] (a theory that explains scientific observations)

                    • big-bang theory [ENG31-05896518-n] ((cosmology) the theory that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature)
                    • nebular hypothesis [ENG31-05896822-n] ((cosmology) the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula)
                    • planetesimal hypothesis [ENG31-05896984-n] ((cosmology) the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals)
                    • steady state theory [ENG31-05897179-n] ((cosmology) the theory that the universe maintains a constant average density with matter created to fill the void left by galaxies that are receding from each other)
                    • theory of gravitation [ENG31-05998974-n] ((physics) the theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them)
                    • organicism [ENG31-06003591-n] (theory that the total organization of an organism rather than the functioning of individual organs is the determinant of life processes)
                    • atomic theory [ENG31-06112877-n] (a theory of the structure of the atom)

                      • Bohr theory [ENG31-06113029-n] ((physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory)
                      • Rutherford atom [ENG31-06113353-n] (first modern concept of atomic structure)
                    • cell theory [ENG31-06115216-n] ((biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms)
                    • wave theory [ENG31-06115480-n] ((physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves)
                    • corpuscular theory [ENG31-06115691-n] ((physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles)
                    • kinetic theory [ENG31-06115912-n] ((physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion)

                      • kinetic theory of heat [ENG31-06117946-n] (a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases)
                    • relativity [ENG31-06116109-n] ((physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts)

                      • general relativity [ENG31-06116427-n] (a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence))
                      • special relativity [ENG31-06116690-n] (a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems)
                    • supersymmetry [ENG31-06117043-n] ((physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces)
                    • quantum theory [ENG31-06117267-n] ((physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta))
                    • uncertainty principle [ENG31-06117686-n] ((quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time)
                    • germ theory [ENG31-06118094-n] ((medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms)
                    • information theory [ENG31-06118250-n] ((computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing)
                    • theory of dissociation [ENG31-06118457-n] ((chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions))
                    • theory of evolution [ENG31-06118834-n] ((biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals)

                      • Darwinism [ENG31-06119698-n] (a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection)

                        • neo-Darwinism [ENG31-06119874-n] (a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations)
                      • Lamarckism [ENG31-06120033-n] (a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring)

                        • Neo-Lamarckism [ENG31-06120205-n] (a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters)
                      • punctuated equilibrium [ENG31-06120610-n] (a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change)
                    • theory of indicators [ENG31-06119094-n] ((chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation)
                    • theory of inheritance [ENG31-06119378-n] ((biology) a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations)

                      • Mendelism [ENG31-06119579-n] (the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws)
                    • associationism [ENG31-06147369-n] ((psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity)
                    • atomism [ENG31-06147550-n] ((psychology) a theory that reduces all mental phenomena to simple elements (sensations and feelings) that form complex ideas by association)
                    • functionalism [ENG31-06149505-n] (a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment)
                    • Gestalt psychology [ENG31-06150775-n] ((psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties)
                    • game theory [ENG31-06159692-n] ((economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players)
                  • field theory [ENG31-06003369-n] ((physics) a theory that explains a physical phenomenon in terms of a field and the manner in which it interacts with matter or with other fields)
                  • economic theory [ENG31-06003820-n] ((economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods))

                    • consumerism [ENG31-06004123-n] (the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial)
                    • Keynesianism [ENG31-06004258-n] (the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment)
                    • liberalism [ENG31-06004479-n] (an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market)
                    • Malthusianism [ENG31-06004629-n] (Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence)
                    • monetarism [ENG31-06004801-n] (an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money)
                    • rent seeking [ENG31-06005013-n] ((economics) the theory that a person or firm seeks to make money by manipulating the economic environment rather than by making a profit through production or trade)
                  • atomism [ENG31-06112083-n] ((chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles)
                  • holism [ENG31-06112472-n] (the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole)
                  • structuralism [ENG31-06177868-n] (a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals)
                  • structuralism [ENG31-06178050-n] (an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena)
              • planning [ENG31-05802702-n] (the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening)

                • agreement [ENG31-05803052-n] (the thing arranged or agreed to)

                  • collusion [ENG31-05803252-n] (secret agreement)
                  • prearrangement [ENG31-05803342-n] (something arranged in advance)

                    • reservation [ENG31-05803468-n] (something reserved in advance (as a hotel accommodation or a seat on a plane etc.))

                      • upgrade [ENG31-05803662-n] (a reservation that is improved)
                • applecart [ENG31-05803843-n] (the planning that is disrupted when someone `upsets the applecart')
                • mens rea [ENG31-05803965-n] ((law) criminal intent)

                  • premeditation [ENG31-05804230-n] ((law) thought and intention to commit a crime well in advance of the crime)
                • calculation [ENG31-05804431-n] (planning something carefully and intentionally)
                • premeditation [ENG31-05804625-n] (planning or plotting in advance of acting)
              • problem solving [ENG31-05804758-n] (the thought processes involved in solving a problem)

                • inquiry [ENG31-05805605-n] (a search for knowledge)

                  • nature study [ENG31-05805907-n] (the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level))
                  • experiment [ENG31-05806051-n] (the testing of an idea)

                    • pilot experiment [ENG31-05807079-n] (a preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment)
                    • trial [ENG31-05807220-n] (trying something to find out about it)

                      • field trial [ENG31-05807589-n] (a test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used)
                      • alpha test [ENG31-05807769-n] ((computer science) a first test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by the developer)
                      • beta test [ENG31-05807960-n] ((computer science) a second test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by an outside organization)
                      • road test [ENG31-05808161-n] (a test to insure that a vehicle is roadworthy)

                        • test drive [ENG31-05808395-n] (test of the roadworthiness of a vehicle one is considering buying)
                      • trial balloon [ENG31-05808535-n] (a test of public opinion)
                  • empirical research [ENG31-05806323-n] (an empirical search for knowledge)
                  • probe [ENG31-05808619-n] (an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities)

                    • fishing expedition [ENG31-05808846-n] (an investigation undertaken in the hope (but not the stated purpose) of discovering information)
                  • poll [ENG31-05809006-n] (an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people)

                    • exit poll [ENG31-05809294-n] (a poll of voters as they leave the voting place)
                    • straw vote [ENG31-05809473-n] (an unofficial vote taken to determine opinion on some issue)
                  • heraldry [ENG31-05809602-n] (the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies)
                • calculation [ENG31-05810193-n] (problem solving that involves numbers or quantities)

                  • extrapolation [ENG31-05810555-n] ((mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values)
                  • interpolation [ENG31-05810738-n] ((mathematics) calculation of the value of a function between the values already known)
                  • conversion [ENG31-05810920-n] (a change in the units or form of an expression: "conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade")

                    • data conversion [ENG31-05811103-n] (conversion from one way of encoding data to another way)
                    • digitization [ENG31-05811220-n] (conversion of analog information into digital information)
                  • estimate [ENG31-05811387-n] (an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth)

                    • scalage [ENG31-01007899-n] (estimation of the amount of lumber in a log)
                    • credit rating [ENG31-05811755-n] (an estimate, based on previous dealings, of a person's or an organization's ability to fulfill their financial commitments)
                    • guess [ENG31-05811946-n] (an estimate based on little or no information)
                    • guesstimate [ENG31-05812144-n] (an estimate that combines reasoning with guessing)
                    • overestimate [ENG31-05812282-n] (a calculation that results in an estimate that is too high)
                    • underestimate [ENG31-05812499-n] (an estimation that is too low)
                  • derived function [ENG31-06024079-n] (the result of mathematical differentiation)

                    • curvature [ENG31-05109697-n] (the rate of change (at a point) of the angle between a curve and a tangent to the curve)
                    • partial derivative [ENG31-06024402-n] (the derivative of a function of two or more variables with respect to a single variable while the other variables are considered to be constant)
                  • integral [ENG31-06024854-n] (the result of a mathematical integration)

                    • indefinite integral [ENG31-06025049-n] (the set of functions F(x) + C, where C is any real number, such that F(x) is the integral of f(x))
                    • definite integral [ENG31-06025212-n] (the integral of a function over a definite interval)
              • convergent thinking [ENG31-05804945-n] (thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution))
              • divergent thinking [ENG31-05805185-n] (thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions)
            • suggestion [ENG31-05779676-n] (the sequential mental process in which one thought leads to another by association)
            • decision making [ENG31-05796154-n] (the cognitive process of reaching a decision)

              • umpirage [ENG31-01194245-n] (the act of umpiring)
              • determination [ENG31-05796557-n] (deciding or controlling something's outcome or nature)
              • eclecticism [ENG31-05796718-n] (making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style)
              • groupthink [ENG31-05796929-n] (decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility))
              • settlement [ENG31-05797094-n] (something settled or resolved)
              • judgment [ENG31-05797437-n] (the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions)

                • prejudgment [ENG31-05797671-n] (a judgment reached before the evidence is available)
              • reversal [ENG31-05797813-n] (a decision to reverse an earlier decision)

                • reconsideration [ENG31-05798017-n] (thinking again about a choice previously made)
              • choice [ENG31-05798247-n] (the person or thing chosen or selected)

                • pleasure [ENG31-05798457-n] (a formal expression)
                • favorite [ENG31-05798763-n] (something regarded with special favor or liking)
                • way [ENG31-05799772-n] (doing as one pleases or chooses)
              • cull [ENG31-05798577-n] (the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality)
              • option [ENG31-05798949-n] (one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen)

                • obverse [ENG31-05799319-n] (the more conspicuous of two alternatives or cases or sides)
                • preference [ENG31-05799460-n] (the right or chance to choose)

                  • wish [ENG31-05799610-n] (the particular preference that you have)
                • default option [ENG31-05799872-n] (an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is specified)
                • possibility [ENG31-05800018-n] (a possible alternative)

                  • possible [ENG31-05800200-n] (something that can be done)
                • impossibility [ENG31-05800320-n] (an alternative that is not available)

                  • impossible [ENG31-05800454-n] (something that cannot be done)
                • Hobson's choice [ENG31-05800583-n] (the choice of taking what is offered or nothing at all)
                • soft option [ENG31-05800699-n] (an easier alternative)
            • knowing [ENG31-05812801-n] (a clear and certain mental apprehension)

              • awareness [ENG31-05683749-n] (having knowledge of)

                • self-awareness [ENG31-05684449-n] (awareness of your own individuality)

                  • orientation [ENG31-05684599-n] (a person's awareness of self with regard to position and time and place and personal relationships)
                  • self-consciousness [ENG31-05684755-n] (self-awareness plus the additional realization that others are similarly aware of you)
                • feel [ENG31-05685184-n] (an intuitive awareness)
                • sense [ENG31-05685345-n] (a general conscious awareness)

                  • sense of direction [ENG31-05685585-n] (an awareness of your orientation in space)
                  • sense of responsibility [ENG31-05685691-n] (an awareness of your obligations)
              • incognizance [ENG31-05684320-n] (a lack of knowledge or recognition)
              • know [ENG31-05813020-n] (the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people)
              • cognizance [ENG31-05813165-n] (range of what one can know or understand)
              • prevision [ENG31-05813285-n] (seeing ahead)
              • understanding [ENG31-05813483-n] (the cognitive condition of someone who understands)

                • comprehension [ENG31-05813910-n] (an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledge acquired as a result))
                • self-knowledge [ENG31-05814388-n] (an understanding of yourself and your goals and abilities)
                • smattering [ENG31-05814506-n] (a slight or superficial understanding of a subject)
                • appreciation [ENG31-05814631-n] (understanding of the nature or meaning or quality or magnitude of something)

                  • sense [ENG31-05815020-n] (a natural appreciation or ability)
                • grasping [ENG31-05814863-n] (understanding with difficulty)
                • hindsight [ENG31-05815155-n] (understanding the nature of an event after it has happened)
                • insight [ENG31-05815314-n] (the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation)

                  • light [ENG31-05815941-n] (mental understanding as an enlightening experience)
                  • revelation [ENG31-05816110-n] (an enlightening or astonishing disclosure)
                  • discovery [ENG31-05816226-n] (a productive insight)
                  • flash [ENG31-05816450-n] (a sudden brilliant understanding)
                • realization [ENG31-05815548-n] (coming to understand something clearly and distinctly)
            • linguistic process [ENG31-05816565-n] (the cognitive processes involved in producing and understanding linguistic communication)

              • reading [ENG31-05816802-n] (the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message)

                • speed-reading [ENG31-05817090-n] (reading at speeds significantly faster than normal)
                • perusal [ENG31-06610798-n] (reading carefully with intent to remember)
                • browse [ENG31-06611001-n] (reading superficially or at random)
                • skim [ENG31-06611099-n] (reading or glancing through quickly)
        • process [ENG31-05709685-n] (a mental process that you are not directly aware of)

          • condensation [ENG31-06256830-n] ((psychoanalysis) an unconscious process whereby two ideas or images combine into a single symbol)
        • perception [ENG31-05717967-n] (knowledge gained by perceiving)

          • discernment [ENG31-05718157-n] (perception of that which is obscure)
          • penetration [ENG31-05718303-n] (clear or deep perception of a situation)
          • cognizance [ENG31-05718428-n] (range or scope of what is perceived)
        • structure [ENG31-05734290-n] (the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations)

          • arrangement [ENG31-05734541-n] (an organized structure for arranging or classifying)

            • classification system [ENG31-05735165-n] (a system for classifying things)

              • Dewey decimal classification [ENG31-05735372-n] (a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories)
              • hierarchical classification system [ENG31-05740391-n] (a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure)
              • file system [ENG31-05740559-n] (a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically))
              • grouping [ENG31-05741035-n] (a system for classifying things into groups)
              • rating system [ENG31-05741166-n] (a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount)
              • ABO blood group system [ENG31-05741306-n] (a classification system for the antigens of human blood)
            • contrivance [ENG31-05735753-n] (an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.)
            • coordinate system [ENG31-05735969-n] (a system that uses coordinates to establish position)

              • Cartesian coordinate system [ENG31-05736216-n] (a coordinate system for which the coordinates of a point are its distances from a set perpendicular lines that intersect at the origin of the system)
              • inertial reference frame [ENG31-06019932-n] (a coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid)
              • space-time [ENG31-06020086-n] (the four-dimensional coordinate system (3 dimensions of space and 1 of time) in which physical events are located)
            • data structure [ENG31-05736438-n] ((computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer))

              • hierarchical structure [ENG31-05740218-n] (a structure of data having several levels arranged in a treelike structure)
            • design [ENG31-05736623-n] (an arrangement scheme)

              • configuration [ENG31-05739724-n] (an arrangement of parts or elements)

                • redundancy [ENG31-05738108-n] ((electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails)
                • topology [ENG31-05738310-n] (the configuration of a communication network)

                  • bus topology [ENG31-05738536-n] (the topology of a network whose components are connected by a busbar)
                  • loop topology [ENG31-05738669-n] (the topology of a network whose components are serially connected in such a way that the last component is connected to the first component)
                  • star topology [ENG31-05738875-n] (the topology of a network whose components are connected to a hub)
                  • mesh topology [ENG31-05739007-n] (the topology of a network whose components are all connected directly to every other component)
                  • physical topology [ENG31-05739168-n] (the appearance of the network)
                  • logical topology [ENG31-05739350-n] (the way the network works)
                • unitization [ENG31-05739513-n] ((psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units)
              • layout [ENG31-05845595-n] (a plan or design of something that is laid out)
              • trap [ENG31-05845694-n] (something (often something deceptively attractive) that catches you unawares)

                • iron trap [ENG31-05845975-n] (a trap from which there is no escape)
                • speed trap [ENG31-05846067-n] (a trap arranged on a roadway for catching speeders)
              • hotel plan [ENG31-13436720-n] (a plan and a room rate for providing a room and meals to guests at a hotel)

                • American plan [ENG31-13436917-n] (a hotel plan that includes three meals daily)

                  • modified American plan [ENG31-13437039-n] (a hotel plan that includes breakfast and dinner (but not lunch))
                • Bermuda plan [ENG31-13437171-n] (a hotel plan that provides a full breakfast daily)
                • European plan [ENG31-13437279-n] (a hotel plan that provides a continental breakfast daily)
            • distribution [ENG31-05736981-n] ((statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence)

              • equidistribution [ENG31-05737307-n] (a flat distribution having equal frequencies of occurrence)
              • frequency distribution [ENG31-06034929-n] (a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable)
              • normal distribution [ENG31-06035097-n] (a theoretical distribution with finite mean and variance)
              • Poisson distribution [ENG31-06035262-n] (a theoretical distribution that is a good approximation to the binomial distribution when the probability is small and the number of trials is large)
              • sample distribution [ENG31-06036061-n] (items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population)

                • acceptance sampling [ENG31-00808282-n] (a statistical procedure for accepting or rejecting a batch of merchandise or documents)
                • random sample [ENG31-06036311-n] (a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected)
                • stratified sample [ENG31-06036477-n] (the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum)
              • binomial distribution [ENG31-06046209-n] (a theoretical distribution of the number of successes in a finite set of independent trials with a constant probability of success)
            • genetic map [ENG31-05737428-n] (graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome)
            • kinship system [ENG31-05737554-n] ((anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailed)
            • lattice [ENG31-05737820-n] (an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions)

              • space lattice [ENG31-05740031-n] (a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal)
            • living arrangement [ENG31-05737991-n] (an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexist)
            • ontology [ENG31-06172695-n] ((computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations)
            • calendar [ENG31-15198526-n] (a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year)

              • lunar calendar [ENG31-15203464-n] (a calendar based on lunar cycles)

                • Roman calendar [ENG31-15198877-n] (the lunar calendar in use in ancient Rome)
                • Islamic calendar [ENG31-15203888-n] (the lunar calendar used by Muslims)
              • lunisolar calendar [ENG31-15203593-n] (a calendar based on both lunar and solar cycles)

                • Jewish calendar [ENG31-15202913-n] ((Judaism) the calendar used by the Jews)
                • Hindu calendar [ENG31-15204462-n] (the lunisolar calendar governing the religious life of Hindus)
              • solar calendar [ENG31-15203741-n] (a calendar based on solar cycles)

                • Gregorian calendar [ENG31-15199265-n] (the solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years)

                  • church calendar [ENG31-15206553-n] (a calendar of the Christian year indicating the dates of fasts and festivals)
                • Julian calendar [ENG31-15199932-n] (the solar calendar introduced in Rome in 46 b.c. by Julius Caesar and slightly modified by Augustus, establishing the 12-month year of 365 days with each 4th year having 366 days and the months having 31 or 30 days except for February)
                • Revolutionary calendar [ENG31-15200249-n] (the calendar adopted by the first French Republic in 1793 and abandoned in 1805)
          • form [ENG31-05939522-n] (a perceptual structure)

            • fractal [ENG31-05939938-n] ((mathematics) a geometric pattern that is repeated at every scale and so cannot be represented by classical geometry)
            • gestalt [ENG31-05940127-n] (a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts)
            • grid [ENG31-05940298-n] (a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines)

              • reference grid [ENG31-03464091-n] (a pattern of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image or a map)
              • Amsler grid [ENG31-05940444-n] (a pattern of small boxes that is used for self-monitoring by patients who have age-related macular degeneration)
            • kaleidoscope [ENG31-05940613-n] (a complex pattern of constantly changing colors and shapes)
            • mosaic [ENG31-05940766-n] (a pattern resembling a mosaic)
            • strand [ENG31-05940848-n] (a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole)
          • syntax [ENG31-06185823-n] (the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences)
          • morphology [ENG31-06187445-n] (the admissible arrangement of sounds in words)

            • affixation [ENG31-06187639-n] (the result of adding an affix to a root word)
        • content [ENG31-05817200-n] (the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned)

          • tradition [ENG31-05817771-n] (an inherited pattern of thought or action)
          • object [ENG31-05818974-n] (the focus of cognitions or feelings)

            • antipathy [ENG31-05819492-n] (the object of a feeling of intense aversion)
            • bugbear [ENG31-05819688-n] (an object of dread or apprehension)
            • execration [ENG31-05819910-n] (the object of cursing or detestation)
            • center [ENG31-05820064-n] (the object upon which interest and attention focuses)

              • conversation piece [ENG31-05820472-n] (something interesting that stimulates conversation)
              • crosshairs [ENG31-05820587-n] (a center of interest)
              • cynosure [ENG31-05820748-n] (something that strongly attracts attention and admiration)
              • eye-catcher [ENG31-05820915-n] (a striking person or thing that attracts attention)
            • hallucination [ENG31-05821023-n] (an object perceived during a hallucinatory episode)
            • infatuation [ENG31-05821211-n] (an object of extravagant short-lived passion)
            • love [ENG31-05821331-n] (any object of warm affection or devotion)
          • food [ENG31-05819240-n] (anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking)

            • pabulum [ENG31-05819406-n] (insipid intellectual nourishment)
          • noumenon [ENG31-05821558-n] (the intellectual conception of a thing as it is in itself, not as it is known through perception)
          • universe [ENG31-05822288-n] (everything stated or assumed in a given discussion)
          • topic [ENG31-05822417-n] (some situation or event that is thought about)

            • area [ENG31-05823643-n] (a subject of study)

              • grey area [ENG31-06008172-n] (an intermediate area)
              • territory [ENG31-06008312-n] (an area of knowledge or interest)
            • blind spot [ENG31-05823817-n] (a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment)
            • remit [ENG31-05824016-n] (the topic that a person, committee, or piece of research is expected to deal with or has authority to deal with)
            • res judicata [ENG31-05824280-n] (a matter already settled in court)
          • issue [ENG31-05822776-n] (an important question that is in dispute and must be settled)

            • gut issue [ENG31-05823078-n] (an issue that elicits strong emotional reactions)
            • paramount issue [ENG31-05823201-n] (an issue whose settlement is more important than anything else)
            • pocketbook issue [ENG31-05823393-n] (an issue whose settlement will affect financial resources)
            • quodlibet [ENG31-05823538-n] (an issue that is presented for formal disputation)
          • idea [ENG31-05842164-n] (the content of cognition)

            • inspiration [ENG31-05842891-n] (arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity)

              • source [ENG31-05843082-n] (anything that provides inspiration for later work)

                • taproot [ENG31-05843270-n] (something that provides an important central source for growth or development)
                • muse [ENG31-05843486-n] (the source of an artist's inspiration)
              • mother [ENG31-05843616-n] (a condition that is the inspiration for an activity or situation)
              • afflatus [ENG31-05843773-n] (a strong creative impulse)
            • cogitation [ENG31-05843892-n] (a carefully considered thought about something)
            • concept [ENG31-05844071-n] (an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances)

              • conceptualization [ENG31-05844599-n] (an elaborated concept)

                • perception [ENG31-05844792-n] (a way of conceiving something)
              • notion [ENG31-05844922-n] (a general inclusive concept)

                • mumpsimus [ENG31-05845038-n] (a traditional notion that is obstinately held although it is unreasonable)
              • category [ENG31-05847274-n] (a general concept that marks divisions or coordinations in a conceptual scheme)

                • kind [ENG31-05847533-n] (a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality)

                  • description [ENG31-05848585-n] (sort or variety)
                  • type [ENG31-05848697-n] (a subdivision of a particular kind of thing)

                    • breed [ENG31-05848056-n] (a special type)
                    • nature [ENG31-05848940-n] (a particular type of thing)
                    • version [ENG31-05849159-n] (something a little different from others of the same type)
                  • antitype [ENG31-05849538-n] (an opposite or contrasting type)
                  • art form [ENG31-05849678-n] ((architecture) a form of artistic expression (such as writing or painting or architecture))

                    • architectural style [ENG31-05849878-n] (architecture as a kind of art form)

                      • Bauhaus [ENG31-05850151-n] (a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918)
                      • Byzantine architecture [ENG31-05850267-n] (the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire developed after the 5th century)
                      • classical architecture [ENG31-05850512-n] (architecture influenced by the ancient Greeks or Romans)

                        • Greek architecture [ENG31-05850718-n] (the architecture of ancient Greece)
                        • Roman architecture [ENG31-05850817-n] (the architecture of ancient Rome)
                      • Gothic [ENG31-05850914-n] (a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries)

                        • perpendicular [ENG31-05851763-n] (a Gothic style in 14th and 15th century England)

                          • Tudor architecture [ENG31-05852040-n] (a style of English-Gothic architecture popular during the Tudor period)
                      • Romanesque [ENG31-05851233-n] (a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD)

                        • Norman architecture [ENG31-05851569-n] (a Romanesque style first appearing in Normandy around 950 AD and used in Britain from the Norman Conquest until the 12th century)
                      • Moorish [ENG31-05852214-n] (a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries)
                      • Victorian architecture [ENG31-05852422-n] (a style of architecture used in Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria)
                    • sonata form [ENG31-05941068-n] (the form of a movement, which consists of exposition and development and recapitulation)
                  • style [ENG31-05852632-n] (a particular kind (as to appearance))
                  • flavor [ENG31-05852809-n] ((physics) the six kinds of quarks)

                    • charm [ENG31-05852960-n] ((physics) one of the six flavors of quark)
                    • strangeness [ENG31-05853072-n] ((physics) one of the six flavors of quark)
                  • color [ENG31-05853190-n] ((physics) the characteristic of quarks that determines their role in the strong interaction)
                  • species [ENG31-05853408-n] (a specific kind of something)
                  • genus [ENG31-05853540-n] (a general kind of something)
                  • brand [ENG31-05853667-n] (a recognizable kind)
                  • genre [ENG31-05853859-n] (a kind of literary or artistic work)
                  • like [ENG31-05853946-n] (a kind of person)
                  • manner [ENG31-05854089-n] (a kind)
                  • model [ENG31-05854179-n] (a type of product)
                  • stripe [ENG31-05854276-n] (a kind or category)
                  • like [ENG31-05854415-n] (a similar kind)
                • pigeonhole [ENG31-05848172-n] (a specific (often simplistic) category)
                • rubric [ENG31-05848285-n] (category name)
                • way [ENG31-05848419-n] (a general category of things)
              • rule [ENG31-05854581-n] (a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior)

                • restriction [ENG31-05854882-n] (a principle that limits the extent of something)

                  • narrowness [ENG31-05855153-n] (a restriction of range or scope)
                  • quantification [ENG31-06175339-n] (a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no'))
                  • restraint [ENG31-06257831-n] (a rule or condition that limits freedom)

                    • floodgate [ENG31-06257997-n] (something that restrains a flood or outpouring)
                • guidepost [ENG31-05857068-n] (a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior)
                • cy pres [ENG31-05857218-n] (a rule that when literal compliance is impossible the intention of a donor or testator should be carried out as nearly as possible)
                • working principle [ENG31-05857439-n] (a rule that is adequate to permit work to be done)
              • property [ENG31-05857567-n] (a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished)

                • quality [ENG31-05857811-n] (a characteristic property that defines the apparent individual nature of something)

                  • texture [ENG31-05858194-n] (the essential quality of something)
                • feature [ENG31-05858316-n] (a prominent attribute or aspect of something)

                  • sex characteristic [ENG31-05014464-n] (those characteristics (both anatomical and psychological) that are strongly associated with one sex relative to the other)

                    • primary sex characteristic [ENG31-05014744-n] (the genetically determined sex characteristics bound up with reproduction (genitals and organs of reproduction))
                    • secondary sex characteristic [ENG31-05014984-n] (the genetically determined sex characteristics that are not functionally necessary for reproduction (pitch of the voice and body hair and musculature))
                    • virilism [ENG31-05015775-n] (the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female (or prematurely in a young boy))
                  • invariant [ENG31-05858959-n] (a feature (quantity or property or function) that remains unchanged when a particular transformation is applied to it)
                  • aspect [ENG31-05859151-n] (a distinct feature or element in a problem)

                    • side [ENG31-05861118-n] (an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect))

                      • downside [ENG31-05861384-n] (a negative aspect of something that is generally positive)
                      • hand [ENG31-05861538-n] (one of two sides of an issue)
                    • sector [ENG31-05861665-n] (a particular aspect of life or activity)

                      • department [ENG31-05861838-n] (a specialized sphere of knowledge)
                    • surface [ENG31-05862014-n] (a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something)
                  • attraction [ENG31-05859350-n] (a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts)

                    • attention [ENG31-05862201-n] (a general interest that leads people to want to know more)

                      • foil [ENG31-05862489-n] (anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities)
                    • tourist attraction [ENG31-05862385-n] (a characteristic that attracts tourists)
                  • badge [ENG31-05859658-n] (any feature that is regarded as a sign of status (a particular power or quality or rank))
                  • centerpiece [ENG31-05859857-n] (the central or most important feature)
                  • contour [ENG31-05860082-n] (a feature (or the order or arrangement of features) of anything having a complex structure)
                  • excellence [ENG31-05860309-n] (an outstanding feature)
                  • external [ENG31-05860572-n] (outward features)
                  • peculiarity [ENG31-05860690-n] (an odd or unusual characteristic)

                    • calling card [ENG31-05860852-n] (a distinguishing characteristic or behavior)
                  • safety feature [ENG31-05860995-n] (feature of an artifact that is added to insure a user's safety)
                • feature of speech [ENG31-05858739-n] ((linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind)
              • abstraction [ENG31-05862715-n] (a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance)

                • right [ENG31-05182180-n] (an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature)

                  • access [ENG31-05182994-n] (the right to obtain or make use of or take advantage of something (as services or membership))
                  • advowson [ENG31-05183140-n] (the right in English law of presenting a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice)
                  • cabotage [ENG31-05183298-n] (the exclusive right of a country to control the air traffic within its borders)
                  • claim [ENG31-05183431-n] (an informal right to something)
                  • due [ENG31-05183609-n] (that which is deserved or owed)
                  • entree [ENG31-05183715-n] (the right to enter)

                    • door [ENG31-05188408-n] (anything providing a means of access (or escape))

                      • open door [ENG31-05188605-n] (freedom of access)
                  • floor [ENG31-05183868-n] (the parliamentary right to address an assembly)
                  • grant [ENG31-05184004-n] (a right or privilege that has been granted)
                  • human right [ENG31-05184373-n] ((law) any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law))

                    • right to privacy [ENG31-05189243-n] (right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion)
                    • right to life [ENG31-05189348-n] (the right to live)
                    • right to liberty [ENG31-05189425-n] (the right to be free)
                    • right to the pursuit of happiness [ENG31-05189508-n] (the right to try to find happiness)
                    • freedom of thought [ENG31-05189622-n] (the right to hold unpopular ideas)
                    • equality before the law [ENG31-05189720-n] (the right to equal protection of the laws)
                    • civil right [ENG31-05189831-n] (right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality)

                      • civil liberty [ENG31-05190510-n] (fundamental individual right protected by law and expressed as immunity from unwarranted governmental interference)
                      • habeas corpus [ENG31-05190721-n] (the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment)
                      • freedom of religion [ENG31-05190892-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom of speech [ENG31-05191047-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom of the press [ENG31-05191200-n] (a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom of assembly [ENG31-05191350-n] (the right to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances)
                      • freedom to bear arms [ENG31-05191581-n] (a right guaranteed by the 2nd amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom from search and seizure [ENG31-05191729-n] (a right guaranteed by the 4th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • right to due process [ENG31-05191888-n] (a right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom from self-incrimination [ENG31-05192078-n] (the civil right (guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution) to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against yourself)
                      • freedom from double jeopardy [ENG31-05192374-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • right to speedy and public trial by jury [ENG31-05192538-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • right to an attorney [ENG31-05192712-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • right to confront accusors [ENG31-05192866-n] (a right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom from cruel and unusual punishment [ENG31-05193020-n] (a right guaranteed by the 8th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • freedom from involuntary servitude [ENG31-05193189-n] (a civil right guaranteed by the 13th amendment to the US Constitution)
                      • equal protection of the laws [ENG31-05193358-n] (a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment)
                      • freedom from discrimination [ENG31-05194034-n] (immunity from discrimination on the basis of race or sex or nationality or religion or age)
                      • equal opportunity [ENG31-05194266-n] (the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin)
                  • legal right [ENG31-05184812-n] (a right based in law)

                    • compulsory process [ENG31-05185232-n] (the right of a defendant to have a court use its subpoena power to compel the appearance of material witnesses before the court)
                    • conjugal right [ENG31-05185424-n] (the right of married persons to the enjoyment of association and sympathy and confidence and domestic happiness and the comfort of living together and eating meals at the same table and profiting from joint property right and the intimacies of domestic relations)
                    • conjugal visitation right [ENG31-05185747-n] (the legal right in a prison for the inmate and spouse to have sexual intercourse)
                    • preemption [ENG31-05186098-n] (the right of a government to seize or appropriate something (as property))
                    • title [ENG31-05188726-n] (an established or recognized right)

                      • entitlement [ENG31-05189022-n] (right granted by law or contract (especially a right to benefits))
                    • eminent domain [ENG31-05194455-n] (the right of the state to take private property for public use)
                    • franchise [ENG31-05194714-n] (a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote))

                      • right to vote [ENG31-05193574-n] (a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution)

                        • universal suffrage [ENG31-05193894-n] (suffrage for all adults who are not disqualified by the laws of the country)
                    • patent right [ENG31-05195914-n] (the right granted by a patent)
                    • right of election [ENG31-05196069-n] (in probate law: the legal right of a surviving spouse to elect to take either what the deceased spouse gave under the will or the share of the estate as set forth by statute)
                    • right of entry [ENG31-05196325-n] (the legal right to take possession of real estate in a peaceable manner)
                    • right of re-entry [ENG31-05196476-n] (the legal right to resume possession (a right that was reserved when a former possession was parted with))
                    • right of offset [ENG31-05196664-n] ((banking) the legal right of a bank to seize deposited funds to cover a loan that is in default)
                    • right of privacy [ENG31-05196859-n] (a legal right (not explicitly provided in the United States Constitution) to be left alone)
                    • seat [ENG31-05197214-n] (the legal right to sit as a member in a legislative or similar body)
                    • use [ENG31-05197374-n] ((law) the exercise of the legal right to enjoy the benefits of owning property)

                      • fair use [ENG31-05221479-n] (the conditions under which you can use material that is copyrighted by someone else without paying royalties)
                      • fruition [ENG31-05221642-n] (enjoyment derived from use or possession)
                    • usufruct [ENG31-05197624-n] (a legal right to use and derive profit from property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way)
                    • visitation right [ENG31-05197854-n] (the right granted by a court to a parent (or other relative) who is deprived of custody of a child to visit the child on a regular basis)
                    • copyright [ENG31-06484839-n] (a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work)
                    • tenure [ENG31-13263617-n] (the right to hold property)

                      • copyhold [ENG31-13263821-n] (a medieval form of land tenure in England)
                      • freehold [ENG31-13264032-n] (tenure by which land is held in fee simple or for life)
                      • villeinage [ENG31-13264272-n] (tenure by which a villein held land)
                  • preemption [ENG31-05185921-n] (the right to purchase something in advance of others)

                    • preemptive right [ENG31-13262080-n] (the right granting to shareholders the first opportunity to buy a new issue of stock)
                    • subscription right [ENG31-13262305-n] (the right of a shareholder in a company to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is offered to the public)
                  • prerogative [ENG31-05186242-n] (a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right))

                    • easement [ENG31-05186707-n] ((law) the privilege of using something that is not your own (as using another's land as a right of way to your own land))

                      • public easement [ENG31-05186554-n] (any easement enjoyed by the public in general (as the public's right to use public streets))
                      • right of way [ENG31-05197087-n] (the privilege of someone to pass over land belonging to someone else)
                    • privilege of the floor [ENG31-05186937-n] (the right to be admitted onto the floor of a legislative assembly while it is in session)
                  • privilege [ENG31-05187094-n] ((law) the right to refuse to divulge information obtained in a confidential relationship)

                    • attorney-client privilege [ENG31-05187365-n] (the right of a lawyer to refuse to divulge confidential information from his client)
                    • informer's privilege [ENG31-05187520-n] (the right of the government to refuse to reveal the identity of an informer)
                    • journalist's privilege [ENG31-05187662-n] (the right of a journalist to refuse to divulge sources of confidential information)
                    • marital communications privilege [ENG31-05187813-n] (neither spouse can divulge confidential communications from the other while they were married)
                    • physician-patient privilege [ENG31-05188010-n] (the right of a physician to refuse to divulge confidential information from a patient without the consent of the patient)
                    • priest-penitent privilege [ENG31-05188204-n] (the right of a clergyman to refuse to divulge confidential information received from a person during confession or similar exchanges)
                  • representation [ENG31-05194979-n] (the right of being represented by delegates who have a voice in some legislative body)
                  • right of action [ENG31-05195125-n] (the legal right to sue)
                  • right of search [ENG31-05195209-n] (the right of a belligerent to stop neutral ships on the high seas in wartime and search them)
                  • right of way [ENG31-05195363-n] (the right of one vehicle or vessel to take precedence over another)
                  • states' rights [ENG31-05195488-n] (the rights conceded to the states by the United States constitution)
                  • voting right [ENG31-05195635-n] (the right to vote)
                  • water right [ENG31-05195815-n] (right of access to water)
                • absolute [ENG31-05863039-n] (something that is conceived or that exists independently and not in relation to other things)
                • teacher [ENG31-05863377-n] (a personified abstraction that teaches)
                • thing [ENG31-05863569-n] (a special abstraction)
              • quantity [ENG31-05863690-n] (the concept that something has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable)

                • quantum [ENG31-05864332-n] (a discrete amount of something that is analogous to the quantities in quantum theory)
                • term [ENG31-05864488-n] (any distinct quantity contained in a polynomial)
                • numerical quantity [ENG31-05864650-n] (a quantity expressed as a number)

                  • zero [ENG31-05864801-n] (the point on a scale from which positive or negative numerical quantities can be measured)
                  • value [ENG31-05864972-n] (a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed)

                    • eigenvalue [ENG31-05865173-n] ((mathematics) any number such that a given square matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinant)
                    • scale value [ENG31-05865451-n] (a value on some scale of measurement)

                      • average [ENG31-05865563-n] (an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual)
                    • argument [ENG31-06367706-n] ((computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program)
                  • vote [ENG31-05865749-n] (the total number of voters who participated)
                • operand [ENG31-05865930-n] (a quantity upon which a mathematical operation is performed)
                • variable [ENG31-05866043-n] (a quantity that can assume any of a set of values)

                  • argument [ENG31-05866365-n] (a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable)
                  • independent variable [ENG31-05866677-n] ((statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables)

                    • factor [ENG31-05866901-n] (an independent variable in statistics)
                  • correlate [ENG31-05866991-n] (either of two or more related or complementary variables)
                  • degree of freedom [ENG31-05867135-n] ((statistics) an unrestricted variable in a frequency distribution)
                  • dependent variable [ENG31-05867283-n] ((statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends on the independent variable)
                  • predictor variable [ENG31-05872320-n] (a variable that can be used to predict the value of another variable (as in statistical regression))
                  • infinitesimal [ENG31-05872631-n] ((mathematics) a variable that has zero as its limit)
                  • random variable [ENG31-05872761-n] (a variable quantity that is random)
                  • scalar [ENG31-05872935-n] (a variable quantity that cannot be resolved into components)
                  • tensor [ENG31-05873065-n] (a generalization of the concept of a vector)
                  • vector [ENG31-05873161-n] (a variable quantity that can be resolved into components)

                    • vector product [ENG31-05873342-n] (a vector that is the product of two other vectors)
                    • vector sum [ENG31-05873618-n] (a vector that is the sum of two or more other vectors)
                    • radius vector [ENG31-05873758-n] (a line connecting a point in space to the origin of a polar coordinate system)
                    • radius vector [ENG31-05873895-n] (a line connecting a satellite to the center of the body around which it is rotating)
                • constant [ENG31-05867520-n] (a quantity that does not vary)

                  • parameter [ENG31-05867655-n] (a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves)

                    • degree of freedom [ENG31-05868061-n] (one of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the state of a physical system)
                • parameter [ENG31-05867861-n] (a quantity (such as the mean or variance) that characterizes a statistical population and that can be estimated by calculations from sample data)
                • product [ENG31-05868214-n] (a quantity obtained by multiplication)

                  • factorial [ENG31-05868395-n] (the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer)
                  • multiple [ENG31-05868575-n] (the product of a quantity by an integer)

                    • double [ENG31-05868784-n] (a quantity that is twice as great as another)
                    • triple [ENG31-05868961-n] (a quantity that is three times as great as another)
                    • quadruple [ENG31-05869082-n] (a quantity that is four times as great as another)
                    • lowest common multiple [ENG31-05869223-n] (the smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every member of a set of numbers)
                • sum [ENG31-05869651-n] (a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers)

                  • grand total [ENG31-05869453-n] (the sum of the sums of several groups of numbers)
                  • subtotal [ENG31-05869559-n] (the sum of part of a group of numbers)
                • proportional [ENG31-05872503-n] (one of the quantities in a mathematical proportion)
                • binomial [ENG31-06046036-n] ((mathematics) a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms)
              • part [ENG31-05876035-n] (one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole)

                • frame [ENG31-00463177-n] (one of the ten divisions into which bowling is divided)
                • beginning [ENG31-05876673-n] (the first part or section of something)
                • middle [ENG31-05876894-n] (an intermediate part or section)
                • end [ENG31-05877099-n] (a final part or section)
                • high point [ENG31-05877401-n] (the most enjoyable part of a given experience)
                • component [ENG31-05877576-n] (an abstract part of something)

                  • be-all and end-all [ENG31-05874038-n] (the essential factor)
                  • plot element [ENG31-05874236-n] (a component or element of the plot of a story)

                    • McGuffin [ENG31-05874358-n] ((film) a plot element that catches the viewers' attention or drives the plot)
                  • point [ENG31-05874582-n] (a geometric element that has position but no extension)

                    • attractor [ENG31-05874783-n] ((physics) a point in the ideal multidimensional phase space that is used to describe a system toward which the system tends to evolve regardless of the starting conditions of the system)

                      • strange attractor [ENG31-05875073-n] (an attractor for which the approach to its final point in phase space is chaotic)
                    • intersection [ENG31-05875237-n] (a point where lines intersect)

                      • metacenter [ENG31-05875406-n] ((shipbuilding) the point of intersection between two vertical lines, one line through the center of buoyancy of the hull of a ship in equilibrium and the other line through the center of buoyancy of the hull when the ship is inclined to one side)
                      • vertex [ENG31-05875905-n] (the point of intersection of lines or the point opposite the base of a figure)
                    • intercept [ENG31-06021142-n] (the point at which a line intersects a coordinate axis)
                • chukker [ENG31-15280452-n] ((polo) one of six divisions into which a polo match is divided)
                • inning [ENG31-15280615-n] ((baseball) one of nine divisions of play during which each team has a turn at bat)
                • game [ENG31-15281378-n] ((tennis) a division of play during which one player serves)
                • turn [ENG31-15281525-n] ((sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive)

                  • top [ENG31-15280833-n] (the first half of an inning)
                  • bottom [ENG31-15281056-n] (the second half of an inning)
                • first period [ENG31-15282227-n] (the first division into which the play of a game is divided)
                • second period [ENG31-15282364-n] (the second division into which the play of a game is divided)
                • final period [ENG31-15282503-n] (the final division into which the play of a game is divided)
                • half [ENG31-15282640-n] (one of two divisions into which some games or performances are divided: the two divisions are separated by an interval)

                  • first half [ENG31-15282902-n] (the first of two halves of play)
                  • second half [ENG31-15282990-n] (the second of two halves of play)
                • period [ENG31-15283092-n] ((ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games)
                • quarter [ENG31-15283261-n] ((football, professional basketball) one of four divisions into which some games are divided)
                • over [ENG31-15283505-n] ((cricket) the division of play during which six balls are bowled at the batsman by one player from the other team from the same end of the pitch)

                  • maiden over [ENG31-15283756-n] ((cricket) an over in which no runs are scored)
              • whole [ENG31-05878206-n] (all of something including all its component elements or parts)

                • unit [ENG31-05878479-n] (a single undivided whole)

                  • one [ENG31-05878677-n] (a single person or thing)
                • compound [ENG31-05878802-n] (a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts)
                • complex [ENG31-05878987-n] (a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts)

                  • hybrid [ENG31-05879237-n] (a composite of mixed origin)
                  • syndrome [ENG31-05879412-n] (a complex of concurrent things)
              • law [ENG31-05879538-n] (a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society)

                • divine law [ENG31-05879762-n] (a law that is believed to come directly from God)
                • principle [ENG31-05881099-n] (a basic truth or law or assumption)

                  • dictate [ENG31-05879867-n] (a guiding principle)
                  • fundamentals [ENG31-05879984-n] (principles from which other truths can be derived)

                    • rudiments [ENG31-05881364-n] (the elementary stages of any subject (usually plural))
                  • logic [ENG31-05880240-n] (the principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation)
                  • pleasure principle [ENG31-05880414-n] ((psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id)
                  • reality principle [ENG31-05880720-n] ((psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the ego)
                  • insurrectionism [ENG31-05880984-n] (the principle of revolt against constituted authority)
                  • conservation [ENG31-06113680-n] ((physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations)

                    • conservation of charge [ENG31-06113979-n] (the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system)
                    • conservation of energy [ENG31-06114185-n] (the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes)
                    • conservation of mass [ENG31-06114451-n] (a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system)
                    • conservation of momentum [ENG31-06114714-n] (the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system)
                    • parity [ENG31-06114921-n] ((physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system)
                  • Tao [ENG31-06253100-n] (the ultimate principle of the universe)
                • sound law [ENG31-06190436-n] (a law describing sound changes in the history of a language)

                  • Grimm's law [ENG31-06190606-n] (a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages)
                  • Verner's law [ENG31-06190750-n] (a qualification of Grimm's law)
              • law [ENG31-05881589-n] (a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature)

                • all-or-none law [ENG31-05882624-n] ((neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus)
                • principle [ENG31-05882839-n] (a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system)

                  • Gestalt law of organization [ENG31-05887047-n] (a principle of Gestalt psychology that identifies factors leading to particular forms of perceptual organization)

                    • closure [ENG31-06259551-n] (a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric)
                    • common fate [ENG31-06259815-n] (a Gestalt principle of organization holding that aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit)
                    • good continuation [ENG31-06260338-n] (a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction)
                    • proximity [ENG31-06260901-n] (a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit)
                    • similarity [ENG31-06261163-n] (a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit)
                  • Le Chatelier's principle [ENG31-05892295-n] (the principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change)
                  • Gresham's Law [ENG31-05892599-n] ((economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation)
                  • mass-energy equivalence [ENG31-05893794-n] ((physics) the principle that a measured quantity of mass is equivalent (according to relativity theory) to a measured quantity of energy)
                  • Naegele's rule [ENG31-05894019-n] (rule for calculating an expected delivery date)
                  • Occam's Razor [ENG31-05999623-n] (the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly)
                  • principle of equivalence [ENG31-05999866-n] ((physics) the principle that an observer has no way of distinguishing whether his laboratory is in a uniform gravitational field or is in an accelerated frame of reference)
                  • principle of liquid displacement [ENG31-06000127-n] ((hydrostatics) the volume of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the volume of the displaced fluid)
                  • principle of superposition [ENG31-06000326-n] (the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point)
                  • principle of superposition [ENG31-06000661-n] ((geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest)
                  • mass-action principle [ENG31-06000900-n] ((neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning)
                  • localization of function [ENG31-06001159-n] ((physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body)

                    • lateralization [ENG31-06001509-n] (localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain)
                • Archimedes' principle [ENG31-05883323-n] ((hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid)
                • Avogadro's law [ENG31-05883548-n] (the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules)
                • Bernoulli's law [ENG31-05883755-n] ((statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics)
                • Benford's law [ENG31-05883999-n] (a law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers)
                • Bose-Einstein statistics [ENG31-05884330-n] ((physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply))
                • Boyle's law [ENG31-05884595-n] (the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume)
                • Coulomb's Law [ENG31-05884755-n] (a fundamental principle of electrostatics)
                • Dalton's law [ENG31-05885076-n] ((chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture)
                • distribution law [ENG31-05885519-n] ((chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution)

                  • Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law [ENG31-05885785-n] ((physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium)
                • equilibrium law [ENG31-05886019-n] ((chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction)
                • Fechner's law [ENG31-05886325-n] ((psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity)
                • Fermi-Dirac statistics [ENG31-05886598-n] ((physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies))
                • Gay-Lussac's law [ENG31-05886836-n] ((physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature)
                • Henry's law [ENG31-05887378-n] ((chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry)
                • Hooke's law [ENG31-05887610-n] ((physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced)
                • Hubble's law [ENG31-05887811-n] ((astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer)
                • Kepler's law [ENG31-05888048-n] ((astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler)

                  • Kepler's first law [ENG31-05888300-n] (a law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse)
                  • Kepler's second law [ENG31-05888463-n] (a law concerning the speed at which planets travel)
                  • Kepler's third law [ENG31-05888794-n] (a law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets)
                • Kirchhoff's laws [ENG31-05889039-n] ((physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero)
                • law of averages [ENG31-05889322-n] (a law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance)
                • law of constant proportion [ENG31-05889461-n] ((chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight)
                • law of diminishing returns [ENG31-05889709-n] (a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness)
                • law of effect [ENG31-05889910-n] ((psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences)
                • law of equivalent proportions [ENG31-05890185-n] ((chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together)
                • law of gravitation [ENG31-05890474-n] ((physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them)
                • law of multiple proportions [ENG31-05890833-n] ((chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation)
                • law of mass action [ENG31-05891144-n] ((chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances)
                • law of thermodynamics [ENG31-05891400-n] ((physics) a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system)

                  • second law of thermodynamics [ENG31-05891642-n] (a law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature)
                  • third law of thermodynamics [ENG31-05891903-n] (law stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero)
                  • zeroth law of thermodynamics [ENG31-05892080-n] (the law that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then the first two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other)
                • Mendel's law [ENG31-05893040-n] ((genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants)

                  • law of segregation [ENG31-05893343-n] (members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair)
                  • law of independent assortment [ENG31-05893591-n] (each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random)
                • Newton's law of motion [ENG31-05894229-n] (one of three basic laws of classical mechanics)

                  • first law of motion [ENG31-05894429-n] (a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force)
                  • second law of motion [ENG31-05894646-n] (the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force)
                  • third law of motion [ENG31-05894873-n] (action and reaction are equal and opposite)
                • Ohm's law [ENG31-05895062-n] (electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance)
                • Pascal's law [ENG31-05895220-n] (pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions)
                • Pauli exclusion principle [ENG31-05895546-n] (no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers)
                • periodic law [ENG31-05895763-n] ((chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers)
                • Planck's law [ENG31-05895972-n] ((physics) the basis of quantum theory)
                • Planck's radiation law [ENG31-05896319-n] ((physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body)
                • principle of relativity [ENG31-05999365-n] ((physics) a universal law that states that the laws of mechanics are not affected by a uniform rectilinear motion of the system of coordinates to which they are referred)
                • Stevens' law [ENG31-06005270-n] ((psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a power of the stimulus intensity)
                • Weber's law [ENG31-06005513-n] ((psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus)
              • lexicalized concept [ENG31-05882491-n] (a concept that is expressed by a word (in some particular language))
              • hypothesis [ENG31-05897536-n] (a tentative insight into the natural world)

                • hypothetical [ENG31-05898182-n] (a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation, etc.)
                • gemmule [ENG31-05898369-n] (the physically discrete element that Darwin proposed as responsible for heredity)
                • model [ENG31-05898856-n] (a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process)

                  • mean sun [ENG31-05898628-n] (a theoretical sun that moves along the celestial equator at a constant speed and completes its annual course in the same amount of time the real sun takes at variable speeds)
                  • Copernican system [ENG31-05899249-n] ((astronomy) Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun)
                  • Ptolemaic system [ENG31-05899416-n] ((astronomy) Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center)
                  • M-theory [ENG31-05899570-n] ((particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong)
                  • string theory [ENG31-05899839-n] ((particle physics) a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings)
                  • stochastic process [ENG31-13583099-n] (a statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time))

                    • Markov process [ENG31-13532710-n] (a simple stochastic process in which the distribution of future states depends only on the present state and not on how it arrived in the present state)

                      • Markov chain [ENG31-13532571-n] (a Markov process for which the parameter is discrete time values)
                    • random walk [ENG31-13567176-n] (a stochastic process consisting of a sequence of changes each of whose characteristics (as magnitude or direction) is determined by chance)
                    • stationary stochastic process [ENG31-13582401-n] (a stochastic process in which the distribution of the random variables is the same for any value of the variable parameter)
                • speculation [ENG31-05900390-n] (a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence))
                • assumption [ENG31-05900703-n] (a hypothesis that is taken for granted)

                  • conclusion [ENG31-05789538-n] (an intuitive assumption)

                    • non sequitur [ENG31-05789660-n] ((logic) a conclusion that does not follow from the premises)
                  • basis [ENG31-05801562-n] (the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained)

                    • meat and potatoes [ENG31-05801915-n] (the fundamental part)
                  • given [ENG31-05901963-n] (an assumption that is taken for granted)
                  • basic assumption [ENG31-05902119-n] (an assumption that is basic to an argument)
                • historicism [ENG31-06165589-n] (a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history)
              • fact [ENG31-05898503-n] (a concept whose truth can be proved)
              • rule [ENG31-07274440-n] ((linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice)

                • universal [ENG31-07274652-n] ((linguistics) a grammatical rule (or other linguistic feature) that is found in all languages)
                • grammatical rule [ENG31-07274843-n] (a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances)

                  • transformation [ENG31-07275000-n] (a rule describing the conversion of one syntactic structure into another related syntactic structure)
                • morphological rule [ENG31-07275161-n] (a linguistic rule for the formation of words)
            • preoccupation [ENG31-05845245-n] (an idea that preoccupies the mind and holds the attention)

              • obsession [ENG31-05708366-n] (an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone)
              • hang-up [ENG31-05713431-n] (an emotional preoccupation)
              • hobbyhorse [ENG31-05713530-n] (a topic to which one constantly reverts)
              • self-absorption [ENG31-05845452-n] (preoccupation with yourself to the exclusion of everything else)

                • omphaloskepsis [ENG31-05795853-n] (literally, the contemplation of one's navel, which is an idiom usually meaning complacent self-absorption)
            • misconception [ENG31-05902260-n] (an incorrect conception)

              • fallacy [ENG31-05902523-n] (a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning)

                • pseudoscience [ENG31-05786951-n] (an activity resembling science but based on fallacious assumptions)

                  • astrology [ENG31-05786128-n] (a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon)

                    • horoscopy [ENG31-05786643-n] (the drawing up and interpretation of horoscopes)
                  • alchemy [ENG31-05786746-n] (a pseudoscientific forerunner of chemistry in medieval times)
                • logical fallacy [ENG31-05902750-n] (a fallacy in logical argumentation)

                  • hysteron proteron [ENG31-05902918-n] (the logical fallacy of using as a true premise a proposition that is yet to be proved)
                  • ignoratio elenchi [ENG31-05903067-n] (the logical fallacy of supposing that an argument proving an irrelevant point has proved the point at issue)
                  • petitio principii [ENG31-05903421-n] (the logical fallacy of assuming the conclusion in the premises)
                  • post hoc [ENG31-05903579-n] (the logical fallacy of believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation)
                • pathetic fallacy [ENG31-05903238-n] (the fallacy of attributing human feelings to inanimate objects)
                • sophism [ENG31-05903745-n] (a deliberately invalid argument displaying ingenuity in reasoning in the hope of deceiving someone)
                • paralogism [ENG31-05903980-n] (an unintentionally invalid argument)
              • error [ENG31-05904072-n] (a misconception resulting from incorrect information)
              • self-deception [ENG31-05904195-n] (a misconception that is favorable to the person who holds it)
              • mistake [ENG31-05904330-n] (an understanding of something that is not correct)
              • illusion [ENG31-05904666-n] (something many people believe that is false)

                • bubble [ENG31-05904986-n] (an impracticable and illusory idea)
                • will-o'-the-wisp [ENG31-05905122-n] (an illusion that misleads)
                • wishful thinking [ENG31-05905225-n] (the illusion that what you wish for is actually true)
              • delusion [ENG31-05905340-n] (a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea)

                • disorientation [ENG31-05907037-n] (a wild delusion (especially one induced by a hallucinogenic drug))
              • mirage [ENG31-05948932-n] (something illusory and unattainable)
              • unsoundness [ENG31-05949406-n] (a misconception that is fallacious and not true or valid)
            • plan [ENG31-05907175-n] (a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished)

              • audit program [ENG31-05900033-n] (a listing of audit procedures to be performed in completing an audit)
              • outline [ENG31-05900179-n] (a schematic or preliminary plan)
              • master plan [ENG31-05908049-n] (a long-term outline of a project or government function)
              • blueprint [ENG31-05910921-n] (something intended as a guide for making something else)
              • plan of action [ENG31-05911139-n] (a plan for actively doing something)

                • play [ENG31-00558625-n] (a preset plan of action in team sports)

                  • knock on [ENG31-00472352-n] ((rugby) knocking the ball forward while trying to catch it (a foul))
                  • power play [ENG31-00559433-n] ((ice hockey) a play in which one team has a numerical advantage over the other as a result of penalties)
                  • football play [ENG31-00559667-n] ((American football) a play by the offensive team)

                    • audible [ENG31-00189032-n] (a football play is changed orally after both teams have assumed their positions at the line of scrimmage)
                    • touchback [ENG31-00189298-n] ((American football) a play in which the opposing team has kicked the football into your end zone)
                    • run [ENG31-00559920-n] ((American football) a play in which a player attempts to carry the ball through or past the opposing team)

                      • draw [ENG31-00560366-n] ((American football) the quarterback moves back as if to pass and then hands the ball to the fullback who is running toward the line of scrimmage)
                      • end run [ENG31-00560592-n] ((American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running around the end of the line)
                      • return [ENG31-00560761-n] ((American football) the act of running back the ball after a kickoff or punt or interception or fumble)
                      • reverse [ENG31-00560953-n] ((American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction)

                        • double reverse [ENG31-00561178-n] ((American football) a running play in which a first reverse is followed by a second reverse)
                      • rush [ENG31-00561330-n] ((American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running into the line)
                    • pass [ENG31-00561566-n] ((American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate)

                      • forward pass [ENG31-00562263-n] (a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer)

                        • flare pass [ENG31-00562413-n] (a short forward pass to a back who is running toward the sidelines)
                        • screen pass [ENG31-00562607-n] (a short forward pass in which the receiver is protected by a screen of blockers)
                      • lateral pass [ENG31-00562744-n] (a pass to a receiver upfield from the passer)
                      • spot pass [ENG31-00562857-n] (a pass to a designated spot on the field)
                    • power play [ENG31-00561903-n] (a play in which there is a concentration of players in one location on the field of play)
                    • handoff [ENG31-00562115-n] ((American football) a play in which one player hands the ball to a teammate)
                    • tackle [ENG31-00563022-n] ((American football) grasping an opposing player with the intention of stopping by throwing to the ground)
                  • razzle-dazzle [ENG31-00564367-n] (any exciting and complex play intended to confuse (dazzle) the opponent)
                  • basketball play [ENG31-00564531-n] (a play executed by a basketball team)

                    • pick [ENG31-00564702-n] (a basketball maneuver)
                    • switch [ENG31-00564860-n] (a basketball maneuver)
                    • give-and-go [ENG31-00565035-n] (a basketball maneuver)
                • policy [ENG31-05910115-n] (a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group)

                  • activism [ENG31-05910447-n] (a policy of taking direct action to achieve a political or social goal)
                  • beggar-my-neighbor policy [ENG31-05910608-n] (a policy of promoting oneself at the expense of others)
                  • centralism [ENG31-05995707-n] (the political policy of concentrating power in a central organization)
                  • containment [ENG31-05995833-n] (a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully)
                  • moderationism [ENG31-05996168-n] (the policy of being moderate or acting with moderation)
                  • obscurantism [ENG31-05996282-n] (a policy of opposition to enlightenment or the spread of knowledge)
                  • Thatcherism [ENG31-05996407-n] ((England) the political policy of Margaret Thatcher)
                  • ultramontanism [ENG31-05996535-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the policy that the absolute authority of the church should be vested in the pope)
                • battle plan [ENG31-05911380-n] (plan for conducting a battle)
                • system [ENG31-05911466-n] (a procedure or process for obtaining an objective)

                  • credit system [ENG31-05911706-n] (a system for allowing people to purchase things on credit)
                  • legal system [ENG31-05911823-n] (a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws)

                    • bail [ENG31-05912039-n] (the legal system that allows an accused person to be temporarily released from custody (usually on condition that a sum of money guarantees their appearance at trial))
                    • jury system [ENG31-05912332-n] (a legal system for determining the facts at issue in a law suit)
                    • patent system [ENG31-05912472-n] (a legal system for protecting the rights of inventors)
                    • tax system [ENG31-05912604-n] (a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes)
                    • voting system [ENG31-05912729-n] (a legal system for making democratic choices)

                      • uninominal system [ENG31-05912907-n] (based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district)
                      • list system [ENG31-05913210-n] (based on the principle of proportional representation)
                  • pricing system [ENG31-05913512-n] (a system for setting prices on goods or services)
                  • promotion system [ENG31-05913621-n] (a system for advancing participants to higher-status positions)
                • tactic [ENG31-05913746-n] (a plan for attaining a particular goal)
                • scheme [ENG31-05913942-n] (an elaborate and systematic plan of action)

                  • contrivance [ENG31-05914396-n] (an elaborate or deceitful scheme contrived to deceive or evade)

                    • plant [ENG31-05914674-n] (something planted secretly for discovery by another)
                    • pump-and-dump scheme [ENG31-05914899-n] (an illegal scheme for making money by manipulating stock prices)
                    • wangle [ENG31-05915148-n] (an instance of accomplishing something by scheming or trickery)
                  • counterterrorism [ENG31-05915328-n] (a strategy intended to prevent or counter terrorism)
                  • game plan [ENG31-05915461-n] ((sports) a plan for achieving an objective in some sport)
                  • game plan [ENG31-05915592-n] ((figurative) a carefully thought out strategy for achieving an objective in war or politics or business or personal affairs)
                  • house of cards [ENG31-05915845-n] (a speculative scheme that depends on unstable factors that the planner cannot control)
                  • playbook [ENG31-05916073-n] (a scheme or set of strategies for conducting a business campaign or a political campaign)
                  • plot [ENG31-05916276-n] (a secret scheme to do something (especially something underhand or illegal))

                    • counterplot [ENG31-05916985-n] (a plot intended to subvert another plot)
                    • intrigue [ENG31-05917114-n] (a crafty and involved plot to achieve your (usually sinister) ends)

                      • priestcraft [ENG31-05917321-n] (a derogatory reference to priests who use their influence to control secular or political affairs)
                    • conspiracy [ENG31-05917476-n] (a plot to carry out some harmful or illegal act (especially a political plot))

                      • Gunpowder Plot [ENG31-05917691-n] (a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England)
                  • pyramid scheme [ENG31-05916594-n] (a fraudulent scheme in which people are recruited to make payments to the person who recruited them while expecting to receive payments from the persons they recruit)
                  • waiting game [ENG31-05917900-n] (a strategy of delay)
                  • wheeze [ENG31-05917978-n] ((Briticism) a clever or amusing scheme or trick)
                  • incentive program [ENG31-13294404-n] (a formal scheme for inducing someone (as employees) to do something)
                • travel plan [ENG31-05914300-n] (a proposed route of travel)
              • regimen [ENG31-05918179-n] ((medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet))
              • project [ENG31-05919047-n] (a planned undertaking)

                • moneymaker [ENG31-05919171-n] (a project that generates a continuous flow of money)
              • agenda [ENG31-05919534-n] (a temporally organized plan for matters to be attended to)

                • menu [ENG31-05919718-n] (an agenda of things to do)
              • pension plan [ENG31-05919849-n] (a plan for setting aside money to be spent after retirement)

                • 401-k plan [ENG31-05920154-n] (a retirement savings plan that is funded by employee contributions and (often) matching contributions from the employer)
                • individual retirement account [ENG31-05920606-n] (a retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement)
                • Keogh plan [ENG31-05920837-n] (a tax-deferred pension plan for employees of unincorporated businesses or for self-employed persons)
              • employee savings plan [ENG31-05920993-n] (a plan that allows employees to contribute to an investment pool managed the employer)
              • road map [ENG31-05921146-n] (a detailed plan or explanation to guide you in setting standards or determining a course of action)
              • stock purchase plan [ENG31-05921408-n] (an organized plan for employees of a company to buy shares of its stock)

                • employee stock ownership plan [ENG31-05921563-n] (a program under which employees regularly accumulate shares and may ultimately assume control of the company)
              • budget [ENG31-13442635-n] (a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them)

                • balanced budget [ENG31-13442875-n] (a budget is balanced when current expenditures are equal to receipts)
            • figment [ENG31-05921754-n] (a contrived or fantastic idea)
            • generalization [ENG31-05921869-n] (an idea or conclusion having general application)

              • principle [ENG31-05922132-n] (a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct)

                • pillar [ENG31-05922436-n] (a fundamental principle or practice)

                  • pillar of Islam [ENG31-05922588-n] ((Islam) one of the five religious obligations accepted by all Muslims)

                    • shahadah [ENG31-05922828-n] (the first pillar of Islam is an affirmation of faith)
                    • salat [ENG31-05922953-n] (the second pillar of Islam is prayer)
                    • sawm [ENG31-05923185-n] (the third pillar of Islam is fasting (primarily during the month of Ramadan))
                    • zakat [ENG31-05923445-n] (the fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship)
                    • hajj [ENG31-05923628-n] (the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja)
                • yang [ENG31-05923950-n] (the bright positive masculine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology)
                • yin [ENG31-05924178-n] (the dark negative feminine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology)
                • feng shui [ENG31-05924405-n] (rules in Chinese philosophy that govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to patterns of yin and yang and the flow of energy (qi))
            • suggestion [ENG31-05924749-n] (an idea that is suggested)

              • inkling [ENG31-05924900-n] (a slight suggestion or vague understanding)
              • posthypnotic suggestion [ENG31-05925114-n] (a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened)
            • impression [ENG31-05925333-n] (a vague idea in which some confidence is placed)

              • presence [ENG31-05925768-n] (the impression that something is present)
              • effect [ENG31-05926071-n] (an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived))

                • sound effect [ENG31-05926463-n] (an effect that imitates a sound called for in the script of a play)
                • special effect [ENG31-05926588-n] (an effect used to produce scenes that cannot be achieved by normal techniques (especially on film))

                  • stage effect [ENG31-05926765-n] (a special effect created on the stage)
              • first blush [ENG31-05926269-n] (at the first glimpse or impression)
              • intuition [ENG31-05927628-n] (an impression that something might be the case)

                • heart [ENG31-05927857-n] (the locus of feelings and intuitions)
            • reaction [ENG31-05925922-n] (an idea evoked by some experience)
            • theorem [ENG31-05926861-n] (an idea accepted as a demonstrable truth)

              • Bayes' theorem [ENG31-05926973-n] ((statistics) a theorem describing how the conditional probability of a set of possible causes for a given observed event can be computed from knowledge of the probability of each cause and the conditional probability of the outcome of each cause)
            • notion [ENG31-05928143-n] (an odd or fanciful or capricious idea)
            • meaning [ENG31-05928460-n] (the idea that is intended)

              • semantics [ENG31-05929245-n] (the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text)
              • significance [ENG31-05929385-n] (a meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred)
              • tenor [ENG31-05931082-n] (the general meaning or substance of an utterance)

                • drift [ENG31-05931283-n] (the pervading meaning or tenor)
              • undertone [ENG31-05931441-n] (a subdued emotional quality underlying an utterance)
              • reference [ENG31-05931581-n] (the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression)
              • reference [ENG31-05931946-n] (the relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to)
              • connotation [ENG31-05932198-n] (an idea that is implied or suggested)
            • burden [ENG31-05928753-n] (the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse)
            • theme [ENG31-05928866-n] (a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in literary or artistic work)

              • topos [ENG31-05929076-n] (a traditional theme or motif or literary convention)
            • ideal [ENG31-05932328-n] (the idea of something that is perfect)

              • value [ENG31-05932615-n] (an ideal accepted by some individual or group)

                • introject [ENG31-05932797-n] ((psychoanalysis) parental figures (and their values) that you introjected as a child)
                • principle [ENG31-05964190-n] (a rule or standard especially of good behavior)

                  • accounting principle [ENG31-05964460-n] (a principle that governs current accounting practice and that is used as a reference to determine the appropriate treatment of complex transactions)
                  • chivalry [ENG31-05964715-n] (the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct)
                  • ethic [ENG31-05964886-n] (the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group)

                    • Chartism [ENG31-05965154-n] (the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people)
                  • Hellenism [ENG31-05965356-n] (the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization)
                  • legal principle [ENG31-05965518-n] ((law) a principle underlying the formulation of jurisprudence)

                    • jus sanguinis [ENG31-05965773-n] (the principle that a person's nationality at birth is the same as that of his natural parents)
                    • jus soli [ENG31-05965945-n] (the principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth)
                    • preemption [ENG31-05966105-n] (the judicial principle asserting the supremacy of federal over state legislation on the same subject)
                    • relation back [ENG31-05966295-n] ((law) the principle that an act done at a later time is deemed by law to have occurred at an earlier time)
                  • scruple [ENG31-05966604-n] (an ethical or moral principle that inhibits action)
              • paragon [ENG31-05933151-n] (an ideal instance)

                • gold standard [ENG31-05933362-n] (a paragon of excellence)
              • criterion [ENG31-05933552-n] (the ideal in terms of which something can be judged)

                • control condition [ENG31-05806577-n] (a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment)
                • design criteria [ENG31-05933809-n] (criteria that designers should meet in designing some system or device)
              • exemplar [ENG31-05933998-n] (something to be imitated)

                • beauty [ENG31-05934334-n] (an outstanding example of its kind)
                • pacesetter [ENG31-05947351-n] (a leading instance in its field)
                • pattern [ENG31-05947513-n] (a model considered worthy of imitation)
                • prodigy [ENG31-05947962-n] (an impressive or wonderful example of a particular quality)
              • ego ideal [ENG31-05934494-n] ((psychoanalysis) the part of the ego that contains an ideal of personal excellence toward which a person strives)
            • idealization [ENG31-05933040-n] (something that exists only as an idea)
            • keynote [ENG31-05934681-n] (a fundamental or central idea)
            • kink [ENG31-05934782-n] (an eccentric idea)
          • kernel [ENG31-05929717-n] (the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience)

            • bare bones [ENG31-05930317-n] ((plural) the most basic facts or elements)
            • hypostasis [ENG31-05930500-n] ((metaphysics) essential nature or underlying reality)
            • quiddity [ENG31-05930646-n] (the essence that makes something the kind of thing it is and makes it different from any other)
            • quintessence [ENG31-05930807-n] (the purest and most concentrated essence of something)
            • stuff [ENG31-05930937-n] (a critically important or characteristic component)
          • wisdom [ENG31-05934868-n] (accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment)

            • reconditeness [ENG31-05934990-n] (wisdom that is recondite and abstruse and profound)
          • representation [ENG31-05935308-n] (a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image)

            • overlap [ENG31-05772362-n] (a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena)

              • crossroads [ENG31-05772610-n] (a point where a choice must be made)
              • interface [ENG31-05772776-n] (the overlap where two theories or phenomena affect each other or have links with each other)
            • instantiation [ENG31-05935801-n] (a representation of an idea in the form of an instance of it)
            • antitype [ENG31-05935996-n] (a person or thing represented or foreshadowed by an earlier type or symbol)
            • stereotype [ENG31-05936372-n] (a conventional or formulaic conception or image)
            • schema [ENG31-05936599-n] (an internal representation of the world)
            • image [ENG31-05936904-n] (an iconic mental representation)

              • imagination image [ENG31-05937177-n] (a mental image produced by the imagination)
              • memory image [ENG31-05944589-n] (a mental image of something previously experienced)

                • memory picture [ENG31-05944734-n] (a memory image that is similar to a visual perception)
                • afterimage [ENG31-05944848-n] (an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased)

                  • aftertaste [ENG31-05945018-n] (an afterimage of a taste)
              • visual image [ENG31-05945099-n] (a mental image that is similar to a visual perception)
              • mental picture [ENG31-05945422-n] (a clear and telling mental image)
              • auditory image [ENG31-05945713-n] (a mental image that is similar to an auditory perception)
            • interpretation [ENG31-05937299-n] (a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something)

              • reinterpretation [ENG31-05937519-n] (a new or different meaning)
              • anagoge [ENG31-06256371-n] (a mystical or allegorical interpretation (especially of Scripture))
            • phantasmagoria [ENG31-05937626-n] (a constantly changing medley of real or imagined images (as in a dream))
            • psychosexuality [ENG31-05938796-n] (the mental representation of sexual activities)
            • percept [ENG31-05938922-n] (the representation of what is perceived)

              • figure [ENG31-05939172-n] (a unitary percept having structure and coherence that is the object of attention and that stands out against a ground)
              • ground [ENG31-05939360-n] (a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focused)
              • visual percept [ENG31-05941213-n] (a percept that arises from the eyes)

                • eye candy [ENG31-05941445-n] (visual images that are pleasing to see but are intellectually undemanding)
                • field [ENG31-05941627-n] (the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument))

                  • microscopic field [ENG31-05943570-n] (the areas that is visible through a microscope)
                  • operative field [ENG31-05943680-n] (the area that is open during surgery)
                • sight [ENG31-05941790-n] (an instance of visual perception)
                • view [ENG31-05941982-n] (the visual percept of a region)

                  • background [ENG31-05942570-n] (the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground)
                  • coast [ENG31-05942765-n] (the area within view)
                  • exposure [ENG31-05942859-n] (aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces)
                  • foreground [ENG31-05943014-n] (the part of a scene that is near the viewer)
                  • glimpse [ENG31-05943132-n] (a brief or incomplete view)
                  • middle distance [ENG31-05943286-n] (the part of a scene between the foreground and the background)
                  • side view [ENG31-05943409-n] (a view from the side of something)
                  • tableau [ENG31-05943498-n] (any dramatic scene)
                • visual field [ENG31-05942374-n] (all of the points of the physical environment that can be perceived by a stable eye at a given moment)
            • memory [ENG31-05943778-n] (something that is remembered)

              • reminiscence [ENG31-05770845-n] (a mental impression retained and recalled from the past)
              • recollection [ENG31-05944010-n] (something recalled to the mind)
              • engram [ENG31-05944099-n] (a postulated biochemical change (presumably in neural tissue) that represents a memory)
              • confabulation [ENG31-05944253-n] ((psychiatry) a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered)
              • screen memory [ENG31-05944435-n] (an imagined memory of a childhood experience)
            • model [ENG31-05945830-n] (a representative form or pattern)

              • lodestar [ENG31-05946135-n] (something that serves as a model or guide)
              • prototype [ENG31-05946242-n] (a standard or typical example)

                • concentrate [ENG31-05946596-n] (a concentrated example of something)
                • imago [ENG31-05946732-n] ((psychoanalysis) an idealized image of someone (usually a parent) formed in childhood)
              • type specimen [ENG31-05946888-n] (the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made)
              • microcosm [ENG31-05947032-n] (a miniature model of something)
              • original [ENG31-05947118-n] (something that serves as a model or a basis for making copies)
              • template [ENG31-05947694-n] (a model or standard for making comparisons)

                • rhythm [ENG31-07100515-n] (the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements)
              • prefiguration [ENG31-05947827-n] (an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come)
            • appearance [ENG31-05948150-n] (a mental representation)

              • illusion [ENG31-05948354-n] (an erroneous mental representation)

                • apparition [ENG31-05906160-n] (something existing in perception only)

                  • unidentified flying object [ENG31-05906432-n] (an (apparently) flying object whose nature is unknown)
                  • Flying Dutchman [ENG31-05906642-n] (a phantom ship that is said to appear in storms near the Cape of Good Hope)
                  • ghost [ENG31-05906778-n] (a mental representation of some haunting experience)
                • irradiation [ENG31-05948527-n] (the apparent enlargement of a bright object when viewed against a dark background)
                • phantom limb [ENG31-05948808-n] (the illusion that a limb still exists after it has been amputated)
              • three-D [ENG31-05948666-n] (having a three-dimensional form or appearance)
              • front [ENG31-05949020-n] (the outward appearance of a person)
            • blur [ENG31-05949132-n] (a hazy or indistinct representation)
            • abstractionism [ENG31-05949587-n] (a representation having no reference to concrete objects or specific examples)
            • concretism [ENG31-05949755-n] (a representation of an abstract idea in concrete terms)

              • shape [ENG31-05949928-n] (a concrete representation of an otherwise nebulous concept)
          • belief [ENG31-05950141-n] (any cognitive content held as true)

            • conviction [ENG31-05951737-n] (an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence)

              • amateurism [ENG31-06256206-n] (the conviction that people should participate in sports as a hobby (for the fun of it) rather than for money)
            • faith [ENG31-05951915-n] (complete confidence in a person or plan etc)
            • doctrine [ENG31-05952149-n] (a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school)

              • nuclear deterrence [ENG31-01078787-n] (the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence)
              • Kabbalism [ENG31-05963233-n] (the doctrines of the Kabbalah)
              • abolitionism [ENG31-05967075-n] (the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery)
              • absolutism [ENG31-05967204-n] (the doctrine of an absolute being)
              • amoralism [ENG31-05967294-n] (the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid)
              • animalism [ENG31-05967416-n] (the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature)
              • animism [ENG31-05967579-n] (the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls)
              • antiestablishmentarianism [ENG31-05967786-n] (the doctrine of opposition to the social and political establishment)
              • asceticism [ENG31-05967949-n] (the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state)
              • contextualism [ENG31-05968274-n] (any doctrine emphasizing the importance of the context in solving problems or establishing the meaning of terms)
              • creationism [ENG31-05968445-n] (the literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis)

                • creation science [ENG31-05968652-n] (an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis)
              • creed [ENG31-05968821-n] (any system of principles or beliefs)

                • testament [ENG31-05808280-n] (a profession of belief)
                • Athanasian Creed [ENG31-05966981-n] (a Christian profession of faith)
              • divine right [ENG31-05968988-n] (the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects)
              • dogma [ENG31-05969331-n] (a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative)
              • dualism [ENG31-05969565-n] (the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil)
              • dynamism [ENG31-05969792-n] (any of the various theories or doctrines or philosophical systems that attempt to explain the phenomena of the universe in terms of some immanent force or energy)
              • epicureanism [ENG31-05970008-n] (a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers)
              • establishmentarianism [ENG31-05970145-n] (the doctrine of supporting the social or political establishment)
              • ethicism [ENG31-05970296-n] (a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important)
              • expansionism [ENG31-05970475-n] (the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country)
              • formalism [ENG31-05970734-n] (the doctrine that formal structure rather than content is what should be represented)
              • functionalism [ENG31-05970910-n] (any doctrine that stresses utility or purpose)
              • Girondism [ENG31-05971033-n] (the doctrine of the Girondists)
              • gospel [ENG31-05971119-n] (a doctrine that is believed to be of great importance)
              • gymnosophy [ENG31-05971281-n] (the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation)
              • imitation [ENG31-05971469-n] (the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations)

                • mimesis [ENG31-05971652-n] (the imitative representation of nature and human behavior in art and literature)
              • individualism [ENG31-05971803-n] (the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs)
              • internationalism [ENG31-05972361-n] (the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences)
              • unilateralism [ENG31-05972611-n] (the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations)

                • one-way street [ENG31-05972840-n] (unilateral interaction)
              • irredentism [ENG31-05972965-n] (the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related)
              • literalism [ENG31-05973189-n] (the doctrine of realistic (literal) portrayal in art or literature)
              • majority rule [ENG31-05973312-n] (the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group)
              • monism [ENG31-05973510-n] (the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element)
              • multiculturalism [ENG31-05973672-n] (the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country)
              • nationalism [ENG31-05973889-n] (the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other)
              • nationalism [ENG31-05974062-n] (the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals)
              • nihilism [ENG31-05974255-n] (a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake)
              • pacifism [ENG31-05974453-n] (the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable)
              • pluralism [ENG31-05974616-n] (the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements)
              • populism [ENG31-05974800-n] (the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite)
              • presentism [ENG31-05975469-n] (the doctrine that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (as in the Book of Revelations) are presently in the course of being fulfilled)
              • rationalism [ENG31-05975825-n] (the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct)
              • reformism [ENG31-05975964-n] (a doctrine of reform)
              • humanism [ENG31-05976058-n] (the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason)
              • humanitarianism [ENG31-05976269-n] (the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare)
              • egalitarianism [ENG31-05976455-n] (the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality)
              • feminism [ENG31-05976640-n] (a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women)
              • reincarnationism [ENG31-05977420-n] (a doctrine that on the death of the body the soul migrates to or is born again in another body)
              • secessionism [ENG31-05977577-n] (a doctrine that maintains the right of secession)
              • secularism [ENG31-05977702-n] (a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations)
              • phenomenology [ENG31-06176822-n] (a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account)
              • philosophical doctrine [ENG31-06177044-n] (a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy)

                • aesthetic [ENG31-05977838-n] ((philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful)
                • Aristotelianism [ENG31-05978061-n] ((philosophy) the philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science)
                • conceptualism [ENG31-05978404-n] (the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application)
                • Confucianism [ENG31-05978625-n] (the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity)
                • deconstruction [ENG31-05978879-n] (a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning)
                • empiricism [ENG31-05979178-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience)

                  • British empiricism [ENG31-05968130-n] (the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century)
                  • experimentalism [ENG31-05970612-n] (an empirical doctrine that advocates experimental principles)
                  • positivism [ENG31-06002252-n] (the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation))

                    • Comtism [ENG31-06002507-n] (Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top)
                • environmentalism [ENG31-05979431-n] (the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth)
                • existentialism [ENG31-05979622-n] ((philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe)
                • determinism [ENG31-05979953-n] ((philosophy) a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes)

                  • fatalism [ENG31-05980261-n] (a philosophical doctrine holding that all events are predetermined in advance for all time and human beings are powerless to change them)
                • formalism [ENG31-05980488-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications)
                • hereditarianism [ENG31-05980780-n] (the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth)
                • idealism [ENG31-05980970-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality)
                • intuitionism [ENG31-05981131-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition)
                • logicism [ENG31-05981284-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic)
                • materialism [ENG31-05981452-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality)

                  • dialectical materialism [ENG31-06002120-n] (the materialistic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)
                • mechanism [ENG31-05981648-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes)
                • mentalism [ENG31-05981874-n] ((philosophy) a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness)
                • nativism [ENG31-05982065-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate)
                • naturalism [ENG31-05982239-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations)
                • Neoplatonism [ENG31-05982470-n] (a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism)
                • nominalism [ENG31-05983023-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name)
                • operationalism [ENG31-05983230-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it)
                • Platonism [ENG31-05983431-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names)
                • pragmatism [ENG31-05983665-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value)

                  • instrumentalism [ENG31-05983918-n] (a system of pragmatic philosophy that considers idea to be instruments that should guide our actions and their value is measured by their success)
                • probabilism [ENG31-05984125-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that (since certainty is unattainable) probability is a sufficient basis for belief and action)
                • rationalism [ENG31-05984340-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience)
                • realism [ENG31-05984526-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived)
                • relativism [ENG31-05984713-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved)
                • Scholasticism [ENG31-05984932-n] (the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe)
                • semiotics [ENG31-05985124-n] ((philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols)
                • sensualism [ENG31-05985338-n] ((philosophy) the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good)
                • solipsism [ENG31-05985516-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist)
                • Stoicism [ENG31-05985815-n] ((philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno)
                • subjectivism [ENG31-05986002-n] ((philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience)
                • Taoism [ENG31-05986207-n] (philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events)
                • teleology [ENG31-05986486-n] ((philosophy) a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes)
                • traditionalism [ENG31-05986667-n] (the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions)
                • vitalism [ENG31-05986844-n] ((philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry)
              • states' rights [ENG31-06195316-n] (a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states)

                • nullification [ENG31-06195483-n] (the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress)
              • teaching [ENG31-06195690-n] (a doctrine that is taught)

                • Golden Rule [ENG31-05966780-n] (a command based on Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount)
                • mitzvah [ENG31-06195901-n] ((Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law)
              • theological doctrine [ENG31-06196036-n] (the doctrine of a religious group)

                • theanthropism [ENG31-05775577-n] ((theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine)
                • predestination [ENG31-05974996-n] ((theology) being determined in advance)

                  • election [ENG31-05975665-n] (the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists))
                • spiritualism [ENG31-05985672-n] ((theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God)
                • Christology [ENG31-06196748-n] (a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings)
                • antinomianism [ENG31-06196889-n] (the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture))
                • Thomism [ENG31-06197085-n] (the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans)
                • Arianism [ENG31-06197491-n] (heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son)
                • Athanasianism [ENG31-06197695-n] (the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father)
                • Boehmenism [ENG31-06197881-n] (the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers)
                • consubstantiation [ENG31-06198027-n] (the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine)
                • Episcopalianism [ENG31-06198338-n] (the theological doctrine of church government by bishops)
                • Erastianism [ENG31-06198456-n] (the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters)
                • Hinayanism [ENG31-06198624-n] (the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism)
                • Jansenism [ENG31-06198724-n] (the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples)
                • Mahayanism [ENG31-06198976-n] (the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism)
                • Marcionism [ENG31-06199076-n] (the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human)
                • millenarianism [ENG31-06199286-n] (belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations)
                • Monophysitism [ENG31-06199511-n] (a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature)
                • Monothelitism [ENG31-06199795-n] (the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine))
                • Nestorianism [ENG31-06200040-n] (the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God))
                • Pelagianism [ENG31-06200289-n] (the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous)
                • Quakerism [ENG31-06200544-n] (the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry)
                • rationalism [ENG31-06200753-n] (the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth)

                  • deism [ENG31-06233684-n] (the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation)
                • reincarnation [ENG31-06200947-n] (the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions)
                • Rosicrucianism [ENG31-06201218-n] (the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption)
                • synergism [ENG31-06201589-n] (the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace)
                • total depravity [ENG31-06201762-n] (the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin)
                • transubstantiation [ENG31-06202146-n] (the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist)
                • universalism [ENG31-06202400-n] (the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved)
                • Virgin Birth [ENG31-06202643-n] (the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father)
                • Docetism [ENG31-06232658-n] (the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real)
                • Gnosticism [ENG31-06232886-n] (a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element)

                  • Mandaeanism [ENG31-06233131-n] (a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs)
                • Zurvanism [ENG31-06261683-n] (a heretical Zoroastrian doctrine holding that Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe and that both Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were Zurvan's offspring)
              • utilitarianism [ENG31-06197264-n] (doctrine that the useful is the good)
              • descriptivism [ENG31-06260040-n] ((linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics)
              • descriptivism [ENG31-06260191-n] ((ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value)
              • prescriptivism [ENG31-06260574-n] ((linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics)
              • prescriptivism [ENG31-06260727-n] ((ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior)
              • religious doctrine [ENG31-06802268-n] (the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group)

                • original sin [ENG31-00758836-n] (a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam)
                • confession [ENG31-06484080-n] (the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century))
                • ahimsa [ENG31-06802658-n] (a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence)
                • dogma [ENG31-06802899-n] (a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof)

                  • article of faith [ENG31-06281343-n] ((Christianity) any of the sections into which a creed or other statement of doctrine is divided)
                • ecumenism [ENG31-06803092-n] ((Christianity) the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity)
                • Immaculate Conception [ENG31-06803414-n] ((Christianity) the Roman Catholic dogma that God preserved the Virgin Mary from any stain of original sin from the moment she was conceived)
                • Incarnation [ENG31-06803702-n] ((Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ)
                • Nicene Creed [ENG31-06803874-n] ((Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs)
                • real presence [ENG31-06804052-n] ((Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist)
              • millennium [ENG31-15288094-n] ((New Testament) in Revelations it is foretold that those faithful to Jesus will reign with Jesus over the earth for a thousand years)
            • philosophy [ENG31-05953535-n] (any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation)
            • expectation [ENG31-05953807-n] (belief about (or mental picture of) the future)

              • promise [ENG31-05959600-n] (grounds for feeling hopeful about the future)

                • rainbow [ENG31-05959849-n] (an illusory hope)
              • foretaste [ENG31-05959939-n] (an early limited awareness of something yet to occur)
              • possibility [ENG31-05960047-n] (a future prospect or potential)
              • anticipation [ENG31-05960190-n] (something expected (as on the basis of a norm))

                • life expectancy [ENG31-15166985-n] (an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities)
              • apprehension [ENG31-05960433-n] (painful expectation)
            • fetishism [ENG31-05954076-n] (a belief in the magical power of fetishes (or the worship of a fetish))
            • geneticism [ENG31-05954232-n] (the belief that all human characteristics are determined genetically)
            • meliorism [ENG31-05954357-n] (the belief that the world can be made better by human effort)
            • opinion [ENG31-05954491-n] (a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty)

              • idea [ENG31-05846174-n] (a personal view)

                • body image [ENG31-05846299-n] (an individual's idea as assessment of his or her own body)
              • judgment [ENG31-05846466-n] (an opinion formed by judging something)

                • decision [ENG31-05846685-n] (a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration)

                  • predetermination [ENG31-05847039-n] (a mental determination or resolve in advance)
              • eyes [ENG31-05958470-n] (opinion or judgment)
              • preconception [ENG31-05958804-n] (an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence)
              • pole [ENG31-05959426-n] (one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions)
              • politics [ENG31-06158643-n] (the opinion you hold with respect to political questions)
            • autotelism [ENG31-05954938-n] (belief that a work of art is an end in itself or its own justification)
            • originalism [ENG31-05955083-n] (the belief that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it)
            • pacifism [ENG31-05955255-n] (the belief that all international disputes can be settled by arbitration)
            • religion [ENG31-05955536-n] (a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny)

              • apophatism [ENG31-05950822-n] (the religious belief that God cannot be known but is completely `other' and must be described in negative terms (in terms of what God is not))
              • cataphatism [ENG31-05951187-n] (the religious belief that God has given enough clues to be known to humans positively and affirmatively (e.g., God created Adam `in his own image'))
              • doctrine of analogy [ENG31-05951428-n] (the religious belief that between creature and creator no similarity can be found so great but that the dissimilarity is always greater)
              • cult [ENG31-05957131-n] (a system of religious beliefs and rituals)

                • cargo cult [ENG31-06235488-n] (a religious cult that anticipates a time of joy, serenity, and justice when salvation comes)
                • macumba [ENG31-06235636-n] (a Brazilian religious cult of African origin)
                • obeah [ENG31-06235798-n] (a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery)
                • Rastafarianism [ENG31-06235986-n] (a religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land)
                • voodoo [ENG31-06255946-n] (a religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti))
              • cult [ENG31-05957404-n] (a religion or sect that is generally considered to be unorthodox, extremist, or false)
              • ecclesiasticism [ENG31-05957583-n] (religion appropriate to a church and to ecclesiastical principles and practices)
              • mysticism [ENG31-05957724-n] (a religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality)

                • quietism [ENG31-05957955-n] (a form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God)
                • Sufism [ENG31-05958133-n] (Islamic mysticism)
              • nature worship [ENG31-05958203-n] (a system of religion that deifies and worships natural forces and phenomena)
              • revealed religion [ENG31-05958339-n] (a religion founded primarily on the revelations of God to humankind)
              • theism [ENG31-06233395-n] (the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods)

                • monotheism [ENG31-06233898-n] (belief in a single God)

                  • Judaism [ENG31-06243034-n] (the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud)

                    • Orthodox Judaism [ENG31-06244258-n] (beliefs and practices of a Judaic sect that strictly observes Mosaic law)

                      • Hasidism [ENG31-06244411-n] (beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews)

                        • Chabad [ENG31-06244569-n] (a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule)
                    • Conservative Judaism [ENG31-06244773-n] (beliefs and practices of Conservative Jews)
                    • Reform Judaism [ENG31-06244882-n] (beliefs and practices of Reform Jews)
                  • Islam [ENG31-06244979-n] (the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran)

                    • Mahdism [ENG31-06245983-n] (belief in the appearance of the Mahdi)
                    • Salafism [ENG31-06246131-n] (a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels)
                    • Shiism [ENG31-06246463-n] (the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs)

                      • Ismailism [ENG31-06246646-n] (the branch of Shiism noted for its esoteric philosophy)
                    • Wahhabism [ENG31-06246756-n] (a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia)
                • polytheism [ENG31-06234067-n] (belief in multiple Gods)

                  • tritheism [ENG31-06234201-n] ((Christianity) the heretical belief that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are three separate gods)
                • pantheism [ENG31-06234737-n] (the doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God)
                • panenthesism [ENG31-06234997-n] (the belief that God is in part of the universe and its phenomena and also transcends the universe and intervenes in its operations)
                • pandeism [ENG31-06235186-n] (the belief that God created the universe and its phenomena by becoming the universe, thereafter the sole manifestation of God)
                • pantheism [ENG31-06235366-n] ((rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods)
              • paganism [ENG31-06234419-n] (any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism)

                • druidism [ENG31-06234593-n] (the system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies)
              • Christianity [ENG31-06236188-n] (a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior)

                • Adventism [ENG31-06237065-n] (any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent)

                  • Seventh-Day Adventism [ENG31-06237252-n] (Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath)
                • Catholicism [ENG31-06237394-n] (the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church)

                  • Romanism [ENG31-06237693-n] (the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome)
                  • Eastern Catholicism [ENG31-06238477-n] (the beliefs and practices of any of the eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople or Antioch or Alexandria or Moscow or Jerusalem)
                • Albigensianism [ENG31-06237839-n] (a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries)
                • Donatism [ENG31-06238217-n] (a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century)
                • Protestantism [ENG31-06238680-n] (the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation)

                  • predestinarianism [ENG31-05955431-n] (the belief or doctrine of predestinarians)
                  • Anglicanism [ENG31-06239219-n] (the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church)

                    • Anglo-Catholicism [ENG31-06239353-n] (a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition)
                  • Arminianism [ENG31-06239699-n] (17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty)
                  • Calvinism [ENG31-06239966-n] (the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone)
                  • Christian Science [ENG31-06240173-n] (religious system based on teachings of Mary Baker Eddy emphasizing spiritual healing)
                  • Lutheranism [ENG31-06240321-n] (teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone)
                  • Trinitarianism [ENG31-06240621-n] (Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity)
                  • Congregationalism [ENG31-06240732-n] (system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing)
                  • Mennonitism [ENG31-06240928-n] (system of beliefs and practices including belief in scriptural authority)
                  • evangelicalism [ENG31-06241149-n] (stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation)

                    • revivalism [ENG31-06241310-n] (an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith)
                  • fundamentalism [ENG31-06241447-n] (a form of Protestantism that takes the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth)
                  • Methodism [ENG31-06241648-n] (the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals)
                  • Wesleyanism [ENG31-06241834-n] (evangelical principles taught by John Wesley)
                  • Anabaptism [ENG31-06241948-n] (a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state)
                  • Baptistic doctrine [ENG31-06242201-n] (any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism)
                  • Mormonism [ENG31-06242320-n] (the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon)
                  • pentecostalism [ENG31-06242452-n] (the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups)
                  • Presbyterianism [ENG31-06242653-n] (the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism)
                  • Puritanism [ENG31-06242789-n] (the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects))
                • Tractarianism [ENG31-06239523-n] (principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times')
              • Unitarianism [ENG31-06240471-n] (a non-doctrinal religion that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity)
              • Hinduism [ENG31-06246956-n] (a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system)

                • Darsana [ENG31-06248172-n] ((from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma)
                • Mimamsa [ENG31-06248401-n] ((from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads)
                • Vedanta [ENG31-06248710-n] ((from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas)
                • Krishnaism [ENG31-06248967-n] (worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu)
                • Shivaism [ENG31-06249067-n] (worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon)
                • Shaktism [ENG31-06249212-n] (worship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva)
                • Vaishnavism [ENG31-06249351-n] (worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon)
                • Vedism [ENG31-06255416-n] (the form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas)
              • Brahmanism [ENG31-06248001-n] (the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads)
              • Jainism [ENG31-06249785-n] (religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism)
              • Sikhism [ENG31-06250061-n] (the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam)
              • Buddhism [ENG31-06250374-n] (the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth)

                • Mahayana [ENG31-06250995-n] (one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone)

                  • Yogacara [ENG31-06252910-n] (one of the main traditions of Mahayana Buddhism)
                • Theravada [ENG31-06251286-n] (one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts)

                  • Hinayana [ENG31-06251706-n] (an offensive name for the early conservative Theravada Buddhism)
                • Lamaism [ENG31-06251955-n] (a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism)
                • Zen [ENG31-06252178-n] (a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight)
                • Shingon [ENG31-06252367-n] (a form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible)
                • Tantra [ENG31-06252557-n] (doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world)
              • Taoism [ENG31-06253226-n] (popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic)
              • Shinto [ENG31-06253477-n] (the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma)
              • Manichaeism [ENG31-06253705-n] (a religion founded by Manes in the third century)
              • Mithraism [ENG31-06254093-n] (ancient Persian religion)
              • Zoroastrianism [ENG31-06254279-n] (system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster)

                • Parsiism [ENG31-06254575-n] (the faith of a Zoroastrian sect in India)
              • Bahaism [ENG31-06254682-n] (a religion founded in Iran in 1863)
              • shamanism [ENG31-06254982-n] (an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans)
              • shamanism [ENG31-06255214-n] (any animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism (especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes))
              • Wicca [ENG31-06255592-n] (the polytheistic nature religion of modern witchcraft whose central deity is a mother goddess)
            • public opinion [ENG31-05958593-n] (a belief or sentiment shared by most people)
            • revolutionism [ENG31-05960559-n] (a belief in the spread of revolutionary principles)
            • sacerdotalism [ENG31-05960687-n] (a belief that priests can act as mediators between human beings and God)
            • spiritualism [ENG31-05960836-n] (the belief that the spirits of dead people can communicate with people who are still alive (especially via a medium))
            • spiritual world [ENG31-05961066-n] (a belief that there is a realm controlled by a divine spirit)

              • Kingdom of God [ENG31-08576198-n] (the spiritual domain over which God is sovereign)
            • suffragism [ENG31-05961234-n] (the belief that the right to vote should be extended (as to women))
            • supernaturalism [ENG31-05961357-n] (a belief in forces beyond ordinary human understanding)

              • magic [ENG31-05976844-n] (any art that invokes supernatural powers)

                • juju [ENG31-05976761-n] (the power associated with a juju)
                • mojo [ENG31-05977076-n] (a magic power or magic spell)
                • conjuring [ENG31-05987026-n] (calling up a spirit or devil)

                  • evocation [ENG31-05987490-n] (calling up supposed supernatural forces by spells and incantations)
                • sorcery [ENG31-05987679-n] (the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world)

                  • witchcraft [ENG31-05988217-n] (the art of sorcery)
                  • enchantment [ENG31-05988321-n] (a magical spell)
                  • diabolism [ENG31-05988462-n] (a belief in and reverence for devils (especially Satan))
                  • obiism [ENG31-06255804-n] (belief in a kind of sorcery that originated in Africa and is practiced in the West Indies)
                • white magic [ENG31-05988667-n] (magic used only for good purposes)

                  • theurgy [ENG31-05988065-n] (white magic performed with the help of beneficent spirits (as formerly practiced by Neoplatonists))
              • occultism [ENG31-05977155-n] (a belief in supernatural powers and the possibility of bringing them under human control)
              • exorcism [ENG31-05987339-n] (freeing from evil spirits)
            • superstition [ENG31-05961545-n] (an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear)
            • supremacism [ENG31-05961696-n] (the belief that some particular group or race is superior to all others)
            • theory [ENG31-05961846-n] (a belief that can guide behavior)

              • egoism [ENG31-05962130-n] ((ethics) the theory that the pursuit of your own welfare in the basis of morality)
              • patchwork [ENG31-05962283-n] (a theory or argument made up of miscellaneous or incongruous ideas)
            • theosophism [ENG31-05962671-n] (belief in theosophy)
            • thought [ENG31-05963348-n] (the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual)

              • mainstream [ENG31-05964053-n] (the prevailing current of thought)
            • totemism [ENG31-05963539-n] (belief in the kinship of a group of people with a common totem)
            • tribalism [ENG31-05963674-n] (the beliefs of a tribal society)
            • values [ENG31-05963761-n] (beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something))
            • vampirism [ENG31-05963962-n] (belief in the existence of vampires)
            • individualism [ENG31-05971968-n] (a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence)

              • rugged individualism [ENG31-05972166-n] (individualism in social and economic affairs)
            • spiritual being [ENG31-09527267-n] (an incorporeal being believed to have powers to affect the course of human events)

              • deity [ENG31-09528550-n] (any supernatural being worshipped as controlling some part of the world or some aspect of life or who is the personification of a force)

                • daemon [ENG31-09529348-n] (a person who is part mortal and part god)

                  • Adonis [ENG31-09570758-n] ((Greek mythology) a handsome youth loved by both Aphrodite and Persephone)
                • sea god [ENG31-09529962-n] (a deity that personifies the sea and is usually believed to live in or to control the sea)
                • sun god [ENG31-09530105-n] (a god that personifies the sun or is otherwise associated with the sun)
                • Celtic deity [ENG31-09530229-n] (a deity worshipped by the Celts)

                  • Fomor [ENG31-09532507-n] (one of a group of Celtic sea demons sometimes associated with the hostile power of nature)
                  • Lir [ENG31-09532902-n] (the sea personified)
                  • Llew Llaw Gyffes [ENG31-09533043-n] (son of Gwydion and Arianrhod)
                  • Tuatha De Danann [ENG31-09533878-n] (group of Celtic gods or demigods)
                • Egyptian deity [ENG31-09534037-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians)
                • Semitic deity [ENG31-09537037-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Semites)

                  • Anunnaki [ENG31-09538847-n] (any of a group of powerful Babylonian earth spirits or genii)
                  • Lilith [ENG31-09542210-n] (in ancient Semitic folklore: a female demon who attacks children)
                • Hindu deity [ENG31-09546113-n] (a deity worshipped by the Hindus)

                  • Aditya [ENG31-09547286-n] (one of 7 to 12 sons of Aditi)
                  • Ahura [ENG31-09547690-n] ((Zoroastrianism) title for benevolent deities)
                  • Asvins [ENG31-09547806-n] ((literally `possessing horses' in Sanskrit) in Hinduism the twin chariot warriors conveying Surya)
                  • Dharma [ENG31-09548714-n] (basic principles of the cosmos)
                  • Garuda [ENG31-09549241-n] (a supernatural eagle-like being that serves as Vishnu's mount)
                  • Marut [ENG31-09550319-n] (any of a group of Hindu storm gods)
                  • Ribhus [ENG31-09551269-n] (one of three artisans of the Hindu gods)
                  • Soma [ENG31-09552205-n] (personification of a sacred intoxicating drink used in Vedic ritual)
                  • Vajra [ENG31-09552695-n] (Indra's thunderbolt)
                  • avatar [ENG31-09553360-n] (the manifestation of a Hindu deity (especially Vishnu) in human or superhuman or animal form)
                • Persian deity [ENG31-09554762-n] (a deity worshiped by the ancient Persians)
                • Chinese deity [ENG31-09556159-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Chinese)
                • Japanese deity [ENG31-09557539-n] (a deity worshipped by the Japanese)
                • goddess [ENG31-09558733-n] (a female deity)

                  • earth-goddess [ENG31-09558920-n] (a goddess of fertility and vegetation)

                    • earth mother [ENG31-09559051-n] (the earth conceived of as the female principle of fertility)
                • earth-god [ENG31-09558819-n] (a god of fertility and vegetation)
                • demiurge [ENG31-09561744-n] (a subordinate deity, in some philosophies the creator of the universe)
                • Greco-Roman deity [ENG31-09571032-n] (a deity of classical mythology)

                  • nymph [ENG31-09571761-n] ((classical mythology) a minor nature goddess usually depicted as a beautiful maiden)

                    • Echo [ENG31-09572176-n] ((Greek mythology) a nymph who was spurned by Narcissus and pined away until only her voice remained)
                    • Hesperides [ENG31-09572345-n] ((Greek mythology) group of 3 to 7 nymphs who guarded the golden apples that Gaea gave as a wedding gift to Hera)
                    • Hyades [ENG31-09572545-n] ((Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Pleiades)
                    • Oread [ENG31-09572772-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the mountain nymphs)
                    • Pleiades [ENG31-09572887-n] ((Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Hyades)
                    • Sterope [ENG31-09573112-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the 7 Pleiades)
                    • water nymph [ENG31-09573254-n] ((Greek mythology) any nymph of the water)

                      • sea nymph [ENG31-09513482-n] ((Greek mythology) a water nymph who was the daughter of Oceanus or Nereus)

                        • Calypso [ENG31-09513340-n] ((Greek mythology) the sea nymph who detained Odysseus for seven years)
                        • Nereid [ENG31-09573714-n] ((Greek mythology) any of the 50 sea nymphs who were daughters of the sea god Nereus)

                          • Thetis [ENG31-09573887-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the 50 Nereids)
                        • Oceanid [ENG31-09574028-n] ((Greek mythology) sea nymph who was a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys)
                        • Siren [ENG31-10621248-n] (a sea nymph (part woman and part bird) supposed to lure sailors to destruction on the rocks where the nymphs lived)
                      • naiad [ENG31-09573572-n] ((Greek mythology) a nymph of lakes and springs and rivers and fountains)
                    • Daphne [ENG31-09573407-n] ((Greek mythology) a nymph who was transformed into a laurel tree to escape the amorous Apollo)
                    • dryad [ENG31-09574169-n] (a deity or nymph of the woods)

                      • hamadryad [ENG31-09574389-n] (the nymph or spirit of a particular tree)
                    • Salmacis [ENG31-09574281-n] (nymph who merged with Hermaphroditus to form one body)
                  • Leto [ENG31-09601011-n] (wife or mistress of Zeus and mother of Apollo and Artemis in ancient mythology)
                • Greek deity [ENG31-09574485-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Greeks)

                  • Grace [ENG31-09518513-n] ((Greek mythology) one of three sisters who were the givers of beauty and charm)

                    • Aglaia [ENG31-09518750-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the three Graces)
                    • Euphrosyne [ENG31-09518863-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the three Graces)
                    • Thalia [ENG31-09518980-n] ((Greek mythology) one of the three Graces)
                  • satyr [ENG31-09571240-n] (one of a class of woodland deities)
                  • silenus [ENG31-09571618-n] (any of the minor woodland deities who were companions of Dionysus (similar to the satyrs))
                  • Aether [ENG31-09576728-n] (personification of the sky or upper air breathed by the Olympians)
                  • Moirai [ENG31-09588228-n] (any of the three Greek goddesses of fate or destiny)
                  • Muse [ENG31-09589128-n] (in ancient Greek mythology any of 9 daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne)
                  • Pontus [ENG31-09591905-n] ((Greek mythology) ancient personification of the sea)
                  • Rhadamanthus [ENG31-09594135-n] ((Greek mythology) a judge of the dead in the underworld)
                • Roman deity [ENG31-09575810-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Romans)

                  • faun [ENG31-09561868-n] (ancient Italian deity in human shape, with horns, pointed ears and a goat's tail)
                  • Parcae [ENG31-09588463-n] (any of the three Roman goddesses of fate or destiny)
                • Norse deity [ENG31-09601643-n] (a deity worshipped by the ancient Norsemen)

                  • Aesir [ENG31-09602248-n] ((Norse mythology) the chief of gods living at Asgard)
                  • Vanir [ENG31-09602518-n] ((Norse mythology) group of ancient gods sometimes in conflict with the Aesir)
                  • Nanna [ENG31-09605194-n] ((Norse mythology) wife of Balder)
                  • Norn [ENG31-09605518-n] ((Norse mythology) any of the three goddesses of destiny)
                  • Sigyn [ENG31-09606496-n] ((Norse mythology) wife of Loki)
                  • Ull [ENG31-09607063-n] ((Norse mythology) one of the Aesir known for his beauty and skill with bow and skis)
                  • Vali [ENG31-09607254-n] ((Norse mythology) one of the Aesir and avenger of Balder)
                  • Vitharr [ENG31-09607393-n] ((Norse mythology) one of the Aesir)
                • Teutonic deity [ENG31-09608609-n] ((German mythology) a deity worshipped by the ancient Teutons)
                • Anglo-Saxon deity [ENG31-09609186-n] ((Anglo-Saxon mythology) a deity worshipped by the Anglo-Saxons)

                  • Wyrd [ENG31-09609617-n] (fate personified)
                • Phrygian deity [ENG31-09617111-n] (deity of the ancient Phrygians of west central Asia Minor)
                • saint [ENG31-10566702-n] (a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization)
                • war god [ENG31-10787322-n] (a god worshipped as giving victory in war)
                • zombi [ENG31-10825387-n] (a god of voodoo cults of African origin worshipped especially in West Indies)
              • eon [ENG31-09559695-n] ((Gnosticism) a divine power or nature emanating from the Supreme Being and playing various roles in the operation of the universe)
              • angel [ENG31-09562026-n] (spiritual being attendant upon God)

                • archangel [ENG31-09562294-n] (an angel ranked above the highest rank in the celestial hierarchy)

                  • Gabriel [ENG31-09562505-n] ((Bible) the archangel who was the messenger of God)
                  • Michael [ENG31-09562628-n] ((Old Testament) the guardian archangel of the Jews)
                  • Raphael [ENG31-09562751-n] (an archangel of the Hebrew tradition)
                • cherub [ENG31-09562841-n] (an angel of the second order whose gift is knowledge)
                • seraph [ENG31-09562983-n] (an angel of the first order)
                • guardian spirit [ENG31-09563166-n] (an angel believed to have special affection for a particular individual)

                  • genius loci [ENG31-09563352-n] (the guardian spirit of a place)
                  • eudemon [ENG31-09565826-n] (a benevolent spirit)
                • divine messenger [ENG31-09563440-n] (a messenger from God)
              • fairy [ENG31-09563541-n] (a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers)

                • elf [ENG31-09563850-n] ((folklore) fairies that are somewhat mischievous)

                  • leprechaun [ENG31-09564545-n] (a mischievous elf in Irish folklore)
                  • sandman [ENG31-09564637-n] (an elf in fairy stories who sprinkles sand in children's eyes to make them sleepy)
                • fairy godmother [ENG31-09564050-n] (a female character in some fairy stories who has magical powers and can bring unexpected good fortune to the hero or heroine)
                • gnome [ENG31-09564236-n] (a legendary creature resembling a tiny old man)

                  • Nibelung [ENG31-09522788-n] ((German mythology) any of the group of dwarfs who possessed a treasure hoard that was stolen by Siegfried)
                  • Andvari [ENG31-09602371-n] ((Norse mythology) a dwarf who possessed a treasure that was stolen by Loki)
                • Morgan le Fay [ENG31-09564772-n] ((Arthurian legend) a wicked enchantress who was the half sister and enemy of King Arthur)
                • Puck [ENG31-09564920-n] (a mischievous sprite of English folklore)
                • Oberson [ENG31-09569409-n] ((Middle Ages) the king of the fairies and husband of Titania in medieval folklore)
                • Titania [ENG31-09569582-n] ((Middle Ages) the queen of the fairies in medieval folklore)
                • tooth fairy [ENG31-09569733-n] (a fairy that is said to leave money at night under a child's pillow to compensate for a baby tooth falling out)
                • water sprite [ENG31-09569901-n] (a fairy that inhabits water)

                  • undine [ENG31-09564457-n] (any of various female water spirits)
              • spirit [ENG31-09568453-n] (any incorporeal supernatural being that can become visible (or audible) to human beings)

                • control [ENG31-09527922-n] (a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance)
                • evil spirit [ENG31-09565030-n] (a spirit tending to cause harm)

                  • bad fairy [ENG31-09565281-n] (a fairy that tends to cause harm)
                  • bogey [ENG31-09565369-n] (an evil spirit)
                  • devil [ENG31-09565450-n] (an evil supernatural being)

                    • incubus [ENG31-09565997-n] (a male demon believed to lie on sleeping persons and to have sexual intercourse with sleeping women)
                    • succubus [ENG31-09566150-n] (a female demon believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping men)
                    • dybbuk [ENG31-09566283-n] ((Jewish folklore) a demon that enters the body of a living person and controls that body's behavior)
                  • cacodemon [ENG31-09565670-n] (an evil spirit)
                  • ghoul [ENG31-09566802-n] (an evil spirit or ghost)
                  • goblin [ENG31-09566877-n] ((folklore) a small grotesque supernatural creature that makes trouble for human beings)
                  • kelpy [ENG31-09567053-n] ((Scottish folklore) water spirit in the form of a horse that likes to drown its riders)
                  • vampire [ENG31-09567238-n] ((folklore) a corpse that rises at night to drink the blood of the living)
                • banshee [ENG31-09567391-n] ((Irish folklore) a female spirit who wails to warn of impending death)
                • genie [ENG31-09567562-n] ((Islam) an invisible spirit mentioned in the Koran and believed by Muslims to inhabit the earth and influence mankind by appearing in the form of humans or animals)

                  • shaitan [ENG31-09567875-n] ((Islam) a rebellious jinni who leads men astray)
                  • eblis [ENG31-09568005-n] ((Islam) the principal evil jinni in Islamic mythology)
                • familiar [ENG31-09568300-n] (a spirit (usually in animal form) that acts as an assistant to a witch or wizard)
                • peri [ENG31-09570034-n] ((Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done)
                • apparition [ENG31-09570240-n] (a ghostly appearing figure)

                  • Flying Dutchman [ENG31-09570482-n] (the captain of a phantom ship (the Flying Dutchman) who was condemned to sail against the wind until Judgment Day)
                • presence [ENG31-09570657-n] (an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby)
                • kachina [ENG31-09686588-n] (a deified spirit of the Pueblo people)
                • numen [ENG31-10386183-n] (a spirit believed to inhabit an object or preside over a place (especially in ancient Roman religion))
                • python [ENG31-10516512-n] (a soothsaying spirit or a person who is possessed by such a spirit)
                • sylvan [ENG31-10704963-n] (a spirit that lives in or frequents the woods)
                • thunderbird [ENG31-10729628-n] ((mythology) the spirit of thunder and lightning believed by some Native Americans to take the shape of a great bird)
                • zombi [ENG31-10825536-n] ((voodooism) a spirit or supernatural force that reanimates a dead body)
              • trickster [ENG31-09568884-n] (a mischievous supernatural being found in the folklore of many primitive people)
          • kenosis [ENG31-05951056-n] (the concept of emptying one's own will and receive God's will, in Catholicism)
          • unbelief [ENG31-05988776-n] (a rejection of belief)

            • agnosticism [ENG31-05988918-n] (the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge)
            • atheism [ENG31-05989123-n] (a lack of belief in the existence of God or gods)
          • heresy [ENG31-05989297-n] (a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion)
          • goal [ENG31-05989760-n] (the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve and that (when achieved) terminates behavior intended to achieve it)

            • aim [ENG31-05990115-n] (the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable))

              • grail [ENG31-05990821-n] (the object of any prolonged endeavor)
              • business [ENG31-05992686-n] (an immediate objective)

                • occasions [ENG31-05992828-n] (something you have to do)
              • point [ENG31-05992951-n] (the object of an activity)
              • thing [ENG31-05993067-n] (a special objective)
            • bourn [ENG31-05990431-n] (an archaic term for a goal or destination)
            • end-all [ENG31-05990533-n] (the ultimate goal)
            • destination [ENG31-05990653-n] (the ultimate goal for which something is done)
            • no-goal [ENG31-05990909-n] (a nonexistent goal)
            • purpose [ENG31-05991037-n] (an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions)

              • mind [ENG31-05991800-n] (your intention)
              • cross-purpose [ENG31-05992007-n] (a contrary aim)
              • final cause [ENG31-05992102-n] ((philosophy) the end or purpose of a thing or process)
              • sake [ENG31-05992232-n] (the purpose of achieving or obtaining)
              • view [ENG31-05992348-n] (purpose)
              • will [ENG31-05992539-n] (a fixed and persistent intent or purpose)
            • intention [ENG31-05991605-n] ((usually plural) the goal with respect to a marriage proposal)
          • education [ENG31-05993172-n] (knowledge acquired by learning and instruction)

            • physical education [ENG31-05764885-n] (training in the development of and care for the human body)
            • experience [ENG31-05766056-n] (the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities)

              • familiarization [ENG31-05766379-n] (the experience of becoming familiar with something)
              • woodcraft [ENG31-05766545-n] (skill and experience in matters relating to the woods (as hunting or fishing or camping))
            • eruditeness [ENG31-05994884-n] (profound scholarly knowledge)

              • letters [ENG31-05995180-n] (scholarly attainment)
            • enlightenment [ENG31-05995280-n] (education that results in understanding and the spread of knowledge)

              • edification [ENG31-05996720-n] (uplifting enlightenment)

                • disenchantment [ENG31-05996982-n] (freeing from false belief or illusions)
              • satori [ENG31-05996854-n] ((Zen Buddhism) a state of sudden spiritual enlightenment)
            • foundation [ENG31-05995479-n] (education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge)
          • experience [ENG31-05993469-n] (the content of direct observation or participation in an event)

            • world [ENG31-05817904-n] (all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you)

              • real world [ENG31-05818276-n] (the practical world as opposed to the academic world)
            • life [ENG31-05818587-n] (the experience of being alive)
            • reliving [ENG31-05818794-n] (a recurrence of a prior experience)
            • reminder [ENG31-05821727-n] (an experience that causes you to remember something)

              • deja vu [ENG31-05818466-n] (the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before)
              • memento [ENG31-05821923-n] (a reminder of past events)
              • memento mori [ENG31-05822013-n] (a reminder (as a death's head) of your mortality)
              • shades [ENG31-05822120-n] ((plural) something that reminds you of someone or something)
          • acculturation [ENG31-05993821-n] (all the knowledge and values shared by a society)

            • meme [ENG31-05994011-n] (a cultural unit (an idea or value or pattern of behavior) that is passed from one person to another by non-genetic means (as by imitation))
          • lore [ENG31-05994266-n] (knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote)

            • old wives' tale [ENG31-05987237-n] (a bit of lore passed on by word of mouth)
            • folklore [ENG31-05994487-n] (the unwritten lore (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture)
          • ignorance [ENG31-05997167-n] (the lack of knowledge or education)

            • ignorantness [ENG31-05997628-n] (ignorance (especially of orthodox beliefs))
            • inexperience [ENG31-05997841-n] (lack of experience and the knowledge and understanding derived from experience)
            • unenlightenment [ENG31-05998150-n] (a lack of understanding)

              • dark [ENG31-05997383-n] (an unenlightened state)
            • illiteracy [ENG31-05998271-n] (ignorance resulting from not reading)
          • knowledge domain [ENG31-06008444-n] (the content of a particular field of knowledge)

            • discipline [ENG31-06005806-n] (a branch of knowledge)

              • occultism [ENG31-05977317-n] (the study of the supernatural)
              • communications [ENG31-06006539-n] (the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.))
              • major [ENG31-06006837-n] (the principal field of study of a student at a university)
              • frontier [ENG31-06007230-n] (an undeveloped field of study)
              • genealogy [ENG31-06007403-n] (the study or investigation of ancestry and family history)
              • allometry [ENG31-06007534-n] (the study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole)
              • bibliotics [ENG31-06007704-n] (the scientific study of documents and handwriting etc. especially to determine authorship or authenticity)
              • ology [ENG31-06007902-n] (an informal word (abstracted from words with this ending) for some unidentified branch of knowledge)

                • symbology [ENG31-06008071-n] (the study or the use of symbols and symbolism)
              • science [ENG31-06008975-n] (a particular branch of scientific knowledge)

                • natural history [ENG31-05802197-n] (the scientific study of plants or animals (more observational than experimental) usually published in popular magazines rather than in academic journals)
                • natural science [ENG31-06009578-n] (the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena)

                  • life science [ENG31-06046810-n] (any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms)

                    • biology [ENG31-06047178-n] (the science that studies living organisms)

                      • biogeography [ENG31-06075964-n] (dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants)
                      • botany [ENG31-06076105-n] (the branch of biology that studies plants)

                        • mycology [ENG31-06079297-n] (the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases)
                        • pomology [ENG31-06079436-n] (the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits)
                        • paleobotany [ENG31-06083922-n] (the study of fossil plants)

                          • paleodendrology [ENG31-06084278-n] (the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees)
                        • phycology [ENG31-06084057-n] (the branch of botany that studies algae)
                        • pteridology [ENG31-06084163-n] (the branch of botany that studies ferns)
                      • cryobiology [ENG31-06079546-n] (the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living tissues or organs or organisms)

                        • cryonics [ENG31-06079729-n] (the freezing of a seriously ill or recently deceased person to stop tissues from decomposing)
                      • cytology [ENG31-06080053-n] (the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells)

                        • cytogenetics [ENG31-06080288-n] (the branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes))
                      • ecology [ENG31-06080479-n] (the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment)

                        • paleoecology [ENG31-06092297-n] (the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology)
                      • embryology [ENG31-06080976-n] (the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms)

                        • teratology [ENG31-06088989-n] (the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism)
                      • exobiology [ENG31-06081272-n] (the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life)
                      • forestry [ENG31-06081484-n] (the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber)

                        • undercut [ENG31-04515186-n] (a notch cut in the trunk of tree in order to determine the direction of its fall)
                        • silviculture [ENG31-06081695-n] (the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests)
                      • genetics [ENG31-06085077-n] (the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms)

                        • genomics [ENG31-06086637-n] (the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences))

                          • functional genomics [ENG31-06084768-n] (the branch of genomics that determines the biological function of the genes and their products)
                          • structural genomics [ENG31-06084928-n] (the branch of genomics that determines the three-dimensional structures of proteins)
                        • proteomics [ENG31-06086826-n] (the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome)
                        • molecular genetics [ENG31-06087466-n] (the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level)
                        • pharmacogenetics [ENG31-06088797-n] (the branch of genetics that studies the genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in humans or laboratory organisms)
                      • microbiology [ENG31-06087198-n] (the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans)
                      • molecular biology [ENG31-06087638-n] (the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role))

                        • biotechnology [ENG31-06136212-n] (the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes)

                          • bioremediation [ENG31-06136508-n] (the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems)
                          • genetic engineering [ENG31-06136660-n] (the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism)
                      • morphology [ENG31-06087877-n] (the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants)

                        • anatomy [ENG31-06067070-n] (the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals)

                          • clinical anatomy [ENG31-06068675-n] (the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment)
                          • comparative anatomy [ENG31-06068832-n] (the study of anatomical features of animals of different species)
                          • developmental anatomy [ENG31-06069090-n] (the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity)
                          • functional anatomy [ENG31-06069259-n] (the study of anatomy in its relation to function)
                          • gross anatomy [ENG31-06069415-n] (the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope)

                            • dental anatomy [ENG31-06068962-n] (the branch of gross anatomy concerning with the morphology of teeth)
                          • microscopic anatomy [ENG31-06069599-n] (the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs)

                            • histology [ENG31-06086963-n] (the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues)
                          • neuroanatomy [ENG31-06069758-n] (the anatomy of the nervous system)
                          • osteology [ENG31-06069886-n] (the branch of anatomy that studies the bones of the vertebrate skeleton)
                          • regional anatomy [ENG31-06070013-n] (the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region)
                      • neurobiology [ENG31-06088061-n] (the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system)

                        • neuroscience [ENG31-06091421-n] (the scientific study of the nervous system)

                          • neurophysiology [ENG31-06091190-n] (the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system)
                          • brain science [ENG31-06091613-n] (the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain)
                          • cognitive neuroscience [ENG31-06091724-n] (the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena)
                      • paleobiology [ENG31-06088274-n] (a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms)

                        • paleozoology [ENG31-06084410-n] (the study of fossil animals)

                          • paleomammalogy [ENG31-06084566-n] (the paleobiology of ancient mammals)
                          • paleornithology [ENG31-06084662-n] (the paleobiology of birds)
                      • physiology [ENG31-06090110-n] (the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms)

                        • hemodynamics [ENG31-06091898-n] (the branch of physiology that studies the circulation of the blood and the forces involved)
                        • kinesiology [ENG31-06092047-n] (the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement)
                        • myology [ENG31-06092198-n] (the branch of physiology that studies muscles)
                      • radiobiology [ENG31-06092422-n] (the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms)
                      • sociobiology [ENG31-06092560-n] (the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history)
                      • zoology [ENG31-06092831-n] (the branch of biology that studies animals)

                        • entomology [ENG31-06081825-n] (the branch of zoology that studies insects)

                          • lepidopterology [ENG31-06082026-n] (the branch of entomology dealing with Lepidoptera)
                        • ethology [ENG31-06082169-n] (the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats)
                        • herpetology [ENG31-06082326-n] (the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians)
                        • ichthyology [ENG31-06082462-n] (the branch of zoology that studies fishes)
                        • malacology [ENG31-06082617-n] (the branch of zoology that studies the structure and behavior of mollusks)

                          • conchology [ENG31-01017631-n] (the collection and study of mollusc shells)
                        • mammalogy [ENG31-06082765-n] (the branch of zoology that studies mammals)

                          • primatology [ENG31-06083197-n] (the branch of zoology that studies primates)
                        • oology [ENG31-06082881-n] (the branch of zoology that studies eggs (especially birds' eggs and their size, shape, coloration, and number))
                        • ornithology [ENG31-06083044-n] (the branch of zoology that studies birds)
                        • protozoology [ENG31-06083298-n] (the branch of zoology that studies protozoans)
                    • biomedical science [ENG31-06050997-n] (the application of the principles of the natural sciences to medicine)
                    • biometrics [ENG31-06051131-n] (a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis)
                    • craniology [ENG31-06051336-n] (the scientific study of the skulls of various human races)

                      • phrenology [ENG31-06055378-n] (a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties)
                    • dermatoglyphics [ENG31-06051486-n] (the study of the whorls and loops and arches in the fingertips and on the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet)
                    • dietetics [ENG31-06051718-n] (the scientific study of food preparation and intake)

                      • macrobiotics [ENG31-06051843-n] (the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains))
                    • eugenics [ENG31-06052017-n] (the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating))
                    • dysgenics [ENG31-06052221-n] (the study of the operation of factors causing degeneration in the type of offspring produced)
                    • euthenics [ENG31-06052436-n] (the study of methods of improving human well-being and efficient functioning by improving environmental conditions)
                    • medical science [ENG31-06055093-n] (the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease)

                      • medicine [ENG31-06052606-n] (the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques)

                        • allergology [ENG31-06055776-n] (the branch of medical science that studies the causes and treatment of allergies)
                        • anesthesiology [ENG31-06055914-n] (the branch of medical science that studies and applies anesthetics)
                        • angiology [ENG31-06056059-n] (the branch of medical science that studies the blood and lymph vessels and their disorders)
                        • bacteriology [ENG31-06056223-n] (the branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease)
                        • biomedicine [ENG31-06056429-n] (the branch of medical science that studies the ability of organisms to withstand environmental stress (as in space travel))

                          • aeromedicine [ENG31-06055568-n] (the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight))
                        • biomedicine [ENG31-06056627-n] (the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice)
                        • cardiology [ENG31-06056806-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases)
                        • dentistry [ENG31-06056961-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth)

                          • cosmetic dentistry [ENG31-06057454-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with the appearance of the teeth)
                          • dental surgery [ENG31-06057583-n] (the branch of dentistry involving surgical procedures)

                            • exodontics [ENG31-06057904-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth)
                          • endodontics [ENG31-06057715-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp)
                          • orthodontics [ENG31-06058083-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth)
                          • periodontics [ENG31-06058382-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth)
                          • prosthodontics [ENG31-06058781-n] (the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices)
                        • prosthetics [ENG31-06058622-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial body parts)
                        • dermatology [ENG31-06059031-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases)
                        • emergency medicine [ENG31-06059204-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness)
                        • endocrinology [ENG31-06059381-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions)
                        • epidemiology [ENG31-06059555-n] (the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease)
                        • forensic medicine [ENG31-06059788-n] (the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes)
                        • gastroenterology [ENG31-06060021-n] (the branch of medicine that studies the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases)
                        • geriatrics [ENG31-06060181-n] (the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people)
                        • gynecology [ENG31-06060432-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women)
                        • hematology [ENG31-06060665-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs)
                        • hygiene [ENG31-06060911-n] (the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health)
                        • immunology [ENG31-06061073-n] (the branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system)

                          • immunochemistry [ENG31-06061456-n] (the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies))
                          • immunopathology [ENG31-06061696-n] (the branch of immunology that deals with pathologies of the immune system)
                        • internal medicine [ENG31-06061831-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults))
                        • nephrology [ENG31-06062052-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders)
                        • nuclear medicine [ENG31-06062216-n] (the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells)
                        • neurology [ENG31-06062395-n] ((neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders)
                        • neuropsychiatry [ENG31-06062632-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system)
                        • nosology [ENG31-06062811-n] (the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease)
                        • obstetrics [ENG31-06062970-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother)

                          • fetology [ENG31-06063385-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus)
                          • perinatology [ENG31-06063513-n] (the branch of obstetrics concerned with the anatomy and physiology and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the mother and the fetus or newborn baby during late pregnancy and childbirth and the puerperium)
                        • oncology [ENG31-06063797-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors)
                        • ophthalmology [ENG31-06063977-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the eye and its diseases)
                        • otology [ENG31-06064231-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the ear)

                          • audiology [ENG31-06070282-n] (the measurement of hearing)
                        • pharmacology [ENG31-06064423-n] (the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects)

                          • pharmacokinetics [ENG31-06065060-n] (the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion)
                          • posology [ENG31-06065223-n] (the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines)
                          • psychopharmacology [ENG31-06065355-n] (the study of drugs that affect the mind)
                          • toxicology [ENG31-06074012-n] (the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons)
                        • pharmacy [ENG31-06064831-n] (the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines,)
                        • psychiatry [ENG31-06065477-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders)

                          • alienism [ENG31-06066318-n] (an obsolete term for the study and treatment of mental illness)
                          • psychotherapy [ENG31-06066454-n] (the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods)

                            • clinical psychology [ENG31-06066703-n] (the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior)
                            • Freudian psychology [ENG31-06066857-n] (the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud)
                            • Jungian psychology [ENG31-06066966-n] (the psychological theories of Carl Jung)
                        • pediatrics [ENG31-06071181-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children)

                          • neonatology [ENG31-06071467-n] (that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn)
                        • podiatry [ENG31-06071626-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the feet)
                        • proctology [ENG31-06071775-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus)
                        • rheumatology [ENG31-06072205-n] (the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints)
                        • rhinolaryngology [ENG31-06072392-n] (the medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat)
                        • space medicine [ENG31-06072825-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings)
                        • sports medicine [ENG31-06072967-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of injuries or illness resulting from athletic activities)
                        • therapeutics [ENG31-06073895-n] (branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease)
                        • thoracic medicine [ENG31-06074233-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest)
                        • traumatology [ENG31-06074388-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents)
                        • tropical medicine [ENG31-06074570-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions)
                        • urology [ENG31-06074758-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system)
                        • veterinary medicine [ENG31-06074973-n] (the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals))
                        • virology [ENG31-06075190-n] (the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases)
                      • pathology [ENG31-06070395-n] (the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases)

                        • paleopathology [ENG31-06155180-n] (the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence))
                      • radiology [ENG31-06071957-n] (the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation)
                      • serology [ENG31-06072622-n] (the branch of medical science that deals with serums)
                      • surgery [ENG31-06073138-n] (the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures)
                      • orthopedics [ENG31-06073656-n] (the branch of medical science concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints)
                      • neurology [ENG31-06088528-n] (the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system)
                  • chemistry [ENG31-06094057-n] (the science of matter)

                    • organic chemistry [ENG31-06098583-n] (the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially))

                      • biochemistry [ENG31-06089170-n] (the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms)

                        • enzymology [ENG31-06089780-n] (the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes)
                        • zymology [ENG31-06089949-n] (the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling))
                      • phytochemistry [ENG31-06099316-n] (the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the chemistry of plants)
                    • inorganic chemistry [ENG31-06098902-n] (the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals)
                    • physical chemistry [ENG31-06099035-n] (the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances)
                    • electrochemistry [ENG31-06099445-n] (branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions)
                    • femtochemistry [ENG31-06099652-n] (the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur)
                    • geochemistry [ENG31-06099892-n] (the chemistry of the earth's crust)
                    • photochemistry [ENG31-06099985-n] (branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light)
                    • radiochemistry [ENG31-06100128-n] (the chemistry of radioactive substances)
                    • surface chemistry [ENG31-06100266-n] (the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas))
                    • thermochemistry [ENG31-06120430-n] (the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated)
                  • physics [ENG31-06100457-n] (the science of matter and energy and their interactions)

                    • astronomy [ENG31-06104629-n] (the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole)

                      • astrodynamics [ENG31-06106058-n] (the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space)
                      • astrometry [ENG31-06106207-n] (the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies)
                      • radio astronomy [ENG31-06106366-n] (the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies)
                      • celestial mechanics [ENG31-06107201-n] (the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies)
                      • astrophysics [ENG31-06107382-n] (the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies)

                        • cosmology [ENG31-06107802-n] (the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe)
                      • selenology [ENG31-06107590-n] (the branch of astronomy that deals with the moon)
                      • solar physics [ENG31-06107695-n] (the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun)
                    • aeronautics [ENG31-06106520-n] (the theory and practice of navigation through air or space)

                      • avionics [ENG31-06106838-n] (science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics)
                    • biophysics [ENG31-06107085-n] (physics as applied to biological problems)
                    • cryogenics [ENG31-06108294-n] (the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures)
                    • crystallography [ENG31-06108483-n] (the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals)
                    • electromagnetism [ENG31-06108714-n] (the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena)
                    • electronics [ENG31-06108876-n] (the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices)

                      • electron optics [ENG31-06124611-n] (the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields)
                      • microelectronics [ENG31-06124786-n] (the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components)
                      • thermionics [ENG31-06124929-n] (the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes))
                    • electrostatics [ENG31-06109708-n] (the branch of physics that deals with static electricity)
                    • mechanics [ENG31-06109843-n] (the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference)

                      • classical mechanics [ENG31-06120942-n] (the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion)
                      • fluid mechanics [ENG31-06122616-n] (study of the mechanics of fluids)

                        • hydrostatics [ENG31-06123022-n] (study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion)
                        • hydrodynamics [ENG31-06123521-n] (study of fluids in motion)

                          • magnetohydrodynamics [ENG31-06123676-n] (the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal))
                      • pneumatics [ENG31-06122777-n] (the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases)
                      • statics [ENG31-06122908-n] (the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium)
                      • dynamics [ENG31-06123204-n] (the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies)

                        • ballistics [ENG31-06123853-n] (the science of flight dynamics)
                      • kinematics [ENG31-06123384-n] (the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass)
                      • aeromechanics [ENG31-06123958-n] (the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow)
                    • nuclear physics [ENG31-06110162-n] (the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei)
                    • optics [ENG31-06110385-n] (the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light)

                      • catoptrics [ENG31-06110787-n] (branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors)
                      • holography [ENG31-06110940-n] (the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image)
                    • particle physics [ENG31-06111158-n] (the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions)
                    • plasma physics [ENG31-06111456-n] (the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase)
                    • quantum physics [ENG31-06111580-n] (the branch of physics based on quantum theory)

                      • quantum mechanics [ENG31-06121568-n] (the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level)

                        • wave mechanics [ENG31-06117457-n] (the modern form of quantum theory)
                      • quantum field theory [ENG31-06121830-n] (the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields)

                        • quantum electrodynamics [ENG31-06122112-n] (a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons)
                        • quantum chromodynamics [ENG31-06122288-n] (a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus))
                    • rheology [ENG31-06111923-n] (the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter)
                    • solid-state physics [ENG31-06121086-n] (the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals)
                    • statistical mechanics [ENG31-06121335-n] (the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles)
                    • thermodynamics [ENG31-06124185-n] (the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy)

                      • thermostatics [ENG31-06124456-n] (the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium)
                  • physics [ENG31-06104194-n] (the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something)

                    • acoustics [ENG31-06104381-n] (the study of the physical properties of sound)

                      • harmonics [ENG31-06120860-n] (the study of musical sound)
                      • phonetics [ENG31-06186749-n] (the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis)
                  • earth science [ENG31-06125083-n] (any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts)

                    • paleontology [ENG31-06083438-n] (the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains)

                      • micropaleontology [ENG31-06154513-n] (the paleontology of microfossils)
                      • vertebrate paleontology [ENG31-06202524-n] (the paleontology of vertebrates)

                        • paleoanthropology [ENG31-06083739-n] (the scientific study of human fossils)
                    • geology [ENG31-06125308-n] (a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks)

                      • hypsography [ENG31-06126809-n] (the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level))
                      • paleogeology [ENG31-06127002-n] (the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks)
                      • geophysics [ENG31-06127169-n] (geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth)

                        • morphology [ENG31-06127462-n] (the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms)

                          • tectonics [ENG31-06127977-n] (the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust)
                          • petrology [ENG31-06130982-n] (the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification)
                        • hydrology [ENG31-06129336-n] (the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation)
                        • seismology [ENG31-06130103-n] (the branch of geology that studies earthquakes)
                        • volcanology [ENG31-06130260-n] (the branch of geology that studies volcanoes)
                        • magnetism [ENG31-06130376-n] (the branch of science that studies magnetism)
                        • geodesy [ENG31-06130488-n] (the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points)
                      • orology [ENG31-06127753-n] (the science of mountains)
                      • stratigraphy [ENG31-06127843-n] (the branch of geology that studies the arrangement and succession of strata)
                      • mineralogy [ENG31-06130720-n] (the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them)
                      • speleology [ENG31-06131161-n] (the scientific study of caves)
                      • economic geology [ENG31-06131461-n] (the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials)

                        • petroleum geology [ENG31-06131297-n] (the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields)
                        • mining geology [ENG31-06131640-n] (the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining)
                    • meteorology [ENG31-06128170-n] (the earth science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere (especially weather))

                      • aerology [ENG31-06128833-n] (meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere)
                      • climatology [ENG31-06128984-n] (meteorology of climates and their phenomena)

                        • bioclimatology [ENG31-06129103-n] (the study of effects of climate on living organisms)
                      • nephology [ENG31-06129215-n] (the branch of meteorology that studies clouds and cloud formation)
                    • oceanography [ENG31-06129511-n] (the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans)

                      • hydrography [ENG31-06129718-n] (the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation)
                    • limnology [ENG31-06129924-n] (the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties)
                    • geography [ENG31-06131785-n] (study of the earth's surface)

                      • physical geography [ENG31-06132052-n] (the study of physical features of the earth's surface)
                      • topography [ENG31-06132185-n] (precise detailed study of the surface features of a region)

                        • topology [ENG31-06132354-n] (topographic study of a given place (especially the history of the place as indicated by its topography))
                      • economic geography [ENG31-06132583-n] (the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities)
                  • cosmography [ENG31-06132733-n] (the science that maps the general features of the universe)
                • mathematics [ENG31-06009822-n] (a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement)

                  • pure mathematics [ENG31-06013012-n] (the branches of mathematics that study and develop the principles of mathematics for their own sake rather than for their immediate usefulness)

                    • arithmetic [ENG31-06013397-n] (the branch of pure mathematics dealing with the theory of numerical calculations)

                      • algorism [ENG31-06013929-n] (computation with Arabic figures)
                    • geometry [ENG31-06014015-n] (the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces)

                      • affine geometry [ENG31-06014748-n] (the geometry of affine transformations)
                      • elementary geometry [ENG31-06014867-n] ((mathematics) geometry based on Euclid's axioms)
                      • fractal geometry [ENG31-06015958-n] ((mathematics) the geometry of fractals)
                      • non-Euclidean geometry [ENG31-06016126-n] ((mathematics) geometry based on axioms different from Euclid's)

                        • hyperbolic geometry [ENG31-06016395-n] ((mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel axiom is replaced by the assumption that through any point in a plane there are two or more lines that do not intersect a given line in the plane)
                        • elliptic geometry [ENG31-06016730-n] ((mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry that regards space as like a sphere and a line as like a great circle)
                      • spherical geometry [ENG31-06017208-n] ((mathematics) the geometry of figures on the surface of a sphere)
                      • analytic geometry [ENG31-06017731-n] (the use of algebra to study geometric properties)
                      • plane geometry [ENG31-06021457-n] (the geometry of 2-dimensional figures)
                      • solid geometry [ENG31-06021574-n] (the geometry of 3-dimensional space)
                      • projective geometry [ENG31-06021689-n] (the geometry of properties that remain invariant under projection)
                    • numerical analysis [ENG31-06016991-n] ((mathematics) the branch of mathematics that studies algorithms for approximating solutions to problems in the infinitesimal calculus)
                    • trigonometry [ENG31-06021862-n] (the mathematics of triangles and trigonometric functions)

                      • spherical trigonometry [ENG31-06017356-n] ((mathematics) the trigonometry of spherical triangles)
                      • triangulation [ENG31-06017497-n] (a trigonometric method of determining the position of a fixed point from the angles to it from two fixed points a known distance apart)
                    • algebra [ENG31-06022075-n] (the mathematics of generalized arithmetical operations)

                      • quadratics [ENG31-06022347-n] (a branch of algebra dealing with quadratic equations)
                      • linear algebra [ENG31-06022475-n] (the part of algebra that deals with the theory of linear equations and linear transformation)
                      • vector algebra [ENG31-06022647-n] (the part of algebra that deals with the theory of vectors and vector spaces)

                        • decomposition [ENG31-06022820-n] (the analysis of a vector field)
                      • matrix algebra [ENG31-06022933-n] (the part of algebra that deals with the theory of matrices)
                    • calculus [ENG31-06023090-n] (the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions)

                      • analysis [ENG31-06023392-n] (a branch of mathematics involving calculus and the theory of limits)

                        • Fourier analysis [ENG31-06023627-n] (analysis of a periodic function into a sum of simple sinusoidal components)
                      • differential calculus [ENG31-06023784-n] (the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a function with respect to changes in the independent variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of derivative and differential)
                      • integral calculus [ENG31-06024620-n] (the part of calculus that deals with integration and its application in the solution of differential equations and in determining areas or volumes etc.)
                      • calculus of variations [ENG31-06025327-n] (the calculus of maxima and minima of definite integrals)
                    • set theory [ENG31-06025470-n] (the branch of pure mathematics that deals with the nature and relations of sets)
                    • group theory [ENG31-06026542-n] (the branch of mathematics dealing with groups)

                      • Galois theory [ENG31-06026683-n] (group theory applied to the solution of algebraic equations)
                    • topology [ENG31-06026943-n] (the branch of pure mathematics that deals only with the properties of a figure X that hold for every figure into which X can be transformed with a one-to-one correspondence that is continuous in both directions)
                    • metamathematics [ENG31-06027244-n] (the logical analysis of mathematical reasoning)
                  • applied mathematics [ENG31-06027371-n] (the branches of mathematics that are involved in the study of the physical or biological or sociological world)

                    • linear programming [ENG31-06027616-n] (a mathematical technique used in economics)
                    • statistics [ENG31-06027814-n] (a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters)

                      • correlation [ENG31-06040778-n] (a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other)

                        • curvilinear correlation [ENG31-06041187-n] (any correlation in which the rates of change of the variables is not constant)
                        • partial correlation [ENG31-06041396-n] (a correlation between two variables when the effects of one or more related variables are removed)

                          • first-order correlation [ENG31-06041596-n] (a partial correlation in which the effects of only one variable are removed (held constant))
                        • positive correlation [ENG31-06042428-n] (a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small)
                        • negative correlation [ENG31-06042702-n] (a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other)
                        • spurious correlation [ENG31-06045687-n] (a correlation between two variables (e.g., between the number of electric motors in the home and grades at school) that does not result from any direct relation between them (buying electric motors will not raise grades) but from their relation to other variables)
                      • nonparametric statistics [ENG31-06043631-n] (the branch of statistics dealing with variables without making assumptions about the form or the parameters of their distribution)
                    • probability theory [ENG31-06046620-n] (the branch of applied mathematics that deals with probabilities)
                • agronomy [ENG31-06075369-n] (the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production)
                • agrobiology [ENG31-06075622-n] (the study of plant nutrition and growth especially as a way to increase crop yield)
                • agrology [ENG31-06075817-n] (science of soils in relation to crops)
                • architectonics [ENG31-06133966-n] (the science of architecture)
                • metallurgy [ENG31-06135149-n] (the science and technology of metals)

                  • powder metallurgy [ENG31-06135447-n] (the metallurgy of powdered metals)
                • metrology [ENG31-06145257-n] (the scientific study of measurement)
                • nutrition [ENG31-06145366-n] (the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans))
                • psychology [ENG31-06145709-n] (the science of mental life)

                  • abnormal psychology [ENG31-06147210-n] (the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior)
                  • applied psychology [ENG31-06147798-n] (any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc.)
                  • cognitive psychology [ENG31-06148033-n] (an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes)

                    • memory [ENG31-06149719-n] (the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes)
                    • problem solving [ENG31-06149888-n] (the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems)
                    • psycholinguistics [ENG31-06150038-n] (the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance)
                  • comparative psychology [ENG31-06148240-n] (the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals)
                  • developmental psychology [ENG31-06148392-n] (the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children)
                  • differential psychology [ENG31-06148586-n] (the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals)
                  • experimental psychology [ENG31-06148736-n] (the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues)

                    • psychophysics [ENG31-06148942-n] (the branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects)
                    • behaviorism [ENG31-06149215-n] (an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior)

                      • reflexology [ENG31-06150648-n] (the study of reflex action as it relates to the behavior of organisms)
                  • physiological psychology [ENG31-06150250-n] (the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes)
                  • psychometry [ENG31-06150474-n] (any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements)
                  • social psychology [ENG31-06151012-n] (the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole)

                    • psychodynamics [ENG31-06151219-n] (the branch of social psychology that deals with the processes and emotions that determine psychology and motivation)

                      • group dynamics [ENG31-06151413-n] (the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups)
                • information science [ENG31-06151569-n] (the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information)

                  • natural language processing [ENG31-06151863-n] (the branch of information science that deals with natural language information)
                  • cybernetics [ENG31-06152049-n] ((biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems))
                • cognitive science [ENG31-06152312-n] (the field of science concerned with cognition)
                • social science [ENG31-06152605-n] (the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society)

                  • civics [ENG31-06152905-n] (the social science of municipal affairs)
                  • anthropology [ENG31-06152997-n] (the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings)

                    • archeology [ENG31-06153532-n] (the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures)

                      • Assyriology [ENG31-06154213-n] (archeology of the ancient Assyrians)
                      • Egyptology [ENG31-06154306-n] (archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts)
                      • Sumerology [ENG31-06154421-n] (the archeology of ancient Sumerians)
                      • marine archeology [ENG31-06154609-n] (the archeology of underwater sites)
                      • paleoclimatology [ENG31-06154777-n] (the study of the climate of past ages)
                      • paleogeography [ENG31-06154897-n] (the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs)
                      • paleography [ENG31-06155037-n] (the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them))

                        • epigraphy [ENG31-06155504-n] (the study of ancient inscriptions)
                      • paletiology [ENG31-06155348-n] (the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes))
                      • paleology [ENG31-06155593-n] (the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities)
                      • protohistory [ENG31-06155711-n] (the study humans prior to the invention of writing)

                        • protoarcheology [ENG31-06155858-n] (the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils)
                      • paleoethnography [ENG31-06156211-n] (the ethnography of paleolithic humans)
                    • ethnography [ENG31-06155997-n] (the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies)
                    • ethnology [ENG31-06156331-n] (the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics)
                    • physical anthropology [ENG31-06156592-n] (the branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings)

                      • craniometry [ENG31-06156759-n] (the branch of physical anthropology dealing with the study and measurement of dry skulls after removal of its soft parts)
                    • social anthropology [ENG31-06156973-n] (the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society)

                      • garbology [ENG31-06157221-n] (the study of a society by analyzing its garbage)
                      • mythology [ENG31-06157324-n] (the study of myths)
                      • ritualism [ENG31-06157453-n] (the study of religious or magical rites and ceremonies)
                  • politics [ENG31-06157599-n] (the study of government of states and other political units)

                    • geopolitics [ENG31-06158199-n] (the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state)

                      • geostrategy [ENG31-06158366-n] (the branch of geopolitics dealing with strategy)
                    • realpolitik [ENG31-06158489-n] (politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations)
                  • home economics [ENG31-06158795-n] (theory and practice of homemaking)
                  • economics [ENG31-06158935-n] (the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management)

                    • econometrics [ENG31-06159919-n] (the application of mathematics and statistics to the study of economic and financial data)
                    • finance [ENG31-06160103-n] (the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets)
                    • macroeconomics [ENG31-06160403-n] (the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy)
                    • microeconomics [ENG31-06160578-n] (the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms)
                    • supply-side economics [ENG31-06160752-n] (the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy)
                  • proxemics [ENG31-06161020-n] (the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations)
                  • sociology [ENG31-06161163-n] (the study and classification of human societies)

                    • criminology [ENG31-06161412-n] (the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement)

                      • penology [ENG31-06161930-n] (the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation)
                    • demography [ENG31-06161595-n] (the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations)
                    • psephology [ENG31-06161781-n] (the branch of sociology that studies election trends (as by opinion polls))
                    • sociometry [ENG31-06162101-n] (the quantitative study of social relationships)
                • strategics [ENG31-06162204-n] (the science or art of strategy)
                • systematics [ENG31-06162291-n] (the science of systematic classification)

                  • biosystematics [ENG31-06162461-n] (use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework)
                  • taxonomy [ENG31-06162674-n] ((biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification)

                    • cladistics [ENG31-06162992-n] (a taxonomic system of classifying species based on the branching patterns of cladograms that are built to infer phylogenetic relations)
                  • dendrology [ENG31-06162890-n] (the study of wooden plants)
                • thanatology [ENG31-06163204-n] (the branch of science that studies death (especially its social and psychological aspects))
                • cryptanalysis [ENG31-06182218-n] (the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms)
                • linguistics [ENG31-06182505-n] (the scientific study of language)

                  • computational linguistics [ENG31-06178268-n] (the use of computers for linguistic research and applications)

                    • machine translation [ENG31-06142954-n] (the use of computers to translate from one language to another)
                  • dialect geography [ENG31-06178419-n] (the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features)
                  • etymology [ENG31-06178571-n] (the study of the sources and development of words)

                    • lexicostatistics [ENG31-06189290-n] (a statistical technique used in glottochronology)
                  • historical linguistics [ENG31-06178766-n] (the study of linguistic change)
                  • neurolinguistics [ENG31-06189006-n] (the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system)
                  • pragmatics [ENG31-06189208-n] (the study of language use)
                  • semantics [ENG31-06189508-n] (the study of language meaning)

                    • deixis [ENG31-06189701-n] (the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing)
                    • formal semantics [ENG31-06189998-n] (the branch of semantics that studies the logical aspects of meaning)
                    • lexical semantics [ENG31-06190128-n] (the branch of semantics that studies the meanings and relations of words)
                    • cognitive semantics [ENG31-06190264-n] (the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning)
                  • sociolinguistics [ENG31-06190839-n] (the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context)
                  • structuralism [ENG31-06191000-n] (linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse)
                  • synchronic linguistics [ENG31-06191164-n] (the study of a language without reference to its historical context)
                  • descriptive linguistics [ENG31-06191300-n] (a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments)

                    • grammar [ENG31-06184139-n] (the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics))

                      • descriptive grammar [ENG31-06185545-n] (a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics)
                      • prescriptive grammar [ENG31-06185683-n] (a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics)
                      • syntax [ENG31-06186038-n] (studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences)

                        • generative grammar [ENG31-06186235-n] ((linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description)
                      • morphology [ENG31-06187758-n] (studies of the rules for forming admissible words)

                        • inflectional morphology [ENG31-06187954-n] (the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words)
                        • derivational morphology [ENG31-06188096-n] (the part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words)
                        • compound morphology [ENG31-06188226-n] (the part of grammar that deals with combinations of simple words into compound words)
                    • phonology [ENG31-06187166-n] (the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes)

                      • orthoepy [ENG31-06186553-n] (a term formerly used for the part of phonology that dealt with the `correct' pronunciation of words and its relation to `correct' orthography)
                    • morphophonemics [ENG31-06188376-n] (the study of the phonological realization of the allomorphs of the morphemes of a language)
                  • prescriptive linguistics [ENG31-06191609-n] (an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used)
              • architecture [ENG31-06132970-n] (the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings)

                • urban planning [ENG31-06134316-n] (the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities)
              • landscape architecture [ENG31-06134103-n] (the art, planning, design, management, preservation and rehabilitation of the land and the design of large man-made constructs)
              • engineering [ENG31-06134474-n] (the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems)

                • aeronautical engineering [ENG31-06135628-n] (the branch of engineering science concerned with the design and construction of aircraft)
                • bionics [ENG31-06135787-n] (application of biological principles to the study and design of engineering systems (especially electronic systems))
                • biotechnology [ENG31-06135974-n] (the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments)
                • chemical engineering [ENG31-06136911-n] (the branch of engineering that is concerned with the design and construction and operation of the plants and machinery used in industrial chemical processes)
                • civil engineering [ENG31-06137134-n] (the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges)

                  • hydraulic engineering [ENG31-06137324-n] (the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion)
                • electrical engineering [ENG31-06137475-n] (the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication)

                  • telecommunication [ENG31-06137758-n] ((often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance)
                • computer science [ENG31-06138021-n] (the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures)

                  • object [ENG31-06142175-n] ((computing) a discrete item that provides a description of virtually anything known to a computer)
                  • artificial intelligence [ENG31-06142654-n] (the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively)

                    • robotics [ENG31-06143105-n] (the area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots)

                      • animatronics [ENG31-06143253-n] (the construction of robots to look like animals (developed for Disneyland))
                      • telerobotics [ENG31-06143386-n] (the area of robotics that is concerned with the control of robots from a distance)
                • architectural engineering [ENG31-06143526-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings (as distinguished from architecture as a design art))
                • industrial engineering [ENG31-06143722-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways)
                • information technology [ENG31-06143961-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information)
                • mechanical engineering [ENG31-06144167-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of machinery)

                  • tribology [ENG31-06144546-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears): their design and friction and wear and lubrication)
                • nanotechnology [ENG31-06144350-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules))
                • nuclear engineering [ENG31-06144786-n] (the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors)
                • naval engineering [ENG31-06144954-n] (the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of ships)
                • rocketry [ENG31-06145110-n] (the branch of engineering science that studies rocket design and operation)
              • futurology [ENG31-06145556-n] (the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions)
              • humanistic discipline [ENG31-06163352-n] (studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills))

                • neoclassicism [ENG31-06163988-n] (revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation)
                • classicism [ENG31-06164248-n] (a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms)
                • Romanticism [ENG31-06164599-n] (a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization)
                • interior design [ENG31-06164956-n] (the art of designing the interior decoration for a house, office, or other architectural space)
                • English [ENG31-06165130-n] (the discipline that studies the English language and literature)
                • history [ENG31-06165265-n] (the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings)
                • art history [ENG31-06165713-n] (the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture)

                  • iconology [ENG31-06165867-n] (the branch of art history that studies visual images and their symbolic meaning (especially in social or political terms))
                • chronology [ENG31-06166044-n] (the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events)

                  • glottochronology [ENG31-06166219-n] (the determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language)
                • fine arts [ENG31-06166666-n] (the study and creation of visual works of art)

                  • painting [ENG31-00938436-n] (creating a picture with paints)

                    • distemper [ENG31-00938717-n] (a method of painting in which the pigments are mixed with water and a binder)
                    • fresco [ENG31-00938921-n] (a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster)
                    • impasto [ENG31-00939066-n] (painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible)
                    • oil painting [ENG31-00940354-n] (the art or method of painting with oil paints)
                    • watercolor [ENG31-00940458-n] (the art or technique of painting with watercolors)
                  • sculpture [ENG31-00939472-n] (creating figures or designs in three dimensions)

                    • modeling [ENG31-00939711-n] (a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied)
                • performing arts [ENG31-06167042-n] (arts or skills that require public performance)

                  • musical performance [ENG31-00101073-n] (the act of performing music)

                    • playing [ENG31-00102011-n] (the act of playing a musical instrument)

                      • bowing [ENG31-00102230-n] (managing the bow in playing a stringed instrument)

                        • spiccato [ENG31-00102390-n] (bowing in such a way that the bow bounces lightly off the strings)
                      • piping [ENG31-00102528-n] (playing a pipe or the bagpipes)
                      • stopping [ENG31-00102629-n] (the kind of playing that involves pressing the fingers on the strings of a stringed instrument to control the pitch)

                        • double stopping [ENG31-00102859-n] (stopping two strings and producing two notes at the same time)
                      • transposition [ENG31-00102982-n] ((music) playing in a different key from the key intended)
                    • jam session [ENG31-00103194-n] (an impromptu jazz concert)
                    • singing [ENG31-00546538-n] (the act of singing vocal music)

                      • a cappella singing [ENG31-00547107-n] (singing without instrumental accompaniment)
                      • bel canto [ENG31-00547253-n] (a style of operatic singing)
                      • coloratura [ENG31-00547336-n] (singing with florid ornamentation)
                      • caroling [ENG31-00547898-n] (singing joyful religious songs (especially at Christmas))
                      • crooning [ENG31-00548009-n] (the act of singing popular songs in a sentimental manner)
                      • crooning [ENG31-00548138-n] (singing in a soft low tone)
                      • scat [ENG31-00548281-n] (singing jazz)
                      • harmonization [ENG31-01256365-n] (singing in harmony)
                      • humming [ENG31-01256531-n] (the act of singing with closed lips)
                      • intonation [ENG31-01257272-n] (the act of singing in a monotonous tone)

                        • cantillation [ENG31-01257469-n] (liturgical chanting)
                      • intonation [ENG31-01257565-n] (singing by a soloist of the opening piece of plainsong)
                      • karaoke [ENG31-01257889-n] (singing popular songs accompanied by a recording of an orchestra (usually in bars or nightclubs))
                      • part-singing [ENG31-01258039-n] (singing with three or more voice parts)
                      • psalmody [ENG31-01258136-n] (the act of singing psalms or hymns)
                      • singalong [ENG31-01258235-n] (informal group singing of popular songs)
                      • solfege [ENG31-01258395-n] (a voice exercise)
                      • solmization [ENG31-01258522-n] (singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major)
                      • yodeling [ENG31-01258711-n] (singing by changing back and forth between the chest voice and a falsetto)
                  • dancing [ENG31-00429255-n] (taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music)

                    • adagio [ENG31-00527296-n] (a slow section of a pas de deux requiring great skill and strength by the dancers)
                    • break dancing [ENG31-00527449-n] (a form of solo dancing that involves rapid acrobatic moves in which different parts of the body touch the ground)
                    • courante [ENG31-00527700-n] (a court dance of the 16th century)
                    • nautch [ENG31-00527830-n] (an intricate traditional dance in India performed by professional dancing girls)
                    • pavane [ENG31-00527985-n] (a stately court dance of the 16th and 17th centuries)
                    • phrase [ENG31-00528098-n] (dance movements that are linked in a single choreographic sequence)
                    • saraband [ENG31-00528235-n] (a stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries)
                    • skank [ENG31-00528356-n] (a rhythmic dance to reggae music performed by bending forward and extending the hands while bending the knees)
                    • slam dancing [ENG31-00528535-n] (a form of dancing in which dancers slam into one another)
                    • step dancing [ENG31-00528732-n] (dancing in which the steps are more important than gestures or postures)

                      • tap dancing [ENG31-00528909-n] (a dance step tapped out audibly with the feet)

                        • soft-shoe [ENG31-00529193-n] (tap dancing wearing shoes that have soft soles)
                        • buck-and-wing [ENG31-00529335-n] (a solo tap dance emphasizing sharp taps)
                        • clog dance [ENG31-00531245-n] (a dance performed while wearing shoes with wooden soles)
                    • toe dancing [ENG31-00529096-n] (a dance performed on tiptoe)
                    • stage dancing [ENG31-00529434-n] (a show involving artistic dancing)

                      • ballet [ENG31-00529704-n] (a theatrical representation of a story that is performed to music by trained dancers)

                        • classical ballet [ENG31-00530659-n] (a style of ballet based on precise conventional steps performed with graceful and flowing movements)
                        • modern ballet [ENG31-00530821-n] (a style of ballet that admits a wider variety of movements)
                        • comedy ballet [ENG31-00530939-n] (a ballet that stresses the drama with features of comedy)
                      • modern dance [ENG31-00531055-n] (a style of theatrical dancing that is not as restricted as classical ballet)

                        • interpretive dance [ENG31-00532923-n] (a form of modern dance in which the dancer's movements depict an emotion or tell a story)
                      • apache dance [ENG31-00531423-n] (a violent fast dance in French vaudeville (an apache is a member of the French underworld))
                      • belly dance [ENG31-00531591-n] (a Middle Eastern dance in which the dancer makes sensuous movements of the hips and abdomen)
                      • bolero [ENG31-00531792-n] (a Spanish dance in triple time accompanied by guitar and castanets)
                      • cakewalk [ENG31-00531911-n] (a strutting dance based on a march)
                      • cancan [ENG31-00532114-n] (a high-kicking dance of French origin performed by a female chorus line)
                      • nude dancing [ENG31-00532238-n] (erotic dancing with little or no clothing)

                        • fan dance [ENG31-00532392-n] (a solo dance in which large fans are manipulated to suggest or reveal nakedness)
                        • strip [ENG31-00532527-n] (a form of erotic entertainment in which a dancer gradually undresses to music)
                        • bubble dance [ENG31-00532782-n] (a solo dance similar to a fan dance except large balloons are used instead of fans)
                    • pas seul [ENG31-00530138-n] ((ballet) a solo dance or dance figure)
                    • pas de deux [ENG31-00530261-n] ((ballet) a dance for two people (usually a ballerina and a danseur noble))
                    • pas de trois [ENG31-00530437-n] ((ballet) a dance for three people)
                    • pas de quatre [ENG31-00530548-n] ((ballet) a dance for four people)
                    • social dancing [ENG31-00533147-n] (dancing as part of a social occasion)

                      • jitterbug [ENG31-00533478-n] (a jerky American dance that was popular in the 1940s)
                      • lindy [ENG31-00533604-n] (an energetic American dance that was popular in the 1930s (probably named for the aviator Charles Lindbergh))
                      • fandango [ENG31-00533776-n] (a provocative Spanish courtship dance in triple time)
                      • flamenco [ENG31-00534073-n] (a style of dancing characteristic of the Andalusian Gypsies)
                      • gavotte [ENG31-00534261-n] (an old formal French dance in quadruple time)
                      • habanera [ENG31-00534359-n] (a Cuban dance in duple time)
                      • shag [ENG31-00534441-n] (a lively dance step consisting of hopping on each foot in turn)
                      • shimmy [ENG31-00534572-n] (lively dancing (usually to ragtime music) with much shaking of the shoulders and hips)
                      • stomp [ENG31-00534728-n] (a dance involving a rhythmical stamping step)
                      • tarantella [ENG31-00534842-n] (a lively whirling Italian dance for two persons)
                      • twist [ENG31-00535668-n] (social dancing in which couples vigorously twist their hips and arms in time to the music)
                      • ballroom dancing [ENG31-00535886-n] (any of a variety of social dances performed by couples in a ballroom)

                        • beguine [ENG31-00536358-n] (a ballroom dance that originated in the French West Indies)
                        • carioca [ENG31-00536492-n] (a lively ballroom dance that resembles the samba)
                        • cha-cha [ENG31-00536594-n] (a modern ballroom dance from Latin America)
                        • one-step [ENG31-00536769-n] (an early ballroom dance)

                          • turkey trot [ENG31-00536910-n] (an early ragtime one-step)
                        • fox-trot [ENG31-00536993-n] (a ballroom dance in quadruple time)
                        • two-step [ENG31-00537157-n] (a ballroom dance in duple meter)
                        • bunny hug [ENG31-00537286-n] (a syncopated ballroom dance formerly popular in the US)
                        • Charleston [ENG31-00537396-n] (an American ballroom dance in syncopated rhythm)
                        • conga [ENG31-00537553-n] (a Latin American dance of 3 steps and a kick by people in single file)
                        • cotillion [ENG31-00537692-n] (a lively dance originating in France in the 18th century)
                        • minuet [ENG31-00537815-n] (a stately court dance in the 17th century)
                        • paso doble [ENG31-00537909-n] (a ballroom dance in fast duple time)
                        • quickstep [ENG31-00538001-n] (a ballroom dance with both quick and slow steps)
                        • rumba [ENG31-00538122-n] (a ballroom dance based on the Cuban folk dance)
                        • samba [ENG31-00538229-n] (a lively ballroom dance from Brazil)
                        • round dance [ENG31-00538334-n] (a ballroom dance characterized by revolving movement)
                        • tango [ENG31-00538460-n] (a ballroom dance of Latin-American origin)
                        • waltz [ENG31-00538571-n] (a ballroom dance in triple time with a strong accent on the first beat)
                      • folk dancing [ENG31-00538719-n] (a style of dancing that originated among ordinary people (not in the royal courts))

                        • farandole [ENG31-00533933-n] (a lively dance from Provence)
                        • mazurka [ENG31-00539089-n] (a Polish national dance in triple time)
                        • polka [ENG31-00539181-n] (a Bohemian dance with 3 steps and a hop in fast time)
                        • morris dance [ENG31-00539405-n] (any of various English folk dances performed by dancers in costume)
                        • sword dance [ENG31-00539547-n] (any of various dances by men who step nimbly over swords or flourish them in the air)
                        • hornpipe [ENG31-00539913-n] (a British solo dance performed by sailors)
                        • jig [ENG31-00540028-n] (any of various old rustic dances involving kicking and leaping)
                        • country-dance [ENG31-00540158-n] (a type of folk dance in which couples are arranged in sets or face one another in a line)

                          • longways [ENG31-00540547-n] (country dancing performed with couples in two long lines facing each other)

                            • Virginia reel [ENG31-00540711-n] (an American country dance which starts with the couples facing each other in two lines)
                          • square dance [ENG31-00540988-n] (American country dancing in which couples form squares)

                            • reel [ENG31-00541248-n] (a lively dance of Scottish Highlanders)

                              • highland fling [ENG31-00539828-n] (a vigorous Scottish reel)
                              • eightsome [ENG31-00541433-n] (a Scottish reel for eight dancers)
                            • quadrille [ENG31-00541522-n] (a square dance of 5 or more figures for 4 or more couples)

                              • lancers [ENG31-00541653-n] (a quadrille for 8 or 16 couples)
                          • do-si-do [ENG31-00541738-n] (a square-dance figure)
                          • promenade [ENG31-00541932-n] (a square dance figure)
                          • sashay [ENG31-00542072-n] (a square dance figure)
                          • swing [ENG31-00542215-n] (a square dance figure)
                          • landler [ENG31-00542375-n] (a moderately slow Austrian country dance in triple time)
                        • round dance [ENG31-00540864-n] (a folk dance)

                          • schottische [ENG31-00539303-n] (a German round dance resembling a slow polka)
                        • rumba [ENG31-00542816-n] (a folk dance in duple time that originated in Cuba with Spanish and African elements)
                    • mambo [ENG31-00539705-n] (a Latin American dance similar in rhythm to the rumba)
                    • ritual dancing [ENG31-00542516-n] (a dance that is part of a religious ritual)

                      • apache devil dance [ENG31-00543009-n] (a ritual dance of the Apache)
                      • danse macabre [ENG31-00543186-n] (a medieval dance in which a skeleton representing death leads a procession of others to the grave)
                      • ghost dance [ENG31-00543360-n] (a religious dance of Native Americans looking for communication with the dead)
                      • pyrrhic [ENG31-00543621-n] (an ancient Greek dance imitating the motions of warfare)
                      • rain dance [ENG31-00543748-n] (a ritual dance intended to bring rain)

                        • corn dance [ENG31-00543102-n] (a rain dance of Amerindians)
                        • hula [ENG31-00543495-n] (a Polynesian rain dance performed by a woman)
                      • snake dance [ENG31-00543878-n] (a ceremonial dance (as by the Hopi) in which snakes are handled or invoked)
                      • sun dance [ENG31-00544029-n] (a ceremonial dance performed by Amerindians at the summer solstice)
                      • war dance [ENG31-00544151-n] (a ceremonial dance performed before a battle or after a victory)
                  • acting [ENG31-00549363-n] (the performance of a part or role in a drama)

                    • portrayal [ENG31-00549839-n] (acting the part of a character on stage)

                      • impression [ENG31-00550143-n] (an impressionistic portrayal of a person)
                      • character [ENG31-05937794-n] (an actor's portrayal of someone in a play)

                        • bit part [ENG31-05938149-n] (a small role)

                          • soubrette [ENG31-05938247-n] (a minor female role as a pert flirtatious lady's maid in a comedy)
                        • heavy [ENG31-05938368-n] (a serious (or tragic) role in a play)
                        • hero [ENG31-05938456-n] (the principal character in a play or movie or novel or poem)
                        • ingenue [ENG31-05938566-n] (the role of an innocent artless young woman in a play)
                        • title role [ENG31-05938673-n] (the role of the character after whom the play is named)
                        • heroine [ENG31-10192976-n] (the main good female character in a work of fiction)
                        • villain [ENG31-10773447-n] (the principal bad character in a film or work of fiction)
                    • impersonation [ENG31-00550321-n] (imitating the mannerisms of another person)

                      • apery [ENG31-00550509-n] (the act of mimicking)

                        • parody [ENG31-00550647-n] (humorous or satirical mimicry)
                    • method acting [ENG31-00550803-n] (an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed)
                    • mime [ENG31-00551053-n] (a performance using gestures and body movements without words)

                      • panto [ENG31-00551279-n] (an abbreviation of pantomime)
                    • business [ENG31-00551378-n] (incidental activity performed by an actor for dramatic effect)

                      • shtik [ENG31-00551582-n] ((Yiddish) a contrived and often used bit of business that a performer uses to steal attention)
                    • skit [ENG31-00552545-n] (a short theatrical episode)
                    • hamming [ENG31-00552622-n] (poor acting by a ham actor)
                    • heroics [ENG31-00552751-n] (ostentatious or vainglorious or extravagant or melodramatic conduct)
                    • reenactment [ENG31-00552950-n] (performing a role in an event that occurred at an earlier time)
                    • roleplaying [ENG31-00553134-n] (acting a particular role (as in psychotherapy))
                • Occidentalism [ENG31-06167773-n] (the scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people)
                • Orientalism [ENG31-06167901-n] (the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people)
                • philosophy [ENG31-06168062-n] (the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics)

                  • ethics [ENG31-06169189-n] (the philosophical study of moral values and rules)

                    • bioethics [ENG31-06169493-n] (the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences)

                      • neuroethics [ENG31-06169640-n] (the study of ethical implications of treatments for neurological diseases)
                    • casuistry [ENG31-06169771-n] (moral philosophy based on the application of general ethical principles to resolve moral dilemmas)

                      • probabilism [ENG31-06170497-n] (a Roman Catholic system of casuistry that when expert opinions differ an actor can follow any solidly probable opinion that he wishes even though some different opinion might be more probable)
                    • eudemonism [ENG31-06170134-n] (an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason)
                    • hedonism [ENG31-06170312-n] (an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good)
                  • etiology [ENG31-06170764-n] (the philosophical study of causation)
                  • aesthetics [ENG31-06170939-n] ((art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art))
                  • axiology [ENG31-06171322-n] (the study of values and value judgments)
                  • jurisprudence [ENG31-06171434-n] (the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do)

                    • contract law [ENG31-06171758-n] (that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts)
                    • corporation law [ENG31-06171939-n] (that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations)
                    • matrimonial law [ENG31-06172093-n] (that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony)
                    • patent law [ENG31-06172244-n] (that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents)
                  • metaphysics [ENG31-06172369-n] (the philosophical study of being and knowing)

                    • ontology [ENG31-06172563-n] (the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence)
                    • cosmology [ENG31-06172939-n] (the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe)
                  • dialectic [ENG31-06173264-n] (any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments)
                  • logic [ENG31-06173467-n] (the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference)

                    • modal logic [ENG31-06176360-n] (the logical study of necessity and possibility)
                  • epistemology [ENG31-06176464-n] (the philosophical theory of knowledge)

                    • methodology [ENG31-06176614-n] (the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline)
                  • transcendentalism [ENG31-06201921-n] (any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material)
                • literary study [ENG31-06179001-n] (the humanistic study of literature)

                  • literature [ENG31-06179204-n] (the humanistic study of a body of literature)
                  • comparative literature [ENG31-06179383-n] (study of literary works from different cultures (often in translation))
                  • literary criticism [ENG31-06179522-n] (the informed analysis and evaluation of literature)
                  • poetics [ENG31-06179648-n] (study of poetic works)

                    • prosody [ENG31-06179741-n] (the study of poetic meter and the art of versification)
                  • classics [ENG31-06180087-n] (study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome)
                  • rhetoric [ENG31-06180214-n] (study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking))
                • library science [ENG31-06180608-n] (the study of the principles and practices of library administration)
                • linguistics [ENG31-06180756-n] (the humanistic study of language and literature)

                  • dialectology [ENG31-06180981-n] (the branch of philology that is devoted to the study of dialects)
                  • lexicology [ENG31-06188528-n] (the branch of linguistics that studies the lexical component of language)

                    • onomastics [ENG31-06188711-n] (the branch of lexicology that studies the forms and origins of proper names)
                    • toponymy [ENG31-06188861-n] (the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language)
                • musicology [ENG31-06181104-n] (the scholarly and scientific study of music)
                • Sinology [ENG31-06181240-n] (the study of Chinese history and language and culture)
                • stemmatology [ENG31-06181366-n] (the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis))
                • trivium [ENG31-06181787-n] ((Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric)
                • quadrivium [ENG31-06182010-n] ((Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy)
              • theology [ENG31-06191860-n] (the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truth)

                • angelology [ENG31-06192473-n] (the branch of theology that is concerned with angels)
                • apologetics [ENG31-06192582-n] (the branch of theology that is concerned with the defense of Christian doctrines)
                • ecclesiology [ENG31-06192720-n] (the branch of theology concerned with the nature and the constitution and the functions of a church)
                • eschatology [ENG31-06192878-n] (the branch of theology that is concerned with such final things as death and Last Judgment)
                • hermeneutics [ENG31-06193114-n] (the branch of theology that deals with principles of exegesis)
                • homiletics [ENG31-06193234-n] (the branch of theology that deals with sermons and homilies)
                • liturgics [ENG31-06193368-n] (the study of liturgies)
                • theodicy [ENG31-06193461-n] (the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil)
              • military science [ENG31-06258173-n] (the discipline dealing with the principles of warfare)

                • tactics [ENG31-06259098-n] (the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy)
                • strategy [ENG31-06259307-n] (the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war)
              • escapology [ENG31-06258344-n] (the study of methods of escaping (especially as a form of entertainment))
              • graphology [ENG31-06258491-n] (the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition))
              • numerology [ENG31-06258660-n] (the study of the supposed occult influence of numbers on human affairs)
              • protology [ENG31-06258823-n] (the study of origins and first things)
              • theogony [ENG31-06258993-n] (the study of the origins and genealogy of the gods)
            • region [ENG31-06006992-n] (a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about)
            • scientific knowledge [ENG31-06008718-n] (knowledge accumulated by systematic study and organized by general principles)
          • metaknowledge [ENG31-06008633-n] (knowledge about knowledge)
        • information [ENG31-05824413-n] (knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction)

          • datum [ENG31-05824748-n] (an item of factual information derived from measurement or research)

            • reading [ENG31-05824916-n] (a datum about some physical state that is presented to a user by a meter or similar instrument)

              • clock time [ENG31-15154879-n] (a reading of a point in time as given by a clock)

                • spacecraft clock time [ENG31-15156550-n] (the clock time given by a clock carried on board a spacecraft)
                • prime time [ENG31-15191944-n] (the hours between 7 and 11 p.m. when the largest tv audience is available)
                • hour [ENG31-15253174-n] (clock time)

                  • noon [ENG31-15190537-n] (the middle of the day)
                  • mealtime [ENG31-15190684-n] (the hour at which a meal is habitually or customarily eaten)

                    • breakfast time [ENG31-15190852-n] (the customary or habitual hour for eating breakfast)
                    • lunchtime [ENG31-15190964-n] (the customary or habitual hour for eating lunch)
                    • dinnertime [ENG31-15191117-n] (the customary or habitual hour for the evening meal)
                  • late-night hour [ENG31-15193127-n] (the latter part of night)
                  • midnight [ENG31-15193232-n] (12 o'clock at night)
                  • small hours [ENG31-15193416-n] (the hours just after midnight)
                  • bedtime [ENG31-15193522-n] (the time you go to bed)

                    • lights-out [ENG31-15193616-n] (a prescribed bedtime)
                  • closing time [ENG31-15193712-n] (the regular time of day when an establishment closes to the public)
                  • dawn [ENG31-15193837-n] (the first light of day)
                  • early-morning hour [ENG31-15194183-n] (an hour early in the morning)
                  • sunset [ENG31-15194295-n] (the time in the evening at which the sun begins to fall below the horizon)
                  • twilight [ENG31-15194468-n] (the time of day immediately following sunset)

                    • night [ENG31-15194806-n] (a shortening of nightfall)
                  • none [ENG31-15253583-n] (a canonical hour that is the ninth hour of the day counting from sunrise)
                  • happy hour [ENG31-15253815-n] (the time of day when a bar sells alcoholic drinks at a reduced price)
                  • rush hour [ENG31-15253940-n] (the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are traveling to or from work)
                  • zero hour [ENG31-15254096-n] (the time set for the start of an action or operation)
                  • canonical hour [ENG31-15254204-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) one of seven specified times for prayer)

                    • matins [ENG31-15254473-n] (the first canonical hour)
                    • prime [ENG31-15254580-n] (the second canonical hour)
                    • terce [ENG31-15254671-n] (the third canonical hour)
                    • sext [ENG31-15254770-n] (the fourth of the seven canonical hours)
                    • nones [ENG31-15254872-n] (the fifth of the seven canonical hours)
                    • vespers [ENG31-15254976-n] (the sixth of the seven canonical hours of the divine office)
                    • compline [ENG31-15255159-n] (last of the seven canonical hours just before retiring)
              • miles per hour [ENG31-15310096-n] (a speedometer reading for the momentary rate of travel)
            • statistic [ENG31-06030848-n] (a datum that can be represented numerically)

              • average [ENG31-06031110-n] (a statistic describing the location of a distribution)

                • age norm [ENG31-06032592-n] (the average age at which particular performances are expected to appear)
                • mode [ENG31-06033024-n] (the most frequent value of a random variable)
                • median [ENG31-06033170-n] (the number midway between the two middle numbers in a series containing an even or odd number of items)
                • mean [ENG31-06033377-n] (an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n)

                  • arithmetic mean [ENG31-06033638-n] (the sum of the values of a random variable divided by the number of values)
                  • geometric mean [ENG31-06033839-n] (the mean of n numbers expressed as the n-th root of their product)
                  • harmonic mean [ENG31-06033984-n] (the mean of n numbers expressed as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers)
              • demographic [ENG31-06031425-n] (a statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down by age or sex or income etc.))
              • deviation [ENG31-06031640-n] (the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function)

                • outlier [ENG31-06032718-n] (an extreme deviation from the mean)
                • mean deviation [ENG31-06032825-n] (the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of deviations from the mean of a distribution)
              • moment [ENG31-06031858-n] (the n-th moment of a distribution is the expected value of the n-th power of the deviations from a fixed value)

                • second moment [ENG31-06034169-n] (the expected value of the square of the deviations of a random variable from the point of origin)
                • variance [ENG31-06034344-n] (the second moment around the mean)

                  • standard deviation [ENG31-06034580-n] (the square root of the variance)
                  • covariance [ENG31-06034695-n] ((statistics) the mean value of the product of the deviations of two variates from their respective means)
              • nonparametric statistic [ENG31-06032076-n] (a statistic computed without knowledge of the form or the parameters of the distribution from which observations are drawn)

                • rank-order correlation coefficient [ENG31-06043831-n] (the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between the ranks of scores on two variables)
                • Kendall test [ENG31-06044141-n] (any of several nonparametric measures of correlation (used when the assumptions of standard correlational analysis are not met))

                  • Kendall partial rank correlation [ENG31-06044400-n] (a nonparametric measure of partial correlation)
                  • coefficient of concordance [ENG31-06044544-n] (a coefficient of agreement (concordance) between different sets of rank orderings of the same set of things)
                  • tau coefficient of correlation [ENG31-06044743-n] (a nonparametric measure of the agreement between two rankings)
                • phi coefficient [ENG31-06044943-n] (an index of the relation between any two sets of scores that can both be represented on ordered binary dimensions (e.g., male-female))
              • parametric statistic [ENG31-06032371-n] (any statistic computed by procedures that assume the data were drawn from a particular distribution)

                • regression coefficient [ENG31-06038096-n] (when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the other (x))
                • correlation coefficient [ENG31-06041776-n] (a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary)

                  • product-moment correlation coefficient [ENG31-06042957-n] (the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between variables that are linearly related)
                  • multiple correlation coefficient [ENG31-06043222-n] (an estimate of the combined influence of two or more variables on the observed (dependent) variable)
                  • biserial correlation coefficient [ENG31-06043419-n] (a correlation coefficient in which one variable is many-valued and the other is dichotomous)
                  • split-half correlation [ENG31-06045204-n] (a correlation coefficient calculated between scores on two halves of a test)
                  • tetrachoric correlation coefficient [ENG31-06045448-n] (a correlation coefficient computed for two normally distributed variables that are both expressed as a dichotomy)
              • time series [ENG31-06039077-n] (a series of values of a variable at successive times)
              • vital statistics [ENG31-06039206-n] (data relating to births and deaths and health and diseases and marriages)
          • acquaintance [ENG31-05825271-n] (personal knowledge or information about someone or something)
          • fact [ENG31-05825522-n] (a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred)

            • case [ENG31-05825869-n] (the actual state of things)
            • detail [ENG31-05825971-n] (an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole)

              • minutia [ENG31-05828034-n] (a small or minor detail)
              • nook and cranny [ENG31-05828167-n] (something remote)
              • respect [ENG31-05828314-n] ((usually preceded by `in') a detail or point)
              • sticking point [ENG31-05828469-n] (a point at which an impasse arises in progress toward an agreement or a goal)
              • trifle [ENG31-05828606-n] (a detail that is considered insignificant)
              • technicality [ENG31-05828731-n] (a specific detail in a set of rules or terms belonging to a particular field)
            • particular [ENG31-05826326-n] (a fact about some part (as opposed to general))
            • general [ENG31-05826532-n] (a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular))
            • matter of fact [ENG31-05826764-n] (a matter that is an actual fact or is demonstrable as a fact)
            • observation [ENG31-05826885-n] (facts learned by observing)

              • scientific fact [ENG31-05827122-n] (an observation that has been confirmed repeatedly and is accepted as true (although its truth is never final))
            • reason [ENG31-05827293-n] (a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion)

              • indication [ENG31-06810529-n] ((medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure)
              • contraindication [ENG31-06810805-n] ((medicine) a reason that makes it inadvisable to prescribe a particular drug or employ a particular procedure or treatment)
            • score [ENG31-05827482-n] (the facts about an actual situation)
            • truth [ENG31-05827597-n] (a fact that has been verified)

              • home truth [ENG31-05827788-n] (an important truth that is unpleasant to acknowledge (as about yourself))
              • verity [ENG31-05827917-n] (an enduring or necessary ethical or religious or aesthetic truth)
          • example [ENG31-05828980-n] (an item of information that is typical of a class or group)

            • apology [ENG31-05829462-n] (a poor example)
            • exception [ENG31-05829606-n] (an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization)
            • precedent [ENG31-05829846-n] (an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time)
            • quintessence [ENG31-05830006-n] (the most typical example or representative of a type)
            • sample [ENG31-05830135-n] (a small part of something intended as representative of the whole)

              • coupon [ENG31-05830361-n] (a test sample of some substance)
              • cross section [ENG31-05830445-n] (a sample meant to be representative of a whole population)
              • grab sample [ENG31-05830697-n] (a single sample or measurement taken at a specific time or over as short a period as feasible)
              • random sample [ENG31-05830867-n] (a sample grabbed at random)
              • tasting [ENG31-05830972-n] (a small amount (especially of food or wine))
            • specimen [ENG31-05830599-n] (an example regarded as typical of its class)
          • circumstance [ENG31-05831106-n] (information that should be kept in mind when making a decision)

            • justification [ENG31-05831414-n] (something (such as a fact or circumstance) that shows an action to be reasonable or necessary)
            • mitigating circumstance [ENG31-05831641-n] ((law) a circumstance that does not exonerate a person but which reduces the penalty associated with the offense)
          • background [ENG31-05831841-n] (information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem)
          • descriptor [ENG31-05832071-n] (a piece of stored information that is used to identify an item in an information storage and retrieval system)
          • evidence [ENG31-05832256-n] (your basis for belief or disbelief)

            • probable cause [ENG31-05832838-n] ((law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure)
            • proof [ENG31-05833063-n] (any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something)

              • confirmation [ENG31-05833569-n] (additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct)

                • bed check [ENG31-05834012-n] (a check that everyone is in bed by the time they should be)
                • crosscheck [ENG31-05834126-n] (an instance of confirming something by considering information from several sources)
                • parity check [ENG31-05834266-n] (a system of checking for errors in computer functioning)
                • checksum [ENG31-05834416-n] (a digit representing the sum of the digits in an instance of digital data)
              • establishment [ENG31-05834615-n] (the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof)
            • disproof [ENG31-05834793-n] (any evidence that helps to establish the falsity of something)

              • reductio ad absurdum [ENG31-05833309-n] ((reduction to the absurd) a disproof by showing that the consequences of the proposition are absurd)
              • confutation [ENG31-05835046-n] (evidence that refutes conclusively)
              • counterexample [ENG31-05835156-n] (refutation by example)
            • lead [ENG31-05835238-n] (evidence pointing to a possible solution)
            • symptom [ENG31-14323139-n] ((medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease)

              • crepitation rale [ENG31-07396644-n] (the crackling sound heard on auscultation when patients with respiratory diseases inhale)
              • alkalinuria [ENG31-14044589-n] (a condition in which the urine (which is normally slightly acidic) is alkaline)
              • eosinopenia [ENG31-14215128-n] (a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the blood)
              • hemoglobinemia [ENG31-14215385-n] (presence of excessive hemoglobin in the blood plasma)
              • hemoptysis [ENG31-14215681-n] (coughing up blood from the respiratory tract)
              • lipemia [ENG31-14217407-n] (presence of excess lipids in the blood)
              • albuminuria [ENG31-14289460-n] (the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine)
              • aminoaciduria [ENG31-14289670-n] (abnormal presence of amino acids in the urine)
              • ammoniuria [ENG31-14289815-n] (excessive ammonia in the urine)
              • Jacquemier's sign [ENG31-14290023-n] (a purplish discoloration of the mucous membrane of the vagina that occurs early in pregnancy)
              • Kayser-Fleischer ring [ENG31-14290179-n] (a pigmented ring at the outer edge of the cornea of the eye)
              • keratomalacia [ENG31-14290337-n] (softening and drying and ulceration of the cornea resulting from vitamin A deficiency)
              • Kernig's sign [ENG31-14290519-n] (symptom of meningitis)
              • ketonemia [ENG31-14290707-n] (an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the blood as in diabetes mellitus)
              • Koplik's spots [ENG31-14290860-n] (small red spots with white centers found on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue)
              • glycosuria [ENG31-14291343-n] (the presence of abnormally high levels of sugar in the urine)

                • fructosuria [ENG31-14291090-n] (the presence of levulose is the urine)
                • glucosuria [ENG31-14291224-n] (the presence of abnormally high levels of glucose in the urine)
              • lymphuria [ENG31-14291496-n] (the presence of lymph in the urine)
              • monocytosis [ENG31-14291586-n] (increase in the number of monocytes in the blood)
              • thrombocytosis [ENG31-14291723-n] (increase in the number of platelets in the blood which tends to cause clots to form)
              • ochronosis [ENG31-14291941-n] (an accumulation of dark pigment in cartilage and other connective tissue)
              • hypercalcemia [ENG31-14292125-n] (the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood)
              • hypocalcemia [ENG31-14292373-n] (abnormally low level of calcium in the blood)
              • hypercalciuria [ENG31-14292592-n] (the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the urine)
              • hypercholesterolemia [ENG31-14292821-n] (the presence of an abnormal amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the blood)

                • familial hypercholesterolemia [ENG31-14490558-n] (congenital disorder characterized by high levels of cholesterol and early development of atherosclerosis)
              • hyperkalemia [ENG31-14293058-n] (higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood)
              • hypokalemia [ENG31-14293274-n] (abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities)
              • kaliuresis [ENG31-14293629-n] (the presence of excess potassium in the urine)
              • natriuresis [ENG31-14293743-n] (the presence of abnormally large amounts of sodium in the urine)
              • hypoproteinemia [ENG31-14294348-n] (abnormally low level of protein in the blood)
              • hypernatremia [ENG31-14294517-n] (excessive amounts of sodium in the blood)
              • hyponatremia [ENG31-14294675-n] (abnormally low level of sodium in the blood)
              • hypersplenism [ENG31-14294824-n] (enlarged spleen and a decrease in one or more types of blood cells)
              • ketonuria [ENG31-14294982-n] (excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine as in diabetes mellitus or starvation)

                • maple syrup urine disease [ENG31-14183369-n] (an inherited disorder of metabolism in which the urine has a odor characteristic of maple syrup)
              • amenorrhea [ENG31-14325781-n] (absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow)

                • primary amenorrhea [ENG31-14327074-n] (delay of menarche beyond age 18)
                • secondary amenorrhea [ENG31-14327170-n] (cessation of menstruation in a woman who had previously menstruated)
              • aura [ENG31-14325980-n] (a sensation (as of a cold breeze or bright light) that precedes the onset of certain disorders such as a migraine attack or epileptic seizure)
              • chloasma [ENG31-14326172-n] (a tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives)
              • clubbing [ENG31-14326367-n] (a condition in which the ends of toes and fingers become wide and thick)
              • cyanosis [ENG31-14326529-n] (a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes)

                • acrocyanosis [ENG31-14326875-n] (cyanosis of the extremities)
              • diuresis [ENG31-14326676-n] (increased secretion of urine)
              • prodrome [ENG31-14327304-n] (an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur)
              • syndrome [ENG31-14327487-n] (a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease)

                • autism [ENG31-05905605-n] ((psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self)

                  • infantile autism [ENG31-05905862-n] (a rare but serious syndrome of childhood characterized by withdrawal and lack of social responsiveness or interest in others and serious linguistic deficits)
                • attention deficit disorder [ENG31-14079762-n] (a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders)
                • Horner's syndrome [ENG31-14180222-n] (a pattern of symptoms occurring as a result of damage to nerves in the cervical region of the spine (drooping eyelids and constricted pupils and absence of facial sweating))
                • cervical disc syndrome [ENG31-14328149-n] (an abnormal condition resulting from compression of spinal nerve roots in the neck region)
                • Chinese restaurant syndrome [ENG31-14328391-n] (headache and tingling or burning feelings and sweating caused by eating food that contains monosodium glutamate)
                • Conn's syndrome [ENG31-14328576-n] (disturbances in saltwater balance and symptoms of weakness and muscular cramps and twitching and convulsions and sometimes paralysis)
                • fetal alcohol syndrome [ENG31-14328885-n] (a congenital medical condition in which body deformation occurs or facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy)
                • Gulf War syndrome [ENG31-14329126-n] (a medical condition of uncertain origin that affected many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War)
                • Klinefelter's syndrome [ENG31-14329902-n] (syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation)
                • malabsorption syndrome [ENG31-14330462-n] (a pattern of symptoms including loss of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea)
                • Munchausen's syndrome [ENG31-14330702-n] (syndrome consisting of feigning acute and dramatic illness for which no clinical evidence is ever found)
                • nephrotic syndrome [ENG31-14331151-n] (a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol)
                • Noonan's syndrome [ENG31-14331439-n] (syndrome seen only in males)
                • phantom limb syndrome [ENG31-14331595-n] (syndrome consisting of discomfort or pain in a limb that has been amputated)
                • premenstrual syndrome [ENG31-14331738-n] (a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation)
                • radiation sickness [ENG31-14331899-n] (syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions))
                • Ramsay Hunt syndrome [ENG31-14332372-n] (syndrome resulting from infection by the herpes varicella zoster virus)
                • Reiter's syndrome [ENG31-14332610-n] (an inflammatory syndrome (etiology unknown) predominantly in males)
                • restless legs syndrome [ENG31-14332821-n] (feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia))
                • Reye's syndrome [ENG31-14333080-n] (acquired encephalopathy following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children)
                • scalenus syndrome [ENG31-14333365-n] (discomfort and vascular symptoms and loss of sensation in a shoulder and arm)
                • tetany [ENG31-14333931-n] (clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscular twitching and cramps and (when severe) seizures)
                • thoracic outlet syndrome [ENG31-14334257-n] (tingling sensations in the fingers)
                • Tietze's syndrome [ENG31-14334414-n] (syndrome characterized by swelling of rib cartilage (causing pain))
                • Tourette's syndrome [ENG31-14334544-n] (neurological disorder characterized by facial grimaces and tics and movements of the upper body and grunts and shouts and coprolalia)
                • tetralogy of Fallot [ENG31-14493350-n] (a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis)
                • toxic shock [ENG31-14493728-n] (syndrome resulting from a serious acute (sometimes fatal) infection associated with the presence of staphylococcus)
                • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome [ENG31-14494080-n] (syndrome associated with bacterial meningitis)
                • Williams syndrome [ENG31-14494338-n] (a rare congenital disorder associated with deletion of genetic material in chromosome 7)
                • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [ENG31-14494638-n] (syndrome consisting of intractable peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion and hyperacidity)
              • effect [ENG31-14334775-n] (a symptom caused by an illness or a drug)

                • aftereffect [ENG31-14335001-n] (a delayed effect of a drug or therapy)
                • bummer [ENG31-14335136-n] (a bad reaction to a hallucinogenic drug)
                • side effect [ENG31-14335404-n] (a secondary and usually adverse effect of a drug or therapy)

                  • hairy tongue [ENG31-14335228-n] (a benign side effect of some antibiotics)
              • abscess [ENG31-14335599-n] (symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue)

                • abscessed tooth [ENG31-14335790-n] (an abscess of a common kind in the tissue around a tooth)
              • purulence [ENG31-14336027-n] (symptom of being purulent (containing or forming pus))
              • exophthalmos [ENG31-14336444-n] (protrusion of the eyeball from the socket)

                • Graves' disease [ENG31-14144540-n] (exophthalmos occurring in association with goiter)
              • festination [ENG31-14336581-n] (involuntary shortening of stride and quickening of gait that occurs in some diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease))
              • furring [ENG31-14336769-n] (a furlike coating of matter as on the tongue)
              • hematuria [ENG31-14337747-n] (the presence of blood in the urine)

                • hematocyturia [ENG31-14289902-n] (the presence of red blood cells in the urine)
              • hemoglobinuria [ENG31-14337910-n] (presence of hemoglobin in the urine)
              • hemosiderosis [ENG31-14338024-n] (abnormal deposit of hemosiderin)
              • nebula [ENG31-14338183-n] (cloudiness of the urine)
              • swelling [ENG31-14338619-n] (an abnormal protuberance or localized enlargement)

                • spermatocele [ENG31-05466435-n] (a swelling on the epididymis or the testis)
                • bloat [ENG31-14338976-n] (swelling of the rumen or intestinal tract of domestic animals caused by excessive gas)
                • bunion [ENG31-14339779-n] (a painful swelling of the bursa of the first joint of the big toe)
                • edema [ENG31-14340141-n] (swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities)

                  • angioedema [ENG31-14143792-n] (recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema)
                  • lymphedema [ENG31-14144096-n] (swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues in the affected areas)
                  • scleredema [ENG31-14255942-n] (a skin disease marked by hard edema of the tissue usually beginning in the face)
                  • cystoid macular edema [ENG31-14278408-n] (a specific pattern of swelling in the central retina)
                  • anasarca [ENG31-14339324-n] (generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue)
                  • chemosis [ENG31-14339475-n] (edema of the mucous membrane of the eyeball and eyelid lining)
                  • papilledema [ENG31-14339591-n] (swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball))
                  • cerebral edema [ENG31-14340491-n] (swelling of the brain due to the uptake of water in the neuropile and white matter)
                • hematocele [ENG31-14340648-n] (swelling caused by blood collecting in a body cavity (especially a swelling of the membrane covering the testis))
                • intumescence [ENG31-14341147-n] (swelling up with blood or other fluids (as with congestion))

                  • hematoma [ENG31-14342141-n] (a localized swelling filled with blood)
                • iridoncus [ENG31-14341370-n] (swelling of the iris of the eye)
                • lymphogranuloma [ENG31-14341457-n] (swelling of a lymph node)
                • oscheocele [ENG31-14341543-n] (swelling of the scrotum)
                • tumidity [ENG31-14341787-n] (slight swelling of an organ or part)

                  • tumescence [ENG31-14341637-n] (tumidity resulting from the presence of blood or other fluid in the tissues)
              • palsy [ENG31-14339897-n] (a condition marked by uncontrollable tremor)
              • pyuria [ENG31-14340010-n] (presence of white blood cells in the urine)
              • hyperglycemia [ENG31-14342726-n] (abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes)
              • hypoglycemia [ENG31-14342881-n] (abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet)
              • jaundice [ENG31-14343111-n] (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood)

                • jaundice of the newborn [ENG31-14343443-n] (yellowish appearance in newborn infants)
                • kernicterus [ENG31-14343645-n] (an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment in the brain and other nerve tissue)
              • congestion [ENG31-14343821-n] (excessive accumulation of blood or other fluid in a body part)

                • hydrothorax [ENG31-14344029-n] (accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest) often resulting from disease of the heart or kidneys)
                • hemothorax [ENG31-14344240-n] (accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest))
                • hyperemia [ENG31-14344411-n] (increased blood in an organ or other body part)

                  • engorgement [ENG31-14344562-n] (congestion with blood)
                • pulmonary congestion [ENG31-14344670-n] (congestion in the lungs)
                • stuffiness [ENG31-14344760-n] (state of obstruction or stoppage or air in the nose or throat)
              • eruption [ENG31-14344896-n] (symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible)

                • eczema vaccinatum [ENG31-14249114-n] (a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles)
                • enanthem [ENG31-14345080-n] (eruption on a mucous membrane (as the inside of the mouth) occurring as a symptom of a disease)
                • exanthem [ENG31-14345241-n] (eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease)
                • rash [ENG31-14345380-n] (any red eruption of the skin)

                  • prickly heat [ENG31-14345533-n] (obstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity)
                  • urtication [ENG31-14345675-n] (an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins)
              • numbness [ENG31-14345955-n] (partial or total lack of sensation in a part of the body)
              • pain [ENG31-14346126-n] (a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder)

                • ache [ENG31-14347092-n] (a dull persistent (usually moderately intense) pain)

                  • toothache [ENG31-14347383-n] (an ache localized in or around a tooth)

                    • aerodontalgia [ENG31-14347508-n] (pain in the teeth that results from a change in air pressure (as in flying or mountain climbing))
                  • backache [ENG31-14348744-n] (an ache localized in the back)

                    • lumbago [ENG31-14351695-n] (backache affecting the lumbar region or lower back)
                  • headache [ENG31-14350016-n] (pain in the head caused by dilation of cerebral arteries or muscle contractions or a reaction to drugs)

                    • histamine headache [ENG31-14350948-n] (a painful recurring headache associated with the release of histamine from cells)
                    • migraine [ENG31-14351112-n] (a severe recurring vascular headache)
                    • sick headache [ENG31-14351283-n] (a headache accompanied by nausea)
                    • sinus headache [ENG31-14351375-n] (a headache resulting from congestion or infection in the paranasal sinuses)
                    • tension headache [ENG31-14351510-n] (a headache located at the back of the head)
                  • stomachache [ENG31-14350671-n] (an ache localized in the stomach or abdominal region)
                  • earache [ENG31-14350840-n] (an ache localized in the middle or inner ear)
                • agony [ENG31-14347683-n] (a state of acute pain)

                  • throe [ENG31-14348081-n] (severe spasm of pain)
                  • Passion [ENG31-14348629-n] (the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion)
                • arthralgia [ENG31-14347981-n] (pain in a joint or joints)
                • burn [ENG31-14348846-n] (pain that feels hot as if it were on fire)
                • causalgia [ENG31-14348984-n] (a burning pain in a limb along the course of a peripheral nerve)
                • colic [ENG31-14349141-n] (acute abdominal pain (especially in infants))

                  • lead colic [ENG31-14093537-n] (symptom of chronic lead poisoning and associated with obstinate constipation)
                • chest pain [ENG31-14349311-n] (pain in the chest)
                • chiralgia [ENG31-14349385-n] (a pain in the hand that is not traumatic)
                • distress [ENG31-14349481-n] (extreme physical pain)
                • dysmenorrhea [ENG31-14349599-n] (painful menstruation)

                  • primary dysmenorrhea [ENG31-14349714-n] (painful menstruation that is intrinsic to menstruation and not the result of a disease)
                  • secondary dysmenorrhea [ENG31-14349867-n] (painful menstruation that is caused by some specific disorder (as endometriosis))
                • glossalgia [ENG31-14350289-n] (pain in the tongue)
                • growing pains [ENG31-14350378-n] (pain in muscles or joints sometimes experienced by children and often attributed to rapid growth)
                • keratalgia [ENG31-14351918-n] (pain in the cornea)
                • labor pain [ENG31-14351993-n] (pain and discomfort associated with contractions of the uterus during labor)
                • mastalgia [ENG31-14352125-n] (pain in the breast)
                • melagra [ENG31-14352199-n] (rheumatic or myalgic pains in the arms or legs)
                • meralgia [ENG31-14352299-n] (pain in the thigh)
                • metralgia [ENG31-14352371-n] (pain in the uterus)
                • myalgia [ENG31-14352445-n] (pain in a muscle or group of muscles)
                • nephralgia [ENG31-14352564-n] (pain in the kidney (usually felt in the loins))
                • neuralgia [ENG31-14352667-n] (acute spasmodic pain along the course of one or more nerves)

                  • trigeminal neuralgia [ENG31-14353993-n] (intense paroxysmal neuralgia along the trigeminal nerve)
                  • sciatica [ENG31-14354132-n] (neuralgia along the sciatic nerve)
                • odynophagia [ENG31-14352865-n] (severe pain on swallowing due to a disorder of the esophagus)
                • orchidalgia [ENG31-14352983-n] (pain in the testes)
                • pang [ENG31-14353059-n] (a sharp spasm of pain)

                  • birth pangs [ENG31-14354238-n] (a regularly recurrent spasm of pain that is characteristic of childbirth)
                  • afterpains [ENG31-14354397-n] (pains felt by a woman after her baby is born)
                • pang [ENG31-14353167-n] (a mental pain or distress)
                • photalgia [ENG31-14353293-n] (pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism))
                • pleurodynia [ENG31-14353451-n] (pain in the chest caused by inflammation of the muscles between the ribs)
                • podalgia [ENG31-14353606-n] (foot pain)
                • proctalgia [ENG31-14353670-n] (pain in the rectum)
                • referred pain [ENG31-14354778-n] (pain that is felt at a place in the body different from the injured or diseased part where the pain would be expected)
                • renal colic [ENG31-14355095-n] (sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin)
                • smart [ENG31-14355278-n] (a kind of pain such as that caused by a wound or a burn or a sore)
                • sting [ENG31-14355490-n] (a kind of pain)
                • stitch [ENG31-14355744-n] (a sharp spasm of pain in the side resulting from running)
                • tenderness [ENG31-14356022-n] (a pain that is felt (as when the area is touched))

                  • chafing [ENG31-07511306-n] (soreness or irritation of the skin caused by friction)

                    • intertrigo [ENG31-07511431-n] (chafing between two skin surfaces that are in contact (as in the armpit or under the breasts or between the thighs))
                  • rebound tenderness [ENG31-14355853-n] (pain felt when a hand pressing on the abdomen is suddenly released)
                  • chafe [ENG31-14356541-n] (soreness and warmth caused by friction)
                • thermalgesia [ENG31-14356463-n] (pain caused by heat)
                • throb [ENG31-14356739-n] (a deep pulsating type of pain)
                • torture [ENG31-14356838-n] (unbearable physical pain)
                • ulalgia [ENG31-14356980-n] (pain in the gums)
                • urodynia [ENG31-14357050-n] (pain during urination)
              • paresthesia [ENG31-14348204-n] (abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage)

                • formication [ENG31-14348415-n] (hallucinated sensation that insects or snakes are crawling over the skin)
              • hemorrhoid [ENG31-14350534-n] (venous swelling external or internal to the anal sphincter)
              • postnasal drip [ENG31-14357126-n] (chronic secretion of mucus from the rear of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx)
              • cardiomegaly [ENG31-14358036-n] (an abnormal enlargement of the heart)
              • heart murmur [ENG31-14358219-n] (an abnormal sound of the heart)

                • systolic murmur [ENG31-14358411-n] (a murmur heard during systole)
              • palpitation [ENG31-14358502-n] (a rapid and irregular heart beat)
              • heartburn [ENG31-14358628-n] (a painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus))
              • hot flash [ENG31-14359574-n] (sudden brief sensation of heat (associated with menopause and some mental disorders))
              • indigestion [ENG31-14359722-n] (a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea)
              • inflammation [ENG31-14359944-n] (a response of body tissues to injury or irritation)

                • adenitis [ENG31-14281189-n] (inflammation of a gland or lymph node)
                • alveolitis [ENG31-14281281-n] (inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs caused by inhaling dust)

                  • farmer's lung [ENG31-14283367-n] (alveolitis caused by an allergic reaction to fungal spores in the dust that is inhaled from moldy hay)
                  • bagassosis [ENG31-14284276-n] (alveolitis caused by inhaling bagasse (sugarcane dust))
                • alveolitis [ENG31-14281495-n] (inflammation in the socket of a tooth)
                • angiitis [ENG31-14281678-n] (inflammation of a blood vessel or lymph duct)
                • aortitis [ENG31-14281795-n] (inflammation of the aorta)

                  • rheumatic aortitis [ENG31-14281893-n] (aortitis occurring in rheumatic fever)
                • appendicitis [ENG31-14282014-n] (inflammation of the vermiform appendix)
                • arteritis [ENG31-14282111-n] (inflammation of an artery)

                  • periarteritis [ENG31-14282264-n] (inflammation of the outer coat of an artery)
                  • polyarteritis [ENG31-14282367-n] (inflammation of several arteries)
                  • Takayasu's arteritis [ENG31-14282459-n] (disorder characterized by the absence of a pulse in both arms and in the carotid arteries)
                  • temporal arteritis [ENG31-14282635-n] (inflammation of the temporal arteries)
                • balanitis [ENG31-14284400-n] (inflammation of the head of the penis)
                • balanoposthitis [ENG31-14284493-n] (inflammation of both the head of the penis and the foreskin)
                • blepharitis [ENG31-14284746-n] (inflammation of the eyelids characterized by redness and swelling and dried crusts)
                • bursitis [ENG31-14284886-n] (inflammation of a bursa)

                  • housemaid's knee [ENG31-14212050-n] (swelling of the bursa in the knee (due to trauma or excessive kneeling))
                • carditis [ENG31-14362347-n] (inflammation of the heart)

                  • endocarditis [ENG31-14362499-n] (inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves)

                    • subacute bacterial endocarditis [ENG31-14362624-n] (a chronic bacterial infection of the endocardium and heart valves)
                  • myocardial inflammation [ENG31-14362792-n] (inflammation of the myocardium (the muscular tissue of the heart))
                  • pancarditis [ENG31-14362941-n] (inflammation of the entire heart (the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium))
                  • pericarditis [ENG31-14363087-n] (inflammation of the pericardium)
                • catarrh [ENG31-14363177-n] (inflammation of the nose and throat with increased production of mucus)
                • cellulitis [ENG31-14363319-n] (an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain)
                • cervicitis [ENG31-14363496-n] (inflammation of the uterine cervix)
                • cheilitis [ENG31-14363587-n] (inflammation and cracking of the skin of the lips)
                • cholangitis [ENG31-14364139-n] (inflammation of the bile ducts)
                • cholecystitis [ENG31-14364227-n] (inflammation of the gall bladder)
                • chorditis [ENG31-14364319-n] (inflammation of the vocal cords)
                • chorditis [ENG31-14364406-n] (inflammation of the spermatic cord)
                • colitis [ENG31-14364496-n] (inflammation of the colon)

                  • regional enteritis [ENG31-14329417-n] (a serious chronic and progressive inflammation of the ileum producing frequent bouts of diarrhea with abdominal pain and nausea and fever and weight loss)
                  • irritable bowel syndrome [ENG31-14329672-n] (recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea (often alternating with periods of constipation))
                  • ulcerative colitis [ENG31-14330229-n] (a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever and chills and profuse diarrhea)
                • colpitis [ENG31-14364658-n] (inflammation of the vagina)
                • colpocystitis [ENG31-14364739-n] (inflammation of the vagina and bladder)
                • conjunctivitis [ENG31-14364837-n] (inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye)

                  • ophthalmia [ENG31-14282822-n] (severe conjunctivitis)

                    • ophthalmia neonatorum [ENG31-14282933-n] (ophthalmia in newborns)
                • corditis [ENG31-14364968-n] (inflammation of the spermatic cord)
                • costochondritis [ENG31-14365057-n] (inflammation at the junction of a rib and its cartilage)
                • dacryocystitis [ENG31-14365174-n] (inflammation of the lacrimal sac causing obstruction of the tube draining tears into the nose)
                • diverticulitis [ENG31-14365328-n] (inflammation of a diverticulum in the digestive tract (especially the colon))
                • encephalitis [ENG31-14365537-n] (inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus)

                  • acute hemorrhagic encephalitis [ENG31-14366147-n] (encephalitis that resembles apoplexy due to blood extravasation)
                  • equine encephalitis [ENG31-14366287-n] (encephalitis caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito from an infected horse)
                  • herpes simplex encephalitis [ENG31-14366467-n] (common form of acute encephalitis caused by herpes simplex 1)
                  • leukoencephalitis [ENG31-14366707-n] (inflammation of the white matter of the brain)
                  • meningoencephalitis [ENG31-14366816-n] (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their meninges)
                  • panencephalitis [ENG31-14367002-n] (diffuse inflammation of the entire brain)

                    • subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [ENG31-14367594-n] (a rare chronic progressive encephalitis caused by the measles virus and occurring primarily in children and young adults)
                    • rubella panencephalitis [ENG31-14368125-n] (a rare loss of mental and physical skills in adolescents)
                  • sleeping sickness [ENG31-14367140-n] (an encephalitis that was epidemic between 1915 and 1926)
                  • West Nile encephalitis [ENG31-14367438-n] (encephalitis caused by the West Nile virus)
                • encephalomyelitis [ENG31-14365938-n] (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)
                • endarteritis [ENG31-14366043-n] (inflammation of the inner lining of an artery)
                • endocervicitis [ENG31-14368286-n] (inflammation of the mucous lining of the uterine cervix)
                • enteritis [ENG31-14368402-n] (inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine))

                  • necrotizing enteritis [ENG31-14368573-n] (enteritis characterized by bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal pain)
                • epicondylitis [ENG31-14368709-n] (painful inflammation of the muscles and soft tissues around an epicondyle)

                  • tennis elbow [ENG31-14380125-n] (painful inflammation of the tendon at the outer border of the elbow resulting from overuse of lower arm muscles (as in twisting of the hand))
                • epididymitis [ENG31-14368860-n] (painful inflammation of the epididymis)
                • epiglottitis [ENG31-14368957-n] (inflammation of the epiglottis)
                • episcleritis [ENG31-14369124-n] (inflammation of the sclera of the eye)
                • esophagitis [ENG31-14369220-n] (inflammation of the esophagus)
                • fibrositis [ENG31-14369363-n] (inflammation of white fibrous tissues (especially muscle sheaths))
                • fibromyositis [ENG31-14369485-n] (local inflammation of muscle and connective tissue)
                • folliculitis [ENG31-14369595-n] (inflammation of a hair follicle)
                • funiculitis [ENG31-14369685-n] (inflammation of a funiculus (especially an inflammation of the spermatic cord))
                • gastritis [ENG31-14369821-n] (inflammation of the lining of the stomach)

                  • acute gastritis [ENG31-14370011-n] (gastritis caused by ingesting an irritant (as too much aspirin))
                  • chronic gastritis [ENG31-14370136-n] (persistent gastritis can be a symptom of a gastric ulcer or pernicious anemia or stomach cancer or other disorders)
                • glossitis [ENG31-14370314-n] (inflammation of the tongue)

                  • acute glossitis [ENG31-14370450-n] (glossitis resulting from injury or infection and characterized by swelling and pain)
                  • chronic glossitis [ENG31-14370595-n] (glossitis with atrophy of tongue tissue)
                  • Moeller's glossitis [ENG31-14370739-n] (a superficial form of glossitis marked by irregular red patches on the tongue and sensitivity to hot or spicy food)
                • hydrarthrosis [ENG31-14370945-n] (inflammation and swelling of a movable joint because of excess synovial fluid)

                  • water on the knee [ENG31-14216807-n] (hydrarthrosis affecting the knee)
                • ileitis [ENG31-14371100-n] (inflammation of the ileum)
                • iridocyclitis [ENG31-14371179-n] (inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye)
                • iridokeratitis [ENG31-14371291-n] (inflammation of the iris and cornea of the eye)
                • iritis [ENG31-14371398-n] (inflammation of the iris)
                • jejunitis [ENG31-14371475-n] (inflammation of the jejunum of the small intestine)
                • jejunoileitis [ENG31-14371581-n] (inflammation of the jejunum and the ileum of the small intestine)
                • keratitis [ENG31-14371705-n] (inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision)
                • keratoconjunctivitis [ENG31-14371834-n] (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva)
                • keratoiritis [ENG31-14371943-n] (inflammation of the cornea and the iris of the eye)
                • keratoscleritis [ENG31-14372052-n] (inflammation of the cornea and sclera of the eye)
                • laminitis [ENG31-14372300-n] (inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse)
                • laryngitis [ENG31-14372448-n] (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx)
                • laryngopharyngitis [ENG31-14372613-n] (inflammation of the larynx and pharynx)
                • laryngotracheobronchitis [ENG31-14372716-n] (inflammation of the larynx and trachea and bronchial passageways)
                • lymphadenitis [ENG31-14372946-n] (inflammation of lymph nodes)
                • lymphangitis [ENG31-14373033-n] (inflammation of a lymph vessel)
                • mastitis [ENG31-14373122-n] (inflammation of a breast (or udder))
                • mastoiditis [ENG31-14373212-n] (inflammation of the mastoid)
                • metritis [ENG31-14373297-n] (inflammation of the lining of the uterus (of the endometrium))
                • myelitis [ENG31-14373611-n] (inflammation of the spinal cord)
                • myositis [ENG31-14373697-n] (inflammation of muscle tissue)

                  • dermatomyositis [ENG31-14232830-n] (myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling accompanied by skin rash affecting cheeks and eyelids and neck and chest and limbs)
                  • polymyositis [ENG31-14233117-n] (myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling)
                  • inclusion body myositis [ENG31-14233318-n] (myositis characterized by weakness of limb muscles (especially the thighs and wrists and fingers))
                  • trichinosis [ENG31-14373941-n] (infestation by trichina larvae that are transmitted by eating inadequately cooked meat (especially pork))
                • myometritis [ENG31-14373853-n] (inflammation of the myometrium)
                • neuritis [ENG31-14374242-n] (inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function)

                  • polyneuritis [ENG31-14376719-n] (inflammation of many or all of the peripheral nerves (as in leprosy))

                    • Guillain-Barre syndrome [ENG31-14377027-n] (a form of peripheral polyneuritis characterized by pain and weakness and sometimes paralysis of the limbs)
                  • retrobulbar neuritis [ENG31-14376884-n] (inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eye)
                • oophoritis [ENG31-14374407-n] (inflammation of one or both ovaries)
                • orchitis [ENG31-14374499-n] (inflammation of one or both testes)
                • osteitis [ENG31-14374726-n] (inflammation of a bone as a consequence of infection or trauma or degeneration)

                  • Paget's disease [ENG31-14103453-n] (a disease of bone occurring in the middle aged and elderly)
                  • osteomyelitis [ENG31-14374895-n] (an inflammation of bone and bone marrow (usually caused by bacterial infection))
                • otitis [ENG31-14375034-n] (inflammation of the ear)

                  • labyrinthitis [ENG31-14372162-n] (inflammation of the inner ear)
                  • otitis externa [ENG31-14375164-n] (inflammation of the external ear (including auricle and ear canal))
                  • otitis media [ENG31-14375291-n] (inflammation of the middle ear)
                • ovaritis [ENG31-14375400-n] (inflammation of the ovaries)
                • pancreatitis [ENG31-14375739-n] (inflammation of the pancreas)
                • parametritis [ENG31-14375860-n] (inflammation of connective tissue adjacent to the uterus)
                • parotitis [ENG31-14375975-n] (inflammation of one or both parotid glands)
                • peritonitis [ENG31-14376092-n] (inflammation of the peritoneum)
                • phalangitis [ENG31-14376206-n] (inflammation of a finger or toe)
                • phlebitis [ENG31-14376295-n] (inflammation of a vein (usually in the legs))

                  • thrombophlebitis [ENG31-14377267-n] (phlebitis in conjunction with the formation of a blood clot (thrombus))
                • pneumonitis [ENG31-14377400-n] (inflammation of the lungs)
                • posthitis [ENG31-14377526-n] (inflammation of the foreskin of the penis)
                • proctitis [ENG31-14377662-n] (inflammation of the rectum)
                • prostatitis [ENG31-14377867-n] (inflammation of the prostate gland characterized by perineal pain and irregular urination and (if severe) chills and fever)
                • rachitis [ENG31-14378047-n] (inflammation of the vertebral column)
                • radiculitis [ENG31-14378156-n] (inflammation of the radicle of a nerve)
                • retinitis [ENG31-14378365-n] (inflammation of the retina)

                  • chorioretinitis [ENG31-14378252-n] (inflammation of the choroid layer behind the retina)
                • rhinitis [ENG31-14378465-n] (an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose (usually associated with nasal discharge))

                  • allergic rhinitis [ENG31-14557539-n] (rhinitis caused by an allergic reaction)

                    • hay fever [ENG31-14557801-n] (a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen)
                • sinusitis [ENG31-14378643-n] (inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses)

                  • pansinusitis [ENG31-14378761-n] (inflammation of all of the paranasal sinuses)
                • salpingitis [ENG31-14378864-n] (inflammation of a Fallopian tube (usually the result of infection spreading from the vagina or uterus) or of a Eustachian tube)
                • scleritis [ENG31-14379048-n] (inflammation of the sclera)
                • sialadenitis [ENG31-14379130-n] (inflammation of the salivary glands)
                • splenitis [ENG31-14379224-n] (inflammation of the spleen)
                • spondylitis [ENG31-14379306-n] (inflammation of a spinal joint)

                  • ankylosing spondylitis [ENG31-14243956-n] (a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine)
                • stomatitis [ENG31-14379449-n] (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth)

                  • vesicular stomatitis [ENG31-14379572-n] (a disease of horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally human beings)
                • synovitis [ENG31-14379733-n] (inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint)

                  • tenosynovitis [ENG31-14380398-n] (inflammation of a tendon and its enveloping sheath)
                • tarsitis [ENG31-14379902-n] (inflammation of the eyelid)
                • tendinitis [ENG31-14379983-n] (inflammation of a tendon)
                • thyroiditis [ENG31-14380565-n] (inflammation of the thyroid gland)
                • tonsillitis [ENG31-14380656-n] (inflammation of the tonsils (especially the palatine tonsils))
                • tracheitis [ENG31-14380775-n] (inflammation of the trachea)
                • tracheobronchitis [ENG31-14380859-n] (common respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the trachea and the bronchi)
                • tympanitis [ENG31-14381012-n] (inflammation of the inner ear)
                • ulitis [ENG31-14381098-n] (inflammation of the gums)
                • ureteritis [ENG31-14381175-n] (inflammation of the ureter)
                • uveitis [ENG31-14381258-n] (inflammation of the uvea of the eye)
                • uvulitis [ENG31-14381347-n] (inflammation of the uvula)
                • vaginitis [ENG31-14381740-n] (inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis))
                • valvulitis [ENG31-14381879-n] (inflammation of a valve (especially of a cardiac valve as a consequence of rheumatic fever))
                • vasculitis [ENG31-14382027-n] (inflammation of a blood vessel)
                • vasovesiculitis [ENG31-14382114-n] (inflammation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles)
                • vesiculitis [ENG31-14382265-n] (inflammation of a seminal vesicle (usually in conjunction with prostatitis))
                • vulvitis [ENG31-14382398-n] (inflammation of the vulva)
                • vulvovaginitis [ENG31-14382478-n] (inflammation of the vulva and the vagina)
                • shin splints [ENG31-14592567-n] (painful inflammation of the muscles around the shins)
              • chill [ENG31-14363692-n] (a sensation of cold that often marks the start of an infection and the development of a fever)
              • ague [ENG31-14363867-n] (successive stages of chills and fever that is a symptom of malaria)

                • quartan [ENG31-14364040-n] (a malarial fever that recurs every fourth day)
              • cough [ENG31-14382579-n] (a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages)
              • meningism [ENG31-14383221-n] (symptoms that mimic those of meningitis but without inflammation of the meninges)
              • nausea [ENG31-14383357-n] (the state that precedes vomiting)

                • motion sickness [ENG31-14226828-n] (the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle)

                  • airsickness [ENG31-14227087-n] (motion sickness experienced while traveling by air (especially during turbulence))
                  • car sickness [ENG31-14227295-n] (motion sickness experienced while traveling in a car)
                  • seasickness [ENG31-14227424-n] (motion sickness experienced while traveling on water)
                • morning sickness [ENG31-14383561-n] (nausea early in the day)
                • queasiness [ENG31-14383725-n] (a mild state of nausea)
              • spasm [ENG31-14383864-n] (a painful and involuntary muscular contraction)

                • charley horse [ENG31-14384147-n] (a muscular cramp (especially in the thigh or calf) following vigorous exercise)
                • writer's cramp [ENG31-14384320-n] (muscular spasms of thumb and forefinger while writing with a pen or pencil)
                • blepharospasm [ENG31-14384469-n] (spasm of the eyelid muscle resulting in closure of the eye)
                • crick [ENG31-14384587-n] (a painful muscle spasm especially in the neck or back (`rick' and `wrick' are British))
                • myoclonus [ENG31-14384820-n] (a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group)
                • opisthotonos [ENG31-14384918-n] (severe spasm in which the back arches and the head bends back and heels flex toward the back)
                • twitch [ENG31-14385069-n] (a sudden muscle spasm)

                  • tic [ENG31-14385377-n] (a local and habitual twitching especially in the face)
                  • blepharism [ENG31-14385480-n] (condition in which a person blinks continuously)
                  • fibrillation [ENG31-14385584-n] (muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination)

                    • atrial fibrillation [ENG31-14385778-n] (fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart)
                    • ventricular fibrillation [ENG31-14386544-n] (fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest)
                  • fasciculation [ENG31-14386772-n] (muscular twitching of contiguous groups of muscle fibers)
                • tenesmus [ENG31-14595295-n] (painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces)
                • trismus [ENG31-14595810-n] (prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles)
              • scar [ENG31-14386888-n] (a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue)

                • callus [ENG31-14387190-n] (bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone)

                  • chestnut [ENG31-02471135-n] (a small horny callus on the inner surface of a horse's leg)
                • keloid [ENG31-14387318-n] (raised pinkish scar tissue at the site of an injury)
                • pockmark [ENG31-14387470-n] (a scar or pit on the skin that is left by a pustule of smallpox or acne or other eruptive disease)
                • sword-cut [ENG31-14387622-n] (a scar from a cut made by a sword)
                • vaccination [ENG31-14387711-n] (the scar left following inoculation with a vaccine)
              • hardening [ENG31-14387837-n] (abnormal hardening or thickening of tissue)

                • callosity [ENG31-14387971-n] (an area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or friction (as the sole of the foot))

                  • corn [ENG31-14388207-n] (a hard thickening of the skin (especially on the top or sides of the toes) caused by the pressure of ill-fitting shoes)
                • calcification [ENG31-14388385-n] (tissue hardened by deposition of lime salts)
              • musca volitans [ENG31-14388524-n] (spots before the eyes caused by opaque cell fragments in the vitreous humor and lens)
              • fever [ENG31-14388761-n] (a rise in the temperature of the body)

                • hyperpyrexia [ENG31-14389024-n] (extremely high fever (especially in children))
              • atrophy [ENG31-14389146-n] (a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse)

                • amyotrophia [ENG31-14129111-n] (progressive wasting of muscle tissues)
                • tabes [ENG31-14158663-n] (wasting of the body during a chronic disease)
                • kraurosis [ENG31-14594958-n] (atrophy and shriveling of the skin or mucous membrane)

                  • kraurosis vulvae [ENG31-14595085-n] (kraurosis of the vulva)
              • apnea [ENG31-14392813-n] (transient cessation of respiration)

                • periodic apnea of the newborn [ENG31-14392935-n] (irregular breathing of newborns)
                • sleep apnea [ENG31-14393672-n] (apnea that occurs during sleep)

                  • sudden infant death syndrome [ENG31-14333719-n] (sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep)
              • dyspnea [ENG31-14393149-n] (difficult or labored respiration)

                • orthopnea [ENG31-14393318-n] (form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect)
                • shortness of breath [ENG31-14393527-n] (a dyspneic condition)
              • constipation [ENG31-14394566-n] (irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels)

                • dyschezia [ENG31-14394854-n] (difficulty in defecating (usually as a consequence of long continued voluntary suppression of the urge to defecate))
                • fecal impaction [ENG31-14395025-n] (accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or lower colon which the person cannot move)
                • obstipation [ENG31-14395175-n] (severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines)
              • diarrhea [ENG31-14395318-n] (frequent and watery bowel movements)

                • the shits [ENG31-14395691-n] (obscene terms for diarrhea)
                • Montezuma's revenge [ENG31-14395804-n] (diarrhea contracted in Mexico or Central America)
              • dizziness [ENG31-14395918-n] (a reeling sensation)
              • anemia [ENG31-14396143-n] (a lack of vitality)
              • wheeziness [ENG31-14396260-n] (presence of abnormal high-pitched sound heard with a stethoscope when an airway is blocked (as in asthma or chronic bronchitis))
              • withdrawal symptom [ENG31-14396462-n] (any physical or psychological disturbance (as sweating or depression) experienced by a drug addict when deprived of the drug)
              • hydrophobia [ENG31-14407029-n] (a symptom of rabies in humans consisting of an aversion to swallowing liquids)
              • areflexia [ENG31-14429869-n] (absence of a reflex)
              • myoglobinuria [ENG31-14530652-n] (the presence of myoglobin in the urine)
              • oliguria [ENG31-14530750-n] (abnormally small production of urine)
              • eosinophilia [ENG31-14557678-n] (a symptom of allergic states)
              • rhinorrhea [ENG31-14590715-n] (persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold))
              • steatorrhea [ENG31-14591537-n] (the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating)
              • stridor [ENG31-14591775-n] (a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration))
              • tinnitus [ENG31-14591940-n] (a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears)
              • uratemia [ENG31-14595898-n] (presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid salts in the blood)
              • uraturia [ENG31-14596048-n] (presence of abnormally large amounts of uric acid in the urine)
              • uricaciduria [ENG31-14596496-n] (presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid in the urine)
            • sign [ENG31-14325305-n] ((medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease)

              • vital sign [ENG31-14325525-n] (sign of life)

                • body temperature [ENG31-05022063-n] (temperature of the body)

                  • basal body temperature [ENG31-05021894-n] (body temperature in the morning before rising or moving about or eating anything)
                • pulse [ENG31-15305913-n] (the rate at which the heart beats)

                  • femoral pulse [ENG31-15306182-n] (pulse of the femoral artery (felt in the groin))
                  • radial pulse [ENG31-15306289-n] (pulse of the radial artery (felt in the wrist))
                • respiratory rate [ENG31-15306871-n] (the rate at which a person inhales and exhales)
          • predictor [ENG31-05832637-n] (information that supports a probabilistic estimate of future events)
          • tip-off [ENG31-05835453-n] (inside information that something is going to happen)
          • stimulation [ENG31-05836008-n] (any stimulating information or event)

            • evocation [ENG31-05835577-n] (stimulation that calls up (draws forth) a particular class of behaviors)
            • kick [ENG31-05835833-n] (the sudden stimulation provided by strong drink (or certain drugs))
            • turn-on [ENG31-05836426-n] (something causing excitement or stimulating interest)
            • turnoff [ENG31-05836587-n] (something causing antagonism or loss of interest)
            • conditioned stimulus [ENG31-05836749-n] (the stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response)
            • reinforcing stimulus [ENG31-05836876-n] ((psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it)

              • positive reinforcing stimulus [ENG31-05837144-n] (a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it)
              • negative reinforcing stimulus [ENG31-05837336-n] (a reinforcing stimulus whose removal serves to decrease the likelihood of the response that produced it)
            • discriminative stimulus [ENG31-05837537-n] (a stimulus that provides information about what to do)
            • positive stimulus [ENG31-05837666-n] (a stimulus with desirable consequences)

              • bonus [ENG31-05837980-n] (anything that tends to arouse)
              • joy [ENG31-05838106-n] (something or someone that provides a source of happiness)
            • negative stimulus [ENG31-05837804-n] (a stimulus with undesirable consequences)

              • annoyance [ENG31-05838383-n] (something or someone that causes trouble)

                • nuisance [ENG31-05838851-n] ((law) a broad legal concept including anything that disturbs the reasonable use of your property or endangers life and health or is offensive)

                  • abatable nuisance [ENG31-05839156-n] (a nuisance that can remedied (suppressed or extinguished or rendered harmless))
                  • attractive nuisance [ENG31-05839381-n] (anything on your premises that might attract children into danger or harm)
                  • mixed nuisance [ENG31-05839594-n] (a nuisance that is both a public nuisance and a private nuisance at the same time)
                  • private nuisance [ENG31-05839736-n] (a nuisance that interferes with your interest in and private use and enjoyment of your land)
                  • public nuisance [ENG31-05839890-n] (a nuisance that unreasonably interferes with a right that is common to the general public)
                • irritant [ENG31-05840108-n] (something that causes irritation and annoyance)
                • plague [ENG31-05840263-n] (an annoyance)
              • aversive stimulus [ENG31-05840437-n] (any negative stimulus to which an organism will learn to make a response that avoids it)
              • concern [ENG31-05840588-n] (something or someone that causes anxiety)

                • bugaboo [ENG31-05840945-n] (a source of concern)
                • burden [ENG31-05841069-n] (an onerous or difficult concern)

                  • dead weight [ENG31-05841493-n] (an oppressive encumbrance)
                  • fardel [ENG31-05841576-n] (a burden (figuratively in the form of a bundle))
                  • imposition [ENG31-05841695-n] (an uncalled-for burden)
                  • pill [ENG31-05841835-n] (something unpleasant or offensive that must be tolerated or endured)
                • business [ENG31-05841346-n] (a rightful concern or responsibility)
              • grief [ENG31-05842007-n] (something that causes great unhappiness)
        • history [ENG31-06166450-n] (all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing)
        • attitude [ENG31-06202938-n] (a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways)

          • credence [ENG31-06203462-n] (the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true)

            • fatalism [ENG31-06203765-n] (a submissive mental attitude resulting from acceptance of the doctrine that everything that happens is predetermined and inevitable)
            • recognition [ENG31-06203951-n] (an acceptance (as of a claim) as true and valid)
          • culture [ENG31-06204144-n] (the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization)

            • cyberculture [ENG31-06204471-n] (the culture that emerges from the use of computers for communication and entertainment and business)
            • Kalashnikov culture [ENG31-06204629-n] (the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms)
            • mosaic culture [ENG31-06204831-n] (a highly diverse culture)
          • defensive [ENG31-06204984-n] (an attitude of defensiveness (especially in the phrase `on the defensive'))
          • hardball [ENG31-06205153-n] (a no-nonsense attitude in business or politics)
          • high horse [ENG31-06205290-n] (an attitude of arrogant superiority)
          • southernism [ENG31-06205433-n] (an attitude characteristic of Southerners (especially in the US))
          • mentality [ENG31-06205574-n] (a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations)
          • paternalism [ENG31-06205806-n] (the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good)
          • position [ENG31-06206019-n] (a rationalized mental attitude)

            • hard line [ENG31-06206177-n] (a firm and uncompromising stance or position)
            • point of view [ENG31-06220098-n] (a mental position from which things are viewed)

              • cityscape [ENG31-06219505-n] (a viewpoint toward a city or other heavily populated area)
              • landscape [ENG31-06219675-n] (an extensive mental viewpoint)
              • slant [ENG31-06220813-n] (a biased way of looking at or presenting something)
              • complexion [ENG31-06220941-n] (a point of view or general attitude or inclination)
          • inclination [ENG31-06206319-n] (an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others)

            • direction [ENG31-06206950-n] (a general course along which something has a tendency to develop)

              • tenor [ENG31-06207238-n] (a settled or prevailing or habitual course of a person's life)
            • drift [ENG31-06207399-n] (a general tendency to change (as of opinion))

              • evolutionary trend [ENG31-06207693-n] (a general direction of evolutionary change)

                • neoteny [ENG31-06207818-n] (an evolutionary trend to be born earlier so that development is cut off at an earlier stage and juvenile characteristics are retained in adults of the species)
              • gravitation [ENG31-06208048-n] (a figurative movement toward some attraction)
            • Call [ENG31-06208240-n] (a special disposition (as if from a divine source) to pursue a particular course)
            • denominationalism [ENG31-06208443-n] (the tendency, in Protestantism, to separate into religious denominations or to advocate such separations)
            • devices [ENG31-06208611-n] (an inclination or desire)
            • sympathy [ENG31-06208877-n] (an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion)
            • favoritism [ENG31-06209181-n] (an inclination to favor some person or group)
            • proclivity [ENG31-06209296-n] (a natural inclination)
            • bent [ENG31-06209437-n] (a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way)
            • literalism [ENG31-06209628-n] (a disposition to interpret statements in their literal sense)
            • perseveration [ENG31-06209745-n] (the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it)
            • predisposition [ENG31-06209913-n] (an inclination beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way)

              • predilection [ENG31-06210079-n] (a predisposition in favor of something)
            • favor [ENG31-06210352-n] (an inclination to approve)
            • disfavor [ENG31-06210476-n] (an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group)

              • doghouse [ENG31-06210664-n] (an idiomatic term for being in disfavor)
              • reprobation [ENG31-06210777-n] (severe disapproval)
            • partiality [ENG31-06210871-n] (an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives)

              • anthropocentrism [ENG31-06211211-n] (an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values)
              • ethnocentrism [ENG31-06211402-n] (belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group)
              • Eurocentrism [ENG31-06211513-n] (belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans)
              • bias [ENG31-06211643-n] (a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation)

                • taboo [ENG31-05959101-n] (a prejudice (especially in Polynesia and other South Pacific islands) that prohibits the use or mention of something because of its sacred nature)
                • irrational hostility [ENG31-05959342-n] (extreme prejudice)
                • experimenter bias [ENG31-06212957-n] ((psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment)
                • homophobia [ENG31-06213207-n] (prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality)
                • Islamophobia [ENG31-06213338-n] (prejudice against Muslims)
                • racism [ENG31-06213493-n] (the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races)

                  • anti-Semitism [ENG31-06213691-n] (the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people)
                  • white supremacy [ENG31-06213861-n] (the prejudice that members of the white race are superior to members of other races)
                • tendentiousness [ENG31-06214024-n] (an intentional and controversial bias)
              • tilt [ENG31-06212031-n] (a slight but noticeable partiality)
              • sectionalism [ENG31-06212164-n] (a partiality for some particular place)
              • unfairness [ENG31-06212288-n] (partiality that is not fair or equitable)
            • impartiality [ENG31-06212421-n] (an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally)

              • disinterestedness [ENG31-06212642-n] (freedom from bias or from selfish motives)
              • fairness [ENG31-06212765-n] (ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty)
          • tolerance [ENG31-06214141-n] (willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others)

            • broad-mindedness [ENG31-06214358-n] (an inclination to tolerate or overlook opposing or shocking opinions or behavior)
            • liberality [ENG31-06214555-n] (an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom)
            • disinterest [ENG31-06214753-n] (tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement)
          • intolerance [ENG31-06214889-n] (unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs)

            • narrow-mindedness [ENG31-06215146-n] (an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior)

              • parochialism [ENG31-06215433-n] (a limitation of views or interests like that defined by a local parish)
              • pettiness [ENG31-06215562-n] (narrowness of mind or ideas or views)
              • provincialism [ENG31-06215672-n] (a lack of sophistication)
              • sectarianism [ENG31-06215756-n] (a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination)
            • bigotry [ENG31-06215945-n] (the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot)
            • fanaticism [ENG31-06216069-n] (excessive intolerance of opposing views)
            • religionism [ENG31-06216205-n] (exaggerated religious zealotry)
            • zero tolerance [ENG31-06216311-n] (extreme intolerance of antisocial behavior (usually by an uncompromising application of the law))
          • respect [ENG31-06216535-n] (an attitude of admiration or esteem)

            • estimate [ENG31-06216764-n] (the respect with which a person is held)

              • reputation [ENG31-06216934-n] (the general estimation that the public has for a person)
          • disrespect [ENG31-06217172-n] (a disrespectful mental attitude)
          • reverence [ENG31-06217296-n] (a reverent mental attitude)
          • irreverence [ENG31-06217468-n] (an irreverent mental attitude)

            • profaneness [ENG31-06217609-n] (an attitude of irreverence or contempt for a divinity)
          • orientation [ENG31-06217756-n] (an integrated set of attitudes and beliefs)

            • wavelength [ENG31-06218000-n] (a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding)
            • experimentalism [ENG31-06218144-n] (an orientation that favors experimentation and innovation)
            • reorientation [ENG31-06218349-n] (a fresh orientation)
            • position [ENG31-06218486-n] (a way of regarding situations or topics etc.)

              • bird's eye view [ENG31-06218836-n] (a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance)
              • futurism [ENG31-06218977-n] (the position that the meaning of life should be sought in the future)
              • vanguard [ENG31-06219154-n] (the position of greatest importance or advancement)
              • paradigm [ENG31-06219906-n] (the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time)
              • light [ENG31-06220526-n] (a particular perspective or aspect of a situation)
              • sight [ENG31-06220699-n] (a range of mental vision)
              • Weltanschauung [ENG31-06221124-n] (a comprehensive view of the world and human life)

                • clockwork universe [ENG31-06221264-n] (the view that the universe resembles a clock built by God and ticking along according to Newtonian mechanics)
              • straddle [ENG31-06221437-n] (a noncommittal or equivocal position)
            • orthodoxy [ENG31-06221546-n] (a belief or orientation agreeing with conventional standards)

              • conformity [ENG31-06221698-n] (orthodoxy in thoughts and belief)

                • conventionality [ENG31-06221890-n] (conformity with conventional thought and behavior)
                • legalism [ENG31-06222037-n] (strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit)
            • unorthodoxy [ENG31-06222157-n] (any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position)

              • iconoclasm [ENG31-05989635-n] (the orientation of an iconoclast)
              • nonconformity [ENG31-06222385-n] (a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs)
            • political orientation [ENG31-06222574-n] (an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation)

              • absolutism [ENG31-06223441-n] (the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government)
              • anarchism [ENG31-06223643-n] (a political theory favoring the abolition of governments)
              • autocracy [ENG31-06223773-n] (a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual)

                • Machiavellianism [ENG31-06223917-n] (the political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government)
              • centrism [ENG31-06224132-n] (a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action)
              • collectivism [ENG31-06224333-n] (a political theory that the people should own the means of production)
              • communism [ENG31-06224497-n] (a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society)

                • Castroism [ENG31-06224796-n] (a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro)
                • Leninism [ENG31-06224905-n] (the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union)
                • Maoism [ENG31-06225248-n] (a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong)
                • Marxism [ENG31-06225371-n] (the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism)
                • Trotskyism [ENG31-06225730-n] (the form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky)
              • conservatism [ENG31-06225913-n] (a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes)

                • neoconservatism [ENG31-06226345-n] (an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s))
                • reaction [ENG31-06226571-n] (extreme conservatism in political or social matters)
              • fundamentalism [ENG31-06226161-n] (the strict adherence to the basic principles or doctrines of a religion, ideology, etc.)
              • segregationism [ENG31-06226742-n] (a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation)
              • constitutionalism [ENG31-06226885-n] (advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles)
              • democracy [ENG31-06227040-n] (the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives)
              • social democracy [ENG31-06227255-n] (the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means)
              • domino theory [ENG31-06227401-n] (the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control)
              • elitism [ENG31-06227594-n] (the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals)
              • extremism [ENG31-06227743-n] (any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies)
              • fascism [ENG31-06227881-n] (a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism))

                • Nazism [ENG31-08383367-n] (a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader)

                  • Falange [ENG31-08383591-n] (the Spanish Nazi party under Franco)
              • federalism [ENG31-06228099-n] (the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units)
              • imperialism [ENG31-06228245-n] (a political orientation that advocates imperial interests)
              • leftism [ENG31-06228396-n] (the ideology of the political left)
              • liberalism [ENG31-06228560-n] (a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution)

                • neoliberalism [ENG31-06228946-n] (a political orientation originating in the 1960s)
              • meritocracy [ENG31-06228761-n] (the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth)
              • libertarianism [ENG31-06229122-n] (an ideological belief in freedom of thought, speech and action)
              • monarchism [ENG31-06229245-n] (a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system)
              • Negritude [ENG31-06229360-n] (an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms)
              • Orleanism [ENG31-06229558-n] (the political philosophy of the Orleanists)
              • progressivism [ENG31-06229656-n] (the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society)
              • radicalism [ENG31-06229820-n] (the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society)

                • Jacobinism [ENG31-06229986-n] (the ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror)
              • reactionism [ENG31-06230144-n] (the political orientation of reactionaries)
              • republicanism [ENG31-06230244-n] (the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government)
              • rightism [ENG31-06230394-n] (the ideology of the political right)
              • socialism [ENG31-06230561-n] (a political theory advocating state ownership of industry)

                • Fabianism [ENG31-06230764-n] (socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law)
                • guild socialism [ENG31-06230900-n] (a form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers)
                • utopian socialism [ENG31-06231064-n] (socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice)
              • theocracy [ENG31-06231169-n] (the belief in government by divine guidance)
              • Utopianism [ENG31-06231268-n] (the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection)
              • dovishness [ENG31-06231430-n] (any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict)

                • peace advocacy [ENG31-06231604-n] (any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations)
              • hawkishness [ENG31-06231735-n] (any political orientation favoring aggressive policies)

                • militarism [ENG31-06231919-n] (a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests)
                • warmongering [ENG31-06232181-n] (a policy of advocating war)
            • religious orientation [ENG31-06232281-n] (an attitude toward religion or religious practices)

              • agnosticism [ENG31-06232435-n] (a religious orientation of doubt)
              • anti-Catholicism [ENG31-06237584-n] (a religious orientation opposed to Catholicism)
      • motivation [ENG31-00023953-n] (the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal)

        • life [ENG31-09201624-n] (a motive for living)
        • rational motive [ENG31-09201718-n] (a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argument)

          • reason [ENG31-09201896-n] (a rational motive for a belief or action)

            • occasion [ENG31-09202161-n] (reason)
            • score [ENG31-09202279-n] (grounds)
            • why [ENG31-09202503-n] (the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores')
          • incentive [ENG31-09202673-n] (a positive motivational influence)

            • moral force [ENG31-09202859-n] (an efficient incentive)
          • disincentive [ENG31-09203015-n] (a negative motivational influence)
        • irrational motive [ENG31-09203156-n] (a motivation that is inconsistent with reason or logic)

          • irrational impulse [ENG31-09204011-n] (a strong spontaneous and irrational motivation)

            • compulsion [ENG31-09204227-n] (an urge to do or say something that might be better left undone or unsaid)
          • mania [ENG31-09204454-n] (an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action)

            • agromania [ENG31-09204786-n] (an intense desire to be alone or out in the open)
            • dipsomania [ENG31-09204890-n] (an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess)
            • egomania [ENG31-09205039-n] (an intense and irresistible love for yourself and concern for your own needs)
            • kleptomania [ENG31-09205170-n] (an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of any economic motive)
            • logorrhea [ENG31-09205298-n] (pathologically excessive (and often incoherent) talking)
            • monomania [ENG31-09205421-n] (a mania restricted to one thing or idea)
            • necrophilia [ENG31-09205547-n] (an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies)
            • phaneromania [ENG31-09205681-n] (an irresistible desire to pick at superficial body parts (as in obsessive nail-biting))
            • pyromania [ENG31-09205826-n] (an uncontrollable desire to set fire to things)
            • trichotillomania [ENG31-09205928-n] (an irresistible urge to pull out your own hair)
          • compulsion [ENG31-09206152-n] (an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will)

            • onomatomania [ENG31-09206429-n] (obsession with a particular word which the person uses repeatedly or which intrudes into consciousness)
        • urge [ENG31-09203328-n] (an instinctive motive)

          • abience [ENG31-09203513-n] ((psychology) an urge to withdraw or avoid a situation or an object)
          • adience [ENG31-09203688-n] ((psychology) an urge to accept or approach a situation or an object)
          • death instinct [ENG31-09203864-n] ((psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die)
          • wanderlust [ENG31-09206037-n] (very strong or irresistible impulse to travel)
        • ethical motive [ENG31-09206590-n] (motivation based on ideas of right and wrong)

          • hedonism [ENG31-09206868-n] (the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle)
          • conscience [ENG31-09207033-n] (motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions)

            • superego [ENG31-05621408-n] ((psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience)
            • wee small voice [ENG31-09207302-n] (an inner voice that judges your behavior)
            • sense of shame [ENG31-09207440-n] (a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility)
          • Inner Light [ENG31-09207565-n] (a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul)
        • psychic energy [ENG31-09207731-n] (an actuating force or factor)

          • incitement [ENG31-09207872-n] (something that incites or provokes)

            • signal [ENG31-09208177-n] (any incitement to action)
          • libidinal energy [ENG31-09208337-n] ((psychoanalysis) psychic energy produced by the libido)

            • cathexis [ENG31-09208509-n] ((psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object)
            • acathexis [ENG31-09208762-n] ((psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis)
      • event [ENG31-00029677-n] (something that happens at a given place and time)

        • act [ENG31-00030657-n] (something that people do or cause to happen)

          • action [ENG31-00038116-n] (something done (usually as opposed to something said))

            • thing [ENG31-00034778-n] (an action)
            • exercise [ENG31-00034873-n] (an action, often used negatively and without consequences)
            • kindness [ENG31-00035041-n] (a kind act)

              • benevolence [ENG31-01229168-n] (an act intending or showing kindness and good will)
              • cupboard love [ENG31-01229326-n] (a show of affection motivated by selfishness)
              • favor [ENG31-01229430-n] (an act of gracious kindness)

                • turn [ENG31-01229572-n] (a favor for someone)
              • forgiveness [ENG31-01229679-n] (the act of excusing a mistake or offense)

                • condonation [ENG31-01229840-n] (a pardon by treating the offender as if the offense had not occurred)
                • exculpation [ENG31-01230180-n] (the act of freeing from guilt or blame)
              • endearment [ENG31-01230294-n] (the act of showing affection)
              • consideration [ENG31-01232282-n] (a considerate and thoughtful act)
            • accomplishment [ENG31-00035910-n] (the action of accomplishing something)

              • beachhead [ENG31-00037020-n] (an initial accomplishment that opens the way for further developments)
              • cakewalk [ENG31-00037301-n] (an easy accomplishment)
              • feat [ENG31-00037483-n] (a notable achievement)

                • derring-do [ENG31-00043854-n] (brave and heroic feats)
                • hit [ENG31-00044640-n] ((baseball) a successful stroke in an athletic contest (especially in baseball))

                  • base hit [ENG31-00131910-n] ((baseball) the successful act of striking a baseball in such a way that the batter reaches base safely)

                    • homer [ENG31-00133175-n] (a base hit on which the batter scores a run)

                      • solo homer [ENG31-00133317-n] (a home run with no runners on base)
                    • single [ENG31-00133421-n] (a base hit on which the batter stops safely at first base)

                      • line-drive single [ENG31-00132697-n] (a single resulting from a line drive)
                    • double [ENG31-00133576-n] (a base hit on which the batter stops safely at second base)

                      • line-drive double [ENG31-00132811-n] (a double resulting from a line drive)
                    • triple [ENG31-00133802-n] (a base hit at which the batter stops safely at third base)

                      • line-drive triple [ENG31-00132925-n] (a triple resulting from a line drive)
                • rally [ENG31-00046387-n] (the feat of mustering strength for a renewed effort)
                • stunt [ENG31-00047085-n] (a difficult or unusual or dangerous feat)

                  • Russian roulette [ENG31-00191780-n] (a stunt in which you spin the cylinder of a revolver that is loaded with only one bullet and then point the muzzle at your head and pull the trigger)
                  • acrobatic stunt [ENG31-00439005-n] (a stunt performed by an acrobat)

                    • backbend [ENG31-00435171-n] (an acrobatic feat in which the trunk is bent backward from a standing position until the hands touch the floor)
                    • back circle [ENG31-00435336-n] (a feat in which an acrobat arches the back from a prone position and bends the knees until the toes touch the head)
                    • walkover [ENG31-00435508-n] (backbends combined with handstands)
                    • cartwheel [ENG31-00435597-n] (acrobatic revolutions with the body turned sideways and the arms and legs outstretched like the spokes of a wheel)
                    • handspring [ENG31-00438427-n] (an acrobatic feat in which a person goes from a standing position to a handstand and back again)
                    • headstand [ENG31-00438579-n] (an acrobatic feat in which a person balances on the head (usually with the help of the hands))
                    • tumble [ENG31-00438728-n] (an acrobatic feat of rolling or turning end over end)

                      • somersault [ENG31-00440424-n] (an acrobatic feat in which the feet roll over the head (either forward or backward) and return)

                        • flip-flop [ENG31-00440689-n] (a backward somersault)
                    • split [ENG31-00438869-n] (extending the legs at right angles to the trunk (one in front and the other in back))
                • tour de force [ENG31-00047759-n] (a masterly or brilliant feat)
              • masterpiece [ENG31-00037727-n] (an outstanding achievement)
              • masterstroke [ENG31-00037811-n] (an achievement demonstrating great skill or mastery)
              • credit [ENG31-00037921-n] (used in the phrase `to your credit' in order to indicate an achievement deserving praise)
              • performance [ENG31-00047847-n] (any recognized accomplishment)

                • overachievement [ENG31-00048097-n] (better than expected performance (better than might have been predicted from intelligence tests))
                • underachievement [ENG31-00048291-n] (poorer than expected performance (poorer than might have been predicted from intelligence tests))
              • record [ENG31-00048486-n] (the sum of recognized accomplishments)
              • fait accompli [ENG31-00048682-n] (an irreversible accomplishment)
              • going [ENG31-00048792-n] (advancing toward a goal)
              • arrival [ENG31-00048966-n] (accomplishment of an objective)

                • attainment [ENG31-00049397-n] (arrival at a new stage)
                • advent [ENG31-00049569-n] (arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous))
              • close call [ENG31-00061834-n] (something achieved (or escaped) by a narrow margin)
              • attainment [ENG31-00063626-n] (the act of achieving an aim)

                • record [ENG31-00063834-n] (an extreme attainment)

                  • track record [ENG31-00064130-n] (the fastest time ever recorded for a specific distance at a particular racetrack)
                  • world record [ENG31-00064379-n] (the best record in the whole world)
                • success [ENG31-00064472-n] (an attainment that is successful)

                  • winning [ENG31-00064838-n] (succeeding with great difficulty)
                  • hit [ENG31-00065324-n] (a conspicuous success)

                    • blockbuster [ENG31-00064971-n] (an unusually successful hit with widespread popularity and huge sales (especially a movie or play or recording or novel))
                    • sleeper [ENG31-00065190-n] (an unexpected hit)
                  • bell ringer [ENG31-00065609-n] (something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal)
                  • conquest [ENG31-00066036-n] (success in mastering something difficult)
                  • coup [ENG31-00066156-n] (a brilliant and notable success)
                  • flying colors [ENG31-00066238-n] (complete success)
                  • passing [ENG31-00066395-n] (success in satisfying a test or requirement)
                  • overturn [ENG31-00068990-n] (an improbable and unexpected victory)
                  • seduction [ENG31-00161352-n] (an act of winning the love or sexual favor of someone)

                    • sexual conquest [ENG31-00161508-n] (a seduction culminating in sexual intercourse)

                      • cuckoldry [ENG31-00161742-n] (the practice of making cuckolds)
                  • score [ENG31-00187483-n] (the act of scoring in a game or sport)

                    • bull's eye [ENG31-00187993-n] (in target shooting: a score made by hitting the center of the target)
                    • goal [ENG31-00188186-n] (a successful attempt at scoring)

                      • own goal [ENG31-00188348-n] ((soccer) a goal that results when a player inadvertently knocks the ball into the goal he is defending)
                    • strike [ENG31-00188559-n] (a score in tenpins: knocking down all ten with the first ball)
                    • spare [ENG31-00188739-n] (a score in tenpins)
                    • open frame [ENG31-00188856-n] (any frame in which a bowler fails to make a strike or spare)
                    • safety [ENG31-00189469-n] (a score in American football)
                    • touchdown [ENG31-00189615-n] (a score in American football)
                    • field goal [ENG31-00189783-n] (a score in American football)
                    • conversion [ENG31-00189955-n] (a successful free throw or try for point after a touchdown)

                      • point after [ENG31-00190106-n] (in American football a point awarded for a successful place kick following a touchdown)
                    • run [ENG31-00190414-n] (a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely)

                      • earned run [ENG31-00190745-n] (a run that was not scored as the result of an error by the other team)
                      • unearned run [ENG31-00190889-n] (a run that was scored as a result of an error by the other team)
                      • run batted in [ENG31-00191029-n] (a run that is the result of the batter's performance)
                    • basket [ENG31-00191280-n] (a score in basketball made by throwing the ball through the hoop)
                    • hat trick [ENG31-00191428-n] ((sports) three consecutive scores by one player or three scores in one game (as in cricket or ice hockey etc.))
                    • break [ENG31-00483903-n] ((tennis) a score consisting of winning a game when your opponent was serving)
                    • equalizer [ENG31-00484109-n] (a score that makes the match even)
                  • solution [ENG31-00191632-n] (the successful action of solving a problem)
                • credit [ENG31-00066675-n] (recognition by a college or university that a course of studies has been successfully completed)

                  • semester hour [ENG31-00066895-n] (a unit of academic credit)
                • accession [ENG31-00237448-n] (the act of attaining or gaining access to a new office or right or position (especially the throne))
              • liberation [ENG31-00096322-n] (the act of liberating someone or something)

                • jail delivery [ENG31-00096693-n] (the use of force to liberate prisoners)
                • deregulation [ENG31-00806998-n] (the act of freeing from regulation (especially from governmental regulations))
                • relief [ENG31-01077491-n] (the act of freeing a city or town that has been besieged)
                • unsnarling [ENG31-01247140-n] (the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition)
                • emancipation [ENG31-01249960-n] (freeing someone from the control of another)
                • clearing [ENG31-01250194-n] (the act of freeing from suspicion)

                  • purge [ENG31-00253529-n] (the act of clearing yourself (or another) from some stigma or charge)

                    • purification [ENG31-00253761-n] (the act of purging of sin or guilt)
                  • vindication [ENG31-01243896-n] (the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.)

                    • justification [ENG31-01244332-n] (the act of defending or explaining or making excuses for by reasoning)
                    • rehabilitation [ENG31-01244544-n] (vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation)
                  • whitewash [ENG31-01244159-n] (a specious or deceptive clearing that attempts to gloss over failings and defects)
                • manumission [ENG31-01250354-n] (the formal act of freeing from slavery)
                • parole [ENG31-01260381-n] ((law) a conditional release from imprisonment that entitles the person to serve the remainder of the sentence outside the prison as long as the terms of release are complied with)
                • probation [ENG31-01260931-n] ((law) a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them)
              • base on balls [ENG31-00128106-n] ((baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls)
              • haymaking [ENG31-00624292-n] (taking full advantage of an opportunity while it lasts)
              • face saver [ENG31-01266075-n] (an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige))
              • recruitment [ENG31-01266204-n] (the act of getting recruits)
              • smooth [ENG31-01266417-n] (the act of smoothing)
            • alienation [ENG31-00036612-n] (the action of alienating)
            • application [ENG31-00036782-n] (the action of putting something into operation)
            • res gestae [ENG31-00038913-n] (things done)
            • course [ENG31-00039000-n] (a mode of action)

              • blind alley [ENG31-00039311-n] ((figurative) a course of action that is unproductive and offers no hope of improvement)
              • collision course [ENG31-00039601-n] (a course of action (following a given idea) that will lead to conflict if it continues unabated)
              • way [ENG31-00416689-n] (a course of conduct)

                • ambages [ENG31-00417001-n] ((archaic) roundabout or mysterious ways of action)
                • primrose path [ENG31-00417142-n] (a life of ease and pleasure)
                • straight and narrow [ENG31-00417229-n] (the way of proper and honest behavior)
                • Sunnah [ENG31-00417422-n] ((Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran)
                • warpath [ENG31-00417659-n] (a course leading to warfare or battle)
            • interaction [ENG31-00039759-n] (a mutual or reciprocal action)

              • interplay [ENG31-00039949-n] (reciprocal action and reaction)
              • contact [ENG31-00040035-n] (close interaction)

                • brush [ENG31-00040283-n] (contact with something dangerous or undesirable)
                • eye contact [ENG31-00040478-n] (contact that occurs when two people look directly at each other)
                • placement [ENG31-00040728-n] (contact established between applicants and prospective employees)
              • interchange [ENG31-00040890-n] (mutual interaction)

                • reciprocity [ENG31-00041158-n] (mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges)
                • cross-fertilization [ENG31-00041283-n] (interchange between different cultures or different ways of thinking that is mutually productive and beneficial)
                • dealings [ENG31-00041542-n] (social or verbal interchange (usually followed by `with'))

                  • relation [ENG31-00041700-n] ((usually plural) mutual dealings or connections among persons or groups)
            • fetch [ENG31-00040654-n] (the action of fetching)
            • playing [ENG31-00041926-n] (the action of taking part in a game or sport or other recreation)

              • bowling [ENG31-00042478-n] (the playing of a game of tenpins or duckpins etc)
              • catching [ENG31-00127706-n] ((baseball) playing the position of catcher on a baseball team)
              • golfing [ENG31-00127841-n] (playing golf)
              • pitching [ENG31-00127971-n] ((baseball) playing the position of pitcher on a baseball team)
            • play [ENG31-00042206-n] (the act using a sword (or other weapon) vigorously and skillfully)

              • fencing [ENG31-01174134-n] (the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules))
            • arrival [ENG31-00049115-n] (the act of arriving at a certain place)

              • entrance [ENG31-00049744-n] (the act of entering)

                • incursion [ENG31-00050103-n] (the act of entering some territory or domain (often in large numbers))
                • intrusion [ENG31-00050289-n] (entrance by force or without permission or welcome)
                • irruption [ENG31-00050395-n] (a sudden violent entrance)
                • entree [ENG31-00050548-n] (an entrance, especially a theatrical entrance onto a stage or as if onto a stage)
                • registration [ENG31-00050857-n] (the act of enrolling)
                • penetration [ENG31-00052345-n] (the act of entering into or through something)

                  • interpenetration [ENG31-00052532-n] (mutual penetration)
                  • market penetration [ENG31-00052717-n] (the extent to which a product is recognized and bought by customers in a particular market)
                • admission [ENG31-01250738-n] (the act of admitting someone to enter)

                  • readmission [ENG31-01250965-n] (the act of admitting someone again)
                  • matriculation [ENG31-01251155-n] (admission to a group (especially a college or university))
              • appearance [ENG31-00051015-n] (the act of appearing in public view)

                • apparition [ENG31-00051304-n] (an act of appearing or becoming visible unexpectedly)
                • emergence [ENG31-00051513-n] (the act of emerging)
                • reappearance [ENG31-00051707-n] (the act of someone appearing again)

                  • comeback [ENG31-00051897-n] (return by a celebrity to some previously successful activity)
              • return [ENG31-00052012-n] (a coming to or returning home)

                • repatriation [ENG31-00052205-n] (the act of returning to the country of origin)
              • anchorage [ENG31-00052872-n] (the act of anchoring)
              • docking [ENG31-00052966-n] (the act of securing an arriving vessel with ropes)
              • landing [ENG31-00053154-n] (the act of coming to land after a voyage)

                • amphibious landing [ENG31-00058568-n] (a military action of coordinated land, sea, and air forces organized for an invasion)
                • debarkation [ENG31-00058822-n] (the act of passengers and crew getting off of a ship or aircraft)

                  • going ashore [ENG31-00059067-n] (debarkation from a boat or ship)
              • landing [ENG31-00053320-n] (the act of coming down to the earth (or other surface))

                • touchdown [ENG31-00305831-n] (a landing (as the wheels touch the landing field))
                • aircraft landing [ENG31-00305979-n] (landing an aircraft)

                  • forced landing [ENG31-00053611-n] (an unscheduled airplane landing that is made under circumstances (engine failure or adverse weather) not under the pilot's control)

                    • crash landing [ENG31-00306345-n] (an emergency landing under circumstances where a normal landing is impossible (usually damaging the aircraft))
                  • ground-controlled approach [ENG31-00306152-n] (aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar)
                  • three-point landing [ENG31-00306533-n] (a landing in which all three wheels of the aircraft touch the ground at the same time)
                  • instrument landing [ENG31-00306684-n] (an aircraft landing made entirely by means of instruments)
                • splashdown [ENG31-00306806-n] (a landing of a spacecraft in the sea at the end of a space flight)
              • check-in [ENG31-00142489-n] (the act of reporting your presence (as at an airport or a hotel))
            • performance [ENG31-00098324-n] (the act of performing)

              • specific performance [ENG31-00098743-n] (the performance of a legal contract as specified by its terms)
              • linguistic performance [ENG31-00098871-n] ((linguistics) a speaker's actual use of language in real situations)
              • mechanism [ENG31-00099205-n] (the technical aspects of doing something)
              • officiation [ENG31-00549210-n] (the performance of a religious or ceremonial or public duty)
            • choice [ENG31-00162063-n] (the act of choosing or selecting)

              • casting [ENG31-00162423-n] (the choice of actors to play particular roles in a play or movie)
              • coloration [ENG31-00162559-n] (choice and use of colors (as by an artist))
              • sampling [ENG31-00162708-n] ((statistics) the selection of a suitable sample for study)

                • random sampling [ENG31-00162875-n] (the selection of a random sample)

                  • lucky dip [ENG31-00163057-n] (a selection or decision purely at random)
                • stratified sampling [ENG31-00163238-n] (the population is divided into subpopulations (strata) and random samples are taken of each stratum)
              • decision [ENG31-00163453-n] (the act of making up your mind about something)

                • appointment [ENG31-00164600-n] (the act of putting a person into a non-elective position)

                  • nomination [ENG31-00164973-n] (the act of officially naming a candidate)
                  • co-option [ENG31-00165820-n] (the act of appointing summarily (with or without the appointee's consent))
                  • delegacy [ENG31-00165999-n] (the appointment of a delegate)
                  • ordination [ENG31-00166119-n] (the act of ordaining)

                    • laying on of hands [ENG31-00166614-n] (laying hands on a person's head to invoke spiritual blessing in Christian ordination)
                  • recognition [ENG31-00166384-n] (designation by the chair granting a person the right to speak in a deliberative body)
                • call [ENG31-00165622-n] ((sports) the decision made by an umpire or referee)
                • move [ENG31-00166763-n] (the act of deciding to do something)

                  • demarche [ENG31-00168942-n] (a move or step or maneuver in political or diplomatic affairs)
                  • maneuver [ENG31-00169058-n] (a move made to gain a tactical end)

                    • parking [ENG31-00169326-n] (the act of maneuvering a vehicle into a location where it can be left temporarily)
                    • device [ENG31-00172070-n] (any clever maneuver)

                      • mnemonic [ENG31-00172328-n] (a device (such as a rhyme or acronym) used to aid recall)
                      • trick [ENG31-00172439-n] (a cunning or deceitful action or device)

                        • shtik [ENG31-00172703-n] ((Yiddish) a devious trick)
                    • feint [ENG31-00172894-n] (any distracting or deceptive maneuver (as a mock attack))

                      • juke [ENG31-00173038-n] ((football) a deceptive move made by a football player)
                    • footwork [ENG31-00173168-n] (skillful maneuvering or dealing)
                    • ploy [ENG31-00173311-n] (a maneuver in a game or conversation)
                    • ruse [ENG31-00173419-n] (a deceptive maneuver (especially to avoid capture))
                    • measure [ENG31-00175261-n] (any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal)

                      • countermeasure [ENG31-00175512-n] (an action taken to offset another action)

                        • countermine [ENG31-01079114-n] ((military) a tunnel dug to defeat similar activities by the enemy)
                      • shark repellent [ENG31-00176454-n] (a measure undertaken by a corporation to discourage unwanted takeover attempts)

                        • golden parachute [ENG31-00176724-n] (giving top executives lucrative benefits that must be paid by the acquirer if they are discharged after a takeover)
                        • greenmail [ENG31-00176901-n] ((corporation) the practice of purchasing enough shares in a firm to threaten a takeover and thereby forcing the owners to buy those shares back at a premium in order to stay in business)
                        • pac-man strategy [ENG31-00177161-n] (the target company defends itself by threatening to take over its acquirer)
                        • poison pill [ENG31-00177298-n] (the target company defends itself by making its stock less attractive to an acquirer)

                          • suicide pill [ENG31-00177458-n] (a poison pill with potentially catastrophic implications for the company it is intended to protect)
                        • safe harbor [ENG31-00177615-n] (the target company defends itself by acquiring a company so onerously regulated that it makes the target less attractive)
                        • scorched-earth policy [ENG31-00177843-n] (the target company defends itself by selling off its crown jewels)
                      • precaution [ENG31-00824631-n] (a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc.)

                        • backstop [ENG31-00178487-n] (a precaution in case of an emergency)
                        • security [ENG31-00824977-n] (measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc.)
                • casting lots [ENG31-00180903-n] (making a chance decision by using lots (straws or pebbles etc.) that are thrown or drawn)
                • resolution [ENG31-00181077-n] (a decision to do something or to behave in a certain manner)
              • volition [ENG31-00163868-n] (the act of making a choice)

                • intention [ENG31-00164054-n] (an act of intending)
              • election [ENG31-00181811-n] (the act of selecting someone or something)

                • co-option [ENG31-00182040-n] (the selection of a new member (usually by a vote of the existing membership))
                • cumulative vote [ENG31-00184984-n] (an election in which each person has as many votes as there are positions to be filled and they can all be cast for one candidate or can be distributed in any manner)
              • vote [ENG31-00184354-n] (a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative)

                • block vote [ENG31-00184844-n] (a vote proportional in magnitude to the number of people that a delegate represents)
                • secret ballot [ENG31-00185211-n] (a vote in which each person's choice is secret but the totaled votes are public)
                • split ticket [ENG31-00185350-n] (a ballot cast by a voter who votes for candidates from more than one party)
                • straight ticket [ENG31-00185501-n] (a ballot cast by a voter who votes for all the candidates of one party)
                • multiple voting [ENG31-00185651-n] (the act of voting in more than one place by the same person at the same election (illegal in U.S.))
                • casting vote [ENG31-00185830-n] (the deciding vote cast by the presiding officer to resolve a tie)
                • veto [ENG31-00210395-n] (a vote that blocks a decision)

                  • pocket veto [ENG31-00210529-n] (indirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it)
                • write-in [ENG31-00210638-n] (a vote cast by writing in the name of a candidate who is not listed on the ballot)
            • change [ENG31-00191991-n] (the action of changing something)

              • entail [ENG31-00050729-n] (the act of entailing property)
              • about-face [ENG31-00164227-n] (a major change in attitude or principle or point of view)

                • undoing [ENG31-00235941-n] (an act that makes a previous act of no effect (as if not done))
              • adulteration [ENG31-00164451-n] (the act of adulterating (especially the illicit substitution of one substance for another))
              • move [ENG31-00169479-n] (the act of changing your residence or place of business)

                • flit [ENG31-00169732-n] (a secret move (to avoid paying debts))
                • overspill [ENG31-08195951-n] (the relocation of people from overcrowded cities)
              • downshift [ENG31-00169868-n] (a change to a lower gear in a car or bicycle)
              • downshift [ENG31-00169968-n] (a change from a financially rewarding but stressful career to a less well paid but more fulfilling one)
              • filtration [ENG31-00192829-n] (the act of changing a fluid by passing it through a filter)

                • percolation [ENG31-00192998-n] (the filtration of a liquid for extraction or purification)
              • reduction [ENG31-00193149-n] (the act of reducing complexity)

                • schematization [ENG31-00193306-n] (the act of reducing to a scheme or formula)
              • decimalization [ENG31-00195263-n] (the act of changing to a decimal system)
              • metrification [ENG31-00195494-n] (the act of changing from imperial units of measurement to metric units: meters, grams, seconds)
              • variation [ENG31-00196043-n] (the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard)
              • turning [ENG31-00196264-n] (act of changing in practice or custom)
              • diversification [ENG31-00196418-n] (the act of introducing variety (especially in investments or in the variety of goods and services offered))
              • flux [ENG31-00196787-n] (in constant change)
              • switch [ENG31-00196933-n] (the act of changing one thing or position for another)

                • switcheroo [ENG31-00197251-n] (a sudden unexpected switch)
              • substitution [ENG31-00197334-n] (the act of putting one thing or person in the place of another: "he sent Smith in for Jones but the substitution came too late to help")

                • replacement [ENG31-00198621-n] (the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another)

                  • novation [ENG31-00197697-n] ((law) the replacement of one obligation by another by mutual agreement of both parties)
                  • pitching change [ENG31-00197985-n] (replacing a pitcher in baseball)
                  • supersedure [ENG31-00198268-n] (act of replacing one person or thing by another especially one held to be superior)
                  • supplanting [ENG31-00198459-n] (act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics)
                • subrogation [ENG31-00198967-n] ((law) the act of substituting of one creditor for another)
                • weaning [ENG31-00199119-n] (the act of substituting other food for the mother's milk in the diet of a child or young mammal)
              • promotion [ENG31-00199300-n] (act of raising in rank or position)

                • ennoblement [ENG31-00065918-n] (the act of raising someone to the nobility)
                • preferment [ENG31-00199480-n] (the act of preferring)
                • investment [ENG31-00199768-n] (the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office)
              • demotion [ENG31-00199642-n] (act of lowering in rank or position)
              • change of state [ENG31-00199979-n] (the act of changing something into something different in essential characteristics)

                • aeration [ENG31-00201093-n] (the act of charging a liquid with a gas making it effervescent)
                • passage [ENG31-00201907-n] (the act of passing from one state or place to the next)

                  • fossilization [ENG31-00202118-n] (becoming inflexible or out of date)
                  • segue [ENG31-00202246-n] (the act of changing smoothly from one state or situation to another)
                • meddling [ENG31-00202365-n] (the act of altering something secretly or improperly)
                • transfer [ENG31-00202520-n] (the act of transfering something from one form to another)
                • termination [ENG31-00210792-n] (the act of ending something)

                  • abort [ENG31-00035660-n] (the act of terminating a project or procedure before it is completed)
                  • demonetization [ENG31-00155905-n] (ending something (e.g. gold or silver) as no longer the legal tender of a country)
                  • release [ENG31-00211789-n] ((music) the act or manner of terminating a musical phrase or tone)

                    • plosion [ENG31-07131151-n] (the terminal forced release of pressure built up during the occlusive phase of a stop consonant)
                  • completion [ENG31-00211959-n] (a concluding action)

                    • consummation [ENG31-00062418-n] (the act of bringing to completion or fruition)

                      • realization [ENG31-00062737-n] (something that is made real or concrete)
                      • orgasm [ENG31-00062953-n] (the moment of most intense pleasure in sexual intercourse)

                        • male orgasm [ENG31-00063151-n] (an orgasm accompanied by the sensation of ejaculation of semen)
                      • fulfillment [ENG31-00063271-n] (the act of consummating something (a desire or promise etc))

                        • self-fulfillment [ENG31-00063491-n] (the fulfillment of your capacities)
                    • consummation [ENG31-00062612-n] (the completion of marriage by sexual intercourse)
                    • finish [ENG31-00211367-n] (the act of finishing)

                      • finale [ENG31-00211646-n] (the concluding part of any performance)
                    • finalization [ENG31-00212311-n] (the act of finalizing)
                    • follow-through [ENG31-00212442-n] (carrying some project or intention to full completion)
                    • follow-through [ENG31-00212625-n] (the act of carrying a stroke to its natural completion)
                    • graduation [ENG31-00212914-n] (the successful completion of a program of study)
                  • retirement [ENG31-00213054-n] (withdrawal from your position or occupation)

                    • hibernation [ENG31-00213226-n] (the act of retiring into inactivity)
                    • rustication [ENG31-00213400-n] (the action of retiring to and living in the country)
                  • relinquishment [ENG31-00213657-n] (the act of giving up and abandoning a struggle or task etc.)

                    • cession [ENG31-00213901-n] (the act of ceding)

                      • recession [ENG31-01252578-n] (the act of ceding back)
                    • handover [ENG31-00214035-n] (act of relinquishing property or authority etc)
                    • release [ENG31-00214561-n] (a formal written statement of relinquishment)

                      • exemption [ENG31-00214770-n] (an act exempting someone)

                        • fix [ENG31-00215015-n] (an exemption granted after influence (e.g., money) is brought to bear)
                        • official immunity [ENG31-00215182-n] (personal immunity accorded to a public official from liability to anyone injured by actions that are the consequence of exerting official authority)
                        • sovereign immunity [ENG31-00215393-n] (an exemption that precludes bringing a suit against the sovereign government without the government's consent)
                        • use immunity [ENG31-00215880-n] (an exemption that displaces the privilege against self-incrimination)

                          • transactional immunity [ENG31-00215661-n] (a broader form of use immunity that also protects the witness from any prosecution brought about relating to transactions to which they gave testimony)
                  • dissolution [ENG31-00216181-n] (the termination or disintegration of a relationship (between persons or nations))

                    • splitsville [ENG31-00216401-n] (separation or breakup or divorce)
                    • annulment [ENG31-01243544-n] ((law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc))

                      • dissolution of marriage [ENG31-01243781-n] (an annulment of a marriage)
                  • overthrow [ENG31-00216550-n] (the termination of a ruler or institution (especially by force))

                    • subversion [ENG31-00216705-n] (the act of subverting)
                  • adjournment [ENG31-00216905-n] (the termination of a meeting)
                  • dismissal [ENG31-00217041-n] (the termination of someone's employment (leaving them free to depart))

                    • superannuation [ENG31-00198078-n] (the act of discharging someone because of age (especially to cause someone to retire from service on a pension))
                    • conge [ENG31-00217474-n] (an abrupt and unceremonious dismissal)
                    • removal [ENG31-00217590-n] (dismissal from office)

                      • purge [ENG31-00217701-n] (an abrupt or sudden removal of a person or group from an organization or place)
                    • deactivation [ENG31-00234662-n] (breaking up a military unit (by transfers or discharges))
                    • honorable discharge [ENG31-00234847-n] (a discharge from the armed forces with a commendable record)
                    • dishonorable discharge [ENG31-00234972-n] (a discharge from the armed forces for a grave offense (as sabotage or espionage or cowardice or murder))
                    • Section Eight [ENG31-00235144-n] (a discharge from the US Army based on unfitness or character traits deemed undesirable)
                  • destruction [ENG31-00217881-n] (the termination of something by causing so much damage to it that it cannot be repaired or no longer exists)

                    • disaster [ENG31-00218366-n] (an act that has disastrous consequences)
                    • kill [ENG31-00218460-n] (the destruction of an enemy plane or ship or tank or missile)
                    • laying waste [ENG31-00218640-n] (destruction achieved by causing something to be wrecked or ruined)
                    • razing [ENG31-00218912-n] (complete destruction of a building)
                    • annihilation [ENG31-00219075-n] (destruction by annihilating something)

                      • atomization [ENG31-00219469-n] (annihilation by reducing something to atoms)
                      • pulverization [ENG31-00219620-n] (annihilation by pulverizing something)
                      • vaporization [ENG31-00219769-n] (annihilation by vaporizing something)
                    • decimation [ENG31-00219294-n] (destroying or killing a large part of the population (literally every tenth person as chosen by lot))
                    • self-destruction [ENG31-00223633-n] (the act of destroying yourself)
                    • neutralization [ENG31-00235542-n] ((euphemism) the removal of a threat by killing or destroying it (especially in a covert operation or military operation))
                    • sabotage [ENG31-01247442-n] (a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged)

                      • bombing [ENG31-00981828-n] (the use of bombs for sabotage)

                        • suicide bombing [ENG31-00981988-n] (a terrorist bombing carried out by someone who does not hope to survive it)
                    • extermination [ENG31-01247608-n] (the act of exterminating)
                    • holocaust [ENG31-01247865-n] (an act of mass destruction and loss of life (especially in war or by fire))
                    • demolition [ENG31-01252030-n] (the act of demolishing)
                    • spoliation [ENG31-01252203-n] ((law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence)
                    • vandalism [ENG31-01252403-n] (willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others)
                  • killing [ENG31-00219879-n] (the act of terminating a life)

                    • deathblow [ENG31-00220330-n] (the blow that kills (usually mercifully))
                    • death [ENG31-00220442-n] (the act of killing)
                    • euthanasia [ENG31-00220723-n] (the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness))
                    • homicide [ENG31-00220890-n] (the killing of a human being by another human being)

                      • honor killing [ENG31-00221086-n] (an ancient tradition still sometimes observed)
                      • manslaughter [ENG31-00221276-n] (homicide without malice aforethought)

                        • chance-medley [ENG31-00222210-n] (an unpremeditated killing of a human being in self defense)
                      • murder [ENG31-00221389-n] (unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being)

                        • assassination [ENG31-00221923-n] (murder of a public figure by surprise attack)
                        • bloodshed [ENG31-00222045-n] (the shedding of blood resulting in murder)
                        • contract killing [ENG31-00222347-n] (a murder carried out on agreement with a hired killer)
                        • parricide [ENG31-00222463-n] (the murder of your own father or mother)

                          • matricide [ENG31-00222686-n] (the murder of your mother)
                          • patricide [ENG31-00222767-n] (the murder of your father)
                        • mariticide [ENG31-00222594-n] (the murder of a husband by his wife)
                        • fratricide [ENG31-00222848-n] (the murder of your sibling)
                        • uxoricide [ENG31-00222931-n] (the murder of a wife by her husband)
                        • filicide [ENG31-00223022-n] (the murder of your own son or daughter)
                        • elimination [ENG31-00224587-n] (the murder of a competitor)
                        • slaughter [ENG31-00224850-n] (the savage and excessive killing of many people)

                          • bloodbath [ENG31-00225127-n] (indiscriminate slaughter)
                        • lynching [ENG31-00225466-n] (putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law)
                        • regicide [ENG31-00225937-n] (the act of killing a king)
                        • dry-gulching [ENG31-01249853-n] (the act of killing from ambush)
                        • hit [ENG31-01252922-n] (a murder carried out by an underworld syndicate)
                        • infanticide [ENG31-01253079-n] (murdering an infant)
                        • shoot-down [ENG31-01253156-n] (murder by shooting someone down in cold blood)
                        • tyrannicide [ENG31-01253258-n] (killing a tyrant)
                        • thuggee [ENG31-01253332-n] (murder and robbery by thugs)
                      • shooting [ENG31-00226017-n] (killing someone by gunfire)

                        • drive-by killing [ENG31-00220605-n] (homicide committed by shooting from a moving automobile)
                        • drive-by shooting [ENG31-00226228-n] (shooting someone from a car as it is driven past the victim)
                        • wing shooting [ENG31-00226351-n] (shooting game birds that are flying (on the wing))
                    • dispatch [ENG31-00223115-n] (killing a person or animal)
                    • fell [ENG31-00223243-n] (the act of felling something (as a tree))
                    • suicide [ENG31-00223352-n] (the act of killing yourself)

                      • assisted suicide [ENG31-00223806-n] (suicide of a terminally ill person that involves an assistant who serves to make dying as painless and dignified as possible)

                        • physician-assisted suicide [ENG31-00224011-n] (assisted suicide where the assistant is a physician)
                      • felo-de-se [ENG31-00224135-n] (an act of deliberate self destruction)
                      • harakiri [ENG31-00224229-n] (ritual suicide by self-disembowelment on a sword)
                      • suttee [ENG31-00224442-n] (the act of a Hindu widow willingly cremating herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband)
                    • slaughter [ENG31-00224721-n] (the killing of animals (as for food))
                    • poisoning [ENG31-00225605-n] (the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill)

                      • gassing [ENG31-00225803-n] (the deliberate act of poisoning some person or animal with gas)
                    • suffocation [ENG31-00226460-n] (killing by depriving of oxygen)

                      • choking [ENG31-00226653-n] (the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe)
                    • sacrifice [ENG31-00228462-n] (the act of killing (an animal or person) in order to propitiate a deity)

                      • hecatomb [ENG31-00228715-n] (a great sacrifice)
                      • immolation [ENG31-00228836-n] (killing or offering as a sacrifice)
                    • electrocution [ENG31-00228945-n] (killing by electric shock)
                    • decapitation [ENG31-00229048-n] (killing by cutting off the head)
                    • genocide [ENG31-01247706-n] (systematic killing of a racial or cultural group)
                  • abolition [ENG31-00229150-n] (the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery))
                  • liquidation [ENG31-00229402-n] (termination of a business operation by using its assets to discharge its liabilities)

                    • viatical settlement [ENG31-00229629-n] (sale of an insurance policy by a terminally ill policy holder)
                  • withdrawal [ENG31-00229778-n] (the termination of drug taking)

                    • cold turkey [ENG31-00229901-n] (complete and abrupt withdrawal of all addictive drugs or anything else on which you have become dependent)
                  • closure [ENG31-00230127-n] (termination of operations)

                    • plant closing [ENG31-00230454-n] (act of shutting down operation of a plant)
                    • bank closing [ENG31-00230555-n] (act of closing down a bank because of a fiscal emergency or failure)
                    • layoff [ENG31-00230681-n] (the act of laying off an employee or a work force)
                  • extinction [ENG31-00230801-n] (the act of extinguishing)
                  • fade [ENG31-00231039-n] (gradually ceasing to be visible)
                  • abortion [ENG31-00231191-n] (termination of pregnancy)

                    • spontaneous abortion [ENG31-00231342-n] (a natural loss of the products of conception)

                      • habitual abortion [ENG31-00231570-n] (repeated spontaneous abortion (often for no known reason))
                      • imminent abortion [ENG31-00231691-n] (the appearance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of the products of conception)
                      • incomplete abortion [ENG31-00231864-n] (termination of pregnancy without expulsion of all of the products of conception)
                    • induced abortion [ENG31-00232028-n] (a deliberate termination of pregnancy)

                      • aborticide [ENG31-00232182-n] (the act of destroying a fetus)
                      • therapeutic abortion [ENG31-00232279-n] (a legally induced abortion for medical reasons (as when the mother's life is threatened))
                      • suction curettage [ENG31-00670930-n] (a method of induced abortion)
                  • deactivation [ENG31-00234481-n] (the act of deactivating or making ineffective (as a bomb))
                  • discontinuance [ENG31-01024425-n] (the act of discontinuing or breaking off)

                    • disfranchisement [ENG31-01024766-n] (the discontinuation of a franchise)
                    • disinheritance [ENG31-01024934-n] (the act by a donor that terminates the right of a person to inherit)
                    • phase-out [ENG31-01025080-n] (the act or instance of a planned discontinuation)
                    • prorogation [ENG31-01069116-n] (discontinuation of the meeting (of a legislative body) without dissolving it)
                    • dismount [ENG31-01255387-n] (the act of dismounting (a horse or bike etc.))
                • nullification [ENG31-00232434-n] (the act of nullifying)

                  • cancellation [ENG31-00233253-n] (the act of cancelling)

                    • abrogation [ENG31-00232754-n] (the act of abrogating)

                      • derogation [ENG31-00233014-n] ((law) the partial taking away of the effectiveness of a law)
                      • vacation [ENG31-01256252-n] (the act of making something legally void)
                      • recall [ENG31-01261399-n] (the act of removing an official by petition)
                      • revocation [ENG31-01261532-n] (the act (by someone having the authority) of annulling something previously done)
                    • write-off [ENG31-00233471-n] (the act of cancelling from an account a bad debt or a worthless asset)
                    • attainder [ENG31-00233632-n] (cancellation of civil rights)
                    • recission [ENG31-00233730-n] ((law) the act of rescinding)
                  • vitiation [ENG31-00234079-n] (nullification by the destruction of the legal force)
                  • neutralization [ENG31-00234253-n] (action intended to nullify the effects of some previous action)
                  • neutralization [ENG31-00235290-n] (action intended to keep a country politically neutral or exclude it from a possible war)
                • reversal [ENG31-00235759-n] (a change from one state to the opposite state)

                  • regression [ENG31-00236075-n] (returning to a former state)
                • beginning [ENG31-00236302-n] (the act of starting something)

                  • springboard [ENG31-00237061-n] (a beginning from which an enterprise is launched)
                  • activation [ENG31-00237688-n] (making active and effective (as a bomb))
                  • attack [ENG31-00237820-n] (a decisive manner of beginning a musical tone or phrase)
                  • constitution [ENG31-00237945-n] (the act of forming or establishing something)

                    • unionization [ENG31-00243450-n] (act of forming labor unions)
                    • collectivization [ENG31-01155282-n] (the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism)
                    • communization [ENG31-01155468-n] (the organization of a nation of the basis of communism)
                    • federation [ENG31-01155800-n] (the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs)
                    • colonization [ENG31-01254867-n] (the act of colonizing)

                      • population [ENG31-01260649-n] (the act of populating (causing to live in a place))
                  • introduction [ENG31-00238889-n] (the act of beginning something new)

                    • induction [ENG31-00239394-n] (the act of bringing about something (especially at an early time))

                      • induction of labor [ENG31-00239193-n] ((obstetrics) inducing the childbirth process artificially by administering oxytocin or by puncturing the amniotic sac)
                      • hypnogenesis [ENG31-00239645-n] (the induction of sleep or hypnosis)
                    • product introduction [ENG31-00239738-n] (the introduction (usually by an advertising campaign) of a new product or product line)
                    • ushering in [ENG31-00244104-n] (the introduction of something new)
                    • naturalization [ENG31-00922770-n] (the introduction of animals or plants to places where they flourish but are not indigenous)
                  • face-off [ENG31-00239891-n] ((ice hockey) the method of starting play)
                  • first step [ENG31-00240097-n] (the first of a series of actions)

                    • curtain raiser [ENG31-00244444-n] (any preliminary activity)
                    • first base [ENG31-00244529-n] (the initial stage in accomplishing something)
                    • peace initiative [ENG31-00244680-n] (opening move in negotiating a peace treaty)
                  • groundbreaking [ENG31-00240350-n] (the ceremonial breaking of the ground to formally begin a construction project)
                  • housing start [ENG31-00240533-n] (the act of starting to construct a house)
                  • icebreaker [ENG31-00240633-n] (a beginning that relaxes a tense or formal atmosphere)
                  • inauguration [ENG31-00240777-n] (the act of starting a new operation or practice)
                  • initiation [ENG31-00241051-n] (the act of starting something for the first time)

                    • authorship [ENG31-00241621-n] (the act of initiating a new idea or theory or writing)
                  • installation [ENG31-00241805-n] (the act of installing something (as equipment))
                  • jump ball [ENG31-00242112-n] ((basketball) the way play begins or resumes when possession is disputed)

                    • tip-off [ENG31-00482677-n] (the act of starting a basketball game with a jump ball)
                  • kickoff [ENG31-00242374-n] ((football) a kick from the center of the field to start a football game or to resume it after a score)
                  • resumption [ENG31-00242870-n] (beginning again)
                  • scrum [ENG31-00243013-n] ((rugby) the method of beginning play in which the forwards of each team crouch side by side with locked arms)
                  • startup [ENG31-00243298-n] (the act of setting in operation)
                • arousal [ENG31-00243675-n] (the act of arousing)

                  • awakening [ENG31-01262453-n] (the act of waking)

                    • reveille [ENG31-00243969-n] (a signal to get up in the morning)
                  • excitation [ENG31-01263360-n] (something that agitates and arouses)

                    • hair-raiser [ENG31-01263606-n] (excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones)
                    • thrill [ENG31-01263786-n] (something that causes you to experience a sudden intense feeling or sensation)
                  • incitation [ENG31-01263983-n] (an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating)
                  • inflammation [ENG31-01264205-n] (arousal to violent emotion)
                  • inspiration [ENG31-01264338-n] (arousing to a particular emotion or action)
                  • stimulation [ENG31-01264467-n] (the act of arousing an organism to action)

                    • galvanization [ENG31-01264602-n] (stimulation that arouses a person to lively action)
                  • titillation [ENG31-01264838-n] (an agreeable arousal)
                • cooking [ENG31-00244785-n] (the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat)

                  • baking [ENG31-00247208-n] (cooking by dry heat in an oven)

                    • shirring [ENG31-00247327-n] (baking shelled eggs)
                  • toasting [ENG31-00247419-n] (cooking to a brown crispiness over a fire or on a grill)
                  • broil [ENG31-00247621-n] (cooking by direct exposure to radiant heat (as over a fire or under a grill))
                  • frying [ENG31-00247807-n] (cooking in fat or oil in a pan or griddle)
                  • fusion cooking [ENG31-00247948-n] (cooking that combines ingredients and techniques and seasonings from different cuisines)
                  • braising [ENG31-00248096-n] (cooking slowly in fat in a closed pot with little moisture)
                  • poaching [ENG31-00248209-n] (cooking in simmering liquid)
                  • roasting [ENG31-00248309-n] (cooking (meat) by dry heat in an oven (usually with fat added))

                    • barbecuing [ENG31-00248521-n] (roasting a large piece of meat on a revolving spit out of doors over an open fire)
                  • boiling [ENG31-00248659-n] (cooking in a liquid that has been brought to a boil)
                  • percolation [ENG31-00249119-n] (the act of making coffee in a percolator)
                  • cuisine [ENG31-07586889-n] (the practice or manner of preparing food or the food so prepared)

                    • dim sum [ENG31-07587112-n] (traditional Chinese cuisine)
                    • haute cuisine [ENG31-07587330-n] ((French) an elaborate and skillful manner of preparing food)
                    • nouvelle cuisine [ENG31-07587468-n] (a school of French cooking that uses light sauces and tries to bring out the natural flavors of foods instead of making heavy use of butter and cream)
                    • rechauffe [ENG31-07587699-n] (warmed leftovers)
                    • gastronomy [ENG31-07587771-n] (a particular style of cookery (as of a region))
                • seasoning [ENG31-00249235-n] (the act of adding a seasoning to food)

                  • salting [ENG31-00249401-n] (the act of adding salt to food)
                  • sweetening [ENG31-00249503-n] (the act of adding a sweetener to food)
                • infusion [ENG31-00249615-n] (the act of infusing or introducing a certain modifying element or quality)
                • improvement [ENG31-00249844-n] (the act of improving something)

                  • tenderization [ENG31-00248930-n] (the act of making meat tender by pounding or marinating it)
                  • development [ENG31-00251126-n] (act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining)

                    • advancement [ENG31-00250368-n] (gradual improvement or growth or development)

                      • forwarding [ENG31-00250647-n] (the advancement of some enterprise)
                      • stride [ENG31-00250854-n] (significant progress (especially in the phrase `make strides'))
                      • work flow [ENG31-00251010-n] (progress (or rate of progress) in work being done)
                    • broadening [ENG31-00251464-n] (the action of making broader)
                    • elaboration [ENG31-00251577-n] (developing in intricate and painstaking detail)
                    • product development [ENG31-00251749-n] (improving an existing product or developing new kinds of products)
                  • cleaning [ENG31-00251880-n] (the act of making something clean)

                    • disinfestation [ENG31-00252387-n] (the activity of getting rid of vermin)
                    • spring-cleaning [ENG31-00252503-n] (the activity of cleaning a house thoroughly at the end of winter)
                    • scrub [ENG31-00252647-n] (the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and water)

                      • swabbing [ENG31-00252887-n] (cleaning with a mop)
                    • dry cleaning [ENG31-00253036-n] (the act of cleaning (fabrics) with a solvent other than water)
                    • sweeping [ENG31-00253174-n] (the act of cleaning with a broom)
                    • purge [ENG31-00253297-n] (an act of removing by cleansing)

                      • catharsis [ENG31-00254262-n] ((psychoanalysis) purging of emotional tensions)
                      • catharsis [ENG31-00254444-n] (purging the body by the use of a cathartic to stimulate evacuation of the bowels)
                    • purification [ENG31-00254137-n] (the act of cleaning by getting rid of impurities)
                    • sterilization [ENG31-00254786-n] (the procedure of making some object free of live bacteria or other microorganisms (usually by heat or chemical means))

                      • pasteurization [ENG31-00255033-n] (partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food)
                    • sanitation [ENG31-00255282-n] (making something sanitary (free of germs) as by sterilizing)
                    • depilation [ENG31-00255464-n] (the act of removing hair (as from an animal skin))

                      • shave [ENG31-00255636-n] (the act of removing hair with a razor)

                        • tonsure [ENG31-00255789-n] (shaving the crown of the head by priests or members of a monastic order)
                      • electrolysis [ENG31-00255932-n] (removing superfluous or unwanted hair by passing an electric current through the hair root)
                    • washup [ENG31-00256081-n] (the act of washing yourself (or another person))

                      • shower [ENG31-00258447-n] (washing yourself by standing upright under water sprayed from a nozzle)
                      • bath [ENG31-00258637-n] (a soaking and washing in a bathtub)

                        • bubble bath [ENG31-00258812-n] (a bath in which you add something to foam and scent the bath water)
                        • mikvah [ENG31-00258936-n] ((Hebrew) a ritual purification and cleansing bath that Orthodox Jews take on certain occasions (as before Sabbath or after menstruation))
                        • mud bath [ENG31-00259144-n] (a bath in warm mud (as for treating rheumatism))
                      • sponge bath [ENG31-00259246-n] (you wash your body with a sponge or washcloth instead of in a bathtub)
                      • Turkish bath [ENG31-00259373-n] (you sweat in a steam room before getting a rubdown and cold shower)
                    • housecleaning [ENG31-00581407-n] (the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of a house)
                  • correction [ENG31-00259697-n] (the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake)

                    • redress [ENG31-00260020-n] (act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil)

                      • salve [ENG31-00260235-n] (anything that remedies or heals or soothes)
                    • retribution [ENG31-00260387-n] (the act of correcting for your wrongdoing)
                    • recompense [ENG31-00260486-n] (the act of compensating for service or loss or injury)

                      • indemnification [ENG31-00260737-n] (an act of compensation for actual loss or damage or for trouble and annoyance)
                    • amendment [ENG31-01252688-n] (the act of amending or correcting)
                    • emendation [ENG31-01252795-n] (a correction by emending)
                  • optimization [ENG31-00260894-n] (the act of rendering optimal)
                  • perfection [ENG31-00261337-n] (the act of making something perfect)
                  • reform [ENG31-00261465-n] (a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses)

                    • land reform [ENG31-00261724-n] (a redistribution of agricultural land (especially by government action))
                    • moralization [ENG31-00266617-n] (the act of making moral (or more moral))
                    • housecleaning [ENG31-00581602-n] ((figurative) the act of reforming by the removal of unwanted personnel or practices or conditions)
                  • amelioration [ENG31-00261872-n] (the act of relieving ills and changing for the better)
                  • self-improvement [ENG31-00262101-n] (the act of improving yourself)

                    • autosuggestion [ENG31-00159625-n] (a system for self-improvement developed by Emile Coue which was popular in the 1920s and 1930s)
                    • reform [ENG31-00262248-n] (self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice)
                  • clearing [ENG31-00265035-n] (the act of removing solid particles from a liquid)
                  • enrichment [ENG31-00265209-n] (act of making fuller or more meaningful or rewarding)

                    • fortification [ENG31-00265372-n] (the addition of an ingredient for the purpose of enrichment (as the addition of alcohol to wine or the addition of vitamins to food))
                    • fertilization [ENG31-07449073-n] (making fertile as by applying fertilizer or manure)

                      • top dressing [ENG31-07449278-n] (a layer of fertilizer or manure not plowed in)
                  • humanization [ENG31-00265618-n] (the act of making more human)
                  • modernization [ENG31-00265756-n] (making modern in appearance or behavior)
                  • renovation [ENG31-00265962-n] (the act of improving by renewing and restoring)

                    • face lift [ENG31-00266316-n] (a renovation that improves the outward appearance (as of a building) but usually does not involve major changes)
                  • enhancement [ENG31-00266836-n] (an improvement that makes something more agreeable)
                  • upturn [ENG31-00266993-n] (an upward movement or trend as in business activity)
                  • ventilation [ENG31-00267489-n] (the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air)
                  • repair [ENG31-00267650-n] (the act of putting something in working order again)

                    • darning [ENG31-00268061-n] (the act of mending a hole in a garment with crossing threads)
                    • patching [ENG31-00268193-n] (the act of mending a hole in a garment by sewing a patch over it)
                    • care [ENG31-00268366-n] (activity involved in maintaining something in good working order)

                      • camera care [ENG31-00268665-n] (keeping a camera in good working order)
                      • car care [ENG31-00268761-n] (keeping a car in good working order)

                        • oil change [ENG31-00268869-n] (replacing dirty oil with clean)
                      • overhaul [ENG31-00268956-n] (periodic maintenance on a car or machine)

                        • interim overhaul [ENG31-00269185-n] (an overhaul between the regular times for overhauling)
                      • pump priming [ENG31-00271247-n] (introducing water into a pump to improve the seal and start the water flowing)
                      • scheduled maintenance [ENG31-00271383-n] (maintenance at a regularly scheduled time)
                      • steam fitting [ENG31-00271492-n] (care (installation and maintenance) of equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating)
                    • band aid [ENG31-00269301-n] (hurried repair)
                    • restoration [ENG31-00269401-n] (the act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory state)

                      • re-establishment [ENG31-00238572-n] (restoration to a previous state)
                      • gentrification [ENG31-00269668-n] (the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents))
                      • reclamation [ENG31-00269862-n] (the conversion of wasteland into land suitable for use of habitation or cultivation)

                        • reforestation [ENG31-00401257-n] (the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting)
                        • urban renewal [ENG31-00402002-n] (the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums)
                      • rehabilitation [ENG31-00401453-n] (the restoration of someone to a useful place in society)

                        • correctional rehabilitation [ENG31-00401659-n] (providing penal custody or probation or parole for convicted offenders)
                        • physical rehabilitation [ENG31-00401803-n] (providing help for disabled persons)
                        • vocational rehabilitation [ENG31-00402122-n] (providing training in a specific trade with the aim of gaining employment)
                      • reinstatement [ENG31-00402267-n] (the act of restoring someone to a previous position)
                      • rejuvenation [ENG31-00402447-n] (the act of restoring to a more youthful condition)

                        • refreshment [ENG31-00402591-n] (activity that refreshes and recreates)
                    • reconstruction [ENG31-00270102-n] (the activity of constructing something again)

                      • makeover [ENG31-00270518-n] (a complete reconstruction and renovation of something)
                      • reassembly [ENG31-00270700-n] (assembling again)

                        • anastylosis [ENG31-00270315-n] (the archeological reassembly of ruined monuments from fallen or decayed fragments (incorporating new materials when necessary))
                      • re-formation [ENG31-00270807-n] (forming again (especially with improvements or removal of defects))
                      • rebuilding [ENG31-00271030-n] (building again)
                    • restitution [ENG31-00271119-n] (the act of restoring something to its original state)
                  • stabilization [ENG31-01269438-n] (the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn)
                  • upgrade [ENG31-01270081-n] (the act of improving something (especially machinery) by raising it to a higher grade (as by adding or replacing components))
                • beautification [ENG31-00262447-n] (the act of making something more beautiful)

                  • beauty treatment [ENG31-00262640-n] (enhancement of someone's personal beauty)

                    • makeover [ENG31-00661813-n] (an overall beauty treatment (involving a person's hair style and cosmetics and clothing) intended to change or improve a person's appearance)
                    • manicure [ENG31-00662026-n] (professional care for the hands and fingernails)
                    • pedicure [ENG31-00662200-n] (professional care for the feet and toenails)
                    • facial [ENG31-00667024-n] (care for the face that usually involves cleansing and massage and the application of cosmetic creams)
                  • glamorization [ENG31-00262815-n] (the act of glamorizing)
                • decoration [ENG31-00263092-n] (the act of decorating something (in the hope of making it more attractive))

                  • adornment [ENG31-00263439-n] (the action of decorating yourself with something colorful and interesting)
                  • ornamentation [ENG31-00263586-n] (the act of adding extraneous decorations to something)
                  • window dressing [ENG31-00263751-n] (the decoration of shop windows)
                  • trimming [ENG31-00263843-n] (the act of adding decoration)
                  • tessellation [ENG31-00264007-n] (the act of adorning with mosaic)
                  • figuration [ENG31-00264115-n] (decorating with a design)
                  • tattoo [ENG31-00264196-n] (the practice of making a design on the skin by pricking and staining)
                  • titivation [ENG31-00264335-n] (sprucing up)
                  • marking [ENG31-00264485-n] (the act of making a visible mark on a surface)

                    • lineation [ENG31-00264656-n] (the act of marking or outlining with lines)
                    • mottling [ENG31-00264790-n] (the act of coloring with areas of different shades)
                    • striping [ENG31-00264931-n] (the act of marking with stripes)
                • worsening [ENG31-00267097-n] (changing something with the result that it becomes worse)

                  • downturn [ENG31-00267245-n] (a worsening of business or economic activity)

                    • downspin [ENG31-00267404-n] (a swift and dangerous downturn)
                • degradation [ENG31-00272107-n] (changing to a lower state (a less respected state))

                  • dehumanization [ENG31-00272480-n] (the act of degrading people with respect to their best qualities)
                  • brutalization [ENG31-00272723-n] (an act that makes people cruel or lacking normal human qualities)
                  • barbarization [ENG31-00272967-n] (an act that makes people primitive and uncivilized)
                  • bastardization [ENG31-00273147-n] (an act that debases or corrupts)
                  • corruption [ENG31-00273292-n] (destroying someone's (or some group's) honesty or loyalty)
                  • demoralization [ENG31-00273557-n] (destroying the moral basis for a doctrine or policy)
                  • stultification [ENG31-00273722-n] (the act of making something futile and useless (as by routine))
                  • popularization [ENG31-00273921-n] (the act of making something attractive to the general public)
                  • profanation [ENG31-00274163-n] (degradation of something worthy of respect)
                  • humiliation [ENG31-00274293-n] (depriving one of self-esteem)

                    • comedown [ENG31-00274445-n] (decline to a lower status or level)
                  • vulgarization [ENG31-01270513-n] (the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined)
                • change of color [ENG31-00274534-n] (an act that changes the light that something reflects)

                  • whitening [ENG31-00274721-n] (changing to a lighter color)

                    • bleach [ENG31-00274853-n] (the act of whitening something by bleaching it (exposing it to sunlight or using a chemical bleaching agent))

                      • etiolation [ENG31-00275050-n] ((botany) the act of causing a plant to develop without chlorophyll by growing it without exposure to sunlight)
                  • blackening [ENG31-00275281-n] (changing to a darker color)

                    • obfuscation [ENG31-00275430-n] (darkening or obscuring the sight of something)
                  • discoloration [ENG31-00275551-n] (the act of changing the natural color of something by making it duller or dingier or unnatural or faded)
                  • coloring [ENG31-00275785-n] (the act or process of changing the color of something)

                    • tinting [ENG31-00275995-n] (the act of adding a tinge of color)
                    • hair coloring [ENG31-00276151-n] (the act of dyeing or tinting one's hair)

                      • rinse [ENG31-00257274-n] (the act of giving a light tint to the hair)
                    • dyeing [ENG31-00276268-n] (the use of dye to change the color of something permanently)

                      • staining [ENG31-00276416-n] ((histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study)

                        • Gram's method [ENG31-00276595-n] (a staining technique used to classify bacteria)
                • soiling [ENG31-00277464-n] (the act of soiling something)

                  • staining [ENG31-00277657-n] (the act of spotting or staining something)
                  • contamination [ENG31-00277831-n] (the act of contaminating or polluting)

                    • dust contamination [ENG31-00278111-n] (the act of contaminating with dust particles)
                • wetting [ENG31-00278220-n] (the act of making something wet)

                  • submersion [ENG31-00278413-n] (the act of wetting something by submerging it)
                  • drenching [ENG31-00278655-n] (the act of making something completely wet)
                  • moistening [ENG31-00278884-n] (the act of making something slightly wet)

                    • basting [ENG31-00248822-n] (moistening a roast as it is cooking)
                  • splash [ENG31-00279065-n] (the act of scattering water about haphazardly)
                  • watering [ENG31-00279247-n] (wetting with water)

                    • sprinkle [ENG31-00279399-n] (the act of sprinkling or splashing water)
                • chew [ENG31-00279654-n] (biting and grinding food in your mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow)

                  • chomping [ENG31-00279980-n] (the act of chewing noisily)
                  • mumbling [ENG31-00280079-n] (ineffectual chewing (as if without teeth))
                  • rumination [ENG31-00280221-n] ((of ruminants) chewing (the cud))
                • defoliation [ENG31-00280518-n] (causing the leaves of trees and other plants to fall off (as by the use of chemicals))
                • specialization [ENG31-00584784-n] (the act of specializing)
                • spiritualization [ENG31-00584970-n] (the act of making something spiritual)
              • alteration [ENG31-00200556-n] (the act of making something different (as e.g. the size of a garment))

                • loosening [ENG31-00148682-n] (the act of making something less tight)

                  • untying [ENG31-00150082-n] (loosening the ties that fasten something)
                • tightening [ENG31-00148877-n] (the act of making something tighter)

                  • take-up [ENG31-00194854-n] (the action of taking up as by tightening or absorption or reeling in)
                • accommodation [ENG31-00194074-n] ((physiology) the automatic adjustment in focal length of the natural lens of the eye)
                • adaptation [ENG31-00194255-n] ((physiology) the responsive adjustment of a sense organ (as the eye) to varying conditions (as of light))

                  • dark adaptation [ENG31-00194471-n] (the process of adjusting the eyes to low levels of illumination)
                  • light adaptation [ENG31-00194660-n] (the process of adjusting the eyes to relatively high levels of illumination)
                • tune [ENG31-01002785-n] (the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency)
              • motion [ENG31-00280679-n] (the act of changing location from one place to another)

                • approach [ENG31-00281697-n] (the act of drawing spatially closer to something)

                  • access [ENG31-00281976-n] (the act of approaching or entering)

                    • back door [ENG31-00282135-n] (a secret or underhand means of access (to a place or a position))
                  • closing [ENG31-00282306-n] (approaching a particular destination)
                  • landing approach [ENG31-00282596-n] (the approach to a landing field by an airplane)

                    • overshoot [ENG31-00282742-n] (an approach that fails and gives way to another attempt)
                  • run-up [ENG31-00477799-n] (the approach run during which an athlete gathers speed)
                • progress [ENG31-00282894-n] (the act of moving forward (as toward a goal))

                  • push [ENG31-00283329-n] (an effort to advance)
                  • career [ENG31-00283457-n] (the general progression of your working or professional life)
                  • march [ENG31-00283684-n] (a steady advance)
                  • plain sailing [ENG31-00283797-n] (easy unobstructed progress)
                  • leapfrog [ENG31-00487141-n] (advancing as if in the child's game, by leaping over obstacles or competitors)
                • locomotion [ENG31-00283971-n] (self-propelled movement)

                  • brachiation [ENG31-00284294-n] (swinging by the arms from branch to branch)
                  • walk [ENG31-00284412-n] (the act of traveling by foot)

                    • ambulation [ENG31-00284795-n] (walking about)
                    • gait [ENG31-00287341-n] (a person's manner of walking)

                      • hitch [ENG31-00287600-n] (the uneven manner of walking that results from an injured leg)
                      • flounce [ENG31-00290111-n] (the act of walking with exaggerated jerky motions)
                      • lurch [ENG31-00290232-n] (an unsteady uneven gait)
                      • pacing [ENG31-00290399-n] (walking with slow regular strides)
                      • roll [ENG31-00290503-n] (walking with a swaying gait)
                      • saunter [ENG31-00290581-n] (a careless leisurely gait)
                      • skip [ENG31-00290750-n] (a gait in which steps and hops alternate)
                      • stalk [ENG31-00290859-n] (a stiff or threatening gait)
                      • strut [ENG31-00290969-n] (a proud stiff pompous gait)
                      • waddle [ENG31-00291250-n] (walking with short steps and the weight tilting from one foot to the other)
                    • march [ENG31-00291423-n] (the act of marching)

                      • countermarch [ENG31-00291848-n] ((military) a march in the reverse direction or back along the same route)
                      • goose step [ENG31-00291998-n] (a manner of marching with legs straight and swinging high)
                      • lockstep [ENG31-00292244-n] (a manner of marching in file in which each person's leg moves with and behind the corresponding leg of the person ahead)
                      • promenade [ENG31-00292507-n] (a march of all the guests at the opening of a formal dance)
                      • quick march [ENG31-00292640-n] (marching at quick time)
                      • routemarch [ENG31-00292720-n] (a long training march for troops)
                    • plodding [ENG31-00292809-n] (the act of walking with a slow heavy gait)
                    • prowl [ENG31-00292969-n] (the act of prowling (walking about in a stealthy manner))
                    • shamble [ENG31-00293556-n] (walking with a slow dragging motion without lifting your feet)
                    • wading [ENG31-00294151-n] (walking with your feet in shallow water)
                  • step [ENG31-00286401-n] (the act of changing location by raising the foot and setting it down)

                    • pace [ENG31-00286733-n] (a step in walking or running)
                    • pas [ENG31-00286956-n] ((ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet))
                    • trip [ENG31-00287084-n] (a light or nimble tread)
                    • sidestep [ENG31-00287204-n] (a step to one side (as in boxing or dancing))
                    • footstep [ENG31-00289724-n] (the act of taking a step in walking)
                  • gait [ENG31-00287801-n] (a horse's manner of moving)

                    • walk [ENG31-00287986-n] (a slow gait of a horse in which two feet are always on the ground)
                    • rack [ENG31-00288120-n] (a rapid gait of a horse in which each foot strikes the ground separately)
                    • jog trot [ENG31-00288293-n] (an easy gait of a horse)
                    • trot [ENG31-00288405-n] (a gait faster than a walk)

                      • rising trot [ENG31-00288606-n] (the rider rises from the saddle every second stride)
                      • sitting trot [ENG31-00288733-n] (the rider sits still in the saddle)
                    • canter [ENG31-00289330-n] (a smooth three-beat gait)
                    • gallop [ENG31-00289515-n] (a fast gait of a horse)
                  • run [ENG31-00294760-n] (the act of running)

                    • dash [ENG31-00295296-n] (a quick run)

                      • break [ENG31-00295592-n] (a sudden dash)

                        • fast break [ENG31-00295421-n] ((basketball) a rapid dash to get a shot as soon as possible after taking possession of the ball)
                  • jog [ENG31-00295034-n] (a slow pace of running)

                    • dogtrot [ENG31-00295210-n] (a steady trot like that of a dog)
                  • crawl [ENG31-00295712-n] (a slow mode of locomotion on hands and knees or dragging the body)
                  • lap [ENG31-00296016-n] (movement once around a course)

                    • pace lap [ENG31-00296248-n] (the first lap of a car race that prepares the cars for a fast start)
                    • victory lap [ENG31-00296389-n] (a lap by the winning person or team run to celebrate the victory)
                  • dance step [ENG31-00534959-n] (a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance)

                    • moonwalk [ENG31-00293969-n] (a kind of dance step in which the dancer seems to be sliding on the spot)
                    • chasse [ENG31-00535189-n] ((ballet) quick gliding steps with one foot always leading)
                    • glissade [ENG31-00535381-n] ((ballet) a gliding or sliding step in ballet)
                  • stroke [ENG31-00570935-n] (any one of the repeated movements of the limbs and body used for locomotion in swimming or rowing)

                    • swimming stroke [ENG31-00571103-n] (a method of moving the arms and legs to push against the water and propel the swimmer forward)

                      • crawl [ENG31-00571403-n] (a swimming stroke)
                      • dog paddle [ENG31-00571609-n] (an elementary swimming stroke imitating a swimming dog)
                      • sidestroke [ENG31-00571720-n] (a swimming stroke in which the arms move forward and backward while the legs do a scissors kick)
                      • butterfly [ENG31-00571891-n] (a swimming stroke in which the arms are thrown forward together out of the water while the feet kick up and down)
                      • breaststroke [ENG31-00572097-n] (a swimming stroke)
                      • backstroke [ENG31-00572320-n] (a swimming stroke that resembles the crawl except the swimmer lies on his or her back)
                      • treading water [ENG31-00576251-n] (a stroke that keeps the head above water by thrashing the legs and arms)
                • lurch [ENG31-00291120-n] (the act of moving forward suddenly)
                • travel [ENG31-00296527-n] (the act of going from one place to another)

                  • walk [ENG31-00285642-n] (the act of walking somewhere)

                    • amble [ENG31-00284945-n] (a leisurely walk (usually in some public place))

                      • ramble [ENG31-00285253-n] (an aimless amble on a winding course)
                      • walkabout [ENG31-00294389-n] (a public stroll by a celebrity to meet people informally)
                    • constitutional [ENG31-00285388-n] (a regular walk taken as a form of exercise)
                    • foot [ENG31-00285509-n] (travel by walking)
                    • hike [ENG31-00289814-n] (a long walk usually for exercise or pleasure)

                      • trudge [ENG31-00290019-n] (a long difficult walk)
                    • last mile [ENG31-00292130-n] (the last walk of a condemned person to the execution place)
                    • moonwalk [ENG31-00293113-n] (an exploratory walk by an astronaut on the surface of the moon)
                    • perambulation [ENG31-00293230-n] (a walk around a territory (a parish or manor or forest etc.) in order to officially assert and record its boundaries)
                    • turn [ENG31-00293443-n] (taking a short walk out and back)
                    • walkabout [ENG31-00294261-n] (nomadic excursions into the bush made by an Aborigine)
                    • walk-through [ENG31-00294597-n] (the act of walking in order to view something)
                  • circumnavigation [ENG31-00297089-n] (traveling around something (by ship or plane))
                  • peregrination [ENG31-00297304-n] (traveling or wandering around)
                  • traversal [ENG31-00297772-n] (travel across)
                  • wandering [ENG31-00297888-n] (travelling about without any clear destination)

                    • drifting [ENG31-00298230-n] (aimless wandering from place to place)
                  • wayfaring [ENG31-00298144-n] (traveling (especially on foot))
                  • crossing [ENG31-00298358-n] (traveling across)

                    • ford [ENG31-00298483-n] (the act of crossing a stream or river by wading or in a car or on a horse)

                      • shallow fording [ENG31-00298689-n] (fording at a shallow place)
                      • deep fording [ENG31-00298777-n] (fording at a deep place in the stream)
                    • traversal [ENG31-00298873-n] (taking a zigzag path on skis)
                  • driving [ENG31-00299323-n] (the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animal)

                    • motoring [ENG31-00299938-n] (the act of driving an automobile)
                  • riding [ENG31-00300043-n] (travel by being carried on horseback)

                    • bronco busting [ENG31-00300652-n] (breaking a bronco to saddle)
                    • endurance riding [ENG31-00300759-n] (riding for long hours over long distances)
                    • pack riding [ENG31-00300863-n] (riding with a pack)
                    • trail riding [ENG31-00300939-n] (riding along a roughly blazed path)
                  • air travel [ENG31-00301267-n] (travel via aircraft)

                    • flight [ENG31-00303220-n] (an instance of traveling by air)

                      • acrobatics [ENG31-00303687-n] (the performance of stunts while in flight in an aircraft)

                        • tailspin [ENG31-00307036-n] (rapid descent of an aircraft in a steep spiral)
                      • blind flying [ENG31-00303875-n] (using only instruments for flying an aircraft because you cannot see through clouds or mists etc.)
                      • ballooning [ENG31-00304047-n] (flying in a balloon)
                      • flyover [ENG31-00304123-n] (a flight at a low altitude (usually of military aircraft) over spectators on the ground)
                      • glide [ENG31-00304321-n] (the activity of flying a glider)

                        • hang gliding [ENG31-00304574-n] (gliding in a hang glider)
                        • parasailing [ENG31-00305175-n] (gliding in a parasail)
                      • maiden flight [ENG31-00305034-n] (the first flight of its kind)
                      • overflight [ENG31-00305268-n] (a flight by an aircraft over a particular area (especially over an area in foreign territory))
                      • pass [ENG31-00305418-n] (a flight or run by an aircraft over a target)
                      • solo [ENG31-00305555-n] (a flight in which the aircraft pilot is unaccompanied)
                      • sortie [ENG31-00305677-n] ((military) an operational flight by a single aircraft (as in a military operation))
                      • terrain flight [ENG31-00307144-n] (flight at very low altitudes)
                  • journey [ENG31-00307252-n] (the act of traveling from one place to another)

                    • commute [ENG31-00308281-n] (a regular journey of some distance to and from your place of work)
                    • drive [ENG31-00308457-n] (a journey in a vehicle (usually an automobile))

                      • lift [ENG31-00310102-n] (a ride in a car)
                      • joyride [ENG31-00310194-n] (a ride in a car taken solely for pleasure)
                      • spin [ENG31-00310366-n] (a short drive in a car)
                    • long haul [ENG31-00308899-n] (a journey over a long distance)
                    • mush [ENG31-00309034-n] (a journey by dogsled)
                    • odyssey [ENG31-00309105-n] (a long wandering and eventful journey)
                    • trip [ENG31-00309196-n] (a journey for some purpose (usually including the return))

                      • flight [ENG31-00302018-n] (a scheduled trip by plane between designated airports)

                        • connecting flight [ENG31-00302269-n] (a flight with an intermediate stop and a change of aircraft (possibly a change of airlines))
                        • direct flight [ENG31-00302424-n] (a flight with one or more intermediate stops but no change of aircraft)
                        • domestic flight [ENG31-00302554-n] (a flight that begins and ends in the same country)
                        • international flight [ENG31-00302683-n] (a flight that takes off in one country and lands in another)
                        • nonstop flight [ENG31-00302827-n] (a flight made without intermediate stops between source and destination)
                        • redeye [ENG31-00303011-n] (a night flight from which the passengers emerge with eyes red from lack of sleep)
                      • junket [ENG31-00309507-n] (a trip taken by an official at public expense)
                      • round trip [ENG31-00309605-n] (a trip to some place and back again)
                      • run [ENG31-00309697-n] (a regular trip)
                      • run [ENG31-00309837-n] (a short trip)
                      • trek [ENG31-00311173-n] (any long and difficult trip)
                      • errand [ENG31-00733245-n] (a short trip that is taken in the performance of a necessary task or mission)
                      • service call [ENG31-01233861-n] (a trip made by a repairman to visit the location of something in need of service)
                    • passage [ENG31-00309941-n] (a journey usually by ship)

                      • lockage [ENG31-00314211-n] (passage through a lock in a canal or waterway)
                    • expedition [ENG31-00310473-n] (a journey organized for a particular purpose)

                      • scouting trip [ENG31-00310628-n] (an expedition undertaken to gain information)
                      • campaign [ENG31-00310732-n] (an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa))
                      • exploration [ENG31-00310889-n] (to travel for the purpose of discovery)
                    • digression [ENG31-00311027-n] (wandering from the main path of a journey)
                    • schlep [ENG31-00311251-n] (a tedious or difficult journey)
                    • trek [ENG31-00311342-n] (a journey by ox wagon (especially an organized migration by a group of settlers))
                    • tour [ENG31-00311492-n] (a journey or route all the way around a particular place or area)

                      • walkabout [ENG31-00294501-n] (a walking trip or tour)
                      • grand tour [ENG31-00311917-n] (a sightseeing tour of a building or institution)
                      • grand tour [ENG31-00312021-n] (an extended cultural tour of Europe taken by wealthy young Englishmen (especially in the 18th century) as part of their education)
                      • itineration [ENG31-00312207-n] (journeying from place to place preaching or lecturing)
                      • package tour [ENG31-00750217-n] (a tour arranged by a travel agent)
                      • pub crawl [ENG31-00750403-n] (a tour of bars or public houses (usually taking one drink at each stop))
                      • whistle-stop tour [ENG31-00750530-n] (a tour by a candidate as part of a political campaign in which a series of small towns are visited)
                    • pilgrimage [ENG31-00312513-n] (a journey to a sacred place)
                    • excursion [ENG31-00312635-n] (a journey taken for pleasure)

                      • airing [ENG31-00313092-n] (a short excursion (a walk or ride) in the open air)
                      • field trip [ENG31-00313229-n] (a group excursion (to a museum or the woods or some historic place) for firsthand examination)
                    • voyage [ENG31-00313379-n] (a journey to some distant place)

                      • crossing [ENG31-00314071-n] (a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean))
                      • spaceflight [ENG31-00314328-n] (a voyage outside the Earth's atmosphere)
                    • way [ENG31-00313517-n] (a journey or passage)
                  • stage [ENG31-00307726-n] (a section or portion of a journey or course)

                    • fare-stage [ENG31-00308140-n] (a section along the route of a bus for which the fare is the same)
                  • staging [ENG31-00307928-n] (travel by stagecoach)
                  • on the road [ENG31-00312354-n] (travelling about)
                  • junketing [ENG31-00312986-n] (taking an excursion for pleasure)
                  • water travel [ENG31-00314473-n] (travel by water)

                    • ocean trip [ENG31-00313610-n] (an act of traveling by water)

                      • cruise [ENG31-00313758-n] (an ocean trip taken for pleasure)
                      • maiden voyage [ENG31-00313922-n] (the first voyage of its kind)
                    • sailing [ENG31-00314632-n] (riding in a sailboat)

                      • luff [ENG31-00314797-n] (the act of sailing close to the wind)
                      • beat [ENG31-00314920-n] (the act of beating to windward)
                      • tack [ENG31-00315221-n] (sailing a zigzag course)
                    • boating [ENG31-00316216-n] (water travel for pleasure)

                      • bareboating [ENG31-00316360-n] (boating by chartering a bareboat and providing your own crew and provisions)
                  • commutation [ENG31-00316526-n] (the travel of a commuter)
                • pursuit [ENG31-00320765-n] (the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture)

                  • trailing [ENG31-00321110-n] (the pursuit (of a person or animal) by following tracks or marks they left behind)
                  • shadowing [ENG31-00321312-n] (the act of following someone secretly)
                  • stalk [ENG31-00321451-n] (the act of following prey stealthily)
                • rise [ENG31-00325210-n] (the act of changing location in an upward direction)

                  • levitation [ENG31-00325525-n] (the act of raising (a body) from the ground by presumably spiritualistic means)
                  • heave [ENG31-00325660-n] (the act of lifting something with great effort)
                  • climb [ENG31-00325936-n] (the act of climbing something)

                    • scaling [ENG31-00326190-n] (ascent by or as if by a ladder)

                      • escalade [ENG31-00326457-n] (an act of scaling by the use of ladders (especially the walls of a fortification))
                    • clamber [ENG31-00326328-n] (an awkward climb)
                    • mountain climbing [ENG31-00326611-n] (the activity of climbing a mountain)

                      • Alpinism [ENG31-00326801-n] (mountain climbing (not restricted to the Alps))
                    • rock climbing [ENG31-00326920-n] (the sport or pastime of scaling rock masses on mountain sides (especially with the help of ropes and special equipment))
                  • soar [ENG31-00327117-n] (the act of rising upward into the air)
                • descent [ENG31-00327266-n] (the act of changing your location in a downward direction)

                  • jump [ENG31-00304675-n] (descent with a parachute)

                    • skydiving [ENG31-00304866-n] (performing acrobatics in free fall before pulling the ripcord of a parachute)
                  • dive [ENG31-00327503-n] (a steep nose-down descent by an aircraft)

                    • power dive [ENG31-00327960-n] (a dive of an airplane that is accelerated both by gravity and by the power of the engine)
                  • rappel [ENG31-00327635-n] ((mountaineering) a descent of a vertical cliff or wall made by using a doubled rope that is fixed to a higher point and wrapped around the body)
                  • swoop [ENG31-00327859-n] (a swift descent through the air)
                  • crash dive [ENG31-00328105-n] (a rapid descent by a submarine)
                  • drop [ENG31-00328192-n] (the act of dropping something)
                  • flop [ENG31-00328336-n] (the act of throwing yourself down)
                • swing [ENG31-00328650-n] (changing location by moving back and forth)
                • return [ENG31-00328841-n] (the act of going back to a prior location)

                  • reentry [ENG31-00329056-n] (the act of entering again)
                  • remand [ENG31-00329153-n] (the act of sending an accused person back into custody to await trial (or the continuation of the trial))
                • slide [ENG31-00329328-n] (the act of moving smoothly along a surface while remaining in contact with it)

                  • skid [ENG31-00329857-n] (an unexpected slide)
                  • snowboarding [ENG31-00330294-n] (the act of sliding down a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard)
                • slippage [ENG31-00329711-n] (failing to hold or slipping out of place)
                • flow [ENG31-00330053-n] (the act of flowing or streaming)

                  • spill [ENG31-00330445-n] (the act of allowing a fluid to escape)
                  • flood [ENG31-00330645-n] (a large flow)

                    • effusion [ENG31-00330769-n] (flow under pressure)
                • crawl [ENG31-00330861-n] (a very slow movement)
                • speed [ENG31-00330986-n] (changing location rapidly)

                  • acceleration [ENG31-00331283-n] (the act of accelerating)
                  • deceleration [ENG31-00331500-n] (the act of decelerating)
                  • scud [ENG31-00331662-n] (the act of moving along swiftly (as before a gale))
                • translation [ENG31-00331810-n] (the act of uniform movement)
                • shift [ENG31-00332481-n] (the act of moving from one place to another)
                • haste [ENG31-00556685-n] (the act of moving hurriedly and in a careless manner)

                  • dash [ENG31-00557020-n] (the act of moving with great haste)
                  • scamper [ENG31-00557179-n] (rushing about hastily in an undignified way)
                • maneuver [ENG31-00557350-n] (a deliberate coordinated movement requiring dexterity and skill)

                  • takeaway [ENG31-00557871-n] (the act of taking the ball or puck away from the team on the offense (as by the interception of a pass))
                  • figure [ENG31-00558029-n] (a predetermined set of movements in dancing or skating)

                    • figure eight [ENG31-00558221-n] (a skating figure that carves an 8 in the ice)
                    • spread eagle [ENG31-00558324-n] (a skating figure executed with the skates heel to heel in a straight line)
                  • completion [ENG31-00558456-n] ((American football) a successful forward pass in football)
                  • ball hawking [ENG31-00558902-n] (a skillful maneuver in catching balls or in stealing the ball from the opposing team)
                  • assist [ENG31-00559045-n] ((sports) the act of enabling another player to make a good play)
                  • icing [ENG31-00559218-n] ((ice hockey) the act of shooting the puck from within your own defensive area the length of the rink beyond the opponent's goal)
                  • jugglery [ENG31-00563216-n] (the performance of a juggler)
                  • obstruction [ENG31-00563317-n] (getting in someone's way)

                    • blocking [ENG31-00563435-n] (the act of obstructing or deflecting someone's movements)

                      • interference [ENG31-00563680-n] ((American football) blocking a player's path with your body)
                      • trap block [ENG31-00563860-n] ((American football) an illegal block)
                      • parry [ENG31-01176985-n] ((fencing) blocking a lunge or deflecting it with a circular motion of the sword)
                    • check [ENG31-00563972-n] (obstructing an opponent in ice hockey)

                      • crosscheck [ENG31-00564134-n] (an illegal check (chopping at an opponent's arms or stick))
                      • poke check [ENG31-00564249-n] (knocking the puck away by jabbing at it with the hockey stick)
                  • baseball play [ENG31-00565214-n] ((baseball) a play executed by a baseball team)

                    • double play [ENG31-00565410-n] (the act of getting two players out on one play)
                    • triple play [ENG31-00565514-n] (the act of getting three players out on one play)
                    • pick-off [ENG31-00565620-n] (a baseball play in which a base runner is caught off base and tagged out)
                    • squeeze play [ENG31-00565747-n] (a baseball play in which a runner on third base tries to score as the batter bunts the pitch)

                      • suicide squeeze play [ENG31-00565934-n] (the runner on third base starts home as the pitcher delivers the ball)
                      • safety squeeze play [ENG31-00566088-n] (the runner on third base waits to start home until the batter has bunted successfully)
                  • footwork [ENG31-00566256-n] (the manner of using the feet)
                  • stroke [ENG31-00566339-n] ((sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand)

                    • break [ENG31-00501291-n] (the opening shot that scatters the balls in billiards or pool)
                    • carom [ENG31-00501460-n] (a shot in billiards in which the cue ball contacts one object ball and then the other)
                    • masse [ENG31-00501680-n] (a shot in billiards made by hitting the cue ball with the cue held nearly vertically)
                    • miscue [ENG31-00501938-n] (a faulty shot in billiards)
                    • cut [ENG31-00566846-n] ((sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball)
                    • swipe [ENG31-00567077-n] (a sweeping stroke or blow)
                    • tennis stroke [ENG31-00567172-n] (the act of hitting a tennis ball with a tennis racket)

                      • return [ENG31-00567335-n] (a tennis stroke that sends the ball back to the other player)

                        • backhand [ENG31-00567727-n] (a return made with the back of the hand facing the direction of the stroke)

                          • two-handed backhand [ENG31-00569203-n] (a backhand shot made holding the racquet in both hands)
                        • chop [ENG31-00567926-n] (a tennis return made with a downward motion that puts backspin on the ball)
                        • drive [ENG31-00568081-n] ((sports) a hard straight return (as in tennis or squash))

                          • forehand drive [ENG31-00568722-n] ((sports) hard straight return made on the forehand side (as in tennis or badminton or squash))
                          • backhand drive [ENG31-00569094-n] (a hard straight return made on the backhand side)
                        • drop shot [ENG31-00568317-n] (a soft return so that the tennis ball drops abruptly after crossing the net)
                        • forehand [ENG31-00568455-n] ((sports) a return made with the palm of the hand facing the direction of the stroke (as in tennis or badminton or squash))
                        • get [ENG31-00568933-n] (a return on a shot that seemed impossible to reach and would normally have resulted in a point for the opponent)
                        • ground stroke [ENG31-00569323-n] (a tennis return made by hitting the ball after it has bounced once)
                        • half volley [ENG31-00570271-n] (a tennis return made by hitting the ball immediately after it bounces)
                        • lob [ENG31-00570398-n] (an easy return of a tennis ball in a high arc)
                        • overhead [ENG31-00570511-n] (a hard return hitting the tennis ball above your head)
                        • passing shot [ENG31-00570645-n] (a tennis return that passes an opponent who has approached the net)
                        • volley [ENG31-00570770-n] (a tennis return made by hitting the ball before it bounces)
                      • serve [ENG31-00569467-n] ((sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play)

                        • ace [ENG31-00569738-n] (a serve that the receiver is unable to reach)
                        • fault [ENG31-00569850-n] ((sports) a serve that is illegal (e.g., that lands outside the prescribed area))

                          • double fault [ENG31-00072366-n] ((tennis) two successive faults in serving resulting in the loss of the point)
                          • footfault [ENG31-00072520-n] (a fault that occurs when the server in tennis fails to keep both feet behind the baseline)
                        • let [ENG31-00570110-n] (a serve that strikes the net before falling into the receiver's court)
                    • baseball swing [ENG31-00572481-n] (in baseball)
                    • golf stroke [ENG31-00572646-n] (the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it)

                      • downswing [ENG31-00572993-n] (a swing downward of a golf club)
                      • slice [ENG31-00573080-n] (a golf shot that curves to the right for a right-handed golfer)
                      • hook [ENG31-00573322-n] (a golf shot that curves to the left for a right-handed golfer)
                      • drive [ENG31-00573526-n] (hitting a golf ball off of a tee with a driver)
                      • explosion [ENG31-00573743-n] (a golf shot from a bunker that typically moves sand as well as the golf ball)
                      • putt [ENG31-00573875-n] (hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter)
                      • approach [ENG31-00574305-n] (a relatively short golf shot intended to put the ball onto the putting green)

                        • chip [ENG31-00574567-n] ((golf) a low running approach shot)
                        • pitch [ENG31-00574701-n] (a high approach shot in golf)
                      • sclaff [ENG31-00574812-n] (a poor golf stroke in which the club head hits the ground before hitting the ball)
                      • shank [ENG31-00574982-n] (a poor golf stroke in which the heel of the club hits the ball)
                      • teeoff [ENG31-00575114-n] (the act of hitting a golf ball from the teeing ground at the start of each hole)
                  • safety blitz [ENG31-00978171-n] ((American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line)
                  • mousetrap [ENG31-00978356-n] ((American football) a play in which a defensive player is allowed to cross the line of scrimmage and then blocked off as the runner goes through the place the lineman vacated)
                • migration [ENG31-01125416-n] (the movement of persons from one country or locality to another)

                  • emigration [ENG31-00056907-n] (migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another))
                  • immigration [ENG31-00057131-n] (migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there))

                    • aliyah [ENG31-00057371-n] ((Judaism) immigration of Jews to Israel)
                  • gold rush [ENG31-01125625-n] (a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field)
              • movement [ENG31-00281430-n] (the act of changing the location of something)

                • displacement [ENG31-00316656-n] (to move something from its natural environment)
                • transportation [ENG31-00316812-n] (the act of moving something from one location to another)

                  • transshipment [ENG31-00317286-n] (the transfer from one conveyance to another for shipment)
                  • airlift [ENG31-00317420-n] (transportation of people or goods by air (especially when other means of access are unavailable))
                  • connection [ENG31-00317815-n] (shifting from one form of transportation to another)
                  • delivery [ENG31-00318033-n] (the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail))

                    • airdrop [ENG31-00318535-n] (delivery of supplies or equipment or personnel by dropping them by parachute from an aircraft)
                    • consignment [ENG31-00318743-n] (the delivery of goods for sale or disposal)
                    • passage [ENG31-00318861-n] (the act of passing something to another person)

                      • relay [ENG31-00319393-n] (the act of passing something along from one person or group to another)
                    • post [ENG31-00319012-n] (the delivery and collection of letters and packages)
                    • service [ENG31-00319217-n] (the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone)
                  • drive [ENG31-00318420-n] (the act of driving a herd of animals overland)

                    • cattle drive [ENG31-00318311-n] (driving a bovine herd (as cows or bulls or steers))
                  • carry [ENG31-00319561-n] (the act of carrying something)

                    • packing [ENG31-00320138-n] (carrying something in a pack on the back)
                    • piggyback [ENG31-00320339-n] (the act of carrying something piggyback)
                    • fireman's carry [ENG31-00320434-n] (the act of carrying a person over your shoulder)
                    • portage [ENG31-00320543-n] (carrying boats and supplies overland)
                    • porterage [ENG31-00320651-n] (the transportation of burdens by porters)
                  • lighterage [ENG31-00653197-n] (the transportation of goods on a lighter)
                  • resettlement [ENG31-01255153-n] (the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind))
                  • teleportation [ENG31-01257060-n] (a hypothetical mode of instantaneous transportation)
                • insertion [ENG31-00321678-n] (the act of putting one thing into another)

                  • cannulation [ENG31-00322021-n] (the insertion of a cannula or tube into a hollow body organ)
                  • instillation [ENG31-00322557-n] (the introduction of a liquid (by pouring or injection) drop by drop)

                    • infusion [ENG31-00324358-n] ((medicine) the passive introduction of a substance (a fluid or drug or electrolyte) into a vein or between tissues (as by gravitational force))
                  • enclosure [ENG31-00322782-n] (the act of enclosing something inside something else)

                    • packing [ENG31-00323054-n] (the enclosure of something in a package or box)

                      • bundling [ENG31-00323217-n] (the act of binding something into a bundle)
                    • encasement [ENG31-00323314-n] (the act of enclosing something in a case)
                  • injection [ENG31-00323460-n] (the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure)

                    • epidural injection [ENG31-00323604-n] (injection of an anesthetic substance into the epidural space of the spinal cord in order to produce epidural anesthesia)
                  • transfusion [ENG31-00324882-n] (the introduction of blood or blood plasma into a vein or artery)

                    • exchange transfusion [ENG31-00324592-n] (slow removal of a person's blood and its replacement with equal amounts of a donor's blood)
                  • perfusion [ENG31-00325059-n] (pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue (especially by way of blood vessels))
                • lowering [ENG31-00328509-n] (the act of causing something to move to a lower level)
                • transplant [ENG31-00331928-n] (the act of removing something from one location and introducing it in another location)
                • troop movement [ENG31-00332357-n] (movement of military units to a new location)
              • motion [ENG31-00332776-n] (a change of position that does not entail a change of location)

                • abduction [ENG31-00333863-n] ((physiology) moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body)
                • adduction [ENG31-00334029-n] ((physiology) moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body)
                • agitation [ENG31-00334192-n] (the act of agitating something)

                  • shaking [ENG31-00348006-n] (the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements)

                    • joggle [ENG31-00348185-n] (a slight irregular shaking motion)
                  • stirring [ENG31-00348316-n] (agitating a liquid with an implement)
                  • wag [ENG31-00348478-n] (causing to move repeatedly from side to side)
                  • worrying [ENG31-00348679-n] (the act of moving something by repeated tugs or pushes)
                • body English [ENG31-00334398-n] (a motion of the body by a player as if to make an object already propelled go in the desired direction)
                • circumduction [ENG31-00334559-n] (a circular movement of a limb or eye)
                • disturbance [ENG31-00334655-n] (the act of disturbing something or someone)

                  • circus [ENG31-00553716-n] (a frenetic disorganized (and often comic) disturbance suggestive of a large public entertainment)
                  • disorganization [ENG31-00553959-n] (the disturbance of a systematic arrangement causing disorder and confusion)
                  • disruption [ENG31-00554210-n] (the act of causing disorder)

                    • dislocation [ENG31-00554399-n] (the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue)
                    • surprise [ENG31-00554692-n] (the act of surprising someone)
                  • commotion [ENG31-00554860-n] (the act of making a noisy disturbance)

                    • bustle [ENG31-00556175-n] (a rapid active commotion)
                  • furor [ENG31-00555032-n] (a sudden outburst (as of protest))

                    • brouhaha [ENG31-00553605-n] (a confused disturbance far greater than its cause merits)
                  • havoc [ENG31-00555144-n] (violent and needless disturbance)
                  • melee [ENG31-00555237-n] (a noisy riotous fight)
                  • agitation [ENG31-00555337-n] (disturbance usually in protest)
                  • outburst [ENG31-00555470-n] (a sudden violent disturbance)
                  • rampage [ENG31-00555578-n] (violently angry and destructive behavior)

                    • wilding [ENG31-00555763-n] (an outrageous rampage usually involving sexual attacks by men on women)
                  • upset [ENG31-00555887-n] (the act of disturbing the mind or body)
                • fetal movement [ENG31-00335000-n] (motion of a fetus within the uterus (usually detected by the 16th week of pregnancy))
                • flit [ENG31-00335182-n] (a sudden quick movement)
                • gesture [ENG31-00335335-n] (motion of hands or body to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling)

                  • jab [ENG31-00335761-n] (a sharp hand gesture (resembling a blow))
                  • mudra [ENG31-00336111-n] (ritual hand movement in Hindu religious dancing)
                • headshake [ENG31-00335537-n] (the act of turning your head left and right to signify denial or disbelief or bemusement)
                • inclination [ENG31-00336210-n] (the act of inclining)

                  • bob [ENG31-00337100-n] (a short abrupt inclination (as of the head))
                  • nod [ENG31-00337256-n] (the act of nodding the head)

                    • nutation [ENG31-00337387-n] (uncontrolled nodding)
                  • stoop [ENG31-00337480-n] (an inclination of the top half of the body forward and downward)
                • inversion [ENG31-00336479-n] (the act of turning inside out)
                • inversion [ENG31-00336640-n] (turning upside down)

                  • upset [ENG31-00349138-n] (the act of upsetting something)
                • jerk [ENG31-00336814-n] (an abrupt spasmodic movement)
                • kick [ENG31-00337631-n] (a rhythmic thrusting movement of the legs as in swimming or calisthenics)

                  • swimming kick [ENG31-00575264-n] (a movement of the legs in swimming)

                    • flutter kick [ENG31-00575467-n] (a swimming kick)
                    • frog kick [ENG31-00575645-n] (a swimming kick)
                    • dolphin kick [ENG31-00575827-n] (a swimming kick)
                    • scissors kick [ENG31-00575962-n] (a kick used in the sidestroke)
                    • thrash [ENG31-00576120-n] (a swimming kick used while treading water)
                • kneel [ENG31-00337904-n] (supporting yourself on your knees)
                • lurch [ENG31-00338036-n] (abrupt up-and-down motion (as caused by a ship or other conveyance))

                  • rock [ENG31-00348834-n] (pitching dangerously to one side)
                • eye movement [ENG31-00338312-n] (the movement of the eyes)

                  • nystagmus [ENG31-00338431-n] (involuntary movements of the eyeballs)

                    • physiological nystagmus [ENG31-00338670-n] (small involuntary tremors of the eyeballs)
                    • rotational nystagmus [ENG31-00338914-n] (nystagmus caused by the body rotating rapidly)
                    • post-rotational nystagmus [ENG31-00339230-n] (nystagmus caused by suddenly stopping the rapid rotation of the body)
                  • saccade [ENG31-00339097-n] (a rapid, jerky movement of the eyes between positions of rest)
                • opening [ENG31-00339467-n] (the act of opening something)
                • prostration [ENG31-00341935-n] (the act of assuming a prostrate position)
                • reach [ENG31-00342069-n] (the act of physically reaching or thrusting out)

                  • outreach [ENG31-00349779-n] (the act of reaching out)
                • reciprocation [ENG31-00342261-n] (alternating back-and-forth movement)
                • reclining [ENG31-00342374-n] (the act of assuming or maintaining a reclining position)
                • retraction [ENG31-00342521-n] (the act of pulling or holding or drawing a part back)
                • retroflection [ENG31-00342716-n] (the act of bending backward)
                • rotation [ENG31-00342854-n] (the act of rotating as if on an axis)

                  • circumvolution [ENG31-00343250-n] (the act of turning or winding or folding around a central axis)
                  • feather [ENG31-00343391-n] (turning an oar parallel to the water between pulls)
                  • gyration [ENG31-00343581-n] (the act of rotating in a circle or spiral)
                  • pivot [ENG31-00343742-n] (the act of turning on (or as if on) a pivot)
                  • pronation [ENG31-00343917-n] (rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward)
                  • spin [ENG31-00344075-n] (the act of rotating rapidly)

                    • pirouette [ENG31-00344556-n] ((ballet) a rapid spin of the body (especially on the toes as in ballet))
                    • birling [ENG31-00344720-n] (rotating a log rapidly in the water (as a competitive sport))
                  • spiral [ENG31-00344432-n] (flying downward in a helical path with a large radius)
                  • supination [ENG31-00346123-n] (rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward)
                  • twist [ENG31-00346280-n] (turning or twisting around (in place))

                    • twiddle [ENG31-00341815-n] (a series of small (usually idle) twists or turns)
                  • wind [ENG31-00346467-n] (the act of winding or twisting)
                  • turnout [ENG31-00535517-n] ((ballet) the outward rotation of a dancer's leg from the hip)
                • shutting [ENG31-00344866-n] (the act of closing something)
                • sitting [ENG31-00345085-n] (the act of assuming or maintaining a seated position)
                • sitting [ENG31-00345247-n] ((photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait))
                • snap [ENG31-00345525-n] (the act of snapping the fingers)
                • squat [ENG31-00345768-n] (the act of assuming or maintaining a crouching position with the knees bent and the buttocks near the heels)
                • sweep [ENG31-00345975-n] (a movement in an arc)
                • toss [ENG31-00346643-n] (an abrupt movement)
                • vibration [ENG31-00346752-n] (the act of vibrating)

                  • tremor [ENG31-00349627-n] (an involuntary vibration (as if from illness or fear))
                • wave [ENG31-00346921-n] (a movement like that of a sudden occurrence or increase in a specified phenomenon)
                • waver [ENG31-00349397-n] (the act of moving back and forth)
                • standing [ENG31-00349906-n] (the act of assuming or maintaining an erect upright position)
                • straddle [ENG31-00350039-n] (the act of sitting or standing astride)
                • stroke [ENG31-00350195-n] (a single complete movement)

                  • keystroke [ENG31-00350346-n] (the stroke of a key)
                  • beat [ENG31-00548653-n] (a stroke or blow)
                  • bow [ENG31-00548802-n] (a stroke with a curved piece of wood with taut horsehair strands that is used in playing stringed instruments)

                    • down-bow [ENG31-00548997-n] (a downward stroke from the heel to the tip of the bow)
                    • up-bow [ENG31-00549105-n] (an upward stroke from the tip to the heel of the bow)
                  • blow [ENG31-01175528-n] (a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon)

                    • backhander [ENG31-00133980-n] (a backhanded blow)
                    • clip [ENG31-00134054-n] (a sharp slanting blow)
                    • knock [ENG31-00134158-n] (the act of hitting vigorously)
                    • thwack [ENG31-00134387-n] (a hard blow with a flat object)
                    • smack [ENG31-00134488-n] (the act of smacking something)

                      • spank [ENG31-00135292-n] (a slap with the flat of the hand)
                    • smacker [ENG31-00134695-n] (a very powerful blow with the fist)
                    • knockdown [ENG31-00134801-n] (a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet)
                    • knockout [ENG31-00134919-n] (a blow that renders the opponent unconscious)

                      • technical knockout [ENG31-00135066-n] (a knockout declared by the referee who judges one boxer unable to continue)
                    • swat [ENG31-00135211-n] (a sharp blow)
                    • whip [ENG31-00135394-n] (a quick blow delivered with a whip or whiplike object)
                    • punch [ENG31-00135600-n] ((boxing) a blow with the fist)

                      • counterpunch [ENG31-00136324-n] (a return punch (especially by a boxer))
                      • haymaker [ENG31-00136457-n] (a hard punch that renders the opponent unable to continue boxing)
                      • hook [ENG31-00136619-n] (a short swinging punch delivered from the side with the elbow bent)

                        • roundhouse [ENG31-00137050-n] (a hook delivered with an exaggerated swing)
                      • jab [ENG31-00136772-n] (a quick short straight punch)
                      • rabbit punch [ENG31-00136868-n] (a short chopping blow to the back of the neck)
                      • sucker punch [ENG31-00136972-n] (an unexpected punch)
                    • box [ENG31-00135968-n] (a blow with the hand (usually on the ear))
                    • kick [ENG31-00137149-n] (the act of delivering a blow with the foot)

                      • goal-kick [ENG31-00137511-n] ((association football) a kick by the defending side after the attacking side sends the ball over the goal-line)
                      • goal-kick [ENG31-00137696-n] ((rugby) an attempt to kick a goal)
                      • punt [ENG31-00137804-n] ((football) a kick in which the football is dropped from the hands and kicked before it touches the ground)
                      • place kick [ENG31-00138099-n] ((sports) a kick in which the ball is placed on the ground before kicking)

                        • free kick [ENG31-00138354-n] ((soccer) a place kick that is allowed for a foul or infringement by the other team)

                          • corner kick [ENG31-00138529-n] (a free kick from the corner awarded to the other side when a player has sent the ball behind his own goal line)
                      • dropkick [ENG31-00138697-n] ((football) kicking (as for a field goal) in which the football is dropped and kicked as it touches the ground)
                    • counterblow [ENG31-01176059-n] (a return blow)
                    • swing [ENG31-01176150-n] (a sweeping blow or stroke)
                    • stab [ENG31-01176455-n] (a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument)

                      • lunge [ENG31-01176741-n] ((fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward)
                      • remise [ENG31-01177135-n] ((fencing) a second thrust made on the same lunge (as when your opponent fails to riposte))
                    • stinger [ENG31-01177478-n] (a sharp stinging blow)
                    • thump [ENG31-01177589-n] (a heavy blow with the hand)
                    • uppercut [ENG31-01177685-n] (a swinging blow directed upward (especially at an opponent's chin))
                    • hammer [ENG31-01177806-n] (the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows))
                    • shot [ENG31-01178123-n] (a blow hard enough to cause injury)

                      • cheap shot [ENG31-01178321-n] (an illegal and unsportsmanlike act of unnecessary violence)
                    • wallop [ENG31-01178521-n] (a severe blow)
                • wiggle [ENG31-00350531-n] (the act of wiggling)
                • eurythmy [ENG31-00430698-n] (the interpretation in harmonious bodily movements of the rhythm of musical compositions)
              • change of direction [ENG31-00347122-n] (the act of changing the direction in which something is oriented)

                • turn [ENG31-00347358-n] (the act of turning away or in the opposite direction)
                • reversion [ENG31-00347519-n] (turning in the opposite direction)

                  • about-face [ENG31-00347762-n] (act of pivoting 180 degrees, especially in a military formation)
                  • u-turn [ENG31-00347913-n] (complete reversal of direction of travel)
                • change of course [ENG31-00350712-n] (a change in the direction that you are moving)

                  • turn [ENG31-00350856-n] (the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course)

                    • diversion [ENG31-00351206-n] (a turning aside (of your course or attention or concern))

                      • red herring [ENG31-00351704-n] (any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue)
                    • right [ENG31-00351826-n] (a turn toward the side of the body that is on the south when the person is facing east)
                    • left [ENG31-00351994-n] (a turn toward the side of the body that is on the north when the person is facing east)
                    • kick turn [ENG31-00442175-n] (a standing turn made in skiing)
                    • stem turn [ENG31-00442441-n] (a turn made in skiing)
                    • telemark [ENG31-00442626-n] (a turn made in skiing)
                    • swerve [ENG31-01265750-n] (the act of turning aside suddenly)
                    • three-point turn [ENG31-01265911-n] (the act of turning a vehicle around in a limited space by moving in a series of back and forward arcs)
                    • version [ENG31-01270394-n] (manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery))
                  • tack [ENG31-00352160-n] ((nautical) the act of changing tack)
              • change of magnitude [ENG31-00352311-n] (the act of changing the amount or size of something)

                • decrease [ENG31-00352464-n] (the act of decreasing or reducing something)

                  • cut [ENG31-00353157-n] (the act of reducing the amount or number)

                    • budget cut [ENG31-00353411-n] (the act of reducing budgeted expenditures)
                    • pay cut [ENG31-00353509-n] (the act of reducing a salary)
                    • cost cutting [ENG31-00353604-n] (the act of cutting costs)
                    • price cutting [ENG31-00353687-n] (cutting the price of merchandise to one lower than the usual or advertised price)
                    • spending cut [ENG31-00353839-n] (the act of reducing spending)
                    • tax cut [ENG31-00353926-n] (the act of reducing taxation)
                  • moderation [ENG31-00354075-n] (the action of lessening in severity or intensity)

                    • abatement [ENG31-00362159-n] (the act of abating)

                      • abatement of a nuisance [ENG31-00362285-n] ((law) the removal or termination or destruction of something that has been found to be a nuisance)

                        • asbestos abatement [ENG31-00362510-n] (the removal of asbestos from a public building)
                  • lowering [ENG31-00354295-n] (the act of causing to become less)

                    • tapering [ENG31-00354437-n] (the act of gradually lowering the size or amount)
                  • cutback [ENG31-00354608-n] (a reduction in quantity or rate)

                    • service cutback [ENG31-00354729-n] (the act of reducing service)
                  • devaluation [ENG31-00354818-n] (the reduction of something's value or worth)

                    • evisceration [ENG31-00355168-n] (altering something (as a legislative act or a statement) in such a manner as to reduce its value)
                  • devitalization [ENG31-00355009-n] (the act of reducing the vitality of something)
                  • extenuation [ENG31-00355409-n] (to act in such a way as to cause an offense to seem less serious)
                  • easing [ENG31-00355710-n] (the act of reducing something unpleasant (as pain or annoyance))

                    • spasmolysis [ENG31-00355611-n] (the relaxation or relief of muscle spasms)
                    • detente [ENG31-00356246-n] (the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations))
                    • palliation [ENG31-00356373-n] (easing the severity of a pain or a disease without removing the cause)
                    • liberalization [ENG31-00356517-n] (the act of making less strict)
                    • decompression [ENG31-00358277-n] (relieving pressure (especially bringing a compressed person gradually back to atmospheric pressure))
                  • de-escalation [ENG31-00356078-n] ((war) a reduction in intensity (of a crisis or a war))
                  • minimization [ENG31-00356745-n] (the act of reducing something to the least possible amount or degree or position)

                    • tax avoidance [ENG31-01081875-n] (the minimization of tax liability by lawful methods)
                  • depletion [ENG31-00357025-n] (the act of decreasing something markedly)

                    • consumption [ENG31-00357193-n] (the act of consuming something)

                      • burnup [ENG31-00357342-n] (the amount of fuel used up (as in a nuclear reactor))
                    • exhaustion [ENG31-00357447-n] (the act of exhausting something entirely)
                    • drain [ENG31-01064179-n] (a gradual depletion of energy or resources)

                      • drawing [ENG31-00392901-n] (act of getting or draining something such as electricity or a liquid from a source)

                        • derivation [ENG31-00393276-n] (drawing off water from its main channel as for irrigation)
                        • derivation [ENG31-00393390-n] (drawing of fluid or inflammation away from a diseased part of the body)
                      • brain drain [ENG31-01064392-n] (depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel)
                  • shortening [ENG31-00359757-n] (act of decreasing in length)

                    • abbreviation [ENG31-00359961-n] (shortening something by omitting parts of it)
                    • cut [ENG31-00360064-n] (the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends)

                      • clip [ENG31-00360440-n] (the act of clipping or snipping)
                      • haircut [ENG31-00360648-n] (the act of cutting the hair)
                      • trim [ENG31-00360729-n] (cutting down to the desired size or shape)

                        • pruning [ENG31-00360969-n] (the act of trimming a plant)
                      • shearing [ENG31-00361068-n] (removing by cutting off or clipping)

                        • sheepshearing [ENG31-00361230-n] (act of shearing sheep)
                    • contraction [ENG31-00370610-n] ((physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber))

                      • contracture [ENG31-00370207-n] (an abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle)
                      • tetanus [ENG31-00370935-n] (a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses)
                      • uterine contraction [ENG31-00371266-n] (a rhythmic tightening in labor of the upper uterine musculature that contracts the size of the uterus and pushes the fetus toward the birth canal)
                      • Braxton-Hicks contraction [ENG31-00371496-n] (painless contractions of the muscles of the uterus that continue throughout pregnancy with increasing frequency)
                      • vaginismus [ENG31-00371693-n] (muscular contraction that causes the vagina to close)
                    • truncation [ENG31-00371069-n] (the act of cutting short)
                  • shrinking [ENG31-00361311-n] (the act of becoming less)

                    • miniaturization [ENG31-00361427-n] (act of making on a greatly reduced scale)
                  • subtraction [ENG31-00361583-n] (the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole))

                    • bite [ENG31-00361867-n] (a portion removed from the whole)
                    • withholding [ENG31-00362018-n] (the act of deducting from an employee's salary)
                  • deflation [ENG31-00362758-n] (the act of letting the air out of something)
                  • discount [ENG31-00362929-n] (the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise)
                  • rollback [ENG31-00363084-n] (reducing prices back to some earlier level)
                  • weakening [ENG31-00363181-n] (the act of reducing the strength of something)

                    • wilt [ENG31-00363372-n] (causing to become limp or drooping)
                    • dilution [ENG31-00363485-n] (weakening (reducing the concentration) by the addition of water or a thinner)

                      • cutting [ENG31-00363878-n] (the act of diluting something)
                    • etiolation [ENG31-00363688-n] (the act of weakening by stunting the growth or development of something)
                  • depreciation [ENG31-00365426-n] (a decrease in price or value)
                  • contraction [ENG31-00366297-n] (the act of decreasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope)
                  • reverse split [ENG31-00440224-n] (a decrease in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity)
                  • amortization [ENG31-01125259-n] (the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years)
                  • declassification [ENG31-01151610-n] (reduction or removal by the government of restrictions on a classified document or weapon)
                  • tax shelter [ENG31-13334755-n] (a way of organizing business to reduce the taxes it must pay on current earnings)
                  • tax credit [ENG31-13400141-n] (a direct reduction in tax liability (not dependent on the taxpayer's tax bracket))
                • increase [ENG31-00364086-n] (the act of increasing something)

                  • addition [ENG31-00364614-n] (the act of adding one thing to another)

                    • retrofit [ENG31-00364879-n] (the act of adding a component or accessory to something that did not have it when it was manufactured)
                    • fluoridation [ENG31-00365838-n] (the addition of a fluoride to the water supply (to prevent dental decay))
                  • advance [ENG31-00365086-n] (increase in price or value)
                  • appreciation [ENG31-00365266-n] (an increase in price or value)
                  • surge [ENG31-00365613-n] (a sudden or abrupt strong increase)
                  • augmentation [ENG31-00366057-n] (the act of augmenting)
                  • amplification [ENG31-00366155-n] ((electronics) the act of increasing voltage or power or current)
                  • expansion [ENG31-00366535-n] (the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope)

                    • dilation [ENG31-00366821-n] (the act of expanding an aperture)

                      • vasodilation [ENG31-00367033-n] (dilation of blood vessels (especially the arteries))
                    • distention [ENG31-00367143-n] (the act of expanding by pressure from within)
                    • stretching [ENG31-00367347-n] (act of expanding by lengthening or widening)

                      • tension [ENG31-00367501-n] (the action of stretching something tight)
                      • extension [ENG31-00370340-n] (act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb)

                        • hyperextension [ENG31-00370502-n] (greater than normal extension)
                    • inflation [ENG31-00368106-n] (the act of filling something with air)
                    • magnification [ENG31-00368253-n] (the act of expanding something in apparent size)
                    • extension [ENG31-00368594-n] (act of expanding in scope)

                      • spread [ENG31-00368802-n] (act of extending over a wider scope or expanse of space or time)

                        • circulation [ENG31-00369128-n] (the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area)

                          • recirculation [ENG31-00369323-n] (circulation again)
                        • dispersion [ENG31-00369400-n] (the act of dispersing or diffusing something)

                          • crop-dusting [ENG31-00369747-n] (the dispersion of fungicides or insecticides or fertilizer on growing crops (often from a low-flying aircraft))
                        • scatter [ENG31-00369946-n] (the act of scattering)
                        • decentralization [ENG31-01240623-n] (the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments)
                      • stretch [ENG31-00371867-n] (extension to or beyond the ordinary limit)
                  • escalation [ENG31-00367672-n] (an increase to counteract a perceived discrepancy)
                  • maximization [ENG31-00367892-n] (the act of raising to the highest possible point or condition or position)
                  • exaggeration [ENG31-00368378-n] (the act of making something more noticeable than usual)
                  • expansion [ENG31-00372122-n] (adding information or detail)

                    • amplification [ENG31-00372295-n] (addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail)
                    • annotation [ENG31-00372543-n] (the act of adding notes)
                    • supplementation [ENG31-00372654-n] (the act of supplementing)
                  • accumulation [ENG31-00372821-n] (the act of accumulating)

                    • buildup [ENG31-00373034-n] (the act of building up an accumulation)

                      • deposit [ENG31-00373256-n] (the act of putting something somewhere)

                        • repositing [ENG31-00373415-n] (depositing in a warehouse)

                          • stockpiling [ENG31-00373785-n] (accumulating and storing a reserve supply)
                  • inclusion [ENG31-00373938-n] (the act of including)

                    • incorporation [ENG31-00374086-n] (including by incorporating)

                      • annexation [ENG31-00374226-n] (incorporation by joining or uniting)
                  • aggrandizement [ENG31-00374352-n] (the act of increasing the wealth or prestige or power or scope of something)

                    • self-aggrandizement [ENG31-00374670-n] (an act undertaken to increase your own power and influence or to draw attention to your own importance)
                  • strengthening [ENG31-00374871-n] (the act of increasing the strength of something)

                    • concentration [ENG31-00375879-n] (strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material)

                      • pervaporation [ENG31-00376156-n] (the concentration of a colloidal solution whose colloid will not pass through a semipermeable membrane)
                  • intensification [ENG31-00375032-n] (action that makes something stronger or more extreme)

                    • roughness [ENG31-00375254-n] (harsh or severe speech or behavior)
                    • aggravation [ENG31-00375643-n] (action that makes a problem or a disease (or its symptoms) worse)
                    • focalization [ENG31-00376433-n] (the act of bringing into focus)

                      • refocusing [ENG31-00376746-n] (focusing again)
                  • intensification [ENG31-00375485-n] (the act of increasing the contrast of (a photographic film))
                  • split [ENG31-00439983-n] (an increase in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity)
              • change of integrity [ENG31-00376871-n] (the act of changing the unity or wholeness of something)

                • joining [ENG31-00146038-n] (the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication))

                  • hit [ENG31-00146599-n] (a connection made via the internet to another website)
                  • interconnection [ENG31-00146749-n] ((computer science) the act of interconnecting (wires or computers or theories etc.))
                  • intersection [ENG31-00146931-n] (the act of intersecting (as joining by causing your path to intersect your target's path))
                  • approximation [ENG31-00147097-n] (the act of bringing near or bringing together especially the cut edges of tissue)
                  • concatenation [ENG31-00147263-n] (the act of linking together as in a series or chain)
                  • convergence [ENG31-00147392-n] (the act of converging (coming closer))

                    • merging [ENG31-00147676-n] (the act of joining together as one)

                      • concourse [ENG31-00147911-n] (a coming together of people)
                  • encounter [ENG31-00148007-n] (a casual meeting with a person or thing)
                  • articulation [ENG31-00148134-n] (the act of joining things in such a way that motion is possible)
                  • junction [ENG31-00148274-n] (an act of joining or adjoining things)
                  • fastening [ENG31-00148415-n] (the act of fastening things together)

                    • bonding [ENG31-00149473-n] (fastening firmly together)
                    • doweling [ENG31-00149582-n] (fastening by dowels)
                    • grounding [ENG31-00149656-n] (fastening electrical equipment to earth)
                    • linkage [ENG31-00149798-n] (the act of linking things together)
                    • tying [ENG31-00149904-n] (the act of tying or binding things together)

                      • ligation [ENG31-00149062-n] ((surgery) tying a duct or blood vessel with a ligature (as to prevent bleeding during surgery))

                        • tubal ligation [ENG31-00149266-n] (a sterilization procedure with women)
                    • welding [ENG31-00150328-n] (fastening two pieces of metal together by softening with heat and applying pressure)

                      • butt welding [ENG31-00150519-n] (creating a butt joint by welding)

                        • flash welding [ENG31-00151199-n] (butt welding by creating an electric arc between the two pieces which melts and joins them)
                      • spot welding [ENG31-00150715-n] (creating an overlapping joint by welding at small points)
                    • fixation [ENG31-01262862-n] (the activity of fastening something firmly in position)
                • breakage [ENG31-00377208-n] (the act of breaking something)

                  • rupture [ENG31-00377523-n] (the act of making a sudden noisy break)
                  • smashing [ENG31-00377633-n] (the act of breaking something into small pieces)
                  • fracture [ENG31-00377802-n] (the act of cracking something)
                  • chip [ENG31-00377977-n] (the act of chipping something)
                • explosion [ENG31-00378172-n] (the act of exploding or bursting)

                  • detonation [ENG31-00378494-n] (the act of detonating an explosive)

                    • percussion [ENG31-00378621-n] (the act of exploding a percussion cap)
                  • fulmination [ENG31-00378715-n] (the act of exploding with noise and violence)
                • burning [ENG31-00378877-n] (the act of burning something)

                  • arson [ENG31-00379104-n] (malicious burning to destroy property)
                  • ignition [ENG31-00379287-n] (the act of setting something on fire)
                  • incineration [ENG31-00379514-n] (the act of burning something completely)

                    • cremation [ENG31-00379688-n] (the incineration of a dead body)
                • combination [ENG31-00379793-n] (the act of combining things to form a new whole)

                  • attachment [ENG31-00380230-n] (the act of attaching or affixing something)

                    • graft [ENG31-00380396-n] (the act of grafting something onto something else)
                  • confusion [ENG31-00380562-n] (an act causing a disorderly combination of elements with identities lost and distinctions blended)

                    • babel [ENG31-00380801-n] (a confusion of voices and other sounds)
                  • mix [ENG31-00380891-n] (the act of mixing together)
                  • fusion [ENG31-00381376-n] (the act of fusing (or melting) together)
                  • blend [ENG31-00381504-n] (the act of blending components together thoroughly)

                    • confluence [ENG31-00381689-n] (a flowing together)
                    • homogenization [ENG31-00381802-n] (the act of making something homogeneous or uniform in composition)
                  • interspersion [ENG31-00382134-n] (the act of combining one thing at intervals among other things)
                  • temperance [ENG31-00382375-n] (the act of tempering)
                  • union [ENG31-00382488-n] (the act of making or becoming a single unit)

                    • coalescence [ENG31-00382917-n] (the union of diverse things into one body or form or group)
                    • reunion [ENG31-00383282-n] (the act of coming together again)

                      • homecoming [ENG31-00384089-n] (an annual school or university reunion for graduates)
                    • tribalization [ENG31-00383547-n] (the act of making tribal)
                    • umbrella [ENG31-00383879-n] (having the function of uniting a group of similar things)
                  • consolidation [ENG31-01239980-n] (the act of combining into an integral whole)

                    • centralization [ENG31-01240437-n] (the act of consolidating power under a central control)
                    • incorporation [ENG31-01240832-n] (consolidating two or more things)
                    • amalgamation [ENG31-01240989-n] (the combination of two or more commercial companies)
                    • vertical integration [ENG31-01241172-n] (absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution)
                    • horizontal integration [ENG31-01241412-n] (absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level)
                • opening [ENG31-00384198-n] (becoming open or being made open)

                  • cut [ENG31-00388465-n] (the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge)

                    • notch [ENG31-00388705-n] (a small cut)
                    • slash [ENG31-00388873-n] (a strong sweeping cut made with a sharp instrument)
                    • incision [ENG31-00679253-n] (the cutting of or into body tissues or organs (especially by a surgeon as part of an operation))

                      • gastromy [ENG31-00678962-n] (surgical incision into the stomach)
                      • perineotomy [ENG31-00682056-n] (surgical incision into the perineum)

                        • episiotomy [ENG31-00682167-n] (surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vagina and so facilitate delivery during childbirth)
                      • laparotomy [ENG31-00684109-n] (surgical incision into the abdominal wall)

                        • laparoscopy [ENG31-00684265-n] (laparotomy performed with a laparoscope that makes a small incision to examine the abdominal cavity (especially the ovaries and Fallopian tubes))
                      • orchotomy [ENG31-00690555-n] (surgical incision into the testis to obtain material for analysis (as in cases of abnormally low sperm count))
                      • sclerotomy [ENG31-00692794-n] (surgical incision of the sclerotic coat of the eye)
                      • nephrotomy [ENG31-00699487-n] (incision into a kidney (usually to remove a kidney stone))
                      • thoracotomy [ENG31-00699601-n] (surgical incision into the chest walls opening up the pleural cavity)
                      • valvotomy [ENG31-00699727-n] (incision into a stenosed cardiac valve to relieve the obstruction)
                      • venesection [ENG31-00699862-n] (surgical incision into a vein)
                      • vasotomy [ENG31-00717649-n] (surgical incision into or division of the vas deferens)
                • separation [ENG31-00384414-n] (the act of dividing or disconnecting)

                  • avulsion [ENG31-00385466-n] (a forcible tearing or surgical separation of one body part from another)
                  • dissociation [ENG31-00385610-n] (the act of removing from association)
                  • secession [ENG31-00385741-n] (formal separation from an alliance or federation)

                    • breakaway [ENG31-00386074-n] (the act of breaking away or withdrawing from)
                  • disunion [ENG31-00386309-n] (the termination or destruction of union)

                    • detribalization [ENG31-00383714-n] (the decline or termination of tribal organization)
                  • disconnection [ENG31-00386457-n] (the act of breaking a connection)
                  • division [ENG31-00386599-n] (the act or process of dividing)

                    • parcellation [ENG31-00386972-n] (the division into parcels)
                    • cleavage [ENG31-00387153-n] (the act of cleaving or splitting)
                    • bisection [ENG31-00387258-n] (dividing into two equal parts)
                    • quartering [ENG31-00387361-n] (dividing into four equal parts)
                    • schism [ENG31-00387484-n] (division of a group into opposing factions)
                    • cut [ENG31-00387723-n] (the act of cutting something into parts)

                      • severance [ENG31-00360318-n] (the act of severing)
                      • dissection [ENG31-00388022-n] (cutting so as to separate into pieces)
                      • scission [ENG31-00388134-n] (the act of dividing by cutting or splitting)
                      • slicing [ENG31-00388232-n] (the act of cutting into slices)
                      • undercut [ENG31-00388334-n] (a cut made underneath to remove material)
                    • atomization [ENG31-00389018-n] (separating something into fine particles)
                    • branching [ENG31-00389200-n] (the act of branching out or dividing into branches)

                      • bifurcation [ENG31-00389518-n] (the act of splitting into two branches)
                      • trifurcation [ENG31-00389650-n] (the act of splitting into three branches)
                      • divarication [ENG31-00389767-n] (branching at a wide angle)
                      • fibrillation [ENG31-00389851-n] (act or process of forming fibrils)
                    • dichotomization [ENG31-00389943-n] (the act of dividing into two sharply different categories)
                    • quantization [ENG31-00390116-n] (the act of dividing into quanta or expressing in terms of quantum theory)
                    • fractionation [ENG31-00390316-n] (separation into portions)
                    • syllabication [ENG31-00391389-n] (forming or dividing words into syllables)
                    • word division [ENG31-00391543-n] (division of a word especially at the end of a line on a page)
                    • cut [ENG31-00490486-n] (the division of a deck of cards before dealing)
                  • detachment [ENG31-00391714-n] (the act of releasing from an attachment or connection)
                  • tear [ENG31-00391894-n] (the act of tearing)

                    • laceration [ENG31-00392101-n] (the act of lacerating)
                    • rent [ENG31-00392215-n] (the act of rending or ripping or splitting something)
                  • removal [ENG31-00392407-n] (the act of removing)

                    • abscission [ENG31-00393517-n] (the act of cutting something off)

                      • circumcision [ENG31-00396462-n] (the act of circumcising)
                    • abstraction [ENG31-00393656-n] (the act of withdrawing or removing something)
                    • extraction [ENG31-00393758-n] (the action of taking out something (especially using effort or force))
                    • autotomy [ENG31-00395050-n] (spontaneous removal or casting off of a body part (as the tail of a lizard or claw of a lobster) especially when the organism is injured or under attack)
                    • decontamination [ENG31-00395293-n] (the removal of contaminants)
                    • deletion [ENG31-00395418-n] (the act of deleting something written or printed)

                      • expurgation [ENG31-00397818-n] (the deletion of objectionable parts from a literary work)

                        • bowdlerization [ENG31-00397633-n] (the act of deleting or modifying all passages considered to be indecent)
                      • censoring [ENG31-00398155-n] (deleting parts of publications or correspondence or theatrical performances)

                        • Bowdlerism [ENG31-00398353-n] (censorship in the form of prudish expurgation)
                        • Comstockery [ENG31-00398455-n] (censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality)
                      • expunction [ENG31-00398568-n] (deletion by an act of expunging or erasing)
                    • denudation [ENG31-00395611-n] (the removal of covering)

                      • deforestation [ENG31-01264934-n] (the removal of trees)
                      • cornhusking [ENG31-01267564-n] (the act of removing the husks from ears of corn)
                    • dermabrasion [ENG31-00395825-n] (removal of scars or tattoos by anesthetizing the skin surface and then sanding or scraping off some of the outer skin layer)
                    • dislodgment [ENG31-00396007-n] (forced removal from a position of advantage)
                    • elimination [ENG31-00396141-n] (the act of removing or getting rid of something)

                      • simplification [ENG31-01214378-n] (elimination of superfluous details)

                        • oversimplification [ENG31-01214527-n] (an act of excessive simplification)
                        • rationalization [ENG31-01214715-n] ((mathematics) the simplification of an expression or equation by eliminating radicals without changing the value of the expression or the roots of the equation)
                    • elimination [ENG31-00396311-n] (the act of removing an unknown mathematical quantity by combining equations)
                    • emptying [ENG31-00396605-n] (the act of removing the contents of something)

                      • drain [ENG31-00396837-n] (emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it)
                    • rinse [ENG31-00397450-n] (the removal of soap with clean water in the final stage of washing)
                    • disembowelment [ENG31-00671946-n] (the act of removing the bowels or viscera)
                    • skimming [ENG31-01265067-n] (the act of removing floating material from the surface of a liquid)
                    • withdrawal [ENG31-01265206-n] (the act of taking out money or other capital)

                      • bank withdrawal [ENG31-00397021-n] (the withdrawal of money from your account at a bank)

                        • bank run [ENG31-00397152-n] (the concerted action of depositors who try to withdraw their money from a bank because they think it will fail)
                      • disinvestment [ENG31-00397317-n] (the withdrawal of capital from a country or corporation)
                    • withdrawal [ENG31-01265361-n] (the act of withdrawing blood, tumors, etc.)
                  • division [ENG31-00398761-n] (the act of dividing or partitioning)

                    • subdivision [ENG31-00399235-n] (the act of subdividing)
                    • septation [ENG31-00399393-n] (the division or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum)
                    • zoning [ENG31-00930566-n] (dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc)
                  • divergence [ENG31-01006014-n] (the act of moving away in different direction from a common point)
                  • withdrawal [ENG31-01205289-n] (the act of ceasing to participate in an activity)
                • transformation [ENG31-00399512-n] (the act of changing in form or shape or appearance)

                  • permutation [ENG31-00400031-n] (complete change in character or condition)
                  • revision [ENG31-00400201-n] (the act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification))

                    • distraction [ENG31-00200890-n] (the act of distracting)
                    • modulation [ENG31-00201228-n] (the act of modifying or adjusting according to due measure and proportion (as with regard to artistic effect))
                    • qualification [ENG31-00201412-n] (the act of modifying or changing the strength of some idea)
                    • reorganization [ENG31-00201617-n] (an extensive alteration of the structure of a corporation or government)
                    • transfiguration [ENG31-00403116-n] (a striking change in appearance or character or circumstances)
                  • transfiguration [ENG31-00400525-n] (the act of transforming so as to exalt or glorify)
                  • transmogrification [ENG31-00400654-n] (the act of changing into a different form or appearance (especially a fantastic or grotesque one))
                  • metamorphosis [ENG31-00402936-n] (a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft)
                • transformation [ENG31-00399838-n] ((genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA)
                • filling [ENG31-00403343-n] (the act of filling something)

                  • saturation [ENG31-00403479-n] (the act of soaking thoroughly with a liquid)
                  • flood [ENG31-01260222-n] (the act of flooding)
                • hardening [ENG31-00403597-n] (the act of making something harder (firmer or tighter or more compact))

                  • annealing [ENG31-00403759-n] (hardening something by heat treatment)
                • damage [ENG31-00403900-n] (the act of damaging something or someone)

                  • impairment [ENG31-00404142-n] (damage that results in a reduction of strength or quality)
                  • defacement [ENG31-00404274-n] (the act of damaging the appearance or surface of something)
                  • wound [ENG31-00404604-n] (the act of inflicting a wound)
                  • burn [ENG31-00404732-n] (damage inflicted by fire)

                    • scald [ENG31-00404879-n] (the act of burning with steam or hot water)
                  • defloration [ENG31-00968822-n] (an act that despoils the innocence or beauty of something)
              • conversion [ENG31-00400891-n] (the act of changing from one use or function or purpose to another)

                • afforestation [ENG31-00401086-n] (the conversion of bare or cultivated land into forest (originally for the purpose of hunting))
                • dressing [ENG31-00830523-n] (processes in the conversion of rough hides into leather)
                • transmutation [ENG31-01253413-n] (an act that changes the form or character or substance of something)
              • updating [ENG31-00404991-n] (the act of changing something to bring it up to date (usually by adding something))
              • change of shape [ENG31-00405224-n] (an action that changes the shape of something)

                • contortion [ENG31-00405547-n] (the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something (e.g., yourself))
                • convolution [ENG31-00405780-n] (the action of coiling or twisting or winding together)
                • angulation [ENG31-00405927-n] (the act of making angulate (having corners))
                • bending [ENG31-00406027-n] (the act of bending something)

                  • flexion [ENG31-00406181-n] (act of bending a joint)

                    • flex [ENG31-00406449-n] (the act of flexing)
                    • dorsiflexion [ENG31-00406713-n] (the act of bending backward (of the body or a body part))
                  • crouch [ENG31-00406587-n] (the act of bending low with the limbs close to the body)
                  • hunch [ENG31-00406935-n] (the act of bending yourself into a humped position)
                  • incurvation [ENG31-00407055-n] (the action of creating a curved shape)
                • elongation [ENG31-00406828-n] (the act of lengthening something)
                • involution [ENG31-00407186-n] (the action of enfolding something)
                • corrugation [ENG31-00407306-n] (the act of shaping into parallel ridges and grooves)
                • fold [ENG31-00407433-n] (the act of folding)

                  • plication [ENG31-00407621-n] (the act of folding in parallel folds)
                • indentation [ENG31-00407760-n] (the act of cutting into an edge with toothlike notches or angular incisions)
                • protrusion [ENG31-00407911-n] (the act of projecting out from something)
                • widening [ENG31-00408091-n] (the act of making something wider)
                • narrowing [ENG31-00408228-n] (the act of making something narrower)
              • satisfaction [ENG31-01074489-n] (act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite)

                • gratification [ENG31-01074704-n] (the act or an instance of satisfying)

                  • satiation [ENG31-01074908-n] (the act of achieving full gratification)
                  • self-gratification [ENG31-01075021-n] (the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure)
                  • indulgence [ENG31-01075165-n] (the act of indulging or gratifying a desire)

                    • intemperance [ENG31-00748969-n] (excess in action and immoderate indulgence of bodily appetites, especially in passion or indulgence)

                      • spree [ENG31-00511486-n] (a brief indulgence of your impulses)

                        • spending spree [ENG31-00511635-n] (a brief period of extravagant spending)
                      • profligacy [ENG31-00749605-n] (dissolute indulgence in sensual pleasure)
                      • jag [ENG31-00750789-n] (a bout of drinking or drug taking)
                    • overindulgence [ENG31-01075579-n] (excessive indulgence)
                    • orgy [ENG31-01075748-n] (any act of immoderate indulgence)
                  • pleasing [ENG31-01075480-n] (the act of one who pleases)
              • nationalization [ENG31-01154795-n] (the action of rendering national in character)
              • communization [ENG31-01155634-n] (a change from private property to public property owned by the community)
              • secularization [ENG31-01157952-n] (the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion)
              • rollover [ENG31-01158209-n] (the act of changing the institution that invests your pension plan without incurring a tax penalty)
            • economy [ENG31-00193462-n] (an act of economizing)

              • retrenchment [ENG31-00193759-n] (the reduction of expenditures in order to become financially stable)
              • economy of scale [ENG31-00193948-n] (the saving in cost of production that is due to mass production)
            • prohibition [ENG31-00202772-n] (the action of prohibiting or inhibiting or forbidding (or an instance thereof))
            • resistance [ENG31-00203133-n] (the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with)

              • lockout [ENG31-00203469-n] (a management action resisting employee's demands)
              • reaction [ENG31-00203665-n] (doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you don't like)

                • backlash [ENG31-00203869-n] (an adverse reaction to some political or social occurrence)

                  • whitelash [ENG31-00204057-n] (backlash by white racists against black civil rights advances)
              • anti-takeover defense [ENG31-00791747-n] (resistance to or defense against a hostile takeover)
            • bruxism [ENG31-00280378-n] (involuntarily or unconsciously clenching or grinding the teeth, typically during sleep)
            • transfusion [ENG31-00324749-n] (the action of pouring a liquid from one vessel to another)

              • decantation [ENG31-00937423-n] (the act of gently pouring off a clear liquor (as from its original bottle) without disturbing the lees)
            • pickings [ENG31-00715729-n] (the act of someone who picks up or takes something)
            • transgression [ENG31-00746160-n] (the action of going beyond or overstepping some boundary or limit)
            • aggression [ENG31-00966680-n] (violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked)

              • meat grinder [ENG31-00967294-n] (any action resulting in injury or destruction)
              • violence [ENG31-00967515-n] (an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists))

                • domestic violence [ENG31-00967829-n] (violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner or other members of a household)
                • road rage [ENG31-01172896-n] (violence exhibited by drivers in traffic)
                • riot [ENG31-01172992-n] (a public act of violence by an unruly mob)

                  • race riot [ENG31-01173156-n] (a riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community)
              • plundering [ENG31-00967999-n] (the act of stealing valuable things from a place)

                • banditry [ENG31-00968398-n] (the practice of plundering in gangs)
                • rape [ENG31-00968488-n] (the act of despoiling a country in warfare)
                • looting [ENG31-00968703-n] (plundering during riots or in wartime)
                • spoil [ENG31-00968973-n] (the act of stripping and taking by force)
                • ravaging [ENG31-00969261-n] (plundering with excessive damage and destruction)
                • depredation [ENG31-00969414-n] (an act of plundering and pillaging and marauding)
                • sack [ENG31-00969550-n] (the plundering of a place by an army or mob)
            • destabilization [ENG31-01161948-n] (the action of destabilizing)
            • employment [ENG31-01220349-n] (the act of giving someone a job)

              • shape-up [ENG31-01220540-n] (a way of hiring longshoremen by the day)
              • call-back [ENG31-01220703-n] (the recall of an employee after a layoff)
              • booking [ENG31-01220817-n] (the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group))
            • politeness [ENG31-01230397-n] (the act of showing regard for others)

              • courtesy [ENG31-01230734-n] (a courteous or respectful or considerate act)

                • attention [ENG31-01231134-n] (a courteous act indicating affection)
                • gallantry [ENG31-01231281-n] (polite attentiveness to women)
              • deference [ENG31-01231366-n] (a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard)

                • court [ENG31-01231712-n] (respectful deference)
                • last respects [ENG31-01231839-n] (the act of expressing respect for someone who has died)
                • props [ENG31-01232038-n] (proper respect)
              • devoir [ENG31-01232201-n] (formal expression of respect)
            • reverence [ENG31-01230591-n] (an act showing respect (especially a bow or curtsy))

              • bow [ENG31-07289130-n] (bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame or greeting)

                • genuflection [ENG31-07289783-n] (the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence)
                • kowtow [ENG31-07289980-n] (a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission)
                • scrape [ENG31-07290194-n] (a deep bow with the foot drawn backwards (indicating excessive humility))
                • salaam [ENG31-07290418-n] (a deep bow)
              • curtsy [ENG31-07289595-n] (bending the knees)
            • reference [ENG31-01266543-n] (the act of referring or consulting)
            • emphasizing [ENG31-01266736-n] (the act of giving special importance or significance to something)
            • beatification [ENG31-01267968-n] (the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy)
            • jumpstart [ENG31-01268414-n] (starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car)
            • stupefaction [ENG31-01269628-n] (the action of stupefying)
            • vampirism [ENG31-01270301-n] (the actions or practices of a vampire)
          • acquiring [ENG31-00042637-n] (the act of acquiring something)

            • acquisition [ENG31-00078239-n] (the act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something)

              • incurring [ENG31-00079037-n] (acquiring or coming into something (usually undesirable))
              • moneymaking [ENG31-00079213-n] (the act of making money (and accumulating wealth))
              • annexation [ENG31-00079356-n] (the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation)
              • pork-barreling [ENG31-00079641-n] (acquisition of government money for benefits to a specific locale)
              • purchase [ENG31-00079838-n] (the acquisition of something for payment)

                • redemption [ENG31-00080032-n] (the act of purchasing back something previously sold)
                • buying [ENG31-00082392-n] (the act of buying)

                  • shopping [ENG31-00082656-n] (searching for or buying goods or services)

                    • marketing [ENG31-00082901-n] (shopping at a market)
                  • mail-order buying [ENG31-00083043-n] (buying goods to be shipped through the mail)
                  • viatication [ENG31-00083167-n] (purchasing insurance policies for cash from terminally ill policy holders)
              • acceptance [ENG31-00083345-n] (the act of taking something that is offered)
              • succession [ENG31-00083574-n] (acquisition of property by descent or by will)
              • assumption [ENG31-00083690-n] (the act of taking possession of or power over something)
              • inheritance [ENG31-00084405-n] (hereditary succession to a title or an office or property)
              • procurement [ENG31-00084549-n] (the act of getting possession of something)
              • restitution [ENG31-00090171-n] (getting something back again)

                • clawback [ENG31-00090477-n] (finding a way to take money back from people that they were given in another way)
              • buyout [ENG31-00791195-n] (acquisition of a company by purchasing a controlling percentage of its stock)

                • leveraged buyout [ENG31-00176023-n] (a buyout using borrowed money)

                  • bust-up takeover [ENG31-00176282-n] (a leveraged buyout in which the target company's assets are sold to repay the loan that financed the takeover)
                • strategic buyout [ENG31-00791396-n] (an acquisition based on analysis of the benefits of consolidation in anticipation of increased earning power)
                • takeover [ENG31-00791567-n] (a change by sale or merger in the controlling interest of a corporation)

                  • hostile takeover [ENG31-00792478-n] (a takeover that is resisted by the management of the target company)
                  • friendly takeover [ENG31-00792608-n] (a takeover that is welcomed by the management of the target company)
            • obtainment [ENG31-00078676-n] (the act of obtaining)
            • catching [ENG31-00078801-n] (becoming infected)
            • appropriation [ENG31-00084795-n] (a deliberate act of acquisition of something, often without the permission of the owner)

              • borrowing [ENG31-00085191-n] (the appropriation (of ideas or words etc) from another source)

                • naturalization [ENG31-00085462-n] (changing the pronunciation of a borrowed word to agree with the borrowers' phonology)
                • misappropriation [ENG31-00085715-n] (wrongful borrowing)
                • crossover [ENG31-07046240-n] (the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience)
              • preemption [ENG31-00085861-n] (a prior appropriation of something)
              • seizure [ENG31-00086039-n] (the taking possession of something by legal process)

                • confiscation [ENG31-00086498-n] (seizure by the government)

                  • expropriation [ENG31-00086960-n] (taking out of an owner's hands (especially taking property by public authority))
                • distress [ENG31-00086649-n] (the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim)
                • impoundment [ENG31-00087117-n] (placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law)

                  • drug bust [ENG31-00087367-n] (seizure of illegal drugs by the police)
                • impress [ENG31-00087474-n] (the act of coercing someone into government service)
                • recapture [ENG31-00097942-n] (a legal seizure by the government of profits beyond a fixed amount)
              • sequestration [ENG31-00088038-n] (seizing property that belongs to someone else and holding it until profits pay the demand for which it was seized)
            • occupation [ENG31-00087629-n] (the act of occupying or taking possession of a building)

              • preoccupancy [ENG31-00087893-n] (the act of taking occupancy before someone else does)
            • capture [ENG31-00089301-n] (the act of forcibly dispossessing an owner of property)

              • usurpation [ENG31-00086252-n] (wrongfully seizing and holding (an office or powers) by force (especially the seizure of a throne or supreme authority))
              • apprehension [ENG31-00089545-n] (the act of apprehending (especially apprehending a criminal))
              • conquest [ENG31-00089847-n] (the act of conquering)
              • enslavement [ENG31-00090054-n] (the act of making slaves of your captives)
            • reception [ENG31-00091073-n] (the act of receiving)
            • pickup [ENG31-00320002-n] (the act of taking aboard passengers or freight)
          • causing [ENG31-00043049-n] (the act of causing something to happen)

            • sending [ENG31-00121986-n] (the act of causing something to go (especially messages))

              • transmission [ENG31-00122186-n] (the act of sending a message)

                • forwarding [ENG31-00122465-n] (the act of sending on to another destination)

                  • referral [ENG31-00122724-n] (the act of referring (as forwarding an applicant for employment or referring a matter to an appropriate agency))

                    • remission [ENG31-00122926-n] ((law) the act of remitting (especially the referral of a law case to another court))
                • mailing [ENG31-00123158-n] (the transmission of a letter)
                • telephotography [ENG31-00908769-n] (transmission and reproduction of photographs and charts and pictures over a distance)

                  • radiophotography [ENG31-00908933-n] (transmission of photographs by radio waves)
            • trigger [ENG31-00157210-n] (an act that sets in motion some course of events)

              • fomentation [ENG31-00157445-n] (deliberate and intentional triggering (of trouble or discord))
            • compulsion [ENG31-00157632-n] (using force to cause something to occur)

              • eviction [ENG31-01197394-n] (action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy))
            • influence [ENG31-00157901-n] (causing something without any direct or apparent effort)

              • cross-pollination [ENG31-00158138-n] (stimulating influence among diverse elements)
              • exposure [ENG31-00158283-n] (the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience)

                • overexposure [ENG31-00158507-n] (the act of exposing someone excessively to an influencing experience)
                • underexposure [ENG31-00158697-n] (inadequate publicity)
              • impingement [ENG31-00158777-n] (influencing strongly)
              • manipulation [ENG31-00159005-n] (exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage)

                • mind game [ENG31-00159263-n] (deliberate actions of calculated psychological manipulation intended to intimidate or confuse (usually for competitive advantage))
              • hypnotism [ENG31-00159816-n] (the act of inducing hypnosis)
              • enticement [ENG31-00160440-n] (the act of influencing by exciting hope or desire)

                • blandishment [ENG31-00160719-n] (the act of urging by means of teasing or flattery)

                  • ingratiation [ENG31-00160893-n] (the act of gaining acceptance or affection for yourself by persuasive and subtle blandishments)
                • leading astray [ENG31-00161117-n] (the act of enticing others into sinful ways)
                • seduction [ENG31-00161235-n] (enticing someone astray from right behavior)
                • solicitation [ENG31-00161864-n] (the act of enticing a person to do something wrong (as an offer of sex in return for money))
            • inducement [ENG31-00159997-n] (act of bringing about a desired result)

              • corruption [ENG31-00160216-n] (inducement (as of a public official) by improper means (as bribery) to violate duty (as by commiting a felony))
          • delivery [ENG31-00043279-n] (the act of delivering a child)

            • breech delivery [ENG31-00186287-n] (delivery of an infant whose feet or buttocks appear first)

              • frank breech [ENG31-00186461-n] (position of a fetus in which the buttocks are present at the maternal pelvic outlet)
            • cesarean delivery [ENG31-00186627-n] (the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way))
            • forceps delivery [ENG31-00187100-n] (delivery in which forceps are inserted through the vagina and used to grasp the head of the fetus and pull it through the birth canal)
            • midwifery [ENG31-00187398-n] (assisting women at childbirth)
          • departure [ENG31-00043495-n] (the act of departing)

            • breaking away [ENG31-00053840-n] (departing hastily)
            • farewell [ENG31-00053917-n] (the act of departing politely)

              • valediction [ENG31-00054345-n] (the act of saying farewell)
            • French leave [ENG31-00054225-n] (an abrupt and unannounced departure (without saying farewell))
            • disappearance [ENG31-00054429-n] (the act of leaving secretly or without explanation)

              • vanishing [ENG31-00054626-n] (a sudden disappearance from sight)
            • withdrawal [ENG31-00054733-n] (the act of withdrawing)

              • effacement [ENG31-00055148-n] (withdrawing into the background)
              • retreat [ENG31-00055303-n] (the act of withdrawing or going backward (especially to escape something hazardous or unpleasant))
              • retirement [ENG31-00055472-n] (withdrawal for prayer and study and meditation)
              • evacuation [ENG31-00055641-n] (the act of evacuating)

                • medical evacuation [ENG31-00055858-n] (the evacuation of persons (usually by air transportation) to a place where they can receive medical care)
              • decampment [ENG31-00056047-n] (breaking camp)
              • desertion [ENG31-00056135-n] (withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility)

                • abscondment [ENG31-00056453-n] (the act of running away secretly (as to avoid arrest))
                • absence without leave [ENG31-00056613-n] (unauthorized military absence)
                • deviationism [ENG31-00056752-n] (ideological defection from the party line (especially from orthodox communism))
              • pullback [ENG31-00057508-n] ((military) the act of pulling back (especially an orderly withdrawal of troops))
              • retreat [ENG31-00057732-n] ((military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat)

                • disengagement [ENG31-00058126-n] (to break off a military action with an enemy)
              • receding [ENG31-00058306-n] (the act of becoming more distant)
            • sailing [ENG31-00058477-n] (the departure of a vessel from a port)
            • boarding [ENG31-00059157-n] (the act of passengers and crew getting aboard a ship or aircraft)
            • exit [ENG31-00059339-n] (the act of going out)
            • dispatch [ENG31-00062110-n] (the act of sending off something)

              • reshipment [ENG31-00062273-n] (the act of shipping again (especially by transferring to another ship))
            • takeoff [ENG31-00306928-n] (a departure)
          • discovery [ENG31-00043933-n] (the act of discovering something)

            • tracing [ENG31-00151752-n] (the discovery and description of the course of development of something)
            • detection [ENG31-00151907-n] (the act of detecting something)
            • self-discovery [ENG31-00152134-n] (discovering your own individuality)
            • breakthrough [ENG31-00152229-n] (making an important discovery)
            • determination [ENG31-00152317-n] (the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation)

              • designation [ENG31-00152838-n] (the act of designating or identifying something)

                • diagnosis [ENG31-00153547-n] (identifying the nature or cause of some phenomenon)

                  • blood typing [ENG31-00153810-n] (determining a person's blood type by serological methods)
                  • medical diagnosis [ENG31-00153925-n] (identification of a disease from its symptoms)

                    • differential diagnosis [ENG31-00154319-n] (a systematic method of diagnosing a disorder (e.g., headache) that lacks unique symptoms or signs)
                    • prognosis [ENG31-00154485-n] (a prediction of the course of a disease)
                  • urinalysis [ENG31-00647575-n] ((medicine) the chemical analysis of urine (for medical diagnosis))
              • resolution [ENG31-00154629-n] (finding a solution to a problem)
              • validation [ENG31-00154781-n] (the act of validating)

                • authentication [ENG31-00155053-n] (validating the authenticity of something or someone)
                • documentation [ENG31-00155253-n] (documentary validation)
                • monetization [ENG31-00155509-n] (establishing something (e.g. gold or silver) as the legal tender of a country)
                • probate [ENG31-00155714-n] (the act of proving that an instrument purporting to be a will was signed and executed in accord with legal requirements)
              • falsification [ENG31-00156118-n] (the act of determining that something is false)
              • localization [ENG31-00156307-n] (a determination of the place where something is)

                • echolocation [ENG31-00156617-n] (determining the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it)
              • predetermination [ENG31-00156790-n] (the act of determining or ordaining in advance what is to take place)
              • rectification [ENG31-00156939-n] (determination of the length of a curve)
              • redetermination [ENG31-00157113-n] (determining again)
            • rediscovery [ENG31-00152734-n] (the act of discovering again)
          • disposal [ENG31-00044347-n] (the act or means of getting rid of something)

            • appointment [ENG31-00091213-n] ((law) the act of disposing of property by virtue of the power of appointment)
            • comb-out [ENG31-00091430-n] (the act of carefully weeding out unwanted things or people)
            • giving [ENG31-00091599-n] (disposing of property by voluntary transfer without receiving value in return)
            • abandonment [ENG31-00091833-n] (the voluntary surrender of property (or a right to property) without attempting to reclaim it or give it away)

              • discard [ENG31-00092054-n] (getting rid something that is regarded as useless or undesirable)

                • staging [ENG31-00092224-n] (getting rid of a stage of a multistage rocket)
              • discard [ENG31-00092323-n] ((cards) the act of throwing out a useless card or of failing to follow suit)
            • mine disposal [ENG31-00092490-n] (the disposal of explosive mines)

              • minesweeping [ENG31-00092599-n] (the activity of detecting and disposing of marine mines)
            • sewage disposal [ENG31-00092713-n] (the disposal of sewage)
            • lending [ENG31-01095590-n] (disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned)

              • usury [ENG31-01095779-n] (the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest)
          • implementation [ENG31-00044888-n] (the act of implementing (providing a practical means for accomplishing something))

            • invocation [ENG31-00098064-n] (the act of appealing for help)
            • instrumentation [ENG31-00098168-n] (the act of providing or using the instruments needed for some implementation)
            • motorization [ENG31-00103747-n] (the act of motorizing (equiping with motors or with motor vehicles))
            • means [ENG31-00173531-n] (thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end)

              • dint [ENG31-00174021-n] (interchangeable with `means' in the expression `by means of')
              • escape [ENG31-00174132-n] (a means or way of escaping)
              • fast track [ENG31-00174336-n] (a rapid means of achieving a goal)
              • instrument [ENG31-00174610-n] (the means whereby some act is accomplished)
              • road [ENG31-00174852-n] (a way or means to achieve something)

                • royal road [ENG31-00174976-n] (an auspicious way or means to achieve something)
              • stepping stone [ENG31-00175109-n] (any means of advancement)
              • expedient [ENG31-00178297-n] (a means to an end)

                • makeshift [ENG31-00179400-n] (something contrived to meet an urgent need or emergency)
                • crutch [ENG31-00179549-n] (anything that serves as an expedient)
                • improvisation [ENG31-00179681-n] (an unplanned expedient)
                • pis aller [ENG31-00179821-n] (an expedient adopted only in desperation)
              • desperate measure [ENG31-00179974-n] (desperate actions taken as a means to an end)
              • open sesame [ENG31-00180124-n] (any very successful means of achieving a result)
              • salvation [ENG31-00180229-n] (a means of preserving from harm or unpleasantness)
              • tooth [ENG31-00180425-n] (a means of enforcement)
              • voice [ENG31-00180532-n] (a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated)
              • wings [ENG31-00180765-n] (a means of flight or ascent)
            • practice [ENG31-00412061-n] (translating an idea into action)
          • egress [ENG31-00045193-n] (the act of coming (or going) out)

            • surfacing [ENG31-00061991-n] (emerging to the surface and becoming apparent)
            • emission [ENG31-01255647-n] (the act of emitting)

              • radiation [ENG31-01255505-n] (the act of spreading outward from a central source)

                • bombardment [ENG31-00980666-n] (the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays))
              • discharge [ENG31-01255864-n] (the act of venting)
          • equalization [ENG31-00045411-n] (the act of making equal or uniform)

            • reconciliation [ENG31-00185953-n] (getting two things to correspond)
            • equation [ENG31-00186156-n] (the act of regarding as equal)
          • exhumation [ENG31-00045638-n] (the act of digging something up out of the ground (especially a corpse) where it has been buried)
          • mitzvah [ENG31-00045855-n] ((Judaism) a good deed performed out of religious duty)
          • propulsion [ENG31-00045991-n] (the act of propelling)

            • launching [ENG31-00103960-n] (the act of propelling with force)

              • rocket firing [ENG31-00104239-n] (the launching of a rocket or missile under its own power)

                • blastoff [ENG31-00104410-n] (the launching of a missile or spacecraft to a specified destination)
                • moon shot [ENG31-00104557-n] (the launching of a spacecraft to the moon)
            • launching [ENG31-00104111-n] (the act of moving a newly built vessel into the water for the first time)
            • drive [ENG31-00104654-n] (the act of applying force to propel something)

              • firewall [ENG31-00104908-n] ((colloquial) the application of maximum thrust)
              • impulse [ENG31-00105069-n] (the act of applying force suddenly)
            • roll [ENG31-00105229-n] (the act of rolling something (as the ball in bowling))
            • throw [ENG31-00105359-n] (the act of throwing (propelling something with a rapid movement of the arm and wrist))

              • bowling [ENG31-00105796-n] ((cricket) the act of delivering a cricket ball to the batsman)

                • Chinaman [ENG31-00477963-n] (a ball bowled by a left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman that spins from off to leg)
                • googly [ENG31-00478108-n] (a cricket ball bowled as if to break one way that actually breaks in the opposite way)
                • no ball [ENG31-00478279-n] (unlawfully delivered ball in cricket)
              • fling [ENG31-00105984-n] (the act of flinging)
              • heave [ENG31-00106091-n] (throwing something heavy (with great effort))
              • hurl [ENG31-00106299-n] (a violent throw)
              • leaner [ENG31-00106444-n] ((horseshoes) the throw of a horseshoe so as to lean against (but not encircle) the stake)
              • pass [ENG31-00106640-n] ((sports) the act of throwing the ball to another member of your team)

                • centering [ENG31-00121763-n] ((American football) putting the ball in play by passing it (between the legs) to a back)
              • pitch [ENG31-00106924-n] (the action or manner of throwing something)
              • pitch [ENG31-00107092-n] ((baseball) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter)

                • balk [ENG31-00108099-n] (an illegal pitching motion while runners are on base)
                • ball [ENG31-00108220-n] (a pitch that is not in the strike zone)
                • beanball [ENG31-00108371-n] (a baseball deliberately thrown at the batter's head)
                • change-up [ENG31-00108504-n] (a baseball thrown with little velocity when the batter is expecting a fastball)
                • curve [ENG31-00108695-n] (a pitch of a baseball that is thrown with spin so that its path curves as it approaches the batter)
                • duster [ENG31-00108901-n] (a pitch thrown deliberately close to the batter)
                • fastball [ENG31-00109001-n] ((baseball) a pitch thrown with maximum velocity)

                  • slider [ENG31-00109901-n] (a fastball that curves slightly away from the side from which it was thrown)
                • knuckleball [ENG31-00109247-n] (a baseball pitch thrown with little speed or spin)
                • overhand pitch [ENG31-00109365-n] (a baseball pitch in which the hand moves above the shoulder)
                • passed ball [ENG31-00109485-n] (a pitch that the catcher should have caught but did not)
                • screwball [ENG31-00109638-n] (a pitch with reverse spin that curves toward the side of the plate from which it was thrown)
                • sinker [ENG31-00109785-n] (a pitch that curves downward rapidly as it approaches the plate)
                • spitball [ENG31-00110047-n] (an illegal pitch in which a foreign substance (spit or Vaseline) is applied to the ball by the pitcher before he throws it)
                • strike [ENG31-00110234-n] ((baseball) a pitch that the batter swings at and misses, or that the batter hits into foul territory, or that the batter does not swing at but the umpire judges to be in the area over home plate and between the batter's knees and shoulders)
                • submarine ball [ENG31-00110591-n] (a pitch thrown sidearm instead of overhead)
                • wild pitch [ENG31-00110712-n] (an errant pitch that the catcher cannot be expected to catch and that allows a base runner to advance a base)
              • ringer [ENG31-00107546-n] ((horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg)
              • shy [ENG31-00107708-n] (a quick throw)
              • slinging [ENG31-00107836-n] (throwing with a wide motion (as if with a sling))
              • throw-in [ENG31-00107957-n] ((rugby) an act or instance of throwing a ball in to put it into play)
              • flip [ENG31-01248753-n] (a sudden, quick movement)
            • push [ENG31-00113132-n] (the act of applying force in order to move something away)

              • depression [ENG31-00113494-n] (pushing down)

                • click [ENG31-00113648-n] (depression of a button on a computer mouse)
              • nudge [ENG31-00113817-n] (a slight push or shake)
              • press [ENG31-00113933-n] (the act of pressing)

                • impression [ENG31-00114352-n] (the act of pressing one thing on or into the surface of another)
                • compression [ENG31-00357616-n] (applying pressure)

                  • squeeze [ENG31-00357849-n] (the act of gripping and pressing firmly)

                    • pinch [ENG31-00358101-n] (a squeeze with the fingers)
                    • expression [ENG31-00359354-n] (the act of forcing something out by squeezing or pressing)
                    • extrusion [ENG31-00359528-n] (squeezing out by applying pressure)
                  • condensing [ENG31-00358506-n] (the act of increasing the density of something)

                    • thickening [ENG31-00358732-n] (the act of thickening)
                  • crush [ENG31-00358915-n] (the act of crushing)

                    • grind [ENG31-00359116-n] (the act of grinding to a powder or dust)
                  • constriction [ENG31-01152406-n] (the action or process of compressing)

                    • spasm [ENG31-00226974-n] ((pathology) sudden constriction of a hollow organ (as a blood vessel))

                      • bronchospasm [ENG31-00227378-n] (a spasm of the bronchi that makes exhalation difficult and noisy)
                      • cardiospasm [ENG31-00227578-n] (a spasm of the cardiac sphincter (between the esophagus and the stomach))
                      • heave [ENG31-00227818-n] (an involuntary spasm of ineffectual vomiting)
                      • laryngismus [ENG31-00228004-n] (laryngeal spasm caused by the sudden contraction of laryngeal muscles)
                    • squeeze [ENG31-00227186-n] (the act of forcing yourself (or being forced) into or through a restricted space)
                    • strangulation [ENG31-00228131-n] ((pathology) constriction of a body part so as to cut off the flow of blood or other fluid)
                    • vasoconstriction [ENG31-01152591-n] (decrease in the diameter of blood vessels)
              • shove [ENG31-00114546-n] (the act of shoving (giving a push to someone or something))

                • bundling [ENG31-00114774-n] (the act of shoving hastily)
                • jostle [ENG31-00114915-n] (the act of jostling (forcing your way by pushing))

                  • elbowing [ENG31-00115118-n] (jostling with the elbows)
              • boost [ENG31-01213829-n] (the act of giving a push)
            • pull [ENG31-00115251-n] (the act of pulling)

              • drag [ENG31-00115691-n] (the act of dragging (pulling with force))
              • draw [ENG31-00115856-n] (the act of drawing or hauling something)

                • tow [ENG31-00116112-n] (the act of hauling something (as a vehicle) by means of a hitch or rope)
              • tug [ENG31-00116320-n] (a sudden abrupt pull)
              • draft [ENG31-00116487-n] (the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling)
              • extirpation [ENG31-00116623-n] (the act of pulling up or out)
              • pluck [ENG31-00116828-n] (the act of pulling and releasing a taut cord)
              • traction [ENG31-00116942-n] ((orthopedics) the act of pulling on a bone or limb (as in a fracture) to relieve pressure or align parts in a special way during healing)
            • lift [ENG31-00117196-n] (the act of raising something)
            • expulsion [ENG31-00117507-n] (the act of expelling or projecting or ejecting)

              • belching [ENG31-00118630-n] (the forceful expulsion of something from inside)
              • coughing up [ENG31-00119265-n] (the act of expelling (food or phlegm) by coughing)
              • spit [ENG31-00119372-n] (the act of spitting (forcefully expelling saliva))
            • jump [ENG31-00120388-n] (the act of jumping)

              • header [ENG31-00120713-n] (a headlong jump (or fall))
              • hop [ENG31-00120830-n] (the act of hopping)
              • leap [ENG31-00121022-n] (a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards)

                • caper [ENG31-00513278-n] (a playful leap or hop)
                • pounce [ENG31-01260841-n] (the act of pouncing)
              • vault [ENG31-00121335-n] (the act of jumping over an obstacle)
              • jumping up and down [ENG31-00121467-n] (jumping in one spot (as in excitement))
              • capriole [ENG31-00513362-n] ((dressage) a vertical jump of a trained horse with a kick of the hind legs at the top of the jump)
            • lob [ENG31-00121624-n] (the act of propelling something (as a ball or shell etc.) in a high arc)
            • wheeling [ENG31-00123350-n] (propelling something on wheels)
            • shooting [ENG31-00123481-n] (the act of firing a projectile)

              • shoot [ENG31-00123774-n] (the act of shooting at targets)

                • skeet [ENG31-00125162-n] (the sport of shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled upward in such a way as to simulate the flight of a bird)
              • countershot [ENG31-00123963-n] (a return shot)
              • discharge [ENG31-00124054-n] (the act of discharging a gun)

                • gun [ENG31-00124250-n] (the discharge of a firearm as signal or as a salute in military ceremonies)
              • gunfire [ENG31-00124603-n] (the act of shooting a gun)

                • enfilade [ENG31-00124828-n] (gunfire directed along the length rather than the breadth of a formation)
                • snipe [ENG31-00124971-n] (a gunshot from a concealed location)
              • headshot [ENG31-00125076-n] (a shot aimed at a person's head)
              • shellfire [ENG31-00125356-n] (shooting artillery shells)
              • potshot [ENG31-00125586-n] (a shot taken at an easy or casual target (as by a pothunter))
            • dribble [ENG31-00479658-n] (the propulsion of a ball by repeated taps or kicks)

              • double dribble [ENG31-00479866-n] (an illegal dribble in basketball (the player uses both hands to dribble or the player starts to dribble a second time after coming to a stop))
          • recovery [ENG31-00046648-n] (the act of regaining or saving something lost (or in danger of becoming lost))

            • repossession [ENG31-00090711-n] (the action of regaining possession (especially the seizure of collateral securing a loan that is in default))
            • reclamation [ENG31-00094174-n] (the recovery of useful substances from waste products)
            • rescue [ENG31-00094303-n] (recovery or preservation from loss or danger)

              • lifesaving [ENG31-00094694-n] (saving the lives of drowning persons)
              • redemption [ENG31-00094821-n] ((theology) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil)

                • absolution [ENG31-00095060-n] (the act of absolving or remitting)

                  • indulgence [ENG31-00095320-n] (the remission by the pope of the temporal punishment in purgatory that is still due for sins even after absolution)
                • conversion [ENG31-00095608-n] (a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life)

                  • proselytism [ENG31-00095774-n] (the state of being a proselyte)
                • expiation [ENG31-00095941-n] (the act of atoning for sin or wrongdoing (especially appeasing a deity))

                  • reparation [ENG31-00096149-n] (something done or paid in expiation of a wrong)
              • reclamation [ENG31-00096791-n] (rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course)
              • salvage [ENG31-00097031-n] (the act of rescuing a ship or its crew or its cargo from a shipwreck or a fire)
              • salvage [ENG31-00097163-n] (the act of saving goods or property that were in danger of damage or destruction)
              • salvation [ENG31-00097333-n] (saving someone or something from harm or from an unpleasant situation)
              • search and rescue mission [ENG31-00097540-n] (a rescue mission to search for survivors and to rescue them)
            • ransom [ENG31-00097671-n] (the act of freeing from captivity or punishment)
            • recapture [ENG31-00097789-n] (the act of taking something back)
          • running away [ENG31-00046918-n] (the act of leaving (without permission) the place you are expected to be)

            • elopement [ENG31-00059428-n] (the act of running away with a lover (usually to get married))
            • escape [ENG31-00059563-n] (the act of escaping physically)

              • evasion [ENG31-00059947-n] (the act of physically escaping from something (an opponent or a pursuer or an unpleasant situation) by some adroit maneuver)

                • slip [ENG31-00060196-n] (the act of avoiding capture (especially by cunning))
                • maneuver [ENG31-00060372-n] (an action aimed at evading an opponent)

                  • clinch [ENG31-00060548-n] ((boxing) the act of one boxer holding onto the other to avoid being hit and to rest momentarily)
                  • flight maneuver [ENG31-00171665-n] (a maneuver executed by an aircraft)

                    • bank [ENG31-00170126-n] (a flight maneuver)

                      • vertical bank [ENG31-00170343-n] (a bank so steep that the plane's lateral axis approaches the vertical)
                    • chandelle [ENG31-00170472-n] (a flight maneuver consisting of a steep climbing turn executed to gain altitude while changing direction)
                    • loop [ENG31-00170632-n] (a flight maneuver)

                      • inside loop [ENG31-00170826-n] (a loop consisting of a climb followed by inverted flight followed by a dive that returns to horizontal flight)
                      • outside loop [ENG31-00170993-n] (a loop consisting of a dive followed by inverted flight followed by a climb that returns to horizontal flight)
                    • roll [ENG31-00171161-n] (a flight maneuver)

                      • barrel roll [ENG31-00171357-n] (a roll in which the plane follows a spiral course)
                      • snap roll [ENG31-00171464-n] (a fast roll)
                    • slip [ENG31-00171531-n] (a flight maneuver)
                  • straight-arm [ENG31-00171871-n] ((American football) the act of warding off a tackler by holding the arm fully extended with the hand against the opponent)
                • dodge [ENG31-00060715-n] (a quick evasive movement)
              • break [ENG31-00060809-n] (an escape from jail)
              • getaway [ENG31-00061021-n] (a rapid escape (as by criminals))
              • exodus [ENG31-00061234-n] (a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment)
              • skedaddle [ENG31-00061567-n] (a hasty flight)
          • touch [ENG31-00047263-n] (the act of putting two things together with no space between them)

            • contact [ENG31-00125700-n] (the act of touching physically)

              • rub [ENG31-00125946-n] (the act of rubbing or wiping)

                • scuff [ENG31-00126135-n] (the act of scuffing (scraping or dragging the feet))
              • fair ball [ENG31-00128686-n] ((baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it stays between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field)
              • snick [ENG31-00129144-n] (a glancing contact with the ball off the edge of the cricket bat)
              • laying on [ENG31-00139261-n] (the act of contacting something with your hand)
            • tap [ENG31-00126256-n] (a light touch or stroke)
            • hit [ENG31-00126449-n] (the act of contacting one thing with another)

              • contusion [ENG31-00126920-n] (the action of bruising)
              • crash [ENG31-00127056-n] (the act of colliding with something)

                • impingement [ENG31-00127267-n] (a sharp collision produced by striking or dashing against something)
              • bunt [ENG31-00129297-n] ((baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat)
              • fly [ENG31-00129458-n] ((baseball) a hit that flies up in the air)

                • blast [ENG31-00129687-n] (a very long fly ball)
                • pop fly [ENG31-00129796-n] (a short high fly ball)
                • liner [ENG31-00132428-n] ((baseball) a hit that flies straight out from the batter)
                • flare [ENG31-00150917-n] ((baseball) a fly ball hit a short distance into the outfield)
                • Texas leaguer [ENG31-00151048-n] ((baseball) a fly ball that falls between and infielder and an outfielder)
              • grounder [ENG31-00129909-n] ((baseball) a hit that travels along the ground)

                • chop [ENG31-00130137-n] (a grounder that bounces high in the air)
                • roller [ENG31-00130255-n] (a grounder that rolls along the infield)
              • header [ENG31-00132305-n] ((soccer) the act of hitting the ball with your head)
              • scorcher [ENG31-00132611-n] (a very hard hit ball)
              • plunk [ENG31-00133039-n] ((baseball) hitting a baseball so that it drops suddenly)
            • dig [ENG31-00136131-n] (the act of touching someone suddenly with your finger or elbow)
            • kiss [ENG31-00138898-n] (a light glancing touch)
            • kiss [ENG31-00139041-n] (the act of caressing with the lips (or an instance thereof))

              • smack [ENG31-00139419-n] (an enthusiastic kiss)

                • smacker [ENG31-00139554-n] (a loud kiss)
              • soul kiss [ENG31-00139619-n] (an openmouthed kiss in which your tongue is inserted into the other's mouth)
            • catch [ENG31-00139776-n] (the act of catching an object with the hands)

              • fair catch [ENG31-00140364-n] ((American football) a catch of a punt on the fly by a defensive player who has signalled that he will not run and so should not be tackled)
              • interception [ENG31-00140578-n] ((American football) the act of catching a football by a player on the opposing team)
              • reception [ENG31-00140739-n] ((American football) the act of catching a pass in football)
              • rebound [ENG31-00140932-n] (the act of securing possession of the rebounding basketball after a missed shot)
              • shoestring catch [ENG31-00141084-n] ((baseball) a running catch made near the ground)
              • mesh [ENG31-00141213-n] (the act of interlocking or meshing)
            • handling [ENG31-00141472-n] (the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the hands) or by the use of mechanical means)

              • fielding [ENG31-00127541-n] ((baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field)
            • fingering [ENG31-00141720-n] (touching something with the fingers)
            • grope [ENG31-00141847-n] (the act of groping)
            • palpation [ENG31-00144705-n] (a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional))

              • ballottement [ENG31-00145002-n] (a palpatory technique for feeling a floating object in the body (especially for determining the position of a fetus by feeling the rebound of the fetus after a quick digital tap on the wall of the uterus))
            • tickle [ENG31-00145265-n] (the act of tickling)
            • stroke [ENG31-00145452-n] (a light touch with the hands)

              • caress [ENG31-00145598-n] (a gentle affectionate stroking (or something resembling it))
            • tag [ENG31-00145844-n] ((sports) the act of touching a player in a game (which changes their status in the game))
            • lick [ENG31-00151411-n] (touching with the tongue)
            • grazing [ENG31-00151582-n] (the act of brushing against while passing)
          • nonaccomplishment [ENG31-00067036-n] (an act that does not achieve its intended goal)

            • failure [ENG31-00067456-n] (an act that fails)

              • failing [ENG31-00067721-n] (failure to reach a minimum required performance)
              • naught [ENG31-00067973-n] (complete failure)
              • loss [ENG31-00068346-n] (the act of losing someone or something)

                • default [ENG31-00068217-n] (loss due to not showing up)
                • capitulation [ENG31-00068527-n] (the act of surrendering (usually under agreed conditions))
              • backsliding [ENG31-00069153-n] (a failure to maintain a higher state)

                • recidivism [ENG31-00069437-n] (habitual relapse into crime)
              • error [ENG31-00072888-n] ((baseball) a failure of a defensive player to make an out when normal play would have sufficed)
              • out [ENG31-00130347-n] ((baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball)

                • putout [ENG31-00130913-n] (an out resulting from a fielding play (not a strikeout))

                  • force out [ENG31-00130563-n] (a putout of a base runner who is required to run)
                  • fielder's choice [ENG31-00131493-n] (a play made on a ground ball in which the fielder chooses to put out an advancing runner instead of the batter)
                  • sacrifice [ENG31-00131666-n] ((baseball) an out that advances the base runners)

                    • sacrifice fly [ENG31-00131807-n] (a sacrifice made by hitting a long fly ball)
                • strikeout [ENG31-00131167-n] (an out resulting from the batter getting three strikes)

                  • whiff [ENG31-00131332-n] (a strikeout resulting from the batter swinging at and missing the ball for the third strike)
              • nonconformity [ENG31-01207335-n] (failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior)

                • nonobservance [ENG31-01207201-n] (a lack of conformity with law or custom or practice etc.)
              • default [ENG31-13321434-n] (act of failing to meet a financial obligation)
            • mistake [ENG31-00071785-n] (a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention)

              • blot [ENG31-00073081-n] (an act that brings discredit to the person who does it)
              • confusion [ENG31-00073293-n] (a mistake that results from taking one thing to be another)
              • incursion [ENG31-00073511-n] (the mistake of incurring liability or blame)
              • miscalculation [ENG31-00073628-n] (a mistake in calculating)

                • backfire [ENG31-00073852-n] (a miscalculation that recoils on its maker)
                • rounding [ENG31-00073997-n] ((mathematics) a miscalculation that results from rounding off numbers to a convenient number of decimals)
                • truncation error [ENG31-00074345-n] ((mathematics) a miscalculation that results from cutting off a numerical calculation before it is finished)
              • distortion [ENG31-00074533-n] (the mistake of misrepresenting the facts)
              • slip [ENG31-00074648-n] (a minor inadvertent mistake usually observed in speech or writing or in small accidents or memory lapses etc.)

                • Freudian slip [ENG31-00074912-n] (a slip-up that (according to Sigmund Freud) results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts and can reveal unconscious processes in normal healthy individuals)
              • offside [ENG31-00075144-n] ((sport) the mistake of occupying an illegal position on the playing field (in football, soccer, ice hockey, field hockey, etc.))
              • oversight [ENG31-00075344-n] (a mistake resulting from inattention)
              • omission [ENG31-00075444-n] (a mistake resulting from neglect)

                • failure [ENG31-00067217-n] (an unexpected omission)

                  • disappointment [ENG31-00069575-n] (an act (or failure to act) that disappoints someone)
                  • breach [ENG31-00069721-n] (a failure to perform some promised act or obligation)

                    • breach of contract [ENG31-00069993-n] (a breach of a legal duty)

                      • anticipatory breach [ENG31-00070264-n] (a breach of contract committed prior to the time of required performance)
                      • breach of the covenant of warranty [ENG31-00070505-n] (a failure of the seller's guarantee of good title)
                      • breach of promise [ENG31-00070635-n] (failure to keep a promise (of marriage))
                      • breach of trust [ENG31-00070738-n] (violation (either through fraud or negligence) by a trustee of a duty that equity requires of him)
                      • breach of warranty [ENG31-00071035-n] (a breach that occurs when an item is deficient according to the terms of a warranty)
                      • material breach [ENG31-00071282-n] (a breach serious enough to destroy the value of the contract and to give a basis for an action for breach of contract)
                      • partial breach [ENG31-00071627-n] (a breach that does not destroy the value of the contract but can give rise to a claim for damages)
                    • breach of duty [ENG31-00070424-n] (a breach of due care)
                  • copout [ENG31-00069880-n] (a failure to face some difficulty squarely)
              • blunder [ENG31-00075610-n] (an embarrassing mistake)

                • bobble [ENG31-00072684-n] (the momentary juggling of a batted or thrown baseball)
                • snafu [ENG31-00076103-n] (an acronym often used by soldiers in World War II: situation normal all fucked up)
                • spectacle [ENG31-00076291-n] (a blunder that makes you look ridiculous)
                • bull [ENG31-00076610-n] (a serious and ludicrous blunder)
                • fumble [ENG31-00076732-n] ((sports) dropping the ball)
                • fluff [ENG31-00076892-n] (a blunder (especially an actor's forgetting the lines))
                • faux pas [ENG31-00077016-n] (a socially awkward or tactless act)
                • howler [ENG31-00077143-n] (a glaring blunder)
                • clanger [ENG31-00077213-n] (a conspicuous mistake whose effects seem to reverberate)
                • trip [ENG31-00077383-n] (an unintentional but embarrassing blunder)
              • ballup [ENG31-00076438-n] (something badly botched or muddled)
              • stupidity [ENG31-01250622-n] (a stupid mistake)
              • revoke [ENG31-01261891-n] (the mistake of not following suit when able to do so)
            • negligence [ENG31-00740568-n] (failure to act with the prudence that a reasonable person would exercise under the same circumstances)

              • dereliction [ENG31-00740264-n] (willful negligence)

                • nonfeasance [ENG31-00740376-n] (a failure to act when under an obligation to do so)
              • comparative negligence [ENG31-00740930-n] ((law) negligence allocated between the plaintiff and the defendant with a corresponding reduction in damages paid to the plaintiff)
              • concurrent negligence [ENG31-00741148-n] ((law) negligence of two of more persons acting independently)
              • contributory negligence [ENG31-00741346-n] ((law) behavior by the plaintiff that contributes to the harm resulting from the defendant's negligence)
              • criminal negligence [ENG31-00741640-n] ((law) recklessly acting without reasonable caution and putting another person at risk of injury or death (or failing to do something with the same consequences))
              • neglect of duty [ENG31-00741907-n] ((law) breach of a duty)
              • evasion [ENG31-00742010-n] (nonperformance of something distasteful (as by deceit or trickery) that you are supposed to do)

                • escape mechanism [ENG31-00742456-n] (a form of behavior that evades unpleasant realities)
                • malingering [ENG31-00742570-n] (evading duty or work by pretending to be incapacitated)
                • shirking [ENG31-00742776-n] (the evasion of work or duty)
                • circumvention [ENG31-00742983-n] (the act of evading by going around)
          • leaning [ENG31-00071183-n] (the act of deviating from a vertical position)
          • motivation [ENG31-00071461-n] (the act of motivating)
          • assumption [ENG31-00084080-n] (the act of assuming or taking for granted)

            • position [ENG31-00084268-n] (the act of positing)
          • rejection [ENG31-00204191-n] (the act of rejecting something)

            • brush-off [ENG31-00204498-n] (a curt or disdainful rejection)
            • avoidance [ENG31-00204602-n] (deliberately avoiding)

              • aversion [ENG31-00204871-n] (the act of turning yourself (or your gaze) away)
              • escape [ENG31-00205048-n] (an avoidance of danger or difficulty)
              • near thing [ENG31-00205183-n] (something that barely avoids failure or disaster)
            • abandonment [ENG31-00205288-n] (the act of giving something up)

              • exposure [ENG31-00205508-n] (abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving an infant out in the open))
              • apostasy [ENG31-00205663-n] (the act of abandoning a party for cause)
              • bolt [ENG31-00205792-n] (a sudden abandonment (as from a political party))
            • renunciation [ENG31-00205928-n] (the act of renouncing)

              • forsaking [ENG31-00206392-n] (the act of forsaking)
              • abnegation [ENG31-00206498-n] (renunciation of your own interests in favor of the interests of others)
            • nonacceptance [ENG31-00206198-n] (the act of refusing an offer)
            • banishment [ENG31-00207151-n] (rejection by means of an act of banishing or proscribing someone)

              • anathematization [ENG31-00207449-n] (the formal act of pronouncing (someone or something) accursed)
              • disbarment [ENG31-00207628-n] (the act of expelling a lawyer from the practice of law)
              • ejection [ENG31-00207776-n] (the act of forcing out someone or something)

                • defenestration [ENG31-00117809-n] (the act of throwing someone or something out of a window)
                • deportation [ENG31-00208155-n] (the expulsion from a country of an undesirable alien)
                • ostracism [ENG31-00208283-n] (the act of excluding someone from society by general consent)
                • barring [ENG31-00208471-n] (the act of excluding someone by a negative vote or veto)
                • ouster [ENG31-00209646-n] (the act of ejecting someone or forcing them out)

                  • deposition [ENG31-00209792-n] (the act of deposing someone)
              • exile [ENG31-00208610-n] (the act of expelling a person from their native land)
              • excommunication [ENG31-00209126-n] (the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church)
              • relegation [ENG31-00209370-n] (mild banishment)
              • rustication [ENG31-00209543-n] (banishment into the country)
            • displacement [ENG31-00210295-n] (act of removing from office or employment)
          • forfeit [ENG31-00206740-n] (the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.)
          • derivation [ENG31-00393143-n] (the act of deriving something or obtaining something from a source or origin)
          • activity [ENG31-00408356-n] (any specific behavior)

            • update [ENG31-00035244-n] (the act of bringing someone or something up to date)
            • variation [ENG31-00195818-n] (an activity that varies from a norm or standard)
            • space walk [ENG31-00293825-n] (any kind of physical activity outside a spacecraft by one of the crew)
            • domesticity [ENG31-00409896-n] (domestic activities or life)
            • operation [ENG31-00410032-n] (the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.))
            • operation [ENG31-00410304-n] (a planned activity involving many people performing various actions)

              • rescue operation [ENG31-00410662-n] (an operation organized to free from danger or confinement)
              • sting [ENG31-00410782-n] (operation designed to catch a person committing a criminal act)
              • undercover operation [ENG31-00410956-n] (an operation involving secret work within a community or institution)

                • buy-and-bust operation [ENG31-00411109-n] (an undercover operation by narcotics detectives to catch unsuspecting drug dealers)
            • practice [ENG31-00411260-n] (a customary way of operation or behavior)

              • biologism [ENG31-00412248-n] (use of biological principles in explaining human especially social behavior)
              • cooperation [ENG31-00412397-n] (the practice of cooperating)
              • featherbedding [ENG31-00412566-n] (the practice (usually by a labor union) of requiring an employer to hire more workers than are required)
              • formalism [ENG31-00412730-n] (the practice of scrupulous adherence to prescribed or external forms)
              • one-upmanship [ENG31-00413019-n] (the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor)
              • pluralism [ENG31-00413143-n] (the practice of one person holding more than one benefice at a time)
              • symbolism [ENG31-00413284-n] (the practice of investing things with symbolic meaning)
              • modernism [ENG31-00413462-n] (practices typical of contemporary life or thought)
              • occult [ENG31-00413585-n] (supernatural practices and techniques)
              • ornamentalism [ENG31-00413740-n] (the practice of ornamental display)
              • cannibalism [ENG31-00413852-n] (the practice of eating the flesh of your own kind)

                • anthropophagy [ENG31-00413995-n] (human cannibalism)
              • careerism [ENG31-00414099-n] (the practice of advancing your career at the expense of your personal integrity)
              • custom [ENG31-00414252-n] (accepted or habitual practice)

                • Americanism [ENG31-00414567-n] (a custom that is peculiar to the United States or its citizens)
                • Anglicism [ENG31-00414687-n] (a custom that is peculiar to England or its citizens)
                • consuetude [ENG31-00414808-n] (a custom or usage that has acquired the force of law)
                • couvade [ENG31-00414917-n] (a custom among some peoples whereby the husband of a pregnant wife is put to bed at the time of bearing the child)
                • Germanism [ENG31-00415084-n] (a custom that is peculiar to Germany or its citizens)
                • habit [ENG31-00415192-n] ((psychology) an automatic pattern of behavior in reaction to a specific situation)

                  • ritual [ENG31-00415803-n] (stereotyped behavior)
                  • second nature [ENG31-00415894-n] (acquired behavior that is practiced so long it seems innate)
                  • cleanliness [ENG31-14520035-n] (the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections)
                • hijab [ENG31-00415612-n] (the custom in some Islamic societies of women dressing modestly outside the home)
                • ritual [ENG31-01029801-n] (any customary observance or practice)

                  • betrothal [ENG31-01038810-n] (the act of becoming betrothed or engaged)
                  • marriage [ENG31-01039028-n] (the act of marrying)

                    • bridal [ENG31-01039501-n] (archaic terms for a wedding or wedding feast)
                    • civil marriage [ENG31-01039609-n] (a marriage performed by a government official rather than by a clergyman)
                    • love match [ENG31-01039742-n] (a marriage for love's sake)
                    • remarriage [ENG31-01251299-n] (the act of marrying again)
                  • rite of passage [ENG31-01039326-n] (a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood))
              • habitude [ENG31-00416013-n] (habitual mode of behavior)

                • round [ENG31-00416111-n] (the usual activities in your day)
              • fashion [ENG31-00416239-n] (characteristic or habitual practice)

                • line of least resistance [ENG31-00417750-n] (the easiest way)
              • lobbyism [ENG31-00416346-n] (the practice of lobbying)
              • slavery [ENG31-00416455-n] (the practice of owning slaves)
              • peonage [ENG31-00416553-n] (the practice of making a debtor work for his creditor until the debt is discharged)
              • unwritten law [ENG31-00417927-n] (law based on customary behavior)
              • lynch law [ENG31-00418018-n] (the practice of punishing people by hanging without due process of law)
              • mistreatment [ENG31-00419038-n] (the practice of treating (someone or something) badly)

                • annoyance [ENG31-00419407-n] (the act of troubling or annoying someone)

                  • exasperation [ENG31-00426454-n] (actions that cause great irritation (or even anger))

                    • exacerbation [ENG31-01224646-n] (violent and bitter exasperation)
                  • red flag [ENG31-00426618-n] (something that irritates or demands immediate action)
                • disregard [ENG31-00419628-n] (willful lack of care and attention)

                  • despite [ENG31-00419800-n] (contemptuous disregard)
                • exploitation [ENG31-00419916-n] (an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly))

                  • blaxploitation [ENG31-00420328-n] (the exploitation of black people (especially with regard to stereotyped roles in movies))
                  • sexploitation [ENG31-00420477-n] (the commercial exploitation of sex or sexuality or explicit sexual material)
                  • colonialism [ENG31-00427529-n] (exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one)

                    • neocolonialism [ENG31-00427760-n] (control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures)
                • harassment [ENG31-00420657-n] (the act of tormenting by continued persistent attacks and criticism)

                  • baiting [ENG31-00426185-n] (harassment especially of a tethered animal)
                  • badgering [ENG31-00426281-n] (the act of harassing someone)
                  • sexual harassment [ENG31-00426784-n] (unwelcome sexual behavior by a supervisor toward an employee)
                  • tease [ENG31-00426908-n] (the act of harassing someone playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule))
                  • witch-hunt [ENG31-00427278-n] (searching out and harassing dissenters)

                    • McCarthyism [ENG31-00427391-n] (unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists))
                • maltreatment [ENG31-00420921-n] (cruel or inhumane treatment)

                  • child abuse [ENG31-00421231-n] (the physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children)
                  • child neglect [ENG31-00421349-n] (failure of caretakers to provide adequate emotional and physical care for a child)
                  • persecution [ENG31-00421490-n] (the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion))

                    • oppression [ENG31-00422042-n] (the act of subjugating by cruelty)
                    • pogrom [ENG31-00422205-n] (organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews))
                    • torture [ENG31-00422440-n] (the deliberate, systematic, or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons in an attempt to force another person to yield information or to make a confession or for any other reason)

                      • bastinado [ENG31-00423117-n] (a form of torture in which the soles of the feet are beaten with whips or cudgels)
                      • boot [ENG31-00423264-n] (a form of foot torture in which the feet are encased in iron and slowly crushed)
                      • burning [ENG31-00423394-n] (a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the victim's skin)
                      • crucifixion [ENG31-00423554-n] (the infliction of extremely painful punishment or suffering)
                      • genital torture [ENG31-00423722-n] (blunt or penetrating trauma or rape (vaginal or anal))
                      • judicial torture [ENG31-00423837-n] (torture that is sanctioned by the state and executed by duly accredited officials)
                      • kia quen [ENG31-00424031-n] (a form of foot torture used by the Chinese in which the victim's foot was placed between three pieces of bamboo and systematically squeezed)
                      • kittee [ENG31-00424225-n] (a form of torture used by American Indians in which sensitive parts of the body were squeezed between two boards until the victim could bear no more)
                      • nail pulling [ENG31-00424426-n] (a form of torture in which the fingernails or toenails are removed)
                      • picket [ENG31-00424566-n] (a form of military punishment used by the British in the late 17th century in which a soldier was forced to stand on one foot on a pointed stake)
                      • prolonged interrogation [ENG31-00424772-n] (a form of psychological torture inflicted by questioning the victim for hours)
                      • rack [ENG31-00424919-n] (a form of torture in which pain is inflicted by stretching the body)
                      • sensory deprivation [ENG31-00425037-n] (a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of all sensory input)
                      • sleep deprivation [ENG31-00425189-n] (a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of sleep)
                      • strappado [ENG31-00425327-n] (a form of torture in which the hands are tied behind a person's back and they are lifted off the ground by a rope tied to their wrists, then allowed to drop until their fall is checked with a jerk by the rope)
                      • electric shock [ENG31-01166076-n] (the use of electricity to administer punishment or torture)
                      • dismemberment [ENG31-07448110-n] (the removal of limbs)
                  • cruelty [ENG31-00425602-n] (a cruel act)

                    • impalement [ENG31-00421872-n] (the act of piercing with a sharpened stake as a form of punishment or torture)
                    • atrocity [ENG31-00425770-n] (an act of atrocious cruelty)

                      • brutality [ENG31-00425937-n] (a brutal barbarous savage act)
                      • outrage [ENG31-00426093-n] (a wantonly cruel act)
                      • enormity [ENG31-00747331-n] (an act of extreme wickedness)
              • nonconformism [ENG31-00419318-n] (the practice of nonconformity)
              • calisthenics [ENG31-00628904-n] (the practice of calisthenic exercises)
              • popery [ENG31-01032520-n] (offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church)
              • quotation [ENG31-01032674-n] (the practice of quoting from books or plays etc.)
              • ritual [ENG31-01032852-n] (the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies)

                • ablution [ENG31-00256317-n] (the ritual washing of a priest's hands or of sacred vessels)
                • celebration [ENG31-00517142-n] (the public performance of a sacrament or solemn ceremony with all appropriate ritual)
                • Communion [ENG31-01038365-n] (the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist)

                  • intercommunion [ENG31-01038656-n] (participation in Holy Communion by members of more than one church (eg Catholic and Orthodox))
              • ritualism [ENG31-01033055-n] (exaggerated emphasis on the importance of rites or ritualistic forms in worship)
              • nudism [ENG31-01033595-n] (going without clothes as a social practice)
              • systematism [ENG31-01033737-n] (the habitual practice of systematization and classification)
              • transvestism [ENG31-01033890-n] (the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex)
            • diversion [ENG31-00427931-n] (an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates)

              • antic [ENG31-00428583-n] (a ludicrous or grotesque act done for fun and amusement)

                • dirty trick [ENG31-00515052-n] (an unkind or aggressive trick)
                • practical joke [ENG31-00515139-n] (a prank or trick played on a person (especially one intended to make the victim appear foolish))

                  • April fool [ENG31-00515367-n] (a practical joke or trick played on the first day of April)
                  • hotfoot [ENG31-00515482-n] (a practical joke that involves inserting a match surreptitiously between the sole and upper of the victim's shoe and then lighting it)
                  • rag [ENG31-00515669-n] (a boisterous practical joke (especially by college students))
                  • snipe hunt [ENG31-00515798-n] (an elaborate practical joke in which the unsuspecting victim hunts a snipe and is typically left in the dark holding a bag and waiting for the snipe to run into it)
              • bathing [ENG31-00428856-n] (immersing the body in water or sunshine)

                • sea bathing [ENG31-00443554-n] (bathing in the sea or ocean)
                • sun bathing [ENG31-00443744-n] (immersing the body in sunlight)
              • celebration [ENG31-00428985-n] (any joyous diversion)

                • agon [ENG31-00036418-n] (a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes)

                  • Isthmian Games [ENG31-00517437-n] (the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially on the Isthmus of Corinth in the first and third years of each Olympiad)
                  • Nemean Games [ENG31-00517615-n] (the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad)
                  • Olympian Games [ENG31-00517776-n] (the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Olympia in honor of Zeus)
                  • Pythian Games [ENG31-00517956-n] (the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo)
                • merrymaking [ENG31-00510857-n] (a boisterous celebration)

                  • jinks [ENG31-00511061-n] (noisy and mischievous merrymaking)
                  • revel [ENG31-00511200-n] (unrestrained merrymaking)

                    • bust [ENG31-00511734-n] (an occasion for excessive eating or drinking)

                      • piss-up [ENG31-00511933-n] (vulgar expression for a bout of heavy drinking)
                    • carouse [ENG31-00512052-n] (revelry in drinking)
                    • orgy [ENG31-00512223-n] (a wild gathering involving excessive drinking and promiscuity)
                    • whoopee [ENG31-00520307-n] (noisy and boisterous revelry)
                • feria [ENG31-00518620-n] ((in Spanish speaking regions) a local festival or fair, usually in honor of some patron saint)
                • festival [ENG31-00518784-n] (an organized series of acts and performances (usually in one place))

                  • carnival [ENG31-00512566-n] (a festival marked by merrymaking and processions)

                    • Mardi Gras [ENG31-00521115-n] (a carnival held in some countries on Shrove Tuesday (the last day before Lent) but especially in New Orleans)
                  • Dionysia [ENG31-00512687-n] (an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus (= Bacchus))
                  • eisteddfod [ENG31-00518287-n] (any of several annual Welsh festivals involving artistic competitions (especially in singing))

                    • Royal National Eisteddfod [ENG31-00518136-n] (an eisteddfod with competitions in music and drama and poetry and the fine arts)
                  • film festival [ENG31-00518474-n] (a cinematic festival that features films (usually films produced during the past year))
                  • jazz festival [ENG31-00519095-n] (a festival that features performances by jazz artists)
                  • Kwanzaa [ENG31-00519208-n] (a festival featuring African-American culture)
                  • Oktoberfest [ENG31-00519359-n] (an autumn festival that involves merrymaking and drinking beer)
                  • Saturnalia [ENG31-00519498-n] (an orgiastic festival in ancient Rome in honor of Saturn)
                  • sheepshearing [ENG31-00519611-n] (a festival held at the time sheep are normally sheared)
                • gala [ENG31-00519725-n] (a gay festivity)
                • Ludi Saeculares [ENG31-00519826-n] (the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation))
                • victory celebration [ENG31-00520174-n] (a celebration following a victory in a battle or sports competition)
              • entertainment [ENG31-00430033-n] (an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention)

                • beguilement [ENG31-00516425-n] (an entertainment that provokes pleased interest and distracts you from worries and vexations)
                • edutainment [ENG31-00516589-n] (entertainment that is intended to be educational)
                • extravaganza [ENG31-00516695-n] (any lavishly staged or spectacular entertainment)
                • militainment [ENG31-00516802-n] (entertainment with military themes in which the Department of Defense is celebrated)
                • nightlife [ENG31-00516963-n] (the entertainment available to people seeking nighttime diversion)
                • show [ENG31-00521313-n] (the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining)

                  • carnival [ENG31-00520389-n] (a traveling show)
                  • dog show [ENG31-00520548-n] (a competitive exhibition of dogs)
                  • horseshow [ENG31-00520635-n] (a competitive exhibition of horses)
                  • raree-show [ENG31-00520725-n] (a street show)
                  • circus [ENG31-00520795-n] (a performance given by a traveling company of acrobats, clowns, and trained animals)

                    • three-ring circus [ENG31-00520997-n] (a circus with simultaneous performances in three rings)
                  • cabaret [ENG31-00521728-n] (a series of acts at a night club)
                  • ice show [ENG31-00521839-n] (any entertainment performed by ice skaters)
                  • interlude [ENG31-00521936-n] (a brief show (music or dance etc) inserted between the sections of a longer performance)
                  • display [ENG31-00522265-n] (something shown to the public)

                    • parade [ENG31-00522141-n] (a visible display)
                    • light show [ENG31-00522506-n] (a display of colored lights moving in shifting patterns)
                  • presentation [ENG31-00522618-n] (a show or display)

                    • exhibition [ENG31-00523201-n] (the act of exhibiting)

                      • production [ENG31-00523792-n] ((law) the act of exhibiting in a court of law)
                      • rodeo [ENG31-00523995-n] (an exhibition of cowboy skills)
                    • exposure [ENG31-00523593-n] (presentation to view in an open or public manner)

                      • repudiation [ENG31-00523394-n] (the exposure of falseness or pretensions)
                    • performance [ENG31-00551808-n] (the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment)

                      • dramatic production [ENG31-00100087-n] (the act of performing a drama)
                      • encore [ENG31-00100259-n] (an extra or repeated performance)
                      • extemporization [ENG31-00100408-n] (a performance given extempore without planning or preparation)
                      • juggle [ENG31-00100619-n] (throwing and catching several objects simultaneously)
                      • magic trick [ENG31-00100771-n] (an illusory feat)

                        • card trick [ENG31-00553256-n] (a trick performed with playing cards)
                        • prestidigitation [ENG31-00553349-n] (manual dexterity in the execution of tricks)
                      • one-night stand [ENG31-00101257-n] (a performance in one place on one night only)
                      • rendition [ENG31-00101363-n] (the act of interpreting something as expressed in an artistic performance)

                        • reinterpretation [ENG31-00101709-n] (a new or different interpretation)
                        • spin [ENG31-00101823-n] (a distinctive interpretation (especially as used by politicians to sway public opinion))
                      • swan song [ENG31-00213527-n] (a final performance or effort (especially before retirement))
                      • program [ENG31-00552252-n] (a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation)

                        • bill [ENG31-00552444-n] (the entertainment offered at a public presentation)
                    • lecture demonstration [ENG31-00894768-n] (presentation of an example of what the lecturer is discoursing about)
                    • counterdemonstration [ENG31-01180480-n] (a demonstration held in opposition to another demonstration)
                  • demonstration [ENG31-00523026-n] (a show of military force or preparedness)
                  • road show [ENG31-00524134-n] (a show on tour)
                  • sideshow [ENG31-00524204-n] (a minor show that is part of a larger one (as at the circus))
                  • Wild West Show [ENG31-00524319-n] (a spectacular show organized in 1883 by William F. Cody that featured horseback riding and marksmanship on a large scale)
              • escapade [ENG31-00430307-n] (any carefree episode)

                • sexcapade [ENG31-00511394-n] (a sexual escapade)
              • escape [ENG31-00430425-n] (an inclination to retreat from unpleasant realities through diversion or fantasy)
              • fun [ENG31-00430934-n] (activities that are enjoyable or amusing)
              • gambling [ENG31-00431125-n] (the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize))

                • sporting life [ENG31-00507565-n] (active interest in gambling on sports events)
                • bet [ENG31-00507669-n] (the act of gambling)

                  • daily double [ENG31-00507930-n] (a single bet on two horse races in the same day)
                  • exacta [ENG31-00508036-n] (a bet that you can pick the first and second finishers in the right order)
                  • parimutuel [ENG31-00508173-n] (betting where winners share the total amount wagered)
                  • parlay [ENG31-00508282-n] (a series of wagers in which the winnings from one wager are used as a stake for the subsequent wagers)
                  • place bet [ENG31-00508436-n] (a bet that a horse will finish a race no worse than second)
                  • superfecta [ENG31-00508550-n] (a bet that you can pick the first four finishers in a race in the right order)
                • game of chance [ENG31-00508684-n] (a game that involves gambling)

                  • fantan [ENG31-00508898-n] (a Chinese gambling game)
                  • lottery [ENG31-00509102-n] (players buy (or are given) chances and prizes are distributed by casting lots)

                    • tombola [ENG31-00505855-n] (a lottery in which tickets are drawn from a revolving drum)
                    • lucky dip [ENG31-00509351-n] (a game in which prizes (e.g., candies or coins) are concealed in a container and for a small sum a player can draw one out at random)
                    • numbers pool [ENG31-00509558-n] (an illegal daily lottery)
                    • raffle [ENG31-00509683-n] (a lottery in which the prizes are goods rather than money)
                    • sweepstakes [ENG31-00509811-n] (a lottery in which the prize consists of the money paid by the participants)
                  • craps [ENG31-00509963-n] (a gambling game played with two dice)

                    • crap shooting [ENG31-00510313-n] (playing craps)
                  • roulette [ENG31-00510410-n] (a gambling game in which players bet on which compartment of a revolving wheel a small ball will come to rest in)
                  • banking game [ENG31-00510577-n] (any gambling game in which bets are laid against the gambling house or the dealer)
                • throw [ENG31-01248165-n] (casting an object in order to determine an outcome randomly)

                  • cast [ENG31-01248360-n] (the act of throwing dice)

                    • natural [ENG31-01248497-n] ((craps) a first roll of 7 or 11 that immediately wins the stake)
                  • flip [ENG31-01248633-n] (the act of flipping a coin)
              • game [ENG31-00431591-n] (an amusement or pastime)

                • catch [ENG31-00459665-n] (a cooperative game in which a ball is passed back and forth)
                • party game [ENG31-00459824-n] (a game to amuse guests at a party)
                • computer game [ENG31-00459914-n] (a game played against a computer)

                  • virtual reality [ENG31-00460037-n] (a hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer)
                • pinball [ENG31-00460308-n] (a game played on a sloping board)

                  • pachinko [ENG31-00460489-n] (a Japanese pinball game played on a vertical board)
                • guessing game [ENG31-00460594-n] (a game in which participants compete to identify some obscurely indicated thing)

                  • charades [ENG31-00460751-n] (guessing game in which one player pantomimes a word or phrase for others to guess)
                • ducks and drakes [ENG31-00460906-n] (a game in which a flat stone is bounced along the surface of calm water)
                • mind game [ENG31-00461040-n] (any game designed to exercise the intellect)
                • paper chase [ENG31-00461139-n] (an outdoor game)
                • ring-around-the-rosy [ENG31-00461405-n] (a children's game in which the players dance around in a circle and at a given signal all squat)
                • prisoner's base [ENG31-00461602-n] (a children's game)
                • treasure hunt [ENG31-00461767-n] (a game in which players try to find hidden articles by using a series of clues)
              • jest [ENG31-00431990-n] (activity characterized by good humor)

                • drollery [ENG31-00516080-n] (a quaint and amusing jest)
                • leg-pull [ENG31-00516170-n] (as a joke: trying to make somebody believe something that is not true)
                • pleasantry [ENG31-00516308-n] (an agreeable or amusing remark)
              • nightlife [ENG31-00432277-n] (the activity of people seeking nighttime diversion (as at the theater, a nightclub, etc.))
              • pastime [ENG31-00432492-n] (a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly))

                • avocation [ENG31-00433629-n] (an auxiliary activity)

                  • speleology [ENG31-00799769-n] (the pastime of exploring caves)
              • play [ENG31-00432833-n] (activity by children that is guided more by imagination than by fixed rules)

                • house [ENG31-00433104-n] (play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults)
                • doctor [ENG31-00433296-n] (children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office)
                • fireman [ENG31-00433527-n] (play in which children pretend to put out a fire)
              • play [ENG31-00512828-n] (gay or light-hearted recreational activity for diversion or amusement)

                • flirt [ENG31-00513533-n] (playful behavior intended to arouse sexual interest)
                • folly [ENG31-00513854-n] (foolish or senseless behavior)

                  • meshugaas [ENG31-00514262-n] ((Yiddish) craziness)
                  • buffoonery [ENG31-00514412-n] (acting like a clown or buffoon)

                    • shtik [ENG31-00514608-n] ((Yiddish) a prank or piece of clowning)
                • game [ENG31-00514100-n] (frivolous or trifling behavior)
                • horseplay [ENG31-00514772-n] (rowdy or boisterous play)
                • teasing [ENG31-00514852-n] (playful vexation)
                • word play [ENG31-00514963-n] (playing on words or speech sounds)
              • sport [ENG31-00524569-n] (an active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition)

                • funambulism [ENG31-00325804-n] (walking on a tightrope or slack rope)
                • contact sport [ENG31-00434398-n] (a sport that necessarily involves body contact between opposing players)

                  • boxing [ENG31-00446787-n] (fighting with the fists)

                    • professional boxing [ENG31-00447296-n] (boxing for money)
                    • in-fighting [ENG31-00447396-n] (boxing at close quarters)
                    • fight [ENG31-00447478-n] (a boxing or wrestling match)
                    • rope-a-dope [ENG31-00447617-n] (a boxing tactic: pretending to be trapped against the ropes while your opponent wears himself out throwing punches)
                    • spar [ENG31-00447789-n] (making the motions of attack and defense with the fists and arms)
                  • wrestling [ENG31-00448525-n] (the sport of hand-to-hand struggle between unarmed contestants who try to throw each other down)

                    • flying mare [ENG31-00448864-n] (a wrestling maneuver)
                    • Greco-Roman wrestling [ENG31-00448942-n] (a style of wrestling where the wrestlers are forbidden to tackle or trip or use holds below the waist)
                    • professional wrestling [ENG31-00449111-n] (wrestling for money)
                    • sumo [ENG31-00449217-n] (a Japanese form of wrestling)
                  • ice hockey [ENG31-00464604-n] (a game played on an ice rink by two opposing teams of six skaters each who try to knock a flat round puck into the opponents' goal with angled hockey sticks)
                  • football [ENG31-00469555-n] (any of various games played with a ball (round or oval) in which two teams try to kick or carry or propel the ball into each other's goal)

                    • American football [ENG31-00470726-n] (a game played by two teams of 11 players on a rectangular field 100 yards long)

                      • touch football [ENG31-00471757-n] (a version of American football in which the ball carrier is touched rather than tackled)
                    • professional football [ENG31-00471629-n] (football played for pay)
                    • rugby [ENG31-00472041-n] (a form of football played with an oval ball)
                    • soccer [ENG31-00479273-n] (a football game in which two teams of 11 players try to kick or head a ball into the opponents' goal)
                • outdoor sport [ENG31-00434601-n] (a sport that is played outdoors)

                  • hunt [ENG31-00453279-n] (the pursuit and killing or capture of wild animals regarded as a sport)

                    • battue [ENG31-00453758-n] (a hunt in which beaters force the game to flee in the direction of the hunter)
                    • beagling [ENG31-00453888-n] (hunting rabbits with beagles)
                    • coursing [ENG31-00454150-n] (hunting with dogs (usually greyhounds) that are trained to chase game (such as hares) by sight instead of by scent)
                    • deer hunting [ENG31-00454337-n] (hunting deer)
                    • ducking [ENG31-00454420-n] (hunting ducks)
                    • fox hunting [ENG31-00454502-n] (mounted hunters follow hounds in pursuit of a fox)
                    • pigsticking [ENG31-00454655-n] (the sport of hunting wild boar with spears)
                  • fishing [ENG31-00454959-n] (the act of someone who fishes as a diversion)

                    • angling [ENG31-00455261-n] (fishing with a hook and line (and usually a pole))

                      • fly-fishing [ENG31-00455419-n] (angling with an artificial fly as a lure)
                      • troll [ENG31-00455517-n] (angling by drawing a baited line through the water)
                    • casting [ENG31-00455648-n] (the act of throwing a fishing line out over the water by means of a rod and reel)

                      • bait casting [ENG31-00455879-n] (the single-handed rod casting of a relatively heavy (artificial) bait)
                      • fly casting [ENG31-00456007-n] (casting an artificial fly as a lure)
                      • overcast [ENG31-00456100-n] (a cast that falls beyond the intended spot)
                      • surf casting [ENG31-00456197-n] (casting (artificial) bait far out into the ocean (up to 200 yards) with the waves breaking around you)
                • gymnastics [ENG31-00434742-n] (a sport that involves exercises intended to display strength and balance and agility)

                  • acrobatics [ENG31-00435015-n] (the gymnastic moves of an acrobat)
                • track and field [ENG31-00440766-n] (participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it)

                  • track [ENG31-00440979-n] (the act of participating in an athletic competition involving running on a track)
                  • jumping [ENG31-00441158-n] (the act of participating in an athletic competition in which you must jump)

                    • broad jump [ENG31-00441322-n] (the act of jumping as far as possible from a running start)
                    • high jump [ENG31-00441449-n] (the act of jumping as high as possible over a horizontal bar)

                      • Fosbury flop [ENG31-00441583-n] (jumping over the bar backwards and head first)
                • skiing [ENG31-00441687-n] (a sport in which participants must travel on skis)

                  • cross-country skiing [ENG31-00441881-n] (the sport of skiing across the countryside (rather than downhill))
                  • ski jumping [ENG31-00442013-n] (the act of performing a jump on skis from a high ramp overhanging a snow covered slope)
                • water sport [ENG31-00442764-n] (sports that involve bodies of water)

                  • swimming [ENG31-00443055-n] (the act of swimming)

                    • bathe [ENG31-00443377-n] (the act of swimming for pleasure or recreation)
                    • skinny-dip [ENG31-00443639-n] (a naked swim)
                    • dip [ENG31-00443832-n] (a brief swim in water)
                    • dive [ENG31-00443966-n] (a headlong plunge into water)

                      • belly flop [ENG31-00444502-n] (a dive in which the abdomen bears the main force of impact with the water)
                      • cliff diving [ENG31-00444677-n] (diving into the water from a steep overhanging cliff)
                      • flip [ENG31-00444788-n] (a dive in which the diver somersaults before entering the water)
                      • gainer [ENG31-00444902-n] (a dive in which the diver throws the feet forward to complete a full backward somersault and enters the water feet first and facing away from the diving board)
                      • half gainer [ENG31-00445127-n] (a dive in which the diver throws the feet forward and up to complete a half backward somersault and enters the water facing the diving board)
                      • jackknife [ENG31-00445325-n] (a dive in which the diver bends to touch the ankles before straightening out)
                      • swan dive [ENG31-00445475-n] (a dive in which the diver arches the back with arms outstretched before entering the water)
                    • floating [ENG31-00444216-n] (the act of someone who floats on the water)

                      • dead-man's float [ENG31-00444360-n] (a floating position with the face down and arms stretched forward)
                    • skin diving [ENG31-00445636-n] (underwater swimming without any more breathing equipment than a snorkel)

                      • scuba diving [ENG31-00445831-n] (skin diving with scuba apparatus)
                      • snorkeling [ENG31-00445922-n] (skin diving with a snorkel)
                  • surfing [ENG31-00446040-n] (the sport of riding a surfboard toward the shore on the crest of a wave)
                  • water-skiing [ENG31-00446211-n] (skiing on water while being towed by a motorboat)
                • rowing [ENG31-00446336-n] (the act of rowing as a sport)

                  • crab [ENG31-00446514-n] (a stroke of the oar that either misses the water or digs too deeply)
                  • sculling [ENG31-00446670-n] (rowing by a single oarsman in a racing shell)
                • archery [ENG31-00447965-n] (the sport of shooting arrows with a bow)
                • sledding [ENG31-00448058-n] (the sport of riding on a sled or sleigh)

                  • tobogganing [ENG31-00448206-n] (riding on a long light sled with low handrails)

                    • luging [ENG31-00448346-n] (riding a light one-man toboggan)
                  • bobsledding [ENG31-00448448-n] (riding on a bobsled)
                • skating [ENG31-00449451-n] (the sport of gliding on skates)

                  • ice skating [ENG31-00449625-n] (skating on ice)

                    • figure skating [ENG31-00449733-n] (ice skating where the skates trace outlines of selected figures)
                  • roller skating [ENG31-00449943-n] (skating on wheels)

                    • rollerblading [ENG31-00449857-n] (skating using Rollerblades)
                  • skateboarding [ENG31-00450039-n] (the sport of skating on a skateboard)
                  • speed skating [ENG31-00450153-n] (competitive skating on speed skates (usually around an oval course))
                • racing [ENG31-00450280-n] (the sport of engaging in contests of speed)

                  • auto racing [ENG31-00450502-n] (the sport of racing automobiles)
                  • boat racing [ENG31-00450680-n] (the sport of racing boats)

                    • hydroplane racing [ENG31-00450781-n] (racing in high-speed motor boats)
                  • camel racing [ENG31-00450877-n] (the sport of racing camels)
                  • greyhound racing [ENG31-00450962-n] (the sport of racing greyhounds)
                  • horse racing [ENG31-00451055-n] (the sport of racing horses)

                    • thoroughbred racing [ENG31-00451215-n] (the sport of racing thoroughbred horses)
                • riding [ENG31-00451320-n] (the sport of sitting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements)

                  • equestrian sport [ENG31-00451686-n] (a sport that tests horsemanship)

                    • dressage [ENG31-00288844-n] (maneuvers of a horse in response to body signals by the rider)

                      • curvet [ENG31-00289034-n] (a light leap by a horse in which both hind legs leave the ground before the forelegs come down)
                      • piaffe [ENG31-00289228-n] (a cadenced trot executed by the horse in one spot)
                    • showjumping [ENG31-00451984-n] (riding horses in competitions over set courses to demonstrate skill in jumping over obstacles)
                    • cross-country riding [ENG31-00452172-n] (riding horses across country over obstructions to demonstrate horsemanship)
                    • three-day event [ENG31-07476007-n] (an equestrian competition)
                  • pony-trekking [ENG31-00451852-n] (a sport in which people ride across country on ponies)
                • cycling [ENG31-00452356-n] (the sport of traveling on a bicycle or motorcycle)

                  • bicycling [ENG31-00452549-n] (riding a bicycle)
                  • motorcycling [ENG31-00452621-n] (riding a motorcycle)
                  • dune cycling [ENG31-00452754-n] (bicycling or motorcycling on sand dunes)
                • blood sport [ENG31-00452852-n] (sport that involves killing animals (especially hunting))

                  • bullfighting [ENG31-00453020-n] (the activity at a bullfight)
                  • cockfighting [ENG31-00453138-n] (participation in the sport of matching gamecocks in a cockfight)
                • athletic game [ENG31-00464307-n] (a game involving athletic activity)

                  • tetherball [ENG31-00465345-n] (a game with two players who use rackets to strike a ball that is tethered to the top of a pole)
                  • water polo [ENG31-00465546-n] (a game played in a swimming pool by two teams of swimmers who try to throw an inflated ball into the opponents' goal)
                  • outdoor game [ENG31-00465719-n] (an athletic game that is played outdoors)

                    • day game [ENG31-00457489-n] (a game played in daylight)
                    • night game [ENG31-00457587-n] (a game played under artificial illumination at night)
                    • golf [ENG31-00465962-n] (a game played on a large open course with 9 or 18 holes)

                      • professional golf [ENG31-00467341-n] (playing golf for money)
                      • round of golf [ENG31-00467445-n] (the activity of playing 18 holes of golf)
                      • medal play [ENG31-00467592-n] (golf scoring by total strokes taken)
                      • match play [ENG31-00467698-n] (golf scoring by holes won)
                      • miniature golf [ENG31-00467780-n] (a novelty version of golf played with golf balls and putters on a miniature course featuring many obstacles)
                      • clock golf [ENG31-00574143-n] (a form of golf in which you putt from positions arranged on the circumference of a circle around the hole)
                    • croquet [ENG31-00467948-n] (a game in which players hit a wooden ball through a series of hoops)
                    • paintball [ENG31-00468190-n] (a game that simulates military combat)
                    • quoits [ENG31-00468388-n] (a game in which iron rings (or open iron rings) are thrown at a stake in the ground in the hope of encircling it)
                    • shuffleboard [ENG31-00468604-n] (a game in which players use long sticks to shove wooden disks onto the scoring area marked on a smooth surface)
                    • field game [ENG31-00468787-n] (an outdoor game played on a field of specified dimensions)

                      • field hockey [ENG31-00469063-n] (a game resembling ice hockey that is played on an open field)

                        • shinny [ENG31-00469374-n] (a simple version of hockey played by children on the streets (or on ice or on a field) using a ball or can as the puck)
                      • hurling [ENG31-00471905-n] (a traditional Irish game resembling hockey)
                      • ball game [ENG31-00472512-n] (a field game played with a ball (especially baseball))

                        • baseball [ENG31-00472688-n] (a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players)

                          • daisy cutter [ENG31-00132167-n] (a batted or served ball that skims along close to the ground)
                          • professional baseball [ENG31-00475668-n] (playing baseball for money)
                          • hardball [ENG31-00475780-n] (baseball as distinguished from softball)
                          • perfect game [ENG31-00475892-n] (a game in which a pitcher does not allow any opposing player to reach base)
                          • no-hit game [ENG31-00476025-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team no hits)
                          • one-hitter [ENG31-00476153-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only one hit)
                          • two-hitter [ENG31-00476284-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 2 hits)
                          • three-hitter [ENG31-00476414-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 3 hits)
                          • four-hitter [ENG31-00476546-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 4 hits)
                          • five-hitter [ENG31-00476672-n] (a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 5 hits)
                          • softball [ENG31-00476798-n] (a game closely resembling baseball that is played on a smaller diamond and with a ball that is larger and softer)
                          • rounders [ENG31-00477151-n] (an English ball game similar to baseball)
                          • stickball [ENG31-00477246-n] (a form of baseball played in the streets with a rubber ball and broomstick handle)
                          • steal [ENG31-00726403-n] (a stolen base)
                      • cricket [ENG31-00477400-n] (a game played with a ball and bat by two teams of 11 players)
                      • lacrosse [ENG31-00478403-n] (a game invented by American Indians)
                      • polo [ENG31-00478650-n] (a game similar to field hockey but played on horseback using long-handled mallets and a wooden ball)
                      • pushball [ENG31-00478838-n] (a game using a leather ball six feet in diameter)
                      • ultimate frisbee [ENG31-00478997-n] (a game between two teams whose players try to toss a Frisbee to one another until they cross the opponents goal)
                  • court game [ENG31-00480087-n] (an athletic game played on a court)

                    • handball [ENG31-00480451-n] (a game played in a walled court or against a single wall by two or four players who strike a rubber ball with their hands)
                    • racquetball [ENG31-00480627-n] (a game played on a handball court with short-handled rackets)
                    • fives [ENG31-00480745-n] (a game resembling handball)
                    • squash [ENG31-00480898-n] (a game played in an enclosed court by two or four players who strike the ball with long-handled rackets)
                    • volleyball [ENG31-00481222-n] (a game in which two teams hit an inflated ball over a high net using their hands)
                    • jai alai [ENG31-00481377-n] (a Basque or Spanish game played in a court with a ball and a wickerwork racket)
                    • badminton [ENG31-00481519-n] (a game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net)

                      • battledore [ENG31-00481896-n] (an ancient racket game)
                      • singles [ENG31-00484420-n] (badminton played with one person on each side)
                      • doubles [ENG31-00484616-n] (badminton played with two players on each side)
                    • basketball [ENG31-00482004-n] (a game played on a court by two opposing teams of 5 players)

                      • professional basketball [ENG31-00482814-n] (playing basketball for money)
                    • deck tennis [ENG31-00482949-n] (game played mainly on board ocean liners)
                    • netball [ENG31-00483133-n] (a team game that resembles basketball)
                    • tennis [ENG31-00483309-n] (a game played with rackets by two or four players who hit a ball back and forth over a net that divides the court)

                      • professional tennis [ENG31-00484216-n] (playing tennis for money)
                      • singles [ENG31-00484324-n] (tennis played with one person on each side)
                      • doubles [ENG31-00484519-n] (tennis played with two players on each side)
                      • royal tennis [ENG31-00484716-n] (an ancient form of tennis played in a four-walled court)
                    • pallone [ENG31-00484859-n] (an Italian game similar to tennis)
                • judo [ENG31-00827434-n] (a sport adapted from jujitsu (using principles of not resisting) and similar to wrestling)
                • spectator sport [ENG31-00888646-n] (a sport that many people find entertaining to watch)
                • team sport [ENG31-00889222-n] (a sport that involves competition between teams of players)
            • cup of tea [ENG31-00433821-n] (an activity that you like or at which you are superior)
            • follow-up [ENG31-00456372-n] (an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done)
            • game [ENG31-00456623-n] (a contest with rules to determine a winner)

              • curling [ENG31-00462672-n] (a game played on ice in which heavy stones with handles are slid toward a target)
              • bowling [ENG31-00462843-n] (a game in which balls are rolled at an object or group of objects with the aim of knocking them over or moving them)

                • tenpins [ENG31-00463302-n] (bowling down an alley at a target of ten wooden pins)
                • ninepins [ENG31-00463444-n] (a bowling game that is played by rolling a bowling ball down a bowling alley at a target of nine wooden pins)
                • duckpins [ENG31-00463618-n] (a bowling game using a pin smaller than a tenpin but proportionately wider)
                • candlepins [ENG31-00463747-n] (a bowling game using slender bowling pins)
                • lawn bowling [ENG31-00463865-n] (a bowling game played on a level lawn with biased wooden balls that are rolled at a jack)
                • bocce [ENG31-00464058-n] (Italian bowling played on a long narrow dirt court)
              • pall-mall [ENG31-00464177-n] (a 17th century game)
              • child's game [ENG31-00484946-n] (a game enjoyed by children)

                • blindman's bluff [ENG31-00485373-n] (a children's game in which a blindfolded player tries to catch and identify other players)
                • cat and mouse [ENG31-00485543-n] (a game for children in which the players form a circle and join hands)
                • cat's cradle [ENG31-00485813-n] (a game played with string looped over the fingers)
                • hide-and-seek [ENG31-00485921-n] (a game in which a child covers his eyes while the other players hide then tries to find them)
                • hopscotch [ENG31-00486092-n] (a game in which a child tosses a stone into an area drawn on the ground and then hops through it and back to regain the stone)
                • jacks [ENG31-00486273-n] (a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball)
                • jackstraws [ENG31-00486461-n] (a game in which players try to pick each jackstraw (or spillikin) off of a pile without moving any of the others)
                • jump rope [ENG31-00486643-n] (a child's game or a cardiopulmonary exercise in which the player jumps over a swinging rope)

                  • double Dutch [ENG31-00486826-n] (the difficult version of jump rope in which players jump over two ropes that are swung in a crisscross manner by two turners)
                • leapfrog [ENG31-00487009-n] (a game in which one child bends down and another leaps over)
                • marbles [ENG31-00487369-n] (a children's game played with little balls made of a hard substance (as glass))
                • mumblety-peg [ENG31-00487501-n] (a game in which players throw or flip a jackknife in various ways so that the knife sticks in the ground)
                • musical chairs [ENG31-00487681-n] (a child's game in which players march to music around a group of chairs that contains one chair less than the number of players)
                • peekaboo [ENG31-00488083-n] (a game played with young children)
                • pillow fight [ENG31-00488239-n] (a child's game of fighting with pillows)
                • post office [ENG31-00488337-n] (a children's game in which kisses are exchanged for pretended letters)
                • spin the bottle [ENG31-00488464-n] (a game in which a player spins a bottle and kisses the person that it points to when it stops spinning)
                • spin the plate [ENG31-00488628-n] (a game in which something round (as a plate) is spun on edge and the name of a player is called)
                • tag [ENG31-00488885-n] (a game in which one child chases the others)
                • tiddlywinks [ENG31-00489062-n] (a game in which players try to flip plastic disks into a cup by pressing them on the side sharply with a larger disk)
              • card game [ENG31-00489236-n] (a game played with playing cards)

                • all fours [ENG31-00490741-n] (card games in which points are won for taking the high or low or jack or game)

                  • cinch [ENG31-00499438-n] (a form of all fours in which the players bid for the privilege of naming trumps)
                  • pitch [ENG31-00499569-n] (an all-fours game in which the first card led is a trump)
                  • seven-up [ENG31-00499711-n] (a form of all fours in which a total of seven points is game)
                • baccarat [ENG31-00490944-n] (a card game played in casinos in which two or more punters gamble against the banker)
                • beggar-my-neighbor [ENG31-00491166-n] (a card game for two players in which the object is to win all of the other player's cards)
                • blackjack [ENG31-00491361-n] (a gambling game using cards)
                • bridge [ENG31-00491580-n] (any of various card games based on whist for four players)

                  • bridge whist [ENG31-00492048-n] (the earliest form of bridge)
                  • auction [ENG31-00492172-n] (a variety of bridge in which tricks made in excess of the contract are scored toward game)
                  • contract [ENG31-00492377-n] (a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid)

                    • no-trump [ENG31-00492572-n] (a version of contract bridge in which no suit is designated as trump for the duration of the hand)
                • casino [ENG31-00492724-n] (a card game in which cards face up on the table are taken with eligible cards in the hand)

                  • royal casino [ENG31-00499839-n] (a form of casino in which face cards have extra point values)
                  • spade casino [ENG31-00499958-n] (a form of casino in which spades have the value of one point)
                • cribbage [ENG31-00492912-n] (a card game (usually for two players) in which each player is dealt six cards and discards one or two)
                • ecarte [ENG31-00493206-n] (a card game for 2 players)
                • euchre [ENG31-00493320-n] (a card game similar to ecarte)
                • fantan [ENG31-00493508-n] (a card game in which you play your sevens and other cards in sequence in the same suit as the sevens)
                • faro [ENG31-00493735-n] (a card game in which players bet against the dealer on the cards he will draw from a dealing box)
                • Go Fish [ENG31-00493882-n] (a card game for two players who try to assemble books of cards by asking the opponent for particular cards)
                • monte [ENG31-00494042-n] (a gambling card game of Spanish origin)
                • Michigan [ENG31-00494319-n] (a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck))
                • Napoleon [ENG31-00494753-n] (a card game similar to whist)
                • old maid [ENG31-00494869-n] (a card game using a pack of cards from which one queen has been removed)
                • pinochle [ENG31-00495111-n] (a card game played with a pack of forty-eight cards (two of each suit for high cards))
                • piquet [ENG31-00495304-n] (a card game for two players using a reduced pack of 32 cards)
                • pisha paysha [ENG31-00495417-n] ((Yiddish) a card game for two players one of whom is usually a child)
                • poker [ENG31-00495779-n] (any of various card games in which players bet that they hold the highest-ranking hand)

                  • draw [ENG31-00498547-n] (poker in which a player can discard cards and receive substitutes from the dealer)
                  • high-low [ENG31-00498724-n] (poker in which the high and low hands split the pot)
                  • penny ante [ENG31-00498830-n] (poker played for small stakes)
                  • straight poker [ENG31-00498935-n] (poker in which each player gets 5 cards face down and bets are made without drawing any further cards)
                  • strip poker [ENG31-00499097-n] (poker in which a player's losses are paid by removing an article of clothing)
                  • stud [ENG31-00499231-n] (poker in which each player receives hole cards and the remainder are dealt face up)
                • rouge et noir [ENG31-00496114-n] (a card game in which two rows of cards are dealt and players can bet on the color of the cards or on which row will have a count nearer some number)
                • rummy [ENG31-00496342-n] (a card game based on collecting sets and sequences)

                  • gin [ENG31-00497888-n] (a form of rummy in which a player can go out if the cards remaining in their hand total less than 10 points)
                  • canasta [ENG31-00498071-n] (a form of rummy using two decks of cards and four jokers)

                    • bolivia [ENG31-00498332-n] (a form of canasta in which sequences can be melded)
                    • samba [ENG31-00498436-n] (a form of canasta using three decks of cards and six jokers)
                • solitaire [ENG31-00496535-n] (a card game played by one person)

                  • canfield [ENG31-00496688-n] (a form of solitaire that involves gambling)
                  • klondike [ENG31-00496785-n] (a form of solitaire that begins with seven piles of cards with the top cards facing up)
                  • Russian bank [ENG31-00497771-n] (solitaire with two players using separate packs)
                • whist [ENG31-00497178-n] (a card game for four players who form two partnerships)

                  • dummy whist [ENG31-00497448-n] (a form of whist with three players)
                  • hearts [ENG31-00497610-n] (a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades)
              • table game [ENG31-00500077-n] (a game that is played on a table)

                • table tennis [ENG31-00500274-n] (a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball)
                • dominoes [ENG31-00500488-n] (any of several games played with small rectangular blocks)
                • nim [ENG31-00500610-n] (game in which matchsticks are arranged in rows and players alternately remove one or more of them)
                • billiards [ENG31-00500935-n] (any of several games played on rectangular cloth-covered table (with cushioned edges) in which long tapering cue sticks are used to propel ivory (or composition) balls)
                • pool [ENG31-00502091-n] (any of various games played on a pool table having 6 pockets)

                  • snooker [ENG31-00502315-n] (a form of pool played with 15 red balls and six balls of other colors and a cue ball)
                • bagatelle [ENG31-00502490-n] (a table game in which short cues are used to knock balls into holes that are guarded by wooden pegs)
              • parlor game [ENG31-00502733-n] (a game suitable for playing in a parlor)

                • word game [ENG31-00502881-n] (any game involving the formation or alteration or discovery of words)

                  • anagrams [ENG31-00503041-n] (a game whose object is to form words from a group of randomly chosen letters)
                  • Scrabble [ENG31-00503172-n] (a board game in which words are formed from letters in patterns similar to a crossword puzzle)
                • board game [ENG31-00503426-n] (a game played on a specially designed board)

                  • backgammon [ENG31-00503833-n] (a board game for two players)
                  • checkers [ENG31-00503963-n] (a checkerboard game for two players who each have 12 pieces)
                  • chess [ENG31-00504248-n] (a board game for two players who move their 16 pieces according to specific rules)

                    • shogi [ENG31-00506737-n] (a form of chess played on a board of 81 squares)
                  • Chinese checkers [ENG31-00504992-n] (a board game in which each player tries to move a set of marbles through a set of holes from one point of a six-pointed star to the opposite point)
                  • darts [ENG31-00505220-n] (a game in which small pointed missiles are thrown at a dartboard)
                  • go [ENG31-00505336-n] (a board game for two players who place counters on a grid)
                  • halma [ENG31-00505537-n] (a board game in which players try to move their pieces into their opponent's bases)
                  • lotto [ENG31-00505671-n] (a game in which numbered balls are drawn at random and players cover the corresponding numbers on their cards)
                  • ludo [ENG31-00505986-n] (a simple board game in which players move counters according to the throw of dice)
                  • Mah-Jongg [ENG31-00506137-n] (Chinese game played by 4 people with 144 tiles)
                  • Monopoly [ENG31-00506249-n] (a board game in which players try to gain a monopoly on real estate as pieces advance around the board according to the throw of a die)
                  • pachisi [ENG31-00506457-n] (an ancient board game resembling backgammon)

                    • Parcheesi [ENG31-00506626-n] (a modern board game based on pachisi)
                  • shovel board [ENG31-00506882-n] (a game in which coins or discs are slid by hand across a board toward a mark)
                  • snakes and ladders [ENG31-00507071-n] (a board game for children who use dice to move counters up ladders and down snakes)
                  • ticktacktoe [ENG31-00507218-n] (a game in which two players alternately put crosses and circles in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces)
              • zero-sum game [ENG31-00510717-n] (a game in which the total of all the gains and losses is zero)
            • turn [ENG31-00458406-n] ((game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession)

              • move [ENG31-00166993-n] ((game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game)

                • chess move [ENG31-00167176-n] (the act of moving a chess piece)

                  • castle [ENG31-00167373-n] (interchanging the positions of the king and a rook)
                  • capture [ENG31-00167523-n] (the removal of an opponent's piece from the chess board)

                    • en passant [ENG31-00167686-n] ((chess) a chess pawn that is moved two squares can be captured by an opponent's pawn commanding the square that was passed)
                    • exchange [ENG31-00167884-n] ((chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value)
                    • exchange [ENG31-00168099-n] ((chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop)
                  • check [ENG31-00168267-n] ((chess) a direct attack on an opponent's king)

                    • discovered check [ENG31-00168401-n] (a check on the opponent's king that is delivered by moving a piece out of the line of attack by a queen or rook or bishop)
                  • checkmate [ENG31-00168585-n] (a chess move constituting an inescapable and indefensible attack on the opponent's king)
                  • gambit [ENG31-00168771-n] (a chess move early in the game in which the player sacrifices minor pieces in order to obtain an advantageous position)
              • start [ENG31-00242566-n] (a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning))
              • innings [ENG31-00458252-n] (the batting turn of a cricket player or team)

                • follow-on [ENG31-00458062-n] (an immediate second innings forced on a cricket team scoring a prescribed number of runs fewer than its opponents in the first innings)
              • attack [ENG31-00458747-n] (an offensive move in a sport or game)

                • counterattack [ENG31-00459118-n] ((chess) an attack that is intended to counter the opponent's advantage in another part of the board)
              • down [ENG31-00459310-n] ((American football) a complete play to advance the football)
              • bat [ENG31-00459480-n] ((baseball) a turn trying to get a hit)
              • lead [ENG31-01258857-n] (the playing of a card to start a trick in bridge)
              • ruff [ENG31-01262060-n] ((card games) the act of taking a trick with a trump when unable to follow suit)
              • trick [ENG31-01262274-n] ((card games) in a single round, the sequence of cards played by all the players)
            • music [ENG31-00544270-n] (musical activity (singing or whistling etc.))

              • bell ringing [ENG31-00545478-n] (playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower)

                • change ringing [ENG31-00545642-n] (ringing tuned bells in a fixed order that is continually changing)
              • instrumental music [ENG31-00545768-n] (music produced by playing a musical instrument)
              • intonation [ENG31-00545879-n] (the production of musical tones (by voice or instrument))

                • fixed intonation [ENG31-01257712-n] (the intonation of keyboard instruments where the pitch of each note is fixed and cannot be varied by the performer)
              • percussion [ENG31-00546096-n] (the act of playing a percussion instrument)

                • drumming [ENG31-00546231-n] (the act of playing drums)
              • vocal music [ENG31-00546381-n] (music that is vocalized (as contrasted with instrumental music))

                • song [ENG31-00547426-n] (the act of singing)

                  • carol [ENG31-00547650-n] (a joyful song (usually celebrating the birth of Christ))
                  • lullaby [ENG31-00547775-n] (the act of singing a quiet song to lull a child to sleep)
              • whistling [ENG31-00548491-n] (the act of whistling a tune)
            • liveliness [ENG31-00553473-n] (general activity and motion)
            • burst [ENG31-00556362-n] (a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason))

              • fits and starts [ENG31-00556562-n] (repeated bursts of activity)
            • work [ENG31-00576778-n] (activity directed toward making or doing something)

              • wash [ENG31-00256577-n] (the work of cleansing (usually with soap and water))

                • dishwashing [ENG31-00256467-n] (the act of washing dishes)
                • washing-up [ENG31-00256989-n] (the washing of dishes etc after a meal)
                • window-washing [ENG31-00257084-n] (the activity of washing windows)
                • rinse [ENG31-00257176-n] (washing lightly without soap)
                • soak [ENG31-00257368-n] (washing something by allowing it to soak)
                • laundering [ENG31-00579745-n] (washing clothes and bed linens)
              • action [ENG31-00577488-n] (the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field)
              • job [ENG31-00577754-n] (a damaging piece of work)
              • job [ENG31-00577914-n] (the performance of a piece of work)
              • operation [ENG31-00578105-n] (a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work)
              • service [ENG31-00578562-n] (work done by one person or group that benefits another)

                • consulting service [ENG31-00578786-n] (service provided by a professional advisor (e.g., a lawyer or doctor or CPA etc.))

                  • advisory service [ENG31-00578968-n] (a consulting service in which a CPA develops findings and conclusions and recommendations that are presented to the client for consideration and decision making)
                  • attestation service [ENG31-00579191-n] (a consulting service in which a CPA expresses a conclusion about the reliability of a written statement that is the responsibility of someone else)

                    • financial audit [ENG31-00579442-n] (an attestation that the client's financial statement is accurate)
                • facility [ENG31-00579586-n] (a service that an organization or a piece of equipment offers you)
                • national service [ENG31-00580238-n] (compulsory service in the military during peacetime)
                • utility [ENG31-00580371-n] (the service (electric power or water or transportation) provided by a public utility)
              • shining [ENG31-00579832-n] (the work of making something smooth and shiny by rubbing or waxing it)

                • shoeshine [ENG31-00580119-n] (the act of shining shoes)
              • heavy lifting [ENG31-00581227-n] (difficult work)
              • housewifery [ENG31-00581917-n] (the work of a housewife)
              • housework [ENG31-00581998-n] (the work of cleaning and running a house)
              • ironing [ENG31-00582127-n] (the work of using heat to smooth washed clothes in order to remove any wrinkles)
              • busywork [ENG31-00582658-n] (active work of little value)
              • logging [ENG31-00582809-n] (the work of cutting down trees for timber)
              • loose end [ENG31-00582922-n] (work that is left incomplete)
              • nightwork [ENG31-00583028-n] (work to be done at night)
              • paperwork [ENG31-00583108-n] (work that involves handling papers: forms or letters or reports etc.)
              • welfare work [ENG31-00583232-n] (an organized activity to improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society)

                • social work [ENG31-01211414-n] (any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children)
                • casework [ENG31-01211569-n] (close sociological study of a maladjusted person or family for diagnosis and treatment)
              • labor [ENG31-00621992-n] (productive work (especially physical work done for wages))

                • roping [ENG31-00300506-n] (capturing cattle or horses with a lasso)

                  • calf roping [ENG31-00301032-n] (capturing a calf with a lasso and binding its feet)
                  • steer roping [ENG31-00301159-n] (capturing a steer with a lasso)
                • corvee [ENG31-00622566-n] (unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes)
                • drudgery [ENG31-00622716-n] (hard monotonous routine work)
                • effort [ENG31-00622867-n] (use of physical or mental energy)

                  • struggle [ENG31-00623308-n] (strenuous effort)

                    • wrestle [ENG31-00623506-n] (the act of engaging in close hand-to-hand combat)
                  • trouble [ENG31-00625102-n] (an effort that is inconvenient)

                    • the devil [ENG31-00625387-n] (something difficult or awkward to do or deal with)
                    • tsuris [ENG31-00625525-n] ((Yiddish) aggravating trouble)
                  • least effort [ENG31-00625676-n] (the least effortful way to do something)
                  • strain [ENG31-00625793-n] (an intense or violent exertion)
                  • exercise [ENG31-00625978-n] (the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit)

                    • cardiopulmonary exercise [ENG31-00436503-n] (exercise intended to strengthen the circulatory system)

                      • conditioner [ENG31-00626791-n] (exercise that conditions the body)
                      • aerobics [ENG31-00627098-n] (exercise that increases the need for oxygen)
                      • jogging [ENG31-00629630-n] (running at a jog trot as a form of cardiopulmonary exercise)
                      • power walking [ENG31-00630249-n] (a form of cardiopulmonary exercise consisting of rapid walking accompanied by vigorous swinging of the arms)
                    • gymnastic exercise [ENG31-00436718-n] ((gymnastics) an exercise designed to develop and display strength and agility and balance (usually performed with or on some gymnastic apparatus))

                      • crucifix [ENG31-00435784-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed on the rings when the gymnast supports himself with both arms extended horizontally)
                      • dip [ENG31-00435953-n] (a gymnastic exercise on the parallel bars in which the body is lowered and raised by bending and straightening the arms)
                      • double leg circle [ENG31-00436122-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed on the pommel horse when the gymnast (with legs together) swings his legs in a circle while alternating hands on the pommels)
                      • grand circle [ENG31-00436341-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed on the horizontal bar by swinging around it with the body fully extended)
                      • handstand [ENG31-00437127-n] (the act of supporting yourself by your hands alone in an upside down position)
                      • hang [ENG31-00437279-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed on the rings or horizontal bar or parallel bars when the gymnast's weight is supported by the arms)

                        • bent hang [ENG31-00437549-n] (a hang performed with the elbows bent)
                        • inverted hang [ENG31-00437642-n] (a hang performed on the rings with the body upside down)
                        • lever hang [ENG31-00437757-n] (a hang performed on the rings with the body stationary in a horizontal position)
                        • reverse hang [ENG31-00437893-n] (a hang with the arms extended in back)

                          • piked reverse hang [ENG31-00438159-n] (a reverse hang performed on the rings)
                        • straight hang [ENG31-00438007-n] (a hang performed on the rings or parallel bars with the body erect and the arms at the sides)
                      • kip [ENG31-00439278-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed starting from a position with the legs over the upper body and moving to an erect position by arching the back and swinging the legs out and down while forcing the chest upright)
                      • long fly [ENG31-00439546-n] (a gymnastic exercise involving a long leap from a vaulting horse)
                      • scissors [ENG31-00439665-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed on the pommel horse when the gymnast moves his legs as the blades of scissors move)
                      • straddle [ENG31-00439833-n] (a gymnastic exercise performed with a leg on either side of the parallel bars)
                    • kick up [ENG31-00438261-n] (raising the feet backward with the hands on the ground)
                    • set [ENG31-00626939-n] (several exercises intended to be done in series)
                    • bodybuilding [ENG31-00627233-n] (exercise that builds muscles through tension)

                      • weightlift [ENG31-00627428-n] (bodybuilding by exercise that involves lifting weights)

                        • jerk [ENG31-00627663-n] (raising a weight from shoulder height to above the head by straightening the arms)
                        • bench press [ENG31-00627814-n] (a weightlift in which you lie on your back on a bench and press weights upward)

                          • incline bench press [ENG31-00627968-n] (a bench press performed on an inclined bench)
                        • clean and jerk [ENG31-00628078-n] (a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted to shoulder height and then jerked overhead)
                        • press [ENG31-00628253-n] (a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted to shoulder height and then smoothly lifted overhead)
                        • snatch [ENG31-00628436-n] (a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted overhead in one rapid motion)
                      • weight gaining [ENG31-00628561-n] (bodybuilding that increases muscle mass and body weight)
                    • calisthenics [ENG31-00628677-n] (light exercises designed to promote general fitness)
                    • isometrics [ENG31-00629089-n] (muscle-building exercises (or a system of musclebuilding exercises) involving muscular contractions against resistance without movement (the muscles contracts but the length of the muscle does not change))
                    • isotonic exercise [ENG31-00629371-n] (exercise in which opposing muscles contract and there is controlled movement (tension is constant while the lengths of the muscles change))
                    • Kegel exercises [ENG31-00629779-n] (exercises for women designed to improve the ability to hold urine)
                    • stretch [ENG31-00629932-n] (exercise designed to extend the limbs and muscles to their full extent)
                    • arm exercise [ENG31-00630416-n] (exercise designed to strengthen the arm muscles)

                      • pushup [ENG31-00630558-n] (an arm exercise performed lying face to the floor and pushing the body up and down with the arms)

                        • widegrip pushup [ENG31-00630736-n] (a pushup with the arms widely separated)
                      • pull-up [ENG31-00630837-n] (an arm exercise performed by pulling yourself up on a horizontal bar until your chin is level with the bar)
                    • back exercise [ENG31-00631043-n] (exercise designed to strengthen the back muscles)
                    • leg exercise [ENG31-00631151-n] (exercise designed to strengthen the leg muscles)

                      • knee bend [ENG31-00631311-n] (exercising by repeatedly assuming a crouching position with the knees bent)
                      • leg curl [ENG31-00631508-n] (an exercise designed to strengthen the flexor muscles of the leg)
                      • leg extensor [ENG31-00631641-n] (an exercise designed to strengthen the extensor muscles of the leg)
                    • neck exercise [ENG31-00631766-n] (exercise designed to strengthen the neck muscles)
                    • stomach exercise [ENG31-00631874-n] (an exercise designed to strengthen the abdominal muscles)

                      • sit-up [ENG31-00632026-n] (a stomach exercise in which a person sits up from a supine position without using the arms for leverage)
                    • yoga [ENG31-00632200-n] (a system of physical, breathing and meditation exercises practiced to promote control of the body and mind)

                      • hatha yoga [ENG31-00632411-n] (yogic exercises (popular in the West) that combine difficult postures (which force the mind to withdraw from the outside world) with controlled breathing)
                  • pull [ENG31-00626667-n] (a sustained effort)
                  • application [ENG31-00634572-n] (a diligent effort)
                  • overkill [ENG31-00634722-n] (any effort that seems to go farther than would be necessary to achieve its goal)
                  • supererogation [ENG31-00634856-n] (an effort above and beyond the call of duty)
                  • overexertion [ENG31-00634960-n] (excessive exertion)
                  • friction [ENG31-00713284-n] (effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure)

                    • attrition [ENG31-00362621-n] (the act of rubbing together)
                • hunt [ENG31-00623824-n] (the work of finding and killing or capturing animals for food or pelts)

                  • canned hunt [ENG31-00453971-n] (a hunt for animals that have been raised on game ranches until they are mature enough to be killed for trophy collections)
                  • stalk [ENG31-00712776-n] (a hunt for game carried on by following it stealthily or waiting in ambush)

                    • deerstalking [ENG31-00712980-n] (stalking deer)
                  • birdnesting [ENG31-00713052-n] (hunting for birds' nests to get the eggs)
                  • predation [ENG31-00713150-n] (the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey)
                • hackwork [ENG31-00624099-n] (professional work done according to formula)
                • haymaking [ENG31-00624197-n] (cutting grass and curing it to make hay)
                • manual labor [ENG31-00624402-n] (labor done with the hands)

                  • application [ENG31-00713478-n] (the work of applying something)

                    • anointing [ENG31-00714085-n] (the act of applying oil or an oily liquid)

                      • unction [ENG31-01043706-n] (anointing as part of a religious ceremony or healing ritual)
                    • fumigation [ENG31-00714231-n] (the application of a gas or smoke to something for the purpose of disinfecting it)
                    • foliation [ENG31-00714387-n] (the work of coating glass with metal foil)
                    • galvanization [ENG31-00714502-n] (either the work of covering with metal by the use of a galvanic current or the coating of iron with zinc to protect it from rusting)
                    • lubrication [ENG31-00718197-n] (an application of a lubricant to something)
                    • paving [ENG31-00718333-n] (the act of applying paving materials to an area)
                    • painting [ENG31-00718460-n] (the act of applying paint to a surface)

                      • spray painting [ENG31-00718892-n] (applying paint with a sprayer)
                      • spatter [ENG31-00719000-n] (the act of splashing a (liquid) substance on a surface)
                      • finger-painting [ENG31-00719318-n] (painting by using the fingers to spread the paint)
                    • spraying [ENG31-00718720-n] (the application of a liquid in the form of small particles ejected from a sprayer)
                    • tinning [ENG31-00719447-n] (the application of a protective layer of tin)
                    • tinning [ENG31-00719577-n] (the application of a thin layer of soft solder to the ends of wires before soldering them)
                    • papering [ENG31-00719825-n] (the application of wallpaper)
                    • plastering [ENG31-00720067-n] (the application of plaster)

                      • pargeting [ENG31-00719941-n] (ornamental plastering)
                    • plating [ENG31-00720268-n] (the application of a thin coat of metal (as by electrolysis))
                    • scumble [ENG31-00720400-n] (the application of very thin coat of color over the surface of a picture)
                    • tiling [ENG31-00720526-n] (the application of tiles to cover a surface)
                    • waxing [ENG31-00720640-n] (the application of wax to a surface)
                    • lining [ENG31-00829040-n] (providing something with a surface of a different material)

                      • babbitting [ENG31-00829196-n] (lining a surface or bearing with Babbitt metal)
                  • bodywork [ENG31-00714745-n] (the work of making or repairing vehicle bodies)
                  • handling [ENG31-00714846-n] (manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with something)

                    • materials handling [ENG31-00715036-n] (act of loading and unloading and moving goods within e.g. a factory especially using mechanical devices)
                    • loading [ENG31-00715204-n] (the labor of putting a load of something on or in a vehicle or ship or container etc.)
                    • unloading [ENG31-00715425-n] (the labor of taking a load of something off of or out of a vehicle or ship or container etc.)
                  • picking [ENG31-00715609-n] (the act of picking (crops or fruit or hops etc.))
                  • planking [ENG31-00715945-n] (the work of covering an area with planks)
                  • wiring [ENG31-00716058-n] (the work of installing the wires for an electrical system or device)
                • overwork [ENG31-00624610-n] (the act of working too much or too long)
                • slavery [ENG31-00624785-n] (work done under harsh conditions for little or no pay)
              • subbing [ENG31-00624910-n] (working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence)
              • investigation [ENG31-00635107-n] (the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically)

                • analysis [ENG31-00635519-n] (an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole)

                  • anatomy [ENG31-00647430-n] (a detailed analysis)
                  • case study [ENG31-00647923-n] (a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view)
                  • chemical analysis [ENG31-00648076-n] (the act of decomposing a substance into its constituent elements)

                    • scatology [ENG31-00647747-n] ((medicine) the chemical analysis of excrement (for medical diagnosis or for paleontological purposes))
                    • polarography [ENG31-00648390-n] (an electrochemical method of chemical analysis)
                    • quantitative analysis [ENG31-00648513-n] (chemical analysis to determine the amounts of each element in the substance)

                      • colorimetry [ENG31-00648779-n] (quantitative chemical analysis by color using a colorimeter)
                      • volumetric analysis [ENG31-00648956-n] (quantitative analysis by the use of definite volumes of standard solutions or reagents)

                        • acidimetry [ENG31-00649162-n] (volumetric analysis using standard solutions of acids to measure the amount of a base present)
                        • alkalimetry [ENG31-00649330-n] (volumetric analysis using standard solutions of alkali to measure the amount of acid present)
                        • titration [ENG31-00649480-n] (a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete)
                      • volumetric analysis [ENG31-00649785-n] (determination of the volume of gases (or changes in their volume) during combination)
                      • gravimetric analysis [ENG31-00649935-n] (quantitative analysis by weight)
                    • spectroscopy [ENG31-00650725-n] (the use of spectroscopes to analyze spectra)

                      • mass spectroscopy [ENG31-00651986-n] (the use of spectroscopy to determine the masses of small electrically charged particles)
                      • microwave spectroscopy [ENG31-00652155-n] (the use of spectroscopy to study atomic or molecular resonances in the microwave spectrum)

                        • electron spin resonance [ENG31-00642465-n] (microwave spectroscopy in which there is resonant absorption of radiation by a paramagnet)
                    • dialysis [ENG31-00651003-n] (separation of substances in solution by means of their unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes)

                      • apheresis [ENG31-00651235-n] (a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis)

                        • plasmapheresis [ENG31-00651510-n] (plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor)
                        • plateletpheresis [ENG31-00651645-n] (platelets are separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor)
                      • hemodialysis [ENG31-00651786-n] (dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream)
                    • dating [ENG31-00994417-n] (use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens)

                      • potassium-argon dating [ENG31-00994630-n] (geological dating that relies on the proportions of radioactive potassium in a rock sample and its decay product, argon)
                      • radiocarbon dating [ENG31-00994818-n] (a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon 14)
                      • rubidium-strontium dating [ENG31-00995081-n] (geological dating based on the proportions of radioactive rubidium into its decay product strontium)
                    • thermogravimetry [ENG31-01118787-n] (the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances)
                  • cost analysis [ENG31-00650033-n] (breaking down the costs of some operation and reporting on each factor separately)
                  • dissection [ENG31-00650174-n] (detailed critical analysis or examination one part at a time (as of a literary work))
                  • fundamental analysis [ENG31-00650333-n] ((stock exchange) the use of fundamentals as an investment strategy)
                  • technical analysis [ENG31-00650509-n] ((stock exchange) analysis of past price changes in the hope of forecasting future price changes)
                • count [ENG31-00635829-n] (the act of counting)

                  • blood count [ENG31-00654046-n] (the act of estimating the number of red and white corpuscles in a blood sample)

                    • complete blood count [ENG31-00654218-n] (counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood)
                    • differential blood count [ENG31-00654414-n] (counting the number of specific types of white blood cells found in 1 cubic millimeter of blood)
                  • census [ENG31-00654631-n] (a periodic count of the population)
                  • countdown [ENG31-00654761-n] (counting backward from an arbitrary number to indicate the time remaining before some event (such as launching a space vehicle))
                  • miscount [ENG31-00654962-n] (an inaccurate count)
                  • poll [ENG31-00655054-n] (the counting of votes (as in an election))
                  • recount [ENG31-00655201-n] (an additional (usually a second) count)
                  • sperm count [ENG31-00655356-n] (the act of estimating the number of spermatozoa in an ejaculate)
                • police work [ENG31-00636255-n] (the investigation of criminal activities)

                  • detection [ENG31-00636448-n] (a police investigation to determine the perpetrator)
                  • forensics [ENG31-00636665-n] (scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes)
                  • roundup [ENG31-00636787-n] (the systematic gathering up of suspects by the police)
                  • surveillance [ENG31-00653709-n] (close observation of a person or group (usually by the police))

                    • electronic surveillance [ENG31-00656008-n] (surveillance by electronic means (e.g. television))
                    • watch [ENG31-00882340-n] (a purposeful surveillance to guard or observe)

                      • listening watch [ENG31-00882935-n] (a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch)
                      • spying [ENG31-00883119-n] (keeping a secret or furtive watch)
                    • stakeout [ENG31-00882571-n] (surveillance of some place or some person by the police (as in anticipation of a crime))
                    • surveillance of disease [ENG31-00882713-n] (the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data about an infectious disease that can lead to action being taken to control or prevent the disease)
                • empiricism [ENG31-00636942-n] (the application of empirical methods in any art or science)
                • examination [ENG31-00637093-n] (the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes))

                  • audit [ENG31-00141996-n] (a methodical examination or review of a condition or situation)
                  • autopsy [ENG31-00142216-n] (an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease)
                  • checkup [ENG31-00143181-n] (a thorough physical examination)
                  • comparison [ENG31-00143485-n] (the act of examining resemblances)

                    • likening [ENG31-00652331-n] (the act of comparing similarities)
                    • analogy [ENG31-00652419-n] (drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect)
                    • collation [ENG31-00652774-n] (careful examination and comparison to note points of disagreement)
                    • confrontation [ENG31-00652913-n] (a focussed comparison)
                    • contrast [ENG31-00653056-n] (the act of distinguishing by comparing differences)
                  • fine-tooth comb [ENG31-00143877-n] (a method of examining in minute detail)
                  • follow-up [ENG31-00144071-n] (a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of monitoring earlier treatment)
                  • going-over [ENG31-00144356-n] (a careful and thorough inspection)
                  • once-over [ENG31-00144446-n] (a swift cursory examination or inspection)
                  • ophthalmoscopy [ENG31-00144583-n] (examination of the interior of an eye using an ophthalmoscope)
                  • endoscopy [ENG31-00643288-n] (visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope)

                    • celioscopy [ENG31-00643568-n] (endoscopic examination of the abdomen through the abdominal wall)
                    • colonoscopy [ENG31-00643689-n] (visual examination of the colon (with a colonoscope) from the cecum to the rectum)
                    • culdoscopy [ENG31-00643847-n] (endoscopic examination of a woman's pelvic organs by the insertion of a culdoscope through the vagina)
                    • gastroscopy [ENG31-00644005-n] (visual examination of the stomach by means of a gastroscope inserted through the esophagus)
                    • hysteroscopy [ENG31-00644153-n] (visual examination of the uterus and uterine lining using an endoscope inserted through the vagina)
                    • proctoscopy [ENG31-00644310-n] (visual examination of the rectum and the end of the colon by means of a proctoscope)
                    • sigmoidoscopy [ENG31-00644451-n] (visual examination (with a sigmoidoscope) of the lower third of the colon in a search for polyps)
                  • gonioscopy [ENG31-00644632-n] (an examination of the front part of the eye to check the angle where the iris meets the cornea)
                  • keratoscopy [ENG31-00644864-n] (examination of the cornea with a keratoscope to detect irregularities in its anterior surface)
                  • rhinoscopy [ENG31-00645015-n] (examination of the nasal passages (either through the anterior nares or with a rhinoscope through the nasopharynx))
                  • scan [ENG31-00645186-n] (the act of scanning)
                  • search [ENG31-00645609-n] (boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas)
                  • survey [ENG31-00645746-n] (a detailed critical inspection)

                    • resurvey [ENG31-00881209-n] (a new survey or study)
                  • testing [ENG31-00645945-n] (an examination of the characteristics of something)

                    • screening [ENG31-00646210-n] (testing objects or persons in order to identify those with particular characteristics)

                      • genetic screening [ENG31-00646405-n] (analyzing a group of people to determine genetic susceptibility to a particular disease)
                  • time and motion study [ENG31-00646608-n] (an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort)
                  • inspection [ENG31-00880949-n] (a formal or official examination)

                    • check [ENG31-00142626-n] (the act of inspecting or verifying)

                      • spot check [ENG31-00142960-n] (a check on work performance or product quality made at random times without warning)
                  • bank examination [ENG31-01267818-n] (an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner)
                • examination [ENG31-00637704-n] (the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned)

                  • eleven-plus [ENG31-00638388-n] ((formerly in Britain) an examination taken by 11 and 12 year old students to select suitable candidates for grammar school)
                • inquiry [ENG31-00637971-n] (a systematic investigation of a matter of public interest)

                  • means test [ENG31-00638920-n] (an inquiry into the financial position of someone applying for financial aid)
                  • inquest [ENG31-00639053-n] (an inquiry into the cause of an unexpected death)
                • research [ENG31-00638164-n] (systematic investigation to establish facts)

                  • operations research [ENG31-00638789-n] (research designed to determine most efficient way to do something)
                  • field work [ENG31-00641076-n] (an investigation carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters)
                  • marketing research [ENG31-00641431-n] (research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer)

                    • market analysis [ENG31-00641677-n] (marketing research that yields information about the marketplace)
                    • product research [ENG31-00641803-n] (marketing research that yields information about desired characteristics of the product or service)
                    • consumer research [ENG31-00641964-n] (marketing research that yields information about the motives and needs of different classes of consumers)
                  • microscopy [ENG31-00642132-n] (research with the use of microscopes)

                    • electron microscopy [ENG31-00642352-n] (microscopy with the use of electron microscopes)
                    • dark ground illumination [ENG31-00646865-n] (a form of microscopic examination of living material by scattered light)
                    • fluorescence microscopy [ENG31-00647086-n] (light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes)

                      • indirect immunofluorescence [ENG31-00647267-n] (a method of using fluorescence microscopy to detect the presence of an antigen indirectly)
                  • probe [ENG31-00642765-n] (an investigation conducted using a flexible surgical instrument to explore an injury or a body cavity)
                  • scientific research [ENG31-00643063-n] (research into questions posed by scientific theories and hypotheses)

                    • big science [ENG31-00639155-n] (scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results)
                    • biological research [ENG31-00639323-n] (scientific research conducted by biologists)

                      • cloning [ENG31-00639486-n] (a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell))

                        • reproductive cloning [ENG31-00639691-n] (making a full living copy of an organism)

                          • human reproductive cloning [ENG31-00639845-n] (the reproductive cloning of a sentient human being)
                        • therapeutic cloning [ENG31-00640250-n] (nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells to make an oocyte from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant)
                      • somatic cell nuclear transplantation [ENG31-00640013-n] (moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another)
                      • stem-cell research [ENG31-00640510-n] (research on stem cells and their use in medicine)

                        • embryonic stem-cell research [ENG31-00640641-n] (biological research on stem cells derived from embryos and on their use in medicine)
                    • experiment [ENG31-00640799-n] (the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation)

                      • testing [ENG31-00641218-n] (the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works)
                      • trial and error [ENG31-00642664-n] (experimenting until a solution is found)
                      • Michelson-Morley experiment [ENG31-00694362-n] (a celebrated experiment conducted by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley)
                      • control experiment [ENG31-05806421-n] (an experiment designed to control for variables affecting the results of another experiment)
                • search [ENG31-00638597-n] (an investigation seeking answers)
                • tabulation [ENG31-00653902-n] (the act of putting into tabular form)
                • wiretap [ENG31-00655643-n] (the act of tapping a telephone or telegraph line to get information)
              • care [ENG31-00656128-n] (the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something)

                • hair care [ENG31-00258095-n] (care for the hair: the activity of washing or cutting or curling or arranging the hair)

                  • brush [ENG31-00257487-n] (the act of brushing your hair)
                  • comb [ENG31-00257613-n] (the act of drawing a comb through hair)

                    • comb-out [ENG31-00257828-n] (the act of removing tangles from you hair with a comb)
                  • shampoo [ENG31-00257982-n] (the act of washing your hair with shampoo)
                  • hairweaving [ENG31-00258335-n] (the act of interweaving a hairpiece with your own hair)
                • maternalism [ENG31-00656783-n] (motherly care)
                • babysitting [ENG31-00656970-n] (the work of a baby sitter)
                • pet sitting [ENG31-00657121-n] (the work of a pet sitter)
                • dental care [ENG31-00657535-n] (care for the teeth)

                  • brush [ENG31-00657629-n] (the act of brushing your teeth)
                • first aid [ENG31-00657767-n] (emergency care given before regular medical aid can be obtained)
                • treatment [ENG31-00659325-n] (care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury))

                  • medical care [ENG31-00658847-n] (professional treatment for illness or injury)

                    • primary care [ENG31-00657276-n] (the medical care received on first contact with the medical system (before being referred elsewhere))
                    • aftercare [ENG31-00657435-n] (care and treatment of a convalescent patient)
                    • hospitalization [ENG31-00659870-n] (placing in medical care in a hospital)
                    • therapy [ENG31-00662334-n] ((medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.))

                      • aromatherapy [ENG31-00663439-n] (the therapeutic use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils in baths or massage)
                      • chemotherapy [ENG31-00663583-n] (the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness))

                        • chrysotherapy [ENG31-00707475-n] (the use of chemicals containing gold for treating diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis))
                      • correction [ENG31-00663770-n] (treatment of a specific defect)

                        • fusion [ENG31-00700770-n] (correction of an unstable part of the spine by joining two or more vertebrae)
                      • electrotherapy [ENG31-00663924-n] (the therapeutic application of electricity to the body (as in the treatment of various forms of paralysis))

                        • electroconvulsive therapy [ENG31-00707858-n] (the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma)
                      • heliotherapy [ENG31-00664215-n] (therapeutic exposure to sunlight)
                      • hormone replacement therapy [ENG31-00664337-n] (hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women)
                      • immunotherapy [ENG31-00664576-n] (therapy designed to produce immunity to a disease or to enhance resistance by the immune system)
                      • infrared therapy [ENG31-00664731-n] (the use of infrared radiation (as by infrared lamps or heating pads or hot water bottles) to relieve pain and increase circulation to a particular area of the body)
                      • inflation therapy [ENG31-00664957-n] (therapy in which water or oxygen or a drug is introduced into the respiratory tract with inhaled air)
                      • iontophoresis [ENG31-00665121-n] (therapy that uses a local electric current to introduce the ions of a medicine into the tissues)
                      • medication [ENG31-00665353-n] (the act of treating with medicines or remedies)

                        • antipyresis [ENG31-00665528-n] (medication with antipyretics to treat a fever)
                        • administration [ENG31-00696243-n] (the act of administering medication)

                          • drip feed [ENG31-00696413-n] (the administration of a solution (blood or saline or plasma etc.) one drop at a time)
                          • sedation [ENG31-00696553-n] (the administration of a sedative agent or drug)
                      • megavitamin therapy [ENG31-00665631-n] (therapy based on a theory that taking very large doses of vitamins will prevent or cure physical or psychological disorders)
                      • occupational therapy [ENG31-00665820-n] (therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life, especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities in spite of impairments or limitations in physical or mental functions)
                      • physical therapy [ENG31-00701253-n] (therapy that uses physical agents: exercise and massage and other modalities)

                        • rehabilitation [ENG31-00701513-n] (the treatment of physical disabilities by massage and electrotherapy and exercises)
                      • phytotherapy [ENG31-00701674-n] (the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet))
                      • psychotherapy [ENG31-00701905-n] (the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means)

                        • behavior therapy [ENG31-00702232-n] (psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior)

                          • assertiveness training [ENG31-00702578-n] (a method of psychotherapy that reinforces you for stating negative and positive feelings directly)
                          • aversion therapy [ENG31-00702744-n] (any technique of behavior modification that uses unpleasant stimuli in a controlled fashion to alter behavior in a therapeutic way)
                          • desensitization technique [ENG31-00703008-n] (a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety)

                            • exposure therapy [ENG31-00703455-n] (a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic event and relives it in the therapy situation)
                          • implosion therapy [ENG31-00703671-n] (a technique used in behavior therapy)
                          • reciprocal inhibition [ENG31-00703912-n] (a method of behavior therapy based on the inhibition of one response by the occurrence of another response that is mutually incompatible with it)
                          • token economy [ENG31-00704245-n] (a form of behavior therapy that has been used in some mental institutions)
                        • client-centered therapy [ENG31-00704489-n] (a method of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client determines the focus and pace of each session)
                        • crisis intervention [ENG31-00704675-n] (psychotherapy that focuses on acute critical situations (depressive episodes or attempted suicides or drug overdoses) with the aim of restoring the person to the level of functioning before the crisis)
                        • group therapy [ENG31-00704941-n] (psychotherapy in which a small group of individuals meet with a therapist)

                          • family therapy [ENG31-00705179-n] (any of several therapeutic approaches in which a family is treated as a whole)
                        • hypnotherapy [ENG31-00705317-n] (the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy)
                        • play therapy [ENG31-00705412-n] (form of psychotherapy for children that uses play situations for diagnosis or treatment)
                        • psychoanalysis [ENG31-00705558-n] (a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders)

                          • hypnoanalysis [ENG31-00706572-n] (the use of hypnosis in conjunction with psychoanalysis)
                        • self-analysis [ENG31-00706686-n] (the application of psychotherapeutic principles to the analysis of your own personality)
                      • radiotherapy [ENG31-00706833-n] ((medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance)

                        • phototherapy [ENG31-00707139-n] (the use of strong light to treat acne or hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn)
                        • radium therapy [ENG31-00707272-n] (the use of radium in radiation therapy)
                        • X-ray therapy [ENG31-00707386-n] (the therapeutic use of X rays)
                      • shock therapy [ENG31-00707624-n] (treatment of certain psychotic states by the administration of shocks that are followed by convulsions)

                        • insulin shock [ENG31-00708100-n] (the administration of sufficient insulin to induce convulsions and coma)
                        • metrazol shock [ENG31-00708281-n] (the administration of sufficient Metrazol to induce convulsions and coma)
                      • speech therapy [ENG31-00708466-n] (any therapy intended to correct a disorder of speech)
                      • refrigeration [ENG31-00708597-n] (deliberately lowering the body's temperature for therapeutic purposes)
                      • thermotherapy [ENG31-00708790-n] (the use of heat to treat a disease or disorder)
                      • thrombolytic therapy [ENG31-00709038-n] (therapy consisting of the administration of a pharmacological agent to cause thrombolysis of an abnormal blood clot)
                    • nursing care [ENG31-00666240-n] (care by a skilled nurse)
                    • irrigation [ENG31-00696701-n] ((medicine) cleaning a wound or body organ by flushing or washing out with water or a medicated solution)

                      • eyedrop [ENG31-00657886-n] (a method of irrigating the eye used by ophthalmologists)

                        • adrenergic agonist eyedrop [ENG31-00658078-n] (a treatment for glaucoma)
                        • beta blocker eyedrop [ENG31-00658323-n] (a treatment for glaucoma)
                        • miotic eyedrop [ENG31-00658500-n] (a treatment for glaucoma)
                        • topical prostaglandin eyedrop [ENG31-00658663-n] (a treatment for glaucoma)
                      • douche [ENG31-00696970-n] (irrigation with a jet of water or medicated solution into or around a body part (especially the vagina) to treat infections or cleanse from odorous contents)
                      • enema [ENG31-00697197-n] (an injection of a liquid through the anus to stimulate evacuation)

                        • colonic irrigation [ENG31-00697400-n] (a water enema given to flush out the colon)

                          • high colonic [ENG31-00254640-n] (an enema that injects large amounts of fluid high into the colon for cleansing purposes)
                        • barium enema [ENG31-00697553-n] (enema in which a contrast medium (usually barium sulfate) is injected into the rectum and X-rays are taken to search for lesions)
                      • lavage [ENG31-00697740-n] (washing out a hollow organ (especially the stomach) by flushing with water)

                        • gastric lavage [ENG31-00697903-n] (washing out the stomach with sterile water or a saltwater solution)
                    • dressing [ENG31-00698135-n] (the act of applying a bandage)
                    • holistic medicine [ENG31-00698277-n] (medical care of the whole person considered as subject to personal and social as well as organic factors)
                    • hospice [ENG31-00698502-n] (a program of medical and emotional care for the terminally ill)
                    • injection [ENG31-00698618-n] (the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe)

                      • intradermal injection [ENG31-00323788-n] (an injection into the skin)
                      • intramuscular injection [ENG31-00323882-n] (an injection into a muscle)
                      • intravenous injection [ENG31-00323978-n] (an injection into a vein)

                        • fix [ENG31-00324088-n] (something craved, especially an intravenous injection of a narcotic drug)
                      • subcutaneous injection [ENG31-00324262-n] (an injection under the skin)
                    • bloodletting [ENG31-00699257-n] (formerly used as a treatment to reduce excess blood (one of the four humors of medieval medicine))

                      • cupping [ENG31-00700047-n] (a treatment in which evacuated cups are applied to the skin to draw blood through the surface)
                    • defibrillation [ENG31-00700212-n] (treatment by stopping fibrillation of heart muscles (usually by electric shock delivered by a defibrillator))
                    • detoxification [ENG31-00700399-n] (treatment for poisoning by neutralizing the toxic properties (normally a function of the liver))
                    • disinfection [ENG31-00710774-n] (treatment to destroy harmful microorganisms)

                      • chlorination [ENG31-00710912-n] (disinfection of water by the addition of small amounts of chlorine or a chlorine compound)
                    • digitalization [ENG31-00711096-n] (the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders)
                    • anticoagulation [ENG31-00711268-n] (the administration of an anticoagulant drug to retard coagulation of the blood)
                    • allopathy [ENG31-00711945-n] (the usual method of treating disease with remedies that produce effects differing from those produced by the disease itself)
                    • homeopathy [ENG31-00712142-n] (a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated)
                    • intensive care [ENG31-00712518-n] (close monitoring and constant medical care of patients with life-threatening conditions)
                  • massage [ENG31-00660291-n] (kneading and rubbing parts of the body to increase circulation and promote relaxation)

                    • rubdown [ENG31-00259538-n] (the act of rubbing down, usually for relaxation or medicinal purposes)
                    • cardiac massage [ENG31-00660592-n] (an emergency procedure that employs rhythmic compression of the heart (either through the chest wall or, during surgery, directly to the heart) in an attempt to maintain circulation during cardiac arrest)
                    • effleurage [ENG31-00660910-n] (a rhythmic stroking)
                    • petrissage [ENG31-00661077-n] (massage of the skin which is gently lifted and squeezed)
                    • reflexology [ENG31-00661189-n] (massage to relieve tension by finger pressure)
                    • Swedish massage [ENG31-00661416-n] (massage combined with a system of active and passive exercises for the muscles and joints)
                    • tapotement [ENG31-00661567-n] (massage in which the body is tapped rhythmically with the fingers or with short rapid movements of the sides of the hand)
                  • modality [ENG31-00663090-n] (a method of therapy that involves physical or electrical therapeutic treatment)

                    • diathermy [ENG31-00663260-n] (a method of physical therapy that involves generating local heat in body tissues by high-frequency electromagnetic currents)
                  • detoxification [ENG31-00700573-n] (a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances)
                  • chiropractic [ENG31-00709220-n] (a method of treatment that manipulates body structures (especially the spine) to relieve low back pain or even headache or high blood pressure)
                  • fomentation [ENG31-00709421-n] (application of warm wet coverings to a part of the body to relieve pain and inflammation)
                  • naturopathy [ENG31-00709585-n] (a method of treating disease using food and exercise and heat to assist the natural healing process)
                  • naprapathy [ENG31-00709742-n] (a drugless method of treatment based on the belief that disease symptoms arise from problems with ligaments and connective tissues)
                  • orthodontic treatment [ENG31-00709929-n] (dental treatment that corrects irregularities of the teeth or of the relation of the teeth to surrounding anatomy)
                  • orthoptics [ENG31-00710210-n] (treatment of defects of binocular vision (such as strabismus and amblyopia) by nonsurgical measures (especially by exercises to strengthen the eye muscles))
                  • osteopathy [ENG31-00710458-n] (therapy based on the assumption that restoring health is best accomplished by manipulating the skeleton and muscles)
                  • osteoclasis [ENG31-00710648-n] (treatment of a skeletal deformity by intentionally fracturing a bone)
                  • acupuncture [ENG31-00711408-n] (treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin)
                  • acupressure [ENG31-00711591-n] (treatment of symptoms by applying pressure with the fingers to specific pressure points on the body)
                  • autogenic therapy [ENG31-00711803-n] (training patients in self-induced relaxation)
                  • hydropathy [ENG31-00712380-n] (the internal and external use of water in the treatment of disease)
                  • rest-cure [ENG31-00712666-n] (rest as a medical treatment for stress or anxiety etc.)
                • incubation [ENG31-00660039-n] (maintaining something at the most favorable temperature for its development)
                • livery [ENG31-00660189-n] (the care (feeding and stabling) of horses for pay)
                • nourishment [ENG31-00666092-n] (the act of nourishing)
                • nursing [ENG31-00666322-n] (the work of caring for the sick or injured or infirm)
                • tender loving care [ENG31-00666464-n] (considerate and solicitous care)
                • nurturance [ENG31-00666601-n] (physical and emotional care and nourishment)
                • personal care [ENG31-00666719-n] (care for someone who is disabled or is otherwise unable to care for themselves)
                • skin care [ENG31-00666922-n] (care for the skin)
                • faith healing [ENG31-00700989-n] (care provided through prayer and faith in God)

                  • laying on of hands [ENG31-00701125-n] (the application of a faith healer's hands to the patient's body)
                • tree surgery [ENG31-00923344-n] (treatment of damaged or decaying trees)
                • healthcare [ENG31-01061824-n] (the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession)
              • duty [ENG31-00720746-n] (work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons)

                • job [ENG31-00720957-n] (a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee)

                  • ball-buster [ENG31-00721418-n] (a job or situation that is demanding and arduous and punishing)
                  • stint [ENG31-00721683-n] (an individual's prescribed share of work)
                  • scut work [ENG31-00733874-n] (trivial, unrewarding, tedious, dirty, and disagreeable chores)
                • function [ENG31-00721817-n] (the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group)

                  • capacity [ENG31-00722203-n] (a specified function)
                  • hat [ENG31-00722393-n] (an informal term for a person's role)
                  • portfolio [ENG31-00722534-n] (the role of the head of a government department)
                  • stead [ENG31-00722683-n] (the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another)

                    • behalf [ENG31-00722912-n] (as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as `on behalf of' rather than `in behalf of'))
                  • second fiddle [ENG31-00723180-n] (a secondary role or function)
                • assignment [ENG31-00731545-n] (a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces))

                  • guard duty [ENG31-00731836-n] (the duty of serving as a sentry)
                  • fatigue duty [ENG31-00732006-n] (labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on))
                  • mission [ENG31-00732520-n] (a special assignment that is given to a person or group)

                    • fool's errand [ENG31-00732867-n] (a fruitless mission)
                    • mission impossible [ENG31-00732946-n] (an extremely dangerous or difficult mission)
                    • suicide mission [ENG31-00733054-n] (killing or injuring others while annihilating yourself)
                  • reassignment [ENG31-00733374-n] (assignment to a different duty)

                    • secondment [ENG31-00733499-n] (the detachment of a person from their regular organization for temporary assignment elsewhere)
                  • sea-duty [ENG31-00733667-n] (naval service aboard a ship at sea)
                  • shore duty [ENG31-00733790-n] (naval service at land bases)
              • mission [ENG31-00732282-n] (the organized work of a religious missionary)

                • da'wah [ENG31-00732434-n] (missionary work for Islam)
              • spadework [ENG31-00797169-n] (dull or routine preliminary work preparing for an undertaking)
              • timework [ENG31-00797286-n] (work paid for at a rate per unit of time)
              • undertaking [ENG31-00797381-n] (any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted)

                • cinch [ENG31-00576402-n] (any undertaking that is easy to do)

                  • doddle [ENG31-00576694-n] (an easy task)
                • adventure [ENG31-00797976-n] (a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful))
                • assignment [ENG31-00798247-n] (an undertaking that you have been assigned to do (as by an instructor))

                  • school assignment [ENG31-00729939-n] (a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher)

                    • classroom project [ENG31-00730147-n] (a school task requiring considerable effort)
                    • classwork [ENG31-00730273-n] (the part of a student's work that is done in the classroom)
                    • homework [ENG31-00730406-n] (preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home))
                    • lesson [ENG31-00730583-n] (a task assigned for individual study)

                      • exercise [ENG31-00731217-n] (a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding)
                      • reading assignment [ENG31-00731432-n] (the reading of a passage assigned by the teacher)
                      • history lesson [ENG31-00891907-n] (a lesson in the facts of history)
                  • written assignment [ENG31-00797858-n] (an assignment to write something)
                • baby [ENG31-00798428-n] (a project of personal concern to someone)
                • enterprise [ENG31-00798547-n] (a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness))

                  • racket [ENG31-00777440-n] (an illegal enterprise (such as extortion or fraud or drug peddling or prostitution) carried on for profit)
                  • forlorn hope [ENG31-00787756-n] (a hopeless or desperate enterprise)
                  • business activity [ENG31-01097658-n] (activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise)

                    • operation [ENG31-01097871-n] (a business especially one run on a large scale)
                    • business [ENG31-01098150-n] (the volume of commercial activity)

                      • trade [ENG31-01098359-n] (the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers)

                        • custom [ENG31-01098778-n] (habitual patronage)
                      • land-office business [ENG31-01098902-n] (very large and profitable volume of commercial activity)
                    • wash [ENG31-01098579-n] (any enterprise in which losses and gains cancel out)
                • labor of love [ENG31-00798868-n] (productive work performed voluntarily without material reward or compensation)
                • marathon [ENG31-00799022-n] (any long and arduous undertaking)
                • no-brainer [ENG31-00799129-n] (anything that requires little thought)
                • proposition [ENG31-00799242-n] (a task to be dealt with)
                • tall order [ENG31-00799384-n] (a formidable task or requirement)
                • venture [ENG31-00799539-n] (any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome)

                  • joint venture [ENG31-00787250-n] (a venture by a partnership or conglomerate designed to share risk or expertise)

                    • foreign direct investment [ENG31-00787472-n] (a joint venture between a foreign company and a United States company)
                  • experiment [ENG31-00787613-n] (a venture at something new or different)
                  • campaign [ENG31-00799906-n] (a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end)

                    • advertising campaign [ENG31-00800620-n] (an organized program of advertisements)

                      • sales campaign [ENG31-00803385-n] (an advertising campaign intended to promote sales)
                      • public-relations campaign [ENG31-00803495-n] (an advertising campaign intended to improve public relations)
                    • anti-war movement [ENG31-00800786-n] (a campaign against entering or continuing a war)
                    • charm campaign [ENG31-00800897-n] (a campaign of flattery and friendliness (by a company, politician, etc.) to become more popular and gain support)
                    • consumerism [ENG31-00801070-n] (a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers)
                    • campaigning [ENG31-00801198-n] (the campaign of a candidate to be elected)

                      • front-porch campaigning [ENG31-00801470-n] (a campaign in which the candidate makes speeches but does not travel)
                      • hustings [ENG31-00801782-n] (the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making))
                      • whispering campaign [ENG31-00803111-n] (the organized dissemination of derogatory rumors designed to discredit a candidate)
                      • stumping [ENG31-00803259-n] (campaigning for something by making political speeches (stump speeches))
                    • fund-raising campaign [ENG31-00801931-n] (a campaign to raise money for some cause)
                    • feminist movement [ENG31-00802082-n] (the movement aimed at equal rights for women)
                    • gay liberation movement [ENG31-00802318-n] (the movement aimed at liberating homosexuals from legal or social or economic oppression)
                    • lost cause [ENG31-00802486-n] (a defeated cause or a cause for which defeat is inevitable)
                    • reform [ENG31-00802601-n] (a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices)
                    • war [ENG31-00802786-n] (a concerted campaign to end something that is injurious)
                    • youth movement [ENG31-00802938-n] (political or religious or social reform movement or agitation consisting chiefly of young people)
                  • sally [ENG31-00803627-n] (a venture off the beaten path)
                  • risk [ENG31-00803899-n] (a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury)

                    • chance [ENG31-00804290-n] (a risk involving danger)
                    • crapshoot [ENG31-00804446-n] (a risky and uncertain venture)
                    • gamble [ENG31-00804623-n] (a risky act or venture)

                      • long shot [ENG31-00804752-n] (a venture that involves great risk but promises great rewards)
                      • raise [ENG31-00804869-n] (increasing the size of a bet (as in poker))

                        • doubling [ENG31-00805055-n] (raising the stakes in a card game by a factor of 2)
              • coursework [ENG31-00886766-n] (work assigned to and done by a student during a course of study)
            • works [ENG31-00578394-n] (performance of moral or religious acts)
            • service [ENG31-00580601-n] ((law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him)

              • socage [ENG31-00580871-n] (land tenure by agricultural service or payment of rent)
              • military service [ENG31-00581014-n] (land tenure by service in the lord's army)
              • knight's service [ENG31-00581118-n] (land tenure by service to the lord as a knight)
            • occupation [ENG31-00583425-n] (the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money)

              • confectionery [ENG31-00434053-n] (the occupation and skills of a confectioner)
              • sport [ENG31-00434156-n] (the occupation of athletes who compete for pay)
              • farming [ENG31-00454755-n] (agriculture considered as an occupation or way of life)
              • game [ENG31-00584126-n] (your occupation or line of work)
              • career [ENG31-00584283-n] (the particular occupation for which you are trained)

                • specialization [ENG31-00584498-n] (the special line of work you have adopted as your career)
                • lifework [ENG31-00585197-n] (the principal work of your career)
                • walk of life [ENG31-00585285-n] (careers in general)
                • business life [ENG31-00607342-n] (a career in industrial or commercial or professional activities)
              • employment [ENG31-00585404-n] (the occupation for which you are paid)

                • coaching [ENG31-00271644-n] (the job of a professional coach)
                • engagement [ENG31-00271763-n] (employment for performers or performing groups that lasts for a limited period of time)

                  • gig [ENG31-00271999-n] (a booking for musicians)
                • ministry [ENG31-00315097-n] (the work of a minister of religion)
                • seafaring [ENG31-00315295-n] (the work of a sailor)

                  • cabotage [ENG31-00316133-n] (navigation in coastal waters)
                • workload [ENG31-00582278-n] (work that a person is expected to do in a specified time)

                  • case load [ENG31-00582419-n] (the number of cases handled in a given period of time (as by a court or agency))
                • piecework [ENG31-00582554-n] (work paid for according to the quantity produced)
                • service [ENG31-00585928-n] (employment in or work for another)
                • telecommuting [ENG31-00586055-n] (employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem)
                • services [ENG31-00586211-n] (performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others)
                • public service [ENG31-00586697-n] (employment within a government system (especially in the civil service))

                  • minister [ENG31-00586847-n] (the job of a head of a government department)

                    • cabinet minister [ENG31-00587001-n] (the job of a senior minister who is a member of the cabinet)
                • paper route [ENG31-00721583-n] (the job of delivering newspapers regularly)
              • appointment [ENG31-00587142-n] (the job to which you are (or hope to be) appointed)
              • position [ENG31-00587299-n] (a job in an organization)

                • academicianship [ENG31-00589510-n] (the position of member of an honorary academy)
                • accountantship [ENG31-00589635-n] (the position of accountant)
                • admiralty [ENG31-00589740-n] (the office of admiral)
                • ambassadorship [ENG31-00589817-n] (the post of ambassador)
                • apostleship [ENG31-00589918-n] (the position of apostle)
                • apprenticeship [ENG31-00590035-n] (the position of apprentice)
                • associateship [ENG31-00590140-n] (the position of associate (as in an office or academy))
                • attorneyship [ENG31-00590254-n] (the position of attorney)
                • bailiffship [ENG31-00590355-n] (the office of bailiff)
                • baronetage [ENG31-00590452-n] (the state of a baronet)
                • bishopry [ENG31-00590531-n] (the office and dignity of a bishop)
                • cadetship [ENG31-00590633-n] (the position of cadet)
                • caliphate [ENG31-00590728-n] (the office of a caliph)
                • captainship [ENG31-00590806-n] (the post of captain)
                • cardinalship [ENG31-00590985-n] (the office of cardinal)
                • chairmanship [ENG31-00591162-n] (the position of chairman)
                • chancellorship [ENG31-00591263-n] (the office of chancellor)
                • chaplaincy [ENG31-00591384-n] (the position of chaplain)
                • chieftaincy [ENG31-00591498-n] (the position of chieftain)
                • clerkship [ENG31-00591633-n] (the job of clerk)
                • commandership [ENG31-00591741-n] (the position or office of commander)
                • comptrollership [ENG31-00591921-n] (the position of comptroller)
                • consulship [ENG31-00592028-n] (the post of consul)
                • controllership [ENG31-00592121-n] (the position of controller)
                • councillorship [ENG31-00592226-n] (the position of council member)
                • counselorship [ENG31-00592351-n] (the position of counselor)
                • curacy [ENG31-00592561-n] (the position of a curate)
                • curatorship [ENG31-00592638-n] (the position of curator)
                • custodianship [ENG31-00592737-n] (the position of custodian)
                • deanship [ENG31-00592840-n] (the position or office of a dean)
                • directorship [ENG31-00592973-n] (the position of a director of a business concern)
                • discipleship [ENG31-00593116-n] (the position of disciple)
                • editorship [ENG31-00593217-n] (the position of editor)
                • eldership [ENG31-00593314-n] (the office of elder)
                • emirate [ENG31-00593407-n] (the office of an emir)
                • fatherhood [ENG31-00593482-n] (the status of a father)
                • fatherhood [ENG31-00593561-n] (the status of a religious leader)
                • foremanship [ENG31-00593650-n] (the position of foreman)
                • generalship [ENG31-00593767-n] (the office and authority of a general)
                • governorship [ENG31-00593910-n] (the office of governor)
                • headship [ENG31-00594223-n] (the position of head)
                • headship [ENG31-00594334-n] (the position of headmaster or headmistress)

                  • headmastership [ENG31-00594009-n] (the position of headmaster)
                  • headmistressship [ENG31-00594114-n] (the position of headmistress)
                • hot seat [ENG31-00594504-n] (a difficult position where you are subjected to stress and criticism)
                • incumbency [ENG31-00594627-n] (the office of an incumbent)
                • inspectorship [ENG31-00594728-n] (the office of inspector)
                • instructorship [ENG31-00594847-n] (the position of instructor)
                • internship [ENG31-00594952-n] (the position of a medical intern)
                • judgeship [ENG31-00595059-n] (the position of judge)
                • khanate [ENG31-00595185-n] (the position of a khan)
                • lectureship [ENG31-00595261-n] (the post of lecturer)
                • legation [ENG31-00595375-n] (the post or office of legate)
                • legislatorship [ENG31-00595489-n] (the office of legislator)
                • librarianship [ENG31-00595592-n] (the position of librarian)
                • lieutenancy [ENG31-00595695-n] (the position of a lieutenant)
                • magistracy [ENG31-00595853-n] (the position of magistrate)
                • managership [ENG31-00595951-n] (the position of manager)
                • manhood [ENG31-00596068-n] (the status of being a man)
                • marshalship [ENG31-00596147-n] (the post of marshall)
                • mastership [ENG31-00596261-n] (the position of master)
                • mayoralty [ENG31-00596448-n] (the position of mayor)
                • messiahship [ENG31-00596525-n] (the position of messiah)
                • moderatorship [ENG31-00596660-n] (the position of moderator)
                • overlordship [ENG31-00596799-n] (the position of overlord)
                • pastorship [ENG31-00596900-n] (the position of pastor)
                • peasanthood [ENG31-00597009-n] (the state of being a peasant)
                • plum [ENG31-00597196-n] (a highly desirable position or assignment)
                • praetorship [ENG31-00597308-n] (the office of praetor)
                • precentorship [ENG31-00597405-n] (the position of precentor)
                • preceptorship [ENG31-00597508-n] (the position of preceptor)
                • prefecture [ENG31-00597611-n] (the office of prefect)
                • prelacy [ENG31-00597707-n] (the office or station of a prelate)
                • premiership [ENG31-00597807-n] (the office of premier)
                • presidency [ENG31-00597922-n] (the office and function of president)

                  • President of the United States [ENG31-00598380-n] (the office of the United States head of state)
                • primateship [ENG31-00598647-n] (the office of primate)
                • principalship [ENG31-00598744-n] (the post of principal)
                • priorship [ENG31-00598843-n] (the office of prior)
                • proconsulship [ENG31-00598936-n] (the position of proconsul)
                • proctorship [ENG31-00599072-n] (the position of proctor)
                • professorship [ENG31-00599171-n] (the position of professor)
                • protectorship [ENG31-00599330-n] (the position of protector)
                • public office [ENG31-00599433-n] (a position concerning the people as a whole)

                  • bully pulpit [ENG31-00599554-n] (a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter)
                • rabbinate [ENG31-00599793-n] (the office or function of a rabbi)
                • receivership [ENG31-00599882-n] (the office of a receiver)
                • rectorship [ENG31-00599983-n] (the office or station of a rector)
                • regency [ENG31-00600085-n] (the office of a regent)
                • residency [ENG31-00600179-n] (the position of physician who is receiving special training in a hospital (usually after completing an internship))
                • rulership [ENG31-00600349-n] (the position of ruler)
                • sainthood [ENG31-00600444-n] (the status and dignity of a saint)
                • secretaryship [ENG31-00600587-n] (the position of secretary)

                  • Attorney General [ENG31-00601032-n] (the position of the head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States)
                  • Secretary of Agriculture [ENG31-00601315-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Agriculture)
                  • Secretary of Commerce [ENG31-00601550-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Commerce)
                  • Secretary of Defense [ENG31-00601770-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Defense)
                  • Secretary of Education [ENG31-00601986-n] (the position of the head of the Education Department)
                  • Secretary of Energy [ENG31-00602203-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Energy)
                  • Secretary of Health and Human Services [ENG31-00602411-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Health and Human Services)
                  • Secretary of Housing and Urban Development [ENG31-00602672-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development)
                  • Secretary of Labor [ENG31-00602937-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Labor)
                  • Secretary of State [ENG31-00603141-n] (the position of the head of the State Department)
                  • Secretary of the Interior [ENG31-00603335-n] (the position of the head of the Department of the Interior)
                  • Secretary of the Treasury [ENG31-00603563-n] (the position of the head of the Treasury Department)
                  • Secretary of Transportation [ENG31-00603784-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Transportation)
                  • Secretary of Veterans Affairs [ENG31-00604024-n] (the position of the head of the Department of Veterans Affairs)
                  • Secretary of War [ENG31-00604246-n] (head of a former executive department)
                  • Secretary of the Navy [ENG31-00604434-n] (head of a former executive department)
                  • Secretary of Commerce and Labor [ENG31-00604627-n] (head of a former executive department created in 1903 and divided into two departments in 1913)
                  • Secretary of Health Education and Welfare [ENG31-00604799-n] (head of a former executive department created in 1953 and divided into two departments in 1979)
                • seigniory [ENG31-00604981-n] (the position and authority of a feudal lord)
                • senatorship [ENG31-00605246-n] (the office of senator)
                • sinecure [ENG31-00605343-n] (an office that involves minimal duties)
                • solicitorship [ENG31-00605436-n] (the position of solicitor)
                • speakership [ENG31-00605539-n] (the position of Speaker)
                • stewardship [ENG31-00605638-n] (the position of steward)
                • studentship [ENG31-00605809-n] (the position of student)
                • teachership [ENG31-00605926-n] (the position of teacher)
                • thaneship [ENG31-00606025-n] (the position of thane)
                • throne [ENG31-00606138-n] (the position and power of an exalted person (a sovereign or bishop) who is entitled to sit in a chair of state on ceremonial occasions)
                • treasurership [ENG31-00606361-n] (the position of treasurer)
                • tribuneship [ENG31-00606464-n] (the position of tribune)
                • trusteeship [ENG31-00606545-n] (the position of trustee)
                • vice-presidency [ENG31-00606626-n] (the office and function of a vice president)
                • viceroyship [ENG31-00606731-n] (the position of viceroy)
                • viziership [ENG31-00606830-n] (the position of vizier)
                • wardenship [ENG31-00606927-n] (the position of warden)
                • wardership [ENG31-00607024-n] (the position of warder)
                • womanhood [ENG31-00607121-n] (the status of a woman)
              • treadmill [ENG31-00607234-n] (a job involving drudgery and confinement)
              • trade [ENG31-00607485-n] (the skilled practice of a practical occupation)

                • airplane mechanics [ENG31-00608190-n] (the craft of building and repairing airplanes)
                • auto mechanics [ENG31-00608300-n] (the craft of building and repairing automobiles)
                • basketry [ENG31-00608408-n] (the craft of basket making)
                • carpentry [ENG31-00608890-n] (the craft of a carpenter: making things out of wood)

                  • cabinetwork [ENG31-00608657-n] (the craft of making furniture (especially furniture of high quality))
                  • cabinetmaking [ENG31-00618841-n] (the craft of a joiner)
                • drafting [ENG31-00609152-n] (the craft of drawing blueprints)
                • dressmaking [ENG31-00609277-n] (the craft of making dresses)

                  • couture [ENG31-00619882-n] (high fashion designing and dressmaking)
                • electrical work [ENG31-00609380-n] (the craft of an electrician)
                • interior decoration [ENG31-00609469-n] (the trade or act of decorating the interior of a building or room, especially with regard to color combination, paint, fabrics, carpeting, etc.)

                  • furnishing [ENG31-00609736-n] (the act of providing a house or room with furniture and other removable items such as shelves, carpets, appliances, etc.)
                  • lighting [ENG31-00609913-n] (the craft of providing artificial light)
                • lumbering [ENG31-00610057-n] (the trade of cutting or preparing or selling timber)
                • masonry [ENG31-00610164-n] (the craft of a mason)

                  • bricklaying [ENG31-00608573-n] (the craft of laying bricks)
                • oculism [ENG31-00610427-n] (the craft of an oculist)
                • painting [ENG31-00610504-n] (the occupation of a house painter)
                • papermaking [ENG31-00610691-n] (the craft of making paper)
                • piloting [ENG31-00610774-n] (the occupation of a pilot)
                • plumbing [ENG31-00610937-n] (the occupation of a plumber (installing and repairing pipes and fixtures for water or gas or sewage in a building))
                • pottery [ENG31-00611136-n] (the craft of making earthenware)
                • pyrotechnics [ENG31-00618932-n] (the craft of making fireworks)
                • shoemaking [ENG31-00619105-n] (the shoemaker's trade)
                • roofing [ENG31-00619229-n] (the craft of a roofer)

                  • slating [ENG31-01107057-n] (the act of laying slates for a roof)
                • sheet-metal work [ENG31-00619359-n] (the craft of doing sheet metal work (as in ventilation systems))
                • shingling [ENG31-00619504-n] (the laying on of shingles)
                • tailoring [ENG31-00619676-n] (the occupation of a tailor)
                • tool-and-die work [ENG31-00619776-n] (the craft of making special tools and dies)
                • handicraft [ENG31-00716196-n] (a craft that requires skillful hands)

                  • bookbinding [ENG31-00608489-n] (the craft of binding books)
                  • sewing [ENG31-00716926-n] (joining or attaching by stitches)

                    • blind stitching [ENG31-00717201-n] (stitching that is not easily seen or noticed)
                    • suturing [ENG31-00717307-n] (surgical joining of two surfaces)
                  • spinning [ENG31-00910891-n] (creating thread)
                  • weaving [ENG31-00910979-n] (creating fabric)

                    • netting [ENG31-00911084-n] (creating nets)
                  • knitting [ENG31-00911169-n] (creating knitted wear)
                  • crocheting [ENG31-00911263-n] (creating a garment of needlework)
                  • lace making [ENG31-00911370-n] (the act or art of making handmade lace)
                  • needlework [ENG31-00911768-n] (work (such as sewing or embroidery) that is done with a needle)
                • mintage [ENG31-00911494-n] (act or process of minting coins)
                • tanning [ENG31-00928877-n] (making leather from rawhide)
                • typography [ENG31-01104905-n] (the craft of composing type and printing from it)
                • undertaking [ENG31-01122580-n] (the trade of a funeral director)
                • upholstery [ENG31-01122669-n] (the craft of upholstering)
                • winemaking [ENG31-01128885-n] (the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine)
              • profession [ENG31-00611221-n] (an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences))

                • learned profession [ENG31-00611641-n] (one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles)

                  • law [ENG31-00612411-n] (the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system)
                  • medicine [ENG31-00613447-n] (the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries)

                    • preventive medicine [ENG31-00614569-n] (the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease)
                    • alternative medicine [ENG31-00614760-n] (the practice of medicine without the use of drugs)

                      • herbal medicine [ENG31-00614972-n] (the use of medicinal herbs to prevent or treat disease or promote health)
                    • complementary medicine [ENG31-00615106-n] (the practice of medicine that combines traditional medicine with alternative medicine)
                  • theology [ENG31-00615260-n] (the learned profession acquired by specialized courses in religion (usually taught at a college or seminary))
                • literature [ENG31-00611860-n] (the profession or art of a writer)
                • architecture [ENG31-00612006-n] (the profession of designing buildings and environments with consideration for their esthetic effect)
                • education [ENG31-00612720-n] (the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university))

                  • teaching [ENG31-00888759-n] (the profession of a teacher)

                    • catechesis [ENG31-00889560-n] (oral religious instruction (as before baptism or confirmation))
                    • catechetical instruction [ENG31-00889715-n] (teaching religious principles by questions and answers)
                    • language teaching [ENG31-00889840-n] (teaching people to speak and understand a foreign language)
                    • teaching reading [ENG31-00889962-n] (teaching beginners to read)

                      • phonics [ENG31-00890087-n] (teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values)
                      • whole-word method [ENG31-00890224-n] (teaching reading by training beginners to associate printed words with spoken words)
                    • schooling [ENG31-00890371-n] (the act of teaching at school)
                    • indoctrination [ENG31-00890474-n] (teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically)

                      • brainwashing [ENG31-00890638-n] (forcible indoctrination into a new set of attitudes and beliefs)
                      • inculcation [ENG31-00890760-n] (teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition)
                    • tutelage [ENG31-00890972-n] (teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately))
                    • lesson [ENG31-00891150-n] (a unit of instruction)

                      • language lesson [ENG31-00730776-n] (a period of instruction learning a language)

                        • French lesson [ENG31-00730935-n] (instruction in the French language)
                        • German lesson [ENG31-00731029-n] (instruction in the German language)
                        • Hebrew lesson [ENG31-00731123-n] (instruction in the Hebrew language)
                      • dance lesson [ENG31-00891360-n] (a lesson in dancing)
                      • music lesson [ENG31-00891438-n] (a lesson in performing music)

                        • piano lesson [ENG31-00891561-n] (a lesson in playing the piano)
                        • violin lesson [ENG31-00891649-n] (a lesson in playing the violin)
                      • tennis lesson [ENG31-00891739-n] (a lesson in playing tennis)
                      • golf lesson [ENG31-00891825-n] (a lesson in playing golf)
                    • sleep-learning [ENG31-00894218-n] (teaching during sleep (as by using recordings to teach a foreign language to someone who is asleep))
                    • spoonfeeding [ENG31-00894391-n] (teaching in an overly simplified way that discourages independent thought)
                    • lecture [ENG31-00894541-n] (teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class))

                      • talk [ENG31-00894923-n] (the act of giving a talk to an audience)

                        • chalk talk [ENG31-00895082-n] (a talk that uses a blackboard and chalk)
                • journalism [ENG31-00612961-n] (the profession of reporting or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media)

                  • newspapering [ENG31-00613161-n] (journalism practiced for the newspapers)
                • politics [ENG31-00613259-n] (the profession devoted to governing and to political affairs)
                • engineering [ENG31-00951878-n] (the practical application of technical and scientific knowledge to commerce or industry)
              • metier [ENG31-00611490-n] (an occupation for which you are especially well suited)
              • accountancy [ENG31-00619974-n] (the occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business)

                • cost accounting [ENG31-00620251-n] (keeping account of the costs of items in production)

                  • costing [ENG31-00620382-n] (cost accounting)
                • bookkeeping [ENG31-00620470-n] (the activity of recording business transactions)

                  • single entry [ENG31-00620659-n] (a simple bookkeeping system)
                  • double entry [ENG31-00620818-n] (bookkeeper debits the transaction to one account and credits it to another)
                • inventory accounting [ENG31-00620978-n] (accounting that controls and evaluates inventory)

                  • first in first out [ENG31-00621324-n] (inventory accounting in which the oldest items (those first acquired) are assumed to be the first sold)
                  • last in first out [ENG31-00621498-n] (inventory accounting in which the most recently acquired items are assumed to be the first sold)
              • photography [ENG31-00621794-n] (the occupation of taking and printing photographs or making movies)
              • catering [ENG31-01106229-n] (providing food and services)
            • occupation [ENG31-00583905-n] (any activity that occupies a person's attention)
            • writing [ENG31-00615511-n] (the activity of putting something in written form)

              • cryptography [ENG31-00615776-n] (act of writing in code or cipher)

                • encoding [ENG31-00617127-n] (the activity of converting data or information into code)

                  • compression [ENG31-00617323-n] (encoding information while reducing the bandwidth or bits required)

                    • image compression [ENG31-00617519-n] (the compression of graphics for storage or transmission)
                    • MPEG [ENG31-00617638-n] (a set of standards adopted by the moving pictures experts group for the compression of digital video and audio data or a file of data compressed according to those standards)
                  • data encryption [ENG31-00618047-n] ((computer science) the encryption of data for security purposes)
                • recoding [ENG31-00618191-n] (converting from one code to another)
                • decoding [ENG31-00618299-n] (the activity of making clear or converting from code into plain text)

                  • decompression [ENG31-00617881-n] (restoring compressed information to its normal form for use or display)
              • handwriting [ENG31-00616017-n] (the activity of writing by hand)

                • stenography [ENG31-00616749-n] (the act or art of writing in shorthand)
                • subscription [ENG31-00616899-n] (the act of signing your name)

                  • execution [ENG31-06566069-n] ((law) the completion of a legal instrument (such as a contract or deed) by signing it (and perhaps sealing and delivering it) so that it becomes legally binding and enforceable)
              • inscription [ENG31-00616298-n] (the activity of inscribing (especially carving or engraving) letters or words)

                • superscription [ENG31-00616623-n] (the activity of superscribing)
              • notation [ENG31-00616469-n] (the activity of representing something by a special system of marks or characters)
            • role [ENG31-00723312-n] (normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting)

              • gender role [ENG31-00723504-n] (the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness)
              • position [ENG31-00723730-n] ((in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player)

                • goalkeeper [ENG31-00465105-n] (the defensive position on an ice hockey or soccer or lacrosse team who stands in front of the goal and tries to prevent opposing players from scoring)
                • pitcher [ENG31-00724235-n] (the position on a baseball team of the player who throws the ball for a batter to try to hit)
                • catcher [ENG31-00724492-n] (the position on a baseball team of the player who is stationed behind home plate and who catches the balls that the pitcher throws)
                • first base [ENG31-00724798-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed at first of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate))
                • second base [ENG31-00725034-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the second of the bases in the infield)
                • shortstop [ENG31-00725235-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed between second and third base)
                • third base [ENG31-00725419-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate))
                • left field [ENG31-00725684-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the left third of the outfield (looking from home plate))
                • center field [ENG31-00725935-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the central third of the outfield)
                • right field [ENG31-00726149-n] (the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the right third of the outfield (looking from home plate))
                • forward [ENG31-00726634-n] (a position on a basketball, soccer, or hockey team)
                • center [ENG31-00726757-n] (a position on a basketball team of the player who participates in the jump that starts the game)
                • guard [ENG31-00726924-n] (a position on a basketball team)
                • back [ENG31-00727026-n] ((American football) the position of a player on a football team who is stationed behind the line of scrimmage)

                  • linebacker [ENG31-00727620-n] ((American football) the position of a defensive football player who plays close behind the line of scrimmage)
                  • quarterback [ENG31-00727818-n] ((American football) the position of the football player in the backfield who directs the offensive play of his team)
                  • fullback [ENG31-00728118-n] ((American football) an offensive position in the backfield)
                  • halfback [ENG31-00728250-n] ((American football) an offensive back usually positioned behind the quarterback and to the side of the fullback)
                  • tailback [ENG31-00728435-n] ((American football) the position of the offensive back on a football team who lines up farthest from the line of scrimmage)
                  • wingback [ENG31-00728631-n] ((American football) the position of the offensive back who lines up behind or outside the end)
                • lineman [ENG31-00727351-n] ((American football) the position of a player on a football team who is stationed on the line of scrimmage)

                  • center [ENG31-00728798-n] ((American football) the position of the player on the line of scrimmage who puts the ball in play)
                  • guard [ENG31-00729041-n] ((American football) a position on the line of scrimmage)
                  • tackle [ENG31-00729199-n] ((American football) a position on the line of scrimmage)
                  • end [ENG31-00729363-n] ((American football) a position on the line of scrimmage)
                • mid-off [ENG31-00729516-n] (the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the off side)
                • mid-on [ENG31-00729640-n] (the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the on side)
                • center [ENG31-00729762-n] (the position on a hockey team of the player who participates in the face off at the beginning of the game)
                • cleanup [ENG31-06498242-n] ((baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team))
            • wrongdoing [ENG31-00734044-n] (activity that transgresses moral or civil law)

              • brutalization [ENG31-00734615-n] (the activity of treating someone savagely or viciously)
              • trespass [ENG31-00734781-n] (entry to another's property without right or permission)

                • inroad [ENG31-00735051-n] (an encroachment or intrusion)
              • tort [ENG31-00735181-n] ((law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought)

                • alienation of affection [ENG31-00735405-n] (a tort based on willful and malicious interference with the marriage relation by a third party without justification or excuse)
                • invasion of privacy [ENG31-00735601-n] (the wrongful intrusion by individuals or the government into private affairs with which the public has no concern)
                • trespass [ENG31-00735780-n] (a wrongful interference with the possession of property (personal property as well as realty), or the action instituted to recover damages)

                  • continuing trespass [ENG31-00736081-n] (trespass that is not transient or intermittent but continues as long as the offending object remains)
                  • trespass de bonis asportatis [ENG31-00736315-n] (an action brought to recover damages from a person who has taken goods or property from its rightful owner)
                  • trespass on the case [ENG31-00736496-n] (an action brought to recover damages from a person whose actions have resulted indirectly in injury or loss)
                  • trespass quare clausum fregit [ENG31-00736851-n] (the defendant unlawfully enters the land of the plaintiff)
                  • trespass viet armis [ENG31-00736984-n] (trespass with force and arms resulting in injury to another's person or property)
              • malversation [ENG31-00737130-n] (misconduct in public office)
              • misbehavior [ENG31-00737234-n] (improper or wicked or immoral behavior)

                • delinquency [ENG31-00737517-n] (an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor)
                • mischief [ENG31-00737673-n] (reckless or malicious behavior that causes discomfort or annoyance in others)

                  • hell [ENG31-00738084-n] (noisy and unrestrained mischief)
                  • monkey business [ENG31-00738192-n] (mischievous or deceitful behavior)
                • ruffianism [ENG31-00738287-n] (violent lawless behavior)
                • familiarity [ENG31-00738368-n] (an act of undue intimacy)
                • abnormality [ENG31-00738486-n] (behavior that breaches the rule or etiquette or custom or morality)

                  • deviation [ENG31-00738697-n] (deviate behavior)
                • indecency [ENG31-00738834-n] (an indecent or improper act)

                  • obscenity [ENG31-00739995-n] (an obscene act)
                • indiscretion [ENG31-00740083-n] (a petty misdeed)
                • infantilism [ENG31-00740170-n] (infantile behavior in mature persons)
              • malfeasance [ENG31-00743223-n] (wrongful conduct by a public official)
              • misfeasance [ENG31-00743318-n] (doing a proper act in a wrongful or injurious manner)
              • malpractice [ENG31-00743428-n] (a wrongful act that the actor had no right to do)
              • malpractice [ENG31-00743612-n] (professional wrongdoing that results in injury or damage)
              • perversion [ENG31-00743772-n] (the action of perverting something (turning it to a wrong use))
              • injury [ENG31-00745603-n] (wrongdoing that violates another's rights and is unjustly inflicted)

                • wrong [ENG31-00745429-n] (any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right)
              • injury [ENG31-00745741-n] (an act that causes someone or something to receive physical damage)

                • disservice [ENG31-01212281-n] (an act intended to help that turns out badly)
                • spoil [ENG31-01265511-n] (the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it)
              • injustice [ENG31-00745914-n] (an unjust act)
              • infliction [ENG31-00746056-n] (an act causing pain or damage)
              • transgression [ENG31-00746303-n] (the act of transgressing)

                • abomination [ENG31-00746729-n] (an action that is vicious or vile)
                • evil [ENG31-00746935-n] (morally objectionable behavior)

                  • deviltry [ENG31-00747241-n] (wicked and cruel behavior)
                  • foul play [ENG31-00747414-n] (unfair or dishonest behavior (especially involving violence))
                  • irreverence [ENG31-00747530-n] (a disrespectful act)

                    • profanation [ENG31-00747885-n] (blasphemous behavior)
                  • sexual immorality [ENG31-00747673-n] (the evil ascribed to sexual acts that violate social conventions)
                • villainy [ENG31-00747161-n] (a criminal or vicious act)
                • depravity [ENG31-00748164-n] (a corrupt or depraved or degenerate act or practice)
                • vice [ENG31-00748327-n] (a specific form of evildoing)

                  • intemperance [ENG31-00749309-n] (consumption of alcoholic drinks)

                    • drink [ENG31-00749813-n] (the act of drinking alcoholic beverages to excess)

                      • drinking bout [ENG31-00750132-n] (a long period of drinking)
                • sin [ENG31-00758433-n] (an act that is regarded by theologians as a transgression of God's will)

                  • fall [ENG31-00758272-n] (a lapse into sin)
                  • actual sin [ENG31-00758690-n] (a sin committed of your own free will (as contrasted with original sin))
                  • mortal sin [ENG31-00759083-n] (an unpardonable sin entailing a total loss of grace)

                    • pride [ENG31-00759528-n] (unreasonable and inordinate self-esteem (personified as one of the deadly sins))

                      • arrogance [ENG31-04895107-n] (overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors)

                        • condescension [ENG31-04895463-n] (the trait of displaying arrogance by patronizing those considered inferior)
                        • contemptuousness [ENG31-04895705-n] (the manifestation of scorn and contempt)
                        • hubris [ENG31-04895898-n] (overbearing pride or presumption)
                        • imperiousness [ENG31-04895983-n] (the trait of being imperious and overbearing)
                        • superiority [ENG31-04896195-n] (displaying a sense of being better than others)
                        • snobbery [ENG31-04896357-n] (the trait of condescending to those of lower social status)

                          • clannishness [ENG31-04896532-n] (tendency to associate with only a select group)
                    • envy [ENG31-00759688-n] (spite and resentment at seeing the success of another (personified as one of the deadly sins))
                    • avarice [ENG31-00759878-n] (reprehensible acquisitiveness)
                    • sloth [ENG31-00760148-n] (apathy and inactivity in the practice of virtue (personified as one of the deadly sins))
                    • wrath [ENG31-00760325-n] (belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong (personified as one of the deadly sins))
                    • gluttony [ENG31-00760539-n] (eating to excess (personified as one of the deadly sins))
                    • lust [ENG31-00760688-n] (self-indulgent sexual desire (personified as one of the deadly sins))
                  • venial sin [ENG31-00759386-n] (a pardonable sin regarded as entailing only a partial loss of grace)
                • terrorization [ENG31-00766546-n] (an act of terrorism)
                • offense [ENG31-00767587-n] (a transgression that constitutes a violation of what is judged to be right)

                  • crime [ENG31-00767761-n] ((criminal law) an act punishable by law)

                    • barratry [ENG31-00766696-n] (the offense of vexatiously persisting in inciting lawsuits and quarrels)
                    • capital offense [ENG31-00769842-n] (a crime so serious that capital punishment is considered appropriate)
                    • cybercrime [ENG31-00769972-n] (crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs)
                    • felony [ENG31-00770190-n] (a serious crime (such as murder or arson))

                      • capture [ENG31-00776783-n] (the act of taking of a person by force)

                        • abduction [ENG31-00776957-n] (the criminal act of capturing and carrying away by force a family member)
                        • kidnapping [ENG31-00777199-n] ((law) the unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment)
                      • racketeering [ENG31-00777662-n] (engaging in a racket)
                      • bribery [ENG31-00777759-n] (the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage)

                        • barratry [ENG31-00777963-n] (the crime of a judge whose judgment is influenced by bribery)
                        • commercial bribery [ENG31-00778078-n] (bribery of a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into a transaction)
                      • larceny [ENG31-00782543-n] (the act of taking something from someone unlawfully)

                        • breach of trust with fraudulent intent [ENG31-00070897-n] (larceny after trust rather than after unlawful taking)
                        • embezzlement [ENG31-00778229-n] (the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to your care but actually owned by someone else)

                          • raid [ENG31-00778821-n] (an attempt by speculators to defraud investors)
                          • plunderage [ENG31-00778936-n] (the act of plundering (especially the embezzlement of goods on shipboard))
                        • pilferage [ENG31-00783009-n] (the act of stealing small amounts or small articles)
                        • shoplifting [ENG31-00783134-n] (the act of stealing goods that are on display in a store)
                        • robbery [ENG31-00783339-n] (larceny by threat of violence)

                          • armed robbery [ENG31-00783566-n] (robbery at gunpoint)
                          • caper [ENG31-00784446-n] (a crime (especially a robbery))
                          • dacoity [ENG31-00784581-n] (robbery by a gang of armed dacoits)
                          • heist [ENG31-00784717-n] (the act of stealing)
                          • highjacking [ENG31-00784853-n] (robbery of a traveller or vehicle in transit or seizing control of a vehicle by the use of force)

                            • piracy [ENG31-00785181-n] (hijacking on the high seas or in similar contexts)
                          • highway robbery [ENG31-00785073-n] (robbery of travellers on or near a public road)
                          • rolling [ENG31-00785416-n] (the act of robbing a helpless person)
                        • biopiracy [ENG31-00784283-n] (biological theft)
                        • grand larceny [ENG31-00785556-n] (larceny of property having a value greater than some amount (the amount varies by locale))
                        • petit larceny [ENG31-00785737-n] (larceny of property having a value less than some amount (the amount varies by locale))
                        • skimming [ENG31-00785925-n] (failure to declare income in order to avoid paying taxes on it)
                        • rustling [ENG31-00968608-n] (the stealing of cattle)
                      • extortion [ENG31-00786042-n] (the felonious act of extorting money (as by threats of violence))

                        • blackmail [ENG31-00786252-n] (extortion of money by threats to divulge discrediting information)
                        • protection [ENG31-00786409-n] (payment extorted by gangsters on threat of violence)
                        • shakedown [ENG31-00786588-n] (extortion of money (as by blackmail))
                      • burglary [ENG31-00786699-n] (entering a building unlawfully with intent to commit a felony or to steal valuable property)

                        • housebreaking [ENG31-00786917-n] (trespassing for an unlawful purpose)

                          • home invasion [ENG31-00787136-n] (burglary of a dwelling while the residents are at home)
                    • forgery [ENG31-00770410-n] (criminal falsification by making or altering an instrument with intent to defraud)
                    • fraud [ENG31-00770581-n] (intentional deception resulting in injury to another person)

                      • barratry [ENG31-00770890-n] ((maritime law) a fraudulent breach of duty by the master of a ship that injures the owner of the ship or its cargo)
                      • identity theft [ENG31-00778566-n] (the co-option of another person's personal information (e.g., name, Social Security number, credit card number, passport) without that person's knowledge and the fraudulent use of such knowledge)
                      • mail fraud [ENG31-00779084-n] (use of the mails to defraud someone)
                      • election fraud [ENG31-00779176-n] (misrepresentation or alteration of the true results of an election)
                      • constructive fraud [ENG31-00779303-n] (comprises all acts or omissions or concealments involving breach of equitable or legal duty or trust or confidence)

                        • fraud in law [ENG31-00779902-n] (fraud that is presumed from the circumstances although the one who commits it need not have had any evil intent)
                      • extrinsic fraud [ENG31-00779514-n] (fraud that prevents a party from knowing their rights or from having a fair opportunity of presenting them at trial)
                      • fraud in fact [ENG31-00779710-n] (actual deceit)
                      • fraud in the factum [ENG31-00780072-n] (fraud that arises from a disparity between the instrument intended to be executed and the instrument actually executed)
                      • fraud in the inducement [ENG31-00780306-n] (fraud which intentionally causes a person to execute an instrument or make an agreement or render a judgment)
                      • intrinsic fraud [ENG31-00780531-n] (fraud (as by use of forged documents or false claims or perjury) that misleads a court or jury and induces a finding for the one perpetrating the fraud)
                      • swindle [ENG31-00781784-n] (the act of swindling by some fraudulent scheme)

                        • scam [ENG31-00755623-n] (a fraudulent business scheme)
                        • bunco [ENG31-00780744-n] (a swindle in which you cheat at gambling or persuade a person to buy worthless property)

                          • sting operation [ENG31-00781235-n] (a complicated confidence game planned and executed with great care (especially an operation implemented by undercover agents to apprehend criminals))
                        • gyp [ENG31-00781071-n] ((sometimes offensive) an act of swindling or cheating)
                        • pyramiding [ENG31-00781445-n] (a fraudulent business practice involving some form of pyramid scheme e.g., the chain of distribution is artificially expanded by an excessive number of distributors selling to other distributors at progressively higher wholesale prices until retail prices are unnecessarily inflated)
                        • holdout [ENG31-00782120-n] (the act of hiding playing cards in a gambling game so they are available for personal use later)
                        • swiz [ENG31-00782269-n] (British slang for a swindle)
                        • shell game [ENG31-00782385-n] (a swindling sleight-of-hand game)
                    • Had crime [ENG31-00771184-n] ((Islam) serious crimes committed by Muslims and punishable by punishments established in the Koran)
                    • hijack [ENG31-00771433-n] (seizure of a vehicle in transit either to rob it or divert it to an alternate destination)

                      • carjacking [ENG31-00228351-n] (the violent theft of an occupied car)
                    • mayhem [ENG31-00771640-n] (the willful and unlawful crippling or mutilation of another person)
                    • misdemeanor [ENG31-00771759-n] (a crime less serious than a felony)

                      • disorderly conduct [ENG31-00773202-n] (any act of molesting, interrupting, hindering, agitating, or arousing from a state of repose or otherwise depriving inhabitants of the peace and quiet to which they are entitled)
                      • false pretense [ENG31-00773515-n] ((law) an offense involving intent to defraud and false representation and obtaining property as a result of that misrepresentation)
                      • indecent exposure [ENG31-00773742-n] (vulgar and offensive nakedness in a public place)
                      • perjury [ENG31-00773870-n] (criminal offense of making false statements under oath)
                      • sedition [ENG31-00774302-n] (an illegal action inciting resistance to lawful authority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government)
                    • perpetration [ENG31-00774724-n] (the act of committing a crime)
                    • attack [ENG31-00775311-n] (the act of attacking)

                      • assault [ENG31-00769315-n] (a threatened or attempted physical attack by someone who appears to be able to cause bodily harm if not stopped)

                        • aggravated assault [ENG31-00769552-n] (a reckless attack with intent to injure seriously (as with a deadly weapon))
                        • battery [ENG31-00769692-n] (an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact)

                          • resisting arrest [ENG31-00774039-n] (physical efforts to oppose a lawful arrest)
                        • mugging [ENG31-00775506-n] (assault with intent to rob)
                    • Tazir crime [ENG31-00776003-n] ((Islam) minor crimes committed by Muslims)
                    • statutory offense [ENG31-00776293-n] (crimes created by statutes and not by common law)

                      • sexual assault [ENG31-00775604-n] (a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat)

                        • molestation [ENG31-00774536-n] (the act of subjecting someone to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity (especially women or children))
                        • rape [ENG31-00774891-n] (the crime of forcing a person to submit to sexual intercourse against his or her will)

                          • date rape [ENG31-00775170-n] (rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (as when they are on a date together))
                          • statutory rape [ENG31-00848591-n] (sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly))
                      • bigamy [ENG31-00776592-n] (the offense of marrying someone while you have a living spouse from whom no valid divorce has occurred)
                    • thuggery [ENG31-00776503-n] (violent or brutal acts as of thugs)
                    • treason [ENG31-00783726-n] (a crime that undermines the offender's government)
                    • vice crime [ENG31-00783895-n] (a vice that is illegal)

                      • prostitution [ENG31-00749453-n] (offering sexual intercourse for pay)
                    • victimless crime [ENG31-00783992-n] (an act that is legally a crime but that seem to have no victims)
                    • war crime [ENG31-00784172-n] (a crime committed in wartime)
                • crime [ENG31-00768966-n] (an evil act not necessarily punishable by law)
                • inside job [ENG31-00769122-n] (some transgression committed with the assistance of someone trusted by the victim)
              • dishonesty [ENG31-00750872-n] (lack of honesty)

                • treachery [ENG31-00751065-n] (an act of deliberate betrayal)

                  • double cross [ENG31-00751289-n] (an act of betrayal)
                  • sellout [ENG31-00751514-n] (a betrayal of one's principles principles, country, cause, etc.)
                • charlatanism [ENG31-00751649-n] (the dishonesty of a charlatan)
                • trick [ENG31-00752073-n] (an attempt to get you to do something foolish or imprudent)
                • falsification [ENG31-00752233-n] (the act of rendering something false as by fraudulent changes (of documents or measures etc.) or counterfeiting)

                  • frame-up [ENG31-00752741-n] (an act that incriminates someone on a false charge)
                  • sophistication [ENG31-00754815-n] (falsification by the use of sophistry)
              • falsification [ENG31-00752488-n] (a willful perversion of facts)

                • distortion [ENG31-00752872-n] (the act of distorting something so it seems to mean something it was not intended to mean)
                • equivocation [ENG31-00753122-n] (falsification by means of vague or ambiguous language)
                • lying [ENG31-00753287-n] (the deliberate act of deviating from the truth)

                  • fibbing [ENG31-00753487-n] (a trivial act of lying or being deliberately unclear)
                • deception [ENG31-00753774-n] (the act of deceiving)

                  • fakery [ENG31-00753641-n] (the act of faking (or the product of faking))
                  • indirection [ENG31-00754141-n] (deceitful action that is not straightforward)
                  • trickery [ENG31-00754297-n] (the use of tricks to deceive someone (usually to extract money from them))

                    • fraud [ENG31-00755028-n] (something intended to deceive)

                      • goldbrick [ENG31-00755316-n] (anything that is supposed to be valuable but turns out to be worthless)
                    • jugglery [ENG31-00755461-n] (artful trickery designed to achieve an end)
                  • duplicity [ENG31-00754583-n] (acting in bad faith)
                  • cheat [ENG31-00755767-n] (a deception for profit to yourself)

                    • gerrymander [ENG31-00755936-n] (an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage))
                  • delusion [ENG31-00756110-n] (the act of deluding)
                  • pretense [ENG31-00756299-n] (the act of giving a false appearance)

                    • appearance [ENG31-00756620-n] (pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression)
                    • make-believe [ENG31-00756843-n] (the enactment of a pretense)
                    • affectation [ENG31-00757016-n] (a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display)

                      • attitude [ENG31-00757206-n] (a theatrical pose created for effect)
                      • radical chic [ENG31-00757377-n] (an affectation of radical left-wing views and the fashionable dress and lifestyle that goes with them)
                    • masquerade [ENG31-00757537-n] (making a false outward show)
                  • imposture [ENG31-00757684-n] (pretending to be another person)
                  • obscurantism [ENG31-00757823-n] (a deliberate act intended to make something obscure)
                  • bluff [ENG31-00757951-n] (the act of bluffing in poker)
                  • take-in [ENG31-00758133-n] (the act of taking in as by fooling or cheating or swindling someone)
              • champerty [ENG31-00766841-n] (an unethical agreement between an attorney and client that the attorney would sue and pay the costs of the client's suit in return for a portion of the damages awarded)
              • maintenance [ENG31-00767144-n] (the unauthorized interference in a legal action by a person having no interest in it (as by helping one party with money or otherwise to continue the action) so as to obstruct justice or promote unnecessary litigation or unsettle the peace of the community)
              • violation [ENG31-00772032-n] (an act that disregards an agreement or a right)

                • copyright infringement [ENG31-00772323-n] (a violation of the rights secured by a copyright)

                  • plagiarism [ENG31-00751748-n] (the act of plagiarizing)
                • foul [ENG31-00772486-n] (an act that violates the rules of a sport)

                  • foul ball [ENG31-00128911-n] ((baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it does not stay between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field)
                  • personal foul [ENG31-00772687-n] (a foul that involves unnecessarily rough contact (as in basketball or football))
                  • technical foul [ENG31-00772845-n] ((basketball) a foul that can be assessed on a player or a coach or a team for unsportsmanlike conduct)
                • patent infringement [ENG31-00773093-n] (violation of the rights secured by a patent)
            • waste [ENG31-00743943-n] (useless or profitless activity)

              • boondoggle [ENG31-00042352-n] (work of little or no value done merely to look busy)
              • waste of effort [ENG31-00744453-n] (a useless effort)
              • waste of material [ENG31-00744549-n] (a useless consumption of material)
              • waste of money [ENG31-00744646-n] (money spent for inadequate return)
              • waste of time [ENG31-00744798-n] (the devotion of time to a useless activity)
              • extravagance [ENG31-00744939-n] (excessive spending)
              • squandering [ENG31-00745120-n] (spending resources lavishly and wastefully)

                • squandermania [ENG31-00745302-n] (prodigious squandering (usually by a government))
            • attempt [ENG31-00787849-n] (earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something)

              • batting [ENG31-00127404-n] ((baseball) the batter's attempt to get on base)
              • best [ENG31-00128351-n] (the supreme effort one can make)
              • worst [ENG31-00128492-n] (the weakest effort or poorest achievement one is capable of)
              • bid [ENG31-00788541-n] (an attempt to get something)
              • crack [ENG31-00788715-n] (a usually brief attempt)
              • essay [ENG31-00788872-n] (a tentative attempt)
              • foray [ENG31-00788961-n] (an initial attempt (especially outside your usual areas of competence))
              • contribution [ENG31-00789119-n] (the effort contributed by a person in bringing about a result)

                • end [ENG31-00789388-n] (the part you are expected to play)
              • liberation [ENG31-00789493-n] (the attempt to achieve equal rights or status)
              • mug's game [ENG31-00789668-n] (a futile or unprofitable endeavor)
              • power play [ENG31-00789758-n] (an aggressive attempt to compel acquiescence by the concentration or manipulation of power)
              • seeking [ENG31-00790023-n] (an attempt to acquire or gain something)
              • shot [ENG31-00790134-n] (informal words for any attempt or effort)
              • shot [ENG31-00790293-n] (an attempt to score in a game)

                • basketball shot [ENG31-00110877-n] (throwing the basketball toward the hoop)

                  • bank shot [ENG31-00111235-n] (a basketball shot that bounces off of the backboard before passing through the hoop)
                  • dunk [ENG31-00111374-n] (a basketball shot in which the basketball is propelled downward into the basket)

                    • slam dunk [ENG31-00111565-n] (a forceful dunk)
                  • finger-roll [ENG31-00111654-n] (a basketball shot that rolls off the tips of the fingers into the basket)
                  • foul shot [ENG31-00111784-n] (an unhindered basketball shot from the foul line)

                    • one-and-one [ENG31-00112042-n] (a foul shot that must be made in order to earn the right to a second foul shot)
                  • hook shot [ENG31-00112178-n] (a basketball shot made over the head with the hand that is farther from the basket)
                  • jumper [ENG31-00112323-n] ((basketball) a player releases the basketball at the high point of a jump)
                  • lay-up [ENG31-00112480-n] (a basketball shot made with one hand from a position under or beside the basket (and usually banked off the backboard))
                  • pivot shot [ENG31-00112659-n] (a one-handed basketball shot made while whirling on the pivot foot)
                  • set shot [ENG31-00112782-n] (a two-handed basketball shot from a stationary position)
                  • scoop shot [ENG31-00112892-n] (a basketball shot made with an underhand scooping motion)
                  • tip in [ENG31-00113005-n] (a basketball shot made by tapping the rebounding ball back into the basket)
                • slapshot [ENG31-01267288-n] (a fast shot made with a short powerful swing of the hockey stick)
                • headshot [ENG31-01267426-n] (an attempt to put the soccer ball into the net by using the head)
              • striving [ENG31-00790427-n] (an effortful attempt to attain a goal)

                • jihad [ENG31-00998599-n] (a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal)
              • struggle [ENG31-00790634-n] (an energetic attempt to achieve something)

                • duel [ENG31-00790898-n] (any struggle between two skillful opponents (individuals or groups))
                • scramble [ENG31-00791052-n] (an unceremonious and disorganized struggle)
                • joust [ENG31-07487600-n] (a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances)
              • takeover attempt [ENG31-00791866-n] (an attempt to take control of a corporation)

                • bear hug [ENG31-00175631-n] (a takeover bid so attractive that the directors of the target company must approve it or risk shareholder protest)
                • proxy fight [ENG31-00175799-n] (a measure used by an acquirer to gain control of a takeover target)
              • test [ENG31-00792739-n] (the act of testing something)

                • assay [ENG31-00793188-n] (a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components)

                  • enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay [ENG31-00793536-n] (an assay that relies on an enzymatic conversion reaction and is used to detect the presence of specific substances (such as enzymes or viruses or antibodies or bacteria))
                  • immunohistochemistry [ENG31-00793803-n] (an assay that shows specific antigens in tissues by the use of markers that are either fluorescent dyes or enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase))
                  • diagnostic test [ENG31-05746988-n] (an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes)

                    • biopsy [ENG31-05748874-n] (examination of tissues or liquids from the living body to determine the existence or cause of a disease)

                      • blood test [ENG31-05750496-n] (a serologic analysis of a sample of blood)

                        • agglutination test [ENG31-05747558-n] (a blood test used to identify unknown antigens)

                          • heterophil test [ENG31-05747910-n] (a blood test to detect heterophil antibodies that agglutinate sheep red blood cells)
                          • Widal test [ENG31-05748107-n] (a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections)
                        • complement fixation test [ENG31-05749894-n] (a blood test in which a sample of serum is exposed to a particular antigen and complement in order to determine whether or not antibodies to that particular antigen are present)

                          • Wassermann test [ENG31-05750186-n] (a blood test to detect syphilis)
                        • PSA blood test [ENG31-05750648-n] (a blood test that measures levels of a protein called prostate specific antigen that is manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland)
                      • chorionic villus sampling [ENG31-05750907-n] (a prenatal test to detect birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy)
                      • needle biopsy [ENG31-05751119-n] (biopsy of deep tissue that is obtained through a hollow needle)
                    • cloze procedure [ENG31-05749084-n] (a test for diagnosing reading ability)
                    • fecal occult test [ENG31-05749285-n] (a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood)
                    • GI series [ENG31-05749523-n] (diagnostic tests of the alimentary canal)
                    • glucose tolerance test [ENG31-05749710-n] (test of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates)
                    • Pap test [ENG31-05751241-n] (a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer)
                    • PKU test [ENG31-05751715-n] (a test of newborn infants for phenylketonuria)
                    • Queckenstedt's test [ENG31-05752233-n] (a test to determine whether there is a blockage of the spinal canal)
                    • radioactive iodine test [ENG31-05752366-n] (test of thyroid function in which the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive iodine-131)

                      • radioactive iodine excretion test [ENG31-05752565-n] (radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine excreted in the urine)
                      • radioactive iodine uptake test [ENG31-05752737-n] (radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland)
                    • Rubin test [ENG31-05752921-n] (test to determine the patency or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes)
                    • skin test [ENG31-05753043-n] (any test to determine immunity or sensitivity to a disease by introducing small amounts on or into the skin)

                      • Dick test [ENG31-05753314-n] (a skin test to determine your susceptibility to scarlet fever)
                      • patch test [ENG31-05753431-n] (a test to determine allergic sensitivity by applying small pads soaked with allergen to the unbroken skin)
                      • Schick test [ENG31-05753593-n] (a skin test for immunity to diphtheria)
                      • scratch test [ENG31-05753689-n] (a test to determine allergic sensitivity to various substances by applying them to scratches in the skin)
                      • tuberculin test [ENG31-05753852-n] (a skin test to determine past or present infection with the tuberculosis bacterium)

                        • Mantoux test [ENG31-05754108-n] (tuberculin (a derivative of tubercle bacillus) is injected intradermally)
                        • tine test [ENG31-05754369-n] (a tuberculin test in which a disk with several tines bearing tuberculin antigen is used to puncture the skin)
                      • intradermal test [ENG31-05754653-n] (a form of skin test in which the suspected allergen is injected into the skin)
                    • tissue typing [ENG31-05754813-n] (a series of diagnostic tests before an organ transplant to determine whether the tissues of a donor and recipient are compatible)
                    • vital capacity [ENG31-13801782-n] (the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer))
                  • bioassay [ENG31-05748245-n] (appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard)

                    • immunoassay [ENG31-05748505-n] (identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen)

                      • radioimmunoassay [ENG31-05748749-n] (immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled)
                    • pregnancy test [ENG31-05751815-n] (a physiological test to determine whether a woman is pregnant)

                      • Friedman test [ENG31-05751955-n] (pregnancy test that involves injecting some of the woman's urine into an unmated female rabbit and later examining the ovaries of the rabbit)
                • clinical trial [ENG31-00794017-n] (a rigorously controlled test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on human subjects)

                  • phase I clinical trial [ENG31-00794381-n] (a clinical trial on a few persons to determine the safety of a new drug or invasive medical device)
                  • phase II clinical trial [ENG31-00794615-n] (a clinical trial on more persons than in phase I)
                  • phase III clinical trial [ENG31-00794873-n] (a large clinical trial of a treatment or drug that in phase I and phase II has been shown to be efficacious with tolerable side effects)
                  • phase IV clinical trial [ENG31-00795190-n] (sometimes the FDA approves a drug for general use but requires the manufacturer to continue to monitor its effects)
                • double blind [ENG31-00795505-n] (a test procedure in which the identity of those receiving the intervention is concealed from both the administrators and the subjects until after the test is completed)
                • preclinical trial [ENG31-00795784-n] (a laboratory test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on animal subjects)
                • audition [ENG31-00796275-n] (a test of the suitability of a performer)

                  • screen test [ENG31-00796433-n] (a filmed audition of an actor or actress)
                • field trial [ENG31-00796531-n] (a test of young hunting dogs to determine their skill in pointing and retrieving)
                • fitting [ENG31-00796669-n] (putting clothes on to see whether they fit)
                • MOT [ENG31-00796822-n] (a compulsory annual test of older motor vehicles for safety and exhaust fumes)
                • pilot project [ENG31-00797013-n] (activity planned as a test or trial)
                • Snellen test [ENG31-05755001-n] (a test of visual acuity using a Snellen chart)
              • test [ENG31-00796028-n] (the act of undergoing testing)
            • control [ENG31-00805278-n] (the activity of managing or exerting control over something)

              • repression [ENG31-00421707-n] (the act of repressing)
              • crowd control [ENG31-00805841-n] (activity of controlling a crowd)
              • damage control [ENG31-00805932-n] (an effort to minimize or curtail damage or loss)
              • federalization [ENG31-00806040-n] (the act of being put under federal control)
              • flight control [ENG31-00806196-n] (control from ground stations of airplanes in flight by means of messages transmitted to the pilot electronically)
              • flood control [ENG31-00806369-n] ((engineering) the art or technique of trying to control rivers with dams etc in order to minimize the occurrence of floods)
              • imperialism [ENG31-00806570-n] (any instance of aggressive extension of authority)
              • regulation [ENG31-00806695-n] (the act of controlling or directing according to rule)

                • devaluation [ENG31-00807185-n] (an official lowering of a nation's currency)
                • gun control [ENG31-00807427-n] (efforts to regulate or control sales of guns)
                • indexation [ENG31-00807529-n] (a system of economic regulation: wages and interest are tied to the cost-of-living index in order to reduce the effects of inflation)
                • timing [ENG31-00808739-n] (the regulation of occurrence, pace, or coordination to achieve a desired effect (as in music, theater, athletics, mechanics))

                  • coordination [ENG31-00808934-n] (the regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation)

                    • synchronization [ENG31-00809161-n] (coordinating by causing to indicate the same time)
                    • proration [ENG31-00809586-n] (the proportional limitation of production or distribution of something (e.g. crude oil or natural gas) to some fractional part of the total capacity of each producer)
                • limitation [ENG31-00809843-n] (an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation))

                  • load-shedding [ENG31-00809429-n] (cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand becomes greater than the supply)
                  • arms control [ENG31-00810146-n] (a limitation on the size and armament of the armed forces of a country)
                  • hold-down [ENG31-00810275-n] (a limitation or constraint)
                  • freeze [ENG31-00810428-n] (fixing (of prices or wages etc) at a particular level)

                    • hiring freeze [ENG31-00810862-n] (a freeze on hiring)
                    • price freeze [ENG31-00810940-n] (a freeze of prices at a given level)
                    • wage freeze [ENG31-00811034-n] (a freeze of wages at a given level)
                  • clampdown [ENG31-00810628-n] (sudden restriction on an activity)
              • internal control [ENG31-00807736-n] (an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error etc.)

                • inventory control [ENG31-00621129-n] (supervision of the supply and storage and accessibility of items in order to insure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply)
                • management control [ENG31-00808027-n] (an internal control performed by one or more managers)
                • quality control [ENG31-00808145-n] (maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods)
              • regulation [ENG31-00808563-n] (the act of bringing to uniformity)
              • possession [ENG31-00811126-n] (the act of having and controlling property)

                • actual possession [ENG31-00811547-n] ((law) immediate and direct physical control over property)
                • constructive possession [ENG31-00811687-n] ((law) having the power and intention to have and control property but without direct control or actual presence upon it)
                • criminal possession [ENG31-00811895-n] ((law) possession for which criminal sanctions are provided because the property may not lawfully be possessed or may not be possessed under certain circumstances)

                  • illegal possession [ENG31-00812159-n] (possession of controlled substances)
                • retention [ENG31-00812259-n] (the act of retaining something)

                  • withholding [ENG31-00812455-n] (the act of holding back or keeping within your possession or control)
                  • storage [ENG31-00813016-n] (the act of storing something)

                    • filing [ENG31-00813152-n] (preservation and methodical arrangement as of documents and papers etc.)
              • possession [ENG31-00811363-n] ((sport) the act of controlling the ball (or puck))
              • power trip [ENG31-00812697-n] ((slang) a self-aggrandizing action undertaken simply for the pleasure of exercising control over other people)
              • riot control [ENG31-00813815-n] (the measures taken to control a riot)
              • grasping [ENG31-00813935-n] (the act of gripping something firmly with the hands (or the tentacles))

                • clasp [ENG31-00814187-n] (the act of grasping)

                  • chokehold [ENG31-00418144-n] (a restraining hold)
                  • embrace [ENG31-00418410-n] (the act of clasping another person in the arms (as in greeting or affection))

                    • cuddle [ENG31-00418656-n] (a close and affectionate (and often prolonged) embrace)
                    • hug [ENG31-00418872-n] (a tight or amorous embrace)
                  • wrestling hold [ENG31-00814638-n] (a hold used in the sport of wrestling)

                    • bear hug [ENG31-00814881-n] (a wrestling hold with arms locked tightly around the opponent)
                    • nelson [ENG31-00814997-n] (any of several wrestling holds in which an arm is passed under the opponent's arm from behind and the hand exerts pressure on the back of the neck)

                      • full nelson [ENG31-00815232-n] (a wrestling hold in which the holder puts both arms under the opponent's arms and exerts pressure on the back of the neck (illegal in amateur wrestling))
                      • half nelson [ENG31-00815461-n] (a wrestling hold in which the holder puts an arm under the opponent's arm and exerts pressure on the back of the neck)
                    • Japanese stranglehold [ENG31-00815935-n] (a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arms are crossed in front of his own neck to exert pressure on his windpipe)
                    • lock [ENG31-00816119-n] (any wrestling hold in which some part of the opponent's body is twisted or pressured)

                      • hammerlock [ENG31-00815636-n] (a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arm is twisted up behind his back)
                      • headlock [ENG31-00815767-n] (a wrestling hold in which the opponent's head is locked between the crook of your elbow and the side of your body)
                    • scissors [ENG31-00816326-n] (a wrestling hold in which you wrap your legs around the opponents body or head and put your feet together and squeeze)
                    • stranglehold [ENG31-00816560-n] (a wrestling hold in which the arms are pressed against the opponent's windpipe)
                    • toehold [ENG31-00816697-n] (a wrestling hold in which the toe is held and the leg is twisted against the joints)
              • steering [ENG31-00816834-n] (the act of steering a ship)
              • steering [ENG31-00816981-n] (the act of setting and holding a course)

                • aim [ENG31-00817305-n] (the action of directing something at an object)
                • navigation [ENG31-00817462-n] (the guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place)

                  • instrument flying [ENG31-00818080-n] (navigation of an airplane solely by instruments)
                  • celestial navigation [ENG31-00818191-n] (navigating according to the positions of the stars)
                  • dead reckoning [ENG31-00819055-n] (navigation without the aid of celestial observations)
                • celestial guidance [ENG31-00818326-n] (a method of controlling the flight of a missile or spacecraft by reference to the positions of celestial bodies)
                • inertial guidance [ENG31-00818502-n] (a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to inertial forces)
                • command guidance [ENG31-00818678-n] (a method of controlling the flight of a missile by commands originating from the ground or from another missile)
                • terrestrial guidance [ENG31-00818852-n] (a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to the strength and direction of the earth's gravitational field)
              • self-denial [ENG31-01071502-n] (the act of denying yourself)

                • abstinence [ENG31-01070697-n] (act or practice of refraining from indulging an appetite)

                  • chastity [ENG31-01071049-n] (abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows))
                  • sobriety [ENG31-01071701-n] (abstaining from excess)
                  • teetotaling [ENG31-01071791-n] (abstaining from alcohol)
                  • fast [ENG31-01071904-n] (abstaining from food)

                    • diet [ENG31-01072111-n] (the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods))
                    • hunger strike [ENG31-01245509-n] (a voluntary fast undertaken as a means of protest)
                    • Ramadan [ENG31-01245636-n] ((Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan)
                  • inhibition [ENG31-01072816-n] ((psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires)
                • asceticism [ENG31-01070936-n] (rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint)
                • mortification [ENG31-01071235-n] ((Christianity) the act of mortifying the lusts of the flesh by self-denial and privation (especially by bodily pain or discomfort inflicted on yourself))
              • traffic control [ENG31-01072356-n] (control of the flow of traffic in a building or a city)

                • point duty [ENG31-01072490-n] (the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection)
              • price-fixing [ENG31-01072632-n] (control (by agreement among producers or by government) of the price of a commodity in interstate commerce)
              • restraint [ENG31-01147872-n] (the act of controlling by restraining someone or something)

                • collar [ENG31-01148201-n] (a figurative restraint)
                • damper [ENG31-01148418-n] (a depressing restraint)
                • bridle [ENG31-01148552-n] (the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess)
                • immobilization [ENG31-01148801-n] (the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement)
                • confinement [ENG31-01149089-n] (the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them)

                  • imprisonment [ENG31-01149281-n] (the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison))

                    • lockdown [ENG31-01149506-n] (the act of confining prisoners to their cells (usually to regain control during a riot))
                    • false imprisonment [ENG31-01149735-n] ((law) confinement without legal authority)
                    • custody [ENG31-01149860-n] (holding by the police)
                  • house arrest [ENG31-01149648-n] (confinement to your own home)
                  • commitment [ENG31-01168182-n] (the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital))
                • containment [ENG31-01149964-n] (the act of containing)

                  • ring containment [ENG31-01150189-n] (a strategy of defense in cases of bioterrorism)
                • suppression [ENG31-01150463-n] (the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation)
                • restraint of trade [ENG31-01150986-n] (any act that tends to prevent free competition in business)
                • restriction [ENG31-01151109-n] (the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary))

                  • classification [ENG31-01151399-n] (restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people)
                  • stipulation [ENG31-01151798-n] (a restriction that is insisted upon as a condition for an agreement)
                  • circumscription [ENG31-01151975-n] (the act of circumscribing)
                  • constraint [ENG31-01152116-n] (the act of constraining)

                    • swaddling clothes [ENG31-01152288-n] (restrictions placed on the immature)
            • protection [ENG31-00819341-n] (the activity of protecting someone or something)

              • air cover [ENG31-00819831-n] (the use of military aircraft to provide protection against attack by enemy aircraft during ground or naval operations)
              • shielding [ENG31-00820023-n] (the act of shielding from harm)
              • preservation [ENG31-00820685-n] (the activity of protecting something from loss or danger)

                • environmentalism [ENG31-00277033-n] (the activity of protecting the environment from pollution or destruction)
                • conservation [ENG31-00820935-n] (the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources)

                  • conservancy [ENG31-00821185-n] (the official conservation of trees and soil and rivers etc.)
                  • soil conservation [ENG31-00821302-n] (protection of soil against erosion or deterioration)
                  • oil conservation [ENG31-00821417-n] (the conservation of petroleum resources)
                  • water conservation [ENG31-00821519-n] (the conservation of water resources)
                • self-preservation [ENG31-00821619-n] (preservation of yourself from harm)
                • reservation [ENG31-00821752-n] (the act of keeping back or setting aside for some future occasion)
                • immobilization [ENG31-01262989-n] (fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing)
              • momism [ENG31-00822382-n] (excessive protection)
              • defense [ENG31-00825193-n] (the act of defending someone or something against attack or injury)
              • defense [ENG31-00825411-n] (protection from harm)
              • inoculating [ENG31-00825715-n] (the act of protecting against disease by introducing a vaccine into the body to induce immunity)

                • ring vaccination [ENG31-00826018-n] (administering vaccine only to people in close contact with an isolated infected patient)
                • variolation [ENG31-00826275-n] (the obsolete process of inoculating a susceptible person with material taken from a vesicle of a person who has smallpox)
              • patrol [ENG31-00826469-n] (the activity of going around or through an area at regular intervals for security purposes)

                • airborne patrol [ENG31-00826666-n] (a patrol provided by aircraft)
                • round-the-clock patrol [ENG31-00826757-n] (a continuous nonstop patrol)
              • self-defense [ENG31-00826853-n] (the act of defending yourself)

                • martial art [ENG31-00827104-n] (any of several Oriental arts of weaponless self-defense)

                  • aikido [ENG31-00826992-n] (a Japanese martial art employing principles similar to judo)
                  • jujutsu [ENG31-00827612-n] (a method of self-defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan)
                  • ninjutsu [ENG31-00827874-n] (the traditional Japanese method of espionage)
                  • karate [ENG31-00828058-n] (a traditional Japanese system of unarmed combat)
                  • kung fu [ENG31-00828267-n] (a Chinese martial art)
                  • tae kwon do [ENG31-00828342-n] (a Korean martial art similar to karate)
                  • t'ai chi [ENG31-00828450-n] (a Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health)
              • insulation [ENG31-00828671-n] (the act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity)

                • lining [ENG31-00828901-n] (the act of attaching an inside lining (to a garment or curtain etc.))
              • locking [ENG31-00829299-n] (the act of locking something up to protect it)
              • escort [ENG31-00829443-n] (the act of accompanying someone or something in order to protect them)

                • convoy [ENG31-00829635-n] (the act of escorting while in transit)
              • covering [ENG31-00829743-n] (the act of protecting something by covering it)

                • dressing [ENG31-00829898-n] (the activity of getting dressed)

                  • investment [ENG31-00830123-n] (the act of putting on robes or vestments)
                  • primping [ENG31-00830220-n] (careful or finicky grooming)
                  • toilet [ENG31-00830365-n] (the act of dressing and preparing yourself)
              • immunization [ENG31-00830651-n] (the act of making immune (especially by inoculation))

                • inoculation [ENG31-00825545-n] (taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease)
                • sensitizing [ENG31-00830831-n] (rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections)
              • care [ENG31-00831039-n] (attention and management implying responsibility for safety)

                • due care [ENG31-01134115-n] (the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances)
                • foster care [ENG31-01134314-n] (supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home)
                • great care [ENG31-01134469-n] (more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons)
                • providence [ENG31-01134648-n] (the guardianship and control exercised by a deity)
                • slight care [ENG31-01134793-n] (such care as a careless or inattentive person would exercise)
              • ruggedization [ENG31-00831382-n] (the act of making a piece of equipment rugged (strengthening to resist wear or abuse))
              • waterproofing [ENG31-00831760-n] (the act of treating something to make it repel water)
              • civil defense [ENG31-00962799-n] (activities organized by civilians for their own protection in time of war or disaster)

                • fire watching [ENG31-00819168-n] ((during World War II in Britain) watching for fires started by bombs that dropped from the sky)
            • sensory activity [ENG31-00878415-n] (activity intended to achieve a particular sensory result)

              • sensing [ENG31-00878552-n] (becoming aware of something via the senses)

                • look [ENG31-00878805-n] (the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually)

                  • glance [ENG31-00879303-n] (a quick look)

                    • eye-beaming [ENG31-00879464-n] (a radiant glance of the eye)
                    • side-glance [ENG31-00879602-n] (a glance sideways)
                  • scrutiny [ENG31-00879730-n] (a prolonged intense look)
                  • peek [ENG31-00879899-n] (a secret look)
                  • squint [ENG31-00880006-n] (the act of squinting)
                  • stare [ENG31-00880134-n] (a fixed look with eyes open wide)

                    • gaze [ENG31-00880326-n] (a long fixed look)
                    • glare [ENG31-00880475-n] (an angry stare)
                    • contemplation [ENG31-00880604-n] (a long and thoughtful observation)
                    • gape [ENG31-00880715-n] (a stare of amazement (usually with the mouth open))
                  • evil eye [ENG31-00880834-n] (a look that is believed to have the power of inflicting harm)
                  • sightseeing [ENG31-00881285-n] (going about to look at places of interest)
                  • observation [ENG31-00881437-n] (the act of observing)

                    • monitoring [ENG31-00881724-n] (the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it))
                    • sighting [ENG31-00881947-n] (the act of observing)

                      • landfall [ENG31-00882109-n] (the first sighting of land from the sea after a voyage (or flight over water))
                    • stargazing [ENG31-00882241-n] (observation of the stars)
                  • lookout [ENG31-00883223-n] (the act of looking out)
                  • view [ENG31-00883327-n] (the act of looking or seeing or observing)

                    • eyeful [ENG31-00883592-n] (a full view)
                  • dekko [ENG31-00883723-n] (British slang for a look)
                • listening [ENG31-00883837-n] (the act of hearing attentively)

                  • auscultation [ENG31-00878220-n] (listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope))

                    • percussion [ENG31-00877917-n] (tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes)
                    • succussion [ENG31-00878055-n] (shaking a person to determine whether a large amount of liquid is present in a body cavity)
                  • relistening [ENG31-00884138-n] (the act of hearing again)
                • lipreading [ENG31-00884232-n] (perceiving what a person is saying by observing the movements of the lips)
                • taste [ENG31-00884380-n] (a kind of sensing)
                • smell [ENG31-00884639-n] (the act of perceiving the odor of something)

                  • sniff [ENG31-00884817-n] (sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose)
            • education [ENG31-00884975-n] (the activities of educating or instructing)

              • coeducation [ENG31-00885880-n] (education of men and women in the same institutions)
              • continuing education [ENG31-00885989-n] (a program of instruction designed primarily for adult students who participate part-time)
              • course [ENG31-00886144-n] (education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings)

                • adult education [ENG31-00886975-n] (a course (via lectures or correspondence) for adults who are not otherwise engaged in formal study)
                • art class [ENG31-00887135-n] (a class in which you learn to draw or paint)

                  • life class [ENG31-00887442-n] (an art class using a live human model)
                • childbirth-preparation class [ENG31-00887252-n] (a course that teaches pregnant women to use breathing and concentration and exercise techniques to use during labor)
                • correspondence course [ENG31-00892000-n] (a course offered (by mail) by a correspondence school)
                • course of lectures [ENG31-00892121-n] (a series of lectures dealing with a subject)
                • directed study [ENG31-00892248-n] (a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject)
                • elective course [ENG31-00892488-n] (a course that the student can select from among alternatives)
                • extension course [ENG31-00892621-n] (a course offered as part of an extension service)
                • home study [ENG31-00892904-n] (a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom)
                • industrial arts [ENG31-00893025-n] (a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools)
                • orientation course [ENG31-00893192-n] (a course introducing a new situation or environment)
                • propaedeutic [ENG31-00893322-n] (a course that provides an introduction to an art or science (or to more advanced study generally))
                • refresher course [ENG31-00893530-n] (a course that reviews and updates a topic for those who have not kept abreast of developments)
                • required course [ENG31-00893716-n] (a course that all students are required to take)
                • seminar [ENG31-00893825-n] (a course offered for a small group of advanced students)
                • shop class [ENG31-00893934-n] (a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity))
                • workshop [ENG31-00894093-n] (a brief intensive course for a small group)
              • elementary education [ENG31-00887536-n] (education in elementary subjects (reading and writing and arithmetic) provided to young students at a grade school)
              • extension [ENG31-00887717-n] (an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students)
              • extracurricular activity [ENG31-00887950-n] (educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum)

                • dramatics [ENG31-00888134-n] (participation in theatrical productions as an extracurricular activity)
                • athletics [ENG31-00888260-n] (participation in sports events as an extracurricular activity)
              • higher education [ENG31-00888377-n] (education provided by a college or university)
              • secondary education [ENG31-00888485-n] (education beyond the elementary grades)
              • team teaching [ENG31-00889380-n] (a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students)
              • work-study program [ENG31-00892751-n] (an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study)
            • training [ENG31-00895653-n] (activity leading to skilled behavior)

              • athletic training [ENG31-00895178-n] (the course of practice and exercise and diet undertaken by an athlete)

                • fartlek [ENG31-00895329-n] (a method of athletic training (especially for runners) in which strenuous effort and normal effort alternate in a continuous exercise)
              • discipline [ENG31-00895516-n] (training to improve strength or self-control)

                • yoga [ENG31-06249497-n] (discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion)
              • drill [ENG31-00896057-n] ((military) the training of soldiers to march (as in ceremonial parades) or to perform the manual of arms)
              • exercise [ENG31-00896250-n] (systematic training by multiple repetitions)

                • fire drill [ENG31-00896677-n] (an exercise intended to train people in duties and escape procedures to be followed in case of fire)
                • manual of arms [ENG31-00896833-n] ((military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle)
                • military drill [ENG31-00898046-n] (training in marching and the use of weapons)

                  • close-order drill [ENG31-00898224-n] ((military) military drill of troops in standard marching (shoulder-to-shoulder))
                  • square-bashing [ENG31-00898386-n] (drill on a barracks square)
                • rehearsal [ENG31-00898530-n] ((psychology) a form of practice)
                • rehearsal [ENG31-00898724-n] (a practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or concert))

                  • dress rehearsal [ENG31-00899063-n] (a full uninterrupted rehearsal in costumes shortly before the first performance)
                  • run-through [ENG31-00899204-n] (an uninterrupted rehearsal)
                  • walk-through [ENG31-00899306-n] (a first perfunctory rehearsal of a theatrical production in which actors read their lines from the script and move as directed)
                • review [ENG31-00899509-n] (practice intended to polish performance or refresh the memory)

                  • rub up [ENG31-00899687-n] (a review that refreshes your memory)
                • scrimmage [ENG31-00899825-n] ((American football) practice play between a football team's squads)
                • shadowboxing [ENG31-00899984-n] (sparring with an imaginary opponent (for exercise or training))
                • target practice [ENG31-00900123-n] (practice in shooting at targets)
              • military training [ENG31-00897199-n] (training soldiers in military procedures)

                • basic training [ENG31-00897378-n] (the initial period of training for new military personnel)
              • retraining [ENG31-00897577-n] (training for a new occupation)
              • schooling [ENG31-00897681-n] (the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage))
              • skull session [ENG31-00897812-n] (teaching strategy to an athletic team)
              • toilet training [ENG31-00897926-n] (training a young child to use the toilet)
            • representation [ENG31-00900216-n] (an activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent)

              • model [ENG31-00900502-n] (the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale))

                • simulation [ENG31-00900747-n] (the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous (especially for the purpose of study or personnel training))

                  • war game [ENG31-00462463-n] (a simulation of a military operation intended to train military commanders or to demonstrate a situation or to test a proposed strategy)
              • dramatization [ENG31-00900990-n] (a dramatic representation)

                • guerrilla theater [ENG31-00901199-n] (dramatization of a social issue)
                • puppetry [ENG31-00901355-n] (a stilted dramatic performance (as if by puppets))
              • pageant [ENG31-00901459-n] (an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc)
              • figuration [ENG31-00901625-n] (representing figuratively as by emblem or allegory)

                • symbolizing [ENG31-00901768-n] (the act of representing something with a symbol)
              • schematization [ENG31-00901905-n] (providing a chart or outline of a system)
              • pictorial representation [ENG31-00902073-n] (visual representation as by photography or painting)

                • depiction [ENG31-00902424-n] (representation by drawing or painting etc)

                  • portraiture [ENG31-00902655-n] (the activity of making portraits)
                • imaging [ENG31-00902781-n] ((medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body)

                  • X-raying [ENG31-00903014-n] (obtaining images by the use of X rays)

                    • computerized tomography [ENG31-00903174-n] (a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis)
                  • sonography [ENG31-00903487-n] (using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram))

                    • A-scan ultrasonography [ENG31-00903806-n] (the use of ultrasonography to measure the length of the eyeball)
                    • B-scan ultrasonography [ENG31-00903938-n] (the use of ultrasonography to view structure in the back of the eye)
                  • positron emission tomography [ENG31-00904074-n] (using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain))
                  • magnetic resonance imaging [ENG31-00904277-n] (the use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images)

                    • functional magnetic resonance imaging [ENG31-00904455-n] (a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain)

                      • blood-oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging [ENG31-00904673-n] (functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation)
                  • radioscopy [ENG31-00905007-n] ((radiology) examination of the inner structure of opaque objects using X rays or other penetrating radiation)

                    • fluoroscopy [ENG31-00904899-n] (examination of body structures using a fluoroscope)
                • photography [ENG31-00905257-n] (the act of taking and printing photographs)

                  • radiography [ENG31-00906126-n] (photography that uses other kinds of radiation than visible light)

                    • roentgenography [ENG31-00906321-n] (radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram)

                      • angiography [ENG31-00907034-n] (roentgenographic examination of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium)

                        • lymphangiography [ENG31-00907226-n] (roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium)
                      • arthrography [ENG31-00907540-n] (roentgenographic examination of a joint after injection of radiopaque contrast medium)

                        • arteriography [ENG31-00907440-n] (roentgenographic examination of arteries)
                        • venography [ENG31-00907744-n] (roentgenographic examination of veins)
                      • cholangiography [ENG31-00907838-n] (roentgenographic examination of the bile ducts after a contrast medium has been injected)
                      • encephalography [ENG31-00907988-n] (roentgenography of the brain after spinal fluid has been replaced by a gas (usually oxygen))
                      • myelography [ENG31-00908168-n] (roentgenography of the spinal cord to detect possible lesions (usually after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space))
                      • pyelography [ENG31-00908362-n] (roentgenography of the kidney and ureters (usually after injection with a radiopaque dye))

                        • intravenous pyelography [ENG31-00908527-n] (performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium)
                    • xeroradiography [ENG31-00906890-n] (radiography using X-rays and xerographic (rather than roentgenographic) techniques)
                  • xerography [ENG31-00906602-n] (forming an image by the action of light on a specially coated charged plate)
                  • telephotography [ENG31-00908673-n] (photography using a telephoto lens)
                  • exposure [ENG31-00909038-n] (the act of exposing film to light)

                    • overexposure [ENG31-00909198-n] (the act of exposing film to too much light or for too long a time)
                    • underexposure [ENG31-00909340-n] (the act of exposing film to too little light or for too short a time)
                    • time exposure [ENG31-00909486-n] (exposure of a film for a relatively long time (more than half a second))
                  • filming [ENG31-00909617-n] (the act of making a film)

                    • take [ENG31-00909831-n] (the act of photographing a scene or part of a scene without interruption)

                      • retake [ENG31-00909990-n] (a shot or scene that is photographed again)
                    • animation [ENG31-00910103-n] (the making of animated cartoons)
              • typification [ENG31-00902279-n] (the act of representing by a type or symbol)
            • creation [ENG31-00910190-n] (the human act of creating)

              • pornography [ENG31-00748513-n] (creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire)

                • child pornography [ENG31-00748817-n] (the illegal use of children in pornographic pictures or films)
              • re-creation [ENG31-00910470-n] (the act of creating again)
              • creating from raw materials [ENG31-00910607-n] (the act of creating something that is different from the materials that went into it)

                • baking [ENG31-00717095-n] (making bread or cake or pastry etc.)
                • molding [ENG31-00911597-n] (the act of creating something by casting it in a mold)
                • recording [ENG31-00911901-n] (the act of making a record (especially an audio record))

                  • lip synchronization [ENG31-00912231-n] (combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it)
                  • mastering [ENG31-00912554-n] (the act of making a master recording from which copies can be made)
                • construction [ENG31-00912746-n] (the act of constructing something)

                  • bricolage [ENG31-00913288-n] (construction of something by whatver material are available)
                  • crenelation [ENG31-00913403-n] (the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows)
                  • erecting [ENG31-00913583-n] (the act of building or putting up)
                  • house-raising [ENG31-00913736-n] (construction by a group of neighbors)
                  • fabrication [ENG31-00913832-n] (the act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery))
                  • dry walling [ENG31-00913996-n] (the activity of building stone walls without mortar)
                  • grading [ENG31-00914407-n] (changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface)
                  • road construction [ENG31-00914564-n] (the construction of roads)
                  • shipbuilding [ENG31-00914653-n] (the construction of ships)
                  • rustication [ENG31-00915105-n] (the construction of masonry or brickwork in a rustic manner)
                • fabrication [ENG31-00926639-n] (the act of making something (a product) from raw materials)

                  • formation [ENG31-00927021-n] (the act of fabricating something in a particular shape)

                    • filing [ENG31-00927303-n] (the act of using a file (as in shaping or smoothing an object))
                    • forging [ENG31-00927436-n] (shaping metal by heating and hammering)
                    • metalworking [ENG31-00927546-n] (the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner)
                    • granulation [ENG31-00927680-n] (the act of forming something into granules or grains)
                    • grooving [ENG31-00927840-n] (the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm)
                    • turning [ENG31-00927993-n] (the activity of shaping something on a lathe)
                  • newspeak [ENG31-00928091-n] (deliberately ambiguous and contradictory language used to mislead and manipulate the public)
                  • prefabrication [ENG31-00928283-n] (the manufacture of sections of a building at the factory so they can be easily and rapidly assembled at the building site)
                • confection [ENG31-00928483-n] (the act of creating something (a medicine or drink or soup etc.) by compounding or mixing a variety of components)
                • lamination [ENG31-00928738-n] (bonding thin sheets together)

                  • veneering [ENG31-00928976-n] (the act of applying veneer)
              • production [ENG31-00915416-n] (the creation of value or wealth by producing goods and services)
              • creating by mental acts [ENG31-00929076-n] (the act of creating something by thinking)

                • formation [ENG31-00929331-n] (creation by mental activity)

                  • affixation [ENG31-00929509-n] (formation of a word by means of an affix)

                    • prefixation [ENG31-00929660-n] (formation of a word by means of a prefix)
                    • suffixation [ENG31-00929776-n] (formation of a word by means of a suffix)
                • design [ENG31-00929892-n] (the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan))

                  • planning [ENG31-00930186-n] (the act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise)

                    • city planning [ENG31-00930357-n] (determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community)
                • programming [ENG31-00930762-n] (creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something)

                  • logic programming [ENG31-00931100-n] (creating a program that enables the computer to reason logically)
                  • object-oriented programming [ENG31-00931247-n] (creating a program that can use and support objects)
                • verbal creation [ENG31-00931401-n] (creating something by the use of speech and language)

                  • writing [ENG31-00931533-n] (the act of creating written works)

                    • adoxography [ENG31-00932296-n] (fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects)
                    • drafting [ENG31-00932551-n] (writing a first version to be filled out and polished later)
                    • dramatization [ENG31-00932683-n] (conversion into dramatic form)
                    • fabrication [ENG31-00932855-n] (writing in a fictional form)
                    • historiography [ENG31-00933032-n] (the writing of history)
                    • metrification [ENG31-00933115-n] (writing a metrical composition (or the metrical structure of a composition))
                    • novelization [ENG31-00933268-n] (converting something into the form of a novel)
                    • redaction [ENG31-00933423-n] (the act of putting something in writing)
                    • lexicography [ENG31-00933536-n] (the act of writing dictionaries)
                    • versification [ENG31-07108155-n] (the art or practice of writing verse)
                • realization [ENG31-00933662-n] (making real or giving the appearance of reality)

                  • objectification [ENG31-00933903-n] (the act of representing an abstraction as a physical thing)

                    • depersonalization [ENG31-00934113-n] (representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality)
                    • externalization [ENG31-00934439-n] (embodying in an outward form)
                    • hypostatization [ENG31-00934619-n] (regarding something abstract as a material thing)
                    • embodiment [ENG31-00934815-n] (giving concrete form to an abstract concept)

                      • soul [ENG31-00934969-n] (the human embodiment of something)
                      • personification [ENG31-00935074-n] (the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc.)
                • composing [ENG31-00941268-n] (musical creation)

                  • arrangement [ENG31-00941444-n] (the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music)

                    • rearrangement [ENG31-00339647-n] (changing an arrangement)

                      • juggle [ENG31-00339820-n] (the act of rearranging things to give a misleading impression)
                      • musical chairs [ENG31-00339999-n] (a rearrangement that has no practical effect or significance)
                      • reordering [ENG31-00340289-n] (a rearrangement in a different order)

                        • permutation [ENG31-00340472-n] (act of changing the lineal order of objects in a group)
                        • transposition [ENG31-00340602-n] (the act of reversing the order or place of)
                        • passing [ENG31-00341018-n] (going by something that is moving in order to get in front of it)
                        • shuffle [ENG31-00341289-n] (the act of mixing cards haphazardly)

                          • reshuffle [ENG31-00341488-n] (shuffling again)
                          • riffle [ENG31-00341664-n] (shuffling by splitting the pack and interweaving the two halves at their corners)
                      • transposition [ENG31-00340733-n] ((electricity) a rearrangement of the relative positions of power lines in order to minimize the effects of mutual capacitance and inductance)
                    • orchestration [ENG31-00941634-n] (the act of arranging a piece of music for an orchestra and assigning parts to the different musical instruments)
                    • orchestration [ENG31-01010743-n] (an arrangement of events that attempts to achieve a maximum effect)
                  • realization [ENG31-00941859-n] (the completion or enrichment of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer)
                  • recapitulation [ENG31-00942033-n] ((music) the repetition of themes introduced earlier (especially when one is composing the final part of a movement))
                • invention [ENG31-00942228-n] (the act of inventing)

                  • neologism [ENG31-00942376-n] (the act of inventing a word or phrase)
                  • devisal [ENG31-00942525-n] (the act of devising something)
                • conceptualization [ENG31-00942658-n] (inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally)

                  • approach [ENG31-00942956-n] (ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation)

                    • avenue [ENG31-00943420-n] (a line of approach)
                  • framing [ENG31-00943267-n] (formulation of the plans and important details)
              • art [ENG31-00935235-n] (the creation of beautiful or significant things)

                • arts and crafts [ENG31-00936820-n] (the arts of decorative design and handicraft)
                • ceramics [ENG31-00937062-n] (the art of making and decorating pottery)
                • decalcomania [ENG31-00937268-n] (the art of transfering designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface)
                • decoupage [ENG31-00937601-n] (the art of decorating a surface with shapes or pictures and then coating it with varnish or lacquer)
                • drawing [ENG31-00937756-n] (the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams)

                  • pyrography [ENG31-00940056-n] (the act of producing drawings on wood or leather by using heated tools or a fine flame)
                  • tracing [ENG31-00940235-n] (the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline)
                • glyptography [ENG31-00938010-n] (carving or engraving (especially on stones))
                • gastronomy [ENG31-00938112-n] (the art and practice of choosing and preparing and eating good food)
                • origami [ENG31-00938272-n] (the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects (e.g., flowers or birds))
                • perfumery [ENG31-00939210-n] (the art of making perfumes)
                • printmaking [ENG31-00939292-n] (artistic design and manufacture of prints as woodcuts or silkscreens)

                  • engraving [ENG31-00940607-n] (making engraved or etched plates and printing designs from them)

                    • steel engraving [ENG31-00940808-n] (the act of engraving on a steel plate)
                    • aquatint [ENG31-00940907-n] (a method of etching that imitates the broad washes of a water color)
                  • serigraphy [ENG31-00941047-n] (the act of making a print by the silkscreen method)
                  • lithography [ENG31-00941154-n] (the act of making a lithographic print)
                • topiary [ENG31-00939950-n] (making decorative shapes by trimming shrubs or trees)
              • creating by removal [ENG31-00943593-n] (the act of creating by removing something)

                • excavation [ENG31-00943790-n] (the act of digging)
                • carving [ENG31-00944050-n] (removing parts from hard material to create a desired pattern or shape)

                  • petroglyph [ENG31-00944256-n] (a carving or line drawing on rock (especially one made by prehistoric people))
                  • truncation [ENG31-00944390-n] (the replacement of an edge or solid angle (as in cutting a gemstone) by a plane (especially by a plane that is equally inclined to the adjacent faces))
                • drilling [ENG31-00944615-n] (the act of drilling)
                • gouge [ENG31-00944716-n] (the act of gouging)
                • film editing [ENG31-00947021-n] (the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film)
            • dismantling [ENG31-00914105-n] (the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery))
            • puncture [ENG31-00944804-n] (the act of puncturing or perforating)

              • centesis [ENG31-00945003-n] ((surgery) the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle in order to draw out fluid)

                • abdominocentesis [ENG31-00945287-n] (centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis)
                • amniocentesis [ENG31-00945416-n] ((pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities)
                • arthrocentesis [ENG31-00945677-n] (removal of fluid from a joint by centesis)
                • celiocentesis [ENG31-00945779-n] (removal of fluid from the abdomen by centesis)
                • lumbar puncture [ENG31-00945884-n] (removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes)
                • thoracocentesis [ENG31-00946112-n] (removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes)
              • perforation [ENG31-00946449-n] (the act of punching a hole (especially a row of holes as for ease of separation))
              • prick [ENG31-00946605-n] (the act of puncturing with a small point)
              • venipuncture [ENG31-00946781-n] ((medicine) puncture of a vein through the skin in order to withdraw blood for analysis or to start an intravenous drip or to inject medication or a radiopaque dye)
            • search [ENG31-00947217-n] (the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone)

              • exploration [ENG31-00947593-n] (a careful systematic search)

                • probe [ENG31-00948857-n] (an exploratory action or expedition)
              • foraging [ENG31-00947732-n] (the act of searching for food and provisions)
              • frisk [ENG31-00947876-n] (the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs)

                • strip search [ENG31-00948097-n] (searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs by having them remove their clothes)
              • looking [ENG31-00948248-n] (the act of searching visually)
              • manhunt [ENG31-00948345-n] (an organized search (by police) for a person (charged with a crime))
              • quest [ENG31-00948466-n] (the act of searching for something)
              • ransacking [ENG31-00948622-n] (a thorough search for something (often causing disorder or confusion))
              • scouring [ENG31-00995574-n] (moving over territory to search for something)
              • shakedown [ENG31-00995873-n] (a very thorough search of a person or a place)
            • use [ENG31-00948944-n] (the act of using)

              • practice [ENG31-00632621-n] (the exercise of a profession)

                • consultancy [ENG31-00632955-n] (the practice of giving expert advice within a particular field)
                • cosmetology [ENG31-00633130-n] (the practice of beautifying the face and hair and skin)
                • dental practice [ENG31-00633260-n] (the practice of dentistry)
                • law practice [ENG31-00633347-n] (the practice of law)
                • medical practice [ENG31-00633444-n] (the practice of medicine)

                  • family practice [ENG31-00633585-n] (medical practice that provides health care regardless of age or sex while placing emphasis on the family unit)
                  • group practice [ENG31-00633774-n] ((medicine) the practice of medicine by a group of physicians who share their premises and other resources)
                  • quackery [ENG31-00634351-n] (medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings)
                • optometry [ENG31-00633959-n] (the practice of an optometrist)
                • private practice [ENG31-00634063-n] (the practice of a profession independently and not as an employee)
                • witching [ENG31-01270676-n] (the use or practice of witchcraft)
              • play [ENG31-00949412-n] (utilization or exercise)
              • misuse [ENG31-00949535-n] (improper or excessive use)

                • substance abuse [ENG31-00949739-n] (excessive use of drugs)

                  • alcohol abuse [ENG31-00949880-n] (excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks)
              • exploitation [ENG31-00950022-n] (the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful)

                • land development [ENG31-00950456-n] (making an area of land more useful)
                • water development [ENG31-00950553-n] (making an area of water more useful)
                • overexploitation [ENG31-00953544-n] (exploitation to the point of diminishing returns)
                • capitalization [ENG31-00953737-n] (the act of capitalizing on an opportunity)
                • commercialization [ENG31-00953892-n] (the act of commercializing something)
                • electrification [ENG31-00954726-n] (the act of providing electricity)
                • unitization [ENG31-00954898-n] (the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies)
              • recycling [ENG31-00950684-n] (the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products)

                • bottle collection [ENG31-00950858-n] (collecting bottles for reuse)
              • application [ENG31-00950950-n] (the act of bringing something to bear)

                • misapplication [ENG31-00951332-n] (wrong use or application)
                • technology [ENG31-00951435-n] (the application of the knowledge and usage of tools (such as machines or utensils) and techniques to control one's environment)

                  • aeronautical engineering [ENG31-00952059-n] (the activity of designing and constructing aircraft)
                  • automotive technology [ENG31-00952181-n] (the activity of designing and constructing automobiles)
                  • chemical engineering [ENG31-00952328-n] (the activity of applying chemistry to the solution of practical problems)
                  • communications technology [ENG31-00952467-n] (the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems)

                    • digital communications technology [ENG31-00952637-n] (the design and construction of communications technology that transmits information in digital form)
                  • computer technology [ENG31-00952816-n] (the activity of designing and constructing and programming computers)
                  • high technology [ENG31-00952969-n] (highly advanced technological development (especially in electronics))

                    • automation [ENG31-00103277-n] (the act of implementing the control of equipment with advanced technology)

                      • computerization [ENG31-00103599-n] (the control of processes by computer)
                  • rail technology [ENG31-00953148-n] (the activity of designing and constructing and operating railroads)

                    • magnetic levitation [ENG31-00953344-n] (high-speed rail technology)
            • operation [ENG31-00957171-n] (activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign))

              • combined operation [ENG31-00957676-n] (a military operation carried out cooperatively by two or more allied nations or a military operation carried out by coordination of sea, land, and air forces)
              • maneuver [ENG31-00962103-n] (a military training exercise)
              • campaign [ENG31-00970259-n] (several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints))

                • expedition [ENG31-00970583-n] (a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country)

                  • Crusade [ENG31-00970819-n] (any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11th to 13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims)
              • naval campaign [ENG31-00972582-n] (an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea)
              • mission [ENG31-00972749-n] (an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters)

                • combat mission [ENG31-00973007-n] (a mission to capture or defend something)
                • search mission [ENG31-00973108-n] (a mission to discover something)
                • search and destroy mission [ENG31-00973200-n] (an operation developed for United States troops in Vietnam)
                • direct support [ENG31-00974216-n] (a mission requiring one force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance)
              • support [ENG31-00973567-n] (a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission)

                • close support [ENG31-00974088-n] (close-in firing by one unit against an enemy engaged by another unit)
              • attack [ENG31-00974725-n] ((military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons))

                • ground attack [ENG31-00976444-n] (an attack by ground troops)
                • charge [ENG31-00976848-n] (an impetuous rush toward someone or something)

                  • countercharge [ENG31-00977080-n] (a retaliatory charge)
                • banzai attack [ENG31-00977160-n] (a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties)
                • diversion [ENG31-00977356-n] (an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack)

                  • diversionary landing [ENG31-00974625-n] (an amphibious diversionary attack)
                • penetration [ENG31-00977538-n] (an attack that penetrates into enemy territory)

                  • interpenetration [ENG31-00977744-n] (the action of penetrating between or among)
                  • breakthrough [ENG31-00978041-n] (a penetration of a barrier such as an enemy's defense)
                  • invasion [ENG31-00978617-n] (the act of invading)

                    • inroad [ENG31-00979218-n] (an invasion or hostile attack)
                  • infiltration [ENG31-00978784-n] (a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection))
                  • foray [ENG31-00979039-n] (a sudden short attack)

                    • air raid [ENG31-00976197-n] (an attack by armed planes on a surface target)
                    • swoop [ENG31-00979300-n] (a very rapid raid)
                • blitz [ENG31-00977867-n] (a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment)
                • strike [ENG31-00979387-n] (an attack that is intended to seize or inflict damage on or destroy an objective)

                  • first strike [ENG31-00979637-n] (the initial use of nuclear weapons to attack a country that also has nuclear weapons)
                  • surgical strike [ENG31-00979943-n] (an attack (usually without prior warning) intended to deal only with a specific target)
                  • preventive strike [ENG31-00980091-n] (a strike that is carried out in order to deter expected aggression by hostile forces)
                • counterattack [ENG31-00980259-n] (an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc.)

                  • riposte [ENG31-01177315-n] ((fencing) a counterattack made immediately after successfully parrying the opponents lunge)
                • bombing [ENG31-00980499-n] (an attack by dropping bombs)

                  • bombing run [ENG31-00980850-n] (that part of the flight that begins with the approach to the target)

                    • dive-bombing [ENG31-00981266-n] (a bombing run in which the bomber releases the bomb while flying straight toward the target)
                    • loft bombing [ENG31-00981434-n] (a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb)

                      • over-the-shoulder bombing [ENG31-00981643-n] (a special case of loft bombing in which the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back to the target)
                  • carpet bombing [ENG31-00981079-n] (an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target)
                • fire [ENG31-00989024-n] (the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy)

                  • antiaircraft fire [ENG31-00989861-n] (firing at enemy aircraft)
                  • barrage [ENG31-00989949-n] (the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target)
                  • broadside [ENG31-00990263-n] (the simultaneous firing of all the armament on one side of a warship)
                  • fusillade [ENG31-00990406-n] (rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms)
                  • call fire [ENG31-00990642-n] (fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit)
                  • cover [ENG31-00990979-n] (fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations)
                  • concentrated fire [ENG31-00991669-n] (fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships))
                  • counterfire [ENG31-00991859-n] (fire intended to neutralize or destroy enemy weapons)

                    • counterbattery fire [ENG31-00992023-n] (fire delivered to neutralize or destroy indirect fire weapon systems)
                    • counterbombardment [ENG31-00992157-n] (bombardment intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons)
                    • countermortar fire [ENG31-00992281-n] (mortar fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons)
                  • counterpreparation fire [ENG31-00992405-n] (intensive prearranged fire delivered when the immanence of enemy attack is discovered)
                  • crossfire [ENG31-00992560-n] (fire from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross)
                  • destruction fire [ENG31-00992676-n] (fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects)
                  • direct fire [ENG31-00992805-n] (fire delivered on a target that is visible to the person aiming it)
                  • distributed fire [ENG31-00992929-n] (fire dispersed so as to engage effectively an area target)
                  • friendly fire [ENG31-00993049-n] (fire that injures or kills an ally)
                  • hostile fire [ENG31-00993156-n] (fire that injures or kills an enemy)
                  • grazing fire [ENG31-00993250-n] (fire approximately parallel to the ground)
                  • harassing fire [ENG31-00993422-n] (fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale)
                  • indirect fire [ENG31-00993582-n] (fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as the point of aim for the weapons)
                  • interdiction fire [ENG31-00993728-n] (fire directed to an area to prevent the enemy from using that area)
                  • neutralization fire [ENG31-00993858-n] (fire that is delivered in order to render the target ineffective or unusable)
                  • observed fire [ENG31-00994000-n] (fire for which the point of impact (the burst) can be seen by an observer)
                  • preparation fire [ENG31-00994188-n] (fire delivered on a target in preparation for an assault)
                  • radar fire [ENG31-00994307-n] (gunfire aimed a target that is being tracked by radar)
                  • registration fire [ENG31-00995314-n] (fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets)
                  • scheduled fire [ENG31-00995463-n] (prearranged fire delivered at a predetermined time)
                  • searching fire [ENG31-00995737-n] (fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of the gun)
                  • supporting fire [ENG31-00996042-n] (fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat)

                    • close supporting fire [ENG31-00990782-n] (fire on enemy troops or weapons or positions that are near the supported unit and are the most immediate and serious threat to it)
                    • deep supporting fire [ENG31-00991208-n] (fire on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of your forces but with the objective of destroying enemy reserves and weapons and interfering with the enemy command and supply and communications)
                    • direct supporting fire [ENG31-00991471-n] (fire delivered in support of part of a force (as opposed to general supporting fire delivered in support of the force as a whole))
                  • suppressive fire [ENG31-00996230-n] (fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives)
                  • unobserved fire [ENG31-00996407-n] (fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed)
                  • artillery fire [ENG31-00996535-n] (fire delivered by artillery)

                    • cannonade [ENG31-00996709-n] (intense and continuous artillery fire)
                    • high-angle fire [ENG31-00996831-n] (fire from a cannon that is fired at an elevation greater than that for the maximum range)
                    • mortar fire [ENG31-00996981-n] (artillery fire delivered by a mortar)
                    • zone fire [ENG31-00997075-n] (artillery or mortar fire delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations)
                • strafe [ENG31-01248881-n] (an attack of machine-gun fire or cannon fire from a low flying airplane)
                • surprise attack [ENG31-01249088-n] (an attack without warning)

                  • terrorist attack [ENG31-01249244-n] (a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims)
                  • ambush [ENG31-01249473-n] (the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise)
                  • pre-emptive strike [ENG31-01249703-n] (a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you)
              • offense [ENG31-00982124-n] (the action of attacking an enemy)

                • counteroffensive [ENG31-00982286-n] (a large scale offensive (more than a counterattack) undertaken by a defending force to seize the initiative from an attacking force)
                • dirty war [ENG31-00982480-n] (an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims)
                • rollback [ENG31-00982865-n] (the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw)
              • peacekeeping [ENG31-00982990-n] (the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations))
              • amphibious operation [ENG31-00983266-n] (a military operation by both land and sea forces)

                • amphibious demonstration [ENG31-00974423-n] (an amphibious operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy and leading him into a course of action unfavorable to him)
                • amphibious assault [ENG31-00983455-n] (an amphibious operation attacking a land base that is carried out by troops that are landed by naval ships)
              • information gathering [ENG31-00983797-n] (the act of collecting information)

                • intelligence [ENG31-00983916-n] (the operation of gathering information about an enemy)

                  • spying [ENG31-00655477-n] (the act of keeping a secret watch for intelligence purposes)

                    • espionage [ENG31-00655806-n] (the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets)
                  • current intelligence [ENG31-00984239-n] (intelligence of all types and forms of immediate interest)
                  • tactical intelligence [ENG31-00984433-n] (intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations)

                    • terrain intelligence [ENG31-00984622-n] (tactical intelligence on the natural and man-made characteristics of an area)
                  • strategic intelligence [ENG31-00984765-n] (intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at national and international levels)
                  • signals intelligence [ENG31-00984938-n] (intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence)

                    • electronics intelligence [ENG31-00985188-n] (intelligence derived from electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources))
                    • communications intelligence [ENG31-00985373-n] (technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients)
                    • telemetry intelligence [ENG31-00985568-n] (intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry)
                  • clandestine operation [ENG31-00985737-n] (an intelligence operation so planned and executed as to insure concealment)

                    • exfiltration operation [ENG31-00985897-n] (a clandestine rescue operation to bring a defector or refugee or an operative and family out of danger)
                  • overt operation [ENG31-00986576-n] (the collection of intelligence openly without concealment)
                  • reconnaissance [ENG31-00986695-n] (the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy))

                    • recce [ENG31-00987094-n] (reconnaissance (by shortening))
                    • scouting [ENG31-00987192-n] (exploring in order to gain information)
                    • air reconnaissance [ENG31-00987442-n] (reconnaissance either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors)
                    • reconnaissance by fire [ENG31-00987602-n] (a method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position in order to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire)
                    • reconnaissance in force [ENG31-00987832-n] (an offensive operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength (or to obtain other information))
                    • shufti [ENG31-00988007-n] (a quick look around (originally military slang))
                    • electronic reconnaissance [ENG31-00988166-n] (the detection and identification and evaluation and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations (other than radioactive))
                  • counterintelligence [ENG31-00988361-n] (intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism)

                    • counterespionage [ENG31-00655926-n] (spying on the spies)
                    • security intelligence [ENG31-00822506-n] (intelligence on the identity and capability and intentions of hostile individuals or organizations that may be engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism)
                    • censoring [ENG31-00822744-n] (counterintelligence achieved by banning or deleting any information of value to the enemy)

                      • military censorship [ENG31-00822956-n] (all types of censorship conducted by personnel of the armed forces)

                        • civil censorship [ENG31-00823179-n] (military censorship of civilian communications (correspondence or printed matter of films) entering or leaving of circulating within territories controlled by armed forces)
                        • field press censorship [ENG31-00823413-n] (security review of news (including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public) subject to the jurisdiction of the armed forces)
                        • prisoner of war censorship [ENG31-00823634-n] (military censorship of communication to and from prisoners of war and civilian internees held by the armed forces)
                        • armed forces censorship [ENG31-00823820-n] (military censorship of personal communications to or from persons in the armed forces)

                          • primary censorship [ENG31-00824011-n] (armed forces censorship performed by personnel of a military unit on the personal communications of persons assigned to that unit)
                          • secondary censorship [ENG31-00824205-n] (armed forces censorship of the personal communications of officers or civilian employees or enlisted personnel not subject to primary censorship)
                      • national censorship [ENG31-00824416-n] (censorship under civil authority of communications entering or leaving or crossing the borders of the United States or its territories or possessions)
                    • countersubversion [ENG31-00988749-n] (the aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect and prevent subversive activities)
                    • counter-sabotage [ENG31-00988899-n] (counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage)
              • psychological operation [ENG31-00986068-n] (military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments)
              • covert operation [ENG31-00986281-n] (an intelligence operation so planned as to permit plausible denial by the sponsor)

                • black operation [ENG31-00986443-n] (a covert operation not attributable to the organization carrying it out)
            • measurement [ENG31-00998911-n] (the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule)

              • seismography [ENG31-00605110-n] (the measurement of tremors and shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes)
              • actinometry [ENG31-00999979-n] (measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (especially of the sun's rays))
              • algometry [ENG31-01000138-n] (measuring sensitivity to pain or pressure)
              • anemography [ENG31-01000271-n] (recording anemometrical measurements)
              • anemometry [ENG31-01000365-n] (measuring wind speed and direction)
              • angulation [ENG31-01000456-n] (the precise measurement of angles)
              • anthropometry [ENG31-01000546-n] (measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities)
              • arterial blood gases [ENG31-01000710-n] (measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood)
              • audiometry [ENG31-01000924-n] (measuring sensitivity of hearing)
              • bathymetry [ENG31-01001031-n] (measuring the depths of the oceans)
              • calorimetry [ENG31-01003756-n] (measurement of quantities of heat)
              • cephalometry [ENG31-01003865-n] (measurement of human heads)
              • densitometry [ENG31-01003950-n] (measuring the optical density of a substance by shining light on it and measuring its transmission)
              • dosimetry [ENG31-01004107-n] (measuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source)
              • fetometry [ENG31-01004226-n] (measurement of a fetus (especially the diameter of the head))
              • hydrometry [ENG31-01004355-n] (the measurement of specific gravity)
              • hypsometry [ENG31-01004496-n] (measurement of the elevation of land above sea level)
              • mental measurement [ENG31-01004619-n] (a generic term used to cover any application of measurement techniques to the quantification of mental functions)

                • test [ENG31-01008617-n] (any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc)

                  • intelligence test [ENG31-01008995-n] (a psychometric test of intelligence)

                    • Stanford-Binet test [ENG31-01009215-n] (revision of the Binet-Simon Scale)
                    • Binet-Simon Scale [ENG31-01009314-n] (the first intelligence test)
                  • personality test [ENG31-01009405-n] (any test that is intended to assess personality)

                    • projective test [ENG31-01009551-n] (any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations)

                      • Rorschach [ENG31-01009849-n] (a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots)
                      • Thematic Apperception Test [ENG31-01010039-n] (a projective technique using black-and-white pictures)
                    • personality inventory [ENG31-06485960-n] (a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits)

                      • self-report personality inventory [ENG31-06486274-n] (a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make)

                        • California Personality Inventory [ENG31-06486643-n] (a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI)
                        • Eysenck Personality Inventory [ENG31-06486978-n] (a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism))
                        • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [ENG31-06487260-n] (a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with)
                        • Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire [ENG31-06487604-n] (a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits)
                  • sub-test [ENG31-01010213-n] (one of a battery of related tests)
              • micrometry [ENG31-01004814-n] (measuring with a micrometer)
              • observation [ENG31-01004898-n] (the act of making and recording a measurement)

                • radio observation [ENG31-01250516-n] (an observation made with a radio telescope)
              • pelvimetry [ENG31-01005055-n] (measurement of the dimensions of the bony birth canal (to determine whether vaginal birth is possible))
              • photometry [ENG31-01005214-n] (measurement of the properties of light (especially luminous intensity))

                • cytophotometry [ENG31-01005377-n] (the study of chemical compounds inside a cell by means of a cytophotometer)
              • quantification [ENG31-01005512-n] (the act of discovering or expressing the quantity of something)

                • gradation [ENG31-01005671-n] (the act of arranging in grades)

                  • shading [ENG31-01005878-n] (a gradation involving small or imperceptible differences between grades)
              • radioactive dating [ENG31-01006319-n] (measurement of the amount of radioactive material (usually carbon 14) that an object contains)
              • reading [ENG31-01006524-n] (the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments)
              • sampling [ENG31-01006717-n] (measurement at regular intervals of the amplitude of a varying waveform (in order to convert it to digital form))
              • sounding [ENG31-01006903-n] (the act of measuring depth of water (usually with a sounding line))
              • sound ranging [ENG31-01007042-n] (locating a source of sound (as an enemy gun) by measurements of the time the sound arrives at microphones in known positions)
              • scaling [ENG31-01007226-n] (act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a scale)

                • scalage [ENG31-01007756-n] (the act of scaling in weight or quantity or dimension)
              • spirometry [ENG31-01007415-n] (the use of a spirometer to measure vital capacity)
              • surveying [ENG31-01007521-n] (the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground so that they can be accurately plotted on a map)

                • triangulation [ENG31-00618577-n] (a method of surveying)
              • telemetry [ENG31-01118527-n] (automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by wire or radio or other means)
              • thermometry [ENG31-01118681-n] (the measurement of temperature)
              • tonometry [ENG31-01119017-n] (the measurement of intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force needed to make a slight indentation in the cornea)
              • viscometry [ENG31-01119639-n] (the measurement of viscosity)
            • calibration [ENG31-01001187-n] (the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument)

              • tuning [ENG31-01001530-n] ((music) calibrating something (an instrument or electronic circuit) to a standard frequency)
              • adjustment [ENG31-01001729-n] (the act of adjusting something to match a standard)

                • alignment [ENG31-01002010-n] (the act of adjusting or aligning the parts of a device in relation to each other)

                  • camber [ENG31-01003286-n] (the alignment of the wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the bottom than at the top)
                  • toe-in [ENG31-01003431-n] (the alignment of the front wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the front than at the back)
                • collimation [ENG31-01002218-n] (the accurate adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope)
                • temperament [ENG31-01002353-n] (an adjustment of the intervals (as in tuning a keyboard instrument) so that the scale can be used to play in different keys)

                  • equal temperament [ENG31-01002552-n] (the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones)
                • tune-up [ENG31-01002911-n] (adjustments made to an engine to improve its performance)
                • synchronization [ENG31-01003039-n] (an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison)
                • voicing [ENG31-01003582-n] (the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color)
            • organization [ENG31-01010320-n] (the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically)

              • randomization [ENG31-01010943-n] (a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance)
              • systematization [ENG31-01011132-n] (systematic organization)

                • codification [ENG31-01011449-n] (the act of codifying)
                • formalization [ENG31-01011579-n] (the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions))
              • order [ENG31-01011813-n] (the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement)

                • rank order [ENG31-01012187-n] (an arrangement according to rank)
                • scaling [ENG31-01012276-n] (the act of arranging in a graduated series)
                • succession [ENG31-01012400-n] (the action of following in order)

                  • opening [ENG31-00458914-n] (a recognized sequence of moves at the beginning of a game of chess)
                  • alternation [ENG31-01012626-n] (successive change from one thing or state to another and back again)
                • layout [ENG31-01012843-n] (the act of laying out (as by making plans for something))
                • alphabetization [ENG31-01012970-n] (the act of putting in alphabetical order)
              • listing [ENG31-01013108-n] (the act of making a list of items)

                • inventory [ENG31-01013367-n] (making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand)

                  • stocktake [ENG31-01013662-n] (an instance of stocktaking)
              • territorialization [ENG31-01018915-n] (the act of organizing as a territory)
            • grouping [ENG31-01014302-n] (the activity of putting things together in groups)

              • pairing [ENG31-00390418-n] (the act of grouping things or people in pairs)

                • buddy system [ENG31-00390571-n] (a cooperative practice of pairing two or more people together for mutual assistance or safety (especially in recreational swimming))
                • match-up [ENG31-00390761-n] (the pairing of people or things as for comparison or competition)
              • punctuation [ENG31-00391006-n] (the use of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically into sentences and clauses and phrases)

                • hyphenation [ENG31-00391253-n] (connecting syllables and words by hyphens)
              • phrasing [ENG31-01014550-n] (the grouping of musical phrases in a melodic line)
              • categorization [ENG31-01014654-n] (the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type)

                • indexing [ENG31-01015098-n] (the act of classifying and providing an index in order to make items easier to retrieve)
                • reclassification [ENG31-01015258-n] (classifying something again (usually in a new category))
                • relegation [ENG31-01015376-n] (the act of assigning (someone or something) to a particular class or category)
                • stratification [ENG31-01015546-n] (the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata)
                • taxonomy [ENG31-01015712-n] (practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships)
                • typology [ENG31-01015913-n] (classification according to general type)
              • collection [ENG31-01016008-n] (the act of gathering something together)

                • agglomeration [ENG31-01016432-n] (the act of collecting in a mass)
                • collation [ENG31-01016549-n] (assembling in proper numerical or logical sequence)
                • compilation [ENG31-01016673-n] (the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list))
                • gather [ENG31-01016932-n] (the act of gathering something)

                  • centralization [ENG31-01017117-n] (gathering to a center)
                  • harvest [ENG31-01017252-n] (the gathering of a ripened crop)

                    • haying [ENG31-01017419-n] (the harvesting of hay)
                • bottle collection [ENG31-01017493-n] (the activity of collecting bottles)
                • numismatics [ENG31-01017938-n] (the collection and study of money (and coins in particular))
                • pickup [ENG31-01018143-n] (the act or process of picking up or collecting from various places)

                  • garbage collection [ENG31-01017785-n] (the collection and removal of garbage)
                • philately [ENG31-01018362-n] (the collection and study of postage stamps)

                  • aerophilately [ENG31-01018570-n] (the collection and study of airmail stamps)
                • tax collection [ENG31-01018690-n] (the collection of taxes)
              • sorting [ENG31-01018774-n] (grouping by class or kind or size)

                • triage [ENG31-01019109-n] (sorting and allocating aid on the basis of need for or likely benefit from medical treatment or food)
                • separation [ENG31-01256840-n] (sorting one thing from others)

                  • threshing [ENG31-00393969-n] (the separation of grain or seeds from the husks and straw)
                  • winnow [ENG31-01256638-n] (the act of separating grain from chaff)
            • support [ENG31-01019262-n] (the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening)

              • shoring [ENG31-01019492-n] (the act of propping up with shores)
              • suspension [ENG31-01019643-n] (the act of suspending something (hanging it from above so it moves freely))
            • continuance [ENG31-01019929-n] (the act of continuing an activity without interruption)

              • prolongation [ENG31-01020308-n] (the act of prolonging something)
              • repetition [ENG31-01020572-n] (the act of doing or performing again)

                • echolalia [ENG31-01020893-n] ((psychiatry) mechanical and meaningless repetition of the words of another person (as in schizophrenia))
                • iteration [ENG31-01021071-n] (doing or saying again)
                • redundancy [ENG31-01021190-n] (repetition of an act needlessly)
                • reduplication [ENG31-01021314-n] (the act of repeating over and again (or an instance thereof))
                • copying [ENG31-01021466-n] (an act of copying)

                  • duplication [ENG31-01021645-n] (the act of copying or making a duplicate (or duplicates) of something)
                  • reproduction [ENG31-01021843-n] (the act of making copies)

                    • scanning [ENG31-00645399-n] (the act of systematically moving a finely focused beam of light or electrons over a surface in order to produce an image of it for analysis or transmission)
                    • sound reproduction [ENG31-01022304-n] (the reproduction of sound)

                      • high fidelity [ENG31-01022430-n] (the reproduction of sound with little or no distortion)

                        • headroom [ENG31-01022570-n] (the capacity of a system to reproduce loud sounds without distortion)
                      • playback [ENG31-01022712-n] (the act of reproducing recorded sound)
                  • imitation [ENG31-01022878-n] (copying (or trying to copy) the actions of someone else)

                    • echo [ENG31-01023061-n] (an imitation or repetition)
                    • emulation [ENG31-01023212-n] (effort to equal or surpass another)
                    • mimicry [ENG31-01023338-n] (the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects)
                • replay [ENG31-01022059-n] (the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape)
                • renewal [ENG31-01251399-n] (the act of renewing)

                  • self-renewal [ENG31-01251508-n] (the act of renewing yourself (or itself))
                • replication [ENG31-01251607-n] (the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion)
              • perseverance [ENG31-01023521-n] (the act of persisting or persevering)
              • abidance [ENG31-01023831-n] (the act of abiding (enduring without yielding))
              • pursuance [ENG31-01023950-n] (the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion)
              • survival [ENG31-01024120-n] (something that survives)

                • hangover [ENG31-01024234-n] (something that has survived from the past)
            • procedure [ENG31-01025762-n] (a particular course of action intended to achieve a result)

              • Bertillon system [ENG31-00153050-n] (a system or procedure for identifying persons)
              • fingerprinting [ENG31-00153158-n] (the procedure of taking inked impressions of a person's fingerprints for the purpose of identification)
              • genetic profiling [ENG31-00153339-n] (the procedure of analyzing the DNA in samples of a person's body tissue or body fluid for the purpose of identification)
              • diagnostic procedure [ENG31-00177976-n] (a procedure followed in making a medical diagnosis)

                • prenatal diagnosis [ENG31-00154108-n] (any of the diagnostic procedures used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality)

                  • fetoscopy [ENG31-00946272-n] (prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood)
                • cardiography [ENG31-00833753-n] (diagnostic procedure consisting of recording the activity of the heart electronically with a cardiograph (and producing a cardiogram))
                • echocardiography [ENG31-00833967-n] (a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study to structure and motions of the heart)
                • echoencephalography [ENG31-00834132-n] (a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain)
                • electromyography [ENG31-01007996-n] (diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders with the use of an electromyograph)
                • mammography [ENG31-01008130-n] (a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of X rays)
                • thermography [ENG31-01008255-n] (diagnostic technique using a thermograph to record the heat produced by different parts of the body)

                  • mammothermography [ENG31-01008478-n] (the use of thermography to detect breast tumors (which appear as hot spots))
              • emergency procedure [ENG31-00178632-n] ((medicine) a procedure adopted to meet an emergency (especially a medical emergency))

                • cardiopulmonary resuscitation [ENG31-00834287-n] (an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration)
                • Heimlich maneuver [ENG31-00834780-n] (an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea)
              • experimental procedure [ENG31-00178873-n] (the specific techniques used in conducting a particular experiment)

                • double-blind procedure [ENG31-00179026-n] (an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment)
              • calculation [ENG31-00870588-n] (the procedure of calculating)

                • transposition [ENG31-00870938-n] ((mathematics) the transfer of a quantity from one side of an equation to the other along with a change of sign)
                • number crunching [ENG31-00871145-n] (performing complex and lengthy numerical calculations)
                • mathematical process [ENG31-00871261-n] ((mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods)

                  • permutation [ENG31-00871990-n] (the act of changing the arrangement of a given number of elements)
                  • combination [ENG31-00872131-n] (the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order)
                  • differentiation [ENG31-00872318-n] (the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function)
                  • maximization [ENG31-00872464-n] (the mathematical process of finding the maximum value of a function)
                  • integration [ENG31-00873096-n] (an operation used in the calculus whereby the integral of a function is determined)
                  • exponentiation [ENG31-00874089-n] (the process of raising a quantity to some assigned power)
                  • arithmetic operation [ENG31-00874219-n] (a mathematical operation involving numbers)

                    • division [ENG31-00872590-n] (an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication)

                      • long division [ENG31-00872801-n] (the operation of division in which the sequence of steps are indicated in detail)
                      • short division [ENG31-00872941-n] (the operation of division in which the sequence of steps is performed without writing them out)
                    • multiplication [ENG31-00873254-n] (an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of division)
                    • subtraction [ENG31-00873540-n] (an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculated)
                    • summation [ENG31-00873785-n] (the arithmetic operation of summing)
                  • matrix operation [ENG31-00874400-n] (a mathematical operation involving matrices)

                    • matrix addition [ENG31-00874578-n] (the addition of matrices)
                    • matrix multiplication [ENG31-00874664-n] (the multiplication of matrices)
                    • matrix inversion [ENG31-00874762-n] (determination of a matrix that when multiplied by the given matrix will yield a unit matrix)
                    • matrix transposition [ENG31-00874916-n] (the interchange of each row of a square matrix with the corresponding column)
                  • construction [ENG31-00875059-n] (drawing a figure satisfying certain conditions as part of solving a problem or proving a theorem)

                    • quadrature [ENG31-00875349-n] (the construction of a square having the same area as some other figure)
                  • relaxation [ENG31-00875476-n] (a method of solving simultaneous equations by guessing a solution and then reducing the errors that result by successive approximations until all the errors are less than some specified amount)
                • recalculation [ENG31-00871779-n] (the act of calculating again (usually to eliminate errors or to include additional data))
              • medical procedure [ENG31-01026334-n] (a procedure employed by medical or dental practitioners)

                • operation [ENG31-00672594-n] (a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments)

                  • catheterization [ENG31-00322388-n] (the operation of introducing a catheter into the body)
                  • ablation [ENG31-00394177-n] (surgical removal of a body part or tissue)

                    • adenoidectomy [ENG31-00667213-n] (surgical removal of the adenoids)
                    • adrenalectomy [ENG31-00667350-n] (surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands)
                    • appendectomy [ENG31-00667475-n] (surgical removal of the vermiform appendix)
                    • cholecystectomy [ENG31-00670243-n] (surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain))

                      • laparoscopic cholecystectomy [ENG31-00670505-n] (removal of the gall bladder through small punctures in the abdomen to permit the insertion of a laparoscope and surgical instruments)
                    • clitoridectomy [ENG31-00670398-n] (excision of the clitoris)
                    • embolectomy [ENG31-00674477-n] (surgical removal of an embolus (usually from an artery))
                    • endarterectomy [ENG31-00674590-n] (surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery that is clogged with atherosclerosis)
                    • enervation [ENG31-00674737-n] (surgical removal of a nerve)
                    • hypophysectomy [ENG31-00678281-n] (surgical removal of the pituitary gland)
                    • hysterectomy [ENG31-00678417-n] (surgical removal of the uterus)

                      • radical hysterectomy [ENG31-00678677-n] (surgical removal of the uterus and the ovaries and oviducts and cervix and related lymph nodes)
                      • total hysterectomy [ENG31-00678856-n] (surgical removal of the uterus and cervix)
                    • laminectomy [ENG31-00683991-n] (surgical removal of the bony arches on one or more vertebrae)
                    • laryngectomy [ENG31-00684467-n] (surgical removal of part or all of the larynx (usually to treat cancer of the larynx))
                    • lithotomy [ENG31-00684611-n] (surgical removal of a stone (calculus))

                      • cholelithotomy [ENG31-00684723-n] (removal of gallstone through an incision in the gallbladder)
                    • lobectomy [ENG31-00684843-n] (surgical removal of a lobe from any organ of the body (as the lung or brain))
                    • lumpectomy [ENG31-00685901-n] (surgical removal of a tumor without removing much of the surrounding tissue or lymph nodes)
                    • mastectomy [ENG31-00686761-n] (surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor)

                      • modified radical mastectomy [ENG31-00686928-n] (removal of a breast and the pectoralis minor and some lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit)
                      • radical mastectomy [ENG31-00687090-n] (removal of a breast and the underlying muscles (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor) and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit)
                      • simple mastectomy [ENG31-00687280-n] (removal of a breast leaving the underlying muscles and the lymph nodes intact)
                    • mastoidectomy [ENG31-00687421-n] (surgical removal of some or all of the mastoid process)
                    • meniscectomy [ENG31-00687535-n] (surgical removal of the meniscus of the knee)
                    • nephrectomy [ENG31-00687638-n] (surgical removal of a kidney)
                    • neurectomy [ENG31-00687724-n] (surgical removal of all or part of a nerve)
                    • oophorectomy [ENG31-00687823-n] (surgical removal of one of both ovaries)
                    • oophorosalpingectomy [ENG31-00687935-n] (surgical removal of one or both ovaries and the corresponding Fallopian tubes)
                    • ophthalmectomy [ENG31-00688079-n] (surgical removal of an eye)
                    • orchidectomy [ENG31-00688166-n] (surgical removal of one or both testicles)
                    • pancreatectomy [ENG31-00688280-n] (surgical removal of part or all of the pancreas)
                    • pneumonectomy [ENG31-00688388-n] (surgical removal of a lung (usually to treat lung cancer))
                    • prostatectomy [ENG31-00688505-n] (surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland)
                    • salpingectomy [ENG31-00688618-n] (surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes)
                    • septectomy [ENG31-00688725-n] (surgical removal of all or part of a septum (especially the nasal septum or atrial septum))
                    • sigmoidectomy [ENG31-00688872-n] (surgical removal of part or all of the sigmoid colon (usually to remove a malignant tumor))
                    • splenectomy [ENG31-00689022-n] (surgical removal of the spleen)
                    • stapedectomy [ENG31-00689110-n] (surgical removal of the stapes of the middle ear)
                    • sympathectomy [ENG31-00689217-n] (surgical interruption of a nerve pathway in the sympathetic nervous system)
                    • thrombectomy [ENG31-00689351-n] (surgical removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel)
                    • thyroidectomy [ENG31-00689473-n] (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)
                    • tonsillectomy [ENG31-00689570-n] (surgical removal of the palatine tonsils)
                    • vasectomy [ENG31-00717431-n] (surgical procedure that removes all or part of the vas deferens (usually as a means of sterilization))
                    • vulvectomy [ENG31-00717928-n] (surgical removal of part or all of the vulva)
                  • amputation [ENG31-00667593-n] (a surgical removal of all or part of a limb)
                  • angioplasty [ENG31-00667711-n] (an operation to repair a damaged blood vessel or unblock a coronary artery)
                  • arthroplasty [ENG31-00667976-n] (surgical reconstruction or replacement of a malformed or degenerated joint)

                    • arthrodesis [ENG31-00667843-n] (the surgical fixation of a joint which is intended to result in bone fusion)
                  • arthroscopy [ENG31-00668127-n] (a minimally invasive operation to repair a damaged joint)
                  • brain surgery [ENG31-00668489-n] (any surgical procedure involving the brain)

                    • psychosurgery [ENG31-00668627-n] (brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems)

                      • amygdalotomy [ENG31-00684975-n] (psychosurgery in which amygdaloid fibers that mediate limbic system activity are severed (in cases of extreme uncontrollable violence))
                      • callosotomy [ENG31-00685168-n] (severing the corpus callosum so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted (in cases of severe intractable epilepsy))
                      • lobotomy [ENG31-00685381-n] (surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain)

                        • transorbital lobotomy [ENG31-00685703-n] (a method of performing prefrontal lobotomy in which the surgical knife is inserted above the eyeball and moved to cut brain fibers)
                    • split-brain technique [ENG31-00668855-n] (brain surgery on animals in which the corpus callosum (and sometimes the optic chiasm) is severed so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted)
                  • castration [ENG31-00669090-n] (surgical removal of the testes or ovaries (usually to inhibit hormone secretion in cases of breast cancer in women or prostate cancer in men))
                  • cautery [ENG31-00669355-n] (the act of coagulating blood and destroying tissue with a hot iron or caustic agent or by freezing)

                    • cryocautery [ENG31-00698867-n] (application of a substance that destroys tissue by freezing it)
                    • thermocautery [ENG31-00699140-n] (cautery (destruction of tissue) by heat)

                      • electrocautery [ENG31-00698987-n] (application of a needle heated by an electric current to destroy tissue (as to remove warts))
                  • chemosurgery [ENG31-00669647-n] (use of chemical to destroy diseased or malignant tissue)
                  • craniotomy [ENG31-00669979-n] (a surgical opening through the skull)
                  • cryosurgery [ENG31-00670072-n] (the use of extreme cold (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy unwanted tissue (warts or cataracts or skin cancers))
                  • curettage [ENG31-00670724-n] (surgery to remove tissue or growths from a bodily cavity (as the uterus) by scraping with a curette)
                  • debridement [ENG31-00671175-n] (surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing)
                  • decortication [ENG31-00671348-n] (removal of the outer covering of an organ or part)
                  • dilation and curettage [ENG31-00671493-n] (a surgical procedure usually performed under local anesthesia in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet)
                  • electrosurgery [ENG31-00672140-n] (surgery performed with electrical devices (as in electrocautery))
                  • enterostomy [ENG31-00672265-n] (surgical operation that creates a permanent opening through the abdominal wall into the intestine)
                  • enucleation [ENG31-00672433-n] (surgical removal of something without cutting into it)
                  • wrong-site surgery [ENG31-00674352-n] (a surgical operation performed on the wrong part of the body)
                  • evisceration [ENG31-00674821-n] (surgical removal of an organ (or the contents of an organ) from a patient)
                  • exenteration [ENG31-00674953-n] (surgical removal of the organs within a body cavity (as those of the pelvis))
                  • eye operation [ENG31-00675106-n] (any surgical procedure involving the eyes)

                    • cataract surgery [ENG31-00679668-n] (eye surgery that involves removing all or part of the lens and replacing it with an intraocular lens implant)

                      • intracapsular surgery [ENG31-00679875-n] (cataract surgery in which the entire lens is removed)
                      • extracapsular surgery [ENG31-00679995-n] (cataract surgery in which only the front of the lens is removed)

                        • phacoemulsification [ENG31-00680383-n] (extracapsular surgery for cataracts in which ultrasonic sound breaks the cortex and nucleus of the lens into small fragments that are then vacuumed away through a small tube)
                    • cyclodestructive surgery [ENG31-00680231-n] (an eye operation that treats glaucoma by destroying the ciliary body with a laser)
                    • filtration surgery [ENG31-00680622-n] (eye surgery that opens a passage allowing excess aqueous humor to drain into surrounding tissues)
                    • iridectomy [ENG31-00680809-n] (an eye operation that treats closed-angle glaucoma by surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye)
                    • iridotomy [ENG31-00680967-n] (a surgical procedure that makes an incision in the iris of the eye in order to enlarge the pupil or to treat closed-angle glaucoma)
                    • keratotomy [ENG31-00681153-n] (surgical incision into the cornea)

                      • radial keratotomy [ENG31-00681261-n] (radial pattern of incisions in the cornea that cause the cornea to bulge)
                    • laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis [ENG31-00681426-n] (a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea)
                    • laser trabecular surgery [ENG31-00681589-n] (eye surgery that makes many tiny laser burns in an area that will increase the drainage of aqueous humor)
                    • laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis [ENG31-00681764-n] (a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea)
                    • vitrectomy [ENG31-00681911-n] (a surgical procedure that removes the vitreous humor and replace it with saline solution)
                  • fenestration [ENG31-00675805-n] (surgical procedure that creates a new fenestra to the cochlea in order to restore hearing lost because of osteosclerosis)
                  • gastrectomy [ENG31-00676003-n] (surgical removal of all or part of the stomach)
                  • gastroenterostomy [ENG31-00676107-n] (surgical creation of an opening between the stomach wall and the small intestines)
                  • gastrostomy [ENG31-00676307-n] (surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach (as for gastrogavage))
                  • heart surgery [ENG31-00676462-n] (any surgical procedure involving the heart)

                    • closed-heart surgery [ENG31-00676600-n] (heart surgery in which a small incision is made (the chest cavity is not opened))

                      • port-access coronary bypass surgery [ENG31-00677403-n] (heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed by the use of small instruments and tiny cameras threaded through small incisions while the heart is stopped and blood is pumped through a heart-lung machine)
                      • minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery [ENG31-00677696-n] (heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed on the beating heart by the use of small instruments and cameras threaded through small incisions)
                    • open-heart surgery [ENG31-00676783-n] (heart surgery in which the rib cage is spread open, the heart is stopped and blood is detoured through a heart-lung machine while a heart valve or coronary artery is surgically repaired)

                      • coronary bypass [ENG31-00677051-n] (open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart)
                  • hemorrhoidectomy [ENG31-00677936-n] (surgical procedure for tying hemorrhoids and excising them)
                  • hysterotomy [ENG31-00678542-n] (surgical incision into the uterus (as in cesarean section))
                  • implantation [ENG31-00679051-n] (a surgical procedure that places something in the human body)
                  • intestinal bypass [ENG31-00682552-n] (surgical operation that shortens the small intestine)
                  • jejunostomy [ENG31-00682694-n] (surgical creation of an opening between the jejunum and the anterior abdominal wall)
                  • major surgery [ENG31-00686090-n] (any surgical procedure that involves anesthesia or respiratory assistance)
                  • microsurgery [ENG31-00686241-n] (surgery using operating microscopes and miniaturized precision instruments to perform intricate procedures on very small structures)

                    • robotic telesurgery [ENG31-00686449-n] (microsurgery in which the surgeon performs surgery by manipulating the hands of a robot)
                  • minor surgery [ENG31-00686602-n] (any surgical procedure that does not involve anesthesia or respiratory assistance)
                  • myotomy [ENG31-00689715-n] (surgical incision or division of a muscle)
                  • myringectomy [ENG31-00689810-n] (surgical removal of the eardrum)
                  • myringoplasty [ENG31-00689900-n] (surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft)
                  • myringotomy [ENG31-00690019-n] (surgical incision into the eardrum (to relieve pressure or release pus from the middle ear))
                  • neurosurgery [ENG31-00690168-n] (any surgery that involves the nervous system (brain or spinal cord or peripheral nerves))
                  • orchiopexy [ENG31-00690439-n] (operation to bring an undescended testicle into the scrotum)
                  • osteotomy [ENG31-00690720-n] (surgical sectioning of bone)
                  • ostomy [ENG31-00690803-n] (surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening for the elimination of bodily wastes)

                    • colostomy [ENG31-00669795-n] (a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the surface of the body to function as an anus)
                    • ileostomy [ENG31-00682324-n] (surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus)
                  • palatopharyngoplasty [ENG31-00690982-n] (surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway)
                  • phlebectomy [ENG31-00691385-n] (surgical removal or all or part of a vein)
                  • photocoagulation [ENG31-00691534-n] (surgical procedure that uses an intense laser beam to destroy diseased retinal tissue or to make a scar that will hold the retina in cases of detached retina)
                  • plastic surgery [ENG31-00691754-n] (surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue)

                    • abdominoplasty [ENG31-00035498-n] (cosmetic surgery of the abdomen to remove wrinkles and tighten the skin over the stomach)
                    • autoplasty [ENG31-00668339-n] (surgical repair by using tissue from another part of the patient's own body)
                    • face lift [ENG31-00675401-n] (plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face)

                      • nose job [ENG31-00690315-n] (cosmetic surgery to improve the appearance of your nose)
                    • keratoplasty [ENG31-00682866-n] (a surgical procedure in which part or all of a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by healthy corneal tissue from a donor)

                      • epikeratophakia [ENG31-00683122-n] (using a piece of donated corneal tissue to repair the eye of someone who has had a cataract removed)
                    • lipectomy [ENG31-00683333-n] (plastic surgery involving the breakdown and removal of fatty tissue)

                      • liposuction [ENG31-00683496-n] (lipectomy (especially for cosmetic purposes) in which excess fatty tissue is removed from under the skin by suction)
                    • mastopexy [ENG31-00683689-n] (plastic surgery to lift or reshape the breasts)
                    • neuroplasty [ENG31-00683791-n] (plastic surgery of the nerves)
                    • otoplasty [ENG31-00683878-n] (reconstructive surgery of the auricle of the external ear)
                    • phalloplasty [ENG31-00691248-n] (reconstructive surgery on the penis to repair congenital abnormality or injury)
                    • proctoplasty [ENG31-00692186-n] (reconstructive surgery of the anus or rectum)
                  • polypectomy [ENG31-00692101-n] (surgical removal of a polyp)
                  • resection [ENG31-00692303-n] (surgical removal of part of a structure or organ)

                    • transurethral resection of the prostate [ENG31-00695341-n] (removal of significant amounts of prostate tissue (as in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia))
                  • rhinotomy [ENG31-00692443-n] (surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the nose to drain accumulated pus)
                  • rhizotomy [ENG31-00692583-n] (surgical procedure in which spinal nerve roots are cut)
                  • sex-change operation [ENG31-00692901-n] (surgical procedures and hormonal treatments designed to alter a person's sexual characteristics so that the resemble those of the opposite sex)
                  • Shirodkar's operation [ENG31-00693132-n] (a surgical procedure in which a suture is used to close the cervix in a pregnant woman)
                  • sterilization [ENG31-00693383-n] (the act of making an organism barren or infertile (unable to reproduce))

                    • neutering [ENG31-00693759-n] (the sterilization of an animal)

                      • castration [ENG31-00693602-n] (neutering a male animal by removing the testicles)
                      • spaying [ENG31-00693979-n] (neutering a female by removing the ovaries)
                    • surgical contraception [ENG31-00855117-n] (contraception by surgical sterilization)
                  • strabotomy [ENG31-00694093-n] (the surgical operation of cutting a muscle or tendon of the eye in order to correct strabismus)
                  • taxis [ENG31-00694244-n] (the surgical procedure of manually restoring a displaced body part)
                  • tracheostomy [ENG31-00694652-n] (a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air)
                  • transplant [ENG31-00694932-n] (an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient))

                    • xenotransplant [ENG31-01270764-n] (a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species)
                  • trephination [ENG31-00695529-n] (an operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull)
                  • tympanoplasty [ENG31-00695673-n] (surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear)
                  • uranoplasty [ENG31-00695831-n] (surgical correction of a defect of the palate)
                  • vasovasostomy [ENG31-00717772-n] (a surgical procedure that attempts to restore the function of the vas deferens after a vasectomy)
                  • vivisection [ENG31-00718029-n] (the act of operating on living animals (especially in scientific research))
                • dental procedure [ENG31-01026489-n] (a procedure employed by a dentist)
              • mapping [ENG31-01026585-n] ((genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome)
              • operating procedure [ENG31-01026753-n] (a procedure for operating something or for dealing with a given situation)

                • standing operating procedure [ENG31-01026910-n] (a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely)

                  • lockstep [ENG31-01027196-n] (a standard procedure that is followed mindlessly)
              • stiffening [ENG31-01027353-n] (the act of becoming stiff)
              • indirection [ENG31-01028133-n] (indirect procedure or action)
              • rigmarole [ENG31-01028258-n] (a long and complicated and confusing procedure)
              • routine [ENG31-01028424-n] (an unvarying or habitual method or procedure)

                • rat race [ENG31-01028575-n] (an exhausting routine that leaves no time for relaxation)
                • rut [ENG31-01028686-n] (a settled and monotonous routine that is hard to escape)
              • condition [ENG31-05806871-n] (the procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with a control condition)
              • rule [ENG31-05855459-n] ((mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems)

                • metarule [ENG31-05855847-n] (a rule that describes how other rules should be used (as in AI))
                • algorithm [ENG31-05855965-n] (a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem)

                  • sorting algorithm [ENG31-05856185-n] (an algorithm for sorting a list)
                  • stemmer [ENG31-05856280-n] (an algorithm for removing inflectional and derivational endings in order to reduce word forms to a common stem)
                • heuristic [ENG31-05856483-n] (a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem)

                  • lateral thinking [ENG31-05856709-n] (a heuristic for solving problems)
                • recursion [ENG31-05856884-n] ((mathematics) an expression such that each term is generated by repeating a particular mathematical operation)
            • ceremony [ENG31-01028839-n] (any activity that is performed in an especially solemn elaborate or formal way)

              • tea ceremony [ENG31-01029173-n] (an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea)
            • ceremony [ENG31-01029321-n] (the proper or conventional behavior on some solemn occasion)

              • purification [ENG31-00253937-n] (a ceremonial cleansing from defilement or uncleanness by the performance of appropriate rites)
              • lustrum [ENG31-01029604-n] (a ceremonial purification of the Roman population every five years following the census)
              • religious ceremony [ENG31-01030024-n] (a ceremony having religious meaning)

                • agape [ENG31-01030476-n] (a religious meal shared as a sign of love and fellowship)
                • rite [ENG31-01031438-n] (an established ceremony prescribed by a religion)

                  • vigil [ENG31-01031703-n] (the rite of staying awake for devotional purposes (especially on the eve of a religious festival))

                    • wake [ENG31-01031915-n] (a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial)
                    • agrypnia [ENG31-01032065-n] (a vigil before certain feasts (as e.g. Easter))
                  • last rites [ENG31-01032184-n] (rites performed in connection with a death or burial)
                  • orgy [ENG31-01032312-n] (secret rite in the cults of ancient Greek or Roman deities involving singing and dancing and drinking and sexual activity)
                  • circumcision [ENG31-01033226-n] (the act of circumcising performed on males eight days after birth as a Jewish and Muslim religious rite)

                    • Berith [ENG31-01033424-n] (the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life)
                  • liturgy [ENG31-01035216-n] (a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship)

                    • Christian liturgy [ENG31-01035377-n] (the Christian worship services)
                  • office [ENG31-01035490-n] (a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities)

                    • Divine Office [ENG31-01035746-n] (canonical prayers recited daily by priests (e.g. the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church))
                    • Little Office [ENG31-01035935-n] (a Roman Catholic office honoring the Virgin Mary)
                    • Office of the Dead [ENG31-01036109-n] (an office read or sung before a burial mass in the Roman Catholic Church)
                • service [ENG31-01034072-n] (the act of public worship following prescribed rules)

                  • church service [ENG31-01034400-n] (a service conducted in a house of worship)
                  • devotional [ENG31-01034842-n] (a short religious service)
                  • prayer meeting [ENG31-01034924-n] (a service at which people sing hymns and pray together)
                  • chapel service [ENG31-01035056-n] (a service conducted in a place of worship that has its own altar)
                  • committal service [ENG31-01036265-n] (service committing a body to the grave)
                  • none [ENG31-01036417-n] (a service in the Roman Catholic Church formerly read or chanted at 3 PM (the ninth hour counting from sunrise) but now somewhat earlier)
                  • vesper [ENG31-01036603-n] (a late afternoon or evening worship service)

                    • placebo [ENG31-01036717-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead)
                  • watch night [ENG31-01036848-n] (a devotional service (especially on New Year's Eve))
                • sacrament [ENG31-01036957-n] (a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it)

                  • Holy Eucharist [ENG31-01037885-n] (a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine)
                  • matrimony [ENG31-01038935-n] (the ceremony or sacrament of marriage)
                  • baptism [ENG31-01039851-n] (a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth)

                    • affusion [ENG31-01040179-n] (the act of baptizing someone by pouring water on their head)
                    • aspersion [ENG31-01040293-n] (the act of sprinkling water in baptism (rare))
                    • christening [ENG31-01040407-n] (giving a Christian name at baptism)
                    • immersion [ENG31-01040517-n] (a form of baptism in which part or all of a person's body is submerged)

                      • trine immersion [ENG31-01040661-n] (baptism by immersion three times (in the names in turn of the Trinity))
                  • confirmation [ENG31-01040793-n] (a sacrament admitting a baptized person to full participation in the church)
                  • penance [ENG31-01041172-n] (a Catholic sacrament)

                    • confession [ENG31-01041339-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the act of a penitent disclosing his sinfulness before a priest in the sacrament of penance in the hope of absolution)

                      • shrift [ENG31-01041592-n] (the act of being shriven)
                  • anointing of the sick [ENG31-01041669-n] (a Catholic sacrament)
                  • holy order [ENG31-01041854-n] (the sacrament of ordination)
                • confirmation [ENG31-01040927-n] (a ceremony held in the synagogue (usually at Pentecost) to admit as adult members of the Jewish community young men and women who have successfully completed a course of study in Judaism)
                • sanctification [ENG31-01041957-n] (a religious ceremony in which something is made holy)

                  • beatification [ENG31-01042160-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) an act of the Pope who declares that a deceased person lived a holy life and is worthy of public veneration)
                  • canonization [ENG31-01042422-n] ((Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church) the act of admitting a deceased person into the canon of saints)
                  • consecration [ENG31-01042678-n] ((religion) sanctification of something by setting it apart (usually with religious rites) as dedicated to God)
                • Oblation [ENG31-01043381-n] (the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist)

                  • Offertory [ENG31-01038226-n] (the part of the Eucharist when bread and wine are offered to God)
                • libation [ENG31-01043867-n] (the act of pouring a liquid offering (especially wine) as a religious ceremony)
                • Mass [ENG31-01044274-n] ((Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches) the celebration of the Eucharist)

                  • High Mass [ENG31-01044497-n] (a solemn and elaborate Mass with music)
                  • Low Mass [ENG31-01044610-n] (a Mass recited without music)
                  • Requiem [ENG31-01044693-n] (a Mass celebrated for the dead)
              • military ceremony [ENG31-01030323-n] (a military custom performed in observance of some event or anniversary)
              • presentation [ENG31-01050621-n] (the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward))
            • worship [ENG31-01030597-n] (the activity of worshipping)

              • deification [ENG31-01031146-n] (the elevation of a person (as to the status of a god))
              • ancestor worship [ENG31-01031355-n] (worship of ancestors)
              • prayer [ENG31-01044000-n] (the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving))

                • devotion [ENG31-01044796-n] ((usually plural) religious observance or prayers (usually spoken silently))

                  • bhakti [ENG31-01045030-n] ((Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and nirvana)
                  • novena [ENG31-01045221-n] (a Roman Catholic devotion consisting of prayers on nine consecutive days)
                  • Stations [ENG31-01045365-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary)
                • blessing [ENG31-01045725-n] (the act of praying for divine protection)
              • idolization [ENG31-01045852-n] (the act of worshiping blindly and to excess)

                • bardolatry [ENG31-01046365-n] (the idolization of William Shakespeare)
              • adoration [ENG31-01046021-n] (the worship given to God alone)
              • idolatry [ENG31-01046116-n] (the worship of idols)

                • iconolatry [ENG31-01046460-n] (the worship of sacred images)
                • bibliolatry [ENG31-01046791-n] (the worship of the Bible)
                • verbolatry [ENG31-01046907-n] (the worship of words)
                • symbolatry [ENG31-01047015-n] (the worship of symbols)
              • devotion [ENG31-01046545-n] (religious zeal)
              • idiolatry [ENG31-01046685-n] (the worship of yourself)
              • anthropolatry [ENG31-01047126-n] (the worship of human beings)
              • gyneolatry [ENG31-01047230-n] (the worship of women)
              • lordolatry [ENG31-01047337-n] (the worship of a lord because of his rank or title)
              • thaumatolatry [ENG31-01047444-n] (the worship of miracles)
              • topolatry [ENG31-01047545-n] (the worship of places)
              • arborolatry [ENG31-01047638-n] (the worship of trees)
              • astrolatry [ENG31-01047731-n] (the worship of planets or stars)
              • cosmolatry [ENG31-01047848-n] (the worship of the cosmos)
              • diabolatry [ENG31-01047930-n] (the acts or rites of worshiping devils)
              • pyrolatry [ENG31-01048091-n] (the worship of fire)
              • hagiolatry [ENG31-01048181-n] (the worship of saints)
              • heliolatry [ENG31-01048272-n] (the worship of the sun)
              • zoolatry [ENG31-01048365-n] (the worship of animals)

                • ichthyolatry [ENG31-01048495-n] (the worship of fish)
                • ophiolatry [ENG31-01048716-n] (the worship of snakes)
              • monolatry [ENG31-01048588-n] (the worship of a single god but without claiming that it is the only god)
              • moon-worship [ENG31-01048812-n] (the worship of the moon)
              • praise [ENG31-06706247-n] (offering words of homage as an act of worship)

                • hallelujah [ENG31-06706400-n] (a shout or song of praise to God)
            • energizing [ENG31-01048908-n] (the activity of causing to have energy and be active)

              • electrification [ENG31-01049115-n] (the activity of thrilling or markedly exciting some person or group)
              • vivification [ENG31-01050390-n] (the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something)
            • concealment [ENG31-01050836-n] (the activity of keeping something secret)

              • disguise [ENG31-01051190-n] (the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance)
              • mask [ENG31-01051399-n] (activity that tries to conceal something)
              • cover [ENG31-01051609-n] (the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it)
              • cover [ENG31-01051916-n] (a false identity and background (especially one created for an undercover agent))
              • cover-up [ENG31-01052111-n] (concealment that attempts to prevent something scandalous from becoming public)

                • blue wall of silence [ENG31-01052280-n] (the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers)
              • burying [ENG31-01052551-n] (concealing something under the ground)

                • reburying [ENG31-01052687-n] (the act of burying again)
              • smoke screen [ENG31-01052796-n] (an action intended to conceal or confuse or obscure)
              • stealth [ENG31-01053006-n] (avoiding detection by moving carefully)
              • money laundering [ENG31-01053145-n] (concealing the source of illegally gotten money)
            • placement [ENG31-01053255-n] (the act of putting something in a certain place)

              • stratification [ENG31-00921691-n] (the placing of seeds in damp sand or sawdust or peat moss in order to preserve them or promote germination)
              • juxtaposition [ENG31-01053725-n] (the act of positioning close together (or side by side))

                • tessellation [ENG31-01054002-n] (the careful juxtaposition of shapes in a pattern)
              • interposition [ENG31-01054139-n] (the act or fact of interposing one thing between or among others)
              • orientation [ENG31-01054296-n] (the act of orienting)
              • planting [ENG31-01054374-n] (the act of fixing firmly in place)
              • implantation [ENG31-01054542-n] (the act of planting or setting in the ground)
              • repositioning [ENG31-01054663-n] (the act of placing in a new position)
              • set [ENG31-01054777-n] (the act of putting something in position)
              • superposition [ENG31-01054991-n] (the placement of one thing on top of another)
              • fingering [ENG31-01055131-n] (the placement of the fingers for playing different notes (or sequences of notes) on a musical instrument)
              • superposition [ENG31-01055328-n] ((geometry) the placement of one object ideally in the position of another one in order to show that the two coincide)
            • provision [ENG31-01059124-n] (the activity of supplying or providing something)

              • irrigation [ENG31-01059555-n] (supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc)
              • feeding [ENG31-01059683-n] (the act of supplying food and nourishment)

                • suckling [ENG31-00844658-n] (feeding an infant by giving suck at the breast)
                • infant feeding [ENG31-01059973-n] (feeding an infant)

                  • demand feeding [ENG31-01060105-n] (feeding a baby or animal whenever it shows a need)
                  • nursing [ENG31-01060794-n] (nourishing at the breast)
                  • schedule feeding [ENG31-01061230-n] (feeding a baby or animal according to a fixed schedule (e.g., every 4 hours))
                • forced feeding [ENG31-01060215-n] (feeding that consists of the delivery of a nutrient solution (as through a nasal tube) to someone who cannot or will not eat)

                  • nasogastric feeding [ENG31-01060463-n] (feeding consisting of delivering liquid nutrients through a tube passing through the nose and into the stomach)
                  • gastrogavage [ENG31-01060639-n] (feeding a nutrient solution into the stomach through a tube through a surgically created opening)
                • intravenous feeding [ENG31-01060907-n] (administration of nutrients through a vein)
                • overfeeding [ENG31-01061020-n] (excessive feeding)
                • spoonfeeding [ENG31-01061113-n] (feeding someone (as a baby) from a spoon)
                • total parenteral nutrition [ENG31-01061369-n] (administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava)
              • fueling [ENG31-01061643-n] (the activity of supplying or taking on fuel)
              • healthcare delivery [ENG31-01062025-n] (the provision of health care)
              • issue [ENG31-01062158-n] (the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity))

                • stock issue [ENG31-01062454-n] ((corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time)
              • logistics [ENG31-01062669-n] (handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed)
              • purveyance [ENG31-01062848-n] (the act of supplying something)
              • stocking [ENG31-01062953-n] (the activity of supplying a stock of something)
              • subvention [ENG31-01063127-n] (the act or process of providing aid or help of any sort)
            • demand [ENG31-01063257-n] (the act of demanding)

              • exaction [ENG31-01063450-n] (act of demanding or levying by force or authority)

                • extortion [ENG31-01063650-n] (unjust exaction (as by the misuse of authority))
              • claim [ENG31-01063869-n] (demand for something as rightful or due)

                • insurance claim [ENG31-01064060-n] (demand for payment in accordance with an insurance policy)
            • pleasure [ENG31-01073670-n] (an activity that affords enjoyment)

              • luxuriation [ENG31-01073845-n] (an activity that affords excessive pleasure and enjoyment)
            • enjoyment [ENG31-01073996-n] (act of receiving pleasure from something)
            • lamentation [ENG31-01074160-n] (the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief)
            • laughter [ENG31-01074326-n] (the activity of laughing)
            • market [ENG31-01099197-n] (the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold)

              • black market [ENG31-01099644-n] (an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls)
              • buyer's market [ENG31-01099825-n] (a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy)
              • grey market [ENG31-01099976-n] (an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency)
              • seller's market [ENG31-01100170-n] (a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell)
              • labor market [ENG31-01100309-n] (the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers)
              • monopoly [ENG31-14467792-n] ((economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller)

                • corner [ENG31-14468538-n] (a temporary monopoly on a kind of commercial trade)
              • monopsony [ENG31-14468110-n] ((economics) a market in which goods or services are offered by several sellers but there is only one buyer)
              • oligopoly [ENG31-14468291-n] ((economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors)
            • politics [ENG31-01126829-n] (the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government)
            • preparation [ENG31-01145325-n] (the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose)

              • fire control [ENG31-00124472-n] (preparation for the delivery of shellfire on a target)
              • warm up [ENG31-01145712-n] (performing mild exercises to prepare for some more strenuous activity)
              • deployment [ENG31-01145922-n] (the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work)

                • redeployment [ENG31-01146273-n] (the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively)
              • groundwork [ENG31-01146093-n] (preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation)
              • makeready [ENG31-01146470-n] (final preparation and adjustments)
              • priming [ENG31-01146559-n] (the act of making something ready)
              • planning [ENG31-01146646-n] (an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action)

                • birth control [ENG31-00853624-n] (limiting the number of children born)

                  • coitus interruptus [ENG31-00850689-n] (a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation)
                  • natural family planning [ENG31-00853319-n] (any of several methods of family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs)

                    • basal body temperature method of family planning [ENG31-00854152-n] (natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation)
                    • ovulation method of family planning [ENG31-00854455-n] (natural family planning in which the fertile period is inferred from changes in the character and quantity of cervical mucus)
                    • rhythm method of birth control [ENG31-00854775-n] (natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle))
                  • contraception [ENG31-00853811-n] (birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery)

                    • oral contraception [ENG31-00854030-n] (contraception achieved by taking oral contraceptive pills)
                • scheduling [ENG31-01146868-n] (setting an order and time for planned events)
              • turnaround [ENG31-01147068-n] (act or process of unloading and loading and servicing a vessel or aircraft for a return trip)
              • warm-up [ENG31-01147229-n] (exercising in preparation for strenuous activity)
            • aid [ENG31-01210099-n] (the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose)

              • self-help [ENG31-00803772-n] (the act of helping or improving yourself without relying on anyone else)
              • facilitation [ENG31-01210781-n] (act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something)
              • hand [ENG31-01210950-n] (physical assistance)
              • recourse [ENG31-01211087-n] (act of turning to for assistance)
              • thanks [ENG31-01211287-n] (with the help of or owing to)
              • relief [ENG31-01211710-n] (assistance in time of difficulty)

                • consolation [ENG31-01214157-n] (the act of consoling)
                • mercy [ENG31-01229984-n] (alleviation of distress)
              • lift [ENG31-01211977-n] (the act of giving temporary assistance)
              • service [ENG31-01212066-n] (an act of help or assistance)

                • childcare [ENG31-01212453-n] (a service involving care for other people's children)

                  • daycare [ENG31-01212929-n] (childcare during the day while parents work)
                • community service [ENG31-01212592-n] (an unpaid service for the benefit of the public that is performed by lawbreakers as part (or all) of their sentence)
                • community service [ENG31-01212771-n] (a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions)
                • help desk [ENG31-01213037-n] (a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network)
                • seating [ENG31-01213189-n] (the service of ushering people to their seats)
              • accommodation [ENG31-01213306-n] (the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need)

                • service [ENG31-00099445-n] (the performance of duties by a waiter or servant)

                  • curb service [ENG31-00099642-n] (service provided to customers who remain in their vehicles)
                  • self-service [ENG31-00099759-n] (the practice of serving yourself (as in a grocery or cafeteria))
                  • valet parking [ENG31-00099881-n] (a service provided (at a club or restaurant or airport etc.) whereby a patron leaves a car at the entrance and an attendant parks and retrieves it)
              • boost [ENG31-01213509-n] (the act of giving hope or support to someone)

                • morale building [ENG31-01213979-n] (anything that serves to increase morale)
              • comfort [ENG31-01213675-n] (assistance, such as that provided to an enemy or to a known criminal)
              • support [ENG31-01215009-n] (aiding the cause or policy or interests of)

                • attachment [ENG31-01215372-n] (faithful support for a cause or political party or religion)

                  • ecclesiasticism [ENG31-01215724-n] (excessive adherence to ecclesiastical forms and activities)
                  • kabbalism [ENG31-01215896-n] (adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation)
                  • royalism [ENG31-01216038-n] (adherence or attachment to a monarchy or to the principle of monarchal government)
                  • traditionalism [ENG31-01216192-n] (adherence to tradition (especially in cultural or religious matters))
                • advocacy [ENG31-01216661-n] (active support of an idea or cause etc.)

                  • drumbeat [ENG31-01216898-n] (a vehement and vociferous advocacy of a cause)
                  • insistence [ENG31-01217047-n] (the act of insisting on something)
                  • urging [ENG31-01217236-n] (the act of earnestly supporting or encouraging)
                • sponsorship [ENG31-01217526-n] (the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially))
                • endorsement [ENG31-01217658-n] (the act of endorsing)

                  • auspices [ENG31-01217353-n] (kindly endorsement and guidance)
                • blessing [ENG31-01217882-n] (the formal act of approving)

                  • adoption [ENG31-00181262-n] (the act of accepting with approval)

                    • embrace [ENG31-00181619-n] (a close affectionate and protective acceptance)
                  • backing [ENG31-01216376-n] (the act of providing approval and support)
                  • admiration [ENG31-01221083-n] (a favorable judgment)

                    • adoration [ENG31-01221256-n] (the act of admiring strongly)

                      • glorification [ENG31-01221422-n] (the act of glorifying (as in worship))
                    • idealization [ENG31-01221565-n] (a portrayal of something as ideal)

                      • sentimentalization [ENG31-01221796-n] (the act of indulging in sentiment)
                  • reward [ENG31-01222041-n] (an act performed to strengthen approved behavior)

                    • carrot [ENG31-01222212-n] (promise of reward as in "carrot and stick")
                • reassurance [ENG31-01218209-n] (the act of reassuring)
            • support [ENG31-01218392-n] (the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities)

              • sustenance [ENG31-01218681-n] (the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence)
              • logistic support [ENG31-01219005-n] (assistance between and within military commands)

                • integrated logistic support [ENG31-01219228-n] (the pooling of specific resources by subscribing nations for the support of some joint operation)
                • mutual aid [ENG31-01219398-n] (arrangements made between nations to assist each other)
                • interdepartmental support [ENG31-01219542-n] (provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government)
                • inter-service support [ENG31-01219796-n] (action by one military service to provide logistic (or administrative) support to another military service)
            • behavior [ENG31-01223473-n] (manner of acting or controlling yourself)

              • aggression [ENG31-01224100-n] (deliberately unfriendly behavior)

                • aggravation [ENG31-01224279-n] (unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment)

                  • aggro [ENG31-01175088-n] ((informal British usage) aggravation or aggression)
                  • last straw [ENG31-01224523-n] (the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit)
                  • twit [ENG31-01225348-n] (aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing)
                • bitchery [ENG31-01224822-n] (aggressive remarks and behavior like that of a spiteful malicious woman)
                • bullying [ENG31-01224966-n] (the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something)

                  • terrorization [ENG31-01225155-n] (the act of inspiring with fear)
                • raising hell [ENG31-01225521-n] (making trouble just for the fun of it)
                • self-assertion [ENG31-01225632-n] (the act of asserting yourself in an aggressive manner)
              • bohemianism [ENG31-01226161-n] (conduct characteristic of a bohemian)
              • dirty pool [ENG31-01226255-n] (conduct that is unfair or unethical or unsportsmanlike)
              • dirty tricks [ENG31-01226366-n] (underhand commercial or political behavior designed to discredit an opponent)
              • discourtesy [ENG31-01226520-n] (a lack of politeness)

                • derision [ENG31-01227006-n] (the act of deriding or treating with contempt)

                  • mock [ENG31-01227189-n] (the act of mocking or ridiculing)
                • indelicacy [ENG31-01227317-n] (an impolite act or expression)
                • insolence [ENG31-01227403-n] (an offensive disrespectful impudent act)
                • insult [ENG31-01227516-n] (a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect)

                  • indignity [ENG31-01227788-n] (an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem)
                  • scandalization [ENG31-01227886-n] (the act of scandalizing)
                • presumption [ENG31-01228051-n] (a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming)
                • rebuff [ENG31-01228272-n] (a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval))

                  • snub [ENG31-01228486-n] (a refusal to recognize someone you know)
                  • silent treatment [ENG31-01228670-n] (an aloof refusal to speak to someone you know)
              • easiness [ENG31-01226835-n] (the quality of being easy in behavior or style)
              • the way of the world [ENG31-01228778-n] (the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen)
            • behavior [ENG31-01223743-n] ((psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation)

              • territoriality [ENG31-01223953-n] (the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory)
            • leadership [ENG31-01259004-n] (the activity of leading)

              • helm [ENG31-01259202-n] ((figurative) a position of leadership)
              • lead [ENG31-01259362-n] (a position of being the initiator of something and an example that others will follow (especially in the phrase `take the lead'))
              • trend setting [ENG31-01259713-n] (the initiating or popularizing of a trend or fashion)
            • precession [ENG31-01259825-n] (the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony))
            • solo [ENG31-01260098-n] (any activity that is performed alone without assistance)
            • buzz [ENG31-01262688-n] (a confusion of activity and gossip)
            • fun [ENG31-01263236-n] (violent and excited activity)
            • release [ENG31-01266940-n] (activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion)
            • last [ENG31-01267160-n] (a person's dying act)
            • mystification [ENG31-01268645-n] (the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered)
            • negotiation [ENG31-01268857-n] (the activity or business of negotiating an agreement)
            • verbalization [ENG31-07095060-n] (the activity of expressing something in words)
            • perturbation [ENG31-07443050-n] (activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption)

              • fuss [ENG31-07387165-n] (an angry disturbance)
              • magnetic storm [ENG31-07443397-n] (a sudden disturbance of the earth's magnetic field)
            • timekeeping [ENG31-15198759-n] (the act or process of determining the time)

              • anachronism [ENG31-15205157-n] (something located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred)
          • hire [ENG31-00810735-n] (the act of hiring something or someone)
          • wear [ENG31-00831918-n] (the act of having on your person as a covering or adornment)
          • judgment [ENG31-00875745-n] (the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event)

            • justice [ENG31-00695934-n] (judgment involved in the determination of rights and the assignment of rewards and punishments)

              • administration [ENG31-00696119-n] (the act of meting out justice according to the law)
            • adjudication [ENG31-00876135-n] (the final judgment in a legal proceeding)
            • disapproval [ENG31-00876299-n] (the act of disapproving or condemning)

              • disparagement [ENG31-01222382-n] (the act of speaking contemptuously of)

                • belittling [ENG31-01222563-n] (the act of belittling)
                • deprecation [ENG31-01222641-n] (the act of expressing disapproval (especially of yourself))
                • detraction [ENG31-01223243-n] (the act of discrediting or detracting from someone's reputation (especially by slander))
              • condemnation [ENG31-01225746-n] ((law) the act of condemning (as land forfeited for public use) or judging to be unfit for use (as a food product or an unsafe building))
              • stigmatization [ENG31-01225977-n] (the act of stigmatizing)
            • evaluation [ENG31-00876484-n] (act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of)

              • marking [ENG31-00876655-n] (evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score)
            • estimate [ENG31-00876924-n] (a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody)

              • appraisal [ENG31-00877197-n] (an expert estimation of the quality, quantity, and other characteristics of someone or something)
              • capitalization [ENG31-00954325-n] (an estimation of the value of a business)

                • market capitalization [ENG31-00954497-n] (an estimation of the value of a business that is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current price of a share)
            • logistic assessment [ENG31-00877349-n] (a judgment of the logistic support required for some particular military operation)
            • value judgment [ENG31-00877516-n] (an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed)

              • moralism [ENG31-00877740-n] (judgments about another person's morality)
          • production [ENG31-00914791-n] (the act or process of producing something)

            • rainmaking [ENG31-00923868-n] (activity intended to produce rain)
            • devising [ENG31-00925809-n] (the act that results in something coming to be)

              • mapmaking [ENG31-00926393-n] (the making of maps and charts)
              • moviemaking [ENG31-00926528-n] (the production of movies)
            • foliation [ENG31-00926252-n] (the production of foil by cutting or beating metal into thin leaves)
            • canalization [ENG31-01145128-n] (the production of a canal or a conversion to canals)
            • growing [ENG31-13510047-n] ((electronics) the production of (semiconductor) crystals by slow crystallization from the molten state)

              • epitaxy [ENG31-13496523-n] (growing a crystal layer of one mineral on the crystal base of another mineral in such a manner that its crystalline orientation is the same as that of the substrate)
            • steel production [ENG31-13582599-n] (making steel from pig iron)

              • open-hearth process [ENG31-13546007-n] (a process for making steel using an open-hearth furnace)
          • stay [ENG31-01055541-n] (continuing or remaining in a place or state)

            • sojourn [ENG31-01057284-n] (a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest))
            • stop [ENG31-01058335-n] (a brief stay in the course of a journey)

              • night-stop [ENG31-01058637-n] (a break in a journey for the night)
              • pit stop [ENG31-01058728-n] (a brief stop at a pit during an automobile race to take on fuel or service the car)
              • pit stop [ENG31-01058865-n] (a stop during an automobile trip for rest and refreshment)
              • stand [ENG31-01058977-n] (a stop made by a touring musical or theatrical group to give a performance)
          • residency [ENG31-01055844-n] (the act of dwelling in a place)

            • lodging [ENG31-01056151-n] (the act of lodging)
            • occupancy [ENG31-01056259-n] (an act of being a tenant or occupant)

              • inhabitancy [ENG31-01056469-n] (the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men))

                • cohabitation [ENG31-01056800-n] (the act of living together and having a sexual relationship (especially without being married))

                  • concubinage [ENG31-01056989-n] (cohabitation without being legally married)
                • camping [ENG31-01057089-n] (the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp)
          • inactivity [ENG31-01064507-n] (being inactive)

            • pause [ENG31-01064741-n] (temporary inactivity)

              • respite [ENG31-01064921-n] (a pause from doing something (as work))

                • spring break [ENG31-01065158-n] (a week or more of recess during the spring term at school)
              • hesitation [ENG31-01065274-n] (the act of pausing uncertainly)
              • intermission [ENG31-01065502-n] (the act of suspending activity temporarily)
              • freeze [ENG31-01065621-n] (an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement)
            • wait [ENG31-01065863-n] (the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something))
            • rest [ENG31-01066072-n] (freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility))

              • bedrest [ENG31-01066392-n] (confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons))
              • laziness [ENG31-01066537-n] (relaxed and easy activity)
              • lie-in [ENG31-01066682-n] (a long stay in bed in the morning)
              • quiescence [ENG31-01066787-n] (quiet and inactive restfulness)

                • vegetation [ENG31-01066981-n] (inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life)
              • leisure [ENG31-01067210-n] (freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity)

                • vacationing [ENG31-01067729-n] (the act of taking a vacation)

                  • busman's holiday [ENG31-01067869-n] (a holiday where you do the same things you do at work)
                  • caravanning [ENG31-01067985-n] (the practice of taking holidays in a caravan)
            • idleness [ENG31-01067365-n] (having no employment)

              • dolce far niente [ENG31-01067531-n] (carefree idleness)
            • delay [ENG31-01068087-n] (the act of delaying)

              • break [ENG31-00384760-n] (an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity)

                • cut-in [ENG31-00385137-n] ((film) a still picture that is introduced and that interrupts the action of a film)
                • cut-in [ENG31-00385318-n] ((broadcasting) a local announcement inserted into a network program)
                • interjection [ENG31-01070108-n] (the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts)
                • breaking off [ENG31-01070452-n] (an instance of sudden interruption)
                • heckling [ENG31-01070557-n] (shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree)
              • demurrage [ENG31-01068469-n] (detention of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure)
              • forbearance [ENG31-01068613-n] (a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges)
              • postponement [ENG31-01068805-n] (act of putting off to a future time)

                • adjournment [ENG31-01068994-n] (the act of postponing to another time or place)
              • procrastination [ENG31-01069286-n] (the act of procrastinating)
              • slowdown [ENG31-01069501-n] (the act of slowing down or falling behind)
              • dalliance [ENG31-01069743-n] (the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working)
              • filibuster [ENG31-01069936-n] ((law) a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches)
              • tarriance [ENG31-01070347-n] (the act of tarrying)
          • hindrance [ENG31-01075919-n] (the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding)

            • frustration [ENG31-00068810-n] (an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts)
            • antagonism [ENG31-01076176-n] ((biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure)
            • obstruction [ENG31-01076422-n] (the act of obstructing)

              • blockage [ENG31-01076618-n] (the act of blocking)

                • implosion [ENG31-07131012-n] (the initial occluded phase of a stop consonant)
              • stall [ENG31-01077649-n] (a tactic used to mislead or delay)

                • stonewalling [ENG31-01077817-n] (stalling or delaying especially by refusing to answer questions or cooperate)
              • obstruction of justice [ENG31-01183702-n] (impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court))
            • complication [ENG31-01078283-n] (the act or process of complicating)
            • deterrence [ENG31-01078412-n] (the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety)

              • discouragement [ENG31-01078648-n] (the act of discouraging)
            • prevention [ENG31-01079274-n] (the act of preventing)

              • averting [ENG31-01079662-n] (the act of preventing something from occurring)
              • debarment [ENG31-01079805-n] (the act of prevention by legal means)

                • suspension [ENG31-00209981-n] (a temporary debarment (from a privilege or position etc))

                  • rustication [ENG31-00210150-n] (temporary dismissal of a student from a university)
              • disqualification [ENG31-01080010-n] (the act of preventing someone from participating by finding them unqualified)

                • recusation [ENG31-01081986-n] ((law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest)
              • interception [ENG31-01080203-n] (the act of intercepting)
              • nonproliferation [ENG31-01080496-n] (the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons))
              • obviation [ENG31-01080966-n] (the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively)
              • prophylaxis [ENG31-01081219-n] (the prevention of disease)
              • save [ENG31-01081320-n] ((sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring)
              • suppression [ENG31-01081528-n] (forceful prevention)

                • crackdown [ENG31-01150677-n] (severely repressive actions)
          • stop [ENG31-01077970-n] (the act of stopping something)

            • standdown [ENG31-00057982-n] ((military) a temporary stop of offensive military action)
            • hemostasis [ENG31-00678077-n] (surgical procedure of stopping the flow of blood (as with a hemostat))
          • group action [ENG31-01082290-n] (action taken by a group of people)

            • vote [ENG31-00183062-n] (the opinion of a group as determined by voting)

              • plebiscite [ENG31-00182344-n] (a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance)
              • referendum [ENG31-00182489-n] (a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate)
              • election [ENG31-00182630-n] (a vote to select the winner of a position or political office)

                • reelection [ENG31-00182222-n] (election again)
                • general election [ENG31-00183284-n] (a national or state election)
                • primary [ENG31-00183420-n] (a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen)

                  • direct primary [ENG31-00183572-n] (a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office)

                    • closed primary [ENG31-00183746-n] (a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote)
                    • open primary [ENG31-00183933-n] (a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party))
                • by-election [ENG31-00184089-n] (a special election between regular elections)
                • runoff [ENG31-00184206-n] (a final election to resolve an earlier election that did not produce a winner)
            • procession [ENG31-00297411-n] (the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation)

              • convoy [ENG31-08434758-n] (a procession of land vehicles traveling together)
              • caravan [ENG31-08444586-n] (a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file)
              • cavalcade [ENG31-08444875-n] (a procession of people traveling on horseback)
              • march [ENG31-08444976-n] (a procession of people walking together)

                • hunger march [ENG31-08445209-n] (a march of protest or demonstration by the unemployed)
              • motorcade [ENG31-08445340-n] (a procession of people traveling in motor cars)
              • parade [ENG31-08445442-n] (a ceremonial procession including people marching)

                • callithump [ENG31-08445580-n] (a noisy boisterous parade)
              • cortege [ENG31-08446439-n] (a funeral procession)
              • recession [ENG31-08446513-n] (the withdrawal of the clergy and choir from the chancel to the vestry at the end of a church service)
            • military action [ENG31-00955074-n] (a military engagement)

              • battle [ENG31-00955670-n] (a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war)

                • Armageddon [ENG31-00958451-n] (any catastrophically destructive battle)
                • pitched battle [ENG31-00958596-n] (a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and place)
                • naval battle [ENG31-00960588-n] (a pitched battle between naval fleets)
                • combat [ENG31-00966454-n] (an engagement fought between two military forces)

                  • hostilities [ENG31-00966892-n] (fighting)
                  • trench warfare [ENG31-00967063-n] (a type of armed combat in which the opposing troops fight from trenches that face each other)
                  • aggression [ENG31-01239732-n] (the act of initiating hostilities)
                • dogfight [ENG31-00976310-n] (an aerial engagement between fighter planes)
                • assault [ENG31-00976530-n] (close fighting during the culmination of a military attack)

                  • storm [ENG31-00976716-n] (a direct and violent assault on a stronghold)
              • blockade [ENG31-00956197-n] (a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy)

                • naval blockade [ENG31-01076894-n] (the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power)
                • siege [ENG31-01077041-n] (the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack)
              • defense [ENG31-00956422-n] ((military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies)

                • umbrella [ENG31-00831579-n] (a formation of military planes maintained over ground operations or targets)
                • air defense [ENG31-00962303-n] (defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectiveness)

                  • active air defense [ENG31-00962506-n] (air defense by the use aircraft or missiles or artillery or electronic countermeasures)
                  • passive air defense [ENG31-00962657-n] (air defense by the use of deception or dispersion or protective construction)
                • stand [ENG31-00962962-n] (a defensive effort)

                  • repulsion [ENG31-00963112-n] (the act of repulsing or repelling an attack)
                • hasty defense [ENG31-00963288-n] (a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited)
                • deliberate defense [ENG31-00963439-n] (a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available)
                • biological defense [ENG31-00963705-n] (procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents)
                • chemical defense [ENG31-00963905-n] (procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents)
                • mining [ENG31-00964073-n] (laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment)
                • biological warfare defense [ENG31-00970097-n] (defense against biological warfare)
              • electronic warfare [ENG31-00956862-n] (military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum)

                • electronic countermeasures [ENG31-00997220-n] (electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum)

                  • electronic deception [ENG31-01253857-n] (the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information)

                    • manipulative electronic deception [ENG31-01254076-n] (actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators))
                    • simulative electronic deception [ENG31-01254311-n] (actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces)
                    • imitative electronic deception [ENG31-01254510-n] (the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions)
                  • jamming [ENG31-01255966-n] (deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems)

                    • barrage jamming [ENG31-01253597-n] (electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously)
                    • spot jamming [ENG31-01253725-n] (electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency)
                • electronic counter-countermeasures [ENG31-00997442-n] (electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare)
                • electronic warfare-support measures [ENG31-00997674-n] (electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition)
                • electromagnetic intrusion [ENG31-00997941-n] (the deliberate insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths with the objective of confusing or deceiving operators)
              • police action [ENG31-00957917-n] (a local military action without declaration of war)
              • resistance [ENG31-00958098-n] (the military action of resisting the enemy's advance)
              • saber rattling [ENG31-00958283-n] (the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used))
              • sortie [ENG31-00973413-n] (a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position)
              • war [ENG31-00975181-n] (the waging of armed conflict against an enemy)

                • limited war [ENG31-00955391-n] (a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy)
                • psychological warfare [ENG31-00955521-n] (the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale)
                • civil war [ENG31-00964678-n] (a war between factions in the same country)
                • chemical warfare [ENG31-00969726-n] (warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy)
                • biological warfare [ENG31-00969884-n] (the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food)

                  • germ warfare [ENG31-00998142-n] (the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon)
                • information warfare [ENG31-00998266-n] (the use of information or information technology during a time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries)
                • world war [ENG31-00998759-n] (a war in which the major nations of the world are involved)
                • hot war [ENG31-14005370-n] (actual fighting between the warring parties)
            • conflict [ENG31-00961007-n] (an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals))

              • class struggle [ENG31-00961911-n] (conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes))
              • rebellion [ENG31-00964240-n] (organized opposition to authority)

                • insurgency [ENG31-00965352-n] (an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict)
                • intifada [ENG31-00965558-n] (an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000)
                • mutiny [ENG31-00966007-n] (open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers))
              • pacification [ENG31-00965860-n] (actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency)
              • strife [ENG31-01170200-n] (bitter conflict)

                • countercurrent [ENG31-01170689-n] (actions counter to the main group activity)
                • discord [ENG31-01172665-n] (strife resulting from a lack of agreement)
              • tug-of-war [ENG31-01170337-n] (any hard struggle between equally matched groups)
              • turf war [ENG31-01170442-n] (a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights)
              • fight [ENG31-01173452-n] (the act of fighting)

                • gunfight [ENG31-00125437-n] (a fight involving shooting small arms with the intent to kill or frighten)
                • brush [ENG31-00961487-n] (a minor short-term fight)

                  • contretemps [ENG31-00961756-n] (an awkward clash)
                • close-quarter fighting [ENG31-00961648-n] (hand-to-hand fighting at close quarters)
                • dogfight [ENG31-00973906-n] (a violent fight between dogs (sometimes organized illegally for entertainment and gambling))
                • in-fighting [ENG31-01174521-n] (conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders))
                • set-to [ENG31-01174663-n] (a brief but vigorous fight)
                • shock [ENG31-01174742-n] (the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat)
                • hassle [ENG31-01174931-n] (disorderly fighting)
                • duel [ENG31-01175274-n] (a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor)
                • fistfight [ENG31-01176316-n] (a fight with bare fists)

                  • punch-up [ENG31-01180073-n] (a fistfight)
                • battering [ENG31-01178605-n] (the act of subjecting to strong attack)
                • beating [ENG31-01178709-n] (the act of overcoming or outdoing)
                • affray [ENG31-01178825-n] (a noisy fight)
                • brawl [ENG31-01178921-n] (a noisy fight in a crowd)
                • knife fight [ENG31-01179030-n] (fighting with knives)
                • rumble [ENG31-01179139-n] (a fight between rival gangs of adolescents)
                • single combat [ENG31-01179247-n] (a fight between two people)
              • feud [ENG31-01238738-n] (a bitter quarrel between two parties)

                • vendetta [ENG31-01239512-n] (a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other)
              • war [ENG31-01238861-n] (an active struggle between competing entities)

                • drug war [ENG31-01239056-n] (conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs)
                • trench warfare [ENG31-01239198-n] (a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win)
            • revolution [ENG31-00964833-n] (the overthrow of a government by those who are governed)

              • counterrevolution [ENG31-00965168-n] (a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution)
            • social activity [ENG31-01083121-n] (activity considered appropriate on social occasions)

              • association [ENG31-01083552-n] (the act of consorting with or joining with others)

                • fraternization [ENG31-01083791-n] (associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way)
                • affiliation [ENG31-01083985-n] (the act of becoming formally connected or joined)

                  • reaffiliation [ENG31-01084198-n] (affiliation anew)
              • mingling [ENG31-01084274-n] (the action of people mingling and coming into contact)
            • communalism [ENG31-01083270-n] (the practice of communal living and common ownership)
            • confederation [ENG31-01083380-n] (the act of forming an alliance or confederation)
            • decolonization [ENG31-01084472-n] (the action of changing from colonial to independent status)
            • disbandment [ENG31-01084644-n] (the act of disbanding)
            • disestablishment [ENG31-01084810-n] (the act terminating an established state of affairs)
            • transaction [ENG31-01108713-n] (the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities))

              • commerce [ENG31-01092370-n] (transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services))

                • trading [ENG31-00080218-n] (buying or selling securities or commodities)

                  • bond trading [ENG31-00080423-n] (trading in bonds (usually by a broker on the floor of an exchange))
                  • program trading [ENG31-00080572-n] (a trading technique involving large blocks of stock with trades triggered by computer programs)
                  • short sale [ENG31-00080728-n] (sale of securities or commodity futures not owned by the seller (who hopes to buy them back later at a lower price))
                  • short covering [ENG31-00080916-n] (the purchase of securities or commodities by a short seller to close out a short sale)
                  • insider trading [ENG31-00081062-n] (buying or selling corporate stock by a corporate officer or other insider on the basis of information that has not been made public and is supposed to remain confidential)
                • trade [ENG31-01093829-n] (the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services)

                  • fair trade [ENG31-01094239-n] (trade that is conducted legally)
                  • fair trade [ENG31-01094327-n] (trade that satisfies certain criteria on the supply chain of the goods involved, usually including fair payment for producers)
                  • free trade [ENG31-01094567-n] (international trade free of government interference)

                    • North American Free Trade Agreement [ENG31-01094693-n] (an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico)
                • e-commerce [ENG31-01094898-n] (commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet))
                • exchange [ENG31-01095009-n] (reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries))

                  • conversion [ENG31-01095304-n] (act of exchanging one type of money or security for another)

                    • unitization [ENG31-01095456-n] (conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust)
                  • barter [ENG31-01111592-n] (an equal exchange)

                    • horse trade [ENG31-01111839-n] (the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining))
                  • foreign exchange [ENG31-13399521-n] (the system by which one currency is exchanged for another)
                • initial public offering [ENG31-01096499-n] (a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public)
                • commercial enterprise [ENG31-01096649-n] (the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects)

                  • tourism [ENG31-00298987-n] (the business of providing services to tourists)

                    • ecotourism [ENG31-00299177-n] (tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature)
                  • fishing [ENG31-00455145-n] (the occupation of catching fish for a living)
                  • butchery [ENG31-00621664-n] (the business of a butcher)
                  • storage [ENG31-00813322-n] (the commercial enterprise of storing goods and materials)

                    • cold storage [ENG31-00813486-n] (refrigerated storage for preservation)
                    • stowage [ENG31-00813582-n] (the act of packing or storing away)
                    • tankage [ENG31-00813716-n] (the act of storing in tanks)
                  • industry [ENG31-00925258-n] (the organized action of making of goods and services for sale)

                    • cottage industry [ENG31-00915258-n] (small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment)
                    • production [ENG31-00915536-n] ((economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale)

                      • mass production [ENG31-00916013-n] (the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques))
                      • overproduction [ENG31-00916174-n] (too much production or more than expected)
                      • underproduction [ENG31-00916340-n] (inadequate production or less than expected)
                      • output [ENG31-00916463-n] (production of a certain amount)

                        • crop [ENG31-13106624-n] (the yield from plants in a single growing season)

                          • fruitage [ENG31-13107513-n] (the yield of fruit)
                      • capacity [ENG31-00916626-n] (the maximum production possible)
                      • breeding [ENG31-00916760-n] (the production of animals or plants by inbreeding or hybridization)

                        • autosexing [ENG31-00917178-n] ((especially of domestic fowl) breeding to reveal differential sex characteristics at hatching)
                        • cattle breeding [ENG31-00917328-n] (breeding cattle)
                        • dog breeding [ENG31-00917405-n] (breeding dogs)
                        • horse breeding [ENG31-00917477-n] (breeding horses)
                      • brewing [ENG31-00916971-n] (the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast)
                      • cultivation [ENG31-00917553-n] ((agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops (especially on a large scale))

                        • aquaculture [ENG31-00917978-n] (rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food)
                        • beekeeping [ENG31-00918116-n] (the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey)
                        • farming [ENG31-00918295-n] (the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock)

                          • animal husbandry [ENG31-00919042-n] (breeding and caring for farm animals)
                          • arboriculture [ENG31-00919445-n] (the tending of and caring for trees)
                          • dairying [ENG31-00920103-n] (the business of a dairy)
                          • gardening [ENG31-00920197-n] (the cultivation of plants)

                            • landscaping [ENG31-00922974-n] (working as a landscape gardener)
                            • market gardening [ENG31-00923103-n] (the growing of vegetables or flowers for market)
                            • flower gardening [ENG31-00923213-n] (the cultivation of flowering plants)
                          • hydroponics [ENG31-00920790-n] (a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients)

                            • drip culture [ENG31-00921015-n] (a hydroponic method of growing plants by allowing nutrient solutions to drip slowly onto an inert medium in which the plants are growing)
                          • mixed farming [ENG31-00921210-n] (growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm)
                          • planting [ENG31-00921327-n] (putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow)

                            • insemination [ENG31-00921506-n] (the act of sowing (of seeds in the ground or, figuratively, of germs in the body or ideas in the mind, etc.))
                          • ranching [ENG31-00921876-n] (farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle))

                            • roundup [ENG31-00923441-n] (the activity of gathering livestock together so that they can be counted or branded or sold)
                          • strip cropping [ENG31-00922025-n] (cultivation of crops in strips following the contours of the land to minimize erosion)
                          • subsistence farming [ENG31-00922171-n] (farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing)
                          • truck farming [ENG31-01106449-n] (growing vegetables for the market)
                        • culture [ENG31-00919573-n] (the raising of plants or animals)

                          • cranberry culture [ENG31-00919775-n] (the cultivation of cranberries)
                          • monoculture [ENG31-00919869-n] (the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country))
                          • tillage [ENG31-00919990-n] (the cultivation of soil for raising crops)
                          • viticulture [ENG31-01129030-n] (the cultivation of grapes and grape vines)
                        • tilling [ENG31-00920634-n] (cultivation of the land in order to raise crops)

                          • plowing [ENG31-00920458-n] (tilling the land with a plow)
                      • cultivation [ENG31-00917854-n] (the act of raising or growing plants (especially on a large scale))
                      • generation [ENG31-00923958-n] (the production of heat or electricity)
                      • mining [ENG31-00924141-n] (the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth)

                        • placer mining [ENG31-00924541-n] (mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredging)
                        • strip mining [ENG31-00924662-n] (the mining of ore or coal from an open mine)
                      • quarrying [ENG31-00924782-n] (the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry)
                      • boring [ENG31-00924944-n] (the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum)
                      • sericulture [ENG31-00925117-n] (the production of raw silk by raising silkworms)
                    • industrialization [ENG31-00925616-n] (the development of industry on an extensive scale)
                  • field [ENG31-01099024-n] (a particular kind of commercial enterprise)
                  • employee-owned enterprise [ENG31-01100446-n] (a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it)
                  • finance [ENG31-01100603-n] (the commercial activity of providing funds and capital)

                    • corporate finance [ENG31-01100873-n] (the financial activities of corporation)
                    • financing [ENG31-01101014-n] (the act of financing)
                    • high finance [ENG31-01101136-n] (large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical))
                    • investing [ENG31-01101341-n] (the act of investing)

                      • arbitrage [ENG31-01095889-n] (a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price)

                        • risk arbitrage [ENG31-01096217-n] (arbitrage involving risk)
                      • foreign direct investment [ENG31-01101673-n] (investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business))
                      • leverage [ENG31-01101851-n] (investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses))
                    • flotation [ENG31-01102052-n] (financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares)
                    • banking [ENG31-01102178-n] (transacting business with a bank)

                      • home banking [ENG31-01102396-n] (banking in which transactions are conducted by means of electronic communication (via telephone or computer))
                  • discount business [ENG31-01103019-n] (the business of selling merchandise at a discount)
                  • real-estate business [ENG31-01103132-n] (the business of selling real estate)
                  • advertising [ENG31-01103234-n] (the business of drawing public attention to goods and services)

                    • hard sell [ENG31-01103476-n] (forceful and insistent advertising)
                    • soft sell [ENG31-01103566-n] (suggestive or persuasive advertising)
                    • circularization [ENG31-01103658-n] (circulating printed notices as a means of advertising)
                  • publication [ENG31-01103863-n] (the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution)

                    • desktop publishing [ENG31-01104161-n] ((computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials)
                    • republication [ENG31-01104479-n] (the act of publishing again)
                    • contribution [ENG31-01104617-n] (a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story)
                    • serialization [ENG31-01104767-n] (publication in serial form)
                  • printing [ENG31-01105064-n] (the business of producing printed material for sale or distribution)

                    • gravure [ENG31-01105279-n] (the act of intaglio printing)

                      • photogravure [ENG31-01105397-n] (using photography to produce a plate for printing)
                    • issue [ENG31-01105519-n] (the act of issuing printed materials)
                  • packaging [ENG31-01105693-n] (the business of packing)

                    • meatpacking [ENG31-01105869-n] (wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers))
                    • unitization [ENG31-01106079-n] (the act of packaging cargo into unit loads)
                  • agribusiness [ENG31-01106311-n] (a large-scale farming enterprise)
                  • construction [ENG31-01106542-n] (the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones)

                    • jerry-building [ENG31-01106943-n] (construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit)
                  • transportation [ENG31-01107164-n] (the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials)

                    • air transportation [ENG31-01107540-n] (transportation by air)
                    • navigation [ENG31-01107642-n] (ship traffic)
                    • hauling [ENG31-01107814-n] (the activity of transporting goods by truck)

                      • cartage [ENG31-01108023-n] (the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it)
                    • freight [ENG31-01108177-n] (transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates)
                    • express [ENG31-01108365-n] (rapid transport of goods)
                    • ferry [ENG31-01108492-n] (transport by boat or aircraft)
                  • venture [ENG31-01119485-n] (a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit)
                • carriage trade [ENG31-01108620-n] (trade from upper-class customers)
                • importing [ENG31-01113655-n] (the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country)

                  • smuggling [ENG31-01114037-n] (secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due)

                    • gunrunning [ENG31-01114194-n] (the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally)
                • exporting [ENG31-01113857-n] (the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country)
                • marketing [ENG31-01114325-n] (the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service)

                  • direct marketing [ENG31-01114662-n] (marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer)
                  • neuromarketing [ENG31-01114808-n] (marketing based on studies of consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses)
                  • distribution channel [ENG31-01115705-n] (a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors)
                • distribution [ENG31-01114977-n] (the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer)
                • selling [ENG31-01115160-n] (the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money)

                  • bait and switch [ENG31-00092797-n] (a deceptive way of selling that involves advertising a product at a very low price in order to attract customers who are then persuaded to switch to a more expensive product)
                  • private treaty [ENG31-00093032-n] (a sale of property at a price agreed on by the seller and buyer without an intervening agency)
                  • bootlegging [ENG31-00093483-n] (the act of making or transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally)
                  • bootlegging [ENG31-00093667-n] (the act of selling illegally or without permission)
                  • capitalization [ENG31-00093826-n] (the sale of capital stock)

                    • overcapitalization [ENG31-00093947-n] ((business) too much capitalization (the sale of more stock than the business warrants))
                  • retail [ENG31-01116568-n] (the selling of goods to consumers)
                  • wholesale [ENG31-01116756-n] (the selling of goods to merchants)
                  • sale [ENG31-01116934-n] (a particular instance of selling)

                    • divestiture [ENG31-01117338-n] (the sale by a company of a product line or a subsidiary or a division)
                  • sellout [ENG31-01117127-n] (the selling of an entire stock of something)
                  • syndication [ENG31-01117669-n] (selling (an article or cartoon) for publication in many magazines or newspapers at the same time)
                  • dumping [ENG31-01117910-n] (selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market)
                  • dutch auction [ENG31-01118055-n] (a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found)
                  • retailing [ENG31-01118187-n] (the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers)
                  • telemarketing [ENG31-01118347-n] (the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales)

                    • telephone order [ENG31-01119197-n] (receiving orders via telephone)
                  • vending [ENG31-01119289-n] (the act of selling goods for a living)
                  • resale [ENG31-01119775-n] (the selling of something purchased)
                  • sale [ENG31-01119862-n] (the general activity of selling)

                    • auction [ENG31-00093186-n] (the public sale of something to the highest bidder)
                    • sell [ENG31-01117483-n] (the activity of persuading someone to buy)
                • traffic [ENG31-01115977-n] (buying and selling)

                  • drug traffic [ENG31-01116165-n] (traffic in illegal drugs)
                  • simony [ENG31-01116282-n] (traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments)
                  • slave trade [ENG31-01116394-n] (traffic in slaves)
                • payment [ENG31-01122769-n] (the act of paying money)

                  • amortization [ENG31-01123391-n] (payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers)
                  • fee splitting [ENG31-01123566-n] (payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral)
                  • overpayment [ENG31-01123711-n] (the act of paying too much)
                  • prepayment [ENG31-01123813-n] (payment in advance)
                  • ransom [ENG31-01123906-n] (payment for the release of someone)
                  • refund [ENG31-01124011-n] (the act of returning money received previously)
                  • remuneration [ENG31-01124176-n] (the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses)
                  • rendering [ENG31-01124358-n] (giving in acknowledgment of obligation)
                  • spending [ENG31-01124470-n] (the act of spending or disbursing money)

                    • expending [ENG31-01124922-n] (the act of spending money for goods or services)
                    • deficit spending [ENG31-01125075-n] (spending money raised by borrowing)
                  • tribute [ENG31-01124708-n] (payment by one nation for protection by another)
                  • underpayment [ENG31-01124809-n] (the act of paying less than required)
                • evasion [ENG31-01123176-n] (the deliberate act of failing to pay money)

                  • tax evasion [ENG31-00743095-n] (the deliberate failure to pay taxes (usually by making a false report))
              • affairs [ENG31-01109264-n] (transactions of professional or public interest)

                • world affairs [ENG31-01109454-n] (affairs between nations)
              • operations [ENG31-01109631-n] (financial transactions at a brokerage)
              • transfer [ENG31-01109837-n] (transferring ownership)

                • alienation [ENG31-01110055-n] ((law) the voluntary and absolute transfer of title and possession of real property from one person to another)
                • conveyance [ENG31-01110307-n] (act of transferring property title from one person to another)

                  • delivery [ENG31-01110658-n] (the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another)

                    • surrender [ENG31-00214192-n] (the delivery of a principal into lawful custody)

                      • extradition [ENG31-00214349-n] (the surrender of an accused or convicted person by one state or country to another (usually under the provisions of a statute or treaty))
                      • rendition [ENG31-00422316-n] (handing over prisoners to the country in which a crime was committed)
                    • bailment [ENG31-01110876-n] (the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee)
                • quitclaim [ENG31-01110546-n] (act of transferring a title or right or claim to another)
                • lend-lease [ENG31-01111019-n] (the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause)
                • secularization [ENG31-01111216-n] (transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession)
              • exchange [ENG31-01111372-n] (the act of giving something in return for something received)

                • logrolling [ENG31-01111968-n] (act of exchanging favors for mutual gain)
              • deal [ENG31-01112179-n] (a particular instance of buying or selling)

                • arms deal [ENG31-01112538-n] (a deal to provide military arms)
                • penny ante [ENG31-01112625-n] (a business deal on a trivial scale)
              • downtick [ENG31-01112716-n] (a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction)
              • uptick [ENG31-01112878-n] (a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction)
              • borrowing [ENG31-01113038-n] (obtaining funds from a lender)

                • pawn [ENG31-01113141-n] (borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan)
              • rental [ENG31-01113280-n] (the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car))
            • stampede [ENG31-01125741-n] (a headlong rush of people on a common impulse)
            • social control [ENG31-01125919-n] (control exerted (actively or passively) by group action)

              • auto limitation [ENG31-01126431-n] (social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent)
              • sanction [ENG31-01126567-n] (a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards)
              • population control [ENG31-01126705-n] (control over the growth of population)
              • government [ENG31-01127115-n] (the act of governing)

                • misgovernment [ENG31-01127883-n] (government that is inefficient or dishonest)
                • legislation [ENG31-01128014-n] (the act of making or enacting laws)

                  • criminalization [ENG31-01128280-n] (legislation that makes something illegal)
                  • decriminalization [ENG31-01128472-n] (legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal)
                  • enactment [ENG31-01129177-n] (the passing of a law by a legislative body)
                • trust busting [ENG31-01128656-n] ((law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws))
              • enforcement [ENG31-01129340-n] (the act of enforcing)

                • coercion [ENG31-01129566-n] (the act of compelling by force of authority)

                  • terror [ENG31-00760853-n] (the use of extreme fear in order to coerce people (especially for political reasons))

                    • terrorism [ENG31-00761047-n] (the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature)

                      • bioterrorism [ENG31-00764485-n] (terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare)
                      • chemical terrorism [ENG31-00764635-n] (terrorism using the chemical agents of chemical warfare)
                      • cyber-terrorism [ENG31-00764983-n] (an assault on electronic communication networks)
                      • domestic terrorism [ENG31-00765140-n] (terrorism practiced in your own country against your own people)
                      • ecoterrorism [ENG31-00765384-n] (violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists)
                      • international terrorism [ENG31-00765611-n] (terrorism practiced in a foreign country by terrorists who are not native to that country)
                      • narcoterrorism [ENG31-00765789-n] (the financing of terrorist activities by participation in the drug trade)
                      • nuclear terrorism [ENG31-00765941-n] (the use of a nuclear device by a terrorist organization to cause massive devastation or the use (or threat of use) of fissionable radioactive materials)
                      • state-sponsored terrorism [ENG31-00766244-n] (terrorism practiced by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism)
                      • theoterrorism [ENG31-00766434-n] (terrorism for a religious purpose)
                • execution [ENG31-01129700-n] (the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order)
                • imposition [ENG31-01129944-n] (the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo))

                  • protection [ENG31-01130195-n] (the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition)
                  • regimentation [ENG31-01150778-n] (the imposition of order or discipline)
                  • reimposition [ENG31-01150893-n] (imposition again)
                  • taxation [ENG31-01162657-n] (the imposition of taxes)
                • law enforcement [ENG31-01130458-n] (ensuring obedience to the laws)

                  • vigilantism [ENG31-01130587-n] (the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws)
              • domination [ENG31-01130711-n] (social control by dominating)

                • bossism [ENG31-01130868-n] (domination of a political organization by a party boss)
                • mastery [ENG31-01130976-n] (the act of mastering or subordinating someone)
                • monopolization [ENG31-01131127-n] (domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others)
              • socialization [ENG31-01131305-n] (the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture)

                • cultivation [ENG31-01131684-n] (socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners)
                • breeding [ENG31-01131853-n] (helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community)
              • duty [ENG31-01132241-n] (the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force)

                • job [ENG31-00585806-n] (the responsibility to do something)
                • guardianship [ENG31-00820127-n] (the responsibility of a guardian or keeper)

                  • hands [ENG31-00820339-n] ((with `in') guardianship over)
                • moral obligation [ENG31-01132881-n] (an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong)
                • noblesse oblige [ENG31-01133056-n] (the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically))
                • burden of proof [ENG31-01133226-n] (the duty of proving a disputed charge)
                • civic duty [ENG31-01133325-n] (the responsibilities of a citizen)

                  • jury duty [ENG31-01133456-n] (the civic duty to serve on a jury)
                • filial duty [ENG31-01133545-n] (duty of a child to its parents)

                  • obedience [ENG31-01135185-n] (behavior intended to please your parents)
                • imperative [ENG31-01133651-n] (some duty that is essential and urgent)
                • incumbency [ENG31-01133746-n] (a duty that is incumbent upon you)
                • legal duty [ENG31-01133836-n] (acts which the law requires be done or forborne)

                  • fiduciary duty [ENG31-01133977-n] (the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary)
                • line of duty [ENG31-01134911-n] (all that is normally required in some area of responsibility)
                • white man's burden [ENG31-01135030-n] (the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects)
                • prerequisite [ENG31-05901034-n] (something that is required in advance)

                  • precondition [ENG31-05901487-n] (a condition that is a prerequisite)
                  • academic requirement [ENG31-05901598-n] (a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program)

                    • language requirement [ENG31-05901750-n] (a requirement that a student know certain languages)
                  • essential condition [ENG31-05901868-n] (a prerequisite)
                • requirement [ENG31-05901258-n] (required activity)
              • occupation [ENG31-01135427-n] (the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power)
              • management [ENG31-01135602-n] (the act of managing something)

                • conducting [ENG31-01136081-n] (the direction of an orchestra or choir)
                • database management [ENG31-01136254-n] (creation and maintenance of a database)
                • finance [ENG31-01136358-n] (the management of money and credit and banking and investments)

                  • banking [ENG31-01102563-n] (engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc.)
                • homemaking [ENG31-01136565-n] (the management of a household)
                • misconduct [ENG31-01136651-n] (bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf)
                • mismanagement [ENG31-01136800-n] (management that is careless or inefficient)

                  • screwup [ENG31-01137020-n] (the complete mismanagement or mishandling of a situation)
                • treatment [ENG31-01137182-n] (the management of someone or something)

                  • bioremediation [ENG31-01137484-n] (the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances)
                  • dealing [ENG31-01137693-n] (method or manner of conduct in relation to others)
                • supervision [ENG31-01137850-n] (management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group)

                  • invigilation [ENG31-01138116-n] (keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating)
                • administration [ENG31-01138273-n] (a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs))

                  • conducting [ENG31-01138586-n] (the way of administering a business)
                  • line management [ENG31-01138696-n] (administration of the activities contributing directly to an organization's output)
                  • organization [ENG31-01138840-n] (the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business)

                    • nonprofit organization [ENG31-01139918-n] (an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities)
                    • rationalization [ENG31-01140081-n] (the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency)
                    • reorganization [ENG31-01140308-n] (the imposition of a new organization)
                    • self-organization [ENG31-01140720-n] (organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union))
                    • syndication [ENG31-01140868-n] (organizing into or administering as a syndicate)
                  • running [ENG31-01139306-n] (the act of administering or being in charge of something)

                    • administrivia [ENG31-01139527-n] (the tiresome but essential details that must be taken care of and tasks that must be performed in running an organization)
                  • polity [ENG31-01139776-n] (shrewd or crafty management of public affairs)
                • authorization [ENG31-01140991-n] (the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant)

                  • sanction [ENG31-01141321-n] (the act of final authorization)

                    • benefit of clergy [ENG31-01141811-n] (sanction by a religious rite)
                    • name [ENG31-01141957-n] (by the sanction or authority of)
                    • nihil obstat [ENG31-01142070-n] (authoritative approval)
                  • license [ENG31-01141515-n] (the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization)

                    • clearance [ENG31-01143914-n] (permission to proceed)
                    • conge [ENG31-01144050-n] (formal permission to depart)
                    • allowance [ENG31-01144162-n] (the act of allowing)

                      • tolerance [ENG31-01073014-n] (the act of tolerating something)

                        • lenience [ENG31-01073137-n] (lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers)

                          • clemency [ENG31-01073335-n] (leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice)

                            • commutation [ENG31-01168409-n] ((law) the reduction in severity of a punishment imposed by law)
                            • amnesty [ENG31-01251862-n] (the formal act of liberating someone)
                            • quarter [ENG31-01261259-n] (clemency or mercy shown to a defeated opponent)
                            • reprieve [ENG31-01261714-n] (the act of reprieving)
                    • dispensation [ENG31-01144335-n] (an exemption from some rule or obligation)

                      • variance [ENG31-01144471-n] (an official dispensation to act contrary to a rule or regulation (typically a building regulation))
                    • toleration [ENG31-01144645-n] (official recognition of the right of individuals to hold dissenting opinions (especially in religion))
                  • certification [ENG31-01142151-n] (the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on)

                    • accreditation [ENG31-01142514-n] (the act of granting credit or recognition (especially with respect to educational institution that maintains suitable standards))
                  • commission [ENG31-01142792-n] (the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions)

                    • mandate [ENG31-01142979-n] (the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory)
                  • delegating [ENG31-01143160-n] (authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions)

                    • devolution [ENG31-01143481-n] (the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government))
                  • loan approval [ENG31-01143687-n] (formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank))
                  • rubber stamp [ENG31-01143803-n] (routine authorization of an action without questions)
                • disenfranchisement [ENG31-01142350-n] (the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise)
                • channelization [ENG31-01144840-n] (management through specified channels of communication)
                • guidance [ENG31-01147389-n] (the act of guiding or showing the way)
              • privation [ENG31-01152695-n] (act of depriving someone of food or money or rights)

                • pauperization [ENG31-01152962-n] (the act of making someone poor)
                • starvation [ENG31-01153157-n] (the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine)
              • appeasement [ENG31-01153433-n] (the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of))

                • pacification [ENG31-01153592-n] (the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined)
                • placation [ENG31-01153902-n] (the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity)
              • nationalization [ENG31-01154283-n] (changing something from private to state ownership or control)
              • denationalization [ENG31-01154528-n] (changing something from state to private ownership or control)
              • detribalization [ENG31-01155078-n] (the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living)
              • discrimination [ENG31-01156043-n] (unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice)

                • ableism [ENG31-01156732-n] (discrimination in favor of the able-bodied)
                • ageism [ENG31-01156868-n] (discrimination on the basis of a person's age)
                • cronyism [ENG31-01156974-n] (favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications))
                • fattism [ENG31-01157148-n] (discrimination against people who are overweight)
                • heterosexism [ENG31-01157259-n] (discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people)
                • nepotism [ENG31-01157387-n] (favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs))
                • racism [ENG31-01157531-n] (discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race)

                  • racial profiling [ENG31-01157740-n] (a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups)
                • sexism [ENG31-01158380-n] (discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex)

                  • male chauvinism [ENG31-01158557-n] (activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women)
                  • sexual discrimination [ENG31-01158749-n] (discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex)
              • patronage [ENG31-01156356-n] ((politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support)

                • nomenklatura [ENG31-01156578-n] (the system of patronage in communist countries)
              • mobilization [ENG31-01158925-n] (act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops")

                • arming [ENG31-01159386-n] (the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war)

                  • outfitting [ENG31-01159625-n] (the act of renovating and fitting out a ship)

                    • refit [ENG31-01159762-n] (outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts))
                  • rearmament [ENG31-01159871-n] (the act of arming again)
                • conscription [ENG31-01160337-n] (compulsory military service)

                  • levy [ENG31-01160551-n] (the act of drafting into military service)
                • remilitarization [ENG31-01161030-n] (the act of militarizing again)
              • demobilization [ENG31-01160677-n] (act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops)

                • disarming [ENG31-01160044-n] (act of reducing or depriving of arms)
              • standardization [ENG31-01161177-n] (the imposition of standards or regulations)

                • stabilization [ENG31-01161512-n] (the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable)

                  • equilibration [ENG31-01268125-n] (stabilization by bringing into equilibrium)
                • stylization [ENG31-01162263-n] (the act of stylizing)

                  • conventionalization [ENG31-01162451-n] (the act of conventionalizing)
              • punishment [ENG31-01162829-n] (the act of punishing)

                • castigation [ENG31-01163504-n] (verbal punishment)
                • corporal punishment [ENG31-01163648-n] (the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime)

                  • beating [ENG31-01163216-n] (the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows)

                    • whipping [ENG31-01165537-n] (beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment)

                      • self-flagellation [ENG31-01164747-n] (self-punishment inflicted by whipping)
                      • horsewhipping [ENG31-01165919-n] (the act of whipping with a horsewhip)
                    • flagellation [ENG31-01165806-n] (beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation)
                  • execution [ENG31-01166269-n] (putting a condemned person to death)

                    • burning [ENG31-01167108-n] (execution by fire)

                      • auto-da-fe [ENG31-01167220-n] (the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition))
                    • hanging [ENG31-01167364-n] (a form of capital punishment)
                    • electrocution [ENG31-01167602-n] (execution by electricity)
                    • decapitation [ENG31-01167714-n] (execution by cutting off the victim's head)
                    • crucifixion [ENG31-01167827-n] (the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world)
                  • gauntlet [ENG31-01166553-n] (a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips to beat the victim)
                  • kick in the butt [ENG31-01166765-n] (punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind)
                  • stoning [ENG31-01166884-n] (the act of pelting with stones)
                • cruel and unusual punishment [ENG31-01163898-n] (punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution)
                • detention [ENG31-01164122-n] (a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home)
                • discipline [ENG31-01164308-n] (the act of disciplining)

                  • spanking [ENG31-01165274-n] (the act of slapping on the buttocks)
                • economic strangulation [ENG31-01164552-n] (punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them)
                • imprisonment [ENG31-01164866-n] (putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment)
                • music [ENG31-01165019-n] (punishment for one's actions)
                • self-punishment [ENG31-01165162-n] (punishment inflicted on yourself)
                • stick [ENG31-01165418-n] (threat of a penalty)
                • penance [ENG31-01168027-n] (voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing)
              • corrections [ENG31-01168582-n] (the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole)
            • coup d'etat [ENG31-01147528-n] (a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force)

              • countercoup [ENG31-01147732-n] (a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat)
            • internationalization [ENG31-01154100-n] (the act of bringing something under international control)
            • nationalization [ENG31-01154956-n] (the action of forming or becoming a nation)
            • exchange [ENG31-01168748-n] (the act of changing one thing for another thing)

              • tradeoff [ENG31-01169250-n] (an exchange that occurs as a compromise)
            • rally [ENG31-01169007-n] ((sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes)
            • submission [ENG31-01169416-n] (the act of submitting)

              • obedience [ENG31-01169636-n] (the act of obeying)

                • truckling [ENG31-01169875-n] (the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons))
              • prostration [ENG31-01170038-n] (abject submission)
            • competition [ENG31-01171059-n] (the act of competing as for profit or a prize)

              • contest [ENG31-01171451-n] (a struggle between rivals)

                • battle of wits [ENG31-01171330-n] (a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used)
                • bidding contest [ENG31-01171602-n] (a series of competing bids)
                • popularity contest [ENG31-01171690-n] (competition (real or figurative) for popular support)
            • resistance [ENG31-01171807-n] (group action in opposition to those in power)

              • confrontation [ENG31-01172234-n] (the act of hostile groups opposing each other)

                • strikebreaking [ENG31-00622438-n] (confrontational activities intended to break up a strike by workers)
              • sales resistance [ENG31-01172537-n] (resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices)
              • defiance [ENG31-01172810-n] (a defiant act)
              • dispute [ENG31-01173303-n] (coming into conflict with)
              • obstructionism [ENG31-01179421-n] (deliberate interference)
              • protest [ENG31-01179523-n] (the act of protesting)

                • boycott [ENG31-00206979-n] (a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies)
                • direct action [ENG31-01170859-n] (a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands)

                  • civil disobedience [ENG31-01182417-n] (a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination))

                    • sit-in [ENG31-01181340-n] (a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move)
                    • protest march [ENG31-01181657-n] (occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license)

                      • peace march [ENG31-01181218-n] (a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace)
                  • job action [ENG31-01244711-n] (a temporary action by workers to protest management decision or to make demands)

                    • go-slow [ENG31-01244901-n] (a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers)
                    • work to rule [ENG31-01245086-n] (a job action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only the minimum amount required by the rules of the workplace)
                    • strike [ENG31-01246221-n] (a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions)

                      • sit-down [ENG31-01246516-n] (a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached)
                      • sympathy strike [ENG31-01246674-n] (a strike in support of other workers who are on strike)
                      • walkout [ENG31-01246888-n] (a strike in which the workers walk out)
                      • wildcat strike [ENG31-01246998-n] (a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union)
                  • passive resistance [ENG31-01245263-n] (peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate)

                    • Satyagraha [ENG31-01245809-n] (the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms)
                  • recusancy [ENG31-01246000-n] (refusal to submit to established authority)
                • demonstration [ENG31-01180193-n] (a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature))

                  • work-in [ENG31-01181494-n] (occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory)
                • walkout [ENG31-01180685-n] (the act of walking out (of a meeting or organization) as a sign of protest)
              • rebellion [ENG31-01179817-n] (refusal to accept some authority or code or convention)
              • insubordination [ENG31-01181883-n] (an insubordinate act)

                • contumacy [ENG31-01182054-n] (obstinate rebelliousness and insubordination)
                • disobedience [ENG31-01182197-n] (the failure to obey)

                  • contempt [ENG31-01182690-n] (a willful disobedience to or disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body)

                    • contempt of Congress [ENG31-01182888-n] (deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch)
                    • contempt of court [ENG31-01183047-n] (disrespect for the rules of a court of law)

                      • civil contempt [ENG31-01183208-n] (a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else)
                      • criminal contempt [ENG31-01183556-n] (an act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice)
                  • contumacy [ENG31-01183348-n] (willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order)
            • nonresistance [ENG31-01172088-n] (group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence)
            • due process [ENG31-01183965-n] ((law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles)

              • proceeding [ENG31-01187304-n] ((law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked)

                • foreclosure [ENG31-00090896-n] (the legal proceedings initiated by a creditor to repossess the collateral for loan that is in default)
                • intervention [ENG31-01025184-n] ((law) a proceeding that permits a person to enter into a lawsuit already in progress)
                • procedure [ENG31-01025578-n] (a mode of conducting legal and parliamentary proceedings)

                  • bureaucratic procedure [ENG31-01027505-n] (needlessly time-consuming procedure)
                  • objection [ENG31-01027620-n] ((law) a procedure whereby a party to a suit says that a particular line of questioning or a particular witness or a piece of evidence or other matter is improper and should not be continued and asks the court to rule on its impropriety or illegality)

                    • recusation [ENG31-01027962-n] ((law) an objection grounded on the judge's relationship to one of the parties)
                • legal action [ENG31-01184392-n] (a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another)

                  • antitrust case [ENG31-01186535-n] (a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place)
                  • civil action [ENG31-01186720-n] (legal action to protect a private civil right or to compel a civil remedy (as distinguished from criminal prosecution))
                  • counterclaim [ENG31-01186897-n] (a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action)
                  • custody case [ENG31-01187055-n] (a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce))
                  • lis pendens [ENG31-01187210-n] (a pending lawsuit)
                  • prosecution [ENG31-01200797-n] (the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior)

                    • double jeopardy [ENG31-01200558-n] (the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried)
                  • test case [ENG31-01201078-n] (a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent)
                • lawsuit [ENG31-01185144-n] (a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy)

                  • civil suit [ENG31-01185521-n] (a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant)
                  • class action [ENG31-01185656-n] (a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group)
                  • countersuit [ENG31-01185863-n] (a suit brought against someone who has sued you)
                  • criminal suit [ENG31-01185987-n] (a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant)
                  • moot [ENG31-01186128-n] (a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise)
                  • paternity suit [ENG31-01186288-n] (a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined))
                • adoption [ENG31-01187782-n] (a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood)
                • appeal [ENG31-01188101-n] ((law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial)
                • bankruptcy [ENG31-01188887-n] (a legal process intended to insure equality among the creditors of a corporation declared to be insolvent)
                • receivership [ENG31-01189068-n] (a court action that places property under the control of a receiver during litigation so that it can be preserved for the benefit of all)
                • litigation [ENG31-01189300-n] (a legal proceeding in a court)

                  • custody battle [ENG31-01189575-n] (litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple)
                  • vexatious litigation [ENG31-01189720-n] (litigation shown to have been instituted maliciously and without probable cause)
                • naturalization [ENG31-01190110-n] (the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship)
                • trial [ENG31-01198357-n] ((law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law)

                  • court-martial [ENG31-01198806-n] (a trial that is conducted by a military court)
                  • ordeal [ENG31-01198967-n] (a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control)
                  • Scopes trial [ENG31-01199249-n] (a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school)
                  • show trial [ENG31-01199609-n] (a trial held for show)
                  • mistrial [ENG31-01201742-n] (a trial that is invalid or inconclusive)
                  • retrial [ENG31-01201855-n] (a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court)
                • review [ENG31-01199748-n] ((law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court))

                  • bill of review [ENG31-01199969-n] (a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rendered it)
                  • judicial review [ENG31-01200148-n] (review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court)
                • hearing [ENG31-01202187-n] ((law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence)

                  • administrative hearing [ENG31-01202490-n] (a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings)
                  • competence hearing [ENG31-01202756-n] (a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense))
                  • fair hearing [ENG31-01202992-n] (a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits))
                  • quo warranto [ENG31-01203347-n] (a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty)
              • presentment [ENG31-01189953-n] (an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative)
              • judgment [ENG31-01190300-n] ((law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it)

                • reversal [ENG31-01188471-n] (a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside)
                • affirmation [ENG31-01188682-n] (a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand)
                • confession of judgment [ENG31-01190763-n] (a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings)
                • default judgment [ENG31-01191027-n] (a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court))
                • non prosequitur [ENG31-01191273-n] (a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court))
                • final judgment [ENG31-01191491-n] (a judgment disposing of the case before the court)

                  • conviction [ENG31-01191772-n] ((criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed)

                    • murder conviction [ENG31-01196511-n] (conviction for murder)
                    • rape conviction [ENG31-01196615-n] (conviction for rape)
                    • robbery conviction [ENG31-01196715-n] (conviction for robbery)
                  • acquittal [ENG31-01196376-n] (a judgment of not guilty)
                • judgment in personam [ENG31-01192140-n] (a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages)
                • judgment in rem [ENG31-01192419-n] (a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons))
                • judgment of dismissal [ENG31-01192662-n] (a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial)
                • judgment on the merits [ENG31-01192854-n] (judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented)
                • summary judgment [ENG31-01193051-n] (a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law)
                • arbitration [ENG31-01193374-n] (the act of deciding as an arbiter)
                • opinion [ENG31-01193648-n] (the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself))

                  • fatwa [ENG31-01194100-n] (a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority)
                • finding [ENG31-01194465-n] (the decision of a court on issues of fact or law)

                  • verdict [ENG31-01194640-n] ((law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision)

                    • compromise verdict [ENG31-01195123-n] (a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues)

                      • quotient verdict [ENG31-01196025-n] (an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict)
                    • directed verdict [ENG31-01195304-n] (a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury)
                    • false verdict [ENG31-01195534-n] (a manifestly unjust verdict)
                    • general verdict [ENG31-01195666-n] (an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact)
                    • partial verdict [ENG31-01195852-n] ((criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others)
                    • special verdict [ENG31-01196162-n] (a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other)
                  • finding of law [ENG31-01194953-n] (a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts)
              • eviction [ENG31-01196821-n] (the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law)

                • ouster [ENG31-01197105-n] (a wrongful dispossession)
                • actual eviction [ENG31-01197201-n] (the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises)
                • retaliatory eviction [ENG31-01197677-n] (an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord)
              • plea [ENG31-01200418-n] (an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed)
              • defense [ENG31-01201240-n] (a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him)

                • entrapment [ENG31-01201525-n] (a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officials)
            • action [ENG31-01184802-n] (an act by a government body or supranational organization)
            • legalization [ENG31-01197870-n] (the act of making lawful)
            • separation [ENG31-01203511-n] (the social act of separating or parting company)

              • divorce [ENG31-01203761-n] (the legal dissolution of a marriage)
              • seclusion [ENG31-01204263-n] (the act of secluding yourself from others)

                • cocooning [ENG31-01204396-n] (retreating to the seclusion of your home (as for privacy or escape))
              • isolation [ENG31-01204519-n] (the act of isolating something)

                • quarantine [ENG31-01204135-n] (isolation to prevent the spread of infectious disease)
              • segregation [ENG31-01204674-n] (the act of segregating or sequestering)
              • separationism [ENG31-01205155-n] (advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state)
            • integration [ENG31-01204905-n] (the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community)
            • cooperation [ENG31-01205394-n] (joint operation or action)

              • teamwork [ENG31-01205984-n] (cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective))
              • conformity [ENG31-01206166-n] (acting according to certain accepted standards)

                • formality [ENG31-01206545-n] (compliance with formal rules)
                • line [ENG31-01206784-n] (acting in conformity)
                • honoring [ENG31-01206909-n] (conformity with law or custom or practice etc.)

                  • punctilio [ENG31-01207113-n] (strict observance of formalities)
                • keeping [ENG31-01207500-n] (conformity or harmony)
              • collaboration [ENG31-01207646-n] (act of working jointly)
              • collaboration [ENG31-01207831-n] (act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country)
              • compromise [ENG31-01208054-n] (a middle way between two extremes)
              • concurrence [ENG31-01208192-n] (acting together, as agents or circumstances or events)
              • reconciliation [ENG31-01208317-n] (the reestablishing of cordial relations)
              • selflessness [ENG31-01208451-n] (acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity)
              • commitment [ENG31-01208643-n] (the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action)

                • communalism [ENG31-01042975-n] (loyalty and commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic group rather than to society as a whole)
                • consecration [ENG31-01043143-n] (a solemn commitment of your life or your time to some cherished purpose (to a service or a goal))
                • devotion [ENG31-01209043-n] (commitment to some purpose)

                  • cultism [ENG31-01209264-n] (devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practices of a cult)
                  • hobbyism [ENG31-01209400-n] (a devotion to hobbies)
                  • fetish [ENG31-01209832-n] (excessive or irrational devotion to some activity)
                  • party spirit [ENG31-01210011-n] (devotion to a political party)
                • enlistment [ENG31-01209476-n] (the act of enlisting (as in a military service))

                  • reenlistment [ENG31-01209598-n] (a renewed enlistment)
                • faith [ENG31-01209677-n] (loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person)
              • representation [ENG31-01219989-n] (the act of representing)

                • proportional representation [ENG31-01220210-n] (representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote)
            • brainstorming [ENG31-01205767-n] (a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions)
            • assembly [ENG31-01232427-n] (the social act of assembling)

              • mobilization [ENG31-01232772-n] (act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action)

                • economic mobilization [ENG31-01233055-n] (mobilization of the economy)
                • rallying [ENG31-01233174-n] (the act of mobilizing for a common purpose)
              • convocation [ENG31-01233339-n] (the act of convoking)
              • meeting [ENG31-01233454-n] (the social act of assembling for some common purpose)

                • rendezvous [ENG31-01234113-n] (a meeting planned at a certain time and place)

                  • assignation [ENG31-01234000-n] (a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers))
                • session [ENG31-01234656-n] (a meeting devoted to a particular activity)

                  • course session [ENG31-01234811-n] (a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study)
                • socialization [ENG31-01234977-n] (the act of meeting for social purposes)
                • visit [ENG31-01235249-n] (the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity)

                  • call [ENG31-01057417-n] (a visit in an official or professional capacity)

                    • round [ENG31-01057612-n] ((often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order))
                • visit [ENG31-01235407-n] (the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection))

                  • flying visit [ENG31-01235543-n] (a visit that last for only a very short time)
                • visit [ENG31-01235721-n] (the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time)

                  • visitation [ENG31-00653312-n] (an official visit for inspection or supervision)
                  • site visit [ENG31-00653554-n] (a visit in an official capacity to examine a site to determine its suitability for some enterprise)
                  • call [ENG31-01057878-n] (a brief social visit)
                  • visiting [ENG31-01058160-n] (the activity of making visits)
              • congregation [ENG31-01234251-n] (the act of congregating)
              • convention [ENG31-01234384-n] (the act of convening)
              • concentration [ENG31-01234545-n] (bringing together military forces)
            • attendance [ENG31-01235962-n] (the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.))

              • appearance [ENG31-01236192-n] (formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action)
              • presence [ENG31-01236367-n] (the act of being present)
              • turnout [ENG31-01236482-n] (attendance for a particular event or purpose (as to vote in an election))
            • nonattendance [ENG31-01236655-n] (the failure to attend)

              • nonappearance [ENG31-01236808-n] (failure to appear (especially as at court))
              • absence [ENG31-01236910-n] (failure to be present)

                • cut [ENG31-00068074-n] (an unexcused absence from class)
                • absenteeism [ENG31-01237093-n] (habitual absence from work)
              • truancy [ENG31-01237177-n] (failure to attend (especially school))
            • return [ENG31-01237294-n] (a reciprocal group action)

              • requital [ENG31-01237702-n] (an act of requiting)
              • retaliation [ENG31-01237823-n] (action taken in return for an injury or offense)

                • vengeance [ENG31-01238028-n] (the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life)
                • reprisal [ENG31-01238511-n] (a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime)
              • reciprocation [ENG31-01238614-n] (the act of making or doing something in return)
              • tit for tat [ENG31-01239645-n] (an equivalent given in return)
            • democratization [ENG31-01239859-n] (the action of making something democratic)
            • engagement [ENG31-01241629-n] (the act of sharing in the activities of a group)

              • commitment [ENG31-01242433-n] (an engagement by contract involving financial obligation)

                • incurrence [ENG31-01242629-n] (the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable))
              • intervention [ENG31-01242775-n] (the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.))

                • mediation [ENG31-01242997-n] (the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlement)

                  • matchmaking [ENG31-01243193-n] (mediation in order to bring about a marriage between others)
              • group participation [ENG31-01243310-n] (participation by all members of a group)
            • non-engagement [ENG31-01242052-n] (withdrawing from the activities of a group)

              • isolation [ENG31-01242282-n] (a country's withdrawal from international politics)
              • neutrality [ENG31-01243415-n] (nonparticipation in a dispute or war)
            • ethnic cleansing [ENG31-01268227-n] (the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area)
            • socialization [ENG31-01269238-n] (the action of establishing on a socialist basis)
          • distribution [ENG31-01085001-n] (the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning)

            • assignment [ENG31-00165166-n] (the act of distributing something to designated places or persons)

              • allocation [ENG31-00165400-n] ((computer science) the assignment of particular areas of a magnetic disk to particular data or instructions)
            • redistribution [ENG31-01085274-n] (distributing again)
            • dispensation [ENG31-01085428-n] (the act of dispensing (giving out in portions))
            • allotment [ENG31-01085569-n] (the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning)

              • grant [ENG31-00088243-n] (the act of providing a subsidy)

                • award [ENG31-00088483-n] (a grant made by a law court)

                  • addiction [ENG31-00088669-n] ((Roman law) a formal award by a magistrate of a thing or person to another person (as the award of a debtor to his creditor))
                • block grant [ENG31-00088974-n] (a grant of federal money to state and local governments to support social welfare programs)
                • grant-in-aid [ENG31-00089187-n] (a grant from a central government to a local government)
              • reallotment [ENG31-01086104-n] (a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results))

                • reshuffle [ENG31-01086413-n] (a redistribution of something)
              • deal [ENG31-01086561-n] (the act of apportioning or distributing something)

                • new deal [ENG31-01086772-n] (a reapportioning of something)
              • rationing [ENG31-01086856-n] (the act of rationing)
              • parcel [ENG31-01087022-n] (the allotment of some amount by dividing something)
            • deal [ENG31-01087261-n] (the act of distributing playing cards)

              • misdeal [ENG31-01087491-n] (an incorrect deal)
            • revenue sharing [ENG31-01087580-n] (distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities)
            • sharing [ENG31-01087717-n] (a distribution in shares)

              • generosity [ENG31-01087861-n] (acting generously)
              • giving [ENG31-01088005-n] (the act of giving)

                • oblation [ENG31-01043530-n] (the act of contributing to the funds of a church or charity)
                • bestowal [ENG31-01088280-n] (the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift)
                • accordance [ENG31-01088496-n] (the act of granting rights)
                • endowment [ENG31-01088668-n] (the act of endowing with a permanent source of income)
                • charity [ENG31-01091559-n] (an activity or gift that benefits the public at large)

                  • handout [ENG31-01092266-n] (giving money or food or clothing to a needy person)
                • contribution [ENG31-01091702-n] (act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity)

                  • subscription [ENG31-01091942-n] (a pledged contribution)
                  • alms [ENG31-01092041-n] (money or goods contributed to the poor)
                • alms-giving [ENG31-01092149-n] (making voluntary contributions to aid the poor)
          • legitimation [ENG31-01198074-n] (the act of rendering a person legitimate)
          • waste [ENG31-01254711-n] ((law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect)
          • proclamation [ENG31-01268984-n] (the formal act of proclaiming)
          • communication [ENG31-06262268-n] (the activity of communicating)

            • transmission [ENG31-06261911-n] (communication by means of transmitted signals)

              • conveyance [ENG31-06263084-n] (the transmission of information)

                • giving [ENG31-06697943-n] (the imparting of news or promises etc.)
              • dissemination [ENG31-06263270-n] (the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate)

                • circulation [ENG31-06263501-n] (the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines))
                • propagation [ENG31-06263648-n] (the spreading of something (a belief or practice) into new regions)
              • channel [ENG31-06270551-n] (a path over which electrical signals can pass)
              • channels [ENG31-06272117-n] (official routes of communication)
              • medium [ENG31-06272239-n] ((usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public)

                • broadcast medium [ENG31-06274829-n] (a medium that disseminates via telecommunications)
              • multimedia [ENG31-06272397-n] (transmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.))

                • hypermedia [ENG31-06272575-n] (a multimedia system in which related items of information are connected and can be presented together)
              • electronic communication [ENG31-06289315-n] (communication by computer)

                • digital communication [ENG31-06289483-n] (electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers))

                  • asynchronous transfer mode [ENG31-06289724-n] (a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds)
                • electronic mail [ENG31-06289979-n] ((computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient's terminal when the recipient logs in)

                  • freemail [ENG31-06290458-n] (a service providing free email delivery in exchange for exposure to advertising)
                  • spam [ENG31-06291000-n] (unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk))
                • messaging [ENG31-06291130-n] (the sending and processing of e-mail by computer)
                • prompt [ENG31-06291257-n] ((computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command)
              • fiber optics [ENG31-06291469-n] (the transmission of light signals via glass fibers)
              • modulation [ENG31-06291948-n] ((electronics) the transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave)

                • amplitude modulation [ENG31-06292247-n] (modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave)
                • frequency modulation [ENG31-06292374-n] (modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave)
                • phase modulation [ENG31-06292501-n] (modulation of the phase of the carrier wave)
                • pulse modulation [ENG31-06292612-n] (modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses)

                  • pulse-time modulation [ENG31-06292746-n] (modulation of the time between successive pulses)
              • uplink [ENG31-07295000-n] (a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission)
              • interrogation [ENG31-07295304-n] (a transmission that will trigger an answering transmission from a transponder)
            • intercommunication [ENG31-06262873-n] (mutual communication)

              • intercourse [ENG31-07149153-n] (communication between individuals)

                • communion [ENG31-07149283-n] (sharing thoughts and feelings)
            • medium [ENG31-06264605-n] (an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication)

              • ether [ENG31-06265492-n] (a medium that was once supposed to fill all space and to support the propagation of electromagnetic waves)
              • air [ENG31-06265931-n] (medium for radio and television broadcasting)
            • channel [ENG31-06270774-n] ((often plural) a means of communication or access)

              • back channel [ENG31-06271470-n] (an alternative to the regular channels of communication that is used when agreements must be made secretly (especially in diplomacy or government))
              • lens [ENG31-06271713-n] ((metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood)
              • liaison [ENG31-06271913-n] (a channel for communication between groups)
              • spiel [ENG31-07026516-n] (plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson))
            • mail [ENG31-06275051-n] (the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office)

              • airmail [ENG31-06275465-n] (a system of conveying mail by aircraft)
              • snail mail [ENG31-06275585-n] (any mail that is physically delivered by the postal service)
              • rural free delivery [ENG31-06275795-n] (free government delivery of mail in outlying country areas)
            • dramaturgy [ENG31-07019235-n] (the art of writing and producing plays)

              • stage [ENG31-07019828-n] (the theater as a profession (usually `the stage'))
            • discussion [ENG31-07152793-n] (an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic)

              • detail [ENG31-07152515-n] (extended treatment of particulars)
              • dilation [ENG31-07152658-n] (a lengthy discussion (spoken or written) on a particular topic)
              • consideration [ENG31-07153623-n] (a discussion of a topic (as in a meeting))

                • reconsideration [ENG31-07154240-n] (a consideration of a topic (as in a meeting) with a view to changing an earlier decision)
              • talk [ENG31-07154024-n] (discussion)
              • expansion [ENG31-07187407-n] (a discussion that provides additional information)

                • expatiation [ENG31-07153859-n] (a discussion (spoken or written) that enlarges on a topic or theme at length or in detail)
                • embellishment [ENG31-07187630-n] (elaboration of an interpretation by the use of decorative (sometimes fictitious) detail)
            • exhortation [ENG31-07154408-n] (a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action)
            • expression [ENG31-07154581-n] (the communication (in speech or writing) of your beliefs or opinions)

              • articulation [ENG31-07087248-n] (expressing in coherent verbal form)
              • cold turkey [ENG31-07154945-n] (a blunt expression of views)
              • congratulation [ENG31-07155056-n] ((usually plural) an expression of pleasure at the success or good fortune of another)
            • examination [ENG31-07211681-n] (a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge)

              • bar examination [ENG31-07212197-n] (an examination conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction)
              • comprehensive examination [ENG31-07212549-n] (an intensive examination testing a student's proficiency in some special field of knowledge)
              • entrance examination [ENG31-07212779-n] (examination to determine a candidate's preparation for a course of studies)
              • final examination [ENG31-07212936-n] (an examination administered at the end of an academic term)
              • litmus test [ENG31-07213097-n] (a test that relies on a single indicator)
              • midterm examination [ENG31-07213265-n] (an examination administered in the middle of an academic term)
              • oral [ENG31-07213506-n] (an examination conducted by spoken communication)
              • preliminary examination [ENG31-07213673-n] (an examination taken by graduate students to determine their fitness to continue)
              • quiz [ENG31-07213851-n] (an examination consisting of a few short questions)

                • pop quiz [ENG31-07213417-n] (a quiz given without prior warning)
              • test paper [ENG31-07213988-n] (a written examination)
              • tripos [ENG31-07214116-n] (final honors degree examinations at Cambridge University)
            • persuasion [ENG31-07259785-n] (the act of persuading (or attempting to persuade))

              • line [ENG31-07026095-n] (persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress)
              • arm-twisting [ENG31-07260132-n] (persuasion by the use of direct personal pressure)
              • electioneering [ENG31-07260545-n] (persuasion of voters in a political campaign)
              • exhortation [ENG31-07260696-n] (the act of exhorting)

                • pep talk [ENG31-07260875-n] (a speech of exhortation attempting to instill enthusiasm and determination in a team or staff)
              • proselytism [ENG31-07261042-n] (the practice of proselytizing)
              • sloganeering [ENG31-07261129-n] (persuasion by means of empty slogans)
              • suggestion [ENG31-07261242-n] (persuasion formulated as a suggestion)
              • weapon [ENG31-07261592-n] (a means of persuading or arguing)
            • dissuasion [ENG31-07260346-n] (persuading not to do or believe something)
            • expostulation [ENG31-07261402-n] (the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest)
            • contact [ENG31-07293990-n] (a communicative interaction)
            • traffic [ENG31-07294158-n] (the amount of activity over a communication system during a given period of time)
          • speech act [ENG31-07175534-n] (the use of language to perform some act)

            • congratulation [ENG31-06646403-n] (the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration)
            • slander [ENG31-06733349-n] (words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another)

              • mud [ENG31-06732886-n] (slanderous remarks or charges)
            • proposal [ENG31-07176080-n] (the act of making a proposal)

              • presentation [ENG31-07182066-n] (the act of presenting a proposal)

                • first reading [ENG31-07177923-n] (the first presentation of a bill in a legislature)
                • second reading [ENG31-07178032-n] (the second presentation of a bill in a legislature)
            • command [ENG31-07182782-n] (an authoritative direction or instruction to do something)

              • countermand [ENG31-07183137-n] (a contrary command cancelling or reversing a previous command)
              • order [ENG31-07183274-n] ((often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed)

                • marching orders [ENG31-07183634-n] (an order from a superior officer for troops to depart)
                • summons [ENG31-07183749-n] (an order to appear in person at a given place and time)

                  • call up [ENG31-07184004-n] (an order to report for military duty)
                • word [ENG31-07183893-n] (a verbal command for action)
              • commission [ENG31-07184131-n] (a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something)

                • misdirection [ENG31-07184394-n] (an incorrect charge to a jury given by a judge)
              • commandment [ENG31-07184499-n] (something that is commanded)
              • injunction [ENG31-07185118-n] (a formal command or admonition)
              • behest [ENG31-07185223-n] (an authoritative command or request)
              • open sesame [ENG31-07185311-n] (a magical command)
            • agreement [ENG31-07189892-n] (the verbal act of agreeing)

              • assent [ENG31-07190226-n] (agreement with a statement or proposal to do something)

                • acceptance [ENG31-07190724-n] ((contract law) words signifying consent to the terms of an offer (thereby creating a contract))
                • concession [ENG31-07190894-n] (the act of conceding or yielding)

                  • bye [ENG31-07191150-n] (an automatic advance to the next round in a tournament without playing an opponent)
              • concurrence [ENG31-07191342-n] (agreement of results or opinions)
              • accord [ENG31-07191464-n] (concurrence of opinion)
              • connivance [ENG31-07191622-n] (agreement on a secret plot)

                • cahoot [ENG31-07191771-n] (collusion)
              • accession [ENG31-07191852-n] (agreeing with or consenting to (often unwillingly))
              • subscription [ENG31-07194480-n] (agreement expressed by (or as if expressed by) signing your name)
              • ratification [ENG31-07194603-n] (making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it)
              • harmony [ENG31-07194843-n] (agreement of opinions)
              • second [ENG31-07195032-n] (a speech seconding a motion)
              • concession [ENG31-07231072-n] (a point conceded or yielded)

                • sop [ENG31-07231275-n] (a concession given to mollify or placate)
                • stipulation [ENG31-07231421-n] ((law) an agreement or concession made by parties in a judicial proceeding (or by their attorneys) relating to the business before the court)
                • takeaway [ENG31-07231777-n] (a concession made by a labor union to a company that is trying to lower its expenditures)
                • wage concession [ENG31-07231920-n] (an agreement to raise wages)
            • citation [ENG31-07195230-n] ((law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.))
            • disagreement [ENG31-07195447-n] (the speech act of disagreeing or arguing or disputing)

              • confrontation [ENG31-07195703-n] (a hostile disagreement face-to-face)
              • dissidence [ENG31-07195868-n] (disagreement)
              • dissent [ENG31-07196018-n] (a difference of opinion)
              • nonconformity [ENG31-07196113-n] (lack of harmony or correspondence)
              • discord [ENG31-07196206-n] (disagreement among those expected to cooperate)

                • confrontation [ENG31-07196373-n] (discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions)
                • division [ENG31-07196502-n] (discord that splits a group)
              • dispute [ENG31-07196595-n] (a disagreement or argument about something important)

                • collision [ENG31-07197660-n] (a conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals)
                • controversy [ENG31-07197811-n] (a contentious speech act)

                  • argy-bargy [ENG31-07197145-n] (a verbal dispute)
                  • firestorm [ENG31-07197274-n] (an outburst of controversy)
                  • sparring [ENG31-07197404-n] (an argument in which the participants are trying to gain some advantage)
                  • polemic [ENG31-07198320-n] (a controversy (especially over a belief or dogma))
                  • fight [ENG31-07199051-n] (an intense verbal dispute)
                • gap [ENG31-07198513-n] (a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations)

                  • generation gap [ENG31-07198684-n] (a difference between the views of young people and their parents)
                • quarrel [ENG31-07198809-n] (an angry dispute)

                  • affray [ENG31-07199205-n] (noisy quarrel)

                    • batrachomyomachia [ENG31-07199312-n] (a silly altercation)
                  • bicker [ENG31-07199395-n] (a quarrel about petty points)
                  • bust-up [ENG31-07199625-n] (a serious quarrel (especially one that ends a friendship))
            • offer [ENG31-07199736-n] (the verbal act of offering)
            • request [ENG31-07199985-n] (the verbal act of requesting)

              • notification [ENG31-07200328-n] (a request for payment)
              • wish [ENG31-07200530-n] (an expression of some desire or inclination)
              • entreaty [ENG31-07201488-n] (earnest or urgent request)

                • adjuration [ENG31-07201810-n] (a solemn and earnest appeal to someone to do something)
                • demagoguery [ENG31-07201957-n] (impassioned appeals to the prejudices and emotions of the populace)

                  • flag waving [ENG31-07202146-n] (an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions)
                • supplication [ENG31-07202298-n] (a humble request for help from someone in authority)
                • solicitation [ENG31-07202433-n] (an entreaty addressed to someone of superior status)

                  • beggary [ENG31-07202656-n] (a solicitation for money or food (especially in the street by an apparently penniless person))
                  • touch [ENG31-07202898-n] (the act of soliciting money (as a gift or loan))
                  • importunity [ENG31-07203045-n] (insistent solicitation and entreaty)
                • suit [ENG31-07203230-n] (a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status or rank)
                • courtship [ENG31-07203345-n] (a man's courting of a woman)

                  • bundling [ENG31-07203639-n] (a onetime custom during courtship of unmarried couples occupying the same bed without undressing)
              • prayer [ENG31-07203790-n] (reverent petition to a deity)

                • prayer wheel [ENG31-06430018-n] (a cylinder with prayers written on it)
                • benediction [ENG31-07204071-n] (a ceremonial prayer invoking divine protection)

                  • benison [ENG31-07204222-n] (a spoken blessing)
                • collect [ENG31-07204293-n] (a short prayer generally preceding the lesson in the Church of Rome or the Church of England)
                • commination [ENG31-07204439-n] (prayers proclaiming God's anger against sinners)
                • deprecation [ENG31-07204592-n] (a prayer to avert or remove some evil or disaster)
                • grace [ENG31-07204699-n] (a short prayer of thanks before a meal)
                • intercession [ENG31-07204848-n] (a prayer to God on behalf of another person)
                • invocation [ENG31-07204950-n] (a prayer asking God's help as part of a religious service)

                  • rogation [ENG31-07205134-n] (a solemn supplication ceremony prescribed by the church)
                • requiescat [ENG31-07205244-n] (a prayer for the repose of the soul of a dead person)
              • call [ENG31-07205353-n] (a request)

                • recall [ENG31-07205500-n] (a call to return)
              • charge [ENG31-07205601-n] (request for payment of a debt)

                • presentment [ENG31-07205822-n] (a document that must be accepted and paid by another person)
              • trick or treat [ENG31-07207650-n] (a request by children on Halloween)
              • questioning [ENG31-07207844-n] (a request for information)

                • challenge [ENG31-07208065-n] (questioning a statement and demanding an explanation)
                • question [ENG31-07208256-n] (an instance of questioning)
                • interrogation [ENG31-07208618-n] (formal systematic questioning)

                  • catechism [ENG31-07208953-n] (a series of question put to an individual (such as a political candidate) to elicit their views)
                  • deposition [ENG31-07209159-n] ((law) a pretrial interrogation of a witness)
                  • inquisition [ENG31-07209336-n] (a severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals))
                  • third degree [ENG31-07209471-n] (interrogation often accompanied by torture to extort information or a confession)
                  • cross-examination [ENG31-07209610-n] ((law) close questioning of a hostile witness in a court of law to discredit or throw a new light on the testimony already provided in direct examination)
                  • direct examination [ENG31-07209901-n] ((law) the initial questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness)
                  • redirect examination [ENG31-07210064-n] ((law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness after that witness has been subject to cross-examination)
                  • interview [ENG31-07210735-n] (the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited))

                    • job interview [ENG31-07211065-n] (an interview to determine whether an applicant is suitable for a position of employment)
                    • telephone interview [ENG31-07211235-n] (an interview conducted over the telephone)
                  • debriefing [ENG31-07235126-n] (report of a mission or task)
              • order [ENG31-07294392-n] (a request for something to be made, supplied, or served)

                • short order [ENG31-07294673-n] (an order for food that can be prepared quickly)
              • recall [ENG31-07294777-n] (a request by the manufacturer of a defective product to return the product (as for replacement or repair))
            • reply [ENG31-07214225-n] (the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange)

              • counterblast [ENG31-06724644-n] (a vigorous and unrestrained response)
              • non sequitur [ENG31-07214474-n] (a reply that has no relevance to what preceded it)
              • rejoinder [ENG31-07214582-n] (a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one))

                • sass [ENG31-06734698-n] (an impudent or insolent rejoinder)
              • echo [ENG31-07214950-n] (a reply that repeats what has just been said)

                • echolalia [ENG31-07215081-n] (an infant's repetition of sounds uttered by others)
              • answer [ENG31-07215187-n] (the speech act of replying to a question)

                • Urim and Thummim [ENG31-07215352-n] (lots thrown to determine God's answers to yes-no questions)
                • refutation [ENG31-07215473-n] (the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions)

                  • confutation [ENG31-07215765-n] (the speech act of refuting conclusively)
                  • rebuttal [ENG31-07215880-n] (the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument)
            • description [ENG31-07216025-n] (the act of describing something)

              • characterization [ENG31-07216222-n] (the act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features)
              • label [ENG31-07217239-n] (a brief description given for purposes of identification)
              • particularization [ENG31-07217472-n] (an individualized description of a particular instance)
              • sketch [ENG31-07217676-n] (a brief literary description)
            • affirmation [ENG31-07217786-n] (the act of affirming or asserting or stating something)

              • say-so [ENG31-07218273-n] (one chap's arbitrary assertion)
            • denial [ENG31-07219061-n] (the act of refusing to comply (as with a request))

              • abnegation [ENG31-07219325-n] (the denial and rejection of a doctrine or belief)
              • naysaying [ENG31-07219482-n] (the act of saying no to a request)
              • negative [ENG31-07219571-n] (a reply of denial)

                • no [ENG31-07219764-n] (a negative)
                • nay [ENG31-07219870-n] (a negative)
                • double negative [ENG31-07219968-n] (a grammatically substandard but emphatic negative)
              • refusal [ENG31-07220233-n] (the act of refusing)

                • repudiation [ENG31-07220378-n] (refusal to acknowledge or pay a debt or honor a contract (especially by public authorities))
                • prohibition [ENG31-07269842-n] (refusal to approve or assent to)

                  • interdiction [ENG31-07269967-n] (authoritative prohibition)
                  • ban [ENG31-07270069-n] (an official prohibition or edict against something)

                    • test ban [ENG31-07270296-n] (a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons that is mutually agreed to by countries that possess nuclear weapons)
              • disavowal [ENG31-07220606-n] (denial of any connection with or knowledge of)

                • retraction [ENG31-07220756-n] (a disavowal or taking back of a previous assertion)

                  • withdrawal [ENG31-07220962-n] (a retraction of a previously held position)
            • rejection [ENG31-07221933-n] (the speech act of rejecting)

              • repudiation [ENG31-07222070-n] (rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid)

                • disclaimer [ENG31-07222340-n] ((law) a voluntary repudiation of a person's legal claim to something)
                • disownment [ENG31-07222520-n] (refusal to acknowledge as one's own)
              • rebuff [ENG31-07222660-n] (an instance of driving away or warding off)
              • short shrift [ENG31-07222844-n] (a brief and unsympathetic rejection)
            • objection [ENG31-07222998-n] (the speech act of objecting)

              • challenge [ENG31-07223225-n] (a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror)
              • complaint [ENG31-07223368-n] (an expression of grievance or resentment)

                • grievance [ENG31-07225461-n] (a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action)
                • grumble [ENG31-07225752-n] (a complaint uttered in a low and indistinct tone)
                • jeremiad [ENG31-07226034-n] (a long and mournful complaint)
                • kvetch [ENG31-07226163-n] ((Yiddish) a nagging complaint)
                • pet peeve [ENG31-07226264-n] (an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed)
                • whimper [ENG31-07226412-n] (a complaint uttered in a plaintive whining way)
              • demur [ENG31-07223749-n] ((law) a formal objection to an opponent's pleadings)
              • dissent [ENG31-07223965-n] ((law) the difference of one judge's opinion from that of the majority)
              • exception [ENG31-07224193-n] (grounds for adverse criticism)

                • caption [ENG31-07224351-n] (taking exception)
              • gripe [ENG31-07224625-n] (informal terms for objecting)
              • protest [ENG31-07224885-n] (a formal and solemn declaration of objection)
              • protest [ENG31-07225213-n] (the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval)
            • informing [ENG31-07226850-n] (a speech act that conveys information)

              • telling [ENG31-07227084-n] (informing by words)

                • notice [ENG31-07227272-n] (advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an arrangement of contract)

                  • dismissal [ENG31-07227739-n] (official notice that you have been fired from your job)

                    • walking papers [ENG31-07291119-n] ((informal) a notice of dismissal or discharge)
                • warning [ENG31-07227534-n] (notification of something, usually in advance)
              • revelation [ENG31-07227892-n] (communication of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency)
              • presentation [ENG31-07232009-n] (formally making a person known to another or to the public)

                • debut [ENG31-07232239-n] (the presentation of a debutante in society)
                • reintroduction [ENG31-07232333-n] (an act of renewed introduction)
              • briefing [ENG31-07232442-n] (detailed instructions, as for a military operation)
              • report [ENG31-07232584-n] (the act of informing by verbal report)

                • summarization [ENG31-06479116-n] (the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof))
                • indirect discourse [ENG31-07153212-n] (a report of a discourse in which deictic terms are modified appropriately (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'" would be modified to "he said he is a fool"))
                • direct discourse [ENG31-07153444-n] (a report of the exact words used in a discourse (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'"))
                • megillah [ENG31-07232959-n] ((Yiddish) a long boring tediously detailed account)
                • anecdote [ENG31-07235246-n] (short account of an incident (especially a biographical one))
                • narration [ENG31-07235433-n] (the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events)

                  • relation [ENG31-07237483-n] (an act of narration)
                • gossip [ENG31-07237830-n] (a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people)

                  • earful [ENG31-07237754-n] (an outpouring of gossip)
                  • rumor [ENG31-07238110-n] (gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth)
                  • grapevine [ENG31-07238295-n] (gossip spread by spoken communication)
                  • scandal [ENG31-07238471-n] (disgraceful gossip about the private lives of other people)
                  • talk [ENG31-07238645-n] (idle gossip or rumor)
              • warning [ENG31-07238811-n] (a message informing of danger)

                • wake-up call [ENG31-07239141-n] (a warning to take action concerning something that was overlooked or neglected)
                • alarmism [ENG31-07239344-n] (needless warnings)
                • alert [ENG31-07239434-n] (a warning serves to make you more alert to danger)
                • caution [ENG31-07239827-n] (a warning against certain acts)
                • false alarm [ENG31-07239993-n] (a warning that is given about something that fails to occur)
                • forewarning [ENG31-07240110-n] (an early warning about a future event)
                • heads-up [ENG31-07240237-n] (a warning message)
                • strategic warning [ENG31-07240356-n] ((military) a warning prior to the start of a threatening act)

                  • warning of war [ENG31-07240990-n] (a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends war or is preparing for war and is on a course that increases the risk of war)
                • tactical warning [ENG31-07240517-n] ((military) a warning after the initiation of a hostile act)

                  • warning of attack [ENG31-07240811-n] (a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends to launch an attack in the near future)
                • threat [ENG31-07240675-n] (a warning that something unpleasant is imminent)
            • disclosure [ENG31-07228055-n] (the speech act of making something evident)

              • tattle [ENG31-06818155-n] (disclosing information or giving evidence about another)
              • display [ENG31-07228377-n] (behavior that makes your feelings public)

                • histrionics [ENG31-07228549-n] (a deliberate display of emotion for effect)
                • production [ENG31-07228649-n] (a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated)
                • sackcloth and ashes [ENG31-07228810-n] (a display of extreme remorse or repentance or grief)
              • divulgence [ENG31-07228927-n] (the act of disclosing something that was secret or private)
              • discovery [ENG31-07229092-n] (something that is discovered)
              • discovery [ENG31-07229302-n] ((law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case)
              • giveaway [ENG31-07229554-n] (an unintentional disclosure)
              • informing [ENG31-07229654-n] (to furnish incriminating evidence to an officer of the law (usually in return for favors))
              • leak [ENG31-07229845-n] (unauthorized (especially deliberate) disclosure of confidential information)
              • exposure [ENG31-07230037-n] (the disclosure of something secret)

                • expose [ENG31-07230228-n] (the exposure of an impostor or a fraud)
                • muckraking [ENG31-07230476-n] (the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures))
            • promise [ENG31-07241205-n] (a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future)

              • oath [ENG31-07241501-n] (a solemn promise, usually invoking a divine witness, regarding your future acts or behavior)

                • bayat [ENG31-07241715-n] (an oath of allegiance to an emir)
              • parole [ENG31-07241961-n] (a promise)
              • betrothal [ENG31-07242871-n] (a mutual promise to marry)

                • ringing [ENG31-07243191-n] (the giving of a ring as a token of engagement)
              • pinning [ENG31-07243009-n] (a mutual promise of a couple not to date anyone else)
              • rain check [ENG31-07243290-n] (a promise that an unaccepted offer will be renewed in the future)
            • boast [ENG31-07244190-n] (speaking of yourself in superlatives)

              • brag [ENG31-07244407-n] (an instance of boastful talk)
              • braggadocio [ENG31-07244749-n] (vain and empty boasting)
              • vaunt [ENG31-07244887-n] (extravagant self-praise)
              • self-assertion [ENG31-07244980-n] (the act of putting forth your own opinions in a boastful or inconsiderate manner that implies you feel superior to others)
            • naming [ENG31-07245162-n] (the verbal act of naming)

              • acrophony [ENG31-07245456-n] (naming a letter of the alphabet by using a word whose initial sound is the sound represented by that letter)
              • numeration [ENG31-07245619-n] (naming numbers)
              • indication [ENG31-07245708-n] (the act of indicating or pointing out by name)
              • specification [ENG31-07245859-n] (naming explicitly)
            • challenge [ENG31-07245954-n] (a call to engage in a contest or fight)

              • dare [ENG31-07246192-n] (a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy)
              • confrontation [ENG31-07246388-n] (a bold challenge)
              • call-out [ENG31-07246500-n] (a challenge to a fight or duel)
              • defiance [ENG31-07246603-n] (a hostile challenge)
              • calling into question [ENG31-07246713-n] (a challenge to defend what someone has said)
              • demand for identification [ENG31-07246849-n] (as by a sentry)
              • gauntlet [ENG31-07246935-n] (to offer or accept a challenge)
            • explanation [ENG31-07247081-n] (the act of explaining)

              • elucidation [ENG31-07247315-n] (an act of explaining that serves to clear up and cast light on)
              • explication [ENG31-07247471-n] (the act of making clear or removing obscurity from the meaning of a word or symbol or expression etc.)
            • denunciation [ENG31-07247648-n] (a public act of denouncing)

              • excoriation [ENG31-07247874-n] (severe censure)
              • fulmination [ENG31-07247964-n] (thunderous verbal attack)
              • tirade [ENG31-07248075-n] (a speech of violent denunciation)
              • damnation [ENG31-07248202-n] (the act of damning)
              • execration [ENG31-07248294-n] (an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group)

                • anathema [ENG31-07248523-n] (a formal ecclesiastical curse accompanied by excommunication)
                • imprecation [ENG31-07248656-n] (the act of calling down a curse that invokes evil (and usually serves as an insult))
            • address [ENG31-07253354-n] (the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience)

              • allocution [ENG31-07253843-n] ((rhetoric) a formal or authoritative address that advises or exhorts)
              • colloquium [ENG31-07253987-n] (an address to an academic meeting or seminar)
              • dithyramb [ENG31-07254088-n] (a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing)
              • impromptu [ENG31-07254448-n] (an extemporaneous speech or remark)
              • inaugural address [ENG31-07254737-n] (an address delivered at an inaugural ceremony (especially by a United States president))
              • lecture [ENG31-07255209-n] (a speech that is open to the public)
              • litany [ENG31-07255423-n] (any long and tedious address or recital)
              • oratory [ENG31-07255865-n] (addressing an audience formally (usually a long and rhetorical address and often pompous))

                • keynote speech [ENG31-07255077-n] (a speech setting forth the keynote)
                • nominating speech [ENG31-07255585-n] (an address (usually at a political convention) proposing the name of a candidate to run for election)
                • oration [ENG31-07256211-n] (an instance of oratory)

                  • peroration [ENG31-07256383-n] (a flowery and highly rhetorical oration)
                • declamation [ENG31-07256984-n] (vehement oratory)

                  • harangue [ENG31-07257572-n] (a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion)

                    • screed [ENG31-07257774-n] (a long monotonous harangue)
                  • raving [ENG31-07257853-n] (declaiming wildly)
                • epideictic oratory [ENG31-07257317-n] (a type of oratory used to eulogize or condemn a person or group of people)
                • stump speech [ENG31-07257966-n] (political oratory)
                • salutatory address [ENG31-07258042-n] (an opening or welcoming statement (especially one delivered at graduation exercises))
                • valediction [ENG31-07258225-n] (a farewell oration (especially one delivered during graduation exercises by an outstanding member of a graduating class))
              • public speaking [ENG31-07256497-n] (delivering an address to a public audience)

                • recitation [ENG31-07249541-n] (a public instance of reciting or repeating (from memory) something prepared in advance)

                  • declamation [ENG31-07257130-n] (recitation of a speech from memory with studied gestures and intonation as an exercise in elocution or rhetoric)
                • debate [ENG31-07256764-n] (the formal presentation of a stated proposition and the opposition to it (usually followed by a vote))
              • sermon [ENG31-07258497-n] (an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service))

                • baccalaureate [ENG31-07258814-n] (a farewell sermon to a graduating class at their commencement ceremonies)
                • kerygma [ENG31-07258965-n] (preaching the gospel of Christ in the manner of the early church)
                • evangelism [ENG31-07259273-n] (zealous preaching and advocacy of the gospel)

                  • televangelism [ENG31-07259482-n] (evangelism at a distance by the use of television)
                • homily [ENG31-07259609-n] (a sermon on a moral or religious topic)
            • resignation [ENG31-07268935-n] (the act of giving up (a claim or office or possession etc.))

              • abdication [ENG31-07269124-n] (a formal resignation and renunciation of powers)
              • renunciation [ENG31-07269262-n] (an act (spoken or written) declaring that something is surrendered or disowned)

                • relinquishment [ENG31-07269504-n] (a verbal act of renouncing a claim or right or position etc.)

                  • giving up [ENG31-07269695-n] (a verbal act of admitting defeat)
        • might-have-been [ENG31-07298069-n] (an event that could have occurred but never did)
        • nonevent [ENG31-07298178-n] (an anticipated event that turns out to be far less significant than was expected)
        • happening [ENG31-07298313-n] (an event that happens)

          • accompaniment [ENG31-07299259-n] (an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another)

            • associate [ENG31-07299553-n] (any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another)
            • background [ENG31-07299896-n] (relatively unimportant or inconspicuous accompanying situation)
          • avalanche [ENG31-07299741-n] (a sudden appearance of an overwhelming number of things)
          • experience [ENG31-07300108-n] (an event as apprehended)

            • appalling [ENG31-07300577-n] (an experience that appalls)
            • augury [ENG31-07300719-n] (an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come)

              • war cloud [ENG31-07300983-n] (an ominous sign that war threatens)
              • omen [ENG31-07301073-n] (a sign of something about to happen)

                • auspice [ENG31-07301504-n] (a favorable omen)
                • foreboding [ENG31-07301610-n] (an unfavorable omen)
                • death knell [ENG31-07301704-n] (an omen of death or destruction)
            • flash [ENG31-07301793-n] (a short vivid experience)
            • good time [ENG31-07301993-n] (a highly pleasurable or exciting experience)
            • loss [ENG31-07302177-n] (the experience of losing a loved one)
            • near-death experience [ENG31-07302315-n] (the experience of being close to death but surviving)
            • ordeal [ENG31-07302435-n] (a severe or trying experience)
            • out-of-body experience [ENG31-07302517-n] (the dissociative experience of observing yourself from an external perspective as though your mind or soul had left and was observing your body)
            • taste [ENG31-07302729-n] (a brief experience of something)
            • time [ENG31-07302920-n] (a person's experience on a particular occasion)
            • trip [ENG31-07303090-n] (an exciting or stimulating experience)
            • vision [ENG31-07303190-n] (a religious or mystical experience of a supernatural appearance)
          • trouble [ENG31-07303737-n] (an event causing distress or pain)

            • misfortune [ENG31-07319470-n] (unnecessary and unforeseen trouble resulting from an unfortunate event)

              • pity [ENG31-07319716-n] (an unfortunate development)
              • mishap [ENG31-07329027-n] (an instance of misfortune)

                • accident [ENG31-07315954-n] (an unfortunate mishap)

                  • collision [ENG31-07316161-n] (an accident resulting from violent impact of a moving object)

                    • fender-bender [ENG31-07326158-n] (a collision between motor vehicles that produces minor damage)
                    • pileup [ENG31-07331885-n] (multiple collisions of vehicles)
                    • smash [ENG31-07331969-n] (a serious collision (especially of motor vehicles))
                  • crash [ENG31-07316568-n] (a serious accident (usually involving one or more vehicles))

                    • prang [ENG31-07316782-n] (a crash involving a car or plane)
                  • injury [ENG31-07328236-n] (an accident that results in physical damage or hurt)

                    • concussion [ENG31-07426090-n] (injury to the brain caused by a blow)
                    • mutilation [ENG31-07448262-n] (an injury that causes disfigurement or that deprives you of a limb or other important body part)
                  • shipwreck [ENG31-07367675-n] (an accident that destroys a ship at sea)

                    • capsizing [ENG31-07367832-n] ((nautical) the event of a boat accidentally turning over in the water)
                  • fatal accident [ENG31-07376317-n] (an accident that causes someone to die)

                    • collateral damage [ENG31-07376463-n] ((euphemism) inadvertent casualties and destruction inflicted on civilians in the course of military operations)
                • near miss [ENG31-07316464-n] (an accidental collision that is narrowly avoided)
                • derailment [ENG31-07316885-n] (an accident in which a train runs off its track)
                • ground loop [ENG31-07317025-n] (a sharp uncontrollable turn made by an airplane while moving along the ground)
                • puncture [ENG31-07329258-n] (loss of air pressure in a tire when a hole is made by some sharp object)
                • slip [ENG31-07332119-n] (an accidental misstep threatening (or causing) a fall)

                  • spill [ENG31-00077704-n] (a sudden drop from an upright position)

                    • pratfall [ENG31-00077989-n] (a fall onto your buttocks)
                    • wipeout [ENG31-00078069-n] (a spill in some sport (as a fall from a bicycle or while skiing or being capsized on a surfboard))
                • crash [ENG31-07494014-n] ((computer science) an event that causes a computer system to become inoperative)

                  • head crash [ENG31-07494284-n] ((computer science) a crash of a read/write head in a hard disk drive (usually caused by contact of the head with the surface of the magnetic disk))
              • calamity [ENG31-07329438-n] (an event resulting in great loss and misfortune)

                • act of God [ENG31-07329950-n] (a natural and unavoidable catastrophe that interrupts the expected course of events)
                • apocalypse [ENG31-07330231-n] (a cosmic cataclysm in which God destroys the ruling powers of evil)
                • famine [ENG31-07330390-n] (a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death)

                  • the Irish Famine [ENG31-07330565-n] (a famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight)
                • kiss of death [ENG31-07330842-n] (something that is ruinous)
                • meltdown [ENG31-07331003-n] (a disaster comparable to a nuclear meltdown)
                • plague [ENG31-07331203-n] (any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God))
                • visitation [ENG31-07331324-n] (any disaster or catastrophe)
                • tidal wave [ENG31-07363470-n] (an unusual (and often destructive) rise of water along the seashore caused by a storm or a combination of wind and high tide)
                • tsunami [ENG31-07363899-n] (a cataclysm resulting from a destructive sea wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption)
              • adversity [ENG31-07351212-n] (a stroke of ill fortune)
              • hardship [ENG31-07351363-n] (something that causes or entails suffering)
              • knock [ENG31-07351599-n] (a bad experience)
            • affliction [ENG31-07319852-n] (a cause of great suffering and distress)

              • calvary [ENG31-07320650-n] (any experience that causes intense suffering)
              • trial [ENG31-07387559-n] (an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event)

                • fire [ENG31-07435035-n] (a severe trial)
              • curse [ENG31-07434954-n] (a severe affliction)
              • attack [ENG31-14104857-n] (a sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition)

                • anxiety attack [ENG31-14105147-n] (a sudden acute episode of intense anxiety and feelings of panic)
                • flare [ENG31-14105271-n] (a sudden recurrence or worsening of symptoms)
                • seizure [ENG31-14105423-n] (a sudden occurrence (or recurrence) of a disease)

                  • convulsion [ENG31-14106077-n] (violent uncontrollable contractions of muscles)

                    • clonus [ENG31-14106543-n] (convulsion characterized by alternating contractions and relaxations)
                    • epileptic seizure [ENG31-14106682-n] (convulsions accompanied by impaired consciousness)

                      • grand mal [ENG31-14106850-n] (a seizure during which the patient becomes unconscious and has convulsions over the entire body)
                      • petit mal [ENG31-14107041-n] (a seizure of short duration characterized by momentary unconsciousness and local muscle spasms or twitching)
                  • focal seizure [ENG31-14110406-n] (transitory disturbance in motor or sensory function resulting from abnormal cortical activity)
                  • raptus hemorrhagicus [ENG31-14110578-n] (seizure caused by a sudden profuse hemorrhage)
                  • absence [ENG31-14111894-n] (the occurrence of an abrupt, transient loss or impairment of consciousness (which is not subsequently remembered), sometimes with light twitching, fluttering eyelids, etc.)

                    • complex absence [ENG31-14112240-n] (an absence seizure accompanied by other abnormalities (atonia or automatisms or vasomotor changes))
                    • pure absence [ENG31-14112400-n] (an absence seizure without other complications)
                    • subclinical absence [ENG31-14112562-n] (a transient impairment of cortical function demonstrable only by 3-per-second brainwave spikes)
                • touch [ENG31-14105668-n] (a slight attack of illness)
                • stroke [ENG31-14105785-n] (a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain)

                  • ischemic stroke [ENG31-14189840-n] (the most common kind of stroke)
                  • hemorrhagic stroke [ENG31-14312063-n] (stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain)
                • paroxysm [ENG31-14106270-n] (a sudden uncontrollable attack)
                • hysterics [ENG31-14106466-n] (an attack of hysteria)
                • occlusion [ENG31-14124251-n] (closure or blockage (as of a blood vessel))

                  • laryngospasm [ENG31-14124439-n] (a closure of the larynx that blocks the passage of air to the lungs)
                  • embolism [ENG31-14124565-n] (occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus (a loose clot or air bubble or other particle))

                    • air embolism [ENG31-14124799-n] (obstruction of the circulatory system caused by an air bubble as, e.g., accidentally during surgery or hypodermic injection or as a complication from scuba diving)
                    • fat embolism [ENG31-14125050-n] (serious condition in which fat blocks an artery)
                    • pulmonary embolism [ENG31-14125283-n] (blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot)
                  • thromboembolism [ENG31-14125417-n] (occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus that has broken away from a thrombus)
                  • thrombosis [ENG31-14125557-n] (the formation or presence of a thrombus (a clot of coagulated blood attached at the site of its formation) in a blood vessel)

                    • cerebral thrombosis [ENG31-14125829-n] (a blood clot in a cerebral artery or vein)
                    • coronary thrombosis [ENG31-14126313-n] (obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery by a blood clot (thrombus))
                    • milk leg [ENG31-14126500-n] (painful thrombosis of the femoral vein in the leg following childbirth)
                    • phlebothrombosis [ENG31-14376413-n] (thrombosis of a vein without prior inflammation of the vein)
                  • coronary occlusion [ENG31-14125936-n] (occlusion of a coronary artery caused either by progressive atherosclerosis or by a blood clot)
                • heart attack [ENG31-14136337-n] (a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function)
              • bane [ENG31-14468692-n] (something causing misery or death)
            • convulsion [ENG31-07320056-n] (a physical disturbance such as an earthquake or upheaval)
            • embarrassment [ENG31-07320169-n] (some event that causes someone to be embarrassed)
            • hell [ENG31-07320525-n] (a cause of difficulty and suffering)
            • onslaught [ENG31-07320778-n] (a sudden and severe onset of trouble)
            • scandal [ENG31-07320870-n] (a disgraceful event)

              • skeleton [ENG31-07321099-n] (a scandal that is kept secret)
            • noise [ENG31-07444811-n] (electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication)

              • clutter [ENG31-07278413-n] (unwanted echoes that interfere with the observation of signals on a radar screen)
              • background [ENG31-07445080-n] (extraneous signals that can be confused with the phenomenon to be observed or measured)

                • background noise [ENG31-07445370-n] (extraneous noise contaminating sound measurements that cannot be separated from the desired signal)

                  • surface noise [ENG31-07445564-n] (noise produced by the friction of the stylus of a record player moving over the rotating record)
                • background radiation [ENG31-07445719-n] (radiation coming from sources other than those being observed)
              • crosstalk [ENG31-07445847-n] (the presence of an unwanted signal via an accidental coupling)
              • fadeout [ENG31-07445969-n] (a gradual temporary loss of a transmitted signal due to electrical disturbances)
              • jitter [ENG31-07446102-n] (small rapid variations in a waveform resulting from fluctuations in the voltage supply or mechanical vibrations or other sources)
              • static [ENG31-07446283-n] (a crackling or hissing noise caused by electrical interference)

                • radio noise [ENG31-07446634-n] (static at radio wavelengths)
              • white noise [ENG31-07446452-n] (a noise produced by a stimulus containing all of the audible frequencies of vibration)
          • treat [ENG31-07304081-n] (an occurrence that causes special pleasure or delight)
          • miracle [ENG31-07304204-n] (any amazing or wonderful occurrence)
          • wonder [ENG31-07304311-n] (something that causes feelings of wonder)
          • thing [ENG31-07304554-n] (an event)

            • feast [ENG31-07304867-n] (something experienced with great delight)
          • episode [ENG31-07304679-n] (a happening that is distinctive in a series of related events)

            • drama [ENG31-07305001-n] (an episode that is turbulent or highly emotional)

              • night terror [ENG31-07305226-n] (an emotional episode (usually in young children) in which the person awakens in terror with feelings of anxiety and fear but is unable to remember any incident that might have provoked those feelings)
            • chapter [ENG31-07321790-n] (a series of related events forming an episode)
            • idyll [ENG31-07321915-n] (an episode of such pastoral or romantic charm as to qualify as the subject of a poetic idyll)
          • eventuality [ENG31-07305484-n] (a possible event or occurrence or result)
          • beginning [ENG31-07305628-n] (the event consisting of the start of something)

            • casus belli [ENG31-07305938-n] (an event used to justify starting a war)
            • emergence [ENG31-07334509-n] (the becoming visible)

              • eruption [ENG31-07334776-n] (the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gum)
              • dissilience [ENG31-07449382-n] (the emergence of seeds as seed pods burst open when they are ripe)
            • origin [ENG31-07338522-n] (an event that is a beginning)

              • germination [ENG31-07338835-n] (the origin of some development)
              • cause [ENG31-07341157-n] (events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something)

                • antecedent [ENG31-07341480-n] (a preceding occurrence or cause or event)
                • etiology [ENG31-07342208-n] (the cause of a disease)
                • factor [ENG31-07342405-n] (anything that contributes causally to a result)

                  • fundamental [ENG31-07342658-n] (any factor that could be considered important to the understanding of a particular business)
                  • parameter [ENG31-07342905-n] (any factor that defines a system and determines (or limits) its performance)
                  • unknown quantity [ENG31-07343036-n] (a factor in a given situation whose bearing and importance is not apparent)
                  • wild card [ENG31-07343246-n] (an unpredictable factor)
                  • releasing factor [ENG31-15047861-n] (a substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland)

                    • growth hormone-releasing factor [ENG31-15048104-n] (a releasing factor that accelerates the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary body)
                  • intrinsic factor [ENG31-15048287-n] (a substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12)
                • producer [ENG31-07343356-n] (something that produces)
                • mutagenesis [ENG31-07440708-n] (an event capable of causing a mutation)

                  • insertional mutagenesis [ENG31-07440841-n] ((genetics) a mutation caused by the insertion of exogenous DNA into a genome)
              • preliminary [ENG31-07341613-n] (something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows)
              • emanation [ENG31-07341888-n] ((theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost)
            • genesis [ENG31-07338980-n] (a coming into being)
            • ground floor [ENG31-07339102-n] (becoming part of a venture at the beginning (regarded as position of advantage))
            • emergence [ENG31-07339273-n] (the gradual beginning or coming forth)

              • rise [ENG31-07339517-n] (a growth in strength or number or importance)

                • crime wave [ENG31-07339702-n] (a sudden rise in the crime rate)
                • wave [ENG31-07367435-n] (something that rises rapidly)
                • spike [ENG31-07494506-n] (a sharp rise followed by a sharp decline)
            • start [ENG31-07339790-n] (the beginning of anything)

              • adrenarche [ENG31-07340239-n] (the increase in activity of the adrenal glands just before puberty)
              • menarche [ENG31-07340362-n] (the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman)
              • thelarche [ENG31-07340464-n] (the start of breast development in a woman at the beginning of puberty)
              • onset [ENG31-07340590-n] (the beginning or early stages)
              • dawn [ENG31-07340708-n] (the earliest period)
              • flying start [ENG31-07340862-n] (a quick and auspicious beginning)
              • opener [ENG31-07340969-n] (the first event in a series)
              • alpha [ENG31-07343769-n] (the beginning of a series or sequence)
              • opening [ENG31-07343963-n] (the first performance (as of a theatrical production))
              • kickoff [ENG31-07344168-n] (a start given to contestants)
              • racing start [ENG31-07344337-n] (the start of a race)

                • flying start [ENG31-07344433-n] (a racing start in which the contestants are already in full motion when they pass the starting line)
            • creation [ENG31-07343542-n] (the event that occurred at the beginning of something)

              • fertilization [ENG31-07451586-n] (creation by the physical union of male and female gametes)

                • pollination [ENG31-07451972-n] (transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant)

                  • cross-pollination [ENG31-07453392-n] (fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another)
                  • self-pollination [ENG31-07453583-n] (fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower)

                    • cleistogamy [ENG31-07453767-n] (the production of small nonopening self-pollinating flowers)
                • cross-fertilization [ENG31-07452175-n] (fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from different individual of the same species)

                  • allogamy [ENG31-07452470-n] (cross-fertilization in plants)
                • self-fertilization [ENG31-07452590-n] (fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from the same individual)

                  • autogamy [ENG31-07453255-n] (self-fertilization in plants)
                • superfecundation [ENG31-07452790-n] (fertilization of two or more ova released during the same menstrual cycle by sperm from separate acts of coitus (especially by different males))
                • superfetation [ENG31-07452996-n] (fertilization of a second ovum after a pregnancy has begun)
          • ending [ENG31-07306035-n] (event whose occurrence ends something)

            • end [ENG31-07306517-n] (the final stage or concluding parts of an event or occurrence)

              • endgame [ENG31-07306842-n] (the final stages of a chess game after most of the pieces have been removed from the board)
              • endgame [ENG31-07306997-n] (the final stages of an extended process of negotiation)
              • homestretch [ENG31-07307142-n] (the end of an enterprise)
              • passing [ENG31-07307301-n] (the end of something)
            • result [ENG31-07307418-n] (something that results)

              • denouement [ENG31-07307786-n] (the outcome of a complex sequence of events)
              • deal [ENG31-07307886-n] (the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement))

                • fair deal [ENG31-07308097-n] (fair treatment)
                • raw deal [ENG31-07308181-n] (unfair treatment)
              • decision [ENG31-07308252-n] (the outcome of a game or contest)
              • decision [ENG31-07308384-n] ((boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred)

                • split decision [ENG31-07308609-n] (a boxing decision in which the judges are not unanimous)
              • consequence [ENG31-07308725-n] (the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual)

                • corollary [ENG31-07308966-n] (a practical consequence that follows naturally)
                • just deserts [ENG31-07309129-n] (an outcome (good or bad) that is well deserved and fitting)
                • fruit [ENG31-07309308-n] (the consequence of some effort or action)
                • sequella [ENG31-07309457-n] (a secondary consequence)
                • train [ENG31-07309535-n] (a series of consequences wrought by an event)
                • wages [ENG31-07310247-n] (a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing)
              • separation [ENG31-07310009-n] (the termination of employment (by resignation or dismissal))
              • sequel [ENG31-07310125-n] (something that follows something else)
              • worst [ENG31-07310573-n] (the least favorable outcome)
            • foregone conclusion [ENG31-07310468-n] (an inevitable ending)
            • destruction [ENG31-07349090-n] (an event (or the result of an event) that completely destroys something)

              • annihilation [ENG31-07345428-n] (total destruction)

                • extinction [ENG31-07347291-n] (complete annihilation)
              • eradication [ENG31-07345613-n] (the complete destruction of every trace of something)
              • ravage [ENG31-07349476-n] ((usually plural) a destructive action)
              • razing [ENG31-07349697-n] (the event of a structure being completely demolished and leveled)
              • ruin [ENG31-07349843-n] (an event that results in destruction)

                • devastation [ENG31-07350014-n] (an event that results in total destruction)
                • shipwreck [ENG31-07493858-n] (an irretrievable loss)
              • wrack [ENG31-07350181-n] (the destruction or collapse of something)
            • omega [ENG31-07369614-n] (the ending of a series or sequence)
            • stop [ENG31-07380449-n] (the event of something ending)

              • cessation [ENG31-07376675-n] (a stopping)

                • legal separation [ENG31-01203919-n] ((law) the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife (either by mutual agreement or under a court order))
              • stand [ENG31-07380745-n] (an interruption of normal activity)
            • victory [ENG31-07488581-n] (a successful ending of a struggle or contest)

              • win [ENG31-07369331-n] (a victory (as in a race or other competition))

                • first-place finish [ENG31-07369511-n] (a finish in first place (as in a race))
              • fall [ENG31-07486511-n] (when a wrestler's shoulders are forced to the mat)

                • takedown [ENG31-07486654-n] ((amateur wrestling) being brought to the mat from a standing position)
              • independence [ENG31-07489146-n] (the successful ending of the American Revolution)
              • landslide [ENG31-07489325-n] (an overwhelming electoral victory)
              • last laugh [ENG31-07489458-n] (ultimate success achieved after a near failure (inspired by the saying `he laughs best who laughs last'))
              • Pyrrhic victory [ENG31-07489673-n] (a victory that is won by incurring terrible losses)
              • slam [ENG31-07489785-n] (winning all or all but one of the tricks in bridge)

                • grand slam [ENG31-07489949-n] (winning all of the tricks in a hand of bridge)
                • little slam [ENG31-07490051-n] (winning all but one of the tricks in a hand of bridge)
              • checkmate [ENG31-07490175-n] (complete victory)
              • runaway [ENG31-07490247-n] (an easy victory)
              • service break [ENG31-07490382-n] (a tennis game won on the opponent's service)
              • walk-in [ENG31-07490902-n] (an assured victory (especially in an election))
            • defeat [ENG31-07490504-n] (an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest)

              • heartbreaker [ENG31-07491317-n] (a narrow defeat or a defeat at the last minute)
              • lurch [ENG31-07491422-n] (a decisive defeat in a game (especially in cribbage))
              • rout [ENG31-07491544-n] (an overwhelming defeat)
              • shutout [ENG31-07491635-n] (a defeat in a game where one side fails to score)
              • thrashing [ENG31-07491763-n] (a sound defeat)
              • waterloo [ENG31-07491991-n] (a final crushing defeat)
              • whitewash [ENG31-07492092-n] (a defeat in which the losing person or team fails to score)
          • one-off [ENG31-07310701-n] (a happening that occurs only once and is not repeated)
          • periodic event [ENG31-07310808-n] (an event that recurs at intervals)

            • migration [ENG31-07327216-n] (the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding)
            • cycle [ENG31-07355638-n] (a single complete execution of a periodically repeated phenomenon)

              • cardiac cycle [ENG31-07355904-n] (the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next)
              • Carnot cycle [ENG31-07356265-n] (a cycle (of expansion and compression) of an idealized reversible heat engine that does work without loss of heat)
              • pass [ENG31-07356460-n] (one complete cycle of operations (as by a computer))
              • menstrual cycle [ENG31-15313347-n] (a recurring cycle (beginning at menarche and ending at menopause) in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy)
            • repeat [ENG31-07356649-n] (an event that repeats)

              • sequence [ENG31-07356983-n] (several repetitions of a melodic phrase in different keys)
              • cycle [ENG31-07357095-n] (a periodically repeated sequence of events)

                • merry-go-round [ENG31-07357372-n] (a never-ending cycle of activities and events (especially when they seem to have little purpose))
                • samsara [ENG31-07357617-n] ((Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth)
              • replay [ENG31-07357795-n] (something (especially a game) that is played again)
              • recurrence [ENG31-07357963-n] (happening again (especially at regular intervals))

                • atavism [ENG31-07358174-n] (a reappearance of an earlier characteristic)
                • flashback [ENG31-07358313-n] (an unexpected but vivid recurrence of a past experience (especially a recurrence of the effects of an hallucinogenic drug taken much earlier))
            • sunrise [ENG31-07358510-n] (the daily event of the sun rising above the horizon)
            • sunset [ENG31-07358615-n] (the daily event of the sun sinking below the horizon)
            • pulse [ENG31-07415506-n] (the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart)

              • diastole [ENG31-07415836-n] (the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood)
              • systole [ENG31-07416009-n] (the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery)

                • extrasystole [ENG31-07416204-n] (a premature systole resulting in a momentary cardiac arrhythmia)
              • throb [ENG31-07416326-n] (an instance of rapid strong pulsation (of the heart))
            • tide [ENG31-07417119-n] (the periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational pull of the moon)

              • high tide [ENG31-07416560-n] (the tide when the water is highest)

                • direct tide [ENG31-07417473-n] (the occurrence of high tide on one side of the earth coinciding with high tide on the opposite side)
                • neap tide [ENG31-07417900-n] (a less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon)
                • springtide [ENG31-07418059-n] (a greater than average tide occurring during the new and full moons)
              • low tide [ENG31-07416871-n] (the lowest (farthest) ebb of the tide)
              • ebbtide [ENG31-07416993-n] (the tide while water is flowing out)
              • flood tide [ENG31-07417630-n] (the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide))
              • leeward tide [ENG31-07418201-n] (a tide that runs in the same direction as the wind is blowing)
              • slack water [ENG31-07418379-n] (the occurrence of relatively still water at the turn of the (low) tide)
          • change [ENG31-07311046-n] (an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another)

            • acceleration [ENG31-05067952-n] (an increase in rate of change)

              • pickup [ENG31-05068172-n] (the attribute of being capable of rapid acceleration)
              • precipitation [ENG31-05068318-n] (an unexpected acceleration or hastening)
            • deceleration [ENG31-05068514-n] (a decrease in rate of change)
            • avulsion [ENG31-07311994-n] (an abrupt change in the course of a stream that forms the boundary between two parcels of land resulting in the loss of part of the land of one landowner and a consequent increase in the land of another)
            • break [ENG31-07312251-n] (an abrupt change in the tone or register of the voice (as at puberty or due to emotion))
            • mutation [ENG31-07312429-n] (a change or alteration in form or qualities)
            • sublimation [ENG31-07312545-n] ((psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable)
            • surprise [ENG31-07312772-n] (a sudden unexpected event)

              • bombshell [ENG31-07313014-n] (a shocking surprise)
              • coup de theatre [ENG31-07313161-n] (a dramatic surprise)
              • eye opener [ENG31-07313242-n] (something surprising and revealing)
              • peripeteia [ENG31-07313333-n] (a sudden and unexpected change of fortune or reverse of circumstances (especially in a literary work))
              • shock [ENG31-07313600-n] (an unpleasant or disappointing surprise)

                • blip [ENG31-07313821-n] (a sudden minor shock or meaningless interruption)
              • stunner [ENG31-07314057-n] (an unexpected and amazing event)
            • birth [ENG31-07334902-n] (the event of being born)

              • delivery [ENG31-07335222-n] (the event of giving birth)
              • live birth [ENG31-07335334-n] (the birth of a living fetus (regardless of the length of gestation))

                • blessed event [ENG31-07335494-n] (the live birth of a child)
              • posthumous birth [ENG31-07335612-n] (birth of a child by Caesarean section after the death of the mother)
              • posthumous birth [ENG31-07335742-n] (birth of a child after the father has died)
              • reincarnation [ENG31-07335847-n] (a second or new birth)

                • transmigration [ENG31-07335987-n] (the passing of a soul into another body after death)
                • cycle of rebirth [ENG31-07336117-n] ((Hinduism) repeated rebirth in new forms)

                  • moksa [ENG31-07336257-n] ((Hinduism) release from the cycle of rebirth)
            • separation [ENG31-07346000-n] (coming apart)

              • rupture [ENG31-07328414-n] (a personal or social separation (as between opposing factions))

                • schism [ENG31-07328678-n] (the formal separation of a church into two churches or the withdrawal of one group over doctrinal differences)
              • break [ENG31-07382148-n] (the occurrence of breaking)

                • snap [ENG31-07382308-n] (a sudden breaking)
            • vagary [ENG31-07351696-n] (an unexpected and inexplicable change in something (in a situation or a person's behavior, etc.))
            • variation [ENG31-07351990-n] (an instance of change)

              • vicissitude [ENG31-07352294-n] (a variation in circumstances or fortune at different times in your life or in the development of something)
              • allomerism [ENG31-07352535-n] ((chemistry) variability in chemical composition without variation in crystalline form)
              • deviation [ENG31-07380889-n] (a variation that deviates from the standard or norm)

                • discrepancy [ENG31-07381227-n] (an event that departs from expectations)
                • driftage [ENG31-07381399-n] (the deviation (by a vessel or aircraft) from its intended course due to drifting)
                • inflection [ENG31-07381571-n] (deviation from a straight or normal course)
              • substitution [ENG31-07458361-n] (an event in which one thing is substituted for another)
              • business cycle [ENG31-07458700-n] (recurring fluctuations in economic activity consisting of recession and recovery and growth and decline)
              • daily variation [ENG31-07458878-n] (fluctuations that occur between one day and the next)
              • diurnal variation [ENG31-07458992-n] (fluctuations that occur during each day)
              • tide [ENG31-07459095-n] (something that may increase or decrease (like the tides of the sea))
            • conversion [ENG31-07369794-n] (a change of religion)

              • Christianization [ENG31-07369947-n] (conversion to Christianity)
            • death [ENG31-07370091-n] (the event of dying or departure from life)

              • fatality [ENG31-07347556-n] (a death resulting from an accident or a disaster)

                • killing [ENG31-07376176-n] (an event that causes someone to die)
              • martyrdom [ENG31-07347947-n] (death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause)
              • megadeath [ENG31-07348106-n] (the death of a million people)
              • passing [ENG31-07348249-n] (euphemistic expressions for death)
              • wrongful death [ENG31-07348571-n] (a death that results from a wrongful act or from negligence)
            • decrease [ENG31-07370487-n] (a change downward)

              • shrinking [ENG31-07327604-n] (process or result of becoming less or smaller)

                • compression [ENG31-07327841-n] (the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together)

                  • constriction [ENG31-07328118-n] (tight or narrow compression)
              • casualty [ENG31-07354694-n] (a decrease of military personnel or equipment)

                • damage [ENG31-07354253-n] (loss of military equipment)

                  • battle damage [ENG31-07354408-n] (loss of military equipment in battle)
                  • operational damage [ENG31-07354541-n] (loss of military equipment in field operations)
                • personnel casualty [ENG31-07355325-n] (military personnel lost by death or capture)

                  • wound [ENG31-07354849-n] (a casualty to military personnel resulting from combat)

                    • blighty wound [ENG31-07355053-n] (a wound that would cause an English soldier to be sent home from service abroad)
                    • flesh wound [ENG31-07355192-n] (a wound that does not damage important internal organs or shatter any bones)
                  • sacrifice [ENG31-07355495-n] (personnel that are sacrificed (e.g., surrendered or lost in order to gain an objective))
              • sinking [ENG31-07370866-n] (a slow fall or decline (as for lack of strength))
              • attrition [ENG31-07371570-n] (a wearing down to weaken or destroy)
              • dwindling [ENG31-07437400-n] (a becoming gradually less)

                • fading away [ENG31-07437848-n] (gradually diminishing in brightness or loudness or strength)
              • waning [ENG31-07437601-n] (a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent)
            • destabilization [ENG31-07371089-n] (an event that causes a loss of equilibrium (as of a ship or aircraft))
            • increase [ENG31-07371276-n] (a change resulting in an increase)

              • augmentation [ENG31-07384070-n] (the amount by which something increases)
              • concentration [ENG31-07428499-n] (increase in density)

                • compaction [ENG31-07433833-n] (an increase in the density of something)
                • rarefaction [ENG31-07434008-n] (a decrease in the density of something)
              • explosion [ENG31-07428668-n] (a sudden great increase)
              • jump [ENG31-07428822-n] (a sudden and decisive increase)

                • quantum leap [ENG31-07373784-n] (a sudden large increase or advance)
              • runup [ENG31-07428970-n] (a substantial increase over a relatively short period of time)
              • waxing [ENG31-07429166-n] (a gradual increase in magnitude or extent)
            • easing [ENG31-07371701-n] (a change for the better)

              • disembarrassment [ENG31-07320378-n] (something that extricates you from embarrassment)
              • breath of fresh air [ENG31-07371853-n] (a welcome relief)
            • deformation [ENG31-07372660-n] (alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it)

              • shear [ENG31-11527156-n] ((physics) a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves)
              • strain [ENG31-11535758-n] ((physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces)

                • overstrain [ENG31-11536077-n] (too much strain)
            • transition [ENG31-07373176-n] (a change from one place or state or subject or stage to another)

              • ground swell [ENG31-07373368-n] (an obvious change of public opinion or political sentiment that occurs without leadership or overt expression)
              • leap [ENG31-07373585-n] (an abrupt transition)

                • quantum jump [ENG31-07373977-n] ((physics) an abrupt transition of an electron or atom or molecule from one quantum state to another with the emission or absorption of a quantum)
            • transformation [ENG31-07374199-n] (a qualitative change)

              • improvement [ENG31-07371988-n] (a change for the better)

                • revival [ENG31-01049262-n] (bringing again into activity and prominence)

                  • rebirth [ENG31-01049727-n] (the revival of learning and culture)
                  • regeneration [ENG31-01049861-n] (the activity of spiritual or physical renewal)
                  • resurrection [ENG31-01049983-n] (a revival from inactivity and disuse)
                  • resuscitation [ENG31-01050134-n] (the act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness)
                • refinement [ENG31-07372279-n] (the result of improving something)
                • adjustment [ENG31-07384204-n] (making or becoming suitable)

                  • readjustment [ENG31-00194976-n] (the act of adjusting again (to changed circumstances))
                  • domestication [ENG31-00195106-n] (accommodation to domestic life)
                  • habituation [ENG31-00195680-n] (a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions)
                  • shakedown [ENG31-07384522-n] (initial adjustments to improve the functioning or the efficiency and to bring to a more satisfactory state)
                • conservation [ENG31-07434199-n] (an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other change)
                • recovery [ENG31-07434392-n] (return to an original state)
              • population shift [ENG31-07374520-n] (a change in the relative numbers of the different groups of individuals making up a population)
              • pyrolysis [ENG31-07374677-n] (transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat)
              • sea change [ENG31-07374811-n] (a profound transformation)
              • sublimation [ENG31-07374893-n] ((chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid)
              • tin pest [ENG31-07375077-n] (the transformation of ordinary white tin into powdery grey tin at very cold temperatures)
              • conversion [ENG31-07430330-n] (an event that results in a transformation)

                • glycogenesis [ENG31-07430562-n] (the conversion of glucose to glycogen when the glucose in the blood exceeds the demand)
                • isomerization [ENG31-07430707-n] (the conversion of a compound into an isomer of itself)
                • rectification [ENG31-07430908-n] (the conversion of alternating current to direct current)
              • degeneration [ENG31-07441493-n] (passing from a more complex to a simpler biological form)

                • abiotrophy [ENG31-07442711-n] (a loss of vitality and a degeneration of cells and tissues not due to any apparent injury)
                • cataplasia [ENG31-07442857-n] ((biology) degenerative reversion of cells or tissue to a less differentiated or more primitive form)
              • strengthening [ENG31-07441824-n] (becoming stronger)
              • weakening [ENG31-07441937-n] (becoming weaker)

                • debilitation [ENG31-07345810-n] (serious weakening and loss of energy)
                • atrophy [ENG31-07441660-n] (any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use))
                • attenuation [ENG31-07442134-n] (weakening in force or intensity)
                • fall [ENG31-07442328-n] (a sudden decline in strength or number or importance)

                  • anticlimax [ENG31-07442551-n] (a disappointing decline after a previous rise)
                • relaxation [ENG31-07457810-n] (an occurrence of control or strength weakening)

                  • thaw [ENG31-07458139-n] (a relaxation or slackening of tensions or reserve)
            • twinkle [ENG31-07426245-n] (a rapid change in brightness)
            • shimmer [ENG31-07426451-n] (a weak and tremulous light)
            • transmutation [ENG31-07431041-n] ((physics) the change of one chemical element into another (as by nuclear decay or radioactive bombardment))
            • damage [ENG31-07435370-n] (the occurrence of a change for the worse)

              • detriment [ENG31-07435138-n] (a damage or loss)

                • expense [ENG31-07435271-n] (a detriment or sacrifice)
              • distortion [ENG31-07448573-n] (a change for the worse)

                • warp [ENG31-07448702-n] (a moral or mental distortion)
              • run [ENG31-07457610-n] (a row of unravelled stitches)
            • development [ENG31-07438160-n] (a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation)

              • turn [ENG31-07437965-n] (an unforeseen development)
              • phenomenon [ENG31-07438418-n] (a remarkable development)
              • complication [ENG31-07438499-n] (a development that complicates a situation)
            • revolution [ENG31-07438709-n] (a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving)

              • Cultural Revolution [ENG31-07439036-n] (a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard)
              • green revolution [ENG31-07439397-n] (the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity)
            • mutation [ENG31-07439611-n] ((genetics) any event that changes genetic structure)

              • deletion [ENG31-07440177-n] ((genetics) the loss or absence of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome)
              • inversion [ENG31-07440326-n] ((genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed)
              • transposition [ENG31-07440503-n] ((genetics) a kind of mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transfered to a new position on the same or another chromosome)
              • point mutation [ENG31-07441006-n] ((genetics) a mutation due to an intramolecular reorganization of a gene)
              • reversion [ENG31-07441173-n] ((genetics) a return to a normal phenotype (usually resulting from a second mutation))
              • saltation [ENG31-07441332-n] ((genetics) a mutation that drastically changes the phenotype of an organism or species)
            • sex change [ENG31-07440027-n] (a change in a person's physical sexual characteristics (as by surgery and hormone treatments))
            • loss of consciousness [ENG31-07493309-n] (the occurrence of a loss of the ability to perceive and respond)

              • faint [ENG31-07493458-n] (a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain)
          • error [ENG31-07314187-n] ((computer science) the occurrence of an incorrect result produced by a computer)

            • hardware error [ENG31-07314408-n] (error resulting from a malfunction of some physical component of the computer)

              • disk error [ENG31-07314583-n] (error resulting from malfunction of a magnetic disk)
            • software error [ENG31-07314710-n] (error resulting from bad code in some program involved in producing the erroneous result)

              • semantic error [ENG31-07314934-n] (an error in logic or arithmetic that must be detected at run time)
              • syntax error [ENG31-07315112-n] (an error of language resulting from code that does not conform to the syntax of the programming language)
            • algorithm error [ENG31-07315399-n] (error resulting from the choice of the wrong algorithm or method for achieving the intended result)
          • accident [ENG31-07315578-n] (anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause)

            • hap [ENG31-07328877-n] (an accidental happening)
            • break [ENG31-07331456-n] (an unexpected piece of good luck)
            • coincidence [ENG31-07331599-n] (an event that might have been arranged although it was really accidental)
            • lottery [ENG31-07331744-n] (something that is regarded as a chance event)
          • fire [ENG31-07317454-n] (the event of something burning (often destructive))

            • backfire [ENG31-07317771-n] (a fire that is set intentionally in order to slow an approaching forest fire or grassfire by clearing a burned area in its path)
            • bonfire [ENG31-07317953-n] (a large outdoor fire that is lighted as a signal or in celebration)
            • brush fire [ENG31-07318084-n] (an uncontrolled fire that consumes brush and shrubs and bushes)
            • campfire [ENG31-07318203-n] (a small outdoor fire for warmth or cooking (as at a camp))
            • conflagration [ENG31-07318315-n] (a very intense and uncontrolled fire)

              • wildfire [ENG31-07319371-n] (a raging and rapidly spreading conflagration)
            • forest fire [ENG31-07318457-n] (an uncontrolled fire in a wooded area)

              • crown fire [ENG31-07318971-n] (a forest fire that advances with great speed jumping from crown to crown ahead of the ground fire)
              • ground fire [ENG31-07319125-n] (a forest fire that burns the humus)
              • surface fire [ENG31-07319248-n] (a forest fire that burns only the surface litter and undergrowth)
            • grassfire [ENG31-07318606-n] (an uncontrolled fire in a grassy area)
            • smoulder [ENG31-07318714-n] (a fire that burns with thick smoke but no flame)
            • smudge [ENG31-07318884-n] (a smoky fire to drive away insects)
          • incident [ENG31-07322095-n] (a single distinct event)

            • cause celebre [ENG31-07322264-n] (an incident that attracts great public attention)
            • infection [ENG31-07375247-n] (an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted)
            • scene [ENG31-07375441-n] (an incident (real or imaginary))
            • sideshow [ENG31-07375557-n] (a subordinate incident of little importance relative to the main event)
          • discharge [ENG31-07322372-n] (the sudden giving off of energy)

            • electrical discharge [ENG31-07322513-n] (a discharge of electricity)

              • nerve impulse [ENG31-07322660-n] (the electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber)

                • action potential [ENG31-07322926-n] (the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted)
              • spike [ENG31-07323068-n] (a transient variation in voltage or current)
            • explosion [ENG31-07323181-n] (a violent release of energy caused by a chemical or nuclear reaction)

              • airburst [ENG31-07422686-n] (an explosion in the atmosphere)
              • blast [ENG31-07422771-n] (an explosion (as of dynamite))

                • bomb blast [ENG31-07422888-n] (the explosion of a bomb)

                  • nuclear explosion [ENG31-07422986-n] (the explosion of an atomic bomb)
              • backfire [ENG31-07423221-n] (a loud noise made by the explosion of fuel in the manifold or exhaust of an internal combustion engine)
              • big bang [ENG31-07423396-n] ((cosmology) the cosmic explosion that is hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe)
              • blowback [ENG31-07423565-n] (the backward escape of gases and unburned gunpowder after a gun is fired)

                • backblast [ENG31-07423119-n] (backfire from a recoilless weapon)
              • fragmentation [ENG31-07423721-n] (the scattering of bomb fragments after the bomb explodes)
              • inflation [ENG31-07423855-n] ((cosmology) a brief exponential expansion of the universe (faster than the speed of light) postulated to have occurred shortly after the big bang)
            • volcanic eruption [ENG31-07451075-n] (the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material)

              • Plinian eruption [ENG31-07420252-n] (a volcanic eruption in which a stream of gas and ash is violently ejected to a height of several miles)
          • case [ENG31-07323507-n] (an occurrence of something)

            • humiliation [ENG31-07323841-n] (an instance in which you are caused to lose your prestige or self-respect)
            • piece [ENG31-07324075-n] (an instance of some kind)
            • time [ENG31-07324217-n] (an instance or single occasion for some event)
          • movement [ENG31-07324399-n] (a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of something)

            • crustal movement [ENG31-07324956-n] (movement resulting from or causing deformation of the earth's crust)
            • approach [ENG31-07325125-n] (the event of one object coming closer to another)
            • passing [ENG31-07325260-n] (the motion of one object relative to another)
            • deflection [ENG31-07325457-n] (the movement of the pointer or pen of a measuring instrument from its zero position)
            • bending [ENG31-07325609-n] (movement that causes the formation of a curve)

              • deflection [ENG31-07425483-n] (the amount by which a propagating wave is bent)
            • change of location [ENG31-07325733-n] (a movement through space that changes the location of something)

              • ascension [ENG31-07326279-n] ((astronomy) the rising of a star above the horizon)
              • circulation [ENG31-07326839-n] (free movement or passage (as of cytoplasm within a cell or sap through a plant))
              • creep [ENG31-07327103-n] (a slow longitudinal movement or deformation)
              • gravitation [ENG31-07377430-n] (movement downward resulting from gravitational attraction)

                • drop [ENG31-07376986-n] (a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity)

                  • free fall [ENG31-07377299-n] (the ideal falling motion of something subject only to a gravitational field)
                  • plunge [ENG31-07448809-n] (a steep and rapid fall)
                  • precipitation [ENG31-07448920-n] (the act of casting down or falling headlong from a height)
              • levitation [ENG31-07377667-n] (movement upward in virtue of lightness)
              • descent [ENG31-07377946-n] (a movement downward)

                • lightening [ENG31-07377780-n] (descent of the uterus into the pelvic cavity that occurs late in pregnancy)
                • set [ENG31-07378145-n] (the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon)
                • shower [ENG31-07378268-n] (a sudden downpour (as of tears or sparks etc) likened to a rain shower)
                • sinking [ENG31-07378483-n] (a descent as through liquid (especially through water))

                  • settling [ENG31-07376818-n] (a gradual sinking to a lower level)
                  • submergence [ENG31-07378715-n] (sinking until covered completely with water)

                    • dip [ENG31-07379034-n] (a brief immersion)
                  • foundering [ENG31-07379173-n] ((of a ship) sinking)
                • slide [ENG31-07419544-n] ((geology) the descent of a large mass of earth or rocks or snow etc.)

                  • avalanche [ENG31-07419737-n] (a slide of large masses of snow and ice and mud down a mountain)

                    • lahar [ENG31-07419892-n] (an avalanche of volcanic water and mud down the slopes of a volcano)
                  • landslide [ENG31-07420011-n] (a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff)

                    • mudslide [ENG31-07420179-n] (a landslide of mud)
                    • rockslide [ENG31-07420417-n] (a landslide of rocks)
              • entrance [ENG31-07384725-n] (a movement into or inward)

                • invasion [ENG31-07444576-n] (any entry into an area not previously occupied)
              • fall [ENG31-07384870-n] (a movement downward)
              • flow [ENG31-07420493-n] (the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases))

                • fountain [ENG31-03392772-n] (an artificially produced flow of water)
                • ebb [ENG31-07416747-n] (the outward flow of the tide)
                • backflow [ENG31-07420950-n] (a flow that returns toward its source)

                  • regurgitation [ENG31-07421074-n] (backflow of blood through a defective heart valve)
                • airflow [ENG31-07421201-n] (the flow of air)
                • current [ENG31-07421365-n] (a steady flow of a fluid (usually from natural causes))

                  • tidal flow [ENG31-07418714-n] (the water current caused by the tides)

                    • tidal bore [ENG31-07418520-n] (a high wave (often dangerous) caused by tidal flow (as by colliding tidal currents or in a narrow estuary))
                  • riptide [ENG31-07419043-n] (a strong surface current flowing outwards from a shore)
                  • undertide [ENG31-07419398-n] (a current below the surface of a fluid)

                    • undertow [ENG31-07418861-n] (the seaward undercurrent created after waves have broken on the shore)
                  • torrent [ENG31-07422193-n] (a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid))
                  • eddy [ENG31-07447573-n] (a miniature whirlpool or whirlwind resulting when the current of a fluid doubles back on itself)
                  • whirlpool [ENG31-07447745-n] (a powerful circular current of water (usually the result of conflicting tides))

                    • Charybdis [ENG31-07447936-n] ((Greek mythology) a ship-devouring whirlpool lying on the other side of a narrow strait from Scylla)
                  • ocean current [ENG31-11508787-n] (the steady flow of surface ocean water in a prevailing direction)

                    • El Nino [ENG31-11509001-n] ((oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time)

                      • El Nino southern oscillation [ENG31-11509228-n] (a more intense El Nino that occurs every few years when the welling up of cold nutrient-rich water does not occur)
                    • equatorial current [ENG31-11509470-n] (any of the ocean currents that flow westward at the equator)

                      • North Equatorial Current [ENG31-11509630-n] (an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just north of the equator)
                      • South Equatorial Current [ENG31-11509783-n] (an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just south of the equator)
                    • Gulf stream [ENG31-11509936-n] (a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean)
                    • Japan current [ENG31-11510086-n] (a warm ocean current that flows northeastwardly off the coast of Japan into the northern Pacific ocean)
                    • Peruvian current [ENG31-11510278-n] (a cold ocean current that flows north along the Pacific Coast of South America before turning west)
                • freshet [ENG31-07421737-n] (the occurrence of a water flow resulting from sudden rain or melting snow)
                • overflow [ENG31-07421872-n] (the occurrence of surplus liquid (as water) exceeding the limit or capacity)
                • dripping [ENG31-07422059-n] (a liquid (as water) that flows in drops (as from the eaves of house))
                • discharge [ENG31-07422377-n] (the pouring forth of a fluid)

                  • jet [ENG31-07450700-n] (the occurrence of a sudden discharge (as of liquid))

                    • spray [ENG31-07461133-n] (a jet of vapor)
                    • spritz [ENG31-07461199-n] (a quick squirt of some liquid (usually carbonated water))
                  • escape [ENG31-07451261-n] (the discharge of a fluid from some container)
                • flux [ENG31-07422570-n] (a flow or discharge)
                • seepage [ENG31-07446719-n] (the process of seeping)

                  • exudation [ENG31-07446937-n] (the process of exuding)
                • drip [ENG31-07447159-n] (flowing in drops)

                  • intravenous drip [ENG31-07447435-n] (slow continuous drip introducing solutions intravenously (a drop at a time))
                • emission [ENG31-07448468-n] (the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe))
                • flush [ENG31-07454170-n] (a sudden rapid flow (as of water))

                  • springtide [ENG31-07455452-n] (a swelling rush of anything)
                • rush [ENG31-07454840-n] (a sudden forceful flow)

                  • debris surge [ENG31-07455011-n] (the sudden spread of dust and debris from a collapsing building)
                  • onrush [ENG31-07455217-n] (a forceful forward rush or flow)
              • progress [ENG31-07459865-n] (a movement forward)

                • headway [ENG31-07387379-n] (forward movement)
              • rise [ENG31-07460080-n] (a movement upward)

                • climb [ENG31-07385010-n] (an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.))
                • elevation [ENG31-07385271-n] (the event of something being raised upward)
                • heave [ENG31-07385568-n] (an upward movement (especially a rhythmical rising and falling))
                • liftoff [ENG31-07385768-n] (the initial ascent of a rocket from its launching pad)
                • rapid climb [ENG31-07390125-n] (a rapid rise)
                • takeoff [ENG31-07390235-n] (the initial ascent of an airplane as it becomes airborne)
                • upheaval [ENG31-07390381-n] ((geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain building))
                • uplifting [ENG31-07390608-n] (the rise of something)
              • spread [ENG31-07460496-n] (process or result of distributing or extending over a wide expanse of space)

                • diffusion [ENG31-07346200-n] (the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another)
                • dispersion [ENG31-07346359-n] (spreading widely or driving off)

                  • Diaspora [ENG31-07346532-n] (the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel)
                  • dissipation [ENG31-07346748-n] (breaking up and scattering by dispersion)
                • invasion [ENG31-07346913-n] ((pathology) the spread of pathogenic microorganisms or malignant cells to new sites in the body)
                • irradiation [ENG31-07347150-n] ((physiology) the spread of sensory neural impulses in the cortex)
              • stampede [ENG31-07460870-n] (a wild headlong rush of frightened animals (horses or cattle))
              • translation [ENG31-07461004-n] (a uniform movement without rotation)

                • shift [ENG31-07459268-n] (an event in which something is displaced without rotation)

                  • amplitude [ENG31-07459482-n] ((physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave)
                  • luxation [ENG31-07459610-n] (displacement or misalignment of a joint or organ)

                    • subluxation [ENG31-07459749-n] (partial displacement of a joint or organ)
            • wave [ENG31-07360193-n] ((physics) a movement up and down or back and forth)

              • gravity wave [ENG31-07359475-n] ((physics) a wave that is hypothesized to propagate gravity and to travel at the speed of light)
              • sine wave [ENG31-07359666-n] (a wave whose waveform resembles a sine curve)
              • oscillation [ENG31-07359766-n] ((physics) a regular periodic variation in value about a mean)

                • ripple [ENG31-07360041-n] ((electronics) an oscillation of small amplitude imposed on top of a steady value)
                • transient [ENG31-07362068-n] ((physics) a short-lived oscillation in a system caused by a sudden change of voltage or current or load)
                • beat [ENG31-11498110-n] (a single pulsation of an oscillation produced by adding two waves of different frequencies)
                • resonance [ENG31-11498321-n] (a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system)
                • sympathetic vibration [ENG31-11498571-n] ((physics) vibration produced by resonance)
              • fluctuation [ENG31-07360657-n] (a wave motion)
              • seiche [ENG31-07360795-n] (a wave on the surface of a lake or landlocked bay)
              • standing wave [ENG31-07361372-n] (a wave (as a sound wave in a chamber or an electromagnetic wave in a transmission line) in which the ratio of its instantaneous amplitude at one point to that at any other point does not vary with time)
              • traveling wave [ENG31-07361651-n] (a wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation of the wave)

                • soliton [ENG31-07360944-n] ((physics) a quantum of energy or quasiparticle that can be propagated as a traveling wave in nonlinear systems and is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance)
              • sound wave [ENG31-07361824-n] ((acoustics) a wave that transmits sound)

                • air wave [ENG31-07361973-n] (a sound wave that is transmitted via air)
              • wave form [ENG31-07362264-n] (the shape of a wave illustrated graphically by plotting the values of the period quantity against time)
              • shock wave [ENG31-07362446-n] (a region of high pressure travelling through a gas at a high velocity)

                • sonic boom [ENG31-07362641-n] (an explosive sound caused by the shock wave of an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound)
              • pulsation [ENG31-07435591-n] ((electronics) a sharp transient wave in the normal electrical state (or a series of such transients))
              • flap [ENG31-07453884-n] (the motion made by flapping up and down)
            • jitter [ENG31-07360560-n] (a small irregular movement)
            • periodic motion [ENG31-07364279-n] (motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same)

              • harmonic motion [ENG31-07364480-n] (a periodic motion in which the displacement is either symmetrical about a point or is the sum of such motions)

                • simple harmonic motion [ENG31-07425611-n] (periodic motion in which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement)
            • heave [ENG31-07364669-n] ((geology) a horizontal dislocation)
            • recoil [ENG31-07364792-n] (a movement back from an impact)

              • bounce [ENG31-07365001-n] (rebounding from an impact (or series of impacts))
              • resilience [ENG31-07365167-n] (an occurrence of rebounding or springing back)
              • ricochet [ENG31-07424075-n] (a glancing rebound)
            • recoil [ENG31-07365354-n] (the backward jerk of a gun when it is fired)
            • seek [ENG31-07365493-n] (the movement of a read/write head to a specific data track on a disk)
            • squeeze [ENG31-07365631-n] (a twisting squeeze)
            • throw [ENG31-07365795-n] (the maximum movement available to a pivoted or reciprocating piece by a cam)

              • instroke [ENG31-07365980-n] (the stroke of an engine piston moving away from the crankshaft)
              • outstroke [ENG31-07366097-n] (the stroke of an engine piston moving toward the crankshaft)
            • turning [ENG31-07366212-n] (a movement in a new direction)

              • reversal [ENG31-07425760-n] (turning in an opposite direction or position)
              • yaw [ENG31-07425950-n] (an erratic deflection from an intended course)
              • rotation [ENG31-07455579-n] (a single complete turn (axial or orbital))

                • dextrorotation [ENG31-07455973-n] (rotation to the right)
                • levorotation [ENG31-07456094-n] (rotation to the left)
                • axial rotation [ENG31-07456219-n] (rotary motion of an object around its own axis)

                  • wallow [ENG31-07457474-n] (an indolent or clumsy rolling about)
                • orbital rotation [ENG31-07456502-n] (motion of an object in an orbit around a fixed point)
                • spin [ENG31-07456888-n] (a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile))

                  • backspin [ENG31-07457039-n] (spin (usually of a moving ball) that retards or reverses the forward motion)
                  • English [ENG31-07457169-n] ((sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist)
                  • topspin [ENG31-07457344-n] (forward spin (usually of a moving ball) that is imparted by an upward stroke)
              • return [ENG31-07461622-n] (the occurrence of a change in direction back in the opposite direction)
              • volution [ENG31-07461777-n] (a rolling or revolving motion)
            • twist [ENG31-07366509-n] (a jerky pulling movement)
            • undulation [ENG31-07366648-n] (wavelike motion)
            • wave [ENG31-07366790-n] (one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water))

              • surf [ENG31-07358833-n] (waves breaking on the shore)
              • wake [ENG31-07358968-n] (the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward)
              • swash [ENG31-07359128-n] (the movement or sound of water)
              • ripple [ENG31-07359263-n] (a small wave on the surface of a liquid)
              • swell [ENG31-07362858-n] (the undulating movement of the surface of the open sea)

                • ground swell [ENG31-07358720-n] (a broad and deep undulation of the ocean)
              • lift [ENG31-07362999-n] (a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground)
              • billow [ENG31-07363145-n] (a large sea wave)
              • tidal wave [ENG31-07363294-n] (a wave resulting from the periodic flow of the tides that is caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun)
              • roller [ENG31-07364132-n] (a long heavy sea wave as it advances towards the shore)
              • comber [ENG31-07367217-n] (a long curling sea wave)
              • whitecap [ENG31-07367293-n] (a wave that is blown by the wind so its crest is broken and appears white)
            • wobble [ENG31-07379300-n] (an unsteady rocking motion)

              • shimmy [ENG31-07379451-n] (an abnormal wobble in a motor vehicle (especially in the front wheels))
            • whirl [ENG31-07456668-n] (confused movement)
            • Brownian movement [ENG31-11453254-n] (the random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid)
          • failure [ENG31-07332364-n] (an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose)

            • downfall [ENG31-07332733-n] (failure that results in a loss of position or reputation)

              • finish [ENG31-07347762-n] (the downfall of someone (as of persons on one side of a conflict))
            • flame-out [ENG31-07332899-n] (a complete or conspicuous failure)
            • malfunction [ENG31-07333076-n] (a failure to function normally)

              • blowout [ENG31-07333218-n] (a sudden malfunction of a part or apparatus)
              • stall [ENG31-07333424-n] (a malfunction in the flight of an aircraft in which there is a sudden loss of lift that results in a downward plunge)
            • miscarriage [ENG31-07334252-n] (failure of a plan)
            • miss [ENG31-07334374-n] (a failure to hit (or meet or find etc))
            • flop [ENG31-07379624-n] (a complete failure)

              • turkey [ENG31-07379793-n] (an event that fails badly or is totally ineffectual)
            • malformation [ENG31-07381691-n] (something abnormal or anomalous)

              • monstrosity [ENG31-07381831-n] (something hideous or frightful)
            • breakdown [ENG31-07435916-n] (a cessation of normal operation)

              • brake failure [ENG31-07436180-n] (brakes fail to stop a vehicle)
              • engine failure [ENG31-07436269-n] (engine does not run)
              • misfire [ENG31-07436349-n] (an explosion that fails to occur)
              • outage [ENG31-07436459-n] (a temporary suspension of operation (as of computers))
              • power outage [ENG31-07436636-n] (equipment failure resulting when the supply of power fails)

                • blackout [ENG31-07437106-n] (the failure of electric power for a general region)
                • flame-out [ENG31-07437229-n] (the failure of a jet engine caused by an interruption of the fuel supply or by faulty combustion)
              • fault [ENG31-07436844-n] ((electronics) equipment failure attributable to some defect in a circuit (loose connection or insulation failure or short circuit etc.))
          • success [ENG31-07333703-n] (an event that accomplishes its intended purpose)

            • barnburner [ENG31-07333999-n] (an impressively successful event)
            • Godspeed [ENG31-07334149-n] (a successful journey)
            • bite [ENG31-07492553-n] ((angling) an instance of a fish taking the bait)
          • appearance [ENG31-07336372-n] (the event of coming into sight)

            • reappearance [ENG31-07336567-n] (the event of something appearing again)

              • egress [ENG31-07336738-n] ((astronomy) the reappearance of a celestial body after an eclipse)
            • materialization [ENG31-07337624-n] (an appearance in bodily form (as of a disembodied spirit))
            • manifestation [ENG31-07337831-n] (a clear appearance)

              • epiphany [ENG31-07338205-n] (a divine manifestation)
              • theophany [ENG31-07338282-n] (a visible (but not necessarily material) manifestation of a deity to a human person)
              • Word of God [ENG31-07338421-n] (a manifestation of the mind and will of God)
              • tidal wave [ENG31-07363669-n] (an overwhelming manifestation of some emotion or phenomenon)
            • apparition [ENG31-07338036-n] (the appearance of a ghostlike figure)
          • destiny [ENG31-07344607-n] (an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future)

            • inevitable [ENG31-07344850-n] (an unavoidable event)
            • karma [ENG31-07344962-n] ((Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation)
            • kismet [ENG31-07345160-n] ((Islam) the will of Allah)
            • predestination [ENG31-07345266-n] (previous determination as if by destiny or fate)
            • doom [ENG31-07348806-n] (an unpleasant or disastrous destiny)
          • disappearance [ENG31-07350316-n] (the event of passing out of sight)

            • ingress [ENG31-07336941-n] ((astronomy) the disappearance of a celestial body prior to an eclipse)
            • evanescence [ENG31-07350517-n] (the event of fading and gradually vanishing from sight)
            • vanishing [ENG31-07350704-n] (a sudden or mysterious disappearance)
            • receding [ENG31-07350814-n] (a slow or gradual disappearance)
          • disappearance [ENG31-07350946-n] (ceasing to exist)
          • contact [ENG31-07353929-n] (the physical coming together of two or more things)

            • collision [ENG31-07317160-n] ((physics) a brief event in which two or more bodies come together)
            • engagement [ENG31-07352714-n] (contact by fitting together)
            • flick [ENG31-07352958-n] (a light sharp contact (usually with something flexible))
            • impact [ENG31-07353152-n] (the striking of one body against another)

              • blow [ENG31-07353281-n] (an impact (as from a collision))

                • jolt [ENG31-07353698-n] (a sudden jarring impact)
                • concussion [ENG31-07424530-n] (any violent blow)
                • rap [ENG31-07424621-n] (a gentle blow)
                • knock [ENG31-07424807-n] (a vigorous blow)
                • pounding [ENG31-07425126-n] (repeated heavy blows)
                • sideswipe [ENG31-07425213-n] (a glancing blow from or on the side of something (especially motor vehicles))
                • slap [ENG31-07425345-n] (a blow from a flat object (as an open hand))
              • slam [ENG31-07353570-n] (a forceful impact that makes a loud noise)
            • touch [ENG31-07424192-n] (the event of something coming in contact with the body)

              • brush [ENG31-07428314-n] (momentary contact)
              • stroke [ENG31-07428415-n] (a light touch)
          • finish [ENG31-07367976-n] (designated event that concludes a contest (especially a race))

            • draw [ENG31-07368316-n] (the finish of a contest in which the score is tied and the winner is undecided)

              • dead heat [ENG31-07368609-n] (a tie in a race)
              • stalemate [ENG31-07368680-n] (drawing position in chess: any of a player's possible moves would place his king in check)
            • photo finish [ENG31-07368843-n] (in general, any very close finish)
            • second-place finish [ENG31-07369104-n] (a finish in second place (as in a race))
            • third-place finish [ENG31-07369228-n] (a finish in third place (as in a race))
          • collapse [ENG31-07375728-n] (a natural event caused by something suddenly falling down or caving in)

            • cave in [ENG31-07376016-n] (the sudden collapse of something into a hollow beneath it)
            • debacle [ENG31-07380032-n] (a sudden and violent collapse)
            • implosion [ENG31-07380124-n] (a sudden inward collapse)

              • gravitational collapse [ENG31-07380273-n] (the implosion of a star resulting from its own gravity)
          • interruption [ENG31-07382412-n] (some abrupt occurrence that interrupts an ongoing activity)

            • dislocation [ENG31-07381985-n] (an event that results in a displacement or discontinuity)
            • punctuation [ENG31-07382730-n] (something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions)
            • suspension [ENG31-07382856-n] (an interruption in the intensity or amount of something)

              • defervescence [ENG31-07383082-n] (abatement of a fever as indicated by a reduction in body temperature)
              • remission [ENG31-07434560-n] (an abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease))

                • resolution [ENG31-07434817-n] (the subsidence of swelling or other signs of inflammation (especially in a lung))
            • eclipse [ENG31-07383246-n] (one celestial body obscures another)

              • solar eclipse [ENG31-07383477-n] (the moon interrupts light from the sun)

                • annular eclipse [ENG31-07383699-n] (only a thin outer disk of the sun can be seen)
              • lunar eclipse [ENG31-07383593-n] (the earth interrupts light shining on the moon)
              • total eclipse [ENG31-07383806-n] (an eclipse as seen from a place where the eclipsed body is completely obscured)
              • partial eclipse [ENG31-07383944-n] (an eclipse in which the eclipsed body is only partially obscured)
          • sound [ENG31-07385893-n] (the sudden occurrence of an audible event)

            • bong [ENG31-07391054-n] (a dull resonant sound as of a bell)
            • beat [ENG31-07391537-n] (the sound of stroke or blow)
            • beep [ENG31-07391682-n] (a short high tone produced as a signal or warning)
            • bell [ENG31-07391844-n] (the sound of a bell being struck)

              • knell [ENG31-07400794-n] (the sound of a bell rung slowly to announce a death or a funeral or the end of something)
              • angelus bell [ENG31-07461344-n] (the sound of a bell rung in Roman Catholic churches to announce the time when the Angelus should be recited)
            • buzz [ENG31-07392834-n] (sound of rapid vibration)
            • chink [ENG31-07393823-n] (a short light metallic sound)
            • chirp [ENG31-07394009-n] (a sharp sound made by small birds or insects)

              • tweet [ENG31-07413627-n] (a weak chirping sound as of a small bird)
            • chirrup [ENG31-07394177-n] (a series of chirps)
            • chorus [ENG31-07394295-n] (any utterance produced simultaneously by a group)
            • click-clack [ENG31-07395286-n] (a succession of clicks)

              • clickety-clack [ENG31-07395384-n] (a fast and rhythmic click-clack)
            • clip-clop [ENG31-07395534-n] (the sound of a horse's hoofs hitting on a hard surface)
            • cry [ENG31-07397172-n] (the characteristic utterance of an animal)

              • baa [ENG31-07390768-n] (the cry made by sheep)
              • bark [ENG31-07391221-n] (the sound made by a dog)

                • bow-wow [ENG31-07392763-n] (the bark of a dog)
              • bay [ENG31-07391436-n] (the sound of a hound on the scent)
              • bleat [ENG31-07392531-n] (the sound of sheep or goats (or any sound resembling this))
              • bray [ENG31-07392659-n] (the cry of an ass)
              • cackle [ENG31-07393037-n] (the sound made by a hen after laying an egg)
              • caterwaul [ENG31-07393169-n] (the yowling sound made by a cat in heat)
              • caw [ENG31-07393282-n] (the sound made by corvine birds)
              • cheep [ENG31-07393694-n] (the short weak cry of a young bird)
              • cluck [ENG31-07395700-n] (the sound made by a hen (as in calling her chicks))
              • coo [ENG31-07395929-n] (the sound made by a pigeon)
              • crow [ENG31-07396886-n] (the cry of a cock (or an imitation of it))

                • cock-a-doodle-doo [ENG31-07395831-n] (an imitation of the crow of a cock)
              • gobble [ENG31-07398727-n] (the characteristic sound made by a turkey cock)
              • growl [ENG31-07399073-n] (the sound of growling (as made by animals))
              • honk [ENG31-07399849-n] (the cry of a goose (or any sound resembling this))
              • howl [ENG31-07400148-n] (the long plaintive cry of a hound or a wolf)
              • meow [ENG31-07401214-n] (the sound made by a cat (or any sound resembling this))
              • moo [ENG31-07401421-n] (the sound made by a cow or bull)
              • neigh [ENG31-07401916-n] (the characteristic sounds made by a horse)
              • roar [ENG31-07406880-n] (the sound made by a lion)
              • yip [ENG31-07415152-n] (a sharp high-pitched cry (especially by a dog))
            • ding [ENG31-07397857-n] (a ringing sound)
            • drip [ENG31-07397923-n] (the sound of a liquid falling drop by drop)
            • drum [ENG31-07398075-n] (the sound of a drum)
            • footfall [ENG31-07398423-n] (the sound of a step of someone walking)

              • tramp [ENG31-07413160-n] (a heavy footfall)
            • gargle [ENG31-07398623-n] (the sound produced while gargling)
            • gurgle [ENG31-07399341-n] (the bubbling sound of water flowing from a bottle with a narrow neck)
            • jingle [ENG31-07400598-n] (a metallic sound)
            • knock [ENG31-07400970-n] (the sound of knocking (as on a door or in an engine or bearing))
            • mutter [ENG31-07401520-n] (a low continuous indistinct sound)
            • noise [ENG31-07402109-n] (sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound))

              • bang [ENG31-07390857-n] (a sudden very loud noise)

                • water hammer [ENG31-07414335-n] (the banging sound of steam in pipes)
              • banging [ENG31-07391139-n] (a continuing very loud noise)
              • bark [ENG31-07391331-n] (a noise resembling the bark of a dog)
              • blare [ENG31-07392073-n] (a loud harsh or strident noise)
              • boom [ENG31-07392282-n] (a deep prolonged loud noise)
              • chatter [ENG31-07393381-n] (the high-pitched continuing noise made by animals (birds or monkeys))
              • chatter [ENG31-07393552-n] (the rapid series of noises made by the parts of a machine)
              • chug [ENG31-07394452-n] (the dull explosive noise made by an engine)
              • clack [ENG31-07394563-n] (a sharp abrupt noise as if two objects hit together)
              • clang [ENG31-07394744-n] (a loud resonant repeating noise)
              • clatter [ENG31-07395073-n] (a rattling noise (often produced by rapid movement))
              • crack [ENG31-07396023-n] (a sudden sharp noise)
              • crackle [ENG31-07396278-n] (the sharp sound of snapping noises)

                • decrepitation [ENG31-07397692-n] (the crackling or breaking up of certain crystals when they are heated)
              • creak [ENG31-07396464-n] (a squeaking sound)
              • crunch [ENG31-07397014-n] (the sound of something crunching)
              • ding-dong [ENG31-07398216-n] (the noise made by a bell)
              • explosion [ENG31-07398296-n] (the noise caused by an explosion)
              • grate [ENG31-07398844-n] (a harsh rasping sound made by scraping something)
              • grinding [ENG31-07398944-n] (a harsh and strident sound (as of the grinding of gears))
              • grunt [ENG31-07399214-n] (the short low gruff noise of the kind made by hogs)
              • hiss [ENG31-07399498-n] (a fricative sound (especially as an expression of disapproval))
              • howl [ENG31-07399967-n] (a loud sustained noise resembling the cry of a hound)

                • squeal [ENG31-07410377-n] (a high-pitched howl)
              • hubbub [ENG31-07400260-n] (loud confused noise from many sources)
              • hum [ENG31-07400403-n] (a humming noise)
              • pant [ENG31-07403306-n] (the noise made by a short puff of steam (as from an engine))
              • plonk [ENG31-07404531-n] (the noise of something dropping (as into liquid))
              • plop [ENG31-07404649-n] (the noise of a rounded object dropping into a liquid without a splash)
              • plump [ENG31-07404805-n] (the sound of a sudden heavy fall)
              • racket [ENG31-07405545-n] (a loud and disturbing noise)
              • rattle [ENG31-07405840-n] (a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders))
              • report [ENG31-07406116-n] (a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing))
              • rhonchus [ENG31-07406282-n] (a sound like whistling or snoring that is heard with a stethoscope during expiration as air passes through obstructed channels)
              • rumble [ENG31-07407083-n] (a loud low dull continuous noise)
              • rustle [ENG31-07407383-n] (a light noise, like the noise of silk clothing or leaves blowing in the wind)
              • scrape [ENG31-07407582-n] (a harsh noise made by scraping)
              • screech [ENG31-07407761-n] (a high-pitched noise resembling a human cry)
              • scrunch [ENG31-07408100-n] (a crunching noise)
              • shrilling [ENG31-07408189-n] (a continuing shrill noise)
              • sizzle [ENG31-07408519-n] (a sizzling noise)
              • slam [ENG31-07408715-n] (the noise made by the forceful impact of two objects)
              • snap [ENG31-07408836-n] (the noise produced by the rapid movement of a finger from the tip to the base of the thumb on the same hand)
              • snore [ENG31-07409078-n] (the rattling noise produced when snoring)
              • spatter [ENG31-07409414-n] (the noise of something spattering or sputtering explosively)
              • splash [ENG31-07409704-n] (the sound like water splashing)

                • splat [ENG31-07409903-n] (a single splash)
              • squawk [ENG31-07410046-n] (the noise of squawking)
              • squeak [ENG31-07410223-n] (a short high-pitched noise)
              • squish [ENG31-07410467-n] (the noise of soft mud being walked on)
              • stridulation [ENG31-07410557-n] (a shrill grating or chirping noise made by some insects by rubbing body parts together)
              • swoosh [ENG31-07411130-n] (the noise produced by the sudden rush of a fluid (a gas or liquid))
              • thunder [ENG31-07411955-n] (a booming or crashing noise caused by air expanding along the path of a bolt of lightning)

                • thunderclap [ENG31-07412152-n] (a single sharp crash of thunder)
            • paradiddle [ENG31-07403416-n] (the sound of a drum (especially a snare drum) beaten rapidly and continuously)
            • pat [ENG31-07403587-n] (the sound made by a gentle blow)

              • pitter-patter [ENG31-07404357-n] (a series of rapid tapping sounds)
            • patter [ENG31-07403770-n] (a quick succession of light rapid sounds)
            • peal [ENG31-07403930-n] (a deep prolonged sound (as of thunder or large bells))
            • ping [ENG31-07404169-n] (a sharp high-pitched resonant sound (as of a sonar echo or a bullet striking metal))
            • plunk [ENG31-07404907-n] (a hollow twanging sound)
            • pop [ENG31-07405000-n] (a sharp explosive sound as from a gunshot or drawing a cork)
            • purr [ENG31-07405245-n] (a low vibrating sound typical of a contented cat)
            • quack [ENG31-07405362-n] (the harsh sound of a duck)
            • quaver [ENG31-07405457-n] (a tremulous sound)
            • ring [ENG31-07406463-n] (the sound of a bell ringing)

              • bell ringing [ENG31-07461520-n] (the sound of someone playing a set of bells)
            • rub-a-dub [ENG31-07406973-n] (the sound made by beating a drum)
            • sigh [ENG31-07408356-n] (a sound like a person sighing)
            • skirl [ENG31-07408588-n] (the sound of (the chanter of) a bagpipe)
            • song [ENG31-07409188-n] (a distinctive or characteristic sound)
            • strum [ENG31-07410720-n] (sound of strumming)
            • susurration [ENG31-07410833-n] (the indistinct sound of people whispering)
            • swish [ENG31-07411014-n] (a brushing or rustling sound)
            • tapping [ENG31-07411258-n] (the sound of light blow or knock)

              • rat-a-tat-tat [ENG31-07405679-n] (a series of short sharp taps (as made by strokes on a drum or knocks on a door))
            • throbbing [ENG31-07411422-n] (a sound with a strong rhythmic beat)
            • thump [ENG31-07411545-n] (a heavy dull sound (as made by impact of heavy objects))
            • thrum [ENG31-07411830-n] (a thrumming sound)
            • thunk [ENG31-07412241-n] (a dull hollow sound)
            • tick [ENG31-07412361-n] (a metallic tapping sound)

              • ticktock [ENG31-07412555-n] (steady recurrent ticking sound as made by a clock)
            • ting [ENG31-07412697-n] (a light clear metallic sound as of a small bell)
            • toot [ENG31-07412876-n] (a blast of a horn)
            • tootle [ENG31-07412962-n] (the sound of casual playing on a musical instrument)
            • trample [ENG31-07413259-n] (the sound of heavy treading or stomping)
            • twang [ENG31-07413473-n] (a sharp vibrating sound (as of a plucked string))
            • vibrato [ENG31-07413737-n] ((music) a pulsating effect in an instrumental or vocal tone produced by slight and rapid variations in pitch)

              • tremolo [ENG31-07413936-n] (vocal vibrato especially an excessive or poorly controlled one)
            • voice [ENG31-07414052-n] (a sound suggestive of a vocal utterance)
            • vroom [ENG31-07414220-n] (the roaring sound made by a motor that is running at high speed)
            • whack [ENG31-07414429-n] (the sound made by a sharp swift blow)
            • whir [ENG31-07414517-n] (sound of something in rapid motion)
            • whistle [ENG31-07414756-n] (the sound made by something moving rapidly or by steam coming out of a small aperture)
            • whiz [ENG31-07414961-n] (a buzzing or hissing sound as of something traveling rapidly through the air)
            • zing [ENG31-07415301-n] (a brief high-pitched buzzing or humming sound)
            • zizz [ENG31-07494939-n] (a buzzing or whizzing sound)
          • union [ENG31-07387877-n] (the occurrence of a uniting of separate parts)

            • amphimixis [ENG31-07388081-n] (union of sperm and egg in sexual reproduction)
            • fusion [ENG31-07388202-n] (an occurrence that involves the production of a union)
            • combining [ENG31-07388403-n] (an occurrence that results in things being united)

              • recombination [ENG31-07388752-n] ((genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents)
              • recombination [ENG31-07388957-n] ((physics) a combining of charges or transfer of electrons in a gas that results in the neutralization of ions)
              • consolidation [ENG31-07389233-n] (combining into a solid mass)
              • mix [ENG31-07389356-n] (an event that combines things in a mixture)

                • concoction [ENG31-07389653-n] (an occurrence of an unusual mixture)
                • blend [ENG31-07390005-n] (an occurrence of thorough mixing)
              • conglomeration [ENG31-07389814-n] (an occurrence combining miscellaneous things into a (more or less) rounded mass)
          • news event [ENG31-07415431-n] (a newsworthy event)
          • flash [ENG31-07426692-n] (a sudden intense burst of radiant energy)

            • flicker [ENG31-07426910-n] (a momentary flash of light)
            • gleam [ENG31-07427078-n] (a flash of light (especially reflected light))
            • glitter [ENG31-07427268-n] (the occurrence of a small flash or spark)
            • heat flash [ENG31-07427476-n] (a flash of intense heat (as released by an atomic explosion))
            • lightning [ENG31-07427593-n] (the flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge in the atmosphere (or something resembling such a flash))

              • heat lightning [ENG31-07427837-n] (bright flashes of light near the horizon without thunder (especially on hot evenings))
              • sheet lighting [ENG31-07428052-n] (lightning that appears as a broad sheet)
            • streak [ENG31-07428229-n] (a sudden flash (as of lightning))
          • convergence [ENG31-07429340-n] (the occurrence of two or more things coming together)

            • meeting [ENG31-07429522-n] (a casual or unexpected convergence)

              • conjunction [ENG31-07429767-n] ((astronomy) apparent meeting or passing of two or more celestial bodies in the same degree of the zodiac)

                • inferior conjunction [ENG31-07429996-n] ((astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the same side of the sun)
                • superior conjunction [ENG31-07430161-n] ((astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the opposite side of the sun)
          • juncture [ENG31-07431314-n] (an event that occurs at a critical time)

            • climax [ENG31-07431643-n] (the highest point of anything conceived of as growing or developing or unfolding)
            • conjuncture [ENG31-07431898-n] (a critical combination of events or circumstances)
            • crisis [ENG31-07432244-n] (a crucial stage or turning point in the course of something)

              • emergency [ENG31-07432005-n] (a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action)
            • landmark [ENG31-07432451-n] (an event marking a unique or important historical change of course or one on which important developments depend)

              • Fall of Man [ENG31-07432746-n] ((Judeo-Christian mythology) when Adam and Eve ate of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden, God punished them by driving them out of the Garden of Eden and into the world where they would be subject to sickness and pain and eventual death)
              • road to Damascus [ENG31-07433097-n] (a sudden turning point in a person's life (similar to the sudden conversion of the Apostle Paul on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus of arrest Christians))
            • milestone [ENG31-07433316-n] (a significant event in your life (or in a project))
            • pass [ENG31-07433422-n] (a difficult juncture)
            • reality check [ENG31-07433563-n] (an occasion on which one is reminded of the nature of things in the real world)
          • outburst [ENG31-07449542-n] (a sudden intense happening)

            • salvo [ENG31-07449749-n] (an outburst resembling the discharge of firearms or the release of bombs)
            • rush [ENG31-07450952-n] (a sudden burst of activity)
          • outbreak [ENG31-07449873-n] (a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition))

            • epidemic [ENG31-07450133-n] (a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease)

              • pandemic [ENG31-07450313-n] (an epidemic that is geographically widespread)
            • recrudescence [ENG31-07450491-n] (a return of something after a period of abatement)
          • reverse [ENG31-07491010-n] (an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes)

            • whammy [ENG31-07491232-n] (a serious or devastating setback)
          • boom [ENG31-07492727-n] (a sudden happening that brings good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money))
          • crash [ENG31-07493085-n] (a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocks (especially one that causes additional failures))
          • supervention [ENG31-07494665-n] (a following on in addition)
        • social event [ENG31-07303344-n] (an event characteristic of persons forming groups)

          • show [ENG31-06631572-n] (a social event involving a public performance or entertainment)

            • attraction [ENG31-06627914-n] (an entertainment that is offered to the public)

              • travelogue [ENG31-06627701-n] (a film or illustrated lecture on traveling)
              • counterattraction [ENG31-06628089-n] (a rival attraction)
            • broadcast [ENG31-06631935-n] (a radio or television show)

              • news program [ENG31-06632357-n] (a program devoted to current events, often using interviews and commentary)

                • television news [ENG31-06696437-n] (a television broadcast of news)
              • rerun [ENG31-06632570-n] (a program that is broadcast again)
              • talk show [ENG31-06632734-n] (a program during which well-known people discuss a topic or answer questions telephoned in by the audience)

                • phone-in [ENG31-06632974-n] (a program in which the audience participates by telephone)
              • television program [ENG31-06633086-n] (a program broadcast by television)

                • colorcast [ENG31-06633297-n] (a television program that is broadcast in color)
                • pilot program [ENG31-06633413-n] (a program exemplifying a contemplated series)
                • situation comedy [ENG31-07030493-n] (a humorous television program based on situations that could arise in everyday life)
                • special [ENG31-07030648-n] (a television production that features a particular person or work or topic)
              • game show [ENG31-06633568-n] (a television or radio program in which contestants compete for awards)

                • quiz program [ENG31-06633722-n] (a game show in which contestants answer questions)
              • serial [ENG31-06633954-n] (a serialized set of programs)

                • soap opera [ENG31-06634527-n] (a serialized program usually dealing with sentimentalized family matters that is broadcast on radio or television (frequently sponsored by a company advertising soap products))
                • tetralogy [ENG31-06634759-n] (a series of four related works (plays or operas or novels))
              • episode [ENG31-06634278-n] (a part of a broadcast serial)

                • cliffhanger [ENG31-06634188-n] (an episode that ends in suspense)
              • sustaining program [ENG31-06634424-n] (a program without a commercial sponsor)
            • performance [ENG31-06904543-n] (a dramatic or musical entertainment)

              • act [ENG31-06905066-n] (a short performance that is part of a longer program)

                • show-stopper [ENG31-06905397-n] (an act so striking or impressive that the show must be delayed until the audience quiets down)
              • benefit [ENG31-06905573-n] (a performance to raise money for a charitable cause)

                • benefit concert [ENG31-06905696-n] (a concert given for the benefit of some charitable cause)
              • concert [ENG31-06905814-n] (a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging)

                • rock concert [ENG31-06906018-n] (a performance of rock music)
              • pianism [ENG31-06906104-n] (performance by or technique of a pianist)
              • play reading [ENG31-06906222-n] (performance of a play by a group of readers)
              • premiere [ENG31-06906324-n] (the first public performance of a play or movie)
              • recital [ENG31-06906480-n] (performance of music or dance especially by soloists)
              • rendition [ENG31-06906604-n] (a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.)
              • song and dance [ENG31-06906811-n] (theatrical performance combining singing and dancing)
              • theatrical performance [ENG31-06906924-n] (a performance of a play)

                • matinee [ENG31-06907150-n] (a theatrical performance held during the daytime (especially in the afternoon))
              • spectacular [ENG31-06907282-n] (a lavishly produced performance)
              • world premiere [ENG31-06907410-n] ((music) the first public performance (as of a dramatic or musical work) anywhere in the world)
            • burlesque [ENG31-07031113-n] (a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor)
            • play [ENG31-07032045-n] (a theatrical performance of a drama)

              • curtain raiser [ENG31-07032510-n] (a short play presented before the main play)
            • galanty show [ENG31-07032614-n] (a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall)
            • puppet show [ENG31-07032747-n] (a show in which the actors are puppets)
            • variety show [ENG31-07033353-n] (a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances)

              • minstrel show [ENG31-07032857-n] (a variety show in which the performers are made up in blackface)
              • revue [ENG31-07032980-n] (a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians)

                • follies [ENG31-07033131-n] (a revue with elaborate costuming)

                  • Ziegfeld Follies [ENG31-07033235-n] (a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld)
              • vaudeville [ENG31-07033537-n] (a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.)
          • affair [ENG31-07461861-n] (a vaguely specified social event)

            • party [ENG31-07462241-n] (an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment)

              • bash [ENG31-07462638-n] (an uproarious party)
              • birthday party [ENG31-07462721-n] (a party held on the anniversary of someone's birth)
              • bunfight [ENG31-07462832-n] ((Briticism) a grand formal party on an important occasion)
              • ceilidh [ENG31-07462994-n] (an informal social gathering at which there is Scottish or Irish folk music and singing and folk dancing and story telling)
              • cocktail party [ENG31-07463208-n] (an afternoon party at which cocktails are served)
              • dance [ENG31-07463317-n] (a party for social dancing)

                • ball [ENG31-07463485-n] (a lavish dance requiring formal attire)

                  • cotillion [ENG31-07463637-n] (a ball at which young ladies are presented to society)
                  • masked ball [ENG31-07463757-n] (a ball at which guests wear costumes and masks)
                  • promenade [ENG31-07463916-n] (a formal ball held for a school class toward the end of the academic year)
                • barn dance [ENG31-07464052-n] (a dance party featuring country dancing)
                • hop [ENG31-07464148-n] (an informal dance where popular music is played)
                • rave [ENG31-07464276-n] (a dance party that lasts all night and electronically synthesized music is played)
              • fete [ENG31-07464462-n] (an elaborate party (often outdoors))

                • luau [ENG31-07464655-n] (an elaborate Hawaiian feast or party (especially one accompanied by traditional foods and entertainment))
                • potlatch [ENG31-07469911-n] (a ceremonial feast held by some Indians of the northwestern coast of North America (as in celebrating a marriage or a new accession) in which the host gives gifts to tribesmen and others to display his superior wealth (sometimes, formerly, to his own impoverishment))
              • house party [ENG31-07464829-n] (a party lasting over one or more nights at a large house)
              • jolly [ENG31-07464943-n] (a happy party)
              • tea party [ENG31-07465063-n] (a party at which tea is served)
              • whist drive [ENG31-07465149-n] (a progressive whist party)
            • celebration [ENG31-07465251-n] (a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event)
            • ceremony [ENG31-07465442-n] (a formal event performed on a special occasion)

              • circumstance [ENG31-07465938-n] (formal ceremony about important occasions)
              • funeral [ENG31-07466063-n] (a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated)

                • burial [ENG31-07466297-n] (the ritual placing of a corpse in a grave)
                • sky burial [ENG31-07466513-n] (a traditional Tibetan funeral ritual in which the corpse is exposed to the open air to be eaten by sacred vultures)
              • wedding [ENG31-07466684-n] (the social event at which the ceremony of marriage is performed)
              • pageant [ENG31-07466861-n] (a rich and spectacular ceremony)
              • dedication [ENG31-07466958-n] (a ceremony in which something (as a building) is dedicated to some goal or purpose)

                • rededication [ENG31-07467169-n] (a new dedication)
              • opening [ENG31-07467309-n] (a ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise)
              • commemoration [ENG31-07467451-n] (a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something)
              • military ceremony [ENG31-07467673-n] (a formal ceremony performed by military personnel)
              • initiation [ENG31-07467805-n] (a formal entry into an organization or position or office)

                • inauguration [ENG31-00244240-n] (the ceremonial induction into a position)
                • coronation [ENG31-07468248-n] (the ceremony of installing a new monarch)
                • bar mitzvah [ENG31-07468534-n] ((Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 13th birthday of a Jewish boy and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility)
                • bat mitzvah [ENG31-07468806-n] ((Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 12th birthday of a Jewish girl and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility)
              • exercise [ENG31-07469062-n] ((usually plural) a ceremony that involves processions and speeches)

                • commencement [ENG31-07469368-n] (an academic exercise in which diplomas are conferred)
              • fire walking [ENG31-07469242-n] (the ceremony of walking barefoot over hot stones or a bed of embers)
              • formality [ENG31-07469617-n] (a requirement of etiquette or custom)
              • Maundy [ENG31-07469761-n] (a public ceremony on Maundy Thursday when the monarch distributes Maundy money)
            • fundraiser [ENG31-07470250-n] (a social function that is held for the purpose of raising money)
            • photo opportunity [ENG31-07470370-n] (an occasion that lends itself to (or is deliberately arranged for) taking photographs that provide favorable publicity for those who are photographed)
            • sleepover [ENG31-07470594-n] (an occasion of spending a night away from home or having a guest spend the night in your home (especially as a party for children))
          • sellout [ENG31-07470798-n] (an event for which all tickets are sold)
          • contest [ENG31-07470961-n] (an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants)

            • game [ENG31-00457223-n] (a single play of a sport or other contest)

              • away game [ENG31-00457714-n] (a game played away from home)
              • home game [ENG31-00457828-n] (a game played at home)
              • exhibition game [ENG31-00457923-n] (a game whose outcome is not recorded in the season's standing)
              • nightcap [ENG31-00461905-n] (the final game of a double header)
              • twin bill [ENG31-00462012-n] (two games instead of one (especially in baseball when the same two teams play two games on the same day))
              • playoff game [ENG31-00462223-n] (one game in the series of games constituting a playoff)
              • cup tie [ENG31-00462355-n] (an eliminating game between teams in a cup competition)
            • athletic contest [ENG31-07471429-n] (a contest between athletes)

              • decathlon [ENG31-07471807-n] (an athletic contest consisting of ten different events)
              • Olympic Games [ENG31-07471917-n] (the modern revival of the ancient games held once every 4 years in a selected country)

                • Winter Olympic Games [ENG31-07472276-n] (an Olympics for winter sports)
              • Special Olympics [ENG31-07472102-n] (an athletic contest modeled after the Olympic Games but intended for mentally or physically handicapped persons)
              • preliminary [ENG31-07472390-n] (a minor match preceding the main event)
              • pentathlon [ENG31-07472513-n] (an athletic contest consisting of five different events)
              • meet [ENG31-07482986-n] (a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held)

                • gymkhana [ENG31-07483256-n] (a meet at which riders and horses display a range of skills and aptitudes)
                • race meeting [ENG31-07483384-n] (a regular occasion on which a number of horse races are held on the same track)
                • regatta [ENG31-07483596-n] (a meeting for boat races)
                • swimming meet [ENG31-07483674-n] (a swimming competition between two or more teams)
                • track meet [ENG31-07483832-n] (a track and field competition between two or more teams)
              • triple jump [ENG31-07487112-n] (an athletic contest in which a competitor must perform successively a hop and a step and a jump in continuous movement)
              • tug-of-war [ENG31-07487308-n] (a contest in which teams pull of opposite ends of a rope)
            • bout [ENG31-07471697-n] (a contest or fight (especially between boxers or wrestlers))
            • championship [ENG31-07472625-n] (a competition at which a champion is chosen)
            • chicken [ENG31-07472727-n] (a foolhardy competition)
            • cliffhanger [ENG31-07472890-n] (a contest whose outcome is uncertain up to the very end)
            • dogfight [ENG31-07473003-n] (a fiercely disputed contest)
            • race [ENG31-07473244-n] (a contest of speed)

              • automobile race [ENG31-07473683-n] (a race between (usually high-performance) automobiles)

                • Grand Prix [ENG31-07473857-n] (one of several international races)
                • rally [ENG31-07473948-n] (an automobile race run over public roads)
              • bicycle race [ENG31-07474040-n] (a race between people riding bicycles)

                • Tour de France [ENG31-07474184-n] (a French bicycle race for professional cyclists that lasts three weeks and covers about 3,000 miles)
                • criterium [ENG31-07474344-n] (a bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km or 3 miles))
              • boat race [ENG31-07474480-n] (a race between people rowing or driving boats)

                • sailing-race [ENG31-07474949-n] (a race between crews of people in yachts)
              • burnup [ENG31-07474599-n] (a high-speed motorcycle race on a public road)
              • chariot race [ENG31-07474735-n] (a race between ancient chariots)
              • dog racing [ENG31-07474825-n] (a race between dogs)
              • footrace [ENG31-07475061-n] (a race run on foot)

                • funrun [ENG31-07475360-n] (a footrace run for fun (often including runners who are sponsored for a charity))
                • marathon [ENG31-07475503-n] (a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards)
                • obstacle race [ENG31-07477874-n] (a race in which competitors must negotiate obstacles)
                • steeplechase [ENG31-07477986-n] (a footrace of usually 3000 meters over a closed track with hurdles and a water jump)
                • track event [ENG31-07484001-n] (a footrace performed on a track (indoor or outdoor))

                  • dash [ENG31-07484183-n] (a footrace run at top speed)
                  • hurdles [ENG31-07484302-n] (a footrace in which contestants must negotiate a series of hurdles)
                  • mile [ENG31-07484465-n] (a footrace extending one mile)
              • freestyle [ENG31-07475608-n] (a race (as in swimming) in which each contestant has a free choice of the style to use)
              • cross country [ENG31-07475750-n] (a long race run over open country)

                • Iditarod [ENG31-07475861-n] (an important dogsled race run annually on the Iditarod Trail)
              • heat [ENG31-07476245-n] (a preliminary race in which the winner advances to a more important race)
              • horse race [ENG31-07476368-n] (a contest of speed between horses)

                • claiming race [ENG31-07476607-n] (a horse race in which each owner declares before the race at what price his horse will be offered for sale after the race)
                • selling race [ENG31-07476788-n] (a horse race in which the winning horse must be put up for auction)
                • harness race [ENG31-07476913-n] (a horse race between people riding in sulkies behind horses that are trotting or pacing)
                • stake race [ENG31-07477504-n] (a horse race in which part of the prize is put up by the owners of the horses in the race)
                • steeplechase [ENG31-07477650-n] (a horse race over an obstructed course)

                  • Grand National [ENG31-07477765-n] (an annual steeplechase run in Liverpool, England)
                • thoroughbred race [ENG31-07478128-n] (a race between thoroughbred horses)

                  • Kentucky Derby [ENG31-07477076-n] (an annual race for three-year-old horses)
                  • Preakness [ENG31-07477226-n] (an annual race for three-year-old horses)
                  • Belmont Stakes [ENG31-07477362-n] (an annual race for three-year-old horses)
              • potato race [ENG31-07478280-n] (a novelty race in which competitors move potatoes from one place to another one at a time)
              • sack race [ENG31-07478427-n] (a novelty race in which competitors jump ahead with their feet confined in a sack)
              • scratch race [ENG31-07478564-n] (a race in which all contestants start from scratch (on equal terms))
              • ski race [ENG31-07478690-n] (a race between people wearing skis)

                • downhill [ENG31-07478829-n] (a ski race down a trail)
                • slalom [ENG31-07478907-n] (a downhill race over a winding course defined by upright poles)
              • relay [ENG31-07479040-n] (a race between teams)

                • torch race [ENG31-07479359-n] ((ancient Greece) in which a torch is passed from one runner to the next)
              • repechage [ENG31-07479191-n] (a race (especially in rowing) in which runners-up in the eliminating heats compete for a place in the final race)
            • tournament [ENG31-07479682-n] (a sporting competition in which contestants play a series of games to decide the winner)

              • World Cup [ENG31-07479525-n] (a soccer tournament held every four years between national soccer teams to determine a world champion)
              • elimination tournament [ENG31-07479926-n] (a tournament in which losers are eliminated in successive rounds)
              • open [ENG31-07480116-n] (a tournament in which both professionals and amateurs may play)
              • round robin [ENG31-07482719-n] (a tournament in which every contestant plays every other contestant)
            • playoff [ENG31-07480247-n] (any final competition to determine a championship)

              • World Series [ENG31-07480921-n] (series that constitutes the playoff for the baseball championship)
            • rubber [ENG31-07480405-n] (a contest consisting of a series of successive matches between the same sides)
            • series [ENG31-07480588-n] ((sports) several contests played successively by the same teams)

              • home stand [ENG31-07480797-n] (a series of successive games played at a team's home field or court)
            • field trial [ENG31-07482844-n] (a contest between gun dogs to determine their proficiency in pointing and retrieving)
            • match [ENG31-07485811-n] (a formal contest in which two or more persons or teams compete)

              • boxing match [ENG31-07481100-n] (a match between boxers)

                • sparring match [ENG31-07486848-n] (a practice or exhibition boxing match)
                • prizefight [ENG31-07486946-n] (a boxing match between professional boxers for a cash prize)
              • chess match [ENG31-07481248-n] (a match between chess players)
              • cockfight [ENG31-07481335-n] (a match in a cockpit between two fighting cocks heeled with metal gaffs)
              • cricket match [ENG31-07481462-n] (a match between two cricket teams)
              • diving [ENG31-07481555-n] (an athletic competition that involves diving into water)
              • field event [ENG31-07481697-n] (a competition that takes place on a field rather than on a running track)

                • high jump [ENG31-07484616-n] (a competition that involves jumping as high as possible over a horizontal bar)
                • long jump [ENG31-07484749-n] (a competition that involves jumping as far as possible from a running start)
                • pole vault [ENG31-07484912-n] (a competition that involves jumping over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole)
                • shot put [ENG31-07485115-n] (an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball is hurled as far as possible)
                • hammer throw [ENG31-07485250-n] (an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball that is attached to a flexible wire is hurled as far as possible)
                • discus [ENG31-07485425-n] (an athletic competition in which a disk-shaped object is thrown as far as possible)
                • javelin [ENG31-07485560-n] (an athletic competition in which a javelin is thrown as far as possible)
              • final [ENG31-07481972-n] (the final match between the winners of all previous matches in an elimination tournament)

                • cup final [ENG31-07482167-n] (the final match of any cup competition (such as the annual final of the English soccer competition at Wembley))
              • quarterfinal [ENG31-07482352-n] (one of the four competitions in an elimination tournament whose winners go on to play in the semifinals)
              • semifinal [ENG31-07482533-n] (one of the two competitions in the next to the last round of an elimination tournament)
              • swimming event [ENG31-07485685-n] (an athletic competition that involves swimming)
              • tennis match [ENG31-07486177-n] (a match between tennis players)
              • test match [ENG31-07486266-n] (an international championship match)
              • wrestling match [ENG31-07486386-n] (a match between wrestlers)
            • tournament [ENG31-07487467-n] (a series of jousts between knights contesting for a prize)
            • race [ENG31-07487797-n] (any competition)

              • arms race [ENG31-07487948-n] (a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments)
              • political campaign [ENG31-07488069-n] (a race between candidates for elective office)

                • governor's race [ENG31-07488347-n] (a race for election to the governorship)
                • senate campaign [ENG31-07488472-n] (a race for election to the senate)
            • spelling bee [ENG31-07492206-n] (a contest in which you are eliminated if you fail to spell a word correctly)
            • trial [ENG31-07492371-n] ((sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications)
        • miracle [ENG31-07303524-n] (a marvellous event manifesting a supernatural act of a divine agent)

          • Assumption [ENG31-07372466-n] ((Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended)
          • Transfiguration [ENG31-07372977-n] ((New Testament) the sudden emanation of radiance from the person of Jesus)
        • migration [ENG31-07327429-n] ((chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule)
        • makeup [ENG31-07337369-n] (an event that is substituted for a previously cancelled event)
        • zap [ENG31-07494768-n] (a sudden event that imparts energy or excitement, usually with a dramatic impact)
    • attribute [ENG31-00024444-n] (an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entity)

      • state [ENG31-00024900-n] (the way something is with respect to its main attributes)

        • feeling [ENG31-00026390-n] (the experiencing of affective and emotional states)

          • affect [ENG31-07495066-n] (the conscious subjective aspect of feeling or emotion)
          • emotion [ENG31-07495208-n] (any strong feeling)

            • conditioned emotional response [ENG31-05767014-n] (an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning)
            • anger [ENG31-07531593-n] (a strong emotion)

              • fury [ENG31-07532236-n] (a feeling of intense anger)

                • wrath [ENG31-07532144-n] (intense anger (usually on an epic scale))
                • lividity [ENG31-07532531-n] (a state of fury so great the face becomes discolored)
              • infuriation [ENG31-07532656-n] (a feeling of intense anger)
              • umbrage [ENG31-07532789-n] (a feeling of anger caused by being offended)
              • indignation [ENG31-07532976-n] (a feeling of righteous anger)

                • dudgeon [ENG31-07531995-n] (a feeling of intense indignation (now used only in the phrase `in high dudgeon'))
              • huffiness [ENG31-07533108-n] (a passing state of anger and resentment)
              • dander [ENG31-07533239-n] (a feeling of anger and animosity)
              • bad temper [ENG31-07533371-n] (a persisting angry mood)

                • irascibility [ENG31-07568015-n] (a feeling of resentful anger)
                • fit [ENG31-14429707-n] (a display of bad temper)
              • annoyance [ENG31-07533500-n] (anger produced by some annoying irritation)

                • pique [ENG31-07533707-n] (a sudden outburst of anger)
                • frustration [ENG31-07533902-n] (a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized)
                • aggravation [ENG31-07534117-n] (an exasperated feeling of annoyance)
                • harassment [ENG31-07534279-n] (a feeling of intense annoyance caused by being tormented)
                • displeasure [ENG31-07555812-n] (the feeling of being displeased or annoyed or dissatisfied with someone or something)
            • fear [ENG31-07534492-n] (an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight))

              • alarm [ENG31-07535012-n] (fear resulting from the awareness of danger)
              • creeps [ENG31-07535222-n] (a feeling of fear and revulsion)
              • frisson [ENG31-07535351-n] (an almost pleasurable sensation of fright)
              • horror [ENG31-07535650-n] (intense and profound fear)
              • hysteria [ENG31-07535746-n] (excessive or uncontrollable fear)
              • panic [ENG31-07535851-n] (an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety)

                • swivet [ENG31-07536164-n] (a panic or extreme discomposure)
              • scare [ENG31-07536676-n] (a sudden attack of fear)
              • stage fright [ENG31-07536802-n] (fear that affects a person about to face an audience)
              • apprehension [ENG31-07536913-n] (fearful expectation or anticipation)

                • trepidation [ENG31-07537282-n] (a feeling of alarm or dread)
                • foreboding [ENG31-07537367-n] (a feeling of evil to come)

                  • shadow [ENG31-07537657-n] (a premonition of something adverse)
                  • presage [ENG31-07537775-n] (a foreboding about what is about to happen)
                • suspense [ENG31-07537871-n] (apprehension about what is going to happen)
                • gloom [ENG31-07548645-n] (a feeling of melancholy apprehension)
                • chill [ENG31-07552647-n] (a sudden numbing dread)
              • timidity [ENG31-07537968-n] (fear of the unknown or unfamiliar or fear of making decisions)

                • cold feet [ENG31-07538255-n] (timidity that prevents the continuation of a course of action)
                • shyness [ENG31-07538419-n] (a feeling of fear of embarrassment)
                • diffidence [ENG31-07538525-n] (lack of self-confidence)

                  • hesitance [ENG31-07538724-n] (a feeling of diffidence and indecision about doing something)
                  • unassertiveness [ENG31-07538888-n] (diffidence about self promotion)
              • intimidation [ENG31-07538999-n] (the feeling of being intimidated)
            • fear [ENG31-07536278-n] (a feeling of profound respect for someone or something)
            • anxiety [ENG31-07539144-n] (a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune)

              • discomfiture [ENG31-07523471-n] (anxious embarrassment)
              • worry [ENG31-07539481-n] (a strong feeling of anxiety)
              • concern [ENG31-07539768-n] (an anxious feeling)
              • anxiousness [ENG31-07539999-n] (a feeling of mild anxiety about possible developments)
              • insecurity [ENG31-07540157-n] (the anxiety you experience when you feel vulnerable and insecure)
              • edginess [ENG31-07540296-n] (feelings of anxiety that make you tense and irritable)

                • willies [ENG31-07540498-n] (feelings of uneasiness)
              • sinking [ENG31-07540606-n] (a feeling caused by uneasiness or apprehension)
              • scruple [ENG31-07540794-n] (uneasiness about the fitness of an action)
              • jitteriness [ENG31-07540999-n] (the anxious feeling you have when you have the jitters)
              • angst [ENG31-07541241-n] (an acute but unspecific feeling of anxiety)
            • joy [ENG31-07542591-n] (the emotion of great happiness)

              • rhapsody [ENG31-07542913-n] (an enthusiastic expression of emotion)
              • elation [ENG31-07543044-n] (a feeling of joy and pride)

                • euphoria [ENG31-07544484-n] (a feeling of great (usually exaggerated) elation)
              • exultation [ENG31-07543205-n] (a feeling of extreme joy)

                • triumph [ENG31-07543485-n] (the exultation of victory)
              • exhilaration [ENG31-07543600-n] (the feeling of lively and cheerful joy)

                • bang [ENG31-07543858-n] (the swift release of a store of affective force)
                • intoxication [ENG31-07544195-n] (excitement and elation beyond the bounds of sobriety)
                • titillation [ENG31-07544364-n] (a tingling feeling of excitement (as from teasing or tickling))
              • exuberance [ENG31-07571212-n] (joyful enthusiasm)
            • love [ENG31-07558676-n] (a strong positive emotion of regard and affection)

              • worship [ENG31-07516659-n] (a feeling of profound love and admiration)
              • agape [ENG31-07559120-n] (selfless love of one person for another without sexual implications (especially love that is spiritual in nature))
              • agape [ENG31-07559298-n] ((Christian theology) the love of God or Christ for mankind)
              • filial love [ENG31-07559427-n] (the love of a child for a parent)
              • ardor [ENG31-07559517-n] (intense feeling of love)
              • amorousness [ENG31-07559601-n] (a feeling of love or fondness)
              • puppy love [ENG31-07559739-n] (temporary love of an adolescent)
              • devotion [ENG31-07559879-n] (feelings of ardent love)
              • benevolence [ENG31-07561087-n] (disposition to do good)

                • beneficence [ENG31-07561203-n] (doing good)
              • heartstrings [ENG31-07561327-n] (your deepest feelings of love and compassion)
              • lovingness [ENG31-07561495-n] (a loving feeling)

                • warmheartedness [ENG31-07561649-n] (a warmhearted feeling)
              • loyalty [ENG31-07561759-n] (feelings of allegiance)
            • hate [ENG31-07561835-n] (the emotion of intense dislike)

              • abhorrence [ENG31-07518669-n] (hate coupled with disgust)
              • misanthropy [ENG31-07562232-n] (hatred of mankind)
              • misogamy [ENG31-07562361-n] (hatred of marriage)
              • misogyny [ENG31-07562452-n] (hatred of women)
              • mysoandry [ENG31-07562607-n] (hatred for men or boys)
              • misology [ENG31-07562685-n] (hatred of reasoning)
              • misoneism [ENG31-07562759-n] (hatred of change or innovation)

                • misocainea [ENG31-07562863-n] (hatred of new ideas)
              • misopedia [ENG31-07562939-n] (hatred of children)
              • murderousness [ENG31-07563013-n] (a bloodthirsty hatred arousing murderous impulses)
              • despisal [ENG31-07563140-n] (a feeling of scornful hatred)
              • hostility [ENG31-07563271-n] (the feeling of a hostile person)

                • animosity [ENG31-07563566-n] (a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility)
                • class feeling [ENG31-07563690-n] (feelings of envy and resentment of one social or economic class for toward another)
                • antagonism [ENG31-07563832-n] (an actively expressed feeling of dislike and hostility)
                • aggression [ENG31-07564033-n] (a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack)
                • belligerence [ENG31-07564161-n] (hostile or warlike attitude or nature)

                  • warpath [ENG31-07564326-n] (hostile or belligerent mood)
                • resentment [ENG31-07564444-n] (a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will)

                  • heartburning [ENG31-07564731-n] (intense resentment)
                  • sulkiness [ENG31-07564867-n] (a feeling of sulky resentment)
                  • grudge [ENG31-07565002-n] (a resentment strong enough to justify retaliation)
                  • envy [ENG31-07565182-n] (a feeling of grudging admiration and desire to have something that is possessed by another)

                    • covetousness [ENG31-07565445-n] (an envious eagerness to possess something)
                    • jealousy [ENG31-07565545-n] (a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival))
                    • penis envy [ENG31-07565670-n] ((psychoanalysis) a female's presumed envy of the male's penis)
              • malevolence [ENG31-07565835-n] (wishing evil to others)

                • maleficence [ENG31-07566017-n] (doing or causing evil)
                • malice [ENG31-07566132-n] (feeling a need to see others suffer)
                • vindictiveness [ENG31-07566357-n] (a malevolent desire for revenge)
            • emotional state [ENG31-14009303-n] (the state of a person's emotions (especially with regard to pleasure or dejection))

              • embarrassment [ENG31-14009674-n] (the state of being embarrassed (usually by some financial inadequacy))
              • ecstasy [ENG31-14009857-n] (a state of being carried away by overwhelming emotion)
              • gratification [ENG31-14010164-n] (state of being gratified or satisfied)

                • quality of life [ENG31-14010428-n] (your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live (as distinct from material comfort))
                • comfort [ENG31-14010704-n] (satisfaction or physical well-being provided by a person or thing)
              • happiness [ENG31-14010908-n] (state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy)

                • blessedness [ENG31-14011204-n] (a state of supreme happiness)

                  • nirvana [ENG31-14011709-n] ((Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation)
                • radiance [ENG31-14074683-n] (an attractive combination of good health and happiness)
              • state [ENG31-14011983-n] (a state of depression or agitation)
              • unhappiness [ENG31-14012148-n] (state characterized by emotions ranging from mild discontentment to deep grief)

                • embitterment [ENG31-14012356-n] (the state of being embittered)
                • sadness [ENG31-14012536-n] (the state of being sad)

                  • mourning [ENG31-14012765-n] (state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one)
                  • poignance [ENG31-14012928-n] (a state of deeply felt distress or sorrow)
          • thing [ENG31-07495496-n] (a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion)
          • glow [ENG31-07495661-n] (a feeling of considerable warmth)
          • faintness [ENG31-07495806-n] (a feeling of faintness and of being ready to swoon)
          • soul [ENG31-07495930-n] (deep feeling or emotion)
          • passion [ENG31-07496036-n] (a strong feeling or emotion)

            • infatuation [ENG31-07496224-n] (a foolish and usually extravagant passion or love or admiration)
            • wildness [ENG31-07496363-n] (a feeling of extreme emotional intensity)
            • ardor [ENG31-07496515-n] (feelings of great warmth and intensity)

              • zeal [ENG31-07496925-n] (excessive fervor to do something or accomplish some end)
            • storminess [ENG31-07496765-n] (violent passion in speech or action)
          • sentiment [ENG31-07497091-n] (tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion)

            • sentimentality [ENG31-07497268-n] (extravagant or affected feeling or emotion)

              • mawkishness [ENG31-07497407-n] (insincere pathos)
            • razbliuto [ENG31-07497508-n] (the sentimental feeling you have about someone you once loved but no longer do)
          • complex [ENG31-07497661-n] ((psychoanalysis) a combination of emotions and impulses that have been rejected from awareness but still influence a person's behavior)

            • Oedipus complex [ENG31-07497922-n] (a complex of males)
            • Electra complex [ENG31-07498145-n] (a complex of females)
            • inferiority complex [ENG31-07498260-n] (a sense of personal inferiority arising from conflict between the desire to be noticed and the fear of being humiliated)
          • ambivalence [ENG31-07498445-n] (mixed feelings or emotions)

            • conflict [ENG31-07498579-n] (opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible feelings)
          • apathy [ENG31-07498762-n] (an absence of emotion or enthusiasm)

            • emotionlessness [ENG31-07498922-n] (apathy demonstrated by an absence of emotional reactions)
            • languor [ENG31-07499249-n] (a feeling of lack of interest or energy)
          • desire [ENG31-07499405-n] (the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state)

            • ambition [ENG31-07499687-n] (a cherished desire)

              • American Dream [ENG31-07499932-n] (the widespread aspiration of Americans to live better than their parents did)
              • emulation [ENG31-07500069-n] (ambition to equal or excel)
              • nationalism [ENG31-07500187-n] (the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination)
            • bloodlust [ENG31-07500343-n] (a desire for bloodshed)
            • temptation [ENG31-07500421-n] (the desire to have or do something that you know you should avoid)
            • craving [ENG31-07500615-n] (an intense desire for some particular thing)

              • appetite [ENG31-07500766-n] (a feeling of craving something)

                • stomach [ENG31-07501056-n] (an appetite for food)
                • sweet tooth [ENG31-07501195-n] (a strong appetite for sweet food)
              • addiction [ENG31-07501285-n] (an abnormally strong craving)
            • wish [ENG31-07501369-n] (a specific feeling of desire)

              • velleity [ENG31-07501667-n] (a mere wish, unaccompanied by effort to obtain)
            • longing [ENG31-07501768-n] (prolonged unfulfilled desire or need)

              • hankering [ENG31-07502062-n] (a yearning for something or to do something)
              • pining [ENG31-07502203-n] (a feeling of deep longing)

                • lovesickness [ENG31-07502633-n] (a pining for a loved one)
              • wishfulness [ENG31-07502317-n] (an unrealistic yearning)
              • wistfulness [ENG31-07502416-n] (a sadly pensive longing)
              • nostalgia [ENG31-07502515-n] (longing for something past)

                • homesickness [ENG31-07502734-n] (a longing to return home)
              • discontentment [ENG31-07554353-n] (a longing for something better than the present situation)

                • disgruntlement [ENG31-07554647-n] (a feeling of sulky discontent)
                • dysphoria [ENG31-07554755-n] (abnormal depression and discontent)
                • dissatisfaction [ENG31-07554899-n] (the feeling of being displeased and discontent)

                  • boredom [ENG31-07555178-n] (the feeling of being bored by something tedious)

                    • blahs [ENG31-07555350-n] (a general feeling of boredom and dissatisfaction)
                    • fatigue [ENG31-07555469-n] ((always used with a modifier) boredom resulting from overexposure to something)
                  • disappointment [ENG31-07555990-n] (a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized)

                    • frustration [ENG31-07556254-n] (the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals)
            • sexual desire [ENG31-07503095-n] (a desire for sexual intimacy)

              • love [ENG31-07503480-n] (a deep feeling of sexual desire and attraction)
              • aphrodisia [ENG31-07503707-n] (a desire for heterosexual intimacy)
              • anaphrodisia [ENG31-07503816-n] (decline or absence of sexual desire)
              • passion [ENG31-07503928-n] (a feeling of strong sexual desire)
              • sensuality [ENG31-07504015-n] (desire for sensual pleasures)
              • amorousness [ENG31-07504199-n] (the arousal of feelings of sexual desire)

                • prurience [ENG31-07505354-n] (feeling morbid sexual desire or a propensity to lewdness)
              • fetish [ENG31-07504434-n] (a form of sexual desire in which gratification depends to an abnormal degree on some object or item of clothing or part of the body)
              • libido [ENG31-07504688-n] ((psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire)
              • lecherousness [ENG31-07504854-n] (a strong sexual desire)
              • nymphomania [ENG31-07505065-n] (abnormally intense sexual desire in women)
              • satyriasis [ENG31-07505182-n] (abnormally intense sexual desire in men)
              • the hots [ENG31-07505278-n] (intense sexual desire)
            • urge [ENG31-07505591-n] (a strong restless desire)
            • caprice [ENG31-07505719-n] (a sudden desire)
          • sex [ENG31-07502835-n] (all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses)
          • pleasure [ENG31-07505853-n] (a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience)

            • delight [ENG31-07506178-n] (a feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction)

              • entrancement [ENG31-07506426-n] (a feeling of delight at being filled with wonder and enchantment)
              • amusement [ENG31-07506616-n] (a feeling of delight at being entertained)
              • Schadenfreude [ENG31-07506731-n] (delight in another person's misfortune)
            • enjoyment [ENG31-07506848-n] (the pleasure felt when having a good time)

              • joie de vivre [ENG31-07507035-n] (a keen enjoyment of living)
              • gusto [ENG31-07507121-n] (vigorous and enthusiastic enjoyment)
            • pleasantness [ENG31-07507310-n] (the feeling caused by agreeable stimuli)

              • afterglow [ENG31-07507508-n] (the pleasure of remembering some pleasant event)
            • comfort [ENG31-07507656-n] (a feeling of freedom from worry or disappointment)

              • consolation [ENG31-07507795-n] (the comfort you feel when consoled in times of disappointment)

                • cold comfort [ENG31-07508068-n] (very limited consolation or empathy)
                • silver lining [ENG31-07508235-n] (a consoling aspect of a difficult situation)
              • relief [ENG31-07508420-n] (the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced)
            • sexual pleasure [ENG31-07508667-n] (pleasure derived from sexual activities)

              • algolagnia [ENG31-07508822-n] (sexual pleasure derived from inflicting or experiencing pain)
              • sadism [ENG31-07508970-n] (sexual pleasure obtained by inflicting harm (physical or psychological) on others)

                • sadomasochism [ENG31-07509158-n] (sadism and masochism combined in one person)
              • masochism [ENG31-07509315-n] (sexual pleasure obtained from receiving punishment (physical or psychological))
          • pain [ENG31-07509503-n] (emotional distress)

            • growing pains [ENG31-07509822-n] (emotional distress arising during adolescence)
            • unpleasantness [ENG31-07509927-n] (the feeling caused by disagreeable stimuli)
            • mental anguish [ENG31-07510376-n] (sustained dull painful emotion)
            • suffering [ENG31-07510467-n] (feelings of mental or physical pain)

              • agony [ENG31-07510691-n] (intense feelings of suffering)
              • throes [ENG31-07511018-n] (violent pangs of suffering)
              • discomfort [ENG31-07511113-n] (an uncomfortable feeling of mental painfulness or distress)
            • distress [ENG31-07511603-n] (psychological suffering)

              • anguish [ENG31-07511895-n] (extreme mental distress)
              • self-torture [ENG31-07512064-n] (self-imposed distress)
              • tsoris [ENG31-07512159-n] ((Yiddish) trouble and suffering)
              • wound [ENG31-07512262-n] (a figurative injury (to your feelings or pride))
          • pang [ENG31-07510112-n] (a sudden sharp feeling)

            • guilt pang [ENG31-07510296-n] (pangs of feeling guilty)
          • liking [ENG31-07512613-n] (a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment)

            • fondness [ENG31-07512937-n] (a predisposition to like something)
            • captivation [ENG31-07513215-n] (a feeling of great liking for something wonderful and unusual)
            • preference [ENG31-07513449-n] (a strong liking)

              • acquired taste [ENG31-07513694-n] (a preference that is only acquired after considerable experience)
              • weakness [ENG31-07513853-n] (a penchant for something even though it might not be good for you)
            • mysophilia [ENG31-07514008-n] (abnormal attraction to filth)
            • inclination [ENG31-07514093-n] (that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking)

              • leaning [ENG31-07514352-n] (an inclination to do something)
              • stomach [ENG31-07514515-n] (an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness)
              • undertow [ENG31-07514688-n] (an inclination contrary to the strongest or prevailing feeling)
            • friendliness [ENG31-07514854-n] (a feeling of liking for another person)

              • amicability [ENG31-07515069-n] (a disinclination to quarrel)
              • good will [ENG31-07515169-n] (the friendly hope that something will succeed)
              • brotherhood [ENG31-07515281-n] (the feeling that men should treat one another like brothers)
            • approval [ENG31-07515398-n] (a feeling of liking something or someone good)

              • favor [ENG31-07515653-n] (a feeling of favorable regard)
              • approbation [ENG31-07515851-n] (official approval)
            • admiration [ENG31-07515980-n] (a feeling of delighted approval and liking)

              • Anglophilia [ENG31-07516196-n] (admiration for Britain and British customs)
              • hero worship [ENG31-07516332-n] (admiration for great men (or their memory))
              • philhellenism [ENG31-07516433-n] (admiration for Greece and the Greeks and Greek customs)
              • philogyny [ENG31-07516565-n] (admiration for women)
          • dislike [ENG31-07516784-n] (a feeling of aversion or antipathy)

            • disinclination [ENG31-07517161-n] (that toward which you are inclined to feel dislike)
            • Anglophobia [ENG31-07517338-n] (dislike (or fear) of Britain and British customs)
            • unfriendliness [ENG31-07517480-n] (dislike experienced as an absence of friendliness)
            • alienation [ENG31-07517626-n] (the feeling of being alienated from other people)

              • isolation [ENG31-07517815-n] (a feeling of being disliked and alone)
            • antipathy [ENG31-07517908-n] (a feeling of intense dislike)
            • disapproval [ENG31-07518068-n] (a feeling of disliking something or what someone is doing)
            • contempt [ENG31-07518219-n] (lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike)
            • disgust [ENG31-07518499-n] (strong feelings of dislike)

              • repugnance [ENG31-07519226-n] (intense aversion)
              • nausea [ENG31-07519350-n] (disgust so strong it makes you feel sick)
            • creepy-crawlies [ENG31-07518955-n] (feelings of dislike and anxiety)
            • scunner [ENG31-07519088-n] (a strong dislike)
            • technophobia [ENG31-07519497-n] (dislike for new technology)
          • gratitude [ENG31-07519582-n] (a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation)

            • gratefulness [ENG31-07519768-n] (warm friendly feelings of gratitude)
          • ingratitude [ENG31-07519950-n] (a lack of gratitude)
          • unconcern [ENG31-07520777-n] (a feeling of lack of concern)

            • indifference [ENG31-07520915-n] (unbiased impartial unconcern)

              • distance [ENG31-07521110-n] (indifference by personal withdrawal)
              • withdrawal [ENG31-07521270-n] (avoiding emotional involvement)
            • heartlessness [ENG31-07521388-n] (an absence of concern for the welfare of others)

              • cruelty [ENG31-07521621-n] (feelings of extreme heartlessness)
          • shame [ENG31-07521808-n] (a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt)

            • conscience [ENG31-07522036-n] (a feeling of shame when you do something immoral)
            • self-disgust [ENG31-07522201-n] (shame resulting from strong dislike of yourself or your actions)
            • embarrassment [ENG31-07522337-n] (the shame you feel when your inadequacy or guilt is made public)

              • self-consciousness [ENG31-07522568-n] (embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you)
              • shamefacedness [ENG31-07522799-n] (feeling embarrassed about yourself)
              • chagrin [ENG31-07522981-n] (strong feelings of embarrassment)
              • confusion [ENG31-07523151-n] (a feeling of embarrassment that leaves you confused)
              • abashment [ENG31-07523331-n] (feeling embarrassed due to modesty)
          • pride [ENG31-07523725-n] (a feeling of self-respect and personal worth)

            • dignity [ENG31-04894076-n] (the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect)
            • self-esteem [ENG31-07523944-n] (a feeling of pride in yourself)
            • ego [ENG31-07524045-n] (an inflated feeling of pride in your superiority to others)
            • amour propre [ENG31-07524235-n] (feelings of excessive pride)
          • humility [ENG31-07524370-n] (a humble feeling)

            • meekness [ENG31-07524564-n] (the feeling of patient, submissive humbleness)
            • self-depreciation [ENG31-07524713-n] (a feeling of being of little worth)
          • astonishment [ENG31-07524811-n] (the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising)

            • wonder [ENG31-07525235-n] (the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising)

              • awe [ENG31-07525423-n] (an overwhelming feeling of wonder or admiration)
            • surprise [ENG31-07525587-n] (the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you)
            • stupefaction [ENG31-07525734-n] (a feeling of stupefied astonishment)

              • daze [ENG31-07525864-n] (the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally)
          • devastation [ENG31-07525066-n] (the feeling of being confounded or overwhelmed)
          • expectation [ENG31-07526162-n] (the feeling that something is about to happen)

            • anticipation [ENG31-07526319-n] (an expectation)

              • suspense [ENG31-07526477-n] (excited anticipation of an approaching climax)
              • fever [ENG31-07526619-n] (intense nervous anticipation)

                • buck fever [ENG31-07526763-n] (nervous excitement of an inexperienced hunter)
                • gold fever [ENG31-07526865-n] (greed and the contagious excitement of a gold rush)
              • hope [ENG31-07526972-n] (a specific instance of feeling hopeful)
          • levity [ENG31-07527145-n] (feeling an inappropriate lack of seriousness)

            • gaiety [ENG31-07527278-n] (a festive merry feeling)
          • gravity [ENG31-07527386-n] (a solemn and dignified feeling)

            • earnestness [ENG31-07527554-n] (an earnest and sincere feeling)
          • sensitivity [ENG31-07527704-n] (sensitivity to emotional feelings (of self and others))

            • oversensitiveness [ENG31-07527958-n] (sensitivity leading to easy irritation or upset)
            • sensibility [ENG31-07528087-n] (refined sensitivity to pleasurable or painful impressions)

              • insight [ENG31-07528486-n] (a feeling of understanding)
              • sensuousness [ENG31-07528652-n] (a sensuous feeling)
            • feelings [ENG31-07528274-n] (emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity))
          • agitation [ENG31-07528747-n] (the feeling of being agitated)

            • unrest [ENG31-07528950-n] (a feeling of restless agitation)
            • fidget [ENG31-07529034-n] (a feeling of agitation expressed in continual motion)

              • impatience [ENG31-07529310-n] (a restless desire for change and excitement)
            • stewing [ENG31-07529428-n] (an extreme state of worry and agitation)
            • stir [ENG31-07529584-n] (emotional agitation and excitement)

              • electricity [ENG31-07529839-n] (keen and shared excitement)
              • sensation [ENG31-07530021-n] (a general feeling of excitement and heightened interest)
            • tumult [ENG31-07529759-n] (violent agitation)
          • calmness [ENG31-07530207-n] (a feeling of calm)

            • placidity [ENG31-07530408-n] (a feeling of calmness)
            • coolness [ENG31-07530567-n] (calm and unruffled self-assurance)
            • tranquillity [ENG31-07530799-n] (a state of peace and quiet)

              • peace [ENG31-07531029-n] (the absence of mental stress or anxiety)
              • easiness [ENG31-07531213-n] (a feeling of refreshing tranquility and an absence of tension or worry)

                • languor [ENG31-07531461-n] (a relaxed comfortable feeling)
          • fearlessness [ENG31-07541421-n] (feeling no fear)

            • security [ENG31-07541577-n] (freedom from anxiety or fear)

              • confidence [ENG31-07541744-n] (a feeling of trust (in someone or something))
          • happiness [ENG31-07541996-n] (emotions experienced when in a state of well-being)

            • bonheur [ENG31-07542300-n] ((French) happiness and good humor)
            • gladness [ENG31-07542406-n] (experiencing joy and pleasure)
            • gaiety [ENG31-07544633-n] (a gay feeling)

              • hilarity [ENG31-07544765-n] (great merriment)
              • jocundity [ENG31-07545071-n] (a feeling facetious merriment)
              • jollity [ENG31-07567356-n] (feeling jolly and jovial and full of good humor)
            • rejoicing [ENG31-07544951-n] (a feeling of great happiness)
            • belonging [ENG31-07545205-n] (happiness felt in a secure relationship)

              • comfortableness [ENG31-07545388-n] (a feeling of being at ease in a relationship)
              • closeness [ENG31-07545512-n] (a feeling of being intimate and belonging together)

                • togetherness [ENG31-07545710-n] (affectionate closeness)
            • cheerfulness [ENG31-07545866-n] (a feeling of spontaneous good spirits)

              • buoyancy [ENG31-07546111-n] (cheerfulness that bubbles to the surface)
              • carefreeness [ENG31-07546254-n] (the cheerful feeling you have when nothing is troubling you)
            • contentment [ENG31-07546493-n] (happiness with one's situation in life)

              • satisfaction [ENG31-07546643-n] (the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation)

                • pride [ENG31-07546924-n] (satisfaction with your (or another's) achievements)

                  • civic pride [ENG31-04893985-n] (pride in your city)
                • complacency [ENG31-07547101-n] (the feeling you have when you are satisfied with yourself)

                  • smugness [ENG31-07547386-n] (an excessive feeling of self-satisfaction)
                • fulfillment [ENG31-07547500-n] (a feeling of satisfaction at having achieved your desires)
                • gloat [ENG31-07547664-n] (malicious satisfaction)
          • sadness [ENG31-07547828-n] (emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being)

            • dolefulness [ENG31-07548220-n] (sadness caused by grief or affliction)
            • heaviness [ENG31-07548333-n] (persisting sadness)
            • melancholy [ENG31-07548485-n] (a feeling of thoughtful sadness)

              • heavyheartedness [ENG31-07548880-n] (a feeling of dispirited melancholy)
              • pensiveness [ENG31-07548995-n] (persistent morbid meditation on a problem)
              • world-weariness [ENG31-07549123-n] (sadness on thinking about the evils of the world)
            • misery [ENG31-07549366-n] (a feeling of intense unhappiness)
            • forlornness [ENG31-07549496-n] (sadness resulting from being forsaken or abandoned)
            • weepiness [ENG31-07549666-n] (sadness expressed by weeping)
            • sorrow [ENG31-07549818-n] (an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement)

              • broken heart [ENG31-07550235-n] (devastating sorrow and despair)
              • grief [ENG31-07550398-n] (intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death))

                • dolor [ENG31-07550920-n] ((poetry) painful grief)
              • mournfulness [ENG31-07550597-n] (a state of gloomy sorrow)

                • woe [ENG31-07549265-n] (intense mournfulness)
                • plaintiveness [ENG31-07550818-n] (expressing sorrowfulness)
              • self-pity [ENG31-07553660-n] (a feeling of sorrow (often self-indulgent) over your own sufferings)
            • sorrow [ENG31-07551058-n] (sadness associated with some wrong done or some disappointment)

              • attrition [ENG31-07550088-n] (sorrow for sin arising from fear of damnation)
              • compunction [ENG31-07551462-n] (a feeling of deep regret (usually for some misdeed))

                • guilt [ENG31-07551633-n] (remorse caused by feeling responsible for some offense)

                  • survivor guilt [ENG31-07551825-n] (a deep feeling of guilt often experienced by those who have survived some catastrophe that took the lives of many others)
                • repentance [ENG31-07552258-n] (remorse for your past conduct)
            • cheerlessness [ENG31-07552456-n] (a feeling of dreary or pessimistic sadness)

              • joylessness [ENG31-07552764-n] (a feeling of dismal cheerlessness)
            • depression [ENG31-07552873-n] (sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy)

              • demoralization [ENG31-07553361-n] (depression resulting from an undermining of your morale)
              • helplessness [ENG31-07553530-n] (a feeling of being unable to manage)
              • despondency [ENG31-07553783-n] (feeling downcast and disheartened and hopeless)
              • oppression [ENG31-07554062-n] (a feeling of being oppressed)

                • weight [ENG31-07554200-n] (an oppressive feeling of heavy force)
            • downheartedness [ENG31-07553056-n] (a feeling of low spirits)
          • hope [ENG31-07556441-n] (the general feeling that some desire will be fulfilled)

            • hopefulness [ENG31-07556704-n] (the feeling you have when you have hope)
            • encouragement [ENG31-07556837-n] (the feeling of being encouraged)
            • optimism [ENG31-07556946-n] (the optimistic feeling that all is going to turn out well)

              • sanguinity [ENG31-07557148-n] (feeling sanguine)
          • despair [ENG31-07557311-n] (the feeling that everything is wrong and nothing will turn out well)

            • hopelessness [ENG31-07557637-n] (the despair you feel when you have abandoned hope of comfort or success)
            • resignation [ENG31-07557821-n] (acceptance of despair)

              • defeatism [ENG31-07557948-n] (acceptance of the inevitability of defeat)
            • discouragement [ENG31-07558063-n] (the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles)

              • intimidation [ENG31-07558269-n] (the feeling of discouragement in the face of someone's superior fame or wealth or status etc.)
            • pessimism [ENG31-07558421-n] (the feeling that things will turn out badly)

              • cynicism [ENG31-07558592-n] (a cynical feeling of distrust)
          • affection [ENG31-07560035-n] (a positive feeling of liking)

            • attachment [ENG31-07560531-n] (a feeling of affection for a person or an institution)
            • protectiveness [ENG31-07560673-n] (a feeling of protective affection)
            • regard [ENG31-07560785-n] (a feeling of friendship and esteem)
            • soft spot [ENG31-07560964-n] (a sentimental affection)
          • temper [ENG31-07566518-n] (a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling)

            • peeve [ENG31-07566884-n] (an annoyed or irritated mood)
            • sulk [ENG31-07566964-n] (a mood or display of sullen aloofness or withdrawal)
            • good humor [ENG31-07567157-n] (a cheerful and agreeable mood)
            • ill humor [ENG31-07567553-n] (an angry and disagreeable mood)

              • moodiness [ENG31-07567718-n] (a sullen gloomy feeling)

                • moroseness [ENG31-07567833-n] (a gloomy ill-tempered feeling)
              • irritability [ENG31-07568195-n] (an irritable petulant feeling)

                • testiness [ENG31-07568482-n] (feeling easily irritated)
                • pet [ENG31-07568642-n] (a fit of petulance or sulkiness (especially at what is felt to be a slight))
          • sympathy [ENG31-07568767-n] (sharing the feelings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish))

            • concern [ENG31-07520080-n] (a feeling of sympathy for someone or something)

              • solicitude [ENG31-07520446-n] (a feeling of excessive concern)
              • softheartedness [ENG31-07520586-n] (a feeling of concern for the welfare of someone (especially someone defenseless))
            • kindheartedness [ENG31-07569056-n] (sympathy arising from a kind heart)
            • compassion [ENG31-07569189-n] (a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering)

              • mellowness [ENG31-07569690-n] (a feeling of good humor and sympathy through maturity or intoxication or a relaxed state)
              • tenderness [ENG31-07569907-n] (warm compassionate feelings)
              • mercifulness [ENG31-07570065-n] (the feeling that motivates compassion)

                • forgiveness [ENG31-07570205-n] (compassionate feelings that support a willingness to forgive)
            • commiseration [ENG31-07569430-n] (a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others)
            • compatibility [ENG31-07570323-n] (a feeling of sympathetic understanding)
            • empathy [ENG31-07570421-n] (understanding and entering into another's feelings)
          • enthusiasm [ENG31-07570579-n] (a feeling of excitement)

            • eagerness [ENG31-07570749-n] (a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something)

              • ardor [ENG31-07570967-n] (a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause))
            • technophilia [ENG31-07571340-n] (enthusiasm for new technology)
        • skillfulness [ENG31-05648278-n] (the state of being cognitively skillful)

          • expertness [ENG31-05648574-n] (skillfulness by virtue of possessing special knowledge)

            • professionalism [ENG31-05648934-n] (the expertness characteristic of a professional person)
            • sophistication [ENG31-05649050-n] (being expert or having knowledge of some technical subject)
          • handiness [ENG31-05648769-n] (skillfulness with the hands)
          • coordination [ENG31-05649401-n] (the skillful and effective interaction of movements)
          • versatility [ENG31-05649679-n] (having a wide variety of skills)
          • command [ENG31-05649804-n] (great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity)
          • adeptness [ENG31-05650020-n] (skillful performance or ability without difficulty)

            • touch [ENG31-05650398-n] (deftness in handling matters)

              • finishing touch [ENG31-05650523-n] (a final touch)
            • dexterity [ENG31-05650660-n] (adroitness in using the hands)
          • fluency [ENG31-05650792-n] (skillfulness in speaking or writing)
          • proficiency [ENG31-05651035-n] (skillfulness in the command of fundamentals deriving from practice and familiarity)

            • brushwork [ENG31-05651336-n] (an artist's distinctive technique of applying paint with a brush)
            • musketry [ENG31-05651456-n] (the technique of using small arms (especially in battle))
          • efficiency [ENG31-05652372-n] (skillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort)

            • economy [ENG31-05652572-n] (the efficient use of resources)
        • cleavage [ENG31-13943045-n] (the state of being split or cleft)
        • medium [ENG31-13943202-n] (a state that is intermediate between extremes)
        • ornamentation [ENG31-13943355-n] (the state of being ornamented)
        • condition [ENG31-13943462-n] (a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing)

          • stratification [ENG31-13962191-n] (the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group)
          • ordinary [ENG31-13965795-n] (the expected or commonplace condition or situation)
          • invagination [ENG31-14085814-n] (the condition of being folded inward or sheathed)
          • roots [ENG31-14088894-n] (the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage)
          • lysogeny [ENG31-14217827-n] (the condition of a host bacterium that has incorporated a phage into its own genetic material)
          • fortune [ENG31-14496806-n] (your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you))

            • good fortune [ENG31-14497239-n] (an auspicious state resulting from favorable outcomes)

              • prosperity [ENG31-14497636-n] (the condition of prospering)

                • wellbeing [ENG31-14470991-n] (a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous)

                  • fool's paradise [ENG31-14471282-n] (an illusory state of wellbeing)
                  • health [ENG31-14471374-n] (a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease)
                • strength [ENG31-14498140-n] (the condition of financial success)
                • success [ENG31-14498478-n] (a state of prosperity or fame)

                  • big time [ENG31-14498738-n] (the highest level of an occupation (especially in entertainment))
                  • pay dirt [ENG31-14498857-n] (a profitable success)
              • blessing [ENG31-14497848-n] (a desirable state)

                • mercy [ENG31-14498019-n] (something for which to be thankful)
            • providence [ENG31-14497501-n] (a manifestation of God's foresightful care for his creatures)
            • misfortune [ENG31-14498989-n] (an unfortunate state resulting from unfavorable outcomes)

              • weakness [ENG31-14498302-n] (the condition of being financially weak)
              • adversity [ENG31-14499245-n] (a state of misfortune or affliction)

                • ill-being [ENG31-14471666-n] (lack of prosperity or happiness or health)

                  • misery [ENG31-14471799-n] (a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune)

                    • concentration camp [ENG31-14472158-n] (a situation characterized by crowding and extremely harsh conditions)
                    • living death [ENG31-14472291-n] (a state of constant misery)
                    • suffering [ENG31-14472376-n] (misery resulting from affliction)
                • catastrophe [ENG31-14499874-n] (a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune)
                • extremity [ENG31-14500105-n] (an extreme condition or state (especially of adversity or disease))

                  • bitter end [ENG31-14500281-n] (the final extremity (however unpleasant it may be))
                • distress [ENG31-14500436-n] (a state of adversity (danger or affliction or need))

                  • anguish [ENG31-14472488-n] (extreme distress of body or mind)
                  • pressure [ENG31-14500660-n] (an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress)
                  • throe [ENG31-14500791-n] (hard or painful trouble or struggle)
                • affliction [ENG31-14500926-n] (a state of great suffering and distress due to adversity)

                  • cross [ENG31-14501251-n] (any affliction that causes great suffering)
                • victimization [ENG31-14501093-n] (adversity resulting from being made a victim)
                • nadir [ENG31-14510223-n] (an extreme state of adversity)
              • gutter [ENG31-14499576-n] (misfortune resulting in lost effort or money)
              • hard cheese [ENG31-14499789-n] (bad luck)
            • failure [ENG31-14501461-n] (lack of success)

              • bankruptcy [ENG31-14502268-n] (a state of complete lack of some abstract property)
              • bank failure [ENG31-14502446-n] (the inability of a bank to meet its credit obligations)
              • crop failure [ENG31-14502559-n] (the failure of crops to produce a marketable surplus)
              • dead duck [ENG31-14502670-n] (something doomed to failure)
          • amphidiploidy [ENG31-14594162-n] (the condition of being amphidiploid)
          • diploidy [ENG31-14594257-n] (the condition of being diploid)
          • haploidy [ENG31-14594342-n] (the condition of being haploid)
          • heteroploidy [ENG31-14594427-n] (the condition of being heteroploid)
          • polyploidy [ENG31-14594520-n] (the condition of being polyploid)
          • mosaicism [ENG31-14594609-n] (the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup)
          • orphanage [ENG31-14594762-n] (the condition of being a child without living parents)
          • stigmatism [ENG31-14595511-n] (the condition of having or being marked by stigmata)
          • transsexualism [ENG31-14595655-n] (condition in which a person identifies with a gender different from his or her physical gender)
        • condition [ENG31-13943868-n] (a state at a particular time)

          • diversity [ENG31-04742951-n] (the condition or result of being changeable)
          • anchorage [ENG31-13946615-n] (the condition of being secured to a base)
          • health [ENG31-13946812-n] (the general condition of body and mind)
          • mode [ENG31-13946962-n] (a particular functioning condition or arrangement)
          • niche [ENG31-13947369-n] ((ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species))
          • noise conditions [ENG31-13947569-n] (the condition of being noisy (as in a communication channel))
          • participation [ENG31-13947692-n] (the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.))
          • prepossession [ENG31-13947896-n] (the condition of being prepossessed)
          • regularization [ENG31-13948048-n] (the condition of having been made regular (or more regular))
          • saturation [ENG31-13948221-n] (a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influence)

            • saturation point [ENG31-13948373-n] ((chemistry) the stage at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in solution or in a vapor)

              • dew point [ENG31-05020826-n] (the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins)
          • silence [ENG31-13948583-n] (the state of being silent (as when no one is speaking))
          • situation [ENG31-13948785-n] (a condition or position in which you find yourself)

            • place [ENG31-13949819-n] (a particular situation)
            • poverty trap [ENG31-13949965-n] (a situation in which an increase in income results in a loss of benefits so that you are no better off)
            • soup [ENG31-13950145-n] (an unfortunate situation)
            • stymie [ENG31-13950264-n] (a situation in golf where an opponent's ball blocks the line between your ball and the hole)
          • ski conditions [ENG31-13949101-n] (the amount and state of snow for skiing)
          • nomination [ENG31-13949568-n] (the condition of having been proposed as a suitable candidate for appointment or election)
          • standardization [ENG31-13961473-n] (the condition in which a standard has been successfully established)
          • stigmatism [ENG31-13961696-n] ((optics) condition of an optical system (as a lens) in which light rays from a single point converge in a single focal point)
          • astigmatism [ENG31-13961932-n] ((optics) defect in an optical system in which light rays from a single point fail to converge in a single focal point)
          • way [ENG31-13962637-n] (the condition of things generally)
          • circumstance [ENG31-13965927-n] (a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity)

            • event [ENG31-13966452-n] (a special set of circumstances)
            • hinge [ENG31-13966650-n] (a circumstance upon which subsequent events depend)
            • playing field [ENG31-13966792-n] (the circumstances under which competition occurs)
          • homelessness [ENG31-13966105-n] (the state or condition of having no home (especially the state of living in the streets))

            • vagrancy [ENG31-13966288-n] (the state of wandering from place to place)
          • reinstatement [ENG31-13967966-n] (the condition of being reinstated)
          • place [ENG31-13971047-n] (proper or appropriate position or location)
          • celibacy [ENG31-13990954-n] (an unmarried status)
          • virginity [ENG31-13991028-n] (the condition or quality of being a virgin)
          • innocence [ENG31-14013112-n] (a state or condition of being innocent of a specific crime or offense)

            • blamelessness [ENG31-14013348-n] (a state of innocence)
            • clear [ENG31-14013987-n] (the state of being free of suspicion)
          • purity [ENG31-14013549-n] (the state of being unsullied by sin or moral wrong)

            • cleanness [ENG31-14013874-n] (without moral defects)
          • guilt [ENG31-14014160-n] (the state of having committed an offense)

            • blameworthiness [ENG31-14014445-n] (a state of guilt)
            • bloodguilt [ENG31-14014606-n] (the state of being guilty of bloodshed and murder)
            • complicity [ENG31-14014730-n] (guilt as an accomplice in a crime or offense)
            • criminalism [ENG31-14014831-n] (the state of being a criminal)
            • guilt by association [ENG31-14015001-n] (the attribution of guilt (without proof) to individuals because the people they associate with are guilty)
            • impeachability [ENG31-14015173-n] (the state of being liable to impeachment)
          • encapsulation [ENG31-14021880-n] (the condition of being enclosed (as in a capsule))
          • polarization [ENG31-14025594-n] (the condition of having or giving polarity)
          • physical condition [ENG31-14057659-n] (the condition or state of the body or bodily functions)

            • wakefulness [ENG31-05686315-n] (a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world)

              • arousal [ENG31-05686586-n] (awakening from sleep)
              • vigil [ENG31-05686696-n] (a period of sleeplessness)
            • bloodiness [ENG31-13998384-n] (the state of being bloody)
            • incompatibility [ENG31-13998484-n] ((immunology) the degree to which the body's immune system will try to reject foreign material (as transfused blood or transplanted tissue))

              • histoincompatibility [ENG31-13998739-n] (incompatibility in which one person's tissue cannot be transplanted to another person)
              • Rh incompatibility [ENG31-13998891-n] (incompatibility of Rh blood types)
            • acathexia [ENG31-14037896-n] (an inability to retain bodily secretions)
            • angiotelectasia [ENG31-14037992-n] (dilation and enlargement of arterioles)
            • torpor [ENG31-14038092-n] (a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility)

              • hibernation [ENG31-14038320-n] (the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter)
              • lethargy [ENG31-14038461-n] (a state of comatose torpor (as found in sleeping sickness))

                • hebetude [ENG31-05689093-n] (mental lethargy or dullness)
            • agalactia [ENG31-14045670-n] (a condition in which milk is not secreted in the mother's breasts after her child has been delivered)
            • anesthesia [ENG31-14046962-n] (loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness)

              • cryoanesthesia [ENG31-14050351-n] (insensibility resulting from cold)
              • general anesthesia [ENG31-14050463-n] (a state of total unconsciousness resulting from anesthetic drugs (as for a major surgical operation))

                • inhalation anesthesia [ENG31-14053425-n] (general anesthesia achieved by administration of an inhalation anesthetic)
                • twilight sleep [ENG31-14053566-n] (a state of general anesthesia in which the person retains a slight degree of consciousness)
              • local anesthesia [ENG31-14050686-n] (loss of sensation in a small area of the body (as when a local anesthetic is injected for a tooth extraction))
              • conduction anesthesia [ENG31-14050878-n] (anesthesia of an area supplied by a nerve)
              • regional anesthesia [ENG31-14051156-n] (loss of sensation in a region of the body produced by application of an anesthetic agent to all the nerves supplying that region (as when an epidural anesthetic is administered to the pelvic region during childbirth))

                • acroanesthesia [ENG31-14051773-n] (loss of sensation in the extremities)
                • caudal anesthesia [ENG31-14051888-n] (regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the caudal end of the spinal canal)
                • epidural anesthesia [ENG31-14052134-n] (regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space of the spinal cord)
                • paracervical block [ENG31-14052449-n] (regional anesthesia resulting from the injection of a local anesthetic on each side of the cervix)
                • pudendal block [ENG31-14052645-n] (regional anesthesia resulting from the use of a local anesthetic to deaden the pudendal nerves in the region of the vulva and labia majora)
                • spinal anesthesia [ENG31-14052887-n] (anesthesia of the lower half of the body)

                  • saddle block anesthesia [ENG31-14053168-n] (the parts of a patient's body that would touch a saddle if the patient were sitting in one are anesthetized by injecting a local anesthetic into the spinal cord)
              • topical anesthesia [ENG31-14051569-n] (loss of sensation confined to the skin or mucous surfaces (as when benzocaine or Lidocaine is applied to the surface))
            • anhidrosis [ENG31-14047275-n] (failure of the sweat glands)
            • arousal [ENG31-14047468-n] (a state of heightened physiological activity)

              • alertness [ENG31-14059525-n] (a state of readiness to respond)
              • emotional arousal [ENG31-14059685-n] (the arousal of strong emotions and emotional behavior)

                • anger [ENG31-14060021-n] (the state of being angry)

                  • rage [ENG31-14060217-n] (a state of extreme anger)
                • excitement [ENG31-14060493-n] (the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up)

                  • fever pitch [ENG31-14060374-n] (a state of extreme excitement)
                  • sensation [ENG31-14060962-n] (a state of widespread public excitement and interest)
              • excitation [ENG31-14059838-n] (the neural or electrical arousal of an organ or muscle or gland)
              • sexual arousal [ENG31-14061101-n] (the arousal of sexual desires in preparation for sexual behavior)

                • cybersex [ENG31-14061298-n] (sexual arousal involving communication on the internet)
                • eroticism [ENG31-14061407-n] (a state of anticipation of sexuality)
                • horniness [ENG31-14061509-n] (a state of sexual arousal)
                • erection [ENG31-14061667-n] (an erect penis)
              • desire [ENG31-14062475-n] (something that is desired)

                • rage [ENG31-14062661-n] (something that is desired intensely)
                • materialism [ENG31-14062792-n] (a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters)
            • sleep [ENG31-14048353-n] (a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended)

              • sleeping [ENG31-05688958-n] (the state of being asleep)
              • orthodox sleep [ENG31-14048949-n] (a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur)
              • paradoxical sleep [ENG31-14049226-n] (a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs)
              • shuteye [ENG31-14049560-n] (informal term for sleep)
            • sleep [ENG31-14049464-n] (a torpid state resembling deep sleep)
            • drive [ENG31-14058780-n] (a physiological state corresponding to a strong need or desire)

              • hunger [ENG31-14063016-n] (a physiological need for food)

                • bulimia [ENG31-14063310-n] (pathologically insatiable hunger (especially when caused by brain lesions))
                • emptiness [ENG31-14063456-n] (having an empty stomach)
                • edacity [ENG31-14063553-n] (excessive desire to eat)
                • starvation [ENG31-14063792-n] (a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period)
                • undernourishment [ENG31-14063972-n] (not having enough food to develop or function normally)
              • thirst [ENG31-14064142-n] (a physiological need to drink)

                • dehydration [ENG31-14064328-n] (depletion of bodily fluids)
                • polydipsia [ENG31-14064448-n] (excessive thirst (as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction))
              • sex drive [ENG31-14064588-n] (a physiological need for sexual activity)
              • hypoxia [ENG31-14064738-n] (oxygen deficiency causing a very strong drive to correct the deficiency)

                • anemic hypoxia [ENG31-14064990-n] (hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin)
                • hypoxic hypoxia [ENG31-14065113-n] (hypoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs)
                • ischemic hypoxia [ENG31-14065245-n] (hypoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure))
                • altitude sickness [ENG31-14066396-n] (effects (as nosebleed or nausea) of oxygen deficiency in the blood and tissues at high altitudes)

                  • mountain sickness [ENG31-14066574-n] (nausea and shortness of breath experienced by mountain climbers above ten thousand feet)
                • anoxia [ENG31-14066725-n] (severe hypoxia)

                  • anemic anoxia [ENG31-14066940-n] (anoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin)
                  • anoxic anoxia [ENG31-14067061-n] (anoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs)
                  • ischemic anoxia [ENG31-14067190-n] (anoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure))
                • suffocation [ENG31-14067364-n] (the condition of being deprived of oxygen (as by having breathing stopped))
            • elastosis [ENG31-14058984-n] (breakdown of elastic tissue (as the loss of elasticity in the skin of elderly people that results from degeneration of connective tissue))
            • flatulence [ENG31-14059177-n] (a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal)
            • flexure [ENG31-14059391-n] (the state of being flexed (as of a joint))
            • estrus [ENG31-14061746-n] (applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or period of heightened sexual arousal and activity)
            • anestrus [ENG31-14061964-n] (applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or interval of sexual inactivity between two periods of estrus)

              • diestrus [ENG31-14062225-n] ((of animals having several estrous cycles in one breeding season) a state or interval of sexual inactivity or quiescence between periods of activity)
            • hypercapnia [ENG31-14065422-n] (the physical condition of having the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood)
            • hypocapnia [ENG31-14065647-n] (a state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal)
            • asphyxia [ENG31-14065905-n] (a condition in which insufficient or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on a ventilatory basis)
            • oxygen debt [ENG31-14066217-n] (a cumulative deficit of oxygen resulting from intense exercise)
            • hyperthermia [ENG31-14067656-n] (abnormally high body temperature)
            • normothermia [ENG31-14067854-n] (normal body temperature)
            • hypothermia [ENG31-14067936-n] (subnormal body temperature)
            • muscularity [ENG31-14068201-n] (the physiological state of having or consisting of muscle)
            • myasthenia [ENG31-14068334-n] (any muscular weakness)
            • sterility [ENG31-14068989-n] (the state of being unable to produce offspring)

              • impotence [ENG31-14068412-n] (an inability (usually of the male animal) to copulate)

                • erectile dysfunction [ENG31-14068623-n] (impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis)
              • barrenness [ENG31-14068829-n] (the state (usually of a woman) of having no children or being unable to have children)
              • cacogenesis [ENG31-14069317-n] (inability to produce hybrids that are both viable and fertile)
              • dysgenesis [ENG31-14069436-n] (infertility between hybrids)
            • false pregnancy [ENG31-14069520-n] (physiological state in which a woman exhibits symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant)
            • pregnancy [ENG31-14069684-n] (the state of being pregnant)

              • trouble [ENG31-14070233-n] (an unwanted pregnancy)
              • gravidity [ENG31-14070343-n] (technical terms for pregnancy)
              • gravida [ENG31-14070491-n] (the number of the pregnancy that a woman is in)
              • parity [ENG31-14070653-n] ((obstetrics) the number of liveborn children a woman has delivered)
              • ectopic pregnancy [ENG31-14071222-n] (pregnancy resulting from gestation elsewhere than in the uterus)

                • abdominal pregnancy [ENG31-14070922-n] (ectopic pregnancy in the abdominal cavity)
                • ovarian pregnancy [ENG31-14071029-n] (ectopic pregnancy in the ovary)
                • tubal pregnancy [ENG31-14071123-n] (ectopic pregnancy in a Fallopian tube)
              • entopic pregnancy [ENG31-14071497-n] (pregnancy resulting from normal gestation in the uterus)
              • placenta previa [ENG31-14072329-n] (pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus (instead of the upper part))
            • rigor mortis [ENG31-14072902-n] (temporary stiffness of joints and muscular rigidity occurring after death)
            • vitalization [ENG31-14073034-n] (the state of being vitalized and filled with life)
            • good health [ENG31-14073193-n] (the state of being vigorous and free from bodily or mental disease)

              • wholeness [ENG31-14073493-n] (a state of robust good health)
              • energy [ENG31-14073625-n] (a healthy capacity for vigorous activity)

                • juice [ENG31-14073916-n] (energetic vitality)
                • qi [ENG31-14074041-n] (the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things)
              • bloom [ENG31-14074353-n] (a rosy color (especially in the cheeks) taken as a sign of good health)
              • freshness [ENG31-14074538-n] (an alert and refreshed state)
              • sturdiness [ENG31-14074863-n] (the state of being vigorous and robust)
              • condition [ENG31-14569829-n] (the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or `out of condition' or `out of shape'))

                • fitness [ENG31-14570034-n] (good physical condition)

                  • fettle [ENG31-14570198-n] (a state of fitness and good health)
            • fertility [ENG31-14074976-n] (the state of being fertile)
            • potency [ENG31-14075210-n] (the state of being potent)
            • pathological state [ENG31-14075399-n] (a physical condition that is caused by disease)

              • ill health [ENG31-14075528-n] (a state in which you are unable to function normally and without pain)

                • dyscrasia [ENG31-14077199-n] (an abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body)

                  • blood dyscrasia [ENG31-14077332-n] (any abnormal condition of the blood)

                    • blood disease [ENG31-14212686-n] (a disease or disorder of the blood)

                      • cytopenia [ENG31-13996937-n] (a deficiency of some cellular element of the blood)

                        • hematocytopenia [ENG31-13997079-n] (an abnormally low number of red blood cells in the blood)
                        • pancytopenia [ENG31-13997216-n] (an abnormal deficiency in all blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets))
                      • acidemia [ENG31-14044224-n] (a blood disorder characterized by an increased concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which falls below 7 on the pH scale))
                      • alkalemia [ENG31-14044407-n] (a blood disorder characterized by a lower concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which rises above 7.45 on the pH scale))
                      • acanthocytosis [ENG31-14095240-n] (the presence of acanthocytes in the blood stream (as in abetalipoproteinemia))
                      • agranulocytosis [ENG31-14095378-n] (an acute blood disorder (often caused by radiation or drug therapy) characterized by severe reduction in granulocytes)
                      • analbuminemia [ENG31-14095608-n] (an abnormally low level of albumin in the blood serum)
                      • Banti's disease [ENG31-14095721-n] (a disease characterized by congestion and enlargement of the spleen)
                      • parasitemia [ENG31-14190780-n] (a condition in which parasites are present in the blood)
                      • hemophilia [ENG31-14193819-n] (congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding)

                        • hemophilia A [ENG31-14194254-n] (hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor VIII)
                        • hemophilia B [ENG31-14194469-n] (a clotting disorder similar to hemophilia A but caused by a congenital deficiency of factor IX)
                        • von Willebrand's disease [ENG31-14194658-n] (a form of hemophilia discovered by Erik von Willebrand)
                      • afibrinogenemia [ENG31-14194105-n] (the absence of fibrinogen in the plasma leading to prolonged bleeding)

                        • congenital afibrinogenemia [ENG31-14194974-n] (a rare congenital disorder of blood coagulation in which no fibrinogen is found in the blood plasma)
                      • blood poisoning [ENG31-14213319-n] (invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms from a focus of infection)

                        • puerperal fever [ENG31-14213975-n] (serious form of septicemia contracted by a woman during childbirth or abortion (usually attributable to unsanitary conditions))
                        • pyemia [ENG31-14214218-n] (septicemia caused by pus-forming bacteria being released from an abscess)
                        • toxemia [ENG31-14214389-n] (blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood)
                        • fowl cholera [ENG31-14287064-n] (an acute diarrheal disease (especially of chickens) caused by the microorganism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia)
                        • shipping fever [ENG31-14296122-n] (a deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep)
                      • erythroblastosis [ENG31-14215238-n] (a blood disease characterized by the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood)
                      • hemoglobinopathy [ENG31-14215516-n] (a blood disease characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobins in the blood)
                      • histiocytosis [ENG31-14216272-n] (a blood disease characterized by an abnormal multiplication of macrophages)

                        • Hand-Schuller-Christian disease [ENG31-14215858-n] (inflammatory histiocytosis associated with disturbance of cholesterol metabolism)
                      • hydremia [ENG31-14216903-n] (blood disorder in which there is excess fluid volume compared with the cell volume of the blood)
                      • hypothrombinemia [ENG31-14218172-n] (a low level of prothrombin (factor II) in the circulating blood)
                      • hypervolemia [ENG31-14218424-n] (a blood disorder consisting of an increase in the volume of circulating blood)
                      • hypovolemia [ENG31-14218594-n] (a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood)
                      • anemia [ENG31-14218797-n] (a deficiency of red blood cells)

                        • aplastic anemia [ENG31-14187823-n] (anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from failure of the bone marrow)
                        • erythroblastosis fetalis [ENG31-14188030-n] (severe anemia in newborn babies)
                        • Fanconi's anemia [ENG31-14188348-n] (a rare congenital anemia characterized by pancytopenia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow)
                        • favism [ENG31-14188563-n] (anemia resulting from eating fava beans)
                        • hemolytic anemia [ENG31-14188722-n] (anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes)
                        • hyperchromic anemia [ENG31-14188855-n] (anemia characterized by an increase in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin)
                        • hypochromic anemia [ENG31-14189026-n] (anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin)

                          • thalassemia [ENG31-14219197-n] (an inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin)

                            • Cooley's anemia [ENG31-14219421-n] (a fatal form of homozygous thalassemia (inherited from both parents) in which there is no hemoglobin)
                        • hypoplastic anemia [ENG31-14189212-n] (anemia resulting from inadequately functioning bone marrow)
                        • iron deficiency anemia [ENG31-14189391-n] (a form of anemia due to lack of iron in the diet or to iron loss as a result of chronic bleeding)

                          • chlorosis [ENG31-14190257-n] (iron deficiency anemia in young women)
                        • ischemia [ENG31-14189600-n] (local anemia in a given body part sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction or thrombosis or embolism)

                          • transient ischemic attack [ENG31-14190071-n] (brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply)
                        • macrocytic anemia [ENG31-14190450-n] (anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is larger than normal)
                        • microcytic anemia [ENG31-14190605-n] (anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is smaller than normal)
                        • pernicious anemia [ENG31-14190908-n] (a chronic progressive anemia of older adults)

                          • megaloblastic anemia [ENG31-14191255-n] (anemia characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow)
                          • metaplastic anemia [ENG31-14191492-n] (pernicious anemia in which the various formed elements in the blood are changed)
                        • refractory anemia [ENG31-14191658-n] (any of various anemic conditions that are not successfully treated by any means other than blood transfusions (and that are not associated with another primary disease))

                          • sideroblastic anemia [ENG31-14191929-n] (refractory anemia characterized by sideroblasts in the bone marrow)
                        • sickle-cell anemia [ENG31-14192274-n] (a congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks)
                      • leukocytosis [ENG31-14219703-n] (an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood as a result of infection (as in leukemia))
                      • leukopenia [ENG31-14219887-n] (an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count)

                        • neutropenia [ENG31-14220025-n] (leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte))

                          • cyclic neutropenia [ENG31-14220204-n] (neutropenia that occurs periodically)
                      • lymphocytopenia [ENG31-14220305-n] (an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood)
                      • lymphocytosis [ENG31-14220447-n] (an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood)
                      • microcytosis [ENG31-14220581-n] (a blood disorder characterized by the presence of microcytes (abnormally small red blood cells) in the blood)
                      • polycythemia [ENG31-14220797-n] (a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood)
                      • purpura [ENG31-14220950-n] (any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding)

                        • nonthrombocytopenic purpura [ENG31-14221110-n] (purpura resulting from a defect in the capillaries caused by bacteria or drugs)
                        • thrombocytopenic purpura [ENG31-14588998-n] (purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors)
                      • thrombocytopenia [ENG31-14221501-n] (a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood)

                        • essential thrombocytopenia [ENG31-14221262-n] (the primary form of thrombocytopenia (rather than a shortage of platelets caused by other conditions such as tuberculosis or chemical suppression of bone marrow etc.))
                • illness [ENG31-14085287-n] (impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism)

                  • condition [ENG31-13946473-n] (an illness, disease, or other medical problem)
                  • ague [ENG31-14088814-n] (a fit of shivering or shaking)
                  • amyloidosis [ENG31-14089175-n] (a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid in organs or tissues)
                  • anuresis [ENG31-14089385-n] (inability to urinate)
                  • catastrophic illness [ENG31-14089487-n] (severe illness requiring prolonged hospitalization or recovery)
                  • collapse [ENG31-14089685-n] (an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion)

                    • breakdown [ENG31-14089974-n] (a mental or physical breakdown)

                      • nervous breakdown [ENG31-14090143-n] (a severe or incapacitating emotional disorder)

                        • nervous exhaustion [ENG31-14090288-n] (an emotional disorder that leaves you exhausted and unable to work)
                        • neurasthenia [ENG31-14090441-n] (nervous breakdown (not in technical use))
                    • shock [ENG31-14090558-n] ((pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells)

                      • cardiogenic shock [ENG31-14090963-n] (shock caused by cardiac arrest)
                      • hypovolemic shock [ENG31-14091057-n] (shock caused by severe blood or fluid loss)
                      • obstructive shock [ENG31-14091163-n] (shock caused by obstruction of blood flow)
                      • distributive shock [ENG31-14091268-n] (shock caused by poor distribution of the blood flow)
                      • insulin shock [ENG31-14091659-n] (hypoglycemia produced by excessive insulin in the system causing coma)
                    • heatstroke [ENG31-14227577-n] (collapse caused by exposure to excessive heat)

                      • heat exhaustion [ENG31-14227735-n] (a condition marked by dizziness and nausea and weakness caused by depletion of body fluids and electrolytes)
                      • sunstroke [ENG31-14228068-n] (sudden prostration due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat)
                    • algidity [ENG31-14227923-n] (prostration characterized by cold and clammy skin and low blood pressure)
                  • decompression sickness [ENG31-14091826-n] (pain resulting from rapid change in pressure)
                  • food poisoning [ENG31-14092167-n] (illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food)

                    • botulism [ENG31-14092376-n] (food poisoning from ingesting botulin)
                    • mushroom poisoning [ENG31-14092539-n] (toxic condition caused by eating certain species of mushrooms (especially Amanita species))
                    • ptomaine [ENG31-14093023-n] (a term for food poisoning that is no longer in scientific use)
                    • salmonellosis [ENG31-14093229-n] (a kind of food poisoning caused by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium)
                  • lead poisoning [ENG31-14093377-n] (toxic condition produced by the absorption of excessive lead into the system)
                  • disease [ENG31-14093842-n] (an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning)

                    • disease of the neuromuscular junction [ENG31-14094717-n] (a disease characterized by impairment of neuromuscular junctions)

                      • myasthenia gravis [ENG31-14102353-n] (a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck))
                      • Lambert-Eaton syndrome [ENG31-14102638-n] (a disease seen in patients with lung cancer and characterized by weakness and fatigue of hip and thigh muscles and an aching back)
                    • aspergillosis [ENG31-14095041-n] (disease especially in agricultural workers caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spores causing lumps in skin and ears and respiratory organs)
                    • anthrax [ENG31-14095905-n] (a disease of humans that is not communicable)

                      • cutaneous anthrax [ENG31-14096107-n] (a form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins)
                      • pulmonary anthrax [ENG31-14096416-n] (a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis)
                    • blackwater [ENG31-14096813-n] (any of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells)
                    • cat scratch disease [ENG31-14097388-n] (a disease thought to be transmitted to humans by a scratch from a cat)
                    • complication [ENG31-14097523-n] (any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease)
                    • crud [ENG31-14097749-n] (an ill-defined bodily ailment)
                    • endemic [ENG31-14097876-n] (a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location)
                    • enteropathy [ENG31-14098088-n] (a disease of the intestinal tract)

                      • intestinal obstruction [ENG31-14531751-n] (blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel)
                    • incompetence [ENG31-14099608-n] (inability of a part or organ to function properly)

                      • hypogonadism [ENG31-14098840-n] (incompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone))

                        • male hypogonadism [ENG31-14099142-n] (the state of being a eunuch (either because of lacking testicles or because they failed to develop))
                        • Kallman's syndrome [ENG31-14099320-n] (hypogonadism with anosmia)
                      • valvular incompetence [ENG31-14099493-n] (inability of a bodily valve to close completely)
                    • Kawasaki disease [ENG31-14099752-n] (an acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever)
                    • pycnosis [ENG31-14100149-n] (a degenerative state of the cell nucleus)
                    • Marseilles fever [ENG31-14101602-n] (a disease (common in India and around the Mediterranean area) caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by a reddish brown tick (ixodid) that lives on dogs and other mammals)
                    • Meniere's disease [ENG31-14101903-n] (a disease of the inner ear characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss (usually unilateral))
                    • milk sickness [ENG31-14102095-n] (caused by consuming milk from cattle suffering from trembles)
                    • mimesis [ENG31-14102215-n] (any disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease)
                    • occupational disease [ENG31-14102975-n] (disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts))
                    • onychosis [ENG31-14103343-n] (any disease or disorder of the nails)

                      • onycholysis [ENG31-14103222-n] (separation of a nail from its normal attachment to the nail bed)
                    • rheumatism [ENG31-14103692-n] (any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues)
                    • periarteritis nodosa [ENG31-14103834-n] (a progressive disease of connective tissue that is characterized by nodules along arteries)
                    • periodontal disease [ENG31-14104104-n] (a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth)

                      • pyorrhea [ENG31-14104318-n] (chronic periodontitis)

                        • pericementoclasia [ENG31-14104507-n] (pus pocket formation around a tooth)
                      • alveolar resorption [ENG31-14104606-n] (wasting of the bony socket)
                      • gingivitis [ENG31-14104698-n] (inflammation of the gums)
                      • ulatrophia [ENG31-14104779-n] (recession of the gums)
                    • liver disease [ENG31-14139803-n] (a disease affecting the liver)

                      • cirrhosis [ENG31-14139964-n] (a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver)
                      • fatty liver [ENG31-14140154-n] (yellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver)
                      • hepatitis [ENG31-14153836-n] (inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin)

                        • viral hepatitis [ENG31-14154000-n] (hepatitis caused by a virus)

                          • hepatitis A [ENG31-14154143-n] (an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting food or drink that is contaminated with fecal matter)
                          • hepatitis B [ENG31-14154424-n] (an acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily fluids)
                          • hepatitis C [ENG31-14154835-n] (a viral hepatitis clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis B but caused by a single-stranded RNA virus)
                        • hepatitis delta [ENG31-14154729-n] (a severe form of hepatitis)
                      • liver cancer [ENG31-14155133-n] (malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer)
                    • communicable disease [ENG31-14145535-n] (a disease that can be communicated from one person to another)

                      • contagious disease [ENG31-14145717-n] (any disease easily transmitted by contact)

                        • influenza [ENG31-14145979-n] (an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease)

                          • Asian influenza [ENG31-14146152-n] (influenza caused by the Asian virus that was first isolated in 1957)
                          • swine influenza [ENG31-14146295-n] (an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of swine caused by the orthomyxovirus thought to be the same virus that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic)
                        • measles [ENG31-14146526-n] (an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash)

                          • German measles [ENG31-14146741-n] (a contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days)
                        • diphtheria [ENG31-14146992-n] (acute contagious infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
                        • scarlet fever [ENG31-14147552-n] (an acute communicable disease (usually in children) characterized by fever and a red rash)
                        • pox [ENG31-14147714-n] (a contagious disease characterized by purulent skin eruptions that may leave pock marks)

                          • smallpox [ENG31-14147905-n] (a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars)

                            • alastrim [ENG31-14148170-n] (a mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent form of the virus)
                          • chickenpox [ENG31-14156457-n] (an acute contagious disease caused by herpes varicella zoster virus)
                          • cowpox [ENG31-14286384-n] (a viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder)
                        • Vincent's angina [ENG31-14148413-n] (an acute communicable infection of the respiratory tract and mouth marked by ulceration of the mucous membrane)
                        • venereal disease [ENG31-14156641-n] (a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact)

                          • genital herpes [ENG31-14156006-n] (an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) that is usually transmitted by sexual contact)
                          • gonorrhea [ENG31-14157025-n] (a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
                          • granuloma inguinale [ENG31-14157232-n] (a venereal disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Calymmatobacterium)
                          • syphilis [ENG31-14157467-n] (a common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete)

                            • primary syphilis [ENG31-14157833-n] (the first stage)
                            • secondary syphilis [ENG31-14157964-n] (the second stage)
                            • tertiary syphilis [ENG31-14158105-n] (the third stage)
                            • neurosyphilis [ENG31-14158547-n] (syphilis of the central nervous system)

                              • tabes dorsalis [ENG31-14158301-n] (syphilis of the spinal cord characterized by degeneration of sensory neurons and stabbing pains in the trunk and legs and unsteady gait and incontinence and impotence)
                          • lymphogranuloma venereum [ENG31-14161043-n] (infectious disease caused by a species of chlamydia bacterium)
                          • chlamydia [ENG31-14199061-n] (a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydia)
                      • infectious disease [ENG31-14150693-n] (a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact)

                        • AIDS [ENG31-14151264-n] (a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles)
                        • brucellosis [ENG31-14151511-n] (infectious bacterial disease of human beings transmitted by contact with infected animals or infected meat or milk products)
                        • cholera [ENG31-14153061-n] (an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food)
                        • dengue [ENG31-14153266-n] (an infectious disease of the tropics transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by rash and aching head and joints)
                        • dysentery [ENG31-14153481-n] (an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea)

                          • amebic dysentery [ENG31-14198795-n] (inflammation of the intestines caused by Endamoeba histolytica)
                          • shigellosis [ENG31-14208090-n] (an acute infection of the intestine by shigella bacteria)
                        • epidemic disease [ENG31-14153648-n] (any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people)

                          • plague [ENG31-14099961-n] (any epidemic disease with a high death rate)
                          • plague [ENG31-14162173-n] (a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal)

                            • bubonic plague [ENG31-14162497-n] (the most common form of the plague in humans)

                              • ambulant plague [ENG31-14162815-n] (a mild form of bubonic plague)
                              • Black Death [ENG31-14162944-n] (the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe)
                            • pneumonic plague [ENG31-14163143-n] (a rapidly progressive and frequently fatal form of the plague that can spread through the air from person to person)
                            • septicemic plague [ENG31-14163441-n] (an especially dangerous and generally fatal form of the plague in which infecting organisms invade the bloodstream)
                          • epidemic pleurodynia [ENG31-14353745-n] (an acute infectious disease occurring in epidemic form and featuring paroxysms of pain (usually in the chest))
                        • herpes [ENG31-14155432-n] (viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane)

                          • herpes simplex [ENG31-14155584-n] (an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus)

                            • oral herpes [ENG31-14155857-n] (caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1))
                          • herpes zoster [ENG31-14156311-n] (eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia)
                        • infectious mononucleosis [ENG31-14158759-n] (an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream)
                        • leprosy [ENG31-14159669-n] (chronic granulomatous communicable disease occurring in tropical and subtropical regions)

                          • tuberculoid leprosy [ENG31-14160026-n] (leprosy characterized by tumors in the skin and cutaneous nerves)
                          • lepromatous leprosy [ENG31-14160156-n] (a very serious form of leprosy characterized by lesions that spread over much of the body and affecting many systems of the body)
                        • listeriosis [ENG31-14160548-n] (an infectious disease of animals and humans (especially newborn or immunosuppressed persons) caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes)
                        • meningitis [ENG31-14161311-n] (infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection)

                          • choriomeningitis [ENG31-14118610-n] (a cerebral meningitis with cellular infiltration of the meninges)

                            • lymphocytic choriomeningitis [ENG31-14160890-n] (a form of viral meningitis caused by a virus carried by the common house mouse)
                          • cerebrospinal meningitis [ENG31-14161846-n] (meningitis caused by bacteria and often fatal)
                          • leptomeningitis [ENG31-14372851-n] (inflammation of the leptomeninges)
                        • mumps [ENG31-14161660-n] (an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands)
                        • paratyphoid [ENG31-14162020-n] (any of a variety of infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid fever)
                        • poliomyelitis [ENG31-14163658-n] (an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord)
                        • ratbite fever [ENG31-14164015-n] (either of two infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of a rat or mouse)

                          • Haverhill fever [ENG31-14216154-n] (the form of ratbite fever occurring in the United States)
                          • sodoku [ENG31-14591271-n] (the form of ratbite fever occurring in the Far East)
                        • rickettsial disease [ENG31-14164263-n] (infectious disease caused by ticks or mites or body lice infected with rickettsial bacteria)

                          • typhus [ENG31-14164544-n] (rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever)

                            • murine typhus [ENG31-14164720-n] (acute infection caused by rickettsia and transmitted by the bite of an infected flea)
                          • spotted fever [ENG31-14164972-n] (any of several severe febrile diseases characterized by skin rashes or spots on the skin)

                            • Rocky Mountain spotted fever [ENG31-14165138-n] (caused by rickettsial bacteria and transmitted by wood ticks)
                          • Q fever [ENG31-14165303-n] (an acute disease resembling influenza)
                          • rickettsialpox [ENG31-14165394-n] (mild infectious rickettsial disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Rickettsia transmitted to humans by the bite a mite that lives on rodents)
                          • trench fever [ENG31-14165689-n] (marked by pain in muscles and joints and transmitted by lice)
                          • tsutsugamushi disease [ENG31-14165808-n] (transmitted by larval mites and widespread in Asia)
                        • relapsing fever [ENG31-14165941-n] (marked by recurring high fever and transmitted by the bite of infected lice or ticks)
                        • rheumatic fever [ENG31-14166250-n] (a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful inflammation of the joints and frequently damage to the heart valves)
                        • sweating sickness [ENG31-14166721-n] (epidemic in the 15th and 16th centuries and characterized by profuse sweating and high mortality)
                        • tuberculosis [ENG31-14166897-n] (infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages))

                          • Pott's disease [ENG31-14163873-n] (TB of the spine with destruction of vertebrae resulting in curvature of the spine)
                          • miliary tuberculosis [ENG31-14167300-n] (acute tuberculosis characterized by the appearance of tiny tubercles on one or more organs of the body (presumably resulting from tubercle bacilli being spread in the bloodstream))
                          • pulmonary tuberculosis [ENG31-14167546-n] (involving the lungs with progressive wasting of the body)
                          • scrofula [ENG31-14167729-n] (a form of tuberculosis characterized by swellings of the lymphatic glands)
                          • lupus vulgaris [ENG31-14243790-n] (tuberculosis of the skin)
                        • typhoid [ENG31-14167898-n] (serious infection marked by intestinal inflammation and ulceration)
                        • whooping cough [ENG31-14168108-n] (a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane)
                        • yaws [ENG31-14168243-n] (an infectious tropical disease resembling syphilis in its early stages)
                        • yellow jack [ENG31-14168442-n] (caused by a flavivirus transmitted by a mosquito)
                      • cold [ENG31-14168983-n] (a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs))

                        • head cold [ENG31-14169241-n] (a common cold affecting the nasal passages and resulting in congestion and sneezing and headache)
                    • exanthema subitum [ENG31-14147241-n] (a viral disease of infants and young children)
                    • respiratory disease [ENG31-14168577-n] (a disease affecting the respiratory system)

                      • adult respiratory distress syndrome [ENG31-14078534-n] (acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales)
                      • asthma [ENG31-14169393-n] (respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing)

                        • status asthmaticus [ENG31-14169610-n] (a prolonged and severe asthma attack that does not respond to standard treatment)
                      • bronchitis [ENG31-14169755-n] (inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes)

                        • bronchiolitis [ENG31-14169941-n] (inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchioles)
                        • chronic bronchitis [ENG31-14170053-n] (a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow)

                          • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ENG31-14170256-n] (a nonreversible lung disease that is a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
                      • emphysema [ENG31-14170862-n] (an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function)
                      • pneumonia [ENG31-14171109-n] (respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants)

                        • bronchopneumonia [ENG31-14171713-n] (pneumonia characterized by acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles)

                          • aspiration pneumonia [ENG31-14284052-n] (inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus)
                        • lobar pneumonia [ENG31-14172128-n] (pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung)

                          • double pneumonia [ENG31-14171893-n] (lobar pneumonia involving both lungs)
                          • Legionnaires' disease [ENG31-14172316-n] (acute (sometimes fatal) lobar pneumonia caused by bacteria of a kind first recognized after an outbreak of the disease at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976)
                        • pneumococcal pneumonia [ENG31-14172649-n] (pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus)
                        • pneumocytosis [ENG31-14172772-n] (pneumonia occurring in infants or in persons with impaired immune systems (as AIDS victims))
                        • pleuropneumonia [ENG31-14196777-n] (pleurisy and pneumonia)
                        • viral pneumonia [ENG31-14203321-n] (pneumonia caused by a virus)
                      • atypical pneumonia [ENG31-14171446-n] (an acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing)

                        • psittacosis [ENG31-14173255-n] (an atypical pneumonia caused by a rickettsia microorganism and transmitted to humans from infected birds)
                      • interstitial pneumonia [ENG31-14171992-n] (chronic lung disease affecting the interstitial tissue of the lungs)
                      • pneumoconiosis [ENG31-14173445-n] (chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles)

                        • anthracosis [ENG31-14173692-n] (lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust)
                        • asbestosis [ENG31-14173845-n] (lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles)
                        • siderosis [ENG31-14173952-n] (fibrosis of the lung caused by iron dust)
                        • silicosis [ENG31-14174094-n] (a lung disease caused by inhaling particles of silica or quartz or slate)
                      • respiratory distress syndrome [ENG31-14174222-n] (an acute lung disease of the newborn (especially the premature newborn))
                      • severe acute respiratory syndrome [ENG31-14203428-n] (a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003)
                    • genetic disease [ENG31-14174621-n] (a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically)

                      • monogenic disorder [ENG31-14098359-n] (an inherited disease controlled by a single pair of genes)

                        • severe combined immunodeficiency [ENG31-14152294-n] (a congenital disease affecting T cells that can result from a mutation in any one of several different genes)

                          • ADA-SCID [ENG31-14152705-n] (SCID resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for adenosine deaminase)
                          • X-linked SCID [ENG31-14152833-n] (SCID in male children resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for a protein on the surface of T cells that allows them to develop a growth factor receptor)
                        • cystic fibrosis [ENG31-14178988-n] (the most common hereditary disease)
                        • Gaucher's disease [ENG31-14179827-n] (a rare chronic disorder of lipid metabolism of genetic origin)
                        • Huntington's chorea [ENG31-14180458-n] (hereditary disease)
                        • Hurler's syndrome [ENG31-14180645-n] (hereditary disease (autosomal recessive) consisting of an error is mucopolysaccharide metabolism)
                        • neurofibromatosis [ENG31-14181661-n] (autosomal dominant disease characterized by numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental abnormalities)
                        • Tay-Sachs disease [ENG31-14192846-n] (a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism occurring most frequently in individuals of Jewish descent in eastern Europe)
                      • polygenic disorder [ENG31-14098681-n] (an inherited disease controlled by several genes at once)

                        • diabetes [ENG31-14141287-n] (a polygenic disease characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood)

                          • diabetes mellitus [ENG31-14141620-n] (diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria)

                            • type I diabetes [ENG31-14141905-n] (severe diabetes mellitus with an early onset)
                            • type II diabetes [ENG31-14142418-n] (mild form of diabetes mellitus that develops gradually in adults)
                            • latent diabetes [ENG31-14143578-n] (a mild form of diabetes mellitus in which there are no overt symptoms but there are abnormal responses to some diagnostic procedures)
                          • diabetes insipidus [ENG31-14143252-n] (a rare form of diabetes resulting from a deficiency of vasopressin (the pituitary hormone that regulates the kidneys))

                            • nephrogenic diabetes insipidus [ENG31-14143080-n] (diabetes insipidus caused by a failure of the kidney to respond to normal levels of vasopressin)
                      • achondroplasia [ENG31-14145286-n] (an inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth)
                      • abetalipoproteinemia [ENG31-14175366-n] (a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism)
                      • inborn error of metabolism [ENG31-14179316-n] (any of a number of diseases in which an inherited defect (usually a missing or inadequate enzyme) results in an abnormality of metabolism)

                        • galactosemia [ENG31-14179616-n] (a genetic disease (autosomal recessive) in which an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose is deficient or absent)
                        • lysinemia [ENG31-14186425-n] (an inborn error of metabolism in which the lack of certain enzymes leads to an inability to metabolize the amino acid lysine)
                        • Niemann-Pick disease [ENG31-14187489-n] (a disorder of lipid metabolism that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait)
                        • phenylketonuria [ENG31-14530977-n] (a genetic disorder of metabolism)
                      • Hirschsprung's disease [ENG31-14179970-n] (congenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves)
                      • mucopolysaccharidosis [ENG31-14181009-n] (any of a group of genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides resulting in greater than normal levels of mucopolysaccharides in tissues)
                      • hyperbetalipoproteinemia [ENG31-14182076-n] (a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol)
                      • ichthyosis [ENG31-14182479-n] (any of several congenital diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly like a fish)

                        • xeroderma [ENG31-14561165-n] (a mild form of ichthyosis characterized by abnormal dryness and roughness of the skin)

                          • xeroderma pigmentosum [ENG31-14561337-n] (a rare genetic condition characterized by an eruption of exposed skin occurring in childhood and photosensitivity with severe sunburn)
                      • McArdle's disease [ENG31-14183661-n] (an inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle)
                      • muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14183847-n] (any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles)

                        • Becker muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14184557-n] (a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in in adolescence or adulthood and progresses slowly but will affect all voluntary muscles)
                        • distal muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14184997-n] (a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in between 40 and 60 years of age and is characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles of the hands and forearms and lower legs)
                        • Duchenne's muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14185277-n] (the most common form of muscular dystrophy)
                        • limb-girdle muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14186045-n] (an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy that appears anywhere from late childhood to middle age)
                        • myotonic muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14186664-n] (a severe form of muscular dystrophy marked by generalized weakness and muscular wasting that affects the face and feet and hands and neck)
                        • oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy [ENG31-14187158-n] (a form of muscular dystrophy that usually begins between early adulthood and middle age and first affects muscles of the eyelid and throat)
                      • oligodactyly [ENG31-14184147-n] (congenital condition in which some fingers or toes are missing)
                      • oligodontia [ENG31-14184268-n] (congenital condition in which some of the teeth are missing)
                      • otosclerosis [ENG31-14184385-n] (hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness)
                      • autosomal dominant disease [ENG31-14185507-n] (a disease caused by a dominant mutant gene on an autosome)

                        • malignant hyperthermia [ENG31-14181264-n] (hereditary condition in which certain anesthetics (e.g., halothane) cause high body temperatures and muscle rigidity)
                        • Marfan's syndrome [ENG31-14181449-n] (an autosomal dominant disease characterized by elongated bones (especially of limbs and digits) and abnormalities of the eyes and circulatory system)
                        • osteogenesis imperfecta [ENG31-14181906-n] (autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by brittle bones that fracture easily)
                      • autosomal recessive disease [ENG31-14185757-n] (a disease caused by the presence of two recessive mutant genes on an autosome)

                        • thrombasthenia [ENG31-14193199-n] (a rare autosomal recessive disease in which the platelets do not produce clots in the normal way and hemorrhage results)
                        • tyrosinemia [ENG31-14193379-n] (autosomal recessive defect in tyrosine metabolism resulting in liver and kidney disturbances and mental retardation)
                        • Werdnig-Hoffman disease [ENG31-14193552-n] (autosomal recessive disease in which the degeneration of spinal nerve cells and brain nerve cells leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles and flaccid paralysis)
                      • Spielmeyer-Vogt disease [ENG31-14192610-n] (a congenital progressive disorder of lipid metabolism having an onset at age 5 and characterized by blindness and dementia and early death)
                      • osteopetrosis [ENG31-14233601-n] (an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density)
                      • nevoid elephantiasis [ENG31-14391202-n] (thickening of the skin (usually unilateral on an extremity) caused by congenital enlargement of lymph vessel and lymph vessel obstruction)
                      • dwarfism [ENG31-14530005-n] (a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature)

                        • pycnodysostosis [ENG31-14530135-n] (a form of dwarfism accompanied by fragile bones and bad teeth)
                      • lactose intolerance [ENG31-14530258-n] (congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products)
                      • porphyria [ENG31-14531253-n] (a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion)
                      • hepatolenticular degeneration [ENG31-14592702-n] (a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism)
                    • inflammatory disease [ENG31-14195164-n] (a disease characterized by inflammation)

                      • necrotizing enterocolitis [ENG31-14160350-n] (an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants)
                      • gastroenteritis [ENG31-14195487-n] (inflammation of the stomach and intestines)

                        • cholera infantum [ENG31-14195699-n] (often fatal form of gastroenteritis occurring in children)
                        • cholera morbus [ENG31-14195865-n] (severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology)
                      • pelvic inflammatory disease [ENG31-14196040-n] (inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia))
                      • empyema [ENG31-14196355-n] (a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity))

                        • purulent pleurisy [ENG31-14196657-n] (a collection of pus in the lung cavity)
                      • pleurisy [ENG31-14196495-n] (inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer))
                      • pyelitis [ENG31-14196879-n] (inflammation of the renal pelvis)
                      • sore throat [ENG31-14196966-n] (inflammation of the fauces and pharynx)

                        • streptococcal sore throat [ENG31-14208468-n] (an infection of the oral pharynx and tonsils by streptococcus)
                      • angina [ENG31-14197107-n] (any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain)

                        • quinsy [ENG31-14197305-n] (a painful pus filled inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues)
                        • croup [ENG31-14197493-n] (a disease of infants and young children)
                      • arthritis [ENG31-14210023-n] (inflammation of a joint or joints)

                        • rheumatoid arthritis [ENG31-14210220-n] (a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities)

                          • psoriatic arthritis [ENG31-14211351-n] (a form of rheumatoid arthritis usually affecting fingers and toes and associated with psoriasis)
                          • Still's disease [ENG31-14211512-n] (a form of rheumatoid arthritis that affects children)
                        • osteoarthritis [ENG31-14211720-n] (chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints)
                        • gout [ENG31-14212286-n] (a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints)
                        • spondylarthritis [ENG31-14212547-n] (arthritis that affects one or more of the intervertebral joints in the spine)
                      • acne [ENG31-14245594-n] (an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin)

                        • acne rosacea [ENG31-14245834-n] (a skin disease of adults (more often women) in which blood vessels of the face enlarge resulting in a flushed appearance)
                        • acne vulgaris [ENG31-14246023-n] (the most common form of acne)
                        • pimple [ENG31-14357711-n] (a small inflamed elevation of the skin)

                          • papule [ENG31-14357268-n] (a small inflamed elevation of skin that is nonsuppurative (as in chicken pox))

                            • papulovesicle [ENG31-14357416-n] (a papule that changes into a blister)
                      • urinary tract infection [ENG31-14589710-n] (any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract)

                        • cystitis [ENG31-14212184-n] (inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters)
                        • pyelonephritis [ENG31-14589889-n] (inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis caused by bacterial infection)

                          • acute pyelonephritis [ENG31-14590057-n] (pyelonephritis resulting from the spread of a bladder infection)
                          • chronic pyelonephritis [ENG31-14590347-n] (pyelonephritis that develops slowly and can lead to renal failure if untreated)
                        • urethritis [ENG31-14591002-n] (inflammation of the urethra)

                          • nongonococcal urethritis [ENG31-14590577-n] (sexually transmitted urethritis (usually caused by chlamydia))
                          • nonspecific urethritis [ENG31-14591152-n] (inflammation of the urethra of unknown cause)
                    • autoimmune disease [ENG31-14210860-n] (any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues)

                      • multiple sclerosis [ENG31-14117550-n] (a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers)
                      • discoid lupus erythematosus [ENG31-14244217-n] (a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40)
                      • Hashimoto's disease [ENG31-14244480-n] (autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland)
                      • lupus erythematosus [ENG31-14244620-n] (a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints))
                      • pemphigus [ENG31-14254282-n] (a skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane)
                      • scleroderma [ENG31-14588777-n] (an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue)

                        • morphea [ENG31-14588702-n] (localized scleroderma)
                    • deficiency disease [ENG31-14221682-n] (any disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient (as a vitamin or mineral))

                      • malnutrition [ENG31-14223182-n] (a state of poor nutrition)

                        • avitaminosis [ENG31-14222058-n] (any of several diseases caused by deficiency of one or more vitamins)

                          • beriberi [ENG31-14222746-n] (avitaminosis caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin B1))

                            • kakke disease [ENG31-14222871-n] (the endemic form of beriberi)
                          • pellagra [ENG31-14224355-n] (a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin))
                          • rickets [ENG31-14224793-n] (childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorus)
                          • scurvy [ENG31-14225002-n] (a condition caused by deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C))
                          • nyctalopia [ENG31-14578445-n] (inability to see clearly in dim light)
                        • kwashiorkor [ENG31-14223416-n] (severe malnutrition in children resulting from a diet excessively high in carbohydrates and low in protein)
                        • marasmus [ENG31-14223580-n] (extreme malnutrition and emaciation (especially in children))
                      • zinc deficiency [ENG31-14224186-n] (a deficiency caused by inadequate zinc in the diet or by liver disease or cystic fibrosis or other diseases)
                    • fibrocystic breast disease [ENG31-14221862-n] (the presence of one or more cysts in a breast)
                    • goiter [ENG31-14222959-n] (abnormally enlarged thyroid gland)
                    • sandfly fever [ENG31-14242969-n] (a mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii)
                    • skin disease [ENG31-14243143-n] (a disease affecting the skin)

                      • acantholysis [ENG31-14245083-n] (a breakdown of a cell layer in the epidermis (as in pemphigus))
                      • acanthosis [ENG31-14245223-n] (an abnormal but benign thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (as in psoriasis))
                      • acanthosis nigricans [ENG31-14245406-n] (a skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds)
                      • dermatosis [ENG31-14248527-n] (disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin (in which there is usually no inflammation))

                        • pityriasis [ENG31-14254504-n] (any of several skin disorders characterized by shedding dry flakes of skin)

                          • dandruff [ENG31-14254689-n] (a condition in which white scales of dead skin are shed by the scalp)
                          • pityriasis alba [ENG31-14254812-n] (common form of pityriasis (usually in children or young adults) characterized by round patches of depigmentation)
                          • pityriasis rosea [ENG31-14254986-n] (pityriasis in which an itchy rash develops over the trunk and extremities)
                      • eczema [ENG31-14249538-n] (generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin)

                        • dermatitis [ENG31-14248239-n] (inflammation of the skin)

                          • actinic dermatitis [ENG31-14246167-n] (dermatitis caused exposure to sunlight)
                          • atopic dermatitis [ENG31-14246270-n] (a severe form of dermatitis characterized by atopy)
                          • contact dermatitis [ENG31-14246556-n] (a delayed type of allergic reaction of the skin resulting from skin contact with a specific allergen (such as poison ivy))

                            • bubble gum dermatitis [ENG31-14246400-n] (an allergic contact dermatitis developed around the lips of children who chew bubble gum)
                            • Rhus dermatitis [ENG31-14246778-n] (contact dermatitis resulting from contact with plants of the genus Toxicodendron)

                              • poison ivy [ENG31-14246974-n] (dermatitis resulting from contact with the poison ivy plant)
                              • poison oak [ENG31-14247120-n] (dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison oak plant)
                              • poison sumac [ENG31-14247234-n] (dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison sumac plant)
                          • cradle cap [ENG31-14247352-n] (a dermatitis of the scalp that is common in infants)
                          • diaper rash [ENG31-14247460-n] (dermatitis of the thighs and buttocks of infants)
                          • hypericism [ENG31-14247652-n] (a severe dermatitis of herbivorous domestic animals attributable to photosensitivity from eating Saint John's wort)
                          • neurodermatitis [ENG31-14247823-n] (dermatitis in which localized areas (especially the forearms or back of the neck or outer part of the ankle) itch persistently)
                          • schistosome dermatitis [ENG31-14248029-n] (a sensitization reaction to repeated invasion of the skin by cercariae of schistosomes)
                          • seborrheic dermatitis [ENG31-14256222-n] (a chronic skin disease associated with seborrhea and greasy scales on the scalp or eyelids or other parts of the skin)
                        • allergic eczema [ENG31-14248828-n] (eczema caused by an allergic reaction)

                          • baker's eczema [ENG31-14248697-n] (allergic eczema caused by flour or other ingredients handled by bakers)
                        • eczema herpeticum [ENG31-14248945-n] (eczema characterized by a feverish condition and widespread eruption of vesicles)
                        • lichtenoid eczema [ENG31-14249359-n] (eczema characterized by thickening of the skin with accentuated skin lines)
                      • erythroderma [ENG31-14250700-n] (any skin disorder involving abnormal redness)

                        • erythema [ENG31-14249785-n] (abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation))

                          • erythema multiforme [ENG31-14250049-n] (a red rash caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or disease or other allergen)
                          • erythema nodosum [ENG31-14250191-n] (skin condition characterized by tender red nodules on the shins and legs)

                            • erythema nodosum leprosum [ENG31-14250497-n] (an inflammatory complication of leprosy that results in painful skin lesions on the arms and legs and face)
                          • hickey [ENG31-14250344-n] (a temporary red mark on a person's skin resulting from kissing or sucking by their lover)
                          • sunburn [ENG31-14313867-n] (redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun)
                          • windburn [ENG31-14314253-n] (redness and irritation of the skin caused by exposure to high-velocity wind)
                        • flare [ENG31-14250839-n] (reddening of the skin spreading outward from a focus of infection or irritation)
                      • furunculosis [ENG31-14250970-n] (acute skin disease characterized by the presence of many furuncles)
                      • impetigo [ENG31-14251095-n] (a very contagious infection of the skin)
                      • jungle rot [ENG31-14251288-n] (skin disorder induced by a tropical climate)
                      • keratoderma [ENG31-14251388-n] (any skin disorder consisting of a growth that appears horny)
                      • keratonosis [ENG31-14251520-n] (any abnormal condition of the outer skin (epidermis))
                      • keratosis [ENG31-14251630-n] (a skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin)

                        • wart [ENG31-04703780-n] ((pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin)

                          • common wart [ENG31-04704043-n] (a benign growth (often with a rough surface))
                          • genital wart [ENG31-04704145-n] (a small benign wart on or around the genitals and anus)
                          • juvenile wart [ENG31-04704317-n] (a small benign growth on the faces of hands of children)
                          • plantar wart [ENG31-04704432-n] (a wart occurring on the sole of the foot)
                        • actinic keratosis [ENG31-14251858-n] (an overgrowth of skin layers resulting from extended exposure to the sun)
                        • keratosis blennorrhagica [ENG31-14251994-n] (skin disease characterized by a scaly rash on the palms and soles)
                        • keratosis follicularis [ENG31-14252194-n] (a rare hereditary condition marked by dark crusted patches (sometimes containing pus))
                        • keratosis pilaris [ENG31-14252367-n] (keratosis characterized by hard conical elevations in the openings of sebaceous glands (especially of arms and thighs))
                        • seborrheic keratosis [ENG31-14252549-n] (a skin condition characterized by circumscribed wartlike lesions that can be itchy and covered with a greasy crust)
                      • leukoderma [ENG31-14252730-n] (a congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin)
                      • lichen [ENG31-14252885-n] (any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks)

                        • lichen planus [ENG31-14253086-n] (an eruption of shiny flat-topped purplish (usually itchy) papules on the wrist and forearms and thighs)
                      • livedo [ENG31-14253270-n] (skin disorder characterized by patchy bluish discolorations on the skin)
                      • lupus [ENG31-14253394-n] (any of several forms of ulcerative skin disease)

                        • systemic lupus erythematosus [ENG31-14244793-n] (an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms)
                      • melanosis [ENG31-14253565-n] (a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin))
                      • molluscum [ENG31-14253714-n] (any skin disease characterized by soft pulpy nodules)

                        • molluscum contagiosum [ENG31-14253840-n] (a virus disease of the skin marked by round white swellings)
                      • necrobiosis lipoidica [ENG31-14254070-n] (skin disease marked by thin shiny patches (especially on the legs))
                      • prurigo [ENG31-14255122-n] (chronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching)
                      • psoriasis [ENG31-14255276-n] (a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales)
                      • rhagades [ENG31-14255516-n] (cracks or fissures in the skin (especially around the mouth or anus))
                      • Saint Anthony's fire [ENG31-14255639-n] (any of several inflammatory or gangrenous skin conditions)

                        • erysipelas [ENG31-14255781-n] (an acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes)
                      • seborrhea [ENG31-14256078-n] (a condition in which overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily)
                      • vitiligo [ENG31-14256427-n] (an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border))
                      • xanthoma [ENG31-14256749-n] (a skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules)

                        • xanthelasma [ENG31-14256637-n] (xanthoma of the eyelids)
                        • xanthoma disseminatum [ENG31-14257027-n] (rare chronic xanthoma of adults in which orange or brownish papules develop on many surfaces of the body)
                        • xanthomatosis [ENG31-14257199-n] (widespread xanthomas (especially on elbows and knees))
                      • xanthosis [ENG31-14257456-n] (an abnormal yellow discoloration of the skin)
                    • malignancy [ENG31-14261043-n] ((medicine) a malignant state)

                      • malignant tumor [ENG31-14262907-n] (a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body)

                        • carcinosarcoma [ENG31-14260833-n] (a malignant neoplasm composed of carcinoma and sarcoma extensively intermixed)
                        • cancer [ENG31-14263400-n] (any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division)

                          • lymphoma [ENG31-14265450-n] (a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant)

                            • Hodgkin's disease [ENG31-14265614-n] (a malignant disorder in which there is progressive (but painless) enlargement of lymph tissue followed by enlargement of the spleen and liver)
                          • carcinoma [ENG31-14265819-n] (any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue)

                            • adenocarcinoma [ENG31-14270192-n] (malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium)

                              • prostate cancer [ENG31-14275549-n] (cancer of the prostate gland)
                            • breast cancer [ENG31-14270381-n] (cancer of the breast)
                            • carcinoma in situ [ENG31-14270517-n] (a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissue or spread to other parts of the body)
                            • colon cancer [ENG31-14270721-n] (a malignant tumor of the colon)
                            • embryonal carcinoma [ENG31-14270842-n] (malignant neoplasm of the testis)
                            • endometrial carcinoma [ENG31-14270940-n] (cancer of the uterine lining)
                            • hepatoma [ENG31-14274656-n] (carcinoma of the liver)
                            • lung cancer [ENG31-14274799-n] (carcinoma of the lungs)
                            • mesothelioma [ENG31-14274917-n] (a form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart)
                            • oat cell carcinoma [ENG31-14275098-n] (highly malignant carcinoma composed of small round or egg-shaped cells with little cytoplasm)
                            • oral cancer [ENG31-14275327-n] (malignant neoplasm of the lips of mouth)
                            • pancreatic cancer [ENG31-14275463-n] (cancer of the pancreas)
                            • seminoma [ENG31-14275666-n] (malignant tumor of the testis)
                            • skin cancer [ENG31-14275802-n] (a malignant neoplasm of the skin)

                              • cancroid [ENG31-14266270-n] (the most common form of skin cancer)
                              • epithelioma [ENG31-14275946-n] (a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue)
                              • melanoma [ENG31-14276046-n] (any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes)
                            • trophoblastic cancer [ENG31-14276204-n] (malignant neoplasm of the uterus derived from the epithelium of the chorion)
                          • leukemia [ENG31-14266404-n] (malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues)

                            • acute leukemia [ENG31-14266750-n] (rapidly progressing leukemia)

                              • acute lymphocytic leukemia [ENG31-14266875-n] (acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood)
                              • acute myelocytic leukemia [ENG31-14267131-n] (acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of granular leukocytes)
                            • chronic leukemia [ENG31-14267359-n] (slowly progressing leukemia)

                              • chronic lymphocytic leukemia [ENG31-14267485-n] (chronic leukemia characterized by lymphoblast-like cells)
                              • chronic myelocytic leukemia [ENG31-14267642-n] (chronic leukemia characterized by granular leukocytes)
                            • lymphocytic leukemia [ENG31-14267835-n] (leukemia characterized by enlargement of lymphoid tissues and lymphocytic cells in the circulating blood)

                              • lymphoblastic leukemia [ENG31-14268024-n] (a form of lymphocytic leukemia in which the abnormal cells in the circulating blood are almost totally lymphoblasts)
                            • monocytic leukemia [ENG31-14268208-n] (leukemia characterized by the proliferation of monocytes and monoblasts in the blood)
                            • myeloblastic leukemia [ENG31-14268473-n] (a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues)
                            • myelocytic leukemia [ENG31-14268645-n] (a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues)
                          • sarcoma [ENG31-14269841-n] (a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.))

                            • chondrosarcoma [ENG31-14263969-n] (a malignant neoplasm of cartilage cells)
                            • Ewing's sarcoma [ENG31-14264069-n] (malignant tumor in bone marrow (usually in the pelvis or in long bones))
                            • Kaposi's sarcoma [ENG31-14264257-n] (a sarcoma that starts with purplish spots on the feet and legs and spreads from the skin to lymph nodes and internal organs)
                            • leiomyosarcoma [ENG31-14264570-n] (sarcoma of smooth muscle)
                            • liposarcoma [ENG31-14264723-n] (sarcoma of fat cells)
                            • myosarcoma [ENG31-14264801-n] (sarcoma of muscle tissue)
                            • neurosarcoma [ENG31-14264882-n] (a malignant neoplasm of nerve tissue and fibrous tissue and connective tissue)
                            • osteosarcoma [ENG31-14265038-n] (malignant bone tumor)
                            • rhabdomyosarcoma [ENG31-14268887-n] (a highly malignant neoplasm derived from striated muscle)

                              • embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma [ENG31-14269076-n] (form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in infants and children)
                              • alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma [ENG31-14269240-n] (form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults)
                              • pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma [ENG31-14269410-n] (form of rhabdomyosarcoma that affects limb muscles of older adults)
                            • Wilms' tumor [ENG31-14269579-n] (malignant renal tumor of young children characterized by hypertension and blood in the urine and the presence of a palpable mass)
                        • angiosarcoma [ENG31-14263744-n] (a rare malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue)
                        • myeloma [ENG31-14271738-n] (a tumor of the bone marrow (usually malignant) composed of cells normally found in bone marrow)

                          • multiple myeloma [ENG31-14271904-n] (myeloma that develops in several places at the same time)
                        • neuroblastoma [ENG31-14272381-n] (malignant tumor containing embryonic nerve cells)
                        • neuroepithelioma [ENG31-14272519-n] (malignant tumor of the neuroepithelium)
                        • retinoblastoma [ENG31-14274332-n] (malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells)
                    • eye disease [ENG31-14276346-n] (any disease of the eye)

                      • cataract [ENG31-14278052-n] (an eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye)

                        • cortical cataract [ENG31-14279496-n] (a cataract that affects the lens cortex)
                        • nuclear cataract [ENG31-14279599-n] (a cataract that affects the nucleus of the lens)
                        • posterior subcapsular cataract [ENG31-14279709-n] (a cataract in the rear of the lens capsule)
                      • macular edema [ENG31-14278250-n] (an eye disease caused by a swelling of the macula resulting from leakage and accumulation of fluid)
                      • drusen [ENG31-14278546-n] ((plural) an eye disease resulting from small accumulations of hyaline bodies underneath the retina)
                      • glaucoma [ENG31-14278716-n] (an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness))

                        • acute glaucoma [ENG31-14279018-n] (glaucoma in which the iris blocks the outflow of aqueous humor)
                        • normal tension glaucoma [ENG31-14279330-n] (glaucoma that results from damage to the optic nerve although the intraocular pressure is normal)
                        • chronic glaucoma [ENG31-14279828-n] (glaucoma caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemm)
                      • keratonosus [ENG31-14280067-n] (any disease of the cornea)
                      • retinopathy [ENG31-14280496-n] (a disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision)

                        • diabetic retinopathy [ENG31-14280629-n] (retinopathy involving damage to the small blood vessels in the retina)
                      • trachoma [ENG31-14280859-n] (a chronic contagious disease caused by a bacterium and marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye and the formation of scar tissue)
                      • leukoma [ENG31-14281065-n] (eye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea)
                    • animal disease [ENG31-14276606-n] (a disease that typically does not affect human beings)

                      • warble [ENG31-02197909-n] (a lumpy abscess under the hide of domestic mammals caused by larvae of a botfly or warble fly)
                      • anaplasmosis [ENG31-14283546-n] (a disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks)
                      • aspergillosis [ENG31-14283851-n] (severe respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys)
                      • bighead [ENG31-14284614-n] (any of various diseases of animals characterized by edema of the head and neck)
                      • bovine spongiform encephalitis [ENG31-14285348-n] (a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system)
                      • bull nose [ENG31-14285547-n] (a disease of pigs resulting in swelling of the snout)
                      • camelpox [ENG31-14285655-n] (a viral disease of camels closely related to smallpox)
                      • canine chorea [ENG31-14285838-n] (chorea in dogs)
                      • catarrhal fever [ENG31-14285921-n] (any of several disease of livestock marked by fever and edema of the respiratory tract)

                        • bluetongue [ENG31-14285219-n] (a viral disease of sheep and cattle that is transmitted by biting midges)
                      • chronic wasting disease [ENG31-14286087-n] (a wildlife disease (akin to bovine spongiform encephalitis) that affects deer and elk)
                      • costiasis [ENG31-14286242-n] (a fatal disease of freshwater fish caused by a flagellated protozoan invading the skin)
                      • creeps [ENG31-14286591-n] (a disease of cattle and sheep attributed to a dietary deficiency)
                      • hemorrhagic septicemia [ENG31-14286782-n] (an acute infectious disease characterized by pneumonia and blood infection)
                      • fistulous withers [ENG31-14286942-n] (a chronic inflammation of the withers of a horse)
                      • fowl pest [ENG31-14287255-n] (either of two acute viral diseases of domestic fowl)
                      • hog cholera [ENG31-14287446-n] (highly infectious virus disease of swine)
                      • distemper [ENG31-14287544-n] (any of various infectious viral diseases of animals)

                        • canine distemper [ENG31-14287705-n] (a viral disease of young dogs characterized by high fever and respiratory inflammation)
                        • equine distemper [ENG31-14287854-n] (an acute bacterial disease of horses characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes)
                      • enterotoxemia [ENG31-14288019-n] (a disease of cattle and sheep that is attributed to toxins absorbed from the intestines)
                      • foot-and-mouth disease [ENG31-14288166-n] (acute contagious disease of cloven-footed animals marked by ulcers in the mouth and around the hoofs)
                      • foot rot [ENG31-14288360-n] (contagious degenerative infection of the feet of hoofed animals (especially cattle and sheep))
                      • black disease [ENG31-14288508-n] (a disease of the liver (especially in sheep and cattle) caused by liver flukes and their by-products)
                      • heaves [ENG31-14288852-n] (a chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks)
                      • red water [ENG31-14295422-n] (a disease of cattle)
                      • rhinotracheitis [ENG31-14295525-n] (a respiratory infection of the nose and throat in cattle)
                      • rinderpest [ENG31-14295643-n] (an acute infectious viral disease of cattle (usually fatal))
                      • scours [ENG31-14295849-n] (diarrhea in livestock)
                      • scrapie [ENG31-14295923-n] (a fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system)
                      • spavin [ENG31-14296417-n] (a swelling of the hock joint of a horse)

                        • blood spavin [ENG31-14296586-n] (spavin caused by distension of the veins)
                        • bog spavin [ENG31-14296685-n] (spavin caused by collection of fluids)
                        • bone spavin [ENG31-14296779-n] (spavin caused by a bony growth)
                      • loco disease [ENG31-14297362-n] (a disease of livestock caused by locoweed poisoning)
                      • looping ill [ENG31-14297570-n] (an acute viral disease of the nervous system in sheep)
                      • mange [ENG31-14297719-n] (a persistent and contagious disease of the skin causing inflammation and itching and loss of hair)
                      • moon blindness [ENG31-14297953-n] (recurrent eye inflammation in horses)
                      • murrain [ENG31-14298094-n] (any disease of domestic animals that resembles a plague)
                      • myxomatosis [ENG31-14298203-n] (a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits)
                      • Newcastle disease [ENG31-14298303-n] (disease of domestic fowl and other birds)
                      • pip [ENG31-14298407-n] (a disease of poultry)
                      • psittacosis [ENG31-14298477-n] (infectious disease of birds)
                      • pullorum disease [ENG31-14298579-n] (a serious bacterial disease of young chickens)
                      • saddle sore [ENG31-14298742-n] (an open sore on the back of a horse caused by ill-fitting or badly adjusted saddle)
                      • sand crack [ENG31-14298907-n] (a fissure in the wall of a horse's hoof often causing lameness)

                        • toe crack [ENG31-14299062-n] (a crack on the forepart of a horse's hindfoot)
                        • quarter crack [ENG31-14299163-n] (a crack on the inside of a horse's forefoot)
                      • staggers [ENG31-14299266-n] (a disease of the central nervous system affecting especially horses and cattle)
                      • sweating sickness [ENG31-14299480-n] (a disease of cattle (especially calves))
                      • Texas fever [ENG31-14299583-n] (an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick)
                      • trembles [ENG31-14299703-n] (disease of livestock and especially cattle poisoned by eating certain kinds of snakeroot)
                      • zoonosis [ENG31-14300151-n] (an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans)

                        • actinomycosis [ENG31-14277584-n] (disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans)

                          • cervicofacial actinomycosis [ENG31-14277879-n] (the commonest and least severe form of actinomycosis)
                          • thoracic actinomycosis [ENG31-14283118-n] (a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the chest)
                          • abdominal actinomycosis [ENG31-14283241-n] (a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the abdomen)
                        • anthrax [ENG31-14283684-n] (a highly infectious animal disease (especially cattle and sheep))
                        • brucellosis [ENG31-14285010-n] (an infectious disease of domestic animals often resulting in spontaneous abortion)
                        • glanders [ENG31-14288707-n] (a destructive and contagious bacterial disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans)
                        • Lyme disease [ENG31-14289010-n] (an acute inflammatory disease characterized by a rash with joint swelling and fever)
                        • rabies [ENG31-14295169-n] (an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal))
                        • swamp fever [ENG31-14296867-n] (an infectious disease cause by leptospira and transmitted to humans from domestic animals)

                          • canicola fever [ENG31-14297103-n] (an acute feverish disease in people and in dogs marked by gastroenteritis and mild jaundice)
                          • Weil's disease [ENG31-14297255-n] (a severe form of leptospirosis in human beings)
                        • tularemia [ENG31-14299862-n] (a highly infectious disease of rodents (especially rabbits and squirrels) and sometimes transmitted to humans by ticks or flies or by handling infected animals)
                    • plant disease [ENG31-14300438-n] (a disease that affects plants)

                      • blight [ENG31-14238813-n] (any plant disease resulting in withering without rotting)

                        • alder blight [ENG31-14239390-n] (a disease of alders caused by the woolly alder aphid (a plant louse))
                        • apple blight [ENG31-14239536-n] (a disease of apple trees)
                        • beet blight [ENG31-14239634-n] (a disease of beet plants)
                        • blister blight [ENG31-14239716-n] (a disease of tea plants)
                        • blister blight [ENG31-14239800-n] (a disease of Scotch pines)
                        • cane blight [ENG31-14239886-n] (a disease affecting the canes of various bush fruits (e.g., raspberries or currants))
                        • chestnut blight [ENG31-14240135-n] (a disease of American chestnut trees)
                        • coffee blight [ENG31-14240275-n] (a blight affecting the coffee plant)
                        • collar blight [ENG31-14240370-n] (a disease affecting the trunks of pear and apple trees)
                        • halo blight [ENG31-14240735-n] (a blight of bean plants)
                        • halo blight [ENG31-14240842-n] (a blight affecting the leaves of oats and other grasses)
                        • head blight [ENG31-14240955-n] (a blight of the heads of cereals)

                          • wheat scab [ENG31-14241063-n] (a disease of the heads of wheat plants)
                        • late blight [ENG31-14241158-n] (blight in which symptoms appear late in the growing season especially a disease of solanaceous plants caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans)

                          • celery blight [ENG31-14240028-n] (a fungous leaf spot disease of the celery plant)
                        • leaf blight [ENG31-14241379-n] (any blight causing a browning and falling of the leaves of a plant)

                          • fire blight [ENG31-14240484-n] (a disease blackening the leaves of pear and apple trees)

                            • blight canker [ENG31-14240629-n] (a phase of fire blight in which cankers appear)
                          • needle blight [ENG31-14241640-n] (a disease of conifers causing the needles to fall)
                        • peach blight [ENG31-14241883-n] (a disease of trees bearing drupes)
                        • potato blight [ENG31-14241975-n] (a blight of potatoes)
                        • rim blight [ENG31-14242119-n] (a disease of tea plants)
                        • spinach blight [ENG31-14242199-n] (a disease of spinach plants)
                        • spur blight [ENG31-14242287-n] (a disease of raspberries)
                        • stem blight [ENG31-14242369-n] (a fungous blight attacking the stems of plants)
                        • stripe blight [ENG31-14242473-n] (a disease of oats)
                        • thread blight [ENG31-14242550-n] (a disease of tropical woody plants (cacao or tea or citrus))
                        • tomato blight [ENG31-14242669-n] (a disease of tomato plants)
                        • twig blight [ENG31-14242772-n] (a disease of the ends of twigs of woody plants)
                        • walnut blight [ENG31-14242876-n] (a disease of English walnut trees)
                      • leaf disease [ENG31-14241539-n] (any plant disease localized in the foliage)
                      • rust [ENG31-14301157-n] (a plant disease that produces a reddish-brown discoloration of leaves and stems)

                        • blister rust [ENG31-14301335-n] (any of several diseases of pines caused by rust fungi of the genus Cronartium and marked by destructive invasion of bark and sapwood and producing blisters externally)
                      • blackheart [ENG31-14301604-n] (any of various diseases in which the central tissues blacken)
                      • black knot [ENG31-14301721-n] (disease of plum and cherry trees characterized by black excrescences on the branches)
                      • black rot [ENG31-14301862-n] (a fungous disease causing darkening and decay of the leaves of fruits and vegetables)
                      • black spot [ENG31-14302002-n] (any of several fungous diseases of plants that produce small black spots on the plant)
                      • bottom rot [ENG31-14302144-n] (fungous disease of lettuce that first rots lower leaves and spreads upward)
                      • brown rot [ENG31-14302275-n] (any of certain fungous diseases of plants characterized by browning and decay of tissues)

                        • brown rot gummosis [ENG31-14302455-n] (disease of citrus trees caused by the fungus Phytophthora citrophthora)
                        • ring rot [ENG31-14302737-n] (disease of tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum)
                      • gummosis [ENG31-14302601-n] (pathological production of gummy exudates in citrus and various stone-fruit trees)
                      • canker [ENG31-14302919-n] (a fungal disease of woody plants that causes localized damage to the bark)
                      • cotton ball [ENG31-14303045-n] (a fungus disease of cranberries)
                      • crown gall [ENG31-14303134-n] (a bacterial disease of plants (especially pome and stone fruits and grapes and roses) which forms excrescences on the stem near the ground)

                        • hairy root [ENG31-14303347-n] (a phase of crown gall (especially in apples) during which there is abnormal development of fine fibrous roots)
                      • crown wart [ENG31-14303513-n] (a fungous disease of alfalfa which forms white excrescences at the base of the stem)
                      • damping off [ENG31-14303653-n] (a plant disease caused by a fungus)
                      • dieback [ENG31-14303800-n] (a disease of plants characterized by the gradual dying of the young shoots starting at the tips and progressing to the larger branches)
                      • dry rot [ENG31-14304006-n] (a crumbling and drying of timber or bulbs or potatoes or fruit caused by a fungus)
                      • heartrot [ENG31-14304141-n] (any plant disease in which the central part of a plant rots (especially in trees))
                      • mosaic [ENG31-14304277-n] (viral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves)

                        • potato mosaic [ENG31-14304488-n] (a disease of the leaves of potato plants)
                        • tobacco mosaic [ENG31-14304588-n] (a plant disease causing discoloration of the leaves of tobacco plants)
                      • rhizoctinia disease [ENG31-14304899-n] (disease caused by rhizoctinia or fungi of Pellicularia and Corticium)

                        • little potato [ENG31-14305051-n] (rhizoctinia disease of potatoes)
                      • pink disease [ENG31-14305180-n] (serious bark disease of many tropical crop trees (coffee, citrus, rubber))
                      • potato wart [ENG31-14305353-n] (fungous disease causing dark warty spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers)
                      • root rot [ENG31-14305494-n] (disease characterized by root decay)
                      • scorch [ENG31-14305609-n] (a plant disease that produces a browning or scorched appearance of plant tissues)

                        • leaf scorch [ENG31-14305760-n] (plant disease causing a burned or scorched appearance of the foliage)
                      • sweet-potato ring rot [ENG31-14305886-n] (disease of sweet potatoes in which roots are girdled by rings of dry rot)
                      • sclerotium disease [ENG31-14306026-n] (plant disease cause by fungi of the genus Sclerotium)
                      • Dutch elm disease [ENG31-14306200-n] (disease of elms caused by a fungus)
                      • ergot [ENG31-14306298-n] (a plant disease caused by the ergot fungus)
                      • foot rot [ENG31-14306392-n] (plant disease in which the stem or trunk rots at the base)
                      • pinkroot [ENG31-14306599-n] (a fungal disease of onions)
                      • wilt [ENG31-14306680-n] (any plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling)

                        • granville wilt [ENG31-14306504-n] (a bacterial wilt of tobacco plants)
                        • fusarium wilt [ENG31-14306925-n] (wilt caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium)
                        • verticilliosis [ENG31-14307027-n] (wilt caused by fungi of the genus Verticillium)
                      • smut [ENG31-14307134-n] (destructive diseases of plants (especially cereal grasses) caused by fungi that produce black powdery masses of spores)

                        • loose smut [ENG31-14307411-n] (disease of grains)
                        • bunt [ENG31-14307528-n] (disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores)
                        • flag smut [ENG31-14307695-n] (smut affecting leaves and stems of cereals and other grasses)
                        • green smut [ENG31-14307811-n] (disease of rice)
                      • soft rot [ENG31-14307952-n] (mushy or slimy decay of plants caused by bacteria or fungi)

                        • leak [ENG31-14308083-n] (soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables caused by fungi)
                      • yellow dwarf [ENG31-14308190-n] (any of several virus diseases of plants characterized by stunting and yellowing of the leaves)

                        • yellow dwarf of potato [ENG31-14308378-n] (the yellow dwarf disease of potato plants)
                        • onion yellow dwarf [ENG31-14308510-n] (the yellow dwarf disease of onion plants)
                      • yellow spot [ENG31-14308615-n] (any of several fungous or viral diseases characterized by yellow spotting on the leaves)

                        • tomato streak [ENG31-14304718-n] (disease of a wide range of plants (tomatoes, potatoes, peas) resulting from a mixed infection of potato and tomato mosaic)
                    • ozena [ENG31-14375568-n] (a chronic disease of the nose characterized by a foul-smelling nasal discharge and atrophy of nasal structures)
                    • filariasis [ENG31-14391437-n] (a disease caused by nematodes in the blood or tissues of the body causing blockage of lymphatic vessels)
                  • hypermotility [ENG31-14197798-n] (excessive movement)
                  • indisposition [ENG31-14197937-n] (a slight illness)
                  • ozone sickness [ENG31-14213766-n] (illness that can occur to persons exposed to ozone in high-altitude aircraft)
                  • toxemia of pregnancy [ENG31-14214519-n] (an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and edema and protein in the urine)

                    • eclampsia [ENG31-14214766-n] (a toxic condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during or immediately after pregnancy)
                    • preeclampsia [ENG31-14214924-n] (abnormal state of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and fluid retention and albuminuria)
                  • growth [ENG31-14257556-n] ((pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor))

                    • exostosis [ENG31-14257799-n] (a benign outgrowth from a bone (usually covered with cartilage))
                    • polyp [ENG31-14257918-n] (a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane)

                      • adenomatous polyp [ENG31-14258093-n] (a polyp that consists of benign neoplastic tissue derived from glandular epithelium)
                      • sessile polyp [ENG31-14258349-n] (a relatively flat polyp)
                      • pedunculated polyp [ENG31-14258432-n] (a polyp with a stalk or peduncle)
                    • peduncle [ENG31-14258548-n] (the thin process of tissue that attaches a polyp to the body)
                    • tumor [ENG31-14258682-n] (an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose)

                      • acanthoma [ENG31-14259149-n] (a neoplasm originating in the epidermis)

                        • keratoacanthoma [ENG31-14262579-n] (skin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread)
                      • angioma [ENG31-14259410-n] (a tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels)

                        • hemangioma [ENG31-14271057-n] (benign angioma consisting of a mass of blood vessels)

                          • strawberry hemangioma [ENG31-14271225-n] (a congenital bright red superficial vascular tumor resembling a strawberry)
                        • lymphangioma [ENG31-14271436-n] (benign angioma consisting of a mass of lymphatic vessels)
                        • spider angioma [ENG31-14271551-n] (a dilation of superficial capillaries with a central red dot from which blood vessels radiate)
                      • benign tumor [ENG31-14259708-n] (a tumor that is not cancerous)

                        • adenoma [ENG31-14259275-n] (a benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin)

                          • fibroadenoma [ENG31-14261693-n] (benign and movable and firm and not tender tumor of the breast)
                          • lymphadenoma [ENG31-14265215-n] (an abnormally enlarged lymph node)
                        • chondroma [ENG31-14259612-n] (a common benign tumor of cartilage cells)
                        • enchondroma [ENG31-14261523-n] (benign slow-growing tumor of cartilaginous cells at the ends of tubular bones (especially in the hands and feet))
                        • fibroma [ENG31-14262010-n] (nonmalignant tumor of connective tissue)

                          • fibroid tumor [ENG31-14261875-n] (benign tumor containing fibrous tissue (especially in the uterus))
                        • myoma [ENG31-14272023-n] (a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue)

                          • leiomyoma [ENG31-14272866-n] (benign tumor of smooth muscle (usually in the uterus or digestive tract))
                          • rhabdomyoma [ENG31-14272994-n] (benign tumor of striated muscle)
                        • myxoma [ENG31-14272151-n] (a benign tumor of connective tissue containing jellylike material)
                        • neurinoma [ENG31-14272269-n] (tumor (usually benign) of the sheath surrounding a nerve)
                        • osteoblastoma [ENG31-14273083-n] (benign tumor of bone and fibrous tissue)
                        • osteochondroma [ENG31-14273267-n] (benign tumor containing both bone and cartilage)
                        • osteoma [ENG31-14273419-n] (a slow growing benign tumor of consisting of bone tissue)
                        • papilloma [ENG31-14273563-n] (a benign epithelial tumor forming a rounded mass)
                      • blastoma [ENG31-14260077-n] (a tumor composed of immature undifferentiated cells)
                      • brain tumor [ENG31-14260225-n] (a tumor in the brain)

                        • glioblastoma [ENG31-14260354-n] (a fast-growing malignant brain tumor composed of spongioblasts)
                        • glioma [ENG31-14260514-n] (a tumor of the brain consisting of neuroglia)
                      • carcinoid [ENG31-14260630-n] (a small tumor (benign or malignant) arising from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract)
                      • celioma [ENG31-14260971-n] (an abdominal tumor)
                      • granuloma [ENG31-14262121-n] (a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection)

                        • gumma [ENG31-14262302-n] (a small rubbery granuloma that is characteristic of an advanced stage of syphilis)
                      • lipoma [ENG31-14262804-n] (a tumor consisting of fatty tissue)
                      • meningioma [ENG31-14263225-n] (a tumor arising in the meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord)
                      • neurofibroma [ENG31-14272620-n] (tumor of the fibrous covering of a peripheral nerve)
                      • neuroma [ENG31-14272744-n] (any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system)
                      • pheochromocytoma [ENG31-14273714-n] (a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland)
                      • pinealoma [ENG31-14273915-n] (tumor of the pineal gland)
                      • plasmacytoma [ENG31-14273996-n] (neoplasm of plasma cells (usually in bone marrow))
                      • psammoma [ENG31-14274104-n] (a tumor derived from fibrous tissue of the meninges or choroid plexus or certain other structures associated with the brain)
                      • teratoma [ENG31-14274527-n] (a tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site)
                    • hamartoma [ENG31-14262435-n] (a focal growth that resembles a neoplasm but results from faulty development in an organ)
                • invalidism [ENG31-14085972-n] (chronic ill health)
                • biliousness [ENG31-14086047-n] (gastric distress caused by a disorder of the liver or gall bladder)
                • infection [ENG31-14198031-n] (the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms)

                  • enterobiasis [ENG31-14199854-n] (an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis)
                  • felon [ENG31-14200052-n] (a purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area surrounding the nail)
                  • focal infection [ENG31-14200197-n] (bacterial infection limited to a specific organ or region especially one causing symptoms elsewhere)
                  • nonsocial infection [ENG31-14201808-n] (an infection that is acquired at a hospital or other healthcare facility)
                  • opportunistic infection [ENG31-14201964-n] (any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans)

                    • aspergillosis [ENG31-14206353-n] (an opportunistic infection by a fungus of the genus Aspergillus)
                  • paronychia [ENG31-14202276-n] (infection in the tissues adjacent to a nail on a finger or toe)
                  • protozoal infection [ENG31-14202395-n] (any infection caused by a protozoan)

                    • malaria [ENG31-14101312-n] (an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito)

                      • blackwater fever [ENG31-14097129-n] (severe and often fatal malaria characterized by kidney damage resulting in dark urine)
                      • jungle fever [ENG31-14097277-n] (severe form of malaria occurring in tropical regions)
                    • amebiasis [ENG31-14198647-n] (infection by a disease-causing ameba)
                    • giardiasis [ENG31-14200692-n] (infection of the intestines with protozoa found in contaminated food and water)
                    • leishmaniasis [ENG31-14201559-n] (sores resulting from a tropical infection by protozoa of the genus Leishmania which are spread by sandflies)

                      • visceral leishmaniasis [ENG31-14204531-n] (leishmaniasis of the viscera)
                      • cutaneous leishmaniasis [ENG31-14204669-n] (leishmaniasis of the skin)
                      • mucocutaneous leishmaniasis [ENG31-14204891-n] (a form of leishmaniasis endemic in Mexico and Central American and South America)
                    • trichomoniasis [ENG31-14209738-n] (infection of the vagina)
                  • respiratory tract infection [ENG31-14202586-n] (any infection of the respiratory tract)

                    • lower respiratory infection [ENG31-14202758-n] (infection of the lower respiratory tract)
                    • upper respiratory infection [ENG31-14203695-n] (infection of the upper respiratory tract)
                  • scabies [ENG31-14203809-n] (a contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite)
                  • schistosomiasis [ENG31-14204047-n] (an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma)
                  • sepsis [ENG31-14204330-n] (the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues)

                    • sapremia [ENG31-14213614-n] (blood poisoning caused by putrefactive bacteria)
                  • sore [ENG31-14206547-n] (an open skin infection)

                    • blain [ENG31-14206902-n] (an inflammatory swelling or sore)

                      • chilblain [ENG31-14207004-n] (inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture)

                        • kibe [ENG31-14207174-n] (ulcerated chilblain on the heel)
                    • chancre [ENG31-14207549-n] (a small hard painless nodule at the site of entry of a pathogen (as syphilis))
                    • fester [ENG31-14207736-n] (a sore that has become inflamed and formed pus)
                    • gall [ENG31-14207872-n] (a skin sore caused by chafing)

                      • saddle sore [ENG31-14207988-n] (sore on a horseback rider chafed by a saddle)
                  • staphylococcal infection [ENG31-14208283-n] (an infection with staphylococcus bacteria)

                    • boil [ENG31-14206692-n] (a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus)

                      • gumboil [ENG31-14206819-n] (a boil or abscess on the gums)
                    • carbuncle [ENG31-14207256-n] (an infection larger than a boil and with several openings for discharge of pus)
                  • sty [ENG31-14208701-n] (an infection of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid)
                  • superinfection [ENG31-14208835-n] (infection that occurs while you are being treated for another infection)
                  • suprainfection [ENG31-14208985-n] (secondary infection caused by an opportunistic infection)
                  • tapeworm infection [ENG31-14209102-n] (intestinal infection by a species of parasitic tapeworm)
                  • tetanus [ENG31-14209285-n] (an acute and serious infection of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open wounds)
                  • toxoplasmosis [ENG31-14209528-n] (infection caused by parasites transmitted to humans from infected cats)
                  • viral infection [ENG31-14209822-n] (infection by a virus that is pathogenic to humans)

                    • hemorrhagic fever [ENG31-14200905-n] (a group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area))

                      • Argentine hemorrhagic fever [ENG31-14096987-n] (hemorrhagic fever with neurological signs)
                      • Ebola hemorrhagic fever [ENG31-14159105-n] (a severe and often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) caused by the Ebola virus)
                      • Lassa fever [ENG31-14159438-n] (an acute contagious viral disease of central western Africa)
                      • Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever [ENG31-14202872-n] (an infection common in Arab states caused by a bunyavirus)
                      • Rift Valley fever [ENG31-14203051-n] (an infection common in Africa caused by a bunyavirus)
                      • Marburg disease [ENG31-14289224-n] (a viral disease of green monkeys caused by the Marburg virus)
                    • herpangia [ENG31-14201330-n] (a viral infection (usually in children) marked by sore throat and fever and papules in the mouth and throat and headache and abdominal pain)
                    • HIV [ENG31-14203226-n] (infection by the human immunodeficiency virus)
                  • vaccinia [ENG31-14381427-n] (a local infection induced in humans by inoculation with the virus causing cowpox in order to confer resistance to smallpox)

                    • progressive vaccinia [ENG31-14113201-n] (a severe or even fatal form of vaccinia that occurs mainly in persons with an immunological deficiency)
                • pathology [ENG31-14228432-n] (any deviation from a healthy or normal condition)

                  • acidosis [ENG31-14043071-n] (abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues)

                    • ketoacidosis [ENG31-14043311-n] (acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies)
                    • metabolic acidosis [ENG31-14043494-n] (acidosis and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids resulting either from the accumulation of acids or the abnormal loss of bases from the body (as in diarrhea or renal disease))
                    • respiratory acidosis [ENG31-14043742-n] (acidosis resulting from reduced gas exchange in the lungs (as in emphysema or pneumonia))
                    • starvation acidosis [ENG31-14044029-n] (acidosis in which the acidity results from lack of food which leads to fat catabolism which in turn releases acidic ketone bodies)
                  • alkalosis [ENG31-14044737-n] (abnormally high alkalinity (low hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues)

                    • metabolic alkalosis [ENG31-14044942-n] (alkalosis resulting from hydrogen-ion loss or excessive intake of alkaline substances)
                    • respiratory alkalosis [ENG31-14045093-n] (alkalosis resulting from increased gas exchange in the lungs (as in hyperventilation associated with extreme anxiety or aspirin intoxication or metabolic acidosis))
                  • ankylosis [ENG31-14045991-n] (abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint)
                  • arteriectasis [ENG31-14047656-n] (an abnormal distension of an artery)
                  • arthropathy [ENG31-14047767-n] (a pathology or abnormality of a joint)
                  • asynergy [ENG31-14047862-n] (absence of coordination of organs or body parts that usually work together harmoniously)
                  • asystole [ENG31-14048052-n] (absence of systole)
                  • diverticulosis [ENG31-14055962-n] (presence of multiple diverticula in the walls of the colon)
                  • flux [ENG31-14068074-n] (excessive discharge of liquid from a cavity or organ (as in watery diarrhea))
                  • fluorosis [ENG31-14092010-n] (a pathological condition resulting from an excessive intake of fluorine (usually from drinking water))
                  • gammopathy [ENG31-14092694-n] (a disturbance in the synthesis of immunoglobulins)
                  • glossolalia [ENG31-14092865-n] (repetitive nonmeaningful speech (especially that associated with a trance state or religious fervor))
                  • angiopathy [ENG31-14094901-n] (any disease of the blood vessels or lymph ducts)
                  • aphagia [ENG31-14119810-n] (loss of the ability to swallow)
                  • stenosis [ENG31-14130856-n] (abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway)

                    • aortic stenosis [ENG31-14130091-n] (abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve)
                    • enterostenosis [ENG31-14130209-n] (abnormal narrowing of the intestine)
                    • laryngostenosis [ENG31-14130305-n] (abnormal narrowing of the larynx)
                    • pulmonary stenosis [ENG31-14130399-n] (abnormal narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle)
                    • pyloric stenosis [ENG31-14130567-n] (narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that blocks the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum)
                    • rhinostenosis [ENG31-14130731-n] (narrowing of the passages in the nasal cavities)
                    • mitral stenosis [ENG31-14135397-n] (obstruction or narrowing of the mitral valve (as by scarring from rheumatic fever))
                    • ureterostenosis [ENG31-14596315-n] (stenosis of the ureter)
                  • atherogenesis [ENG31-14132058-n] (the formation of atheromas on the walls of the arteries as in atherosclerosis)
                  • ascites [ENG31-14133507-n] (accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity)
                  • azymia [ENG31-14133628-n] (absence of an enzyme)
                  • bacteremia [ENG31-14133701-n] (transient presence of bacteria (or other microorganisms) in the blood)
                  • sclerosis [ENG31-14133893-n] (any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue)

                    • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ENG31-14129219-n] (thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord)
                    • arteriolosclerosis [ENG31-14131714-n] (sclerosis of the arterioles)
                    • arteriosclerosis [ENG31-14131806-n] (sclerosis of the arterial walls)

                      • atherosclerosis [ENG31-14132195-n] (a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteries)
                      • arteriosclerosis obliterans [ENG31-14133371-n] (a stage of arteriosclerosis involving closure of blood vessels)
                    • osteosclerosis [ENG31-14211949-n] (abnormal hardening or eburnation of bone)
                  • lipomatosis [ENG31-14139281-n] (pathology in which fat accumulates in lipomas in the body)
                  • lithiasis [ENG31-14139396-n] (the formation of stones (calculi) in an internal organ)

                    • cholelithiasis [ENG31-14138727-n] (the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder)
                    • enterolithiasis [ENG31-14138833-n] (the presence of calculi in the intestines)
                    • nephrolithiasis [ENG31-14139130-n] (the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney)

                      • nephrocalcinosis [ENG31-14138936-n] (renal lithiasis in which calcium deposits form in the renal parenchyma and result in reduced kidney function and blood in the urine)
                  • cartilaginification [ENG31-14207408-n] (abnormal formation of cartilage from other tissues)
                  • cyst [ENG31-14226478-n] (a closed sac that develops abnormally in some body structure)

                    • dermoid cyst [ENG31-14225164-n] (a cystic tumor (usually benign) with a wall lined with epithelium and a cavity containing other material)
                    • galactocele [ENG31-14225327-n] (a cystic tumor containing milk or a milky substance (especially in the mammary glands))
                    • hemorrhagic cyst [ENG31-14225471-n] (a cyst containing blood)

                      • cephalhematoma [ENG31-14341979-n] (a collection of blood under the scalp of a newborn)
                    • hydatid [ENG31-14225601-n] (cyst filled with liquid)
                    • nabothian cyst [ENG31-14225754-n] (a cyst that forms in the nabothian glands of the uterine cervix)
                    • ovarian cyst [ENG31-14225899-n] (a cystic tumor (usually benign) of the ovary)
                    • ranula [ENG31-14226155-n] (a cyst on the underside of the tongue)
                    • sebaceous cyst [ENG31-14226245-n] (a common cyst of the skin)

                      • chalazion [ENG31-14226002-n] (a small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a Meibomian gland is blocked)
                  • endometriosis [ENG31-14228245-n] (the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus)
                  • adhesion [ENG31-14229706-n] (abnormal union of bodily tissues)

                    • symphysis [ENG31-14229857-n] (an abnormal adhesion of two or more structures)
                    • synechia [ENG31-14229959-n] (adhesions between the iris and the lens or cornea resulting from trauma or eye surgery or as a complication of glaucoma or cataract)

                      • anterior synechia [ENG31-14230204-n] (adhesion between the iris and the cornea)
                      • posterior synechia [ENG31-14230308-n] (adhesion between the iris and the lens)
                  • hemochromatosis [ENG31-14230411-n] (pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues)

                    • classic hemochromatosis [ENG31-14230738-n] (inherited form of hemochromatosis)
                    • acquired hemochromatosis [ENG31-14230870-n] (hemochromatosis resulting from repeated transfusions or from excessive intake of foods containing iron)
                  • infarct [ENG31-14231043-n] (localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply)

                    • myocardial infarction [ENG31-14136503-n] (destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle)
                  • macrocytosis [ENG31-14231193-n] (the presence of macrocytes in the blood)
                  • fibrosis [ENG31-14231291-n] (development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ)

                    • myelofibrosis [ENG31-14231460-n] (fibrosis of the bone marrow)
                  • malacia [ENG31-14231547-n] (a state of abnormal softening of tissue)

                    • osteomalacia [ENG31-14231658-n] (abnormal softening of bones caused by deficiencies of phosphorus or calcium or vitamin D)
                  • mastopathy [ENG31-14231824-n] (any pathology of the breast)
                  • neuropathy [ENG31-14231920-n] (any pathology of the peripheral nerves)

                    • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease [ENG31-14232069-n] (a form of neuropathy that can begin between childhood and young adulthood)
                    • mononeuropathy [ENG31-14232470-n] (any neuropathy of a single nerve trunk)
                    • multiple mononeuropathy [ENG31-14232569-n] (pathology of several individual nerve trunks)
                  • myopathy [ENG31-14232683-n] (any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunction)
                  • osteoporosis [ENG31-14233836-n] (abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium)

                    • dowager's hump [ENG31-14529071-n] (abnormal spinal curvature that results when osteoporosis causes the spine to collapse)
                  • priapism [ENG31-14234046-n] (condition in which the penis is continually erect)
                  • demineralization [ENG31-14234198-n] (abnormal loss of mineral salts (especially from bone))
                  • pyorrhea [ENG31-14234370-n] (discharge of pus)
                  • uremia [ENG31-14234453-n] (accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine)
                  • azoturia [ENG31-14234694-n] (excess of urea in the urine)
                  • lesion [ENG31-14234776-n] (any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily part)

                    • tubercle [ENG31-14234922-n] (a swelling that is the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis)
                    • ulcer [ENG31-14235091-n] (a circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue)

                      • aphthous ulcer [ENG31-14235467-n] (a blister on the mucous membranes of the lips or mouth or gastrointestinal tract)
                      • bedsore [ENG31-14235608-n] (a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients))
                      • chancroid [ENG31-14235785-n] (infectious venereal ulcer)
                      • peptic ulcer [ENG31-14235884-n] (an ulcer of the mucous membrane lining of the alimentary tract)

                        • duodenal ulcer [ENG31-14236061-n] (a peptic ulcer of the duodenum)
                        • gastric ulcer [ENG31-14236152-n] (a peptic ulcer of the stomach)
                      • canker [ENG31-14236241-n] (an ulceration (especially of the lips or lining of the mouth))
                      • noli-me-tangere [ENG31-14236423-n] (a cancerous ulcer of soft tissue and bone)
                      • noma [ENG31-14236526-n] (acute ulceration of the mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals)
                  • lymphadenopathy [ENG31-14265307-n] (chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease))
                  • gangrene [ENG31-14336867-n] (necrotic tissue)

                    • dry gangrene [ENG31-14337088-n] ((pathology) gangrene that develops in the presence of arterial obstruction and is characterized by dryness of the dead tissue and a dark brown color)
                    • gas gangrene [ENG31-14337370-n] ((pathology) a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by clostridium bacteria that produce toxins that cause tissue death)
                  • hyperbilirubinemia [ENG31-14342354-n] (abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood)

                    • hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn [ENG31-14342520-n] (a common disorder that is usually due to immaturity of the liver)
                  • palilalia [ENG31-14354542-n] (a pathological condition in which a word is rapidly and involuntarily repeated)
                  • reflux [ENG31-14359409-n] (an abnormal backward flow of body fluids)

                    • gastroesophageal reflux [ENG31-14358890-n] (reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus)
                    • hepatojugular reflux [ENG31-14359046-n] (a venous reflux occurring in congestive heart failure)
                    • ureterorenal reflux [ENG31-14359166-n] (a backflow of urine from the ureter into the renal pelvis)
                    • vesicoureteral reflux [ENG31-14359289-n] (a backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter)
                  • otorrhea [ENG31-14375482-n] (discharge from the external ear)
                  • rhinopathy [ENG31-14420294-n] (any disease or malformation of the nose)

                    • rhinophyma [ENG31-14420444-n] (enlargement of the nose with dilation of follicles and redness and prominent vascularity of the skin)
                  • hydronephrosis [ENG31-14489706-n] (accumulation of urine in the kidney because of an obstruction in the ureter)
                  • atelectasis [ENG31-14526480-n] (collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants))
                  • anoxemia [ENG31-14526836-n] (abnormally low oxygen content in arterial blood)
                  • coprolalia [ENG31-14527130-n] (an uncontrollable use of obscene language)
                  • autoimmunity [ENG31-14551579-n] (production of antibodies against the tissues of your own body)
                  • dysfunction [ENG31-14581490-n] ((medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group)

                    • paralysis [ENG31-14581818-n] (loss of the ability to move a body part)

                      • akinesis [ENG31-14108956-n] (motionlessness attributable to a temporary paralysis)
                      • alalia [ENG31-14109074-n] (paralysis of the vocal cords resulting in an inability to speak)
                      • cystoplegia [ENG31-14109518-n] (paralysis of the urinary bladder)
                      • diplegia [ENG31-14110690-n] (paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body)
                      • Erb's palsy [ENG31-14114324-n] (paralysis of the arm resulting from injury to the brachial plexus (usually during childbirth))
                      • monoplegia [ENG31-14373428-n] (paralysis of a single limb)
                      • ophthalmoplegia [ENG31-14374624-n] (paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye)
                      • paresis [ENG31-14582191-n] (a slight or partial paralysis)

                        • paraparesis [ENG31-14582292-n] (a slight paralysis or weakness of both legs)
                      • paraplegia [ENG31-14583087-n] (paralysis of the lower half of the body (most often as a result of trauma))
                      • hemiplegia [ENG31-14583236-n] (paralysis of one side of the body)
                      • quadriplegia [ENG31-14583349-n] (paralysis of both arms and both legs)
                  • sarcoidosis [ENG31-14588515-n] (a chronic disease of unknown cause marked by the formation of nodules in the lungs and liver and lymph glands and salivary glands)
                  • carotenemia [ENG31-14590187-n] (excess carotene in the blood stream)
                  • stasis [ENG31-14591393-n] (an abnormal state in which the normal flow of a liquid (such as blood) is slowed or stopped)
                  • uropathy [ENG31-14596741-n] (any pathology of the urinary tract)

                    • kidney disease [ENG31-14136710-n] (a disease affecting the kidneys)

                      • nephritis [ENG31-14137280-n] (an inflammation of the kidney)

                        • glomerulonephritis [ENG31-14139560-n] (nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney)
                      • nephrosclerosis [ENG31-14137420-n] (kidney disease that is usually associated with hypertension)
                      • polycystic kidney disease [ENG31-14137668-n] (kidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys containing many cysts)
                      • polyuria [ENG31-14137847-n] (renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine)
                      • renal failure [ENG31-14138037-n] (inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance)

                        • acute renal failure [ENG31-14138368-n] (renal failure associated with burns or other trauma or with acute infection or obstruction of the urinary tract)
                        • chronic renal failure [ENG31-14138568-n] (renal failure that can result from a variety of systemic disorders)
                      • renal insufficiency [ENG31-14138255-n] (insufficient excretion of wastes by the kidneys)
                  • varicosis [ENG31-14596977-n] (pathological condition of being varicose or having varicose veins)
                  • viremia [ENG31-14597391-n] (the presence of a virus in the blood stream)
                  • volvulus [ENG31-14597559-n] (abnormal twisting of the intestines (usually in the area of the ileum or sigmoid colon) resulting in intestinal obstruction)
                • affliction [ENG31-14236681-n] (a condition of suffering or distress due to ill health)

                  • deformity [ENG31-14236994-n] (an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed)

                    • Arnold-Chiari deformity [ENG31-14237349-n] (deformity in which part of the brain protrudes through the skull)
                    • clawfoot [ENG31-14237483-n] (a deformity of the foot characterized by an abnormally high arch and hyperextension of the toes which gives the foot the appearance of a claw)
                    • cleft foot [ENG31-14237691-n] (a deformity in which the space between the third and fourth toes extends up into the foot)
                    • clubfoot [ENG31-14238066-n] (congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes)

                      • talipes valgus [ENG31-14238301-n] (deformity of the foot in which the foot is twisted outward)
                      • talipes equinus [ENG31-14238420-n] (talipes in which the toes are pointed downward)
                      • talipes calcaneus [ENG31-14238528-n] (talipes in which the toes are pointed upward and the person walks on the heel of the foot)
                    • pigeon breast [ENG31-14238681-n] (abnormal protrusion of the breastbone caused by rickets)
                    • plagiocephaly [ENG31-14491269-n] (congenital malformation of the skull in which the main axis of the skull is oblique)
                    • scaphocephaly [ENG31-14492092-n] (congenital malformation of the skull which is long and narrow)
                    • valgus [ENG31-14492277-n] (a deformity in which there is an abnormal displacement of part of a limb away from the midline of the body)
                    • varus [ENG31-14492454-n] (a deformity in which part of a limb is turned inward to an abnormal degree)
                • injury [ENG31-14309164-n] (any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.)

                  • brain damage [ENG31-14108702-n] (injury to the brain that impairs its functions (especially permanently))
                  • birth trauma [ENG31-14311497-n] (physical injury to an infant during the birth process)
                  • blast trauma [ENG31-14311609-n] (injury caused the explosion of a bomb (especially in enclosed spaces))
                  • bleeding [ENG31-14311737-n] (the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel)

                    • cerebral hemorrhage [ENG31-14393796-n] (bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain)
                    • hyphema [ENG31-14394131-n] (bleeding into the interior chamber of the eye)
                    • metrorrhagia [ENG31-14394230-n] (bleeding from the uterus that is not due to menstruation)
                    • nosebleed [ENG31-14394397-n] (bleeding from the nose)
                    • ulemorrhagia [ENG31-14394487-n] (bleeding of the gums)
                  • blunt trauma [ENG31-14312227-n] (injury incurred when the human body hits or is hit by a large outside object (as a car))
                  • bruise [ENG31-14312373-n] (an injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration)

                    • ecchymosis [ENG31-14312581-n] (the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise)
                    • petechia [ENG31-14312695-n] (a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever))
                    • shiner [ENG31-14312889-n] (a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye)
                  • bump [ENG31-14313006-n] (a lump on the body caused by a blow)
                  • burn [ENG31-14313092-n] (an injury caused by exposure to heat or chemicals or radiation)

                    • electric burn [ENG31-14313331-n] (a burn caused by heat produced by an electric current)
                    • scorch [ENG31-14313444-n] (a surface burn)
                    • scald [ENG31-14313609-n] (a burn cause by hot liquid or steam)
                    • first-degree burn [ENG31-14314675-n] (burn causing redness of the skin surface)
                    • second-degree burn [ENG31-14314797-n] (burn causing blisters on the skin and superficial destruction of the dermis)
                    • third-degree burn [ENG31-14314937-n] (burn characterized by destruction of both epidermis and dermis)
                  • dislocation [ENG31-14315063-n] (a displacement of a part (especially a bone) from its normal position (as in the shoulder or the vertebral column))

                    • abarticulation [ENG31-14317773-n] (dislocation of a joint)
                    • diastasis [ENG31-14317856-n] (separation of an epiphysis from the long bone to which it is normally attached without fracture of the bone)
                    • spondylolisthesis [ENG31-14318019-n] (a forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it producing pressure on spinal nerves)
                  • electric shock [ENG31-14315325-n] (trauma caused by the passage of electric current through the body (as from contact with high voltage lines or being struck by lightning))
                  • fracture [ENG31-14315592-n] (breaking of hard tissue such as bone)

                    • comminuted fracture [ENG31-14316073-n] (fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed)
                    • complete fracture [ENG31-14316190-n] (break involving the entire width of the bone)
                    • compound fracture [ENG31-14316298-n] (bone fracture associated with lacerated soft tissue or an open wound)
                    • compression fracture [ENG31-14316446-n] (fracture in which the bone collapses (especially in short bones such as vertebrae))
                    • depressed fracture [ENG31-14316595-n] (fracture of the skull where the bone is pushed in)
                    • displaced fracture [ENG31-14316709-n] (fracture in which the two ends of the broken bone are separated from one another)
                    • fatigue fracture [ENG31-14316854-n] (fracture resulting from excessive activity rather than a specific injury)
                    • hairline fracture [ENG31-14317007-n] (a fracture without separation of the fragments and the line of the break being very thin)
                    • incomplete fracture [ENG31-14317342-n] (fracture that does not go across the entire width of the bone)

                      • greenstick fracture [ENG31-14317180-n] (a partial fracture of a bone (usually in children))
                    • impacted fracture [ENG31-14317487-n] (fracture in which one broken end is wedged into the other broken end)
                    • simple fracture [ENG31-14317619-n] (an uncomplicated fracture in which the broken bones to not pierce the skin)
                  • frostbite [ENG31-14318180-n] (destruction of tissue by freezing and characterized by tingling, blistering and possibly gangrene)

                    • trench foot [ENG31-14322982-n] (resembling frostbite but without freezing)
                  • intravasation [ENG31-14318363-n] (entry of foreign matter into a blood vessel)
                  • penetrating trauma [ENG31-14318466-n] (injury incurred when an object (as a knife or bullet or shrapnel) penetrates into the body)
                  • pinch [ENG31-14318642-n] (an injury resulting from getting some body part squeezed)
                  • rupture [ENG31-14318750-n] (state of being torn or burst open)

                    • hernia [ENG31-14318891-n] (rupture in smooth muscle tissue through which a bodily structure protrudes)

                      • colpocele [ENG31-14319193-n] (hernia projecting into the vagina)

                        • cystocele [ENG31-14320468-n] (hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the wall of the vagina)
                        • rectocele [ENG31-14320652-n] (protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina)
                      • diverticulum [ENG31-14319331-n] (a herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ (especially the colon))

                        • Meckel's diverticulum [ENG31-14319488-n] (a congenital diverticulum in the ileum resulting from incomplete closure of the yolk sac)
                      • eventration [ENG31-14319644-n] (protrusion of the intestine through the abdominal wall)
                      • exomphalos [ENG31-14319756-n] (an umbilical hernia at birth in which some abdominal organs push into the umbilical cord)
                      • hiatus hernia [ENG31-14319901-n] (hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm)
                      • inguinal hernia [ENG31-14320304-n] (hernia in which a loop of intestine enters the inguinal canal)
                      • keratocele [ENG31-14320831-n] (hernia of the cornea)
                      • laparocele [ENG31-14320908-n] (hernia through the abdomen)
                      • umbilical hernia [ENG31-14320991-n] (protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a hernia in the abdominal wall near the navel)
                    • herniated disc [ENG31-14320081-n] (a painful rupture of the fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae)
                  • sting [ENG31-14321372-n] (a painful wound caused by the thrust of an insect's stinger into skin)

                    • bee sting [ENG31-14311243-n] (a sting inflicted by a bee)
                    • flea bite [ENG31-14311325-n] (sting inflicted by a flea)
                    • mosquito bite [ENG31-14311406-n] (a sting inflicted by a mosquito)
                  • strain [ENG31-14321604-n] (injury to a muscle (often caused by overuse))
                  • whiplash [ENG31-14321922-n] (an injury to the neck (the cervical vertebrae) resulting from rapid acceleration or deceleration (as in an automobile accident))
                  • wale [ENG31-14322122-n] (a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip))
                  • wound [ENG31-14322317-n] (an injury to living tissue (especially an injury involving a cut or break in the skin))

                    • raw wound [ENG31-14309841-n] (a wound that exposes subcutaneous tissue)
                    • stigmata [ENG31-14309937-n] (marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ)
                    • abrasion [ENG31-14310051-n] (an abraded area where the skin is torn or worn off)

                      • graze [ENG31-14310387-n] (a superficial abrasion)
                      • rope burn [ENG31-14310497-n] (abrasion (usually on the hands) caused by friction from a rope)
                    • cut [ENG31-14310615-n] (a wound made by cutting)
                    • laceration [ENG31-14310816-n] (a torn ragged wound)
                    • bite [ENG31-14310910-n] (a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person)

                      • dog bite [ENG31-14311069-n] (a bite inflicted by a dog)
                      • snakebite [ENG31-14311149-n] (a bite inflicted by a (venomous) snake)
                  • wrench [ENG31-14322572-n] (a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments)

                    • sprain [ENG31-14322838-n] (a painful injury to a joint caused by a sudden wrenching of its ligaments)
                • unfitness [ENG31-14570961-n] (poor physical condition)

                  • infirmity [ENG31-14571235-n] (the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age))

                    • asthenia [ENG31-14571568-n] (an abnormal loss of strength)
                    • cachexia [ENG31-14571697-n] (any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease)
                  • disability [ENG31-14571935-n] (the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness)

                    • anorgasmia [ENG31-14080070-n] (absence of an orgasm in sexual relations)
                    • dysphasia [ENG31-14123267-n] (an impairment of language (especially speech production) that is usually due to brain damage)
                    • disability of walking [ENG31-14572505-n] (a disability that interferes with or prevents walking)

                      • abasia [ENG31-14572662-n] (inability to walk)

                        • abasia trepidans [ENG31-14572876-n] (abasia due to trembling of the legs)
                        • atactic abasia [ENG31-14572974-n] (abasia due to ataxia of the legs)
                        • choreic abasia [ENG31-14573083-n] (abasia related to abnormal movements of the legs)
                        • paralytic abasia [ENG31-14573192-n] (abasia related to paralysis of the leg muscles)
                        • paroxysmal trepidant abasia [ENG31-14573301-n] (abasia related to spasticity of the legs)
                        • spastic abasia [ENG31-14573415-n] (abasia due to spastic contractions of the leg muscles)
                      • lameness [ENG31-14573529-n] (disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet)

                        • intermittent claudication [ENG31-14573787-n] (lameness due to pain in leg muscles because the blood supply is inadequate)
                    • astasia [ENG31-14573958-n] (inability to stand due to muscular incoordination)
                    • amputation [ENG31-14574061-n] (a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs)
                    • hearing impairment [ENG31-14574389-n] (impairment of the sense of hearing)

                      • deafness [ENG31-14574579-n] (partial or complete loss of hearing)

                        • tone deafness [ENG31-14575296-n] (an inability to distinguish differences in pitch)
                        • deaf-mutism [ENG31-14575414-n] (congenital deafness that results in inability to speak)
                      • conductive hearing loss [ENG31-14574738-n] (hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear)
                      • hyperacusis [ENG31-14574913-n] (abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism)
                      • sensorineural hearing loss [ENG31-14575157-n] (hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve)
                    • dysomia [ENG31-14575947-n] (impairment of the sense of smell)

                      • anosmia [ENG31-14576069-n] (absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages))
                      • hyposmia [ENG31-14576310-n] (lessened sensitivity to odors)
                    • visual impairment [ENG31-14576394-n] (impairment of the sense of sight)

                      • amaurosis [ENG31-14119894-n] (partial or total loss of sight without pathology of the eye)
                      • amblyopia [ENG31-14120080-n] (visual impairment without apparent organic pathology)
                      • ametropia [ENG31-14120206-n] ((ophthalmology) faulty refraction of light rays in the eye as in astigmatism or myopia)

                        • myopia [ENG31-14576882-n] ((ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability)
                        • astigmatism [ENG31-14577182-n] ((ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea)

                          • keratectasia [ENG31-14127600-n] (abnormal bulging of the cornea of the eye)
                          • keratoconus [ENG31-14127700-n] (abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea of the eye)
                        • hyperopia [ENG31-14577603-n] (abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects)

                          • presbyopia [ENG31-14578806-n] (a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45)
                      • aniseikonia [ENG31-14120644-n] (visual defect in which the shape and size of an ocular image differ in the two eyes)
                      • anorthopia [ENG31-14120803-n] (distorted vision in which straight lines appear curved)
                      • aphakia [ENG31-14120914-n] (absence of the natural lens of the eye (usually resulting from the removal of cataracts))
                      • blindness [ENG31-14150142-n] (the state of being blind or lacking sight)

                        • legal blindness [ENG31-14150390-n] (vision that is 20/200 or worse in both eyes (20/200 vision is the ability to see at 20 feet what a normal eye can see at 200 feet))
                        • anopia [ENG31-14577465-n] (sightlessness (especially because of a structural defect in or the absence of an eye))
                        • snowblindness [ENG31-14579382-n] (temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice)
                        • eyelessness [ENG31-14580798-n] (blindness due to loss of the eyes)
                        • figural blindness [ENG31-14580907-n] (inability to see shapes and contours)
                      • color blindness [ENG31-14176492-n] (genetic inability to distinguish differences in hue)

                        • dichromacy [ENG31-14177098-n] (a deficiency of color vision in which the person can match any given hue by mixing only two other wavelengths of light (as opposed to the three wavelengths needed by people with normal color vision))

                          • red-green dichromacy [ENG31-14177464-n] (confusion of red and green)

                            • deuteranopia [ENG31-14177650-n] (dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to green light resulting in an inability to distinguish green and purplish-red)
                            • protanopia [ENG31-14177903-n] (dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to long wavelengths of light resulting in an inability to distinguish red and purplish blue)
                          • yellow-blue dichromacy [ENG31-14178151-n] (confusion of yellow and blue)

                            • tetartanopia [ENG31-14178314-n] (a form of dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to yellow light)
                            • tritanopia [ENG31-14178513-n] (rare form of dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to blue light resulting in an inability to distinguish blue and yellow)
                        • monochromacy [ENG31-14178756-n] (complete color blindness)
                      • diplopia [ENG31-14176767-n] (visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects)
                      • hemeralopia [ENG31-14577937-n] (inability to see clearly in bright light)
                      • hemianopia [ENG31-14578051-n] (blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes)
                      • quadrantanopia [ENG31-14578183-n] (blindness in one fourth of the visual field)
                      • metamorphopsia [ENG31-14578287-n] (a defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted)
                      • photoretinitis [ENG31-14578651-n] (damage to the retina resulting from exposure of the eye to the sun without adequate protection)
                      • retinal detachment [ENG31-14579554-n] (visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye)
                      • scotoma [ENG31-14579795-n] (an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field)

                        • annular scotoma [ENG31-14580018-n] (a circular scotoma surrounding the center of the field of vision)
                        • central scotoma [ENG31-14580144-n] (a scotoma that involves the fixation point)
                        • hemianopic scotoma [ENG31-14580248-n] (a scotoma involving half of the visual field)
                        • paracentral scotoma [ENG31-14580357-n] (a scotoma that is adjacent to the fixation point)
                        • scintillating scotoma [ENG31-14580471-n] (a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights)
                      • tunnel vision [ENG31-14580683-n] (visual impairment involving a loss of peripheral vision)
                      • xanthopsia [ENG31-14597737-n] (visual defect in which objects appear to have a yellowish hue)
                    • prolapse [ENG31-14582800-n] (the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus))

                      • enteroptosis [ENG31-14117073-n] (an abnormally downward position of the intestines in the abdominal cavity)
                      • glossoptosis [ENG31-14197690-n] (abnormal downward or back placement of the tongue)
                      • metroptosis [ENG31-14582393-n] (prolapse of the uterus)
                      • nephroptosis [ENG31-14582491-n] (prolapse of the kidney)
                      • ptosis [ENG31-14582587-n] (drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness)

                        • brow ptosis [ENG31-14582726-n] (sagging eyebrows)
                      • ureterocele [ENG31-14596182-n] (prolapse of the end of the ureter into the bladder)
                      • urethrocele [ENG31-14596399-n] (prolapse of the urethra into the vagina)
                    • hypoesthesia [ENG31-14583444-n] (impairment of tactile sensitivity)
                    • knock-knee [ENG31-14583575-n] (an inward slant of the thigh)
                    • pigeon toes [ENG31-14583707-n] (disability in which the toes are turned inward)
                    • bow leg [ENG31-14583845-n] (outward curvature of the legs)
                    • disintegration [ENG31-14585053-n] (a loss (or serious disruption) of organization in some system)
            • disorder [ENG31-14075885-n] (a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning)

              • immunological disorder [ENG31-13997437-n] (a disorder of the immune system)

                • immunodeficiency [ENG31-13997764-n] (immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced)

                  • agammaglobulinemia [ENG31-14151813-n] (a rare immunological disorder characterized by the virtual absence of gamma globulin in the blood and consequent susceptibility to infection)
                  • hypogammaglobulinemia [ENG31-14152132-n] (an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the blood and increased risk of infection)
                • immunosuppression [ENG31-13998067-n] (lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances)
                • anergy [ENG31-14152018-n] (reduction or lack of an immune response to a specific antigen)
              • functional disorder [ENG31-14076866-n] (disorder showing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified)
              • organic disorder [ENG31-14077040-n] (disorder caused by a detectable physiological or structural change in an organ)
              • abocclusion [ENG31-14077447-n] (the condition in which the upper teeth do not touch the lower teeth when biting)
              • abruptio placentae [ENG31-14077584-n] (a disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus)
              • achlorhydria [ENG31-14077744-n] (an abnormal deficiency or absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice)
              • acholia [ENG31-14077947-n] (a condition in which little or no bile is secreted or the flow of bile into the digestive tract is obstructed)
              • achylia [ENG31-14078124-n] (absence of gastric juices (partial or complete))
              • acute brain disorder [ENG31-14078244-n] (any disorder (as sudden confusion or disorientation) in an otherwise normal person that is due to reversible (temporary) impairment of brain tissues (as by head injuries or drugs or infection))
              • ailment [ENG31-14078890-n] (an often persistent bodily disorder or disease)

                • pip [ENG31-14226751-n] (a minor nonspecific ailment)
              • eating disorder [ENG31-14079105-n] (a disorder of the normal eating routine)

                • anorexia [ENG31-14079278-n] (a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite)

                  • anorexia nervosa [ENG31-14084745-n] ((psychiatry) a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated)
                • pica [ENG31-14079459-n] (an eating disorder, frequent in children, in which non-nutritional objects are eaten persistently)

                  • geophagy [ENG31-00842559-n] (eating earth, clay, chalk)
                • bulimarexia [ENG31-14080167-n] (a disorder of eating in which the person alternates between strong craving for food and aversion to food)
                • bulimia [ENG31-14080483-n] (a disorder of eating seen among young women who go on eating binges and then feel guilt and depression and self-condemnation)
              • bladder disorder [ENG31-14080703-n] (a disorder of the urinary bladder)

                • flaccid bladder [ENG31-14424644-n] (a urinary bladder disorder resulting from interruption of the reflex arc normally associated with voiding urine)
                • neurogenic bladder [ENG31-14424916-n] (a urinary bladder disorder caused by a lesion in the nervous system)
                • spastic bladder [ENG31-14425048-n] (a urinary bladder disorder resulting from spinal cord lesion or multiple sclerosis or trauma)
              • cardiovascular disease [ENG31-14080853-n] (a disease of the heart or blood vessels)

                • heart disease [ENG31-14126770-n] (a disease of the heart)

                  • coronary heart disease [ENG31-14126113-n] (a heart disease due to an abnormality of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart)
                  • angina pectoris [ENG31-14131521-n] (a heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart)
                  • cardiac arrhythmia [ENG31-14134156-n] (an abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart)

                    • flutter [ENG31-14134837-n] (abnormally rapid beating of the auricles of the heart (especially in a regular rhythm))
                    • gallop rhythm [ENG31-14135022-n] (cardiac rhythm characterized by the presence of an extra sound)
                    • bradycardia [ENG31-14385915-n] (abnormally slow heartbeat)
                    • heart block [ENG31-14385998-n] (recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat)
                    • premature ventricular contraction [ENG31-14386246-n] (irregularity of cardiac rhythm)
                    • tachycardia [ENG31-14386432-n] (abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute))
                  • cardiomyopathy [ENG31-14134448-n] (a disorder (usually of unknown origin) of the heart muscle (myocardium))

                    • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [ENG31-14134615-n] (a disorder in which the heart muscle is so strong that it does not relax enough to fill with the heart with blood and so has reduced pumping ability)
                  • heart failure [ENG31-14135737-n] (inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal bodily functions)

                    • congestive heart failure [ENG31-14136201-n] (inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues)
                  • valvular heart disease [ENG31-14135948-n] (heart disease caused by stenosis of the cardiac valves and obstructed blood flow or caused by degeneration and blood regurgitation)

                    • mitral valve prolapse [ENG31-14135197-n] (cardiopathy resulting from the mitral valve not regulating the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart)
                  • rheumatic heart disease [ENG31-14166465-n] (heart disease caused by recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever)
                • high blood pressure [ENG31-14126992-n] (a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater))

                  • essential hypertension [ENG31-14128127-n] (persistent and pathological high blood pressure for which no specific cause can be found)
                  • malignant hypertension [ENG31-14128573-n] (severe hypertension that runs a rapid course and damages the inner linings of the blood vessels and the heart and spleen and kidneys and brain)

                    • portal hypertension [ENG31-14128312-n] (increase in blood pressure in the veins of the portal system caused by obstruction in the liver (often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis), causing enlargement of the spleen and collateral veins)
                  • secondary hypertension [ENG31-14128868-n] (hypertension that is secondary to another disease)
                  • white-coat hypertension [ENG31-14128986-n] (temporary rise in blood pressure in the doctor's office)
                • hypotension [ENG31-14128004-n] (abnormally low blood pressure)

                  • orthostatic hypotension [ENG31-14127849-n] (low blood pressure occurring in some people when they stand up)
                • aneurysm [ENG31-14129507-n] (a cardiovascular disease characterized by a saclike widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall)

                  • aortic aneurysm [ENG31-14129834-n] (an aneurysm of the aorta)

                    • abdominal aortic aneurysm [ENG31-14129938-n] (an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with old age and hypertension)
                  • cerebral aneurysm [ENG31-14131135-n] (an aneurysm of the carotid artery)
                  • intracranial aneurysm [ENG31-14131232-n] (an aneurysm of a cranial artery)
                  • ventricular aneurysm [ENG31-14131331-n] (a localized dilation or protrusion on the wall of the left ventricle of the heart (occurring after a myocardial infarction))
                • circulatory failure [ENG31-14135583-n] (failure of the cardiovascular system to supply adequate amounts of blood to body tissues)
              • celiac disease [ENG31-14081310-n] (a disorder in children and adults)
              • cheilosis [ENG31-14081548-n] (a disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)
              • choking [ENG31-14081734-n] (a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs (as with food or swelling of the larynx))
              • colpoxerosis [ENG31-14081938-n] (a condition in which the vagina is unusually dry)
              • degenerative disorder [ENG31-14082045-n] (condition leading to progressive loss of function)

                • demyelination [ENG31-14082252-n] (loss of the myelin covering of some nerve fibers resulting in their impaired function)
                • dystrophy [ENG31-14082818-n] (any degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate or faulty nutrition)

                  • osteodystrophy [ENG31-14082963-n] (defective bone development)
                • paralysis agitans [ENG31-14117832-n] (a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremor and impaired muscular coordination)
                • chorea [ENG31-14118363-n] (any of several degenerative nervous disorders characterized by spasmodic movements of the body and limbs)

                  • orthochorea [ENG31-14118921-n] (a form of chorea in which spasms occur mainly when the patient is erect)
                  • Sydenham's chorea [ENG31-14119050-n] (chorea occurring chiefly in children and associated with rheumatic fever)
                  • tarantism [ENG31-14119224-n] (a nervous disorder characterized by an uncontrollable impulse to dance)
              • dysaphia [ENG31-14082416-n] (a disorder in the sense of touch)
              • dysosmia [ENG31-14082503-n] (a disorder in the sense of smell)
              • dysphagia [ENG31-14082625-n] (condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful)
              • dysuria [ENG31-14082734-n] (painful or difficult urination)
              • failure [ENG31-14083145-n] (loss of ability to function normally)
              • fantods [ENG31-14083307-n] (an ill-defined state of irritability and distress)
              • glandular disease [ENG31-14083410-n] (a disorder of the glands of the body)

                • hyperparathyroidism [ENG31-14100474-n] (excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood)
                • hypoparathyroidism [ENG31-14100751-n] (inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood)
                • hyperpituitarism [ENG31-14100936-n] (excessive activity of the pituitary gland (especially overactivity of the anterior lobe which leads to excess secretion of growth hormone))
                • Addison's disease [ENG31-14140390-n] (a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin)
                • adenopathy [ENG31-14140655-n] (a glandular disease or enlargement of glandular tissue (especially of the lymph glands))
                • aldosteronism [ENG31-14140799-n] (a condition caused by overproduction of aldosterone)
                • Cushing's disease [ENG31-14140931-n] (a glandular disorder caused by excessive ACTH resulting in greater than normal functioning of the adrenal gland)
                • Cushing's syndrome [ENG31-14141150-n] (a glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol)
                • hyperthyroidism [ENG31-14144249-n] (an overactive thyroid gland)
                • hypothyroidism [ENG31-14144758-n] (an underactive thyroid gland)

                  • myxedema [ENG31-14144982-n] (hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips and nose as well as mental deterioration)
                  • cretinism [ENG31-14145149-n] (severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting)
              • hyperactivity [ENG31-14083738-n] (a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement)
              • impaction [ENG31-14083899-n] (a disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally)
              • impaction [ENG31-14084057-n] (a disorder in which feces are impacted in the lower colon)
              • learning disorder [ENG31-14084170-n] (a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills)

                • dyscalculia [ENG31-14122921-n] (impaired ability to learn grade-appropriate mathematics)
                • dysgraphia [ENG31-14123034-n] (impaired ability to learn to write)
                • dyslexia [ENG31-14123125-n] (impaired ability to learn to read)
              • malocclusion [ENG31-14084411-n] ((dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally)

                • overbite [ENG31-14084579-n] ((dentistry) malocclusion in which the upper teeth extend abnormally far over the lower teeth)
              • idiopathic disease [ENG31-14098197-n] (any disease arising from internal dysfunctions of unknown cause)
              • mental disorder [ENG31-14107272-n] ((psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion)

                • Asperger's syndrome [ENG31-14107773-n] (a psychiatric disorder usually noted during early school years)
                • anxiety disorder [ENG31-14403878-n] (a cover term for a variety of mental disorders in which severe anxiety is a salient symptom)

                  • generalized anxiety disorder [ENG31-14404122-n] (an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months)
                  • obsessive-compulsive disorder [ENG31-14404422-n] (an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviors)
                  • panic disorder [ENG31-14404654-n] (an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks)
                  • phobia [ENG31-14404821-n] (an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations)

                    • agoraphobia [ENG31-14405245-n] (a morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of being caught alone in some public place))
                    • simple phobia [ENG31-14405643-n] (any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with relatively simple well-defined stimuli)

                      • acrophobia [ENG31-14406171-n] (a morbid fear of great heights)
                      • algophobia [ENG31-14406276-n] (a morbid fear of pain)
                      • aquaphobia [ENG31-14406372-n] (a morbid fear of drowning)
                      • astraphobia [ENG31-14406472-n] (a morbid fear of thunder and lightning)
                      • automysophobia [ENG31-14406568-n] (a morbid fear of being dirty)
                      • claustrophobia [ENG31-14406657-n] (a morbid fear of being closed in a confined space)
                      • cryophobia [ENG31-14406767-n] (a morbid fear of freezing)
                      • cyberphobia [ENG31-14406849-n] (irrational fear of computers or technology)
                      • hydrophobia [ENG31-14406949-n] (a morbid fear of water)
                      • hypnophobia [ENG31-14407164-n] (a morbid fear of falling asleep)
                      • mysophobia [ENG31-14407253-n] (a morbid fear of dirt or contamination)
                      • neophobia [ENG31-14407366-n] (a morbid fear of novelty)
                      • nyctophobia [ENG31-14407446-n] (a morbid fear of night or darkness)
                      • phobophobia [ENG31-14407538-n] (a morbid fear of developing a phobia)
                      • phonophobia [ENG31-14407632-n] (a morbid fear of sounds including your own voice)
                      • photophobia [ENG31-14407756-n] (a morbid fear of light)
                      • pyrophobia [ENG31-14407836-n] (a morbid fear of fire)
                      • taphephobia [ENG31-14407914-n] (a morbid fear of being buried alive)
                      • thanatophobia [ENG31-14408007-n] (a morbid fear of death)
                      • triskaidekaphobia [ENG31-14408089-n] (a morbid fear of the number 13)
                      • zoophobia [ENG31-14408201-n] (a morbid fear of animals)

                        • acarophobia [ENG31-14405137-n] (a morbid fear of small insects and mites and worms)
                        • arachnophobia [ENG31-14405480-n] (a morbid fear of spiders)
                        • ailurophobia [ENG31-14408407-n] (a morbid fear of cats)
                        • cynophobia [ENG31-14408487-n] (a morbid fear of dogs)
                        • entomophobia [ENG31-14408565-n] (a morbid fear of insects)
                        • lepidophobia [ENG31-14408648-n] (a morbid fear of snakes)
                        • musophobia [ENG31-14408730-n] (a morbid fear of mice)
                    • social phobia [ENG31-14408808-n] (any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with situations in which you are subject to criticism by others (as fear of eating in public or public speaking etc))

                      • androphobia [ENG31-14405402-n] (a morbid fear of men)
                      • gynophobia [ENG31-14405564-n] (a morbid fear of women)
                      • satanophobia [ENG31-14409139-n] (an abnormal fear of Satan)
                      • school phobia [ENG31-14409223-n] (a child's sudden fear of attending school)
                      • traumatophobia [ENG31-14409324-n] (a morbid fear of battle or physical injury)
                      • xenophobia [ENG31-14409427-n] (a fear of foreigners or strangers)
                  • posttraumatic stress disorder [ENG31-14409535-n] (an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images)

                    • battle fatigue [ENG31-14412001-n] (a mental disorder caused by stress of active warfare)
                • psychosomatic disorder [ENG31-14409880-n] (a mental disorder that causes somatic symptoms)
                • aberration [ENG31-14409995-n] (a disorder in one's mental state)
                • conversion disorder [ENG31-14410102-n] (a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause))

                  • glove anesthesia [ENG31-14410373-n] (a mental disorder involving loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist)
                • delirium [ENG31-14410607-n] (a usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion often accompanied by hallucinations)
                • delusional disorder [ENG31-14410754-n] (any mental disorder in which delusions play a significant role)
                • encopresis [ENG31-14410882-n] (involuntary defecation not attributable to physical defects or illness)
                • folie a deux [ENG31-14411009-n] (the simultaneous occurrence of symptoms of a mental disorder (as delusions) in two persons who are closely related (as siblings or man and wife))
                • personality disorder [ENG31-14411212-n] (inflexible and maladaptive patterns of behavior)

                  • maladjustment [ENG31-14411380-n] (the condition of being unable to adapt properly to your environment with resulting emotional instability)
                  • antisocial personality disorder [ENG31-14411544-n] (a personality disorder characterized by amorality and lack of affect)
                  • schizotypal personality [ENG31-14412163-n] (characterized by symptoms similar to but less severe than schizophrenia)
                • affective disorder [ENG31-14412315-n] (any mental disorder not caused by detectable organic abnormalities of the brain and in which a major disturbance of emotions is predominant)

                  • depressive disorder [ENG31-14412645-n] (a state of depression and anhedonia so severe as to require clinical intervention)

                    • agitated depression [ENG31-14412989-n] (a state of clinical depression in which the person exhibits irritability and restlessness)
                    • anaclitic depression [ENG31-14413144-n] (severe and progressive depression in infants who lose their mother and do not get a suitable substitute)
                    • dysthymia [ENG31-14413314-n] (mild chronic depression)
                    • endogenous depression [ENG31-14413514-n] (a state of depression for which there is no apparent precipitating cause)
                    • exogenous depression [ENG31-14413654-n] (an inappropriate state of depression that is precipitated by events in the person's life (to be distinguished from normal grief))
                    • major depressive episode [ENG31-14413871-n] ((psychiatry) a state of depression with all the classic symptoms (anhedonia and lethargy and sleep disturbance and despondency and morbid thoughts and feelings of worthlessness and sometimes attempted suicide) but with no known organic dysfunction)

                      • involutional depression [ENG31-14414244-n] (a major depressive episode associated with the climacteric)
                      • unipolar depression [ENG31-14414885-n] (a major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase that occurs in the classic form of bipolar disorder)
                    • neurotic depression [ENG31-14414372-n] (a term used for any state of depression that is not psychotic)
                    • psychotic depression [ENG31-14414517-n] (a state of depression so severe that the person loses contact with reality and suffers a variety of functional impairments)
                    • retarded depression [ENG31-14414724-n] (a state of clinical depression in which the individual is lethargic and slow to initiate action)
                  • mania [ENG31-14415065-n] (a mood disorder)

                    • craze [ENG31-14415281-n] (state of violent mental agitation)

                      • nympholepsy [ENG31-14114500-n] (a frenzy of emotion)
                      • mass hysteria [ENG31-14415548-n] (a condition in which a large group of people exhibit the same state of violent mental agitation)
                  • bipolar disorder [ENG31-14416044-n] (a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression)

                    • cyclothymia [ENG31-14416267-n] (a mild bipolar disorder that persists over a long time)
                • schizothymia [ENG31-14416438-n] (resembling schizophrenia but remaining within the bounds of normality)
                • neurosis [ENG31-14416566-n] (a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction)

                  • hysteria [ENG31-14416843-n] (neurotic disorder characterized by violent emotional outbreaks and disturbances of sensory and motor functions)

                    • anxiety hysteria [ENG31-14417121-n] (a form of hysteria having features of both conversion disorder and anxiety neurosis)
                    • hysterocatalepsy [ENG31-14417267-n] (hysteria with cataleptic symptoms)
                  • anxiety neurosis [ENG31-14417363-n] (characterized by diffuse anxiety and often somatic manifestations of fear)
                • dissociative disorder [ENG31-14440704-n] (dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down)

                  • depersonalization [ENG31-14417499-n] (emotional dissociative disorder in which there is loss of contact with your own personal reality accompanied by feelings of unreality and strangeness)
                  • fugue [ENG31-14417884-n] (dissociative disorder in which a person forgets who they are and leaves home to create a new life)
                  • split personality [ENG31-14418187-n] (a relatively rare dissociative disorder in which the usual integrity of the personality breaks down and two or more independent personalities emerge)
              • metabolic disorder [ENG31-14107984-n] (a disorder or defect of metabolism)

                • alkaptonuria [ENG31-14108191-n] (a rare recessive metabolic anomaly marked by ochronosis and the presence of alkapton in the urine)
                • lipidosis [ENG31-14217193-n] (a disorder of lipid metabolism)
                • lysine intolerance [ENG31-14217665-n] (a disorder in which a lack of certain enzymes makes it impossible to digest the amino acid lysine)
                • hyperlipoproteinemia [ENG31-14293882-n] (any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in high levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood)
                • hypolipoproteinemia [ENG31-14294116-n] (any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in low levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood)

                  • hypobetalipoproteinemia [ENG31-14182294-n] (a hereditary disorder characterized by low levels of beta-lipoproteins and lipids and cholesterol)
              • nervous disorder [ENG31-14108362-n] (a disorder of the nervous system)

                • brain disorder [ENG31-14109190-n] (any disorder or disease of the brain)

                  • epilepsy [ENG31-14109625-n] (a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions)

                    • akinetic epilepsy [ENG31-14110010-n] (epilepsy characterized by akinesia)
                    • cortical epilepsy [ENG31-14110108-n] (epilepsy in which the attacks begins with an isolated disturbance of cerebral function (as a twitching of a limb or an illusory sensation or a mental disturbance))

                      • Jacksonian epilepsy [ENG31-14111240-n] (focal epilepsy in which the attack usually moves from distal to proximal limb muscles on the same side of the body)
                      • sensory epilepsy [ENG31-14113898-n] (focal epilepsy initiated by somatosensory phenomena)
                    • grand mal epilepsy [ENG31-14110995-n] (epilepsy in which the attacks involve loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the musculature followed by generalized jerking)
                    • myoclonus epilepsy [ENG31-14111420-n] (epilepsy characterized by clonus of muscle groups and progressive mental deterioration and genetic origin)
                    • petit mal epilepsy [ENG31-14111609-n] (epilepsy characterized by paroxysmal attacks of brief clouding of consciousness (and possibly other abnormalities))
                    • posttraumatic epilepsy [ENG31-14112932-n] (a convulsive epileptic state caused by a head injury)
                    • procursive epilepsy [ENG31-14113074-n] (epilepsy in which a seizure is induced by whirling or running)
                    • psychomotor epilepsy [ENG31-14113456-n] (epilepsy characterized clinically by impairment of consciousness and amnesia for the episode)
                    • reflex epilepsy [ENG31-14113727-n] (a form of epilepsy in which attacks are induced by peripheral stimulation)

                      • musicogenic epilepsy [ENG31-14112722-n] (reflex epilepsy induced by music)
                      • photogenic epilepsy [ENG31-14112821-n] (reflex epilepsy induced by a flickering light)
                    • status epilepticus [ENG31-14114012-n] (a condition in which there are continuing attacks of epilepsy without intervals of consciousness)
                    • tonic epilepsy [ENG31-14114209-n] (epilepsy in which the body is rigid during the seizure)
                  • apraxia [ENG31-14114608-n] (inability to make purposeful movements)
                  • cerebral palsy [ENG31-14118135-n] (a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth)
                  • agraphia [ENG31-14119430-n] (a loss of the ability to write or to express thoughts in writing because of a brain lesion)
                  • acataphasia [ENG31-14119605-n] (a disorder in which a lesion to the central nervous system leaves you unable to formulate a statement or to express yourself in an organized manner)
                  • aphasia [ENG31-14121056-n] (inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion)

                    • auditory aphasia [ENG31-14121375-n] (an impairment in understanding spoken language that is not attributable to hearing loss)
                    • conduction aphasia [ENG31-14121560-n] (aphasia in which the lesion is assumed to be in the association tracts connecting the various language centers in the brain)
                    • global aphasia [ENG31-14121829-n] (loss of all ability to communicate)
                    • motor aphasia [ENG31-14121940-n] (aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired)
                    • nominal aphasia [ENG31-14122145-n] (inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects)
                    • transcortical aphasia [ENG31-14122346-n] (a general term for aphasia that results from lesions outside of Broca's area or Wernicke's area of the cerebral cortex)
                    • visual aphasia [ENG31-14122532-n] (inability to perceive written words)
                    • Wernicke's aphasia [ENG31-14122654-n] (aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words)
                  • agnosia [ENG31-14123415-n] (inability to recognize objects by use of the senses)

                    • astereognosis [ENG31-14079625-n] (a loss of the ability to recognize objects by handling them)
                    • auditory agnosia [ENG31-14123725-n] (inability to recognize or understand the meaning of spoken words)
                    • visual agnosia [ENG31-14123852-n] (inability to recognize or interpret objects in the visual field)
                  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [ENG31-14123976-n] (rare (usually fatal) brain disease (usually in middle age) caused by an unidentified slow virus)
                  • Wernicke's encephalopathy [ENG31-14420776-n] (inflammatory degenerative disease of the brain caused by thiamine deficiency that is usually associated with alcoholism)
                • ataxia [ENG31-14114736-n] (inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements)

                  • Friedreich's ataxia [ENG31-14115007-n] (sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord)
                  • hereditary cerebellar ataxia [ENG31-14115239-n] (nervous disorder of late childhood and early adulthood)
                • atopognosia [ENG31-14115447-n] (absence or loss of topognosia)
                • dyskinesia [ENG31-14116059-n] (abnormality in performing voluntary muscle movements)

                  • tardive dyskinesia [ENG31-14116186-n] (involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs)
                • flaccid paralysis [ENG31-14118755-n] (weakness or loss of muscle tone resulting from injury or disease of the nerves innervating the muscles)
                • athetosis [ENG31-14132420-n] (a continuous succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts)
                • kuru [ENG31-14132583-n] (a progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms)
                • nerve compression [ENG31-14132967-n] (harmful pressure on a nerve (especially in nerves that pass over rigid prominences))

                  • nerve entrapment [ENG31-14133173-n] (repeated and long-term nerve compression (usually in nerves near joints that are subject to inflammation or swelling))

                    • carpal tunnel syndrome [ENG31-14081051-n] (a painful disorder caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel)
              • hydrocele [ENG31-14217053-n] (disorder in which serous fluid accumulates in a body sac (especially in the scrotum))
              • sleep disorder [ENG31-14321198-n] (a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern)

                • hypersomnia [ENG31-14046707-n] (an inability to stay awake)

                  • catalepsy [ENG31-14093688-n] (a trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli)
                  • narcolepsy [ENG31-14330895-n] (a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep)
                • insomnia [ENG31-14046845-n] (an inability to sleep)
                • sleep terror disorder [ENG31-14048729-n] (a disorder of sleep characterized by a dream of terrifying dimensions far worse than a typical nightmare)
              • strangulation [ENG31-14321749-n] (the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage)
              • hematocolpometra [ENG31-14340860-n] (accumulation of blood in the vagina and uterus)
              • hematocolpos [ENG31-14340989-n] (accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina (usually due to an imperforate hymen))
              • speech disorder [ENG31-14424081-n] (a disorder of oral speech)

                • anarthria [ENG31-14123574-n] (partial or total loss of articulate speech resulting from lesions of the central nervous system)
                • aphonia [ENG31-14423911-n] (a disorder of the vocal organs that results in the loss of voice)
                • cataphasia [ENG31-14425282-n] (a speech disorder in which the same word is repeated several times in succession)
                • dysarthria [ENG31-14425419-n] (impaired articulatory ability resulting from defects in the peripheral motor nerves or in the speech musculature)
                • dyslogia [ENG31-14425588-n] (impaired ability to express ideas verbally)
                • dysphonia [ENG31-14425781-n] (speech disorder attributable to a disorder of phonation)
                • lallation [ENG31-14425892-n] (defective articulation of the `l' phoneme or the phoneme `r' is pronounced as `l')
                • lambdacism [ENG31-14426029-n] (speech defect involving excessive use or unusual pronunciation of the phoneme `l')
                • lisp [ENG31-14426167-n] (a speech defect that involves pronouncing `s' like voiceless `th' and `z' like voiced `th')
                • stammer [ENG31-14426326-n] (a speech disorder involving hesitations and involuntary repetitions of certain sounds)
              • sprue [ENG31-14424383-n] (a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults)
            • cellularity [ENG31-14084944-n] (the state of having cells)

              • hypercellularity [ENG31-14085081-n] (the state of having abnormally many cells)
              • hypocellularity [ENG31-14085185-n] (the state of having abnormally few cells)
            • addiction [ENG31-14086207-n] (being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs))

              • drug addiction [ENG31-14087890-n] (an addiction to a drug (especially a narcotic drug))

                • alcoholism [ENG31-14088126-n] (habitual intoxication)
                • cocaine addiction [ENG31-14088466-n] (an addiction to cocaine)
                • heroin addiction [ENG31-14088553-n] (an addiction to heroin)
                • caffein addiction [ENG31-14088638-n] (an addiction to caffein)
                • nicotine addiction [ENG31-14088725-n] (an addiction to nicotine)
            • suspended animation [ENG31-14086571-n] (a temporary cessation of vital functions with loss of consciousness resembling death)

              • anabiosis [ENG31-14086772-n] (suspended animation in organisms during periods of extreme drought from which they revive when moisture returns)
            • cryptobiosis [ENG31-14086957-n] (a state in which an animal's metabolic activities come to a reversible standstill)
            • dilatation [ENG31-14087115-n] (the state of being stretched beyond normal dimensions)

              • tympanites [ENG31-14087359-n] (distension of the abdomen that is caused by the accumulation of gas in the intestines or the peritoneal cavity)
              • ectasia [ENG31-14087526-n] (dilatation or distension of a hollow organ)

                • lymphangiectasia [ENG31-14087668-n] (dilatation of a lymph vessel)
                • alveolar ectasia [ENG31-14087778-n] (abnormal enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs)
              • varicocele [ENG31-14596848-n] (dilatation of the veins associated with the spermatic cord in the testes)
            • emmetropia [ENG31-14120439-n] ((ophthalmology) the normal refractive condition of the eye in which there is clear focus of light on the retina)
            • sedation [ENG31-14313714-n] (a state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent)
            • hyperpigmentation [ENG31-14314383-n] (unusual darkening of the skin)

              • tan [ENG31-14314036-n] (a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun)
            • hypopigmentation [ENG31-14314512-n] (unusual lack of skin color)

              • albinism [ENG31-14175761-n] (the congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair)
            • amyxia [ENG31-14362253-n] (a condition in which no mucus in produced)
            • cold sweat [ENG31-14429178-n] (the physical condition of concurrent perspiration and chill)
            • abnormality [ENG31-14525310-n] (an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies)

              • acardia [ENG31-14042767-n] (congenital absence of the heart (as in the development of some monsters))
              • acephalia [ENG31-14042912-n] (absence of the head (as in the development of some monsters))
              • acorea [ENG31-14045324-n] (absence of the pupil in an eye)
              • acromicria [ENG31-14045407-n] (abnormally small extremities (underdeveloped fingers and toes))
              • acromphalus [ENG31-14045539-n] (abnormal protrusion of the navel)
              • amastia [ENG31-14045840-n] (absence of the mammary glands (either through surgery or developmental defect))
              • aneuploidy [ENG31-14046132-n] (an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete))
              • anorchism [ENG31-14046320-n] (absence of one of both testes)
              • asynclitism [ENG31-14072580-n] (the presentation during labor of the head of the fetus at an abnormal angle)
              • atresia [ENG31-14072744-n] (an abnormal condition in which a normal opening or tube in the body (as the urethra) is closed or absent)
              • brachydactyly [ENG31-14115596-n] (abnormal shortness of fingers and toes)
              • cryptorchidy [ENG31-14115729-n] (failure of one or both testes to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops)

                • monorchism [ENG31-14115938-n] (failure of one testes to descend into the scrotum)
              • deviated septum [ENG31-14116407-n] (abnormal displacement of any wall that separates two chambers (usually in the nasal cavity))

                • deviated nasal septum [ENG31-14116578-n] (abnormal shift in location of the nasal septum)
              • dextrocardia [ENG31-14116807-n] (abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest)
              • ectrodactyly [ENG31-14116946-n] (congenital abnormality involving the absence of some fingers or toes)
              • erethism [ENG31-14117205-n] (an abnormally high degree of irritability or sensitivity to stimulation of an organ or body part)
              • fetal distress [ENG31-14117356-n] (an abnormal condition of a fetus)
              • hepatomegaly [ENG31-14126662-n] (abnormal enlargement of the liver)
              • inversion [ENG31-14127267-n] (abnormal condition in which an organ is turned inward or inside out (as when the upper part of the uterus is pulled into the cervical canal after childbirth))
              • transposition [ENG31-14127480-n] (any abnormal position of the organs of the body)
              • pneumothorax [ENG31-14173018-n] (abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung)
              • macrencephaly [ENG31-14175974-n] (an abnormally large braincase)
              • hydatid mole [ENG31-14216424-n] (an abnormality during pregnancy)
              • hydramnios [ENG31-14216684-n] (an abnormality of pregnancy)
              • hypervitaminosis [ENG31-14222311-n] (an abnormal condition resulting from taking vitamins excessively)
              • hypospadias [ENG31-14222479-n] (an abnormal condition in males in which the urethra opens on the under surface of the penis)
              • lagophthalmos [ENG31-14222628-n] (abnormal condition in which an eye cannot close completely)
              • mental abnormality [ENG31-14223783-n] (any abnormality of mental function)

                • organic brain syndrome [ENG31-14224030-n] (mental abnormality resulting from disturbance of the structure or function of the brain)
              • nanophthalmos [ENG31-14223900-n] (condition in which both eyes are abnormally small but otherwise normal)
              • palmature [ENG31-14354676-n] (an abnormality in which the fingers are webbed)
              • dysplasia [ENG31-14389355-n] (abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth)

                • aplasia [ENG31-14047372-n] (failure of some tissue or organ to develop)
                • fibrous dysplasia of bone [ENG31-14389630-n] (a disturbance in which bone that is undergoing lysis is replaced by an abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue resulting in bone lesions or skin lesions)

                  • Albright's disease [ENG31-14389891-n] (fibrous dysplasia of bone affecting multiple bones)
                  • monostotic fibrous dysplasia [ENG31-14390038-n] (fibrous dysplasia of bone confined to a single bone)
                • hypertrophy [ENG31-14390164-n] (abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ)

                  • adenomegaly [ENG31-14390410-n] (gland enlargement)
                  • cor pulmonale [ENG31-14390485-n] (enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart due to disease of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels)
                  • dactylomegaly [ENG31-14390654-n] (abnormally large fingers or toes)
                  • elephantiasis [ENG31-14390746-n] (hypertrophy of certain body parts (usually legs and scrotum))

                    • elephantiasis neuromatosa [ENG31-14390961-n] (hypertrophy of a limb)
                    • elephantiasis scroti [ENG31-14391054-n] (swelling of the scrotum resulting from chronic lymphatic obstruction)
                  • splenomegaly [ENG31-14391597-n] (an abnormal enlargement of the spleen)
                  • giantism [ENG31-14391693-n] (excessive size)
                  • acromegaly [ENG31-14391888-n] (enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face)
                • hyperplasia [ENG31-14392210-n] (abnormal increase in number of cells)

                  • benign prostatic hyperplasia [ENG31-14392322-n] (enlarged prostate)
                • hypoplasia [ENG31-14392469-n] (underdevelopment of an organ because of a decrease in the number of cells)
                • anaplasia [ENG31-14392599-n] (loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells often with increased capacity for multiplication, as in a malignant tumor)
              • hydrocephalus [ENG31-14489352-n] (an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain)
              • abrachia [ENG31-14489842-n] (the condition of having no arms)
              • progeria [ENG31-14491932-n] (a rare abnormality marked by premature aging (grey hair and wrinkled skin and stooped posture) in a child)
              • atypicality [ENG31-14526644-n] (any state that is not typical)
              • arrested development [ENG31-14526956-n] (an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely)
              • aberrance [ENG31-14527267-n] (a state or condition markedly different from the norm)

                • chromosomal aberration [ENG31-14527705-n] (any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes)

                  • monosomy [ENG31-14528007-n] (chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number)
                  • trisomy [ENG31-14528160-n] (chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell)

                    • mongolism [ENG31-14183105-n] (a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome)
                  • sex-linked disorder [ENG31-14589277-n] (any disease or abnormality that is determined by the sex hormones)

                    • Turner's syndrome [ENG31-14589508-n] (a chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome)
                • deflection [ENG31-14528328-n] (a twist or aberration)
              • cyclopia [ENG31-14527592-n] (a developmental abnormality in which there is only one eye)
              • spinal curvature [ENG31-14528491-n] (an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column)

                • kyphosis [ENG31-14528671-n] (an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column)
                • lordosis [ENG31-14528817-n] (an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column)
                • scoliosis [ENG31-14528966-n] (an abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column)
              • subnormality [ENG31-14529269-n] (the state of being less than normal (especially with respect to intelligence))
              • anomaly [ENG31-14529423-n] (deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule)

                • birth defect [ENG31-14488632-n] (a defect that is present at birth)

                  • ablepharia [ENG31-14175651-n] (a congenital absence of eyelids (partial or complete))
                  • anencephaly [ENG31-14176099-n] (a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres)
                  • ametria [ENG31-14176406-n] (congenital absence of the uterus)
                  • epispadias [ENG31-14176950-n] (a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis)
                  • clinocephaly [ENG31-14182635-n] (a congenital defect in which the top of the head is depressed (concave instead of convex))
                  • clinodactyly [ENG31-14182800-n] (a congenital defect in which one or more toes or fingers are abnormally positioned)
                  • macroglossia [ENG31-14182941-n] (a congenital disorder characterized by an abnormally large tongue)
                  • oxycephaly [ENG31-14187672-n] (a congenital abnormality of the skull)
                  • cleft lip [ENG31-14237837-n] (a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip)
                  • cleft palate [ENG31-14237968-n] (a congenital fissure of the hard palate)
                  • amelia [ENG31-14489928-n] (congenital absence of an arm or leg)
                  • meromelia [ENG31-14490016-n] (congenital absence of part of an arm or leg)

                    • adactylia [ENG31-14176285-n] (congenital absence of fingers and/or toes)
                    • phocomelia [ENG31-14490151-n] (an abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps)
                  • encephalocele [ENG31-14490430-n] (protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the skull)
                  • meningocele [ENG31-14490756-n] (a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system in which a sac protruding from the brain or the spinal meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid (but no nerve tissue))
                  • myelomeningocele [ENG31-14490979-n] (a congenital defect of the central nervous system in which a sac containing part of the spinal cord and its meninges protrude through a gap in the vertebral column)
                  • polysomy [ENG31-14491430-n] (congenital defect of having one or more extra chromosomes in somatic cells)
                  • hermaphroditism [ENG31-14491559-n] (congenital condition in which external genitalia and internal sex organs have both male and female characteristics)
                  • pseudohermaphroditism [ENG31-14491751-n] (congenital condition in which a person has external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex)
                  • congenital heart defect [ENG31-14492598-n] (a birth defect involving the heart)

                    • septal defect [ENG31-14492738-n] (a congenital abnormality in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart)

                      • atrial septal defect [ENG31-14492918-n] (an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart)
                      • ventricular septal defect [ENG31-14493050-n] (a common congenital heart defect)
                  • spina bifida [ENG31-14494808-n] (a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed)
                  • spinocerebellar disorder [ENG31-14495091-n] (any of several congenital disorders marked by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord resulting in spasticity and ataxia)
                  • polydactyly [ENG31-14495308-n] (birth defect characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes)
                  • syndactyly [ENG31-14495510-n] (birth defect in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes)
                  • tongue tie [ENG31-14495695-n] (a congenital anomaly in which the mucous membrane under the tongue is too short limiting the mobility of the tongue)
              • gynecomastia [ENG31-14529622-n] (excessive development of the breasts in males)
              • infantilism [ENG31-14531389-n] (an abnormal condition in which an older child or adult retains infantile characteristics)

                • ateleiosis [ENG31-14532401-n] (a form of infantilism characterized by physical underdevelopment but normal intelligence)
              • macrocephaly [ENG31-14532576-n] (an abnormally large head)
              • microbrachia [ENG31-14532821-n] (abnormally small arms)
              • microcephaly [ENG31-14532901-n] (an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain)
              • pachycheilia [ENG31-14533093-n] (an abnormal thickness of the lips)
              • phimosis [ENG31-14533185-n] (an abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans)
              • irritation [ENG31-14554994-n] ((pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation)
              • retroversion [ENG31-14555200-n] (a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part)
              • sequela [ENG31-14574206-n] (any abnormality following or resulting from a disease or injury or treatment)
              • strabismus [ENG31-14581007-n] (abnormal alignment of one or both eyes)

                • cross-eye [ENG31-14529835-n] (strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose)
                • walleye [ENG31-14581165-n] (strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward)
              • torticollis [ENG31-14581311-n] (an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted)
              • varix [ENG31-14597258-n] (abnormally enlarged or twisted blood vessel or lymphatic vessel)

                • varicosity [ENG31-14597098-n] (varix or varicose condition in which a vein is swollen and tortuous)
            • obstruction [ENG31-14531553-n] (the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction)

              • tamponade [ENG31-14531970-n] (blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding))

                • cardiac tamponade [ENG31-14532180-n] (mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion)
            • poisoning [ENG31-14533314-n] (the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance)

              • alkali poisoning [ENG31-14533706-n] (poisoning resulting from the ingestion of an alkali compound (as lye or ammonia))
              • caffeinism [ENG31-14533849-n] (poisoning resulting from excessive intake of caffeine containing products)
              • carbon monoxide poisoning [ENG31-14534003-n] (a toxic condition that results from inhaling and absorbing carbon monoxide gas)
              • cyanide poisoning [ENG31-14534250-n] (poisoning due to ingesting or inhaling cyanide)
              • ergotism [ENG31-14534557-n] (poisoning by ingestion of ergot-infected grain products)
              • mercury poisoning [ENG31-14534836-n] (a toxic condition caused by ingesting or inhaling mercury)

                • Minamata disease [ENG31-14535093-n] (a form of mercury poisoning among people who ate fish from mercury-contaminated waters of Minamata Bay off Japan in the 1950s)
              • naphthalene poisoning [ENG31-14535332-n] (toxic condition resulting from inhaling or ingesting naphthalene)
              • nicotine poisoning [ENG31-14535464-n] (toxic condition caused by the ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of nicotine)
              • ophidism [ENG31-14535611-n] (poisoning by snake venom)
              • paraquat poisoning [ENG31-14535690-n] (poisoning caused by ingestion of paraquat)
              • pesticide poisoning [ENG31-14536110-n] (toxic condition resulting from ingesting or inhaling a pesticide)

                • malathion poisoning [ENG31-14534416-n] (a toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting the insecticide Malathion)
                • parathion poisoning [ENG31-14535872-n] (a toxic condition resulting from inhalation or ingestion of the insecticide parathion)
              • salicylate poisoning [ENG31-14536276-n] (poisoning caused by the excessive ingestion of salicylates (usually aspirin))
            • analgesia [ENG31-14575797-n] (absence of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness)
            • oligospermia [ENG31-14595199-n] (insufficient spermatozoa in the semen)
          • hyalinization [ENG31-14100291-n] (the state of being hyaline or having become hyaline)
          • vacuolization [ENG31-14101175-n] (the state of having become filled with vacuoles)
          • protuberance [ENG31-14110803-n] (the condition of being protuberant)
          • curvature [ENG31-14236810-n] ((medicine) a curving or bending)
          • psychological state [ENG31-14396987-n] ((psychology) a mental condition in which the qualities of a state are relatively constant even though the state itself may be dynamic)

            • cognitive state [ENG31-05677778-n] (the state of a person's cognitive processes)

              • interestedness [ENG31-05679061-n] (the state of being interested)
              • amnesia [ENG31-05680235-n] (partial or total loss of memory)

                • anterograde amnesia [ENG31-05680706-n] (loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma)
                • retrograde amnesia [ENG31-05680932-n] (loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma)
                • forgetfulness [ENG31-05681053-n] (tendency to forget)

                  • senior moment [ENG31-05681167-n] (a momentary lapse of memory (especially in older people))
                • selective amnesia [ENG31-05681283-n] (amnesia about particular events that is very convenient for the person who cannot remember)

                  • posthypnotic amnesia [ENG31-05681554-n] (selective amnesia after being in a hypnotic state of events occurring during hypnosis or of information designated by the hypnotist)
                • transient global amnesia [ENG31-05682163-n] (memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons)
              • paramnesia [ENG31-05680542-n] ((psychiatry) a disorder of memory in which dreams or fantasies are confused with reality)
              • set [ENG31-05682428-n] ((psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way)
              • ivory tower [ENG31-05682771-n] (a state of mind that is discussed as if it were a place)
              • consciousness [ENG31-05682974-n] (an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation)

                • stream of consciousness [ENG31-05683281-n] (the continuous flow of ideas and feelings that constitute an individual's conscious experience)
                • self [ENG31-05683445-n] (your consciousness of your own identity)

                  • anima [ENG31-05683559-n] ((Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious)
                • awareness [ENG31-05685793-n] (state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness)
                • sensibility [ENG31-05685989-n] (mental responsiveness and awareness)
                • waking [ENG31-05686141-n] (the state of remaining awake)
              • unconsciousness [ENG31-05686773-n] (a state lacking normal awareness of the self or environment)

                • automatic pilot [ENG31-05687146-n] (a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness)
                • unknowingness [ENG31-05687452-n] (unconsciousness resulting from lack of knowledge or attention)

                  • forgetfulness [ENG31-05681752-n] (unawareness caused by neglectful or heedless failure to remember)

                    • obliviousness [ENG31-05681978-n] (total forgetfulness)
                  • unselfconsciousness [ENG31-05684941-n] (the quality of being not self-conscious)
                • blackout [ENG31-05687641-n] (a momentary loss of consciousness)
                • grogginess [ENG31-05687747-n] (marginal consciousness)
                • coma [ENG31-05688034-n] (a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness)

                  • diabetic coma [ENG31-05688264-n] (coma that can develop in inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus)
                  • hepatic coma [ENG31-05688414-n] (coma that can occur in severe cases of liver disease)
                • electrosleep [ENG31-05688525-n] (unconsciousness brought about by the passage of a low voltage electric current through the brain)
                • semicoma [ENG31-05688680-n] (a mild comatose state)
                • insensibility [ENG31-05688823-n] (a lack of sensibility)
                • trance [ENG31-05689175-n] (a state of mind in which consciousness is fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing)

                  • hypnotic trance [ENG31-05689542-n] (a trance induced by the use of hypnosis)
                  • religious trance [ENG31-05689696-n] (a trance induced by intense religious devotion)
                • semitrance [ENG31-05689384-n] (a trancelike state in which the person can follow instructions but voluntary action is weak or absent)
                • narcosis [ENG31-05689896-n] (unconsciousness induced by narcotics or anesthesia)

                  • nitrogen narcosis [ENG31-05690037-n] (confused or stuporous state caused by high levels of dissolved nitrogen in the blood)
              • subconsciousness [ENG31-05690272-n] (a state of mind not immediately available to consciousness)
              • curiosity [ENG31-05690411-n] (a state in which you want to learn more about something)

                • desire to know [ENG31-05690621-n] (curiosity that motivates investigation and study)
                • interest [ENG31-05690773-n] (a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something)

                  • enthusiasm [ENG31-05678187-n] (a lively interest)

                    • Anglomania [ENG31-05678356-n] (an excessive enthusiasm for all things English)
                    • balletomania [ENG31-05678459-n] (extraordinary enthusiasm for ballets)
                  • concern [ENG31-05678554-n] (something that interests you because it is important or affects you)

                    • worldly concern [ENG31-05678816-n] (the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife)
                    • matter [ENG31-05679169-n] (a vaguely specified concern)

                      • least [ENG31-05679370-n] (something that is of no importance)
                    • personal business [ENG31-05679520-n] (matters of personal concern)

                      • dirty linen [ENG31-05679686-n] (personal matters that could be embarrassing if made public)
                    • part [ENG31-05679818-n] (that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation)
                    • point of honor [ENG31-05680022-n] (a concern that seriously reflects on your honor)
                • curiousness [ENG31-05691020-n] (a state of active curiosity)

                  • nosiness [ENG31-05691195-n] (offensive inquisitiveness)
              • confusion [ENG31-05691387-n] (a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior)

                • disorientation [ENG31-05691808-n] (confusion (usually transient) about where you are and how to proceed)

                  • culture shock [ENG31-05692054-n] (a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes)
                • distraction [ENG31-05692245-n] (mental turmoil)
                • daze [ENG31-05692366-n] (confusion characterized by lack of clarity)
                • half-cock [ENG31-05692544-n] (confusion resulting from lack of preparation)
                • jamais vu [ENG31-05692644-n] (the experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar)
                • bewilderment [ENG31-05692835-n] (confusion resulting from failure to understand)
                • perplexity [ENG31-05693168-n] (trouble or confusion resulting from complexity)

                  • mystery [ENG31-05693343-n] (something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained)
                  • tangle [ENG31-05693684-n] (something jumbled or confused)
                  • dilemma [ENG31-05693891-n] (state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options)

                    • double bind [ENG31-05694077-n] ((psychology) an unresolvable dilemma)
              • certainty [ENG31-05705100-n] (the state of being certain)

                • assurance [ENG31-05705328-n] (freedom from doubt)
                • certitude [ENG31-05705754-n] (total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant)
                • reliance [ENG31-05705941-n] (certainty based on past experience)
              • doubt [ENG31-05706212-n] (the state of being unsure of something)

                • mental reservation [ENG31-05706585-n] (an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly)
                • misgiving [ENG31-05706756-n] (doubt about someone's honesty)
                • incredulity [ENG31-05706947-n] (doubt about the truth of something)
                • indecision [ENG31-05707137-n] (doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action)

                  • hesitation [ENG31-05707399-n] (indecision in speech or action)
                • peradventure [ENG31-05707565-n] (doubt or uncertainty as to whether something is the case)
                • suspense [ENG31-05707735-n] (an uncertain cognitive state)
              • morbidity [ENG31-05707871-n] (an abnormally gloomy or unhealthy state of mind)
              • preoccupation [ENG31-05708052-n] (the mental state of being preoccupied by something)

                • abstractedness [ENG31-05708590-n] (preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else)

                  • reverie [ENG31-05708758-n] (an abstracted state of absorption)

                    • dream [ENG31-05708890-n] (a state of mind characterized by abstraction and release from reality)
                    • brown study [ENG31-05709072-n] (a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness)
                • absentmindedness [ENG31-05709174-n] (preoccupation so great that the ordinary demands on attention are ignored)
              • inwardness [ENG31-05795180-n] (preoccupation especially with one's attitudes and ethical or ideological values)
              • outwardness [ENG31-05795503-n] (concern with outward things or material objects as opposed to the mind and spirit)
            • state of mind [ENG31-14039585-n] (a temporary psychological state)

              • case [ENG31-14039467-n] (a specific state of mind that is temporary)
              • thinking cap [ENG31-14039746-n] (a state in which one thinks)
            • abulia [ENG31-14049648-n] (a loss of will power)
            • anhedonia [ENG31-14049767-n] (an inability to experience pleasure)
            • depersonalization [ENG31-14049858-n] ((existentialism) a loss of personal identity)
            • hypnosis [ENG31-14050074-n] (a state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion)

              • self-hypnosis [ENG31-14050263-n] (hypnosis induced by yourself)
            • fugue [ENG31-14053773-n] (a dreamlike state of altered consciousness that may last for hours or days)
            • trauma [ENG31-14308778-n] (an emotional wound or shock often having long-lasting effects)

              • birth trauma [ENG31-14308963-n] (emotional injury inflicted on an infant by events incident to birth that is alleged to appear in symbolic form in patients with mental illness)
            • morale [ENG31-14397678-n] (a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose)
            • anxiety [ENG31-14397837-n] ((psychiatry) a relatively permanent state of worry and nervousness occurring in a variety of mental disorders, usually accompanied by compulsive behavior or attacks of panic)

              • castration anxiety [ENG31-14398169-n] ((psychoanalysis) anxiety resulting from real or imagined threats to your sexual functions)
              • hypochondria [ENG31-14398410-n] (chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments)
              • overanxiety [ENG31-14398571-n] (excessive anxiety)
              • panic [ENG31-14429335-n] (sudden mass fear and anxiety over anticipated events)

                • red scare [ENG31-14429613-n] (a period of general fear of communists)
            • hallucinosis [ENG31-14398646-n] (a mental state in which the person has continual hallucinations)
            • identity crisis [ENG31-14398768-n] (distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about one's self and one's role in society)
            • nervousness [ENG31-14398981-n] (an uneasy psychological state)

              • jitters [ENG31-14399166-n] (extreme nervousness)
              • strain [ENG31-14399295-n] ((psychology) nervousness resulting from mental stress)

                • tension [ENG31-14399593-n] ((psychology) a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense)

                  • yips [ENG31-14399902-n] (nervous tension that causes an athlete to fail (especially causes golfers to miss short putts))
                  • breaking point [ENG31-14400100-n] ((psychology) stress at which a person breaks down or a situation becomes crucial)
            • delusion [ENG31-14400260-n] ((psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary)

              • delusions of grandeur [ENG31-14400582-n] (a delusion (common in paranoia) that you are much greater and more powerful and influential than you really are)
              • delusions of persecution [ENG31-14400780-n] (a delusion (common in paranoia) that others are out to get you and frustrate and embarrass you or inflict suffering on you)
              • hallucination [ENG31-14401022-n] (illusory perception)

                • auditory hallucination [ENG31-14401235-n] (illusory auditory perception of strange nonverbal sounds)
                • pseudohallucination [ENG31-14401582-n] (an image vivid enough to be a hallucination but recognized as unreal)
                • trip [ENG31-14401716-n] (a hallucinatory experience induced by drugs)
                • visual hallucination [ENG31-14401844-n] (illusory visual perception)

                  • chromatism [ENG31-14401370-n] (hallucinatory perception of colored lights)
                  • pink elephants [ENG31-14401469-n] (any visual hallucination arising from heavy drinking)
                  • zoopsia [ENG31-14401991-n] (visual hallucination of animals)
              • nihilistic delusion [ENG31-14402117-n] (the delusion that things (or everything, including the self) do not exist)
              • somatic delusion [ENG31-14402302-n] (a delusion concerning the body image or parts of the body)
              • zoanthropy [ENG31-14402422-n] (the delusion that you have assumed the form of an animal)
            • mental health [ENG31-14402535-n] (the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment)

              • mental soundness [ENG31-14402765-n] (the healthy psychological state of someone with good judgment)
              • sanity [ENG31-14402906-n] (normal or sound powers of mind)

                • lucidity [ENG31-14403108-n] (a lucid state of mind)
                • rationality [ENG31-14403234-n] (the state of having good sense and sound judgment)
            • mental illness [ENG31-14403545-n] (any disease of the mind)

              • megalomania [ENG31-14415723-n] (a psychological state characterized by delusions of grandeur)
              • insanity [ENG31-14418422-n] (relatively permanent disorder of the mind)

                • lunacy [ENG31-14418644-n] (obsolete terms for legal insanity)
                • dementia [ENG31-14418807-n] (mental deterioration of organic or functional origin)

                  • alcoholic dementia [ENG31-14419001-n] (dementia observed during the last stages of severe chronic alcoholism)
                  • presenile dementia [ENG31-14419359-n] (dementia with onset before the age of 65)

                    • Alzheimer's disease [ENG31-14419500-n] (a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s)
                    • Pick's disease [ENG31-14419835-n] (a progressive form of presenile dementia found most often in middle-aged and elderly women and characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes with loss of intellectual ability and transitory aphasia)
                  • senile dementia [ENG31-14420111-n] (dementia of the aged)
                • irrationality [ENG31-14420967-n] (the state of being irrational)
                • derangement [ENG31-14421118-n] (a state of mental disturbance and disorientation)
                • craziness [ENG31-14421293-n] (informal terms for insanity)
              • psychosis [ENG31-14421471-n] (any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted)

                • delirium tremens [ENG31-14421683-n] (acute delirium caused by alcohol poisoning)
                • paranoia [ENG31-14421794-n] (a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur)
                • schizophrenia [ENG31-14421927-n] (any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact)

                  • borderline schizophrenia [ENG31-14422333-n] (schizophrenia characterized by mild symptoms or by some preexisting tendency to schizophrenia)
                  • catatonic schizophrenia [ENG31-14422520-n] (a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods)
                  • hebephrenia [ENG31-14422842-n] (a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior)
                  • paranoid schizophrenia [ENG31-14423256-n] (a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy))
                  • acute schizophrenic episode [ENG31-14423729-n] (schizophrenia of abrupt onset and relatively short duration (a few weeks or months))
            • agitation [ENG31-14426511-n] (a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance)

              • disturbance [ENG31-14426686-n] (an unhappy and worried mental state)
              • fret [ENG31-14426964-n] (agitation resulting from active worry)
              • dither [ENG31-14427176-n] (an excited state of agitation)
              • tailspin [ENG31-14427446-n] (loss of emotional control often resulting in emotional collapse)
            • depression [ENG31-14427564-n] (a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity)

              • melancholia [ENG31-14415896-n] (extreme depression characterized by tearful sadness and irrational fears)
              • blues [ENG31-14427864-n] (a state of depression)
              • funk [ENG31-14428014-n] (a state of nervous depression)
              • melancholy [ENG31-14428126-n] (a constitutional tendency to be gloomy and depressed)
              • slough of despond [ENG31-14428235-n] ((formal) extreme depression)
              • low spirits [ENG31-14428345-n] (a state of mild depression)

                • dumps [ENG31-14428465-n] (an informal expression for a mildly depressed state)
              • dejection [ENG31-14510117-n] (a state of melancholy depression)
            • elation [ENG31-14428629-n] (an exhilarating psychological state of pride and optimism)

              • bliss [ENG31-14011390-n] (a state of extreme happiness)

                • ecstasy [ENG31-14011586-n] (a state of elated bliss)
              • high [ENG31-14428856-n] (a state of altered consciousness induced by alcohol or narcotics)
              • high [ENG31-14429025-n] (a state of sustained elation)
            • irritation [ENG31-14429977-n] (the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed)

              • bummer [ENG31-14430304-n] (an experience that is irritating or frustrating or disappointing)
              • huff [ENG31-14430474-n] (a state of irritation or annoyance)
              • pinprick [ENG31-14430615-n] (a minor annoyance)
              • restlessness [ENG31-14430687-n] (a lack of patience)
              • snit [ENG31-14430839-n] (a state of agitated irritation)
            • enchantment [ENG31-14430940-n] (a psychological state induced by (or as if induced by) a magical incantation)

              • possession [ENG31-14431199-n] (being controlled by passion or the supernatural)
              • fascination [ENG31-14431303-n] (the state of being intensely interested (as by awe or terror))
            • dissociation [ENG31-14440249-n] (a state in which some integrated part of a person's life becomes separated from the rest of the personality and functions independently)

              • compartmentalization [ENG31-14440550-n] (a mild state of dissociation)
          • difficulty [ENG31-14431490-n] (a condition or state of affairs almost beyond one's ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome)

            • bitch [ENG31-14431923-n] (an unpleasant difficulty)
            • predicament [ENG31-14432050-n] (a situation from which extrication is difficult especially an unpleasant or trying one)

              • care [ENG31-07520286-n] (a cause for feeling concern)
              • corner [ENG31-14432355-n] (a predicament from which a skillful or graceful escape is impossible)
              • hot water [ENG31-14432541-n] (a dangerous or distressing predicament)
            • rattrap [ENG31-14432689-n] (a difficult entangling situation)
            • pinch [ENG31-14432775-n] (a painful or straitened circumstance)
            • fix [ENG31-14432893-n] (informal terms for a difficult situation)

              • dog's breakfast [ENG31-14433122-n] (a poor job)
            • hard time [ENG31-14433284-n] (a difficulty that can be overcome with effort)
            • stress [ENG31-14433493-n] (difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension)
            • mire [ENG31-14433769-n] (a difficulty or embarrassment that is hard to extricate yourself from)
            • problem [ENG31-14434009-n] (a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved)

              • race problem [ENG31-14434322-n] (a social and political problem caused by conflict between races occupying the same or adjacent regions)
              • balance-of-payments problem [ENG31-14434483-n] (an economic problem caused by payments for imports being greater than receipts for exports)
            • situation [ENG31-14434647-n] (a complex or critical or unusual difficulty)

              • conflict of interest [ENG31-13956424-n] (a situation in which a public official's decisions are influenced by the official's personal interests)
              • crisis [ENG31-13956593-n] (an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty)

                • Dunkirk [ENG31-14056350-n] (a crisis in which a desperate effort is the only alternative to defeat)
                • exigency [ENG31-14056536-n] (a pressing or urgent situation)
                • juncture [ENG31-14056667-n] (a crisis situation or point in time when a critical decision must be made)

                  • criticality [ENG31-14057069-n] (a critical state)

                    • flash point [ENG31-14057284-n] (point at which something is ready to blow up)
                • depression [ENG31-14512697-n] (a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment)
              • crunch [ENG31-13957103-n] (a critical situation that arises because of a shortage (as a shortage of time or money or resources))
              • hornet's nest [ENG31-13958605-n] (a highly contentious or hazardous situation)
              • hot potato [ENG31-13958943-n] (a difficult situation)
              • how-do-you-do [ENG31-13959063-n] (an awkward situation)
              • imbroglio [ENG31-13959186-n] (an intricate and confusing interpersonal or political situation)
              • Mexican standoff [ENG31-13959590-n] (a situation in which no one can emerge as a clear winner)
              • nightmare [ENG31-13959709-n] (a situation resembling a terrifying dream)
              • no-win situation [ENG31-13959816-n] (a situation in which a favorable outcome is impossible)
              • pass [ENG31-13959972-n] (a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs)

                • desperate straits [ENG31-14056963-n] (a state of extreme distress)
              • purgatory [ENG31-13960439-n] (a temporary condition of torment or suffering)
              • swamp [ENG31-13961329-n] (a situation fraught with difficulties and imponderables)
              • time bomb [ENG31-13967148-n] (a problematic situation that will eventually become dangerous if not addressed)
              • tinderbox [ENG31-13967389-n] (a dangerous state of affairs)
              • urgency [ENG31-13967568-n] (an urgent situation calling for prompt action)
              • deadlock [ENG31-14038832-n] (a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible)
              • quicksand [ENG31-14435176-n] (a treacherous situation that tends to entrap and destroy)
            • urinary hesitancy [ENG31-14588100-n] (difficulty in beginning the flow of urine)
            • wall [ENG31-14588360-n] (a difficult or awkward situation)
          • improvement [ENG31-14445583-n] (a condition superior to an earlier condition)

            • betterment [ENG31-14446155-n] (an improvement that adds to the value of a property or facility)
            • development [ENG31-14446275-n] (a state in which things are improving)

              • underdevelopment [ENG31-14446672-n] (state of inadequate development)
            • reformation [ENG31-14447491-n] (improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.)

              • counterreformation [ENG31-14447788-n] (a reformation intended to counter the results of a prior reformation)
            • renovation [ENG31-14447921-n] (the state of being restored to its former good condition)
          • decline [ENG31-14445892-n] (a condition inferior to an earlier condition)

            • neglect [ENG31-14446832-n] (the state of something that has been unused and neglected)

              • omission [ENG31-14447018-n] (something that has been omitted)
            • twilight [ENG31-14447144-n] (a condition of decline following successes)
            • wreck [ENG31-14447274-n] (something or someone that has suffered ruin or dilapidation)
          • ennoblement [ENG31-14456971-n] (the state of being noble)
          • dominance [ENG31-14465291-n] (the state that exists when one person or group has power over another)

            • ascendant [ENG31-14465827-n] (position or state of being dominant or in control)
            • domination [ENG31-14465996-n] (power to dominate or defeat)

              • transcendence [ENG31-13973658-n] (the state of excelling or surpassing or going beyond usual limits)
            • predominance [ENG31-14466215-n] (the state of being predominant over others)
            • dominion [ENG31-14466399-n] (dominance or power through legal authority)

              • paramountcy [ENG31-14466694-n] (the state of being paramount)
              • raj [ENG31-14466811-n] (British dominion over India (1757-1947))
              • reign [ENG31-14466998-n] (royal authority)

                • scepter [ENG31-14467142-n] (the imperial authority symbolized by a scepter)
              • suzerainty [ENG31-14467252-n] (the position or authority of a suzerain)
            • regulation [ENG31-14466900-n] (the state of being controlled or governed)
            • absolutism [ENG31-14467378-n] (dominance through threat of punishment and violence)
            • monopoly [ENG31-14467580-n] (exclusive control or possession of something)
          • comfort [ENG31-14468845-n] (a state of being relaxed and feeling no pain)

            • relief [ENG31-14469215-n] (the condition of being comfortable or relieved (especially after being relieved of distress))

              • reprieve [ENG31-14469500-n] (a (temporary) relief from harm or discomfort)
            • solace [ENG31-14469627-n] (comfort in disappointment or misery)
            • coziness [ENG31-14469764-n] (a state of warm snug comfort)
            • convenience [ENG31-14469959-n] (the state of being suitable or opportune)
          • discomfort [ENG31-14470118-n] (the state of being tense and feeling pain)

            • inconvenience [ENG31-14470344-n] (an inconvenient discomfort)
            • malaise [ENG31-14470485-n] (physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression))
            • hangover [ENG31-14470631-n] (disagreeable aftereffects from the use of drugs (especially alcohol))
            • wretchedness [ENG31-14470769-n] (the character of being uncomfortable and unpleasant)
          • need [ENG31-14472592-n] (a condition requiring relief)

            • lack [ENG31-14472871-n] (the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable)

              • absence [ENG31-13984260-n] (the state of being absent)

                • nonoccurrence [ENG31-13984465-n] (absence by virtue of not occurring)
                • awayness [ENG31-13984559-n] (the state of being elsewhere than in particular place)
              • dearth [ENG31-14473331-n] (an acute insufficiency)
              • deficit [ENG31-14473426-n] (a deficiency or failure in neurological or mental functioning)
              • mineral deficiency [ENG31-14473638-n] (lack of a mineral micronutrient that is essential for normal nutrition or metabolism)

                • sideropenia [ENG31-14192135-n] (a deficiency of iron)
              • shortness [ENG31-14473805-n] (the condition of being short of something)
              • stringency [ENG31-14474006-n] (a state occasioned by scarcity of money and a shortage of credit)
            • necessity [ENG31-14474157-n] (the condition of being essential or indispensable)

              • requisiteness [ENG31-14474370-n] (the state of being absolutely required)
              • urgency [ENG31-14474486-n] (the state of being urgent)

                • hurry [ENG31-14474655-n] (a condition of urgency making it necessary to hurry)
                • imperativeness [ENG31-14474815-n] (the state of demanding notice or attention)
                • criticality [ENG31-14475138-n] (a state of critical urgency)
          • fullness [ENG31-14475377-n] (the condition of being filled to capacity)

            • repletion [ENG31-14475617-n] (the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to take on more)
            • surfeit [ENG31-14475760-n] (the state of being more than full)
            • solidity [ENG31-14475908-n] (state of having the interior filled with matter)
            • infestation [ENG31-14476082-n] (the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites)

              • fascioliasis [ENG31-14199209-n] (infestation with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica)
              • fasciolopsiasis [ENG31-14199385-n] (infestation with the large intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski)
              • Guinea worm disease [ENG31-14199533-n] (a painful and debilitating infestation contracted by drinking stagnant water contaminated with Guinea worm larvae that can mature inside a human's abdomen until the worm emerges through a painful blister in the person's skin)
              • acariasis [ENG31-14476532-n] (infestation with itch mites)
              • ascariasis [ENG31-14476641-n] (infestation of the human intestine with Ascaris roundworms)
              • coccidiosis [ENG31-14476756-n] ((veterinary medicine) infestation with coccidia)
              • echinococcosis [ENG31-14476880-n] (infestation with larval echinococci (tapeworms))
              • helminthiasis [ENG31-14477020-n] (infestation of the body with parasitic worms)

                • hookworm [ENG31-14477142-n] (infestation of the intestines by hookworms which enter the body (usually) through the skin)
              • myiasis [ENG31-14477306-n] (infestation of the body by the larvae of flies (usually through a wound or other opening) or any disease resulting from such infestation)
              • onchocerciasis [ENG31-14477496-n] (infestation with slender threadlike roundworms (filaria) deposited under the skin by the bite of black fleas)
              • opisthorchiasis [ENG31-14477777-n] (infestation with flukes obtained from eating raw fish)
              • pediculosis [ENG31-14477916-n] (infestation with lice (Pediculus humanus) resulting in severe itching)

                • pediculosis capitis [ENG31-14478127-n] (infestation of the scalp with lice)
                • pediculosis corporis [ENG31-14478239-n] (infestation of body skin with lice)
                • pediculosis pubis [ENG31-14478340-n] (infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice)
              • trombiculiasis [ENG31-14478454-n] (infestation with chiggers)
              • trichuriasis [ENG31-14478540-n] (infestation by a roundworm)
          • emptiness [ENG31-14478672-n] (the state of containing nothing)

            • blankness [ENG31-14478885-n] (the state of being blank)
            • hollowness [ENG31-14479000-n] (the state of being hollow: having an empty space within)
            • vacancy [ENG31-14479414-n] (being unoccupied)
            • vacuum [ENG31-14479502-n] (the absence of matter)
          • nakedness [ENG31-14479586-n] (the state of being without clothing or covering of any kind)

            • nude [ENG31-14479883-n] (without clothing (especially in the phrase `in the nude'))
            • raw [ENG31-14480034-n] (informal terms for nakedness)
            • undress [ENG31-14480200-n] (partial or complete nakedness)
            • bareness [ENG31-14480341-n] (the state of being unclothed and exposed (especially of a part of the body))
          • hairlessness [ENG31-14480666-n] (the condition of being void of hair)

            • baldness [ENG31-14480489-n] (the condition of having no hair on the top of the head)

              • alopecia [ENG31-14480809-n] (loss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers)

                • alopecia areata [ENG31-14481078-n] (patchy baldness)
              • male-patterned baldness [ENG31-14481155-n] (loss of hair on the crown of the head)
          • dishabille [ENG31-14481286-n] (the state of being carelessly or partially dressed)

            • shirtsleeves [ENG31-14481424-n] (not wearing a jacket)
          • hopefulness [ENG31-14507204-n] (full of hope)

            • confidence [ENG31-14507328-n] (a state of confident hopefulness that events will be favorable)
            • anticipation [ENG31-14509706-n] (anticipating with confidence of fulfillment)
          • despair [ENG31-14509858-n] (a state in which all hope is lost or absent)
          • purity [ENG31-14510351-n] (being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material)

            • plainness [ENG31-14510610-n] (the state of being unmixed with other material)
          • impurity [ENG31-14510768-n] (the condition of being impure)

            • adulteration [ENG31-14511027-n] (being mixed with extraneous material)
            • admixture [ENG31-14511182-n] (the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something)
            • contamination [ENG31-14511315-n] (the state of being contaminated)

              • dust contamination [ENG31-14511486-n] (state of being contaminated with dust)
            • dirtiness [ENG31-14511588-n] (the state of containing dirty impurities)
            • putridity [ENG31-14511784-n] (the state of being putrid)
            • pollution [ENG31-14540345-n] (undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities)

              • biodegradable pollution [ENG31-14540669-n] (pollution that is rendered harmless by natural processes and so causes no permanent harm)
              • nonbiodegradable pollution [ENG31-14540845-n] (pollution that accumulates in the environment and may appear in the food chain)
              • air pollution [ENG31-14541014-n] (pollution of the atmosphere)

                • acid rain [ENG31-14541231-n] (rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water)
                • industrial air pollution [ENG31-14541454-n] (pollution resulting from an industrial plant discharging pollutants into the atmosphere)
                • miasma [ENG31-14541612-n] (unhealthy vapors rising from the ground or other sources)
                • small-particle pollution [ENG31-14541821-n] (air pollution caused by fine particles of soot (as from power plants or diesel engines))
                • smog [ENG31-14541979-n] (air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog)
              • noise pollution [ENG31-14542141-n] (annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise)
              • thermal pollution [ENG31-14542273-n] (harm to lakes and rivers resulting from the release of excessive waste heat into them)
              • water pollution [ENG31-14542422-n] (pollution of the water in rivers and lakes)
          • financial condition [ENG31-14511901-n] (the condition of (corporate or personal) finances)

            • easy money [ENG31-13277202-n] (the economic condition in which credit is easy to secure)
            • tight money [ENG31-13277333-n] (the economic condition in which credit is difficult to secure and interest rates are high)
            • solvency [ENG31-14501727-n] (the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due)
            • insolvency [ENG31-14501875-n] (the lack of financial resources)

              • bankruptcy [ENG31-14502017-n] (inability to discharge all your debts as they come due)
            • credit crunch [ENG31-14512496-n] (a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high)
            • wealth [ENG31-14514855-n] (the state of being rich and affluent)

              • affluence [ENG31-14515209-n] (abundant wealth)

                • ease [ENG31-14515473-n] (a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state)

                  • lap of luxury [ENG31-14515700-n] (in conditions of wealth and comfort)
              • inherited wealth [ENG31-14515833-n] (wealth that is inherited rather than earned)

                • silver spoon [ENG31-14516307-n] (the inherited wealth of established upper-class families)
              • luxury [ENG31-14515957-n] (wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living)
              • mammon [ENG31-14516218-n] (wealth regarded as an evil influence)
              • sufficiency [ENG31-14516537-n] (sufficient resources to provide comfort and meet obligations)
            • poverty [ENG31-14516729-n] (the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions)

              • privation [ENG31-14517010-n] (a state of extreme poverty)
              • destitution [ENG31-14517197-n] (a state without friends or money or prospects)
              • indigence [ENG31-14517300-n] (a state of extreme poverty or destitution)

                • beggary [ENG31-14517616-n] (the state of being a beggar or mendicant)
              • impecuniousness [ENG31-14517770-n] (a state of lacking money)
          • economic condition [ENG31-14512178-n] (the condition of the economy)

            • recession [ENG31-14036839-n] (the state of the economy declines)
            • full employment [ENG31-14513107-n] (the economic condition when everyone who wishes to work at the going wage rate for their type of labor is employed)
            • prosperity [ENG31-14513283-n] (an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment)

              • boom [ENG31-14512397-n] (a state of economic prosperity)
            • softness [ENG31-14513443-n] (a state of declining economic condition)
            • shakeout [ENG31-14517942-n] (an economic condition that results in the elimination of marginally financed participants in an industry)
            • wage setter [ENG31-14518178-n] (any economic condition or variable that serves to set wage rates)
          • sanitary condition [ENG31-14518300-n] (the state of sanitation (clean or dirty))

            • sanitariness [ENG31-14518477-n] (the state of being conducive to health)

              • hygiene [ENG31-14518664-n] (a condition promoting sanitary practices)
              • asepsis [ENG31-14518814-n] ((of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms)
              • sanitation [ENG31-14519050-n] (the state of being clean and conducive to health)
            • unsanitariness [ENG31-14519173-n] (a state that is not conducive to health)

              • filth [ENG31-14519345-n] (a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse)
              • dunghill [ENG31-14519564-n] (a foul or degraded condition)
            • cleanness [ENG31-14519777-n] (the state of being clean)

              • spotlessness [ENG31-14520147-n] (the state of being spotlessly clean)
            • dirtiness [ENG31-14521347-n] (the state of being unsanitary)

              • feculence [ENG31-14511702-n] (something that is feculent)
              • dirt [ENG31-14521680-n] (the state of being covered with unclean things)
              • befoulment [ENG31-14521988-n] (the state of being polluted)
              • dinginess [ENG31-14522151-n] (discoloration due to dirtiness)
              • dustiness [ENG31-14522317-n] (the state of being covered with dust)
              • griminess [ENG31-14522427-n] (the state of being grimy)
              • smuttiness [ENG31-14522556-n] (the state of being dirty with soot)
              • sordidness [ENG31-14522695-n] (sordid dirtiness)
          • tilth [ENG31-14519647-n] (the state of aggregation of soil and its condition for supporting plant growth)
          • orderliness [ENG31-14520294-n] (a condition of regular or proper arrangement)

            • spit and polish [ENG31-14520561-n] (careful attention to order and appearance (as in the military))
            • kilter [ENG31-14520704-n] (in working order)
            • tidiness [ENG31-14520817-n] (the habit of being tidy)

              • neatness [ENG31-14520949-n] (the state of being neat and smart and trim)

                • trim [ENG31-14521095-n] (a state of arrangement or appearance)
          • disorderliness [ENG31-14522846-n] (a condition in which things are not in their expected places)

            • shambles [ENG31-14521263-n] (a condition of great disorder)
            • untidiness [ENG31-14523178-n] (the condition of being untidy)

              • sloppiness [ENG31-14523318-n] (a lack of order and tidiness)

                • shagginess [ENG31-14523537-n] (unkemptness of hair)
            • mess [ENG31-14523631-n] (a state of confusion and disorderliness)
            • disorganization [ENG31-14523925-n] (a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted)
            • clutter [ENG31-14524151-n] (a confused multitude of things)

              • rummage [ENG31-14524403-n] (a jumble of things to be given away)
          • normality [ENG31-14524492-n] (being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning)

            • averageness [ENG31-14524756-n] (the state of being that is average)
            • commonness [ENG31-14524959-n] (the state of being that is commonly observed)
            • typicality [ENG31-14525129-n] (the state of being that is typical)
          • lactosuria [ENG31-14530522-n] (presence of lactose in the urine)
          • environmental condition [ENG31-14540103-n] (the state of the environment)

            • erosion [ENG31-14542526-n] (condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind)
            • deforestation [ENG31-14542699-n] (the state of being clear of trees)
            • depopulation [ENG31-14542810-n] (the condition of having reduced numbers of inhabitants (or no inhabitants at all))
            • climate [ENG31-14542968-n] (the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time)
            • glaciation [ENG31-14543275-n] (the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice)
            • inhospitableness [ENG31-14543544-n] (the environmental condition in a region that lacks a favorable climate or terrain for life or growth)
            • meteorological conditions [ENG31-14543725-n] (the prevailing environmental conditions as they influence the prediction of weather)
          • climate [ENG31-14548263-n] (the prevailing psychological state)
          • atmosphere [ENG31-14548451-n] (a particular environment or surrounding influence)

            • genius loci [ENG31-14548876-n] (the special atmosphere of a place)
            • gloom [ENG31-14548967-n] (an atmosphere of depression and melancholy)

              • cloud [ENG31-14548710-n] (a cause of worry or gloom or trouble)
              • bleakness [ENG31-14549150-n] (a bleak and desolate atmosphere)
            • miasma [ENG31-14549634-n] (an unwholesome atmosphere)
            • spirit [ENG31-14549784-n] (the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people)

              • Hollywood [ENG31-14549379-n] (a flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry)
              • Zeitgeist [ENG31-14550237-n] (the spirit of the time)
          • unsusceptibility [ENG31-14550366-n] (the state of not being susceptible)

            • exemption [ENG31-14552475-n] (immunity from an obligation or duty)

              • amnesty [ENG31-14552684-n] (a period during which offenders are exempt from punishment)
              • diplomatic immunity [ENG31-14552814-n] (exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country)
              • indemnity [ENG31-14553010-n] (legal exemption from liability for damages)
              • impunity [ENG31-14553126-n] (exemption from punishment or loss)
              • grandfather clause [ENG31-14553214-n] (an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of some policy)
          • immunity [ENG31-14550773-n] ((medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease)

            • immunogenicity [ENG31-14551032-n] (the property of eliciting an immune response)
            • acquired immunity [ENG31-14551795-n] (immunity to a particular disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life)

              • active immunity [ENG31-14551155-n] (a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens)
              • passive immunity [ENG31-14551323-n] (an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum))
            • natural immunity [ENG31-14552173-n] (immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup)

              • racial immunity [ENG31-14552354-n] (natural immunity shared by all members of a particular race)
          • subservience [ENG31-14553437-n] (the condition of being something that is useful in reaching an end or carrying out a plan)
          • susceptibility [ENG31-14553663-n] (the state of being susceptible)

            • liability [ENG31-14554005-n] (the state of being legally obliged and responsible)

              • taxability [ENG31-14554165-n] (liability to taxation)
              • ratability [ENG31-14554261-n] (the state of being liable to assessment or taxation)
            • capability [ENG31-14554438-n] (the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment)

              • resistance [ENG31-14550556-n] (the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents)
              • activity [ENG31-14554805-n] ((chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction)
            • sensitivity [ENG31-14555374-n] (susceptibility to a pathogen)

              • habitus [ENG31-14554658-n] (person's predisposition to be affected by something (as a disease))
              • sensitization [ENG31-14555585-n] (the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen))
              • hypersensitivity [ENG31-14557398-n] (pathological sensitivity)

                • cryesthesia [ENG31-14556708-n] (hypersensitivity to cold)
                • hypersensitivity reaction [ENG31-14556805-n] (an inappropriate and excessive reaction to an allergen (as pollen or dust or animal hair or certain foods))

                  • allergy [ENG31-14556418-n] (hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen)

                    • food allergy [ENG31-14555744-n] (allergic reaction to a substance ingested in food)
                    • immediate allergy [ENG31-14555852-n] (an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact)
                    • serum sickness [ENG31-14556060-n] (a delayed allergic reaction to the injection of an antiserum caused by an antibody reaction to an antigen in the donor serum)
                    • delayed allergy [ENG31-14556261-n] (an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact)
                  • anaphylaxis [ENG31-14557149-n] (hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance)

                    • anaphylactic shock [ENG31-14091384-n] (a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure)
              • diathesis [ENG31-14557935-n] (constitutional predisposition to a particular disease or abnormality)
            • reactivity [ENG31-14558059-n] (ready susceptibility to chemical change)
            • suggestibility [ENG31-14558173-n] (susceptibility or responsiveness to suggestion)
          • wetness [ENG31-14558298-n] (the condition of containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water))

            • wateriness [ENG31-14558658-n] (the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water)
            • moisture [ENG31-14559033-n] (wetness caused by water)
            • humidity [ENG31-14559245-n] (wetness in the atmosphere)

              • mugginess [ENG31-14559409-n] (a state of warm humidity)
            • damp [ENG31-14559507-n] (a slight wetness)

              • dankness [ENG31-14559687-n] (unpleasant wetness)
              • rawness [ENG31-14559809-n] (a chilly dampness)
            • sogginess [ENG31-14559933-n] (a heavy wetness)
          • dryness [ENG31-14560040-n] (the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water))

            • dehydration [ENG31-14560433-n] (dryness resulting from the removal of water)
            • drought [ENG31-14560656-n] (a shortage of rainfall)
            • aridity [ENG31-14560852-n] (a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall))
            • sereness [ENG31-14561074-n] (a withered dryness)
            • xerophthalmia [ENG31-14561715-n] (abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes)
            • xerostomia [ENG31-14561931-n] (abnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva)
          • safety [ENG31-14562074-n] (the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions)

            • biosafety [ENG31-14562413-n] (safety from exposure to infectious agents)
            • risklessness [ENG31-14562510-n] (safety as a consequence of entailing no risk)
            • invulnerability [ENG31-14562631-n] (having the strength to withstand attack)
            • salvation [ENG31-14562767-n] (the state of being saved or preserved from harm)
            • security [ENG31-14562870-n] (the state of being free from danger or injury)

              • peace [ENG31-14563126-n] (the general security of public places)
              • secureness [ENG31-14563295-n] (the state of freedom from fear or danger)
              • protection [ENG31-14563562-n] (the condition of being protected)

                • indemnity [ENG31-14563428-n] (protection against future loss)
                • radioprotection [ENG31-14564057-n] (protection against harmful effects of radiation)
          • danger [ENG31-14564367-n] (the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury)

            • clear and present danger [ENG31-14564849-n] (a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged)
            • hazardousness [ENG31-14565140-n] (the state of being dangerous)
            • insecurity [ENG31-14565279-n] (the state of being subject to danger or injury)

              • insecureness [ENG31-14567761-n] (the state of being exposed to risk or anxiety)
            • riskiness [ENG31-14567154-n] (a state of danger involving risk)

              • speculativeness [ENG31-14567358-n] (financial risk)
            • vulnerability [ENG31-14567533-n] (the state of being vulnerable or exposed)
          • tension [ENG31-14567937-n] (the physical condition of being stretched or strained)

            • tonicity [ENG31-14568274-n] (the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli)

              • catatonia [ENG31-14568647-n] (extreme tonus)
              • muscular tonus [ENG31-14568817-n] (normal tonicity of the muscles)
              • myotonia [ENG31-14568955-n] (abnormally long muscular contractions)

                • acromyotonia [ENG31-14569150-n] (myotonia of the extremities only)
                • myotonia congenita [ENG31-14569287-n] (a mild, rare, congenital form of myotonia characterized by muscle stiffness)
              • hypertonia [ENG31-14599787-n] ((of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic)
              • hypotonia [ENG31-14600013-n] ((of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic)
          • atonicity [ENG31-14569447-n] (lack of normal muscular tension or tonus)
          • laxness [ENG31-14569644-n] (the condition of being physiologically lax)
          • repair [ENG31-14570303-n] (a formal way of referring to the condition of something)
          • soundness [ENG31-14570446-n] (a state or condition free from damage or decay)

            • seaworthiness [ENG31-14570638-n] (fitness to traverse the seas)
            • airworthiness [ENG31-14570780-n] (fitness to fly)
          • mutism [ENG31-14575578-n] (the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak)
          • eye condition [ENG31-14579006-n] (the condition of the optical properties of the eye)

            • anisometropia [ENG31-14579152-n] (difference in the refractive power of the two eyes)
            • isometropia [ENG31-14579280-n] (equality of refractive power in the two eyes)
          • unsoundness [ENG31-14583952-n] (a condition of damage or decay)

            • disrepair [ENG31-14584130-n] (in need of repairs)
            • decay [ENG31-14584204-n] (an inferior state resulting from the process of decaying)

              • putrefaction [ENG31-14584518-n] (a state of decay usually accompanied by an offensive odor)

                • putrescence [ENG31-14584694-n] (in a state of progressive putrefaction)
              • decomposition [ENG31-14584919-n] (in a decomposed state)

                • fragmentation [ENG31-14017002-n] (the disintegration of social norms governing behavior and thought and social relationships)
              • deterioration [ENG31-14585210-n] (a symptom of reduced quality or strength)

                • corrosion [ENG31-14585587-n] (a state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action)
                • devastation [ENG31-14585734-n] (the state of being decayed or destroyed)

                  • ruin [ENG31-14585916-n] (an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction)
                  • blight [ENG31-14586446-n] (a state or condition being blighted)
                • decrepitude [ENG31-14586133-n] (a state of deterioration due to old age or long use)
                • wear [ENG31-14586275-n] (impairment resulting from long use)
              • rancidity [ENG31-14585431-n] (the state of being rancid)
          • impropriety [ENG31-14587067-n] (the condition of being improper)
          • wickedness [ENG31-14587156-n] (absence of moral or spiritual values)

            • foulness [ENG31-14586814-n] (disgusting wickedness and immorality)
          • light [ENG31-14587365-n] (a condition of spiritual awareness)
          • malady [ENG31-14587509-n] (any unwholesome or desperate condition)
          • serration [ENG31-14592202-n] (the condition of being serrated)
          • absolution [ENG31-14597894-n] (the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance)
          • automation [ENG31-14598049-n] (the condition of being automatically operated or controlled)
          • brutalization [ENG31-14598220-n] (the condition of being treated in a cruel and savage manner)
          • condemnation [ENG31-14598391-n] (the condition of being strongly disapproved of)
          • deification [ENG31-14598608-n] (the condition of being treated like a god)
          • diversification [ENG31-14598725-n] (the condition of being varied)
          • exoneration [ENG31-14598944-n] (the condition of being relieved from blame or obligation)
          • facilitation [ENG31-14599076-n] (the condition of being made easy (or easier))
          • frizz [ENG31-14599245-n] (the condition of being formed into small tight curls)
          • fruition [ENG31-14599394-n] (the condition of bearing fruit)
          • hospitalization [ENG31-14599598-n] (the condition of being treated as a patient in a hospital)
          • identification [ENG31-14600591-n] (the condition of having the identity (of a person or object) established)
          • impaction [ENG31-14600876-n] (the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed)
          • ionization [ENG31-14601014-n] (the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge))
          • irradiation [ENG31-14601298-n] (the condition of being exposed to radiation)
          • leakiness [ENG31-14601417-n] (the condition of permitting leaks or leakage)
          • lubrication [ENG31-14601649-n] (the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant)
          • mechanization [ENG31-14601847-n] (the condition of having a highly technical implementation)
          • motivation [ENG31-14602016-n] (the condition of being motivated)
          • mummification [ENG31-14602179-n] (a condition resembling that of a mummy)
          • preservation [ENG31-14602485-n] (the condition of being (well or ill) preserved)
          • prognathism [ENG31-14602608-n] (the condition of being prognathous)
          • rustication [ENG31-14602760-n] (the condition naturally attaching to life in the country)
          • rustiness [ENG31-14602910-n] (the condition of being coated or clogged with rust)
          • scandalization [ENG31-14603034-n] (the condition of being shocked (as by improper behavior))
          • submission [ENG31-14603635-n] (the condition of having submitted to control by someone or something else)
          • urbanization [ENG31-14603879-n] (the condition of being urbanized)
        • conditionality [ENG31-13947102-n] (the state of being conditional)
        • ground state [ENG31-13947229-n] ((physics) the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle)
        • nationhood [ENG31-13949484-n] (the state of being a nation)
        • situation [ENG31-13950416-n] (the general state of things)

          • absurd [ENG31-13951224-n] (a situation in which life seems irrational and meaningless)
          • acceptance [ENG31-13955454-n] (the state of being acceptable and accepted)

            • vogue [ENG31-14435288-n] (a current state of general acceptance and use)
            • recognition [ENG31-14435385-n] (the state or quality of being recognized or acknowledged)
            • approval [ENG31-14435778-n] (acceptance as satisfactory)

              • appro [ENG31-14435968-n] (an informal British abbreviation of approval)
            • acceptation [ENG31-14436129-n] (acceptance as true or valid)
            • contentedness [ENG31-14436286-n] (the state of being contented with your situation in life)
            • acquiescence [ENG31-14436566-n] (acceptance without protest)
            • welcome [ENG31-14436669-n] (the state of being welcome)
          • ballgame [ENG31-13955772-n] (a particular situation that is radically different from the preceding situation)
          • challenge [ENG31-13955981-n] (a demanding or stimulating situation)
          • childlessness [ENG31-13956136-n] (the condition of being without offspring)
          • complication [ENG31-13956254-n] (a situation or condition that is complex or confused)
          • crowding [ENG31-13956874-n] (a situation in which people or things are crowded together)

            • congestion [ENG31-13967799-n] (excessive crowding)
          • disequilibrium [ENG31-13957307-n] (loss of equilibrium attributable to an unstable situation in which some forces outweigh others)

            • imbalance [ENG31-14027634-n] (a lack of balance or state of disequilibrium)
          • element [ENG31-13957498-n] (the situation in which you are happiest and most effective)
          • environment [ENG31-13957629-n] (the totality of surrounding conditions)

            • context [ENG31-14536419-n] (the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event)

              • conditions [ENG31-13946063-n] (the set of circumstances that affect someone's welfare)
              • conditions [ENG31-13946252-n] (the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process)
            • ecology [ENG31-14536664-n] (the environment as it relates to living organisms)
            • setting [ENG31-14536861-n] (the state of the environment in which a situation exists)

              • canvas [ENG31-14537091-n] (the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account)
              • showcase [ENG31-14539684-n] (a setting in which something can be displayed to best effect)
            • home [ENG31-14537296-n] (an environment offering affection and security)
            • milieu [ENG31-14537546-n] (the environmental condition)
            • sphere [ENG31-14537641-n] (a particular environment or walk of life)

              • distaff [ENG31-14537994-n] (the sphere of work by women)
              • front [ENG31-14538093-n] (a sphere of activity involving effort)
              • kingdom [ENG31-14538407-n] (a domain in which something is dominant)

                • lotusland [ENG31-14538287-n] (an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence)
              • lap [ENG31-14538643-n] (an area of control or responsibility)

                • lap of the gods [ENG31-14538779-n] (beyond human control or responsibility)
              • political arena [ENG31-14538946-n] (a sphere of intense political activity)
              • preserve [ENG31-14539065-n] (a domain that seems to be specially reserved for someone)
              • province [ENG31-14539235-n] (the proper sphere or extent of your activities)

                • ecclesiastical province [ENG31-14539418-n] (the district within the jurisdiction of an archbishop or a metropolitan or one of the territorial divisions of an ecclesiastical order)
            • street [ENG31-14539858-n] (the streets of a city viewed as a depressed environment in which there is poverty and crime and prostitution and dereliction)
          • equilibrium [ENG31-13957933-n] (a stable situation in which forces cancel one another)

            • balance [ENG31-14025764-n] (a state of equilibrium)

              • tension [ENG31-14025966-n] (a balance between and interplay of opposing elements or tendencies (especially in art or literature))
              • electrolyte balance [ENG31-14041136-n] (an equilibrium between the amounts of electrolytes (as calcium and sodium and potassium) that is essential for normal health and functioning)
              • nitrogen balance [ENG31-14041342-n] (the balance between the amount of nitrogen taken in (to the soil or the body) and the amount given off (lost or excreted))
            • balance of power [ENG31-14026298-n] (an equilibrium of power between nations)
            • dynamic balance [ENG31-14026400-n] ((aeronautics) the state of equilibrium in which centrifugal forces due to a rotating mass (e.g., a propeller) do not produce force in the shaft and so vibration is reduced)
            • homeostasis [ENG31-14026652-n] ((physiology) metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes)
            • isostasy [ENG31-14026917-n] ((geology) a general equilibrium of the forces tending to elevate or depress the earth's crust)
            • Nash equilibrium [ENG31-14027084-n] ((game theory) a stable state of a system that involves several interacting participants in which no participant can gain by a change of strategy as long as all the other participants remain unchanged)
            • poise [ENG31-14027365-n] (a state of being balanced in a stable equilibrium)
            • thermal equilibrium [ENG31-14027502-n] (a state in which all parts of a system are at the same temperature)
          • exclusion [ENG31-13958260-n] (the state of being excluded)

            • banishment [ENG31-14451037-n] (the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent))
            • debarment [ENG31-14451395-n] (the state of being debarred (excluded from enjoying certain possessions or rights or practices))
          • goldfish bowl [ENG31-13958433-n] (a state of affairs in which you have no privacy)
          • hotbed [ENG31-13958786-n] (a situation that is ideal for rapid development (especially of something bad))
          • inclusion [ENG31-13959337-n] (the state of being included)

            • embrace [ENG31-14450812-n] (the state of taking in or encircling)
            • encompassment [ENG31-14450941-n] (including entirely)
          • intestacy [ENG31-13959474-n] (the situation of being or dying without a legally valid will)
          • picture [ENG31-13960108-n] (a situation treated as an observable object)
          • prison [ENG31-13960317-n] (a prisonlike situation)
          • rejection [ENG31-13960587-n] (the state of being rejected)

            • apostasy [ENG31-14436815-n] (the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes))
            • disfavor [ENG31-14437048-n] (the state of being out of favor)

              • wilderness [ENG31-14437235-n] ((politics) a state of disfavor)
            • excommunication [ENG31-14437397-n] (the state of being excommunicated)
            • reprobation [ENG31-14437550-n] (rejection by God)
          • size [ENG31-13960760-n] (the actual state of affairs)
          • square one [ENG31-13960951-n] (the situation in which you begin an endeavor and to which you return if your efforts fail)
          • status quo [ENG31-13961243-n] (the existing state of affairs)
          • thing [ENG31-13967020-n] (a special situation)
        • relationship [ENG31-13951421-n] (a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection))

          • anaclisis [ENG31-13953758-n] ((psychoanalysis) relationship marked by strong dependence on others)
          • love affair [ENG31-13954469-n] (a relationship between two lovers)

            • intrigue [ENG31-13954389-n] (a clandestine love affair)
          • sexual relationship [ENG31-13954798-n] (a relationship involving sexual intimacy)

            • affair [ENG31-13954922-n] (a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship)
        • relationship [ENG31-13951701-n] (a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries)

          • account [ENG31-13952070-n] (a formal contractual relationship established to provide for regular banking or brokerage or business services)

            • brokerage account [ENG31-13372472-n] (a fund that a customer has entrusted to a securities brokerage)

              • cash account [ENG31-13372695-n] (an account with a securities brokerage whose transactions are settled on a cash basis)

                • custodial account [ENG31-13372875-n] (a brokerage firm account that parents have created for a minor)
              • margin account [ENG31-13373001-n] (an account with a securities brokerage in which the broker extends credit)
            • bank account [ENG31-13380863-n] (a fund that a customer has entrusted to a bank and from which the customer can make withdrawals)

              • giro account [ENG31-13381114-n] (an account at a post office that can be used in similar ways to an account at a bank)
              • checking account [ENG31-13385143-n] (a bank account against which the depositor can draw checks that are payable on demand)
              • savings account [ENG31-13385385-n] (a bank account that accumulates interest)

                • time deposit account [ENG31-13385541-n] (a savings account in which the deposit is held for a fixed term or in which withdrawals can be made only after giving notice or with loss of interest)
                • dormant account [ENG31-13385775-n] (a savings account showing no activity (other than posting interest) for some specified period)
                • passbook savings account [ENG31-13385994-n] (a savings account in which deposits and withdrawals are recorded in the depositor's passbook)
            • short account [ENG31-13952369-n] (a brokerage account of someone who sells short (sells securities he does not own))
          • acquaintance [ENG31-13953278-n] (a relationship less intimate than friendship)
          • affiliation [ENG31-13953418-n] (a social or business relationship)
          • assimilation [ENG31-13953961-n] (the state of being assimilated)
          • friendship [ENG31-13954178-n] (the state of being friends (or friendly))

            • blood brotherhood [ENG31-13952510-n] (the friendship characteristic of blood brothers)
            • company [ENG31-13952621-n] (the state of being with someone)

              • freemasonry [ENG31-13953106-n] (a natural or instinctive fellowship between people of similar interests)
            • confidence [ENG31-13952885-n] (a trustful relationship)
          • membership [ENG31-13954660-n] (the state of being a member)
          • subjugation [ENG31-14019785-n] (forced submission to control by others)

            • repression [ENG31-14020056-n] (a state of forcible subjugation)
            • oppression [ENG31-14020204-n] (the state of being kept down by unjust use of force or authority: "after years of oppression they finally revolted")

              • yoke [ENG31-14020394-n] (an oppressive power)
            • enslavement [ENG31-14020535-n] (the state of being a slave)
            • bondage [ENG31-14020738-n] (the state of being under the control of another person)

              • bonded labor [ENG31-14021263-n] (a practice in which employers give high-interest loans to workers whose entire families then labor at low wages to pay off the debt)
              • servitude [ENG31-14021499-n] (state of subjection to an owner or master or forced labor imposed as punishment)

                • villeinage [ENG31-13976275-n] (the legal status or condition of servitude of a villein or feudal serf)
              • serfdom [ENG31-14021748-n] (the state of a serf)
            • bondage [ENG31-14021014-n] (the state of being under the control of a force or influence or abstract power)
            • peonage [ENG31-14021671-n] (the condition of a peon)
            • confinement [ENG31-14022061-n] (the state of being confined)

              • constraint [ENG31-14022266-n] (the state of being physically constrained)

                • cage [ENG31-14022451-n] (something that restricts freedom as a cage restricts movement)

                  • iron cage [ENG31-14022599-n] (a cage from which there is no escape)
              • captivity [ENG31-14022691-n] (the state of being imprisoned)

                • durance [ENG31-14023590-n] (imprisonment (especially for a long time))
                • life imprisonment [ENG31-14023685-n] (a sentence of imprisonment until death)
                • internment [ENG31-14023787-n] (confinement during wartime)
              • detention [ENG31-14023148-n] (a state of being confined (usually for a short time))
              • solitary confinement [ENG31-14023426-n] (confinement of a prisoner in isolation from other prisoners)
        • tribalism [ENG31-13951976-n] (the state of living together in tribes)
        • utopia [ENG31-13955078-n] (ideally perfect state)
        • dystopia [ENG31-13955246-n] (state in which the conditions of life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror)
        • wild [ENG31-13962386-n] (a wild primitive state untouched by civilization)

          • crudeness [ENG31-14496208-n] (a wild or unrefined state)
        • isomerism [ENG31-13962767-n] (the state of being an isomer)
        • degree [ENG31-13962925-n] (a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process)

          • ladder [ENG31-13963344-n] (ascending stages by which somebody or something can progress)
          • acme [ENG31-13963489-n] (the highest level or degree attainable)
          • extent [ENG31-13964158-n] (the point or degree to which something extends)
          • resultant [ENG31-13964370-n] (the final point in a process)
          • standard of living [ENG31-13964502-n] (a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group)
          • plane [ENG31-13964858-n] (a level of existence or development)
          • state of the art [ENG31-13964976-n] (the highest degree of development of an art or technique at a particular time)
          • ultimacy [ENG31-13965156-n] (the state or degree of being ultimate)

            • extremity [ENG31-13965457-n] (the greatest or utmost degree)
            • profoundness [ENG31-13965606-n] (extremeness of degree)
          • quickening [ENG31-14071616-n] (the stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels the movements of the fetus)
          • climax [ENG31-14592097-n] (the most severe stage of a disease)
        • office [ENG31-13968154-n] ((of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power)

          • executive clemency [ENG31-13968547-n] (the power (usually of a president or governor) to pardon or commute the sentence of someone convicted in that jurisdiction)
          • war power [ENG31-13968734-n] (an extraordinary power exercised (usually by the executive branch) in the prosecution of a war and involving an extension of the powers that the government normally has in peacetime)
        • status [ENG31-13968971-n] (the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society)

          • face [ENG31-05176322-n] (status in the eyes of others)
          • election [ENG31-13949362-n] (the status or fact of being elected)
          • echelon [ENG31-13969830-n] (status in a society or organization)
          • equality [ENG31-13969940-n] (a state of being essentially equal or equivalent)

            • egality [ENG31-13970190-n] (social and political equality)
            • tie [ENG31-13970354-n] (equality of score in a contest)

              • deuce [ENG31-13970452-n] (a tie in tennis or table tennis that requires winning two successive points to win the game)
          • social station [ENG31-13970595-n] (position in a social hierarchy)

            • place [ENG31-13970825-n] (proper or designated social situation)

              • niche [ENG31-13949201-n] (a position particularly well suited to the person who occupies it)
            • quality [ENG31-13971206-n] (high social status)
          • standing [ENG31-13971316-n] (social or financial or professional status or reputation)

            • rating [ENG31-14452786-n] (standing or position on a scale)
            • ranking [ENG31-14452888-n] (position on a scale in relation to others in status or rank or achievement)
            • prominence [ENG31-14457053-n] (the state of being prominent: widely known or eminent)

              • limelight [ENG31-14457235-n] (a focus of public attention)
              • salience [ENG31-14457488-n] (the state of being salient)

                • conspicuousness [ENG31-14457685-n] (the state of being conspicuous)
                • visibility [ENG31-14457795-n] (degree of exposure to public notice)

                  • low profile [ENG31-14457988-n] (a state of low visibility in which public notice is avoided)
            • importance [ENG31-14458147-n] (a prominent status)

              • emphasis [ENG31-14458332-n] (special importance or significance)

                • stress [ENG31-14458653-n] (special emphasis attached to something)
              • primacy [ENG31-14458819-n] (the state of being first in importance)
            • prestige [ENG31-14459275-n] (a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.)
            • obscurity [ENG31-14459495-n] (an obscure and unimportant standing)

              • anonymity [ENG31-14459751-n] (the state of being anonymous)
              • humbleness [ENG31-14459904-n] (the state of being humble and unimportant)
              • nowhere [ENG31-14460133-n] (an insignificant place)
              • oblivion [ENG31-14460235-n] (the state of being disregarded or forgotten)
            • honor [ENG31-14460341-n] (the state of being honored)

              • glory [ENG31-14460600-n] (a state of high honor)
              • fame [ENG31-14460852-n] (the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed)
              • esteem [ENG31-14461018-n] (the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded))

                • stature [ENG31-14461442-n] (high level of respect gained by impressive development or achievement)
              • repute [ENG31-14461591-n] (the state of being held in high esteem and honor)

                • black eye [ENG31-14461885-n] (a bad reputation)
                • stock [ENG31-14462007-n] (the reputation and popularity a person has)
                • character [ENG31-14462159-n] (good repute)
                • name [ENG31-14462254-n] (a person's reputation)
                • fame [ENG31-14462364-n] (favorable public reputation)
            • dishonor [ENG31-14462913-n] (a state of shame or disgrace)

              • disesteem [ENG31-14461311-n] (the state in which esteem has been lost)
              • disrepute [ENG31-14463211-n] (the state of being held in low esteem)

                • infamy [ENG31-14462478-n] (evil fame or public reputation)

                  • notoriety [ENG31-14462615-n] (the state of being known for some unfavorable act or quality)

                    • reputation [ENG31-14462760-n] (notoriety for some particular characteristic)
              • corruptness [ENG31-14463501-n] (the state of being corrupt)
              • shame [ENG31-14463603-n] (a state of dishonor)

                • humiliation [ENG31-14463954-n] (state of disgrace or loss of self-respect)

                  • abasement [ENG31-14464089-n] (a low or downcast state)

                    • degeneracy [ENG31-14464341-n] (the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities)
                    • depth [ENG31-14464549-n] ((usually plural) a low moral state)
                • obloquy [ENG31-14464964-n] (state of disgrace resulting from public abuse)
                • odium [ENG31-14465076-n] (state of disgrace resulting from detestable behavior)
                • reproach [ENG31-14465180-n] (disgrace or shame)
              • infamy [ENG31-14464696-n] (a state of extreme dishonor)
          • high status [ENG31-13971621-n] (a position of superior status)

            • center stage [ENG31-13971834-n] (a position of prominence or importance)
            • stardom [ENG31-13971984-n] (the status of being acknowledged as a star)
            • championship [ENG31-13972130-n] (the status of being a champion)

              • triple crown [ENG31-13972298-n] ((baseball) an unofficial title won by a batter who leads the league in hitting average, runs batted in, and home runs)
              • triple crown [ENG31-13972493-n] ((horse racing) a title won by a horse that can win the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes and the Preakness)
            • seniority [ENG31-13972794-n] (higher rank than that of others especially by reason of longer service)
            • precedence [ENG31-13973020-n] (status established in order of importance or urgency)

              • back burner [ENG31-13973361-n] (reduced priority)
              • front burner [ENG31-13973500-n] (top priority)
            • eminence [ENG31-14458911-n] (high status importance owing to marked superiority)

              • king [ENG31-14459136-n] (preeminence in a particular category or group or field)
          • high ground [ENG31-13972681-n] (a position of superiority over opponents or competitors)
          • high profile [ENG31-13973921-n] (a position attracting much attention and publicity)
          • Holy Order [ENG31-13974030-n] ((usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy)

            • exorcist [ENG31-10091975-n] (one of the minor orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church)
          • low status [ENG31-13974433-n] (a position of inferior status)

            • inferiority [ENG31-13974662-n] (the state of being inferior)

              • backseat [ENG31-13974847-n] (a secondary or inferior position or status)
              • shade [ENG31-13975012-n] (a position of relative inferiority)
              • subordinateness [ENG31-13975202-n] (secondary importance)

                • handmaid [ENG31-13975389-n] (in a subordinate position)
                • junior status [ENG31-13975604-n] (in a junior position)
                • subservience [ENG31-13975684-n] (in a subservient state)
          • legal status [ENG31-13975819-n] (a status defined by law)

            • civil death [ENG31-13976010-n] (the legal status of a person who is alive but who has been deprived of the rights and privileges of a citizen or a member of society)
            • citizenship [ENG31-13976685-n] (the status of a citizen with rights and duties)
            • marital status [ENG31-13987093-n] (the condition of being married or unmarried)

              • marriage [ENG31-13987306-n] (the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce))

                • bigamy [ENG31-13987802-n] (the state of having two spouses at the same time)
                • common-law marriage [ENG31-13988228-n] (a marriage relationship created by agreement and cohabitation rather than by ceremony)
                • endogamy [ENG31-13988398-n] (marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law)
                • exogamy [ENG31-13988623-n] (marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law)
                • marriage of convenience [ENG31-13988864-n] (a marriage for expediency rather than love)
                • misalliance [ENG31-13988976-n] (an unsuitable alliance (especially with regard to marriage))

                  • mesalliance [ENG31-13989129-n] (a marriage with a person of inferior social status)
                • monandry [ENG31-13989237-n] (the state of having only one husband at a time)
                • monogamy [ENG31-13989356-n] (the practice or state of having only one spouse at a time)

                  • monogyny [ENG31-13989575-n] (having only one wife at a time)
                  • serial monogamy [ENG31-13989714-n] (a succession of short monogamous relationships (as by someone who undergoes multiple divorces))
                • open marriage [ENG31-13989870-n] (a marriage in which each partner is free to enter into extraneous sexual relationships without guilt or jealousy from the other)
                • cuckoldom [ENG31-13990057-n] (the state of a husband whose wife has committed adultery)
                • polygamy [ENG31-13990322-n] (the condition or practice of having more than one spouse at a time)

                  • polyandry [ENG31-13990169-n] (polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband at a time)
                  • polygyny [ENG31-13990515-n] (polygamy in which a man has more than one wife at a time)
                • sigeh [ENG31-13990662-n] (a Shiite tradition of temporary marriage permitted in Iran that allows a couple to specify the terms of their relationship)
              • civil union [ENG31-13987940-n] (a voluntary union for life (or until divorce) of adult parties of the same sex)
              • bachelorhood [ENG31-13991162-n] (the state of being an unmarried man)
              • spinsterhood [ENG31-13991274-n] (the state of being a spinster (usually an elderly unmarried woman))
              • widowhood [ENG31-13991417-n] (the state of being a widow who has not remarried)
            • minority [ENG31-15177221-n] (any age prior to the legal age)
          • bastardy [ENG31-13976433-n] (the status of being born to parents who were not married)
          • left-handedness [ENG31-13976574-n] (the status of being born of a morganatic marriage)
          • command [ENG31-13976826-n] (a position of highest authority)
          • nationality [ENG31-13977005-n] (the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization)
          • footing [ENG31-13977154-n] (status with respect to the relations between people or groups)
          • retirement [ENG31-13977336-n] (the state of being retired from one's business or occupation)
          • rank [ENG31-14453411-n] (relative status)

            • first [ENG31-13868396-n] (the first or highest in an ordering or series)

              • former [ENG31-13868553-n] (the first of two or the first mentioned of two)
            • second [ENG31-13868743-n] (following the first in an ordering or series)

              • latter [ENG31-13868905-n] (the second of two or the second mentioned of two)
            • third [ENG31-13869097-n] (following the second position in an ordering or series)
            • fourth [ENG31-13869321-n] (following the third position)
            • fifth [ENG31-13869437-n] (position five in a countable series of things)
            • sixth [ENG31-13869599-n] (position six in a countable series of things)
            • seventh [ENG31-13869695-n] (position seven in a countable series of things)
            • eighth [ENG31-13869813-n] (position eight in a countable series of things)
            • ninth [ENG31-13869912-n] (position nine in a countable series of things)
            • tenth [ENG31-13870055-n] (position ten in a countable series of things)
            • eleventh [ENG31-13870151-n] (position 11 in a countable series of things)
            • twelfth [ENG31-13870249-n] (position 12 in a countable series of things)
            • thirteenth [ENG31-13870346-n] (position 13 in a countable series of things)
            • fourteenth [ENG31-13870446-n] (position 14 in a countable series of things)
            • fifteenth [ENG31-13870546-n] (position 15 in a countable series of things)
            • sixteenth [ENG31-13870663-n] (position 16 in a countable series of things)
            • seventeenth [ENG31-13870762-n] (position 17 in a countable series of things)
            • eighteenth [ENG31-13870881-n] (position 18 in a countable series of things)
            • nineteenth [ENG31-13870981-n] (position 19 in a countable series of things)
            • twentieth [ENG31-13871081-n] (position 20 in a countable series of things)
            • thirtieth [ENG31-13871180-n] (position 30 in a countable series of things)
            • fortieth [ENG31-13871279-n] (position 40 in a countable series of things)
            • fiftieth [ENG31-13871377-n] (position 50 in a countable series of things)
            • sixtieth [ENG31-13871493-n] (position 60 in a countable series of things)
            • seventieth [ENG31-13871591-n] (position 70 in a countable series of things)
            • eightieth [ENG31-13871709-n] (position 80 in a countable series of things)
            • ninetieth [ENG31-13871808-n] (position 90 in a countable series of things)
            • hundredth [ENG31-13871907-n] (position 100 in a countable series of things)
            • thousandth [ENG31-13872007-n] (position 1,000 in a countable series of things)
            • millionth [ENG31-13872110-n] (position 1,000,000 in a countable series of things)
            • billionth [ENG31-13872216-n] (position 1,000,000,000 in a countable series of things)
            • last [ENG31-13872345-n] (the last or lowest in an ordering or series)
            • grade [ENG31-14451564-n] (a relative position or degree of value in a graded group)

              • biosafety level [ENG31-14451808-n] (the level of safety from exposure to infectious agents)

                • biosafety level 1 [ENG31-14452059-n] (exposure only to infectious agents that do not ordinarily cause human disease)
                • biosafety level 2 [ENG31-14452200-n] (exposure to infectious agents that can cause disease in humans but whose potential for transmission is limited)
                • biosafety level 3 [ENG31-14452374-n] (exposure to infectious agents that can be transmitted by the respiratory route and which can cause serious infection)
                • biosafety level 4 [ENG31-14452554-n] (exposure to exotic infectious agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease and can be transmitted as an aerosol and for which there is no vaccine or therapy)
              • A level [ENG31-14454441-n] (the advanced level of a subject taken in school (usually two years after O level))
              • General Certificate of Secondary Education [ENG31-14454595-n] (the basic level of a subject taken in school)
              • college level [ENG31-14454764-n] (the level of education that college students are assumed to have attained)
            • gradation [ENG31-14453034-n] (relative position in a graded series)

              • cut [ENG31-14453311-n] (a step on some scale)
            • second class [ENG31-14454342-n] (not the highest rank in a classification)
            • military rank [ENG31-14454897-n] (rank in a military organization)

              • flag rank [ENG31-14455063-n] (the rank of a flag officer)
            • archidiaconate [ENG31-14455993-n] (office or position of an archdeacon)
            • baronetcy [ENG31-14456089-n] (the rank or dignity or position of a baronet or baroness)
            • dukedom [ENG31-14456210-n] (the dignity or rank or position of a duke)
            • earldom [ENG31-14456341-n] (the dignity or rank or position of an earl or countess)
            • kingship [ENG31-14456467-n] (the dignity or rank or position of a king)
            • princedom [ENG31-14456581-n] (the dignity or rank or position of a prince)
            • viscountcy [ENG31-14456698-n] (the dignity or rank or position of a viscount or viscountess)
          • caste [ENG31-14455164-n] (social status or position conferred by a system based on class)
          • dignity [ENG31-14455328-n] (high office or rank or station)
          • nobility [ENG31-14455458-n] (the state of being of noble birth)

            • purple [ENG31-14455697-n] ((in ancient Rome) position of imperial status)
          • ordination [ENG31-14455593-n] (the status of being ordained to a sacred office)
          • pedestal [ENG31-14455855-n] (a position of great esteem (and supposed superiority))
          • leadership [ENG31-14456827-n] (the status of a leader)
          • slot [ENG31-14603168-n] (a position in a hierarchy or organization)
          • toehold [ENG31-14603372-n] (a relatively insignificant position from which future progress might be made)
        • being [ENG31-13977471-n] (the state or fact of existing)

          • actuality [ENG31-13978104-n] (the state of actually existing objectively)

            • entelechy [ENG31-13978438-n] ((Aristotle) the state of something that is fully realized)
            • genuineness [ENG31-13978627-n] (the state of being genuine)
            • reality [ENG31-13978747-n] (the state of being actual or real)

              • fact [ENG31-13979160-n] (an event known to have happened or something known to have existed)
            • reality [ENG31-13979383-n] (the state of the world as it really is rather than as you might want it to be)

              • historicalness [ENG31-13979648-n] (the state of having in fact existed in the past)
            • truth [ENG31-13979774-n] (conformity to reality or actuality)
          • eternity [ENG31-13980191-n] (a state of eternal existence believed in some religions to characterize the afterlife)
          • preexistence [ENG31-13980403-n] (existing in a former state or previous to something else)
          • coexistence [ENG31-13980554-n] (existing peacefully together)
          • subsistence [ENG31-13980779-n] (the state of existing in reality)
          • presence [ENG31-13980887-n] (the state of being present)

            • immanence [ENG31-13981260-n] (the state of being within or not going beyond a given domain)
            • inherence [ENG31-13981424-n] (the state of inhering)
            • ubiety [ENG31-13981639-n] (the state of existing and being localized in space)
            • ubiquity [ENG31-13981742-n] (the state of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once))
            • hereness [ENG31-13981958-n] (the state of being here in this place)
            • thereness [ENG31-13982086-n] (the state of being there--not here--in position)
            • thereness [ENG31-13982207-n] (real existence)
            • occurrence [ENG31-13982355-n] (an instance of something occurring)

              • allopatry [ENG31-13982575-n] (the occurrence of related organisms in separate geographical areas with no overlap)
              • sympatry [ENG31-13982749-n] (the occurrence of organisms in overlapping geographical areas, but without interbreeding)
            • shadow [ENG31-13982928-n] (a dominating and pervasive presence)
          • life [ENG31-13984685-n] (the course of existence of an individual)
          • animation [ENG31-13984978-n] (the condition of living or the state of being alive)

            • eternal life [ENG31-13980676-n] (life without beginning or end)
            • skin [ENG31-13985384-n] (a person's skin regarded as their life)
            • survival [ENG31-13985502-n] (a state of surviving)

              • subsistence [ENG31-13985696-n] (a means of surviving)
          • life [ENG31-13986528-n] (a characteristic state or mode of living)

            • ghetto [ENG31-13986678-n] (any segregated mode of living or working that results from bias or stereotyping)
          • transcendence [ENG31-13986901-n] (a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience)
          • possibility [ENG31-14505513-n] (capability of existing or happening or being true)

            • conceivableness [ENG31-14505883-n] (the state of being conceivable)
            • achievability [ENG31-14506028-n] (the state of being achievable)
            • potential [ENG31-14506204-n] (the inherent capacity for coming into being)

              • latency [ENG31-14506436-n] (the state of being not yet evident or active)
              • prospect [ENG31-14506552-n] (the possibility of future success)
            • opportunity [ENG31-14507501-n] (a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances)

              • brass ring [ENG31-14507962-n] (a rich opportunity or a prize)
              • day [ENG31-14508100-n] (a period of opportunity)
              • fresh start [ENG31-14508230-n] (an opportunity to start over without prejudice)
              • hearing [ENG31-14508362-n] (an opportunity to state your case and be heard)
              • hunting ground [ENG31-14508553-n] (a place where opportunities abound)
              • occasion [ENG31-14508648-n] (an opportunity to do something)

                • sale [ENG31-01120044-n] (an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices)

                  • bazaar [ENG31-01120503-n] (a sale of miscellany)

                    • book fair [ENG31-01120659-n] (bazaar at which books are sold or auctioned off in order to raise funds for a worthy cause)
                    • craft fair [ENG31-01120816-n] (a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale)
                  • car boot sale [ENG31-01120935-n] (an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car)
                  • clearance sale [ENG31-01121097-n] (a sale to reduce inventory)
                  • closeout [ENG31-01121211-n] (a sale intended to dispose of all remaining stock)
                  • fire sale [ENG31-01121333-n] (a sale of merchandise supposedly damaged by fire)
                  • fire sale [ENG31-01121437-n] (a sale of assets at very low prices typically when the seller faces bankruptcy)
                  • garage sale [ENG31-01121571-n] (an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises)
                  • going-out-of-business sale [ENG31-01121722-n] (a sale of all the tangible assets of a business that is about to close)
                  • realization [ENG31-01121941-n] (a sale in order to obtain money (as a sale of stock or a sale of the estate of a bankrupt person) or the money so obtained)
                  • rummage sale [ENG31-01122171-n] (a sale of donated articles)
                  • selloff [ENG31-01122270-n] (a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade)
                  • white sale [ENG31-01122497-n] (a sale of household linens)
              • opening [ENG31-14508833-n] (opportunity especially for employment or promotion)
              • room [ENG31-14509020-n] (opportunity for)
              • say [ENG31-14509110-n] (the chance to speak)
              • shot [ENG31-14509257-n] (a chance to do something)
              • street [ENG31-14509395-n] (a situation offering opportunities)
              • throw [ENG31-14509574-n] (a single chance or instance)
        • nonbeing [ENG31-13983104-n] (the state of not being)

          • nonexistence [ENG31-13983217-n] (the state of not existing)

            • unreality [ENG31-13983403-n] (the state of being insubstantial or imaginary)

              • cloud [ENG31-13983643-n] (out of touch with reality)
              • falsity [ENG31-13983750-n] (the state of being false or untrue)

                • spuriousness [ENG31-13984119-n] (state of lacking genuineness)
            • nothingness [ENG31-14479148-n] (the state of nonexistence)

              • thin air [ENG31-14479295-n] (nowhere to be found in a giant void)
            • impossibility [ENG31-14506710-n] (incapability of existing or occurring)

              • inconceivability [ENG31-14506932-n] (the state of being impossible to conceive)
              • unattainableness [ENG31-14507092-n] (the state of being unattainable)
        • death [ENG31-13985834-n] (the absence of life or state of being dead)

          • rest [ENG31-13986101-n] (euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb))
          • extinction [ENG31-13986368-n] (no longer in existence)
          • neonatal death [ENG31-14333599-n] (death of a liveborn infant within the first 28 days of life)
        • employment [ENG31-13991539-n] (the state of being employed or having a job)
        • unemployment [ENG31-13991755-n] (the state of being unemployed or not having a job)
        • order [ENG31-13991994-n] (established customary state (especially of society))

          • civil order [ENG31-13992306-n] (the form of government of a social organization)
          • rule of law [ENG31-13992420-n] (a state of order in which events conform to the law)
          • tranquillity [ENG31-13992548-n] (an untroubled state)
          • harmony [ENG31-13992690-n] (a harmonious state of things in general and of their properties (as of colors and sounds))

            • peace [ENG31-13993147-n] (harmonious relations)
            • comity [ENG31-13993301-n] (a state or atmosphere of harmony or mutual civility and respect)

              • comity of nations [ENG31-13993435-n] (courteous respect by one nation for the laws and institutions of another)
            • agreement [ENG31-13994512-n] (harmony of people's opinions or actions or characters)

              • community [ENG31-13994829-n] (agreement as to goals)
              • concurrence [ENG31-13995249-n] (a state of cooperation)
              • consensus [ENG31-13995348-n] (agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole)
              • sense of the meeting [ENG31-13995627-n] (general agreement reached by an assembled group)
              • unanimity [ENG31-13995834-n] (everyone being of one mind)
              • unison [ENG31-13995952-n] (corresponding exactly)
              • social contract [ENG31-13996048-n] (an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society)
          • stability [ENG31-13993571-n] (a stable order (especially of society))
          • peace [ENG31-13993683-n] (the state prevailing during the absence of war)

            • amity [ENG31-13993907-n] (a state of friendship and cordiality)

              • peaceableness [ENG31-13994031-n] (a state that is calm and tranquil)

                • mollification [ENG31-13994211-n] (a state of being appeased or ameliorated or tempered)
            • armistice [ENG31-13994359-n] (a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms)
            • conciliation [ENG31-13995008-n] (the state of manifesting goodwill and cooperation after being reconciled)
            • collective security [ENG31-14563822-n] (a system for international peace)
            • Pax Romana [ENG31-14563920-n] (the Roman peace)
        • disorder [ENG31-13996244-n] (a disturbance of the peace or of public order)

          • anarchy [ENG31-13996506-n] (a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government))

            • nihilism [ENG31-13996767-n] (complete denial of all established authority and institutions)
          • instability [ENG31-13999106-n] (an unstable order)
          • confusion [ENG31-13999199-n] (disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably)

            • demoralization [ENG31-13999435-n] (a state of disorder and confusion)
            • bluster [ENG31-13999629-n] (noisy confusion and turbulence)
            • chaos [ENG31-13999769-n] (a state of extreme confusion and disorder)

              • balagan [ENG31-13999974-n] (a word for chaos or fiasco borrowed from modern Hebrew (where it is a loan word from Russian))
            • hugger-mugger [ENG31-14000178-n] (a state of confusion)
            • schemozzle [ENG31-14000354-n] ((Yiddish) a confused situation or affair)
          • rioting [ENG31-14000490-n] (a state of disorder involving group violence)
          • rowdiness [ENG31-14000631-n] (rowdy behavior)
          • disturbance [ENG31-14000813-n] (a disorderly outburst or tumult)

            • convulsion [ENG31-14001179-n] (a violent disturbance)
            • earthquake [ENG31-14001317-n] (a disturbance that is extremely disruptive)
            • incident [ENG31-14001480-n] (a public disturbance)
            • stir [ENG31-14001613-n] (a prominent or sensational but short-lived news event)
            • storm [ENG31-14001791-n] (a violent commotion or disturbance)
            • storm center [ENG31-14002048-n] (a center of trouble or disturbance)
            • tumult [ENG31-14002194-n] (a state of commotion and noise and confusion)

              • combustion [ENG31-14002399-n] (a state of violent disturbance and excitement)
          • discord [ENG31-14002549-n] (lack of agreement or harmony)
          • turbulence [ENG31-14002658-n] (a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally))

            • agitation [ENG31-14002988-n] (a state of agitation or turbulent change or development)
            • roller coaster [ENG31-14003271-n] (anything characterized by abrupt and extreme changes (especially up and down))
            • violence [ENG31-14003462-n] (a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc.)

              • rage [ENG31-14003613-n] (violent state of the elements)
        • hostility [ENG31-14003773-n] (a state of deep-seated ill-will)

          • latent hostility [ENG31-14004081-n] (feelings of hostility that are not manifest)
          • war [ENG31-14004888-n] (a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply)

            • proxy war [ENG31-14005248-n] (a war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate)
          • cold war [ENG31-14005485-n] (a state of political hostility between countries using means short of armed warfare)
          • suspicion [ENG31-14006324-n] (the state of being suspected)

            • cloud [ENG31-14006484-n] (suspicion affecting your reputation)
        • conflict [ENG31-14004330-n] (a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests)

          • clash [ENG31-14004622-n] (a state of conflict between persons)
          • clash [ENG31-14004756-n] (a state of conflict between colors)
          • disagreement [ENG31-14005842-n] (a conflict of people's opinions or actions or characters)

            • disunity [ENG31-14006073-n] (lack of unity (usually resulting from dissension))
            • divide [ENG31-14006177-n] (a serious disagreement between two groups of people (typically producing tension or hostility))
        • illumination [ENG31-14006632-n] (the degree of visibility of your environment)

          • light [ENG31-14006789-n] (having abundant light or illumination)
          • dark [ENG31-14007000-n] (absence of light or illumination)

            • night [ENG31-14007202-n] (darkness)
            • total darkness [ENG31-14007292-n] (total absence of light)
            • blackout [ENG31-14007567-n] (darkness resulting from the extinction of lights (as in a city invisible to enemy aircraft))
            • semidarkness [ENG31-14007770-n] (partial darkness)

              • cloudiness [ENG31-14007953-n] (gloomy semidarkness caused by cloud cover)
              • shade [ENG31-14008098-n] (relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body)

                • shadow [ENG31-14008429-n] (shade within clear boundaries)

                  • umbra [ENG31-14008583-n] (a region of complete shadow resulting from total obstruction of light)
                  • penumbra [ENG31-14008704-n] (a fringe region of partial shadow around an umbra)
              • dimness [ENG31-14008808-n] (the state of being poorly illuminated)
              • gloom [ENG31-14008947-n] (a state of partial or total darkness)
              • obscurity [ENG31-14009156-n] (the state of being indistinct or indefinite for lack of adequate illumination)
        • freedom [ENG31-14015308-n] (the condition of being free)

          • academic freedom [ENG31-14015679-n] (the freedom of teachers and students to express their ideas in school without religious or political or institutional restrictions)
          • enfranchisement [ENG31-14015872-n] (freedom from political subjugation or servitude)
          • free hand [ENG31-14017170-n] (freedom to do as you see fit)
          • free rein [ENG31-14017327-n] (the removal of constraints)
          • freedom of the seas [ENG31-14017499-n] (the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters)
          • independence [ENG31-14017633-n] (freedom from control or influence of another or others)

            • autonomy [ENG31-14015999-n] (immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independence)

              • self-government [ENG31-14016223-n] (government of a political unit by its own people)

                • sovereignty [ENG31-14016420-n] (government free from external control)
                • local option [ENG31-14016515-n] (freedom of a local government to determine by popular vote the applicability of a controversial law in their jurisdiction)
                • home rule [ENG31-14016695-n] (self-government in local matters by a city or county that is part of a national government)
            • autarky [ENG31-14016841-n] (economic independence as a national policy)
            • autonomy [ENG31-14024516-n] (personal independence)
            • separateness [ENG31-14024698-n] (political independence)
          • liberty [ENG31-14017941-n] (freedom of choice)

            • license [ENG31-14018291-n] (freedom to deviate deliberately from normally applicable rules or practices (especially in behavior or speech))

              • poetic license [ENG31-14018501-n] (license used by a writer or artist to heighten the effect of their work)
            • latitude [ENG31-14018633-n] (freedom from normal restraints in conduct)
            • license [ENG31-14018863-n] (excessive freedom)
            • discretion [ENG31-14019309-n] (freedom to act or judge on one's own)
            • run [ENG31-14019420-n] (unrestricted freedom to use)
          • civil liberty [ENG31-14019147-n] (one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country)
          • liberty [ENG31-14019546-n] (personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression)
          • svoboda [ENG31-14019696-n] ((Russia) freedom)
        • representation [ENG31-14023888-n] (the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agent)

          • free agency [ENG31-14024127-n] ((sports) the state of a professional athlete who is free to negotiate a contract to play for any team)
          • legal representation [ENG31-14024305-n] (personal representation that has legal status)
          • virus [ENG31-14031349-n] (a harmful or corrupting agency)
        • dependence [ENG31-14024833-n] (the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else)

          • helplessness [ENG31-14025114-n] (the state of needing help from something)
          • reliance [ENG31-14025213-n] (the state of relying on something)
          • subordination [ENG31-14025337-n] (the state of being subordinate to something)
          • contingency [ENG31-14025458-n] (the state of being contingent on something)
        • motion [ENG31-14027802-n] (a state of change)

          • shaking [ENG31-14028057-n] (a shaky motion)

            • tremolo [ENG31-14028443-n] ((music) a tremulous effect produced by rapid repetition of a single tone or rapid alternation of two tones)
            • tremor [ENG31-14028622-n] (shaking or trembling (usually resulting from weakness or stress or disease))

              • essential tremor [ENG31-14028787-n] (tremor of unknown cause (usually of the hands and head) that develops in older people)
          • perpetual motion [ENG31-14029034-n] (motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy)
          • precession [ENG31-14029213-n] (the motion of a spinning body (as a top) in which it wobbles so that the axis of rotation sweeps out a cone)
          • stream [ENG31-14029377-n] (something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously)
        • motionlessness [ENG31-14029664-n] (a state of no motion or movement)

          • stationariness [ENG31-14029975-n] (remaining in place)

            • rootage [ENG31-14030169-n] (fixedness by or as if by roots)
        • dead letter [ENG31-14030306-n] (the state of something that has outlived its relevance)
        • action [ENG31-14030430-n] (the state of being active)

          • agency [ENG31-14031031-n] (the state of being in action or exerting power)

            • Frankenstein [ENG31-14031235-n] (an agency that escapes control and destroys its creator)
          • busyness [ENG31-14031535-n] (the state of being or appearing to be actively engaged in an activity)
          • behavior [ENG31-14031827-n] (the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances)
          • eruption [ENG31-14032052-n] ((of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava (or a deposit so formed))
          • operation [ENG31-14032291-n] (the state of being in effect or being operative)

            • commission [ENG31-14032759-n] (the state of being in good working order and ready for operation)
            • running [ENG31-14032966-n] (the state of being in operation)
            • idle [ENG31-14033089-n] (the state of an engine or other mechanism that is idling)
          • overdrive [ENG31-14032505-n] (the state of high or excessive activity or productivity or concentration)
          • play [ENG31-14033234-n] (a state in which action is feasible)
          • swing [ENG31-14033417-n] (a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity)
        • inaction [ENG31-14033619-n] (the state of being inactive)

          • abeyance [ENG31-14034107-n] (temporary cessation or suspension)

            • cold storage [ENG31-14037020-n] (in a state of abeyance or postponement)
            • deferral [ENG31-14037117-n] (a state of abeyance or suspended business)
            • moratorium [ENG31-14037222-n] (suspension of an ongoing activity)
            • standdown [ENG31-14037312-n] (a suspension and relaxation from an alert state or a state of readiness)
          • anergy [ENG31-14034316-n] (inactivity and lack of energy)
          • arrest [ENG31-14034398-n] (the state of inactivity following an interruption)

            • countercheck [ENG31-14038737-n] (a check that restrains another check)
            • logjam [ENG31-14039067-n] (any stoppage attributable to unusual activity)
          • calcification [ENG31-14034879-n] (an inflexible and unchanging state)
          • deep freeze [ENG31-14035028-n] (temporary inactivity or suspension)
          • desuetude [ENG31-14035195-n] (a state of inactivity or disuse)
          • dormancy [ENG31-14035282-n] (a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction)

            • hibernation [ENG31-14037452-n] (cessation from or slowing of activity during the winter)
            • estivation [ENG31-14037633-n] ((zoology) cessation or slowing of activity during the summer)
            • slumber [ENG31-14038619-n] (a dormant or quiescent state)
          • extinction [ENG31-14035644-n] (no longer active)
          • holding pattern [ENG31-14035782-n] (a state of inaction with no progress and no change)
          • rest [ENG31-14035972-n] (a state of inaction)
          • stagnation [ENG31-14036138-n] (a state of inactivity (in business or art etc))
          • stagnation [ENG31-14036476-n] (inactivity of liquids)
          • stasis [ENG31-14036720-n] (inactivity resulting from a static balance between opposing forces)
        • temporary state [ENG31-14039202-n] (a state that continues for a limited time)

          • fatigue [ENG31-14039832-n] (temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical or mental work)

            • eyestrain [ENG31-14040334-n] (a tiredness of the eyes caused by prolonged close work by a person with an uncorrected vision problem)
            • jet lag [ENG31-14040504-n] (fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel)
            • exhaustion [ENG31-14040677-n] (extreme fatigue)

              • inanition [ENG31-04642367-n] (exhaustion resulting from lack of food)
              • frazzle [ENG31-14041526-n] (a state of extreme exhaustion)
              • mental exhaustion [ENG31-14041674-n] (exhaustion that affects mental keenness)
            • grogginess [ENG31-14041789-n] (a groggy state resulting from weariness)
            • loginess [ENG31-14041903-n] (a dull and listless state resulting from weariness)
          • depletion [ENG31-14040803-n] (the state of being depleted)

            • salt depletion [ENG31-14040922-n] (loss of salt from the body without replacement (loss by vomiting or profuse perspiration or urination or diarrhea) thus upsetting the electrolyte balance)
          • drunkenness [ENG31-14042038-n] (a temporary state resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol)

            • grogginess [ENG31-14042389-n] (a dazed and staggering state caused by alcohol)
            • sottishness [ENG31-14042510-n] (stupefaction from drink)
          • soberness [ENG31-14042609-n] (the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol)
          • wakefulness [ENG31-14046430-n] (a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep)
          • sleepiness [ENG31-14053917-n] (a very sleepy state)
          • emergency [ENG31-14056081-n] (a state in which martial law applies)
          • clutch [ENG31-14056219-n] (a tense critical situation)
        • imminence [ENG31-14054302-n] (the state of being imminent and liable to happen soon)
        • readiness [ENG31-14054590-n] (the state of having been made ready or prepared for use or action (especially military action))

          • ready [ENG31-14055005-n] (poised for action)
          • alert [ENG31-14055142-n] (condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action)

            • air alert [ENG31-14055404-n] (the condition in which combat aircraft are airborne and ready for an operation)
            • red alert [ENG31-14055582-n] (the highest level of alert when an attack by the enemy seems imminent (or more generally a state of alert resulting from imminent danger))
            • strip alert [ENG31-14055775-n] (a state of readiness for domestic defense aircraft)
        • flux [ENG31-14057399-n] (a state of uncertainty about what should be done (usually following some important event) preceding the establishment of a new direction of action)
        • kalemia [ENG31-14293518-n] (the presence of excess potassium in the circulating blood)
        • enlargement [ENG31-14338498-n] (the state of being enlarged)

          • pseudobulb [ENG31-12067529-n] (a solid bulblike enlargement of the stem of some orchids)
        • separation [ENG31-14437698-n] (the state of lacking unity)

          • discreteness [ENG31-14437907-n] (the state of being several and distinct)
          • isolation [ENG31-14438119-n] (a state of separation between persons or groups)

            • solitude [ENG31-14438384-n] (the state or situation of being alone)
            • solitude [ENG31-14438476-n] (a state of social isolation)
            • loneliness [ENG31-14438567-n] (the state of being alone in solitary isolation)
            • quarantine [ENG31-14438739-n] (enforced isolation of patients suffering from a contagious disease in order to prevent the spread of disease)
            • insulation [ENG31-14438922-n] (the state of being isolated or detached)
            • alienation [ENG31-14439177-n] (separation resulting from hostility)
            • anomie [ENG31-14439302-n] (personal state of isolation and anxiety resulting from a lack of social control and regulation)
            • privacy [ENG31-14439493-n] (the condition of being concealed or hidden)

              • hiddenness [ENG31-14439753-n] (the state of being covert and hidden)
              • bosom [ENG31-14439877-n] (the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept)
              • confidentiality [ENG31-14440072-n] (the state of being secret)
              • hiding [ENG31-14599497-n] (the state of being hidden)
          • discontinuity [ENG31-14440955-n] (lack of connection or continuity)
          • disjunction [ENG31-14441101-n] (state of being disconnected)

            • separability [ENG31-14441397-n] (the capability of being separated)
            • incoherence [ENG31-14441507-n] (lack of cohesion or clarity or organization)

              • disjointedness [ENG31-14441694-n] (lacking order or coherence)
          • disassociation [ENG31-14444777-n] (the state of being unconnected in memory or imagination)
        • union [ENG31-14441799-n] (the state of being joined or united or linked)

          • coalition [ENG31-14442066-n] (the state of being combined into one body)

            • alliance [ENG31-14442226-n] (the state of being allied or confederated)
            • federalization [ENG31-14442374-n] (the state of being under federal control)
          • connection [ENG31-14442568-n] (the state of being connected)

            • contact [ENG31-14442914-n] (the state or condition of touching or of being in immediate proximity)

              • osculation [ENG31-14443293-n] ((mathematics) a contact of two curves (or two surfaces) at which they have a common tangent)
              • tangency [ENG31-14443478-n] (the state of being tangent)
            • concatenation [ENG31-14443141-n] (the state of being linked together as in a chain)
            • interconnection [ENG31-14443644-n] (a state of being connected reciprocally)
            • coherence [ENG31-14443868-n] (the state of cohering or sticking together)

              • consistency [ENG31-14444184-n] (logical coherence and accordance with the facts)
              • continuity [ENG31-14445439-n] (uninterrupted connection or union)
          • junction [ENG31-14444358-n] (the state of being joined together)

            • anastomosis [ENG31-05256902-n] (a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous)
            • synapse [ENG31-05481580-n] (the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle)

              • neuromuscular junction [ENG31-05481847-n] (the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies)
          • association [ENG31-14444543-n] (the state of being connected together as in memory or imagination)
          • marriage [ENG31-14444989-n] (a close and intimate union)
          • syncretism [ENG31-14445128-n] (the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy))
        • maturity [ENG31-14448184-n] (state of being mature)

          • adulthood [ENG31-14448507-n] (the state (and responsibilities) of a person who has attained maturity)

            • manhood [ENG31-14448723-n] (the state of being a man)
            • parenthood [ENG31-14448818-n] (the state of being a parent)
            • womanhood [ENG31-14449119-n] (the state of being an adult woman)
          • ripeness [ENG31-14449005-n] (the state of being ripe)
          • youth [ENG31-14449257-n] (early maturity)
          • post-maturity [ENG31-14449729-n] (the state in which women have stopped ovulating)
        • immaturity [ENG31-14449378-n] (not having reached maturity)

          • greenness [ENG31-14449853-n] (the state of not being ripe)
          • callowness [ENG31-14449972-n] (lacking and evidencing lack of experience of life)
          • prematureness [ENG31-14450140-n] (the state of being premature)
          • adolescence [ENG31-14450314-n] (in the state that someone is in between puberty and adulthood)
          • childhood [ENG31-14450469-n] (the state of a child between infancy and adolescence)
          • infancy [ENG31-14450643-n] (the earliest state of immaturity)
        • grace [ENG31-14481629-n] ((Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God)
        • damnation [ENG31-14482041-n] (the state of being condemned to eternal punishment in Hell)

          • fire and brimstone [ENG31-14482211-n] ((Old Testament) God's means of destroying sinners)
        • omniscience [ENG31-14482391-n] (the state of being omniscient)

          • God's Wisdom [ENG31-14482541-n] (the omniscience of a divine being)
        • omnipotence [ENG31-14482633-n] (the state of being omnipotent)

          • God's Will [ENG31-14482780-n] (the omnipotence of a divine being)
        • perfection [ENG31-14482870-n] (the state of being without a flaw or defect)

          • couth [ENG31-14483181-n] ((used facetiously) refinement)
          • dream [ENG31-14483299-n] (someone or something wonderful)
          • polish [ENG31-14483408-n] (a highly developed state of perfection)
          • fare-thee-well [ENG31-14483841-n] (state of perfection)
          • intactness [ENG31-14483991-n] (the state of being unimpaired)
        • integrity [ENG31-14484149-n] (an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting)

          • completeness [ENG31-14484558-n] (the state of being complete and entire)

            • entirety [ENG31-14484815-n] (the state of being total and complete)

              • whole shebang [ENG31-14485263-n] (everything available)
            • comprehensiveness [ENG31-14485103-n] (completeness over a broad scope)
          • incompleteness [ENG31-14485777-n] (the state of being crude and incomplete and imperfect)

            • partialness [ENG31-14485648-n] (the state of being only a part)
            • sketchiness [ENG31-14486149-n] (incompleteness of details)
        • imperfection [ENG31-14486250-n] (the state or an instance of being imperfect)

          • failing [ENG31-14486530-n] (a flaw or weak point)

            • insufficiency [ENG31-14487055-n] (a lack of competence)
            • fatigue [ENG31-14487260-n] (used of materials (especially metals) in a weakened state caused by long stress)
            • flaw [ENG31-14487410-n] (defect or weakness in a person's character)

              • tragic flaw [ENG31-14486915-n] (the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall)
          • flaw [ENG31-14486754-n] (an imperfection in a plan or theory or legal document that causes it to fail or that reduces its effectiveness)
          • defect [ENG31-14487589-n] (an imperfection in a bodily system)

            • myelatelia [ENG31-14373511-n] (any developmental defect of the spinal cord)
          • defect [ENG31-14487787-n] (an imperfection in an object or machine)

            • blister [ENG31-14488096-n] (a flaw on a surface resulting when an applied substance does not adhere (as an air bubble in a coat of paint))
            • bug [ENG31-14488259-n] (a fault or defect in a computer program, system, or machine)
            • hole [ENG31-14488377-n] (a fault)
          • wart [ENG31-14488467-n] (an imperfection in someone or something that is suggestive of a wart (especially in smallness or unattractiveness))
          • defectiveness [ENG31-14495883-n] (the state of being defective)

            • bugginess [ENG31-14496110-n] (the state of having bugs)
            • lameness [ENG31-14496484-n] (an imperfection or defectiveness)
            • sickness [ENG31-14496638-n] (defectiveness or unsoundness)
        • receivership [ENG31-14502904-n] (the state of property that is in the hands of a receiver)
        • ownership [ENG31-14503072-n] (the state or fact of being an owner)
        • obligation [ENG31-14513694-n] (the state of being obligated to do or pay something)

          • indebtedness [ENG31-14513903-n] (an obligation to pay money to another party)

            • limited liability [ENG31-13418191-n] (the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm)
            • debt [ENG31-14514148-n] (the state of owing something (especially money))
            • arrears [ENG31-14514269-n] (the state of being behind in payments)
            • account payable [ENG31-14514385-n] (a liability account showing how much is owed for goods and services purchased on credit)
            • scot and lot [ENG31-14514755-n] (obligations of all kinds taken as a whole)
        • end [ENG31-14586552-n] (a final state)
        • revocation [ENG31-14587637-n] (the state of being cancelled or annulled)
        • merchantability [ENG31-14587746-n] (the state of being fit for market)

          • sale [ENG31-14587887-n] (the state of being purchasable)
        • turgor [ENG31-14592343-n] ((biology) the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane)
        • homozygosity [ENG31-14592918-n] (the state of being homozygous)
        • heterozygosity [ENG31-14593089-n] (the state of being heterozygous)
        • neotony [ENG31-14593264-n] (the state resulting when juvenile characteristics are retained by the adults of a species)
        • plurality [ENG31-14593425-n] (the state of being plural)
        • polyvalence [ENG31-14593672-n] ((toxicology) the state of being capable of counteracting more than one toxin or antigen or kind of microorganism)
        • polyvalence [ENG31-14593911-n] ((chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two)
        • paternity [ENG31-14602337-n] (the state of being a father)
        • utilization [ENG31-14604021-n] (the state of having been made use of)
        • technicality [ENG31-14604142-n] (the state of being technical as in the use of technical terms or methods)
      • shape [ENG31-00028005-n] (the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance)

        • solid [ENG31-13882990-n] (a three-dimensional shape)

          • convex shape [ENG31-13886774-n] (a shape that curves or bulges outward)

            • umbo [ENG31-05332101-n] (a slight rounded elevation where the malleus attaches to the eardrum)
            • camber [ENG31-13887044-n] (a slight convexity (as of the surface of a road))
            • entasis [ENG31-13887163-n] (a slight convexity in the shaft of a column)
            • node [ENG31-13918679-n] (any thickened enlargement)
            • ridge [ENG31-13924741-n] (any long raised strip)

              • raphe [ENG31-05283924-n] (a ridge that forms a seam between two parts)

                • palatine raphe [ENG31-05284065-n] (the seam at the middle of the hard palate)
              • corrugation [ENG31-13924922-n] (a ridge on a corrugated surface)
            • point [ENG31-13925175-n] (a V shape)

              • widow's peak [ENG31-05264045-n] (a V-shaped point in the hairline in the middle of the forehead)
              • cusp [ENG31-05315020-n] (small elevation on the grinding surface of a tooth)
              • head [ENG31-14335908-n] (the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates))
            • taper [ENG31-13925486-n] (a convex shape that narrows toward a point)
            • projection [ENG31-13942718-n] (any solid convex shape that juts out from something)

              • salient [ENG31-08612442-n] ((military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy)
              • jag [ENG31-09343732-n] (a sharp projection on an edge or surface)
              • bulge [ENG31-13917127-n] (something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from its surroundings)

                • frontal eminence [ENG31-05549142-n] (either prominence of the frontal bone above each orbit)
                • occipital protuberance [ENG31-05549685-n] (prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone)
                • belly [ENG31-13917955-n] (a part that bulges deeply)
                • caput [ENG31-13918055-n] (a headlike protuberance on an organ or structure)
                • mogul [ENG31-13918242-n] (a bump on a ski slope)
                • nub [ENG31-13918315-n] (a small lump or protuberance)
                • snag [ENG31-13918438-n] (a sharp protuberance)
                • wart [ENG31-13918545-n] (any small rounded protuberance (as on certain plants or animals))
              • spur [ENG31-13935854-n] (any sharply pointed projection)
              • tail [ENG31-13941307-n] (any projection that resembles the tail of an animal)
              • tongue [ENG31-13941420-n] (any long thin projection that is transient)
              • keel [ENG31-13942952-n] (a projection or ridge that suggests a keel)
          • concave shape [ENG31-13887586-n] (a shape that curves or bends inward)

            • dome [ENG31-13894711-n] (a concave shape whose distinguishing characteristic is that the concavity faces downward)
            • recess [ENG31-13895060-n] (a small concavity)

              • pharyngeal recess [ENG31-05617639-n] (a small recess in the wall of the pharynx)
            • bowl [ENG31-13916387-n] (a concave shape with an open top)
            • scoop [ENG31-13916999-n] (a hollow concave shape made by removing something)
            • depression [ENG31-13919062-n] (a concavity in a surface produced by pressing)

              • dimple [ENG31-05607629-n] (a small natural hollow in the cheek or chin)
              • groove [ENG31-13916479-n] (a long narrow furrow cut either by a natural process (such as erosion) or by a tool (as e.g. a groove in a phonograph record))

                • dado [ENG31-03163208-n] (a rectangular groove cut into a board so that another piece can fit into it)
                • flute [ENG31-03377201-n] (a groove or furrow in cloth etc (particularly a shallow concave groove on the shaft of a column))
                • quirk [ENG31-04041873-n] (a narrow groove beside a beading)
                • rabbet [ENG31-04043252-n] (a rectangular groove made to hold two pieces together)
                • track [ENG31-04471360-n] (a groove on a phonograph recording)
                • rut [ENG31-13916847-n] (a groove or furrow (especially one in soft earth caused by wheels))
                • stria [ENG31-13931362-n] (any of a number of tiny parallel grooves such as: the scratches left by a glacier on rocks or the streaks or ridges in muscle tissue)
                • washout [ENG31-13942206-n] (the channel or break produced by erosion of relatively soft soil by water)
              • dimple [ENG31-13919388-n] (any slight depression in a surface)
              • dip [ENG31-13927512-n] (a depression in an otherwise level surface)
              • incision [ENG31-13927849-n] (a depression scratched or carved into a surface)

                • score [ENG31-13928411-n] (a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally))
              • sag [ENG31-13928578-n] (a shape that sags)
              • wrinkle [ENG31-13928798-n] (a slight depression or fold in the smoothness of a surface)

                • crow's foot [ENG31-13929359-n] (a wrinkle in the skin at the outer corner of your eyes)
                • dermatoglyphic [ENG31-13929498-n] (the lines that form patterns on the skin (especially on the fingertips and the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet))
                • frown line [ENG31-13929683-n] (a facial wrinkle associated with frowning)
                • line of life [ENG31-13929781-n] (a crease on the palm)
                • line of heart [ENG31-13929950-n] (a crease on the palm)
                • line of fate [ENG31-13930118-n] (a crease on the palm)
              • crevice [ENG31-13930286-n] (a long narrow depression in a surface)
            • cup [ENG31-13927671-n] (any cup-shaped concavity)
            • indentation [ENG31-13931035-n] (a concave cut into a surface or edge (as in a coastline))

              • notch [ENG31-03837945-n] (a V-shaped or U-shaped indentation carved or scratched into a surface)

                • serration [ENG31-04181766-n] (a single notch in a row of notches)

                  • sawtooth [ENG31-04148041-n] (a serration on a saw blade)
                • thumb index [ENG31-04438430-n] (one of a series of rounded notches in the fore edge of a book to indicate sections)
              • notch [ENG31-13928281-n] (a V-shaped indentation)

                • incisure [ENG31-13928127-n] ((anatomy) a notch or small hollow)

                  • mandibular notch [ENG31-05241071-n] (small indentation in the middle of the lower jawbone)
              • cleft [ENG31-13931215-n] (a split or indentation in something (as the palate or chin))
          • cylinder [ENG31-13887919-n] (a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes (the bases))

            • roll [ENG31-04108326-n] (anything rolled up in cylindrical form)

              • bolt [ENG31-02869626-n] (a roll of cloth or wallpaper of a definite length)
              • rouleau [ENG31-04120132-n] (a roll of coins wrapped in paper)
              • rouleau [ENG31-04120218-n] (a roll of ribbon)
            • roller [ENG31-04108591-n] (a cylinder that revolves)

              • garden roller [ENG31-03422962-n] (heavy cast-iron cylinder used to flatten lawns)
              • paint roller [ENG31-03882907-n] (a roller that has an absorbent surface used for spreading paint)
              • platen [ENG31-03967688-n] (the roller on a typewriter against which the keys strike)
              • sprocket [ENG31-04296965-n] (roller that has teeth on the rims to pull film or paper through)
          • polyhedron [ENG31-13906542-n] (a solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces)

            • convex polyhedron [ENG31-13906918-n] (a polyhedron any plane section of which is a convex polygon)
            • concave polyhedron [ENG31-13907041-n] (a polyhedron some of whose plane sections are concave polygons)
            • prism [ENG31-13907168-n] (a polyhedron with two congruent and parallel faces (the bases) and whose lateral faces are parallelograms)

              • parallelepiped [ENG31-13907397-n] (a prism whose bases are parallelograms)

                • cuboid [ENG31-13907587-n] (a rectangular parallelepiped)
                • rhombohedron [ENG31-13938450-n] (a parallelepiped bounded by six similar faces (either rhombuses or parallelograms))
              • quadrangular prism [ENG31-13907668-n] (a prism whose bases are quadrangles)
              • triangular prism [ENG31-13907768-n] (a prism whose bases are triangles)
            • pyramid [ENG31-13937870-n] (a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex)
            • tetrahedron [ENG31-13938146-n] (any polyhedron having four plane faces)
            • pentahedron [ENG31-13938242-n] (any polyhedron having five plane faces)
            • hexahedron [ENG31-13938338-n] (any polyhedron having six plane faces)
            • octahedron [ENG31-13938627-n] (any polyhedron having eight plane faces)
            • decahedron [ENG31-13938723-n] (any polyhedron having ten plane faces)
            • dodecahedron [ENG31-13938817-n] (any polyhedron having twelve plane faces)
            • icosahedron [ENG31-13938916-n] (any polyhedron having twenty plane faces)
            • regular polyhedron [ENG31-13939032-n] (any one of five solids whose faces are congruent regular polygons and whose polyhedral angles are all congruent)

              • regular tetrahedron [ENG31-13939636-n] (a tetrahedron with four equilateral triangular faces)
              • cube [ENG31-13939754-n] (a hexahedron with six equal squares as faces)

                • tesseract [ENG31-13939960-n] (the four-dimensional analogue of a cube)
                • quadrate [ENG31-13940055-n] (a cubelike object)
              • regular dodecahedron [ENG31-13940127-n] (a dodecahedron with twelve regular pentagons as faces)
              • regular octahedron [ENG31-13940247-n] (an octahedron with eight equilateral triangles as faces)
              • regular icosahedron [ENG31-13940367-n] (an icosahedron with twenty equilateral triangles as faces)
            • prismatoid [ENG31-13940907-n] (a polyhedron whose vertices all lie in one or the other of two parallel planes)

              • prismoid [ENG31-13941128-n] (a prismatoid whose bases are polygons having the same number of sides and whose other faces are trapezoids or parallelograms)
            • trapezohedron [ENG31-13941750-n] (a polyhedron whose faces are trapeziums)
          • toroid [ENG31-13922980-n] (the doughnut-shaped object enclosed by a torus)

            • ring [ENG31-13898031-n] (a toroidal shape)

              • fairy ring [ENG31-13027794-n] (a ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium)
          • cast [ENG31-13936581-n] (the distinctive form in which a thing is made)
          • block [ENG31-13937623-n] (a three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides)

            • goldbrick [ENG31-03449201-n] (a brick-shaped block that looks like gold but is not)
          • ovoid [ENG31-13938056-n] (an egg-shaped object)
          • frustum [ENG31-13940490-n] (a truncated cone or pyramid)

            • truncated pyramid [ENG31-13940723-n] (a frustum formed from a pyramid)
            • truncated cone [ENG31-13940818-n] (a frustum formed from a cone)
        • plane [ENG31-13883265-n] ((mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape)

          • Cartesian plane [ENG31-13883664-n] (a plane in which all points can be described in Cartesian coordinates)

            • complex plane [ENG31-13883813-n] (a geometric representation of the complex numbers established by the real axis and the orthogonal imaginary axis)
          • facet plane [ENG31-13884183-n] (the plane of a facet of an object (as of a cube))
          • midplane [ENG31-13884289-n] (the median plane of the body (or some part of the body))
          • orbital plane [ENG31-13884409-n] ((astronomy) the plane on which a body is orbiting)
          • picture plane [ENG31-13884537-n] (the plane that is in the foreground of a drawing or painting)
          • tangent plane [ENG31-13884747-n] (the plane that contains all the lines tangent to a specific point on a surface)
        • natural shape [ENG31-13884885-n] (a shape created by natural forces)

          • leaf shape [ENG31-13885010-n] (any of the various shape that leaves of plants can assume)
        • flare [ENG31-13885247-n] (a shape that spreads outward)
        • figure [ENG31-13885383-n] (a combination of points and lines and planes that form a visible palpable shape)

          • equilateral [ENG31-13885155-n] (a figure whose sides are all equal)
          • pencil [ENG31-13885623-n] (a figure formed by a set of straight lines or light rays meeting at a point)
          • plane figure [ENG31-13885789-n] (a two-dimensional shape)

            • heart [ENG31-13888525-n] (a plane figure with rounded sides curving inward at the top and intersecting at the bottom)
            • polygon [ENG31-13888765-n] (a closed plane figure bounded by straight sides)

              • isogon [ENG31-13889136-n] (an equiangular polygon)

                • regular polygon [ENG31-13889754-n] (a polygon with all sides and all angles equal)

                  • square [ENG31-13901273-n] ((geometry) a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles)

                    • quadrate [ENG31-13901688-n] (a square-shaped object)
                  • equilateral triangle [ENG31-13902604-n] (a three-sided regular polygon)

                    • delta [ENG31-13902759-n] (an object shaped like an equilateral triangle)
              • convex polygon [ENG31-13889247-n] (a polygon such that no side extended cuts any other side or vertex)
              • concave polygon [ENG31-13889448-n] (a polygon such that there is a straight line that cuts it in four or more points)

                • reentrant polygon [ENG31-13889626-n] (a polygon with one or more reentrant angles)
              • quadrilateral [ENG31-13901783-n] (a four-sided polygon)

                • parallelogram [ENG31-13903832-n] (a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length)

                  • rhombus [ENG31-13905618-n] (a parallelogram with four equal sides)
                  • rhomboid [ENG31-13905790-n] (a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal lengths)
                  • rectangle [ENG31-13906003-n] (a parallelogram with four right angles)

                    • box [ENG31-13906151-n] (a rectangular drawing)
                • trapezium [ENG31-13904038-n] (a quadrilateral with no parallel sides)
                • trapezoid [ENG31-13904169-n] (a quadrilateral with two parallel sides)
              • triangle [ENG31-13901977-n] (a three-sided polygon)

                • acute triangle [ENG31-13902473-n] (a triangle whose interior angles are all acute)
                • isosceles triangle [ENG31-13902856-n] (a triangle with two equal sides)
                • oblique triangle [ENG31-13902952-n] (a triangle that contains no right angle)
                • obtuse triangle [ENG31-13903072-n] (a triangle that contains an obtuse interior angle)
                • right triangle [ENG31-13903208-n] (a triangle with one right angle)
                • scalene triangle [ENG31-13903361-n] (a triangle with no two sides of equal length)
                • wedge [ENG31-13942580-n] (any shape that is triangular in cross section)
              • pentagon [ENG31-13904858-n] (a five-sided polygon)
              • hexagon [ENG31-13904933-n] (a six-sided polygon)

                • regular hexagon [ENG31-13905042-n] (a hexagon with six sides of equal length)
              • heptagon [ENG31-13905144-n] (a seven-sided polygon)
              • octagon [ENG31-13905220-n] (an eight-sided polygon)
              • nonagon [ENG31-13905296-n] (a nine-sided polygon)
              • decagon [ENG31-13905370-n] (a polygon with 10 sides and 10 angles)
              • undecagon [ENG31-13905461-n] (an eleven-sided polygon)
              • dodecagon [ENG31-13905540-n] (a twelve-sided polygon)
              • spherical polygon [ENG31-13906260-n] (a figure on the surface of a sphere bounded by arcs of 3 or more great circles)

                • spherical triangle [ENG31-13906420-n] (a spherical polygon formed by the arcs of 3 great circles)
            • conic section [ENG31-13895614-n] ((geometry) a curve generated by the intersection of a plane and a circular cone)

              • ellipse [ENG31-13900945-n] (a closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it)

                • circle [ENG31-13896141-n] (ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length)

                  • circle of curvature [ENG31-05110189-n] (the circle that touches a curve (on the concave side) and whose radius is the radius of curvature)
                  • circlet [ENG31-13896488-n] (a small circle)
                  • equator [ENG31-13896712-n] (a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts)
                  • epicycle [ENG31-13932311-n] (a circle that rolls around (inside or outside) another circle)
              • parabola [ENG31-13909064-n] (a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the curve)
              • hyperbola [ENG31-13909268-n] (an open curve formed by a plane that cuts the base of a right circular cone)
            • oblong [ENG31-13896000-n] (a plane figure that deviates from a square or circle due to elongation)
            • semicircle [ENG31-13896890-n] (a plane figure with the shape of half a circle)
            • sector [ENG31-13897666-n] (a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle)
            • star [ENG31-13904301-n] (a plane figure with 5 or more points)

              • hexagram [ENG31-13903468-n] (a regular polygon formed by extending each of the sides of a regular hexagon to form two equilateral triangles)
              • asterism [ENG31-13904467-n] ((mineralogy) a star-shaped figure with six rays that is seen in some crystal structures under reflected or transmitted light)
              • pentacle [ENG31-13904665-n] (a star with 5 points)
            • paraboloid [ENG31-13919695-n] (a surface having parabolic sections parallel to a single coordinate axis and elliptic sections perpendicular to that axis)
            • ellipsoid [ENG31-13919891-n] (a surface whose plane sections are all ellipses or circles)
            • figure eight [ENG31-13925916-n] (a two-dimensionsal figure having the shape of the number eight)
            • tree [ENG31-13935275-n] (a figure that branches from a single root)

              • cladogram [ENG31-13935439-n] (a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships)
              • stemma [ENG31-13935555-n] (a tree diagram showing a reconstruction of the transmission of manuscripts of a literary work)
          • solid figure [ENG31-13886094-n] (a three-dimensional shape)
          • subfigure [ENG31-13886223-n] (a figure that is a part of another figure)

            • flank [ENG31-13920070-n] (a subfigure consisting of a side of something)

              • hypotenuse [ENG31-13920221-n] (the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle)
              • base [ENG31-13920530-n] (the bottom side of a geometric figure from which the altitude can be constructed)
            • hemisphere [ENG31-13921802-n] (half of a sphere)
            • facet [ENG31-13936179-n] (a smooth surface (as of a bone or cut gemstone))
            • branch [ENG31-13936864-n] (a part of a forked or branching shape)

              • bifurcation [ENG31-13909749-n] (a bifurcating branch (one or both of them))
              • brachium [ENG31-13937156-n] ((biology) a branching or armlike part of an animal)
              • fork [ENG31-13937280-n] (the region of the angle formed by the junction of two branches)
          • parallel [ENG31-13903651-n] ((mathematics) one of a set of parallel geometric figures (parallel lines or planes))
        • line [ENG31-13886392-n] (a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness)

          • curve [ENG31-07013729-n] (a line on a graph representing data)

            • regression line [ENG31-06038836-n] (a smooth curve fitted to the set of paired data in regression analysis)
          • curve [ENG31-13890262-n] (the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes)

            • normal curve [ENG31-06035496-n] (a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution)
            • meander [ENG31-09372545-n] (a bend or curve, as in a stream or river)

              • oxbow [ENG31-09404912-n] (a U-shaped curve in a stream)
            • closed curve [ENG31-13890887-n] (a curve (such as a circle) having no endpoints)

              • simple closed curve [ENG31-13891010-n] (a closed curve that does not intersect itself)

                • loop [ENG31-13898210-n] (anything with a round or oval shape (formed by a curve that is closed and does not intersect itself))

                  • belt [ENG31-02831067-n] (endless loop of flexible material between two rotating shafts or pulleys)

                    • band [ENG31-02788593-n] (a driving belt in machinery)
                    • conveyer belt [ENG31-03105548-n] (a moving belt that transports objects (as in a factory))

                      • carousel [ENG31-02969824-n] (a conveyer belt that carries luggage to be claimed by air travelers)
                    • driving belt [ENG31-03249363-n] (a belt that carries motion from a motor to the machinery)
                    • fan belt [ENG31-03325207-n] (a belt driven by the crankshaft that drives a fan that pulls air through the radiator)
                    • track [ENG31-04471653-n] (an endless metal belt on which tracked vehicles move over the ground)

                      • half track [ENG31-03483574-n] (a track that goes around only rear wheels)
                  • drip loop [ENG31-03246606-n] (a downward hanging loop in a line that runs to a building)
                  • noose [ENG31-03835103-n] (a loop formed in a cord or rope by means of a slipknot)

                    • clinch [ENG31-03046969-n] (a small slip noose made with seizing)

                      • double clinch [ENG31-03231363-n] (a clinch with two loops)
                      • inside clinch [ENG31-03578890-n] (a clinch with the end of the line inside the loop)
                      • outside clinch [ENG31-03867251-n] (a clinch with the end of the line outside the loop)
                  • lobe [ENG31-07018639-n] (the enhanced response of an antenna in a given direction as indicated by a loop in its radiation pattern)

                    • major lobe [ENG31-07018831-n] (the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis and which gives the effect of a beam)
                  • bight [ENG31-13898523-n] (a loop in a rope)
            • S-shape [ENG31-13891154-n] (a double curve resembling the letter S)
            • catenary [ENG31-13891246-n] (the curve theoretically assumed by a perfectly flexible and inextensible cord of uniform density and cross section hanging freely from two fixed points)
            • Cupid's bow [ENG31-13891452-n] (the double curve of the upper lip when considered to resemble Cupid's bow)
            • wave [ENG31-13891583-n] (an undulating curve)

              • sine curve [ENG31-13932205-n] (the curve of y=sin x)
            • extrados [ENG31-13891684-n] (the exterior curve of an arch)
            • gooseneck [ENG31-13891768-n] (something in a thin curved form (like the neck of a goose))
            • intrados [ENG31-13891882-n] (the interior curve of an arch)
            • bend [ENG31-13891966-n] (a circular segment of a curve)

              • bight [ENG31-13892535-n] (a bend or curve (especially in a coastline))
            • hook [ENG31-13892186-n] (a sharp curve or crook)

              • uncus [ENG31-13892315-n] ((biology) any hook-shaped process or part)
            • envelope [ENG31-13892427-n] (a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves)
            • arc [ENG31-13897023-n] (a continuous portion of a circle)

              • limb [ENG31-03674232-n] (the graduated arc that is attached to an instrument for measuring angles)
            • scallop [ENG31-13897197-n] (one of a series of rounded projections (or the notches between them) formed by curves along an edge (as the edge of a leaf or piece of cloth or the margin of a shell or a shriveled red blood cell observed in a hypertonic solution etc.))
            • spiral [ENG31-13899010-n] (a plane curve traced by a point circling about the center but at increasing distances from the center)
            • helix [ENG31-13899200-n] (a curve that lies on the surface of a cylinder or cone and cuts the element at a constant angle)

              • double helix [ENG31-13899392-n] (a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis)
            • perversion [ENG31-13899560-n] (a curve that reverses the direction of something)
            • sinuosity [ENG31-13907864-n] (having curves)
            • arch [ENG31-13908826-n] (a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening)
            • bell [ENG31-13908953-n] (the shape of a bell)
            • bow [ENG31-13918793-n] (something curved in shape)

              • rainbow [ENG31-09426302-n] (an arc of colored light in the sky caused by refraction of the sun's rays by rain)
            • crescent [ENG31-13918910-n] (any shape resembling the curved shape of the moon in its first or last quarters)
            • quadric [ENG31-13925598-n] (a curve or surface whose equation (in Cartesian coordinates) is of the second degree)

              • hyperboloid [ENG31-13919547-n] (a quadric surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around its main axis)
            • lemniscate [ENG31-13925772-n] (any of several plane algebraic curves in the shape of a figure eight)
            • roulette [ENG31-13931594-n] (a line generated by a point on one figure rolling around a second figure)

              • cycloid [ENG31-13931791-n] (a line generated by a point on a circle rolling along a straight line)

                • curtate cycloid [ENG31-13931968-n] (a cycloid generated by a point inside the rolling circle)
                • prolate cycloid [ENG31-13932086-n] (a cycloid generated by a point outside the rolling circle)
              • epicycloid [ENG31-13932503-n] (a line generated by a point on a circle rolling around another circle)

                • cardioid [ENG31-13932647-n] (an epicycloid in which the rolling circle equals the fixed circle)
              • hypocycloid [ENG31-13932767-n] (a line generated by a point on a circle that rolls around inside another circle)
          • straight line [ENG31-13892630-n] (a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction)

            • perpendicular [ENG31-13893319-n] (a straight line at right angles to another line)
            • asymptote [ENG31-13893574-n] (a straight line that is the limiting value of a curve)
            • tangent [ENG31-13893773-n] (a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point but does not intersect it at that point)
            • secant [ENG31-13893977-n] (a straight line that intersects a curve at two or more points)
            • radius [ENG31-13894177-n] (a straight line from the center to the perimeter of a circle (or from the center to the surface of a sphere))
            • diameter [ENG31-13894356-n] (a straight line connecting the center of a circle with two points on its perimeter (or the center of a sphere with two points on its surface))
            • chord [ENG31-13897566-n] (a straight line connecting two points on a curve)
            • element [ENG31-13900047-n] (a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone)

              • element of a cone [ENG31-13900186-n] (a straight line joining the apex and a point on the base)
              • element of a cylinder [ENG31-13900306-n] (a straight line running the length of the cylinder)
            • diagonal [ENG31-13927170-n] (a line or cut across a fabric that is not at right angles to a side of the fabric)
            • diagonal [ENG31-13927331-n] ((geometry) a straight line connecting any two vertices of a polygon that are not adjacent)
            • vector [ENG31-13936278-n] (a straight line segment whose length is magnitude and whose orientation in space is direction)

              • ray [ENG31-13936442-n] ((mathematics) a straight line extending from a point)
          • geodesic [ENG31-13893053-n] ((mathematics) the shortest line between two points on a mathematically defined surface (as a straight line on a plane or an arc of a great circle on a sphere))
          • perimeter [ENG31-13894091-n] (a line enclosing a plane areas)
          • centerline [ENG31-13894606-n] (a line that bisects a plane figure)
          • boundary [ENG31-13926085-n] (a line determining the limits of an area)

            • rim [ENG31-13925029-n] (the shape of a raised edge of a more or less circular object)
            • margin [ENG31-13926393-n] (the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary)

              • lip [ENG31-01944179-n] (either the outer margin or the inner margin of the aperture of a gastropod's shell)
            • periphery [ENG31-13926582-n] (the outside boundary or surface of something)
            • brink [ENG31-13926744-n] (a region marking a boundary)
            • upper bound [ENG31-13926861-n] ((mathematics) a number equal to or greater than any other number in a given set)
            • lower bound [ENG31-13927017-n] ((mathematics) a number equal to or less than any other number in a given set)
            • thalweg [ENG31-13935701-n] (the middle of the chief navigable channel of a waterway that forms the boundary line between states)
        • angular shape [ENG31-13887384-n] (a shape having one or more sharp angles)

          • furcation [ENG31-13909417-n] (the place where something divides into branches)

            • bifurcation [ENG31-13909603-n] (the place where something divides into two branches)
          • jog [ENG31-13909904-n] (a sharp change in direction)
          • zigzag [ENG31-13910012-n] (an angular shape characterized by sharp turns in alternating directions)
          • fold [ENG31-13930429-n] (an angular or rounded shape made by folding)

            • pleat [ENG31-03972239-n] (any of various types of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and then pressing or stitching into shape)

              • box pleat [ENG31-02889276-n] (a flat double pleat made by folding under the fabric on either side of it)
              • inverted pleat [ENG31-03588009-n] (a box pleat reversed so that the fullness is turned inward)
              • kick pleat [ENG31-03621300-n] (pleat in back of a straight skirt to allow ease in walking)
              • knife pleat [ENG31-03629862-n] (a single pleat turned in one direction)

                • sunburst pleat [ENG31-04362044-n] (knife pleat cut on the bias to produce a flared effect)
              • tuck [ENG31-04502201-n] (a narrow flattened pleat or fold that is stitched in place)

                • dart [ENG31-03167380-n] (a tapered tuck made in dressmaking)
            • kink [ENG31-13900557-n] (a sharp bend in a line produced when a line having a loop is pulled tight)
            • pucker [ENG31-13930861-n] (an irregular fold in an otherwise even surface (as in cloth))
        • round shape [ENG31-13888104-n] (a shape that is curved and without sharp angles)

          • bulb [ENG31-13886656-n] (anything with a round shape resembling a teardrop)
          • cone [ENG31-13895231-n] (a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point)

            • funnel [ENG31-13895461-n] (a conical shape with a wider and a narrower opening at the two ends)
          • disk [ENG31-13897824-n] (something with a round shape resembling a flat circular plate)

            • intervertebral disc [ENG31-05292116-n] (a fibrocartilaginous disc serving as a cushion between all of the vertebrae of the spinal column (except between the first two))
            • point [ENG31-13934887-n] (a very small circular shape)
          • coil [ENG31-13898609-n] (a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals))

            • corolla [ENG31-11711515-n] ((botany) the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth)
            • calyx [ENG31-11711992-n] ((botany) the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud)

              • hull [ENG31-11712459-n] (persistent enlarged calyx at base of e.g. a strawberry or raspberry)
              • pappus [ENG31-11713073-n] (calyx composed of scales or bristles or featherlike hairs in plants of the Compositae such as thistles and dandelions)

                • thistledown [ENG31-11713261-n] (pappus of a thistle consisting of silky featherlike hairs attached to the seed-like fruit of a thistle)
            • verticil [ENG31-13941998-n] (a whorl of leaves growing around a stem)
          • whirl [ENG31-13900751-n] (the shape of something rotating rapidly)
          • spheroid [ENG31-13921338-n] (a shape that is generated by rotating an ellipse around one of its axes)
          • sphere [ENG31-13921592-n] (a three-dimensional closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center)
          • sphere [ENG31-13921893-n] (a solid figure bounded by a spherical surface (including the space it encloses))

            • conglomeration [ENG31-13888407-n] (a rounded spherical form)
            • ball [ENG31-13922097-n] (an object with a spherical shape)

              • crystal ball [ENG31-03147782-n] (a glass or crystal globe used in crystal gazing by fortunetellers)
              • mothball [ENG31-03794236-n] (a small sphere of camphor or naphthalene used to keep moths away from stored clothing)
              • time-ball [ENG31-04443809-n] (a ball that slides down a staff to show a fixed time)
              • fireball [ENG31-09302776-n] (the luminous center of a nuclear explosion)
              • fireball [ENG31-09302892-n] (a ball of fire (such as the sun or a ball-shaped discharge of lightning))
              • globule [ENG31-09312615-n] (a small globe or ball)

                • bubble [ENG31-09252616-n] (a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide))

                  • air bubble [ENG31-09214513-n] (a bubble of air)
                  • foam [ENG31-09305630-n] (a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid)

                    • head [ENG31-09324750-n] (the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container)
                    • lather [ENG31-09359461-n] (the foam resulting from excessive sweating (as on a horse))
                    • soapsuds [ENG31-09462117-n] (the froth produced by soaps or detergents)
                    • spume [ENG31-09466545-n] (foam or froth on the sea)
                    • white water [ENG31-09502092-n] (frothy water as in rapids or waterfalls)
                  • soap bubble [ENG31-09462024-n] (a bubble formed by a thin soap film)
              • spherule [ENG31-13922428-n] (a small sphere)
              • pellet [ENG31-13924116-n] (a small sphere)
              • bolus [ENG31-13924183-n] (a small round soft mass (as of chewed food))
            • drop [ENG31-13924278-n] (a shape that is spherical and small)

              • dewdrop [ENG31-13924551-n] (a drop of dew)
              • teardrop [ENG31-13924618-n] (anything shaped like a falling drop (as a pendant gem on an earring))
          • cylinder [ENG31-13922497-n] (a surface generated by rotating a parallel line around a fixed line)

            • brake drum [ENG31-02893592-n] (a hollow cast iron cylinder attached to the wheel that forms part of the brakes)
            • shank [ENG31-04190862-n] (cylinder forming the part of a bit by which it is held in the drill)
            • shank [ENG31-04191000-n] (cylinder forming the part of a bolt between the thread and the head)
            • shank [ENG31-04191138-n] (cylinder forming a long narrow part of something)
            • stalactite [ENG31-09466657-n] (a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a limestone cave)
            • stalagmite [ENG31-09466825-n] (a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting upward from the floor of a limestone cave)
            • barrel [ENG31-13923904-n] (a bulging cylindrical shape)
            • pipe [ENG31-13924014-n] (a hollow cylindrical shape)
          • torus [ENG31-13922781-n] (a ring-shaped surface generated by rotating a circle around an axis that does not intersect the circle)

            • core [ENG31-03112720-n] ((computer science) a tiny ferrite toroid formerly used in a random access memory to store one bit of data)
        • distorted shape [ENG31-13889897-n] (a shape resulting from distortion)

          • tortuosity [ENG31-13908063-n] (a tortuous and twisted shape or position)
          • warp [ENG31-13908393-n] (a shape distorted by twisting or folding)
          • knot [ENG31-13908529-n] (something twisted and tight and swollen)
        • amorphous shape [ENG31-13890113-n] (an ill-defined or arbitrary shape)

          • shapelessness [ENG31-13932904-n] (an amorphous or indefinite shape)
          • blob [ENG31-13933034-n] (an indistinct shapeless form)
        • connection [ENG31-13893444-n] (a connecting shape)

          • node [ENG31-13934060-n] (a connecting point at which several lines come together)
          • articulation [ENG31-13934166-n] (the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made)

            • esophagogastric junction [ENG31-05578972-n] (the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium)
        • circle [ENG31-13896556-n] (something approximating the shape of a circle)
        • square [ENG31-13901590-n] (something approximating the shape of a square)
        • triangle [ENG31-13902291-n] (something approximating the shape of a triangle)
        • column [ENG31-13923115-n] (anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower)

          • columella [ENG31-13923607-n] (a small column (or structure resembling a column) that is a part of a plant or animal)
          • hoodoo [ENG31-13923748-n] ((geology) a column of weathered and unusually shaped rock)
        • plume [ENG31-13923453-n] (anything that resembles a feather in shape or lightness)
      • time [ENG31-00028468-n] (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past)

        • geological time [ENG31-15140868-n] (the time of the physical formation and development of the earth (especially prior to human history))

          • eon [ENG31-15268541-n] (the longest division of geological time)
          • period [ENG31-15272329-n] (a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed)

            • ice age [ENG31-15280006-n] (any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface)
          • era [ENG31-15272831-n] (a major division of geological time)
          • epoch [ENG31-15273080-n] (a unit of geological time that is a subdivision of a period and is itself divided into ages)
        • biological time [ENG31-15141117-n] (the time of various biological processes)

          • circadian rhythm [ENG31-15160652-n] (a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms)
          • menopause [ENG31-15179422-n] (the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends)
          • climacteric [ENG31-15179606-n] (a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause)
          • gestation [ENG31-15251010-n] (the period during which an embryo develops (about 266 days in humans))
          • refractory period [ENG31-15252187-n] ((neurology) the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response)
        • cosmic time [ENG31-15141309-n] (the time covered by the physical formation and development of the universe)

          • sidereal time [ENG31-15232958-n] (measured by the diurnal motion of stars)

            • sidereal day [ENG31-15233129-n] (the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day)
            • sidereal year [ENG31-15233694-n] (the time for the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun, relative to the fixed stars)
            • sidereal hour [ENG31-15233870-n] (1/24 of a sidereal day)
            • sidereal month [ENG31-15233970-n] (period between successive conjunctions with a star, 27.322 days)
          • solstice [ENG31-15246614-n] (either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator)

            • summer solstice [ENG31-15246808-n] (June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point)
            • winter solstice [ENG31-15247986-n] (December 22, when the sun is at its southernmost point)
          • equinox [ENG31-15248139-n] (either of two times of the year when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator and day and night are of equal length)

            • vernal equinox [ENG31-15248370-n] (March 21)

              • Noruz [ENG31-15248712-n] ((Persian) the new year holiday in Iran and Azerbaijan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and parts of India and among the Kurds)
            • autumnal equinox [ENG31-15248546-n] (September 22)
        • civil time [ENG31-15141495-n] (the official time in a local region (adjusted for location around the Earth))

          • Atlantic Time [ENG31-15156686-n] (standard time in the 4th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 60th meridian)
          • Eastern Time [ENG31-15156946-n] (standard time in the 5th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 75th meridian)
          • Central Time [ENG31-15157153-n] (standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian)
          • Mountain Time [ENG31-15157360-n] (standard time in the 7th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 105th meridian west)
          • Pacific Time [ENG31-15157590-n] (standard time in the 8th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 120th meridian west)
          • Alaska Standard Time [ENG31-15157817-n] (standard time in the 9th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 135th meridian west)
          • Hawaii Time [ENG31-15158021-n] (standard time in the 10th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 150th meridian west)
          • Bering Time [ENG31-15158241-n] (standard time in the 11th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 165th meridian west)
        • daylight-saving time [ENG31-15141831-n] (time during which clocks are set one hour ahead of local standard time)
        • present [ENG31-15144478-n] (the period of time that is happening now)

          • now [ENG31-15144861-n] (the momentary present)
          • here and now [ENG31-15144992-n] (at this time)
          • date [ENG31-15145165-n] (the present)
          • time being [ENG31-15160386-n] (the present occasion)
          • today [ENG31-15287732-n] (the present time or age)
          • tonight [ENG31-15287856-n] (the present or immediately coming night)
        • past [ENG31-15145765-n] (the time that has elapsed)

          • yore [ENG31-15146030-n] (time long past)
          • bygone [ENG31-15146095-n] (past events to be put aside)
          • old [ENG31-15146244-n] (past times (especially in the phrase `in days of old'))
          • history [ENG31-15146348-n] (the aggregate of past events)
          • time immemorial [ENG31-15277335-n] (the distant past beyond memory)
          • auld langsyne [ENG31-15277446-n] (past times remembered with nostalgia)
          • yesterday [ENG31-15287949-n] (the recent past)
        • future [ENG31-15146567-n] (the time yet to come)

          • kingdom come [ENG31-15146822-n] (the end of time)
          • by-and-by [ENG31-15277581-n] (an indefinite time in the future)
          • offing [ENG31-15288486-n] (the near or foreseeable future)
          • tomorrow [ENG31-15288606-n] (the near future)
          • manana [ENG31-15288736-n] (an indefinite time in the future)
        • musical time [ENG31-15146953-n] ((music) the beat of musical rhythm)

          • rhythm [ENG31-07100710-n] (the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music)

            • backbeat [ENG31-07101053-n] (a loud steady beat)
            • downbeat [ENG31-07101164-n] (the first beat of a musical measure (as the conductor's arm moves downward))
            • upbeat [ENG31-07101294-n] (an unaccented beat (especially the last beat of a measure))
            • syncopation [ENG31-07101415-n] (a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat)
          • common time [ENG31-15288821-n] (a time signature indicating four beats to the bar)
          • duple time [ENG31-15288979-n] (musical time with two beats in each bar)
          • triple time [ENG31-15289075-n] (musical time with three beats in each bar)
          • tempo [ENG31-15289174-n] ((music) the speed at which a composition is to be played)

            • accelerando [ENG31-15289537-n] (a gradually increasing tempo of music)
            • allegretto [ENG31-15289702-n] (a quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro)
            • allegro [ENG31-15289832-n] (a brisk and lively tempo)

              • allegro con spirito [ENG31-15289946-n] (lively with spirit)
            • andante [ENG31-15290030-n] (a moderately slow tempo (a walking pace))
            • meno mosso [ENG31-15290142-n] (played at reduced speed)
            • rubato [ENG31-15290234-n] (a flexible tempo)
          • in time [ENG31-15289418-n] (in the correct rhythm)
        • continuum [ENG31-15148671-n] (a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct or distinguishable from adjacent parts)

          • history [ENG31-15148913-n] (the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future)
        • Greenwich Mean Time [ENG31-15155157-n] (the local time at the 0 meridian passing through Greenwich, England)

          • coordinated universal time [ENG31-15155386-n] (Greenwich Mean Time updated with leap seconds)

            • Earth-received time [ENG31-15155564-n] (the coordinated universal time when an event is received on Earth)
            • transmission time [ENG31-15156221-n] (the coordinated universal time when a transmission is sent from Earth to a spacecraft or other celestial body)
            • spacecraft event time [ENG31-15156400-n] (the coordinated universal time on board the spacecraft)
        • duration [ENG31-15158440-n] (the property of enduring or continuing in time)
        • eternity [ENG31-15268787-n] (time without end)

          • alpha and omega [ENG31-15268905-n] (the first and last)
      • space [ENG31-00028950-n] (the unlimited expanse in which everything is located)

        • absolute space [ENG31-00029306-n] (physical space independent of what occupies it)
        • phase space [ENG31-00029413-n] ((physics) an ideal space in which the coordinate dimensions represent the variables that are required to describe a system or substance)

          • dynamical system [ENG31-06256491-n] ((physics) a phase space together with a transformation of that space)

            • chaos [ENG31-06256659-n] ((physics) a dynamical system that is extremely sensitive to its initial conditions)
        • mathematical space [ENG31-08018127-n] ((mathematics) any set of points that satisfy a set of postulates of some kind)

          • subspace [ENG31-08020784-n] (a space that is contained within another space)
          • null space [ENG31-08020885-n] (a space that contains no points)
          • manifold [ENG31-08020990-n] (a set of points such as those of a closed surface or an analogue in three or more dimensions)
          • metric space [ENG31-08021137-n] (a set of points such that for every pair of points there is a nonnegative real number called their distance that is symmetric and satisfies the triangle inequality)

            • Euclidean space [ENG31-08021395-n] (a space in which Euclid's axioms and definitions apply)
            • Hilbert space [ENG31-08021565-n] (a metric space that is linear and complete and (usually) infinite-dimensional)
      • human nature [ENG31-04623223-n] (the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings)
      • trait [ENG31-04623416-n] (a distinguishing feature of your personal nature)

        • character [ENG31-04627573-n] (the inherent complex of attributes that determines a persons moral and ethical actions and reactions)

          • spirit [ENG31-04627915-n] (a fundamental emotional and activating principle determining one's character)

            • courage [ENG31-04864314-n] (a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear)

              • heart [ENG31-04864721-n] (the courage to carry on)
              • heroism [ENG31-04864969-n] (the qualities of a hero or heroine)
              • dauntlessness [ENG31-04865320-n] (resolute courageousness)
              • Dutch courage [ENG31-04865453-n] (courage resulting from intoxication)
              • stoutheartedness [ENG31-04865548-n] (the trait of having a courageous spirit)
              • fearlessness [ENG31-04865686-n] (the trait of feeling no fear)

                • coolness [ENG31-04865863-n] (fearless self-possession in the face of danger)
                • boldness [ENG31-04866016-n] (the trait of being willing to undertake things that involve risk or danger)

                  • adventurousness [ENG31-04866408-n] (the trait of being adventurous)
                  • daredevilry [ENG31-04866554-n] (boldness as manifested in rash and daredevil behavior)
                  • audacity [ENG31-04866680-n] (fearless daring)
                  • shamelessness [ENG31-04866867-n] (behavior marked by a bold defiance of the proprieties and lack of shame)
                • gutsiness [ENG31-04867047-n] (the trait of showing courage and determination in spite of possible loss or injury)
              • fortitude [ENG31-05039348-n] (strength of mind that enables one to endure adversity with courage)

                • backbone [ENG31-05039506-n] (fortitude and determination)
            • cowardice [ENG31-04867296-n] (the trait of lacking courage)

              • cravenness [ENG31-04867503-n] (meanspirited cowardice)
              • fearfulness [ENG31-04867817-n] (the trait of being afraid)

                • timidity [ENG31-04867990-n] (fearfulness in venturing into new and unknown places or activities)

                  • faintheartedness [ENG31-04867600-n] (the trait of lacking boldness and courage)
                • pusillanimity [ENG31-04868216-n] (contemptible fearfulness)

                  • poltroonery [ENG31-04868374-n] (abject pusillanimity)
                • gutlessness [ENG31-04868550-n] (the trait of lacking courage and determination)
              • dastardliness [ENG31-04868452-n] (despicable cowardice)
        • nature [ENG31-04630470-n] (the complex of emotional and intellectual attributes that determine a person's characteristic actions and reactions)

          • animality [ENG31-04630800-n] (the physical (or animal) side of a person as opposed to the spirit or intellect)
          • disposition [ENG31-04630969-n] (your usual mood)

            • aloneness [ENG31-04629772-n] (a disposition toward being alone)

              • friendlessness [ENG31-04630029-n] (being without friends)
              • reclusiveness [ENG31-04630129-n] (a disposition to prefer seclusion or isolation)

                • privacy [ENG31-04630289-n] (the quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others)
            • animalism [ENG31-04631874-n] (preoccupation with satisfaction of physical drives and appetites)
            • bloodiness [ENG31-04632044-n] (a disposition to shed blood)
            • heart [ENG31-04632183-n] (an inclination or tendency of a certain kind)
            • nervousness [ENG31-04632316-n] (a sensitive or highly strung temperament)

              • restlessness [ENG31-04632641-n] (inability to rest or relax or be still)

                • jactitation [ENG31-04632872-n] ((pathology) extremely restless tossing and twitching usually by a person with a severe illness)
              • skittishness [ENG31-04633073-n] (characterized by nervousness and quickness to take fright)
            • esprit de corps [ENG31-04632486-n] (the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed)
            • moodiness [ENG31-04635989-n] (having temperamental and changeable moods)
            • blood [ENG31-04636104-n] (temperament or disposition)
            • perfectionism [ENG31-04645079-n] (a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable)
            • permissiveness [ENG31-04645280-n] (a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior)

              • toleration [ENG31-04645532-n] (a disposition to tolerate or accept people or situations)

                • self acceptance [ENG31-04645829-n] (an acceptance of yourself as you are, warts and all)
              • indulgence [ENG31-04645942-n] (a disposition to yield to the wishes of someone)

                • softness [ENG31-04646214-n] (a disposition to be lenient in judging others)
              • overtolerance [ENG31-04646387-n] (too much permissiveness)
            • unpermissiveness [ENG31-04646470-n] (a lack of permissiveness or indulgence and a tendency to confine behavior within certain specified limits)

              • sternness [ENG31-04646728-n] (uncompromising resolution)

                • Puritanism [ENG31-04646948-n] (strictness and austerity in conduct and religion)
                • severity [ENG31-04647089-n] (excessive sternness)
            • good nature [ENG31-04647533-n] (a cheerful, obliging disposition)

              • grace [ENG31-04647713-n] (a disposition to kindness and compassion)
              • patience [ENG31-04647895-n] (good-natured tolerance of delay or incompetence)
              • easygoingness [ENG31-04648079-n] (being without worry or concern)
              • risibility [ENG31-04648187-n] (a disposition to laugh)
            • agreeableness [ENG31-04648284-n] (a temperamental disposition to be agreeable)

              • complaisance [ENG31-04648510-n] (a disposition or tendency to yield to the will of others)
              • affirmativeness [ENG31-05174644-n] (the agreeable quality of one who assents)
            • ill nature [ENG31-04648804-n] (a disagreeable, irritable, or malevolent disposition)

              • crabbiness [ENG31-04649057-n] (a disposition to be ill-tempered)
              • crankiness [ENG31-04649226-n] (a fussy and eccentric disposition)
              • sulkiness [ENG31-04649414-n] (a sullen moody resentful disposition)
              • temper [ENG31-04649615-n] (a disposition to exhibit uncontrolled anger)

                • querulousness [ENG31-04650337-n] (the quality of being given to complaining)
              • impatience [ENG31-04649953-n] (a dislike of anything that causes delay)

                • intolerance [ENG31-04650103-n] (impatience with annoyances)
              • shrewishness [ENG31-04650223-n] (a nature given to nagging or scolding)
              • asperity [ENG31-04650456-n] (harshness of manner)
            • disagreeableness [ENG31-04650578-n] (an ill-tempered and offensive disposition)

              • bitterness [ENG31-04650754-n] (a rough and bitter manner)
              • aggressiveness [ENG31-04651019-n] (a natural disposition to be hostile)

                • bellicosity [ENG31-04651232-n] (a natural disposition to fight)
                • truculence [ENG31-04651518-n] (obstreperous and defiant aggressiveness)
              • quarrelsomeness [ENG31-04651336-n] (an inclination to be quarrelsome and contentious)

                • litigiousness [ENG31-04651663-n] (a quarrelsome disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits)
            • willingness [ENG31-04651869-n] (cheerful compliance)

              • readiness [ENG31-04652076-n] (prompt willingness)
              • receptiveness [ENG31-04652377-n] (willingness or readiness to receive (especially impressions or ideas))
              • wholeheartedness [ENG31-04652830-n] (undivided commitment or unreserved enthusiasm)
            • unwillingness [ENG31-04652956-n] (the trait of being unwilling)

              • reluctance [ENG31-04653300-n] (a certain degree of unwillingness)

                • sloth [ENG31-04644801-n] (a disinclination to work or exert yourself)
              • resistance [ENG31-04653729-n] ((psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness)
            • friendliness [ENG31-04661694-n] (a friendly disposition)

              • affability [ENG31-04662009-n] (a disposition to be friendly and approachable (easy to talk to))

                • condescension [ENG31-04662525-n] (affability to your inferiors and temporary disregard for differences of position or rank)
                • mellowness [ENG31-04663805-n] (geniality, as through the effects of alcohol or marijuana)
                • sweetness and light [ENG31-04663955-n] (a mild reasonableness)
              • amicability [ENG31-04662355-n] (having a disposition characterized by warmth and friendliness)
              • familiarity [ENG31-04662799-n] (close or warm friendship)
              • approachability [ENG31-04663006-n] (the attribute of being easy to meet or deal with)
              • congeniality [ENG31-04663186-n] (a congenial disposition)
              • amity [ENG31-04663286-n] (a cordial disposition)
              • neighborliness [ENG31-04663408-n] (a disposition to be friendly and helpful to neighbors)
              • hospitableness [ENG31-04663639-n] (having a disposition that welcomes guests and is fond of entertaining)
              • kindliness [ENG31-04848895-n] (friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition)
            • unsociability [ENG31-04664105-n] (an unsociable disposition)

              • introversion [ENG31-04629320-n] ((psychology) an introverted disposition)

                • inwardness [ENG31-04628367-n] (preoccupation with what concerns human inner nature (especially ethical or ideological values))

                  • spirituality [ENG31-04628671-n] (concern with things of the spirit)
              • aloofness [ENG31-04664353-n] (a disposition to be distant and unsympathetic in manner)

                • unapproachability [ENG31-04664601-n] (a disposition to be unapproachable)
              • closeness [ENG31-04664764-n] (characterized by a lack of openness (especially about one's actions or purposes))

                • furtiveness [ENG31-04664988-n] (a disposition to be sly and stealthy and to do things surreptitiously)
            • unfriendliness [ENG31-04665233-n] (an unfriendly disposition)

              • hostility [ENG31-04665463-n] (a hostile (very unfriendly) disposition)

                • virulence [ENG31-04665718-n] (extreme hostility)
              • aggression [ENG31-04665625-n] (a disposition to behave aggressively)
              • misanthropy [ENG31-04665881-n] (a disposition to dislike and mistrust other people)
              • uncongeniality [ENG31-04666043-n] (a disposition not to be congenial)
              • unneighborliness [ENG31-04666173-n] (an unneighborly disposition)
              • inhospitableness [ENG31-04666299-n] (having an unfriendly and inhospitable disposition)
            • composure [ENG31-04910990-n] (steadiness of mind under stress)

              • aplomb [ENG31-04911339-n] (great coolness and composure under strain)
              • repose [ENG31-04911529-n] (a disposition free from stress or emotion)

                • ataraxia [ENG31-04911737-n] (peace of mind)
            • discomposure [ENG31-04911841-n] (a temperament that is perturbed and lacking in composure)

              • disquiet [ENG31-04912028-n] (the trait of seeming ill at ease)
              • perturbation [ENG31-04912173-n] (a disposition that is confused or nervous and upset)
            • optimism [ENG31-05219061-n] (a general disposition to expect the best in all things)
            • pessimism [ENG31-05219242-n] (a general disposition to look on the dark side and to expect the worst in all things)
            • epicurism [ENG31-05219436-n] (the disposition and habits of an epicure)
            • gourmandism [ENG31-05219532-n] (the disposition and habits of a gourmand)
          • complexion [ENG31-04631646-n] ((obsolete) a combination of elements (of dryness and warmth or of the four humors) that was once believed to determine a person's health and temperament)
          • sociality [ENG31-04659992-n] (the tendency to associate with others and to form social groups)

            • sociability [ENG31-04660287-n] (the relative tendency or disposition to be sociable or associate with one's fellows)

              • extraversion [ENG31-04629095-n] ((psychology) an extroverted disposition)

                • outwardness [ENG31-04628098-n] (a concern with or responsiveness to outward things (especially material objects as opposed to ideal concepts))
              • ambiversion [ENG31-04629573-n] ((psychology) a balanced disposition intermediate between extroversion and introversion)
              • conviviality [ENG31-04660714-n] (a jovial nature)
              • companionability [ENG31-04660836-n] (suitability to be a companion)
              • chumminess [ENG31-04660984-n] (the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability)
              • gregariousness [ENG31-04661226-n] (the quality of being gregarious--having a dislike of being alone)
              • openness [ENG31-04661423-n] (characterized by an attitude of ready accessibility (especially about one's actions or purposes))
        • compulsiveness [ENG31-04633239-n] (the trait of acting compulsively)

          • obsessiveness [ENG31-04633419-n] (extreme compulsiveness)
          • workaholism [ENG31-04633551-n] (compulsiveness about working)
        • emotionality [ENG31-04633637-n] (emotional nature or quality)

          • drama [ENG31-04634062-n] (the quality of being arresting or highly emotional)
          • demonstrativeness [ENG31-04634236-n] (tending to express your feelings freely)
          • affectionateness [ENG31-04634357-n] (a quality proceeding from feelings of affection or love)

            • tenderness [ENG31-04634598-n] (a tendency to express warm and affectionate feeling)
            • uxoriousness [ENG31-04634724-n] (foolish fondness for or excessive submissiveness to one's wife)
          • mawkishness [ENG31-04634863-n] (falsely emotional in a maudlin way)

            • corn [ENG31-04635166-n] (something sentimental or trite)
            • schmaltz [ENG31-04635293-n] ((Yiddish) excessive sentimentality in art or music)
            • sentimentalism [ENG31-04635437-n] (a predilection for sentimentality)
          • heat [ENG31-04635549-n] (the trait of being intensely emotional)

            • fieriness [ENG31-04635693-n] (a passionate and quick-tempered nature)
          • temperament [ENG31-04635823-n] (excessive emotionalism or irritability and excitability (especially when displayed openly))
          • excitability [ENG31-04636207-n] (being easily excited)

            • boiling point [ENG31-04636387-n] (being highly angry or excited)
        • unemotionality [ENG31-04636551-n] (absence of emotion)

          • blandness [ENG31-04636774-n] (the trait of exhibiting no personal embarrassment or concern)
          • coldness [ENG31-04636961-n] (a lack of affection or enthusiasm)

            • stone [ENG31-04637315-n] (a lack of feeling or expression or movement)
            • tepidness [ENG31-04637904-n] (lack of passion, force or animation)
          • dispassion [ENG31-04637494-n] (objectivity and detachment)
          • stoicism [ENG31-04637735-n] (an indifference to pleasure or pain)
        • activeness [ENG31-04642461-n] (the trait of being active)

          • animation [ENG31-04639057-n] (quality of being active or spirited or alive and vigorous)

            • chirpiness [ENG31-04639420-n] (cheerful and lively)
            • liveliness [ENG31-04639514-n] (animation and energy in action or expression)

              • pertness [ENG31-04640060-n] (quality of being lively and confident)
              • airiness [ENG31-04640223-n] (lightness in movement or manner)
              • alacrity [ENG31-04640320-n] (liveliness and eagerness)
              • energy [ENG31-04640554-n] (an imaginative lively style (especially style of writing))

                • vitality [ENG31-04640810-n] (an energetic style)

                  • sparkle [ENG31-04960557-n] (merriment expressed by a brightness or gleam or animation of countenance)
              • elan [ENG31-04640927-n] (enthusiastic and assured vigor and liveliness)
              • esprit [ENG31-04641073-n] (liveliness of mind or spirit)
              • breeziness [ENG31-04641154-n] (a breezy liveliness)
              • irrepressibility [ENG31-04641316-n] (irrepressible liveliness and good spirit)
              • high-spiritedness [ENG31-04641518-n] (exuberant liveliness)

                • vivacity [ENG31-04641656-n] (characterized by high spirits and animation)
                • mettlesomeness [ENG31-04641772-n] (courageous high-spiritedness)
              • exuberance [ENG31-04641897-n] (overflowing with eager enjoyment or approval)

                • lyricism [ENG31-04642096-n] (unrestrained and exaggerated enthusiasm)
                • madness [ENG31-04892979-n] (unrestrained excitement or enthusiasm)
              • pep [ENG31-04642190-n] (liveliness and energy)
          • dynamism [ENG31-04642839-n] (the activeness of an energetic personality)
        • inactiveness [ENG31-04642988-n] (a disposition to remain inactive or inert)

          • languor [ENG31-04643310-n] (inactivity)
          • restfulness [ENG31-04643607-n] (the attribute of being restful)
          • passivity [ENG31-04643754-n] (the trait of remaining inactive)

            • apathy [ENG31-04643967-n] (the trait of lacking enthusiasm for or interest in things generally)
            • listlessness [ENG31-04644238-n] (inactivity resulting from lethargy and lack of vigor or energy)
          • indolence [ENG31-04644465-n] (inactivity resulting from a dislike of work)

            • faineance [ENG31-04644647-n] (the trait of being idle out of a reluctance to work)
            • shiftlessness [ENG31-04644928-n] (a failure to be active as a consequence of lack of initiative or ambition)
        • seriousness [ENG31-04653905-n] (the trait of being serious)

          • committedness [ENG31-04654347-n] (the trait of sincere and steadfast fixity of purpose)

            • investment [ENG31-04654542-n] (the commitment of something other than money (time, energy, or effort) to a project with the expectation of some worthwhile result)
          • graveness [ENG31-04654835-n] (a manner that is serious and solemn)

            • stodginess [ENG31-04655416-n] (dull and pompous gravity)
          • sedateness [ENG31-04655183-n] (a trait of dignified seriousness)
        • frivolity [ENG31-04655564-n] (the trait of being frivolous)

          • giddiness [ENG31-04655797-n] (an impulsive scatterbrained manner)

            • lightsomeness [ENG31-04655953-n] (the trait of being lighthearted and frivolous)
          • levity [ENG31-04656106-n] (a manner lacking seriousness)

            • flippancy [ENG31-04656223-n] (inappropriate levity)
            • jocoseness [ENG31-04656408-n] (the trait of merry joking)
          • playfulness [ENG31-04656618-n] (a disposition to find (or make) causes for amusement)

            • facetiousness [ENG31-04656917-n] (playful humor)
            • impertinence [ENG31-04657008-n] (inappropriate playfulness)
            • friskiness [ENG31-04657192-n] (lively high-spirited playfulness)
            • impishness [ENG31-04657367-n] (the trait of behaving like an imp)
            • humor [ENG31-04657558-n] (the trait of appreciating (and being able to express) the humorous)
        • communicativeness [ENG31-04657884-n] (the trait of being communicative)

          • frankness [ENG31-04658088-n] (the trait of being blunt and outspoken)

            • bluffness [ENG31-04658270-n] (good-natured frankness)
          • effusiveness [ENG31-04658366-n] (a friendly open trait of a talkative person)
          • fluency [ENG31-04658552-n] (the quality of being facile in speech and writing)
          • garrulity [ENG31-04658739-n] (the quality of being wordy and talkative)

            • leresis [ENG31-04659040-n] (rambling talkativeness (especially in the aged))
        • uncommunicativeness [ENG31-04659141-n] (the trait of being uncommunicative)

          • muteness [ENG31-04659331-n] (a refusal to speak when expected)
          • secrecy [ENG31-04659534-n] (the trait of keeping things secret)

            • mum [ENG31-04659702-n] (secrecy)
          • reserve [ENG31-04659795-n] (the trait of being uncommunicative)
        • thoughtfulness [ENG31-04667893-n] (the trait of thinking carefully before acting)

          • pensiveness [ENG31-04668162-n] (deep serious thoughtfulness)
          • introspectiveness [ENG31-04668338-n] (thoughtfulness about your own situation and feelings)
          • deliberation [ENG31-04668508-n] (the trait of thoughtfulness in action or decision)

            • intentionality [ENG31-04668746-n] (expressive of intentions)
          • reflectiveness [ENG31-04668903-n] (the capability of quiet thought or contemplation)
        • unthoughtfulness [ENG31-04669063-n] (the trait of not thinking carefully before acting)

          • recklessness [ENG31-04669283-n] (the trait of giving little thought to danger)

            • adventurism [ENG31-04669539-n] (recklessness in politics or foreign affairs)
            • brashness [ENG31-04669640-n] (the trait of being rash and hasty)
            • desperation [ENG31-04669747-n] (desperate recklessness)
          • impulsiveness [ENG31-04669861-n] (the trait of acting suddenly on impulse without reflection)

            • impetuousness [ENG31-04670087-n] (rash impulsiveness)
            • hastiness [ENG31-04670215-n] (hasty impulsiveness)
        • attentiveness [ENG31-04670308-n] (the trait of being observant and paying attention)

          • carefulness [ENG31-04670851-n] (the quality of being careful and painstaking)

            • conscientiousness [ENG31-04679712-n] (the trait of being painstaking and careful)

              • meticulousness [ENG31-04679962-n] (strict attention to minute details)
              • thoroughness [ENG31-04680215-n] (conscientiousness in performing all aspects of a task)
              • diligence [ENG31-04680363-n] (conscientiousness in paying proper attention to a task)
              • strictness [ENG31-04680530-n] (conscientious attention to rules and details)
          • mindfulness [ENG31-04671120-n] (the trait of staying aware of (paying close attention to) your responsibilities)
          • caution [ENG31-04671415-n] (the trait of being cautious)
          • alertness [ENG31-04671985-n] (lively attentiveness)
          • watchfulness [ENG31-04672135-n] (vigilant attentiveness)
          • unmindfulness [ENG31-04672900-n] (the trait of forgetting or ignoring your responsibilities)
        • inattentiveness [ENG31-04670676-n] (the trait of not being considerate and thoughtful of others)

          • carelessness [ENG31-04672321-n] (the quality of not being careful or taking pains)

            • incaution [ENG31-04672567-n] (the trait of forgetting or ignoring possible danger)

              • unwariness [ENG31-04672763-n] (the trait of not being cautious and watchful)
              • imprudence [ENG31-04901232-n] (a lack of caution in practical affairs)

                • heedlessness [ENG31-04901399-n] (the trait of acting rashly and without prudence)

                  • lightheadedness [ENG31-04901639-n] (a frivolous lack of prudence)
                • improvidence [ENG31-04901747-n] (a lack of prudence and care by someone in the management of resources)

                  • extravagance [ENG31-04902002-n] (the trait of spending extravagantly)
                  • thriftlessness [ENG31-04902159-n] (the trait of wasting resources)
            • negligence [ENG31-04673170-n] (the trait of neglecting responsibilities and lacking concern)

              • delinquency [ENG31-04673440-n] (a tendency to be negligent and uncaring)
              • laxness [ENG31-04673773-n] (the quality of being lax and neglectful)
            • unconscientiousness [ENG31-04680698-n] (the trait of not being painstaking or careful)
        • masculinity [ENG31-04673972-n] (the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for men)

          • manfulness [ENG31-04674194-n] (the trait of being manly)
          • boyishness [ENG31-04674433-n] (being characteristic of a boy)
          • machismo [ENG31-04674537-n] (exaggerated masculinity)
          • hoydenism [ENG31-04674615-n] (masculinity in women (especially in girls and young women))
        • femininity [ENG31-04674763-n] (the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for women)

          • womanliness [ENG31-04675017-n] (the trait of being womanly)
          • ladylikeness [ENG31-04675178-n] (behavior befitting a lady)
          • maidenliness [ENG31-04675280-n] (behavior befitting a young maiden)
          • girlishness [ENG31-04675390-n] (being characteristic of a girl)
          • effeminacy [ENG31-04675496-n] (the trait of being effeminate (derogatory of a man))

            • emasculation [ENG31-04676070-n] (loss of power and masculinity)
        • trustworthiness [ENG31-04676176-n] (the trait of deserving trust and confidence)

          • creditworthiness [ENG31-04676420-n] (trustworthiness with money as based on a person's credit history)
          • responsibility [ENG31-04676604-n] (a form of trustworthiness)

            • fault [ENG31-04677049-n] (responsibility for a bad situation or event)
            • accountability [ENG31-04677185-n] (responsibility to someone or for some activity)
            • dependability [ENG31-04677379-n] (the quality of being dependable or reliable)

              • solidity [ENG31-04678432-n] (the quality of being solid and reliable financially or factually or morally)
              • infallibility [ENG31-04812364-n] (the quality of never making an error)

                • inerrancy [ENG31-04812532-n] ((Christianity) exemption from error)
                • papal infallibility [ENG31-04812863-n] (belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality)
              • reproducibility [ENG31-04813397-n] (the quality of being reproducible)
        • untrustworthiness [ENG31-04677888-n] (the trait of not deserving trust or confidence)

          • irresponsibility [ENG31-04678103-n] (a form of untrustworthiness)

            • undependability [ENG31-04678751-n] (the trait of not being dependable or reliable)

              • instability [ENG31-04813295-n] (unreliability attributable to being unstable)
              • irreproducibility [ENG31-04813544-n] (the quality of being unreproducible)
              • fallibility [ENG31-04813740-n] (the likelihood of making errors)

                • errancy [ENG31-04812700-n] (fallibility as indicated by erring or a tendency to err)
            • flightiness [ENG31-04679198-n] (the trait of acting unpredictably and more from whim or caprice than from reason or judgment)
            • carefreeness [ENG31-04679567-n] (the trait of being without worry or responsibility)

              • nonchalance [ENG31-04680827-n] (the trait of remaining calm and seeming not to care)
        • individuality [ENG31-04770548-n] (the quality of being individual)

          • singularity [ENG31-04770905-n] (the quality of being one of a kind)
          • peculiarity [ENG31-04771180-n] (a distinguishing trait)

            • idiosyncrasy [ENG31-04771497-n] (a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual)
        • stinginess [ENG31-04840689-n] (a lack of generosity)

          • meanness [ENG31-04840918-n] (extreme stinginess)

            • pettiness [ENG31-04841304-n] (lack of generosity in trifling matters)
            • miserliness [ENG31-04841459-n] (total lack of generosity with money)
          • penuriousness [ENG31-04841570-n] (a disposition to be niggardly with money)
          • illiberality [ENG31-04841688-n] (a disposition not to be liberal (generous) with money)
          • selfishness [ENG31-04841836-n] (stinginess resulting from a concern for your own welfare and a disregard of others)

            • greediness [ENG31-04842048-n] (an excessive desire for wealth (usually in large amounts))
            • opportunism [ENG31-04842719-n] (taking advantage of opportunities without regard for the consequences for others)
        • egoism [ENG31-04842259-n] (concern for your own interests and welfare)
        • drive [ENG31-04842955-n] (the trait of being highly motivated)

          • action [ENG31-04843181-n] (the trait of being active and energetic and forceful)
          • enterprise [ENG31-04843305-n] (readiness to embark on bold new ventures)
          • ambition [ENG31-04843499-n] (a strong drive for success)

            • aspiration [ENG31-04843722-n] (a will to succeed)
            • power hunger [ENG31-04843814-n] (a drive to acquire power)
          • energy [ENG31-04843914-n] (enterprising or ambitious drive)

            • second wind [ENG31-04844191-n] (renewed energy or strength to continue an undertaking)
          • aggressiveness [ENG31-04844463-n] (the quality of being bold and enterprising)

            • competitiveness [ENG31-04844656-n] (an aggressive willingness to compete)
            • combativeness [ENG31-04844846-n] (a militant aggressiveness)

              • scrappiness [ENG31-04845045-n] (the trait of being scrappy and pugnacious)
            • intrusiveness [ENG31-04845162-n] (aggressiveness as evidenced by intruding)
            • boldness [ENG31-04845441-n] (impudent aggressiveness)

              • audacity [ENG31-04845741-n] (aggressive boldness or unmitigated effrontery)

                • presumption [ENG31-04845958-n] (audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to)

                  • uppityness [ENG31-04846240-n] (assumption of airs beyond one's station)
        • resoluteness [ENG31-04868717-n] (the trait of being resolute)

          • self-control [ENG31-04869236-n] (the trait of resolutely controlling your own behavior)

            • nerves [ENG31-04869467-n] (control of your emotions)
            • presence of mind [ENG31-04869978-n] (self-control in a crisis)
          • steadiness [ENG31-04869613-n] (freedom from wavering or indecision)
          • sturdiness [ENG31-04869823-n] (resoluteness evidenced by strength of character)
          • stiffness [ENG31-04870119-n] (firm resoluteness in purpose or opinion or action)
          • stubbornness [ENG31-04870305-n] (resolute adherence to your own ideas or desires)

            • impenitence [ENG31-04870589-n] (the trait of refusing to repent)
            • intransigency [ENG31-04870728-n] (the trait of being intransigent)
          • single-mindedness [ENG31-04870906-n] (characterized by one unified purpose)
          • adamance [ENG31-04871024-n] (resoluteness by virtue of being unyielding and inflexible)
          • decisiveness [ENG31-04871200-n] (the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose)
          • determination [ENG31-04871431-n] (the quality of being determined to do or achieve something)

            • doggedness [ENG31-04871746-n] (persistent determination)
            • indefatigability [ENG31-04872055-n] (tireless determination)
            • diligence [ENG31-04872345-n] (persevering determination to perform a task)

              • assiduity [ENG31-04872733-n] (great and constant diligence and attention)

                • intentness [ENG31-04872953-n] (the quality of being intent and concentrated)
                • singleness [ENG31-04873152-n] (the quality of concentrating on one central objective)
              • sedulity [ENG31-04873309-n] (the quality of being constantly diligent and attentive)
              • studiousness [ENG31-04873469-n] (diligent study)

                • bookishness [ENG31-04873596-n] (exaggerated studiousness)
          • steadfastness [ENG31-04872247-n] (steadfast resolution)
        • irresoluteness [ENG31-04873696-n] (the trait of being irresolute)

          • volatility [ENG31-04873902-n] (the trait of being unpredictably irresolute)
          • indecisiveness [ENG31-04874097-n] (the trait of irresolution)
        • discipline [ENG31-04888818-n] (the trait of being well behaved)

          • self-discipline [ENG31-04889024-n] (the trait of practicing self discipline)

            • austerity [ENG31-04889193-n] (the trait of great self-denial (especially refraining from worldly pleasures))

              • monasticism [ENG31-04889409-n] (asceticism as a form of religious life)

                • eremitism [ENG31-04889633-n] (monasticism characterized by solitude in which the social dimension of life is sacrificed to the primacy of religious experience)
            • abstinence [ENG31-04889817-n] (the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol))
            • continence [ENG31-04890008-n] (the exercise of self constraint in sexual matters)
          • restraint [ENG31-04890163-n] (discipline in personal and social activities)

            • self-restraint [ENG31-04890438-n] (exhibiting restraint imposed on the self)

              • stiff upper lip [ENG31-04890631-n] (self-restraint in the expression of emotion (especially fear or grief))
            • temperance [ENG31-04890809-n] (the trait of avoiding excesses)

              • sobriety [ENG31-04890999-n] (moderation in or abstinence from alcohol or other drugs)
              • abstemiousness [ENG31-04891137-n] (moderation in eating and drinking)
            • inhibition [ENG31-04891267-n] (the quality of being inhibited)

              • taboo [ENG31-04891497-n] (an inhibition or ban resulting from social custom or emotional aversion)
            • continence [ENG31-04891372-n] (voluntary control over urinary and fecal discharge)
        • indiscipline [ENG31-04891645-n] (the trait of lacking discipline)

          • indulgence [ENG31-04891822-n] (an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires)

            • luxury [ENG31-05126523-n] (something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity)
          • dissoluteness [ENG31-04892012-n] (indiscipline with regard to sensuous pleasures)

            • rakishness [ENG31-04892190-n] (the quality of a rake)
          • unrestraint [ENG31-04892286-n] (the quality of lacking restraint)

            • intemperance [ENG31-04892466-n] (the quality of being intemperate)

              • gluttony [ENG31-04893296-n] (habitual eating to excess)

                • greediness [ENG31-04893430-n] (an excessive desire for food)
                • edacity [ENG31-04893597-n] (extreme gluttony)
            • abandon [ENG31-04892593-n] (the trait of lacking restraint or control)
            • looseness [ENG31-04892804-n] (freedom from restraint)
            • sottishness [ENG31-04893185-n] (lack of restraint in use of alcohol)
        • pride [ENG31-04893841-n] (the trait of being spurred on by a dislike of falling below your standards)
        • conceit [ENG31-04894324-n] (the trait of being unduly vain and conceited)

          • self-love [ENG31-04842491-n] (an exceptional interest in and admiration for yourself)
          • boastfulness [ENG31-04894568-n] (outspoken conceit)
          • egotism [ENG31-04894692-n] (an exaggerated opinion of your own importance)

            • superiority complex [ENG31-04894985-n] (an exaggerated estimate of your own value and importance)
          • posturing [ENG31-04894896-n] (adopting a vain conceited posture)
        • humility [ENG31-04896722-n] (a disposition to be humble)

          • meekness [ENG31-04896974-n] (a disposition to be patient and long suffering)

            • spinelessness [ENG31-04897161-n] (the quality of lacking a strong character)
        • wisdom [ENG31-04897307-n] (the trait of utilizing knowledge and experience with common sense and insight)

          • judiciousness [ENG31-04897556-n] (the trait of forming opinions by distinguishing and evaluating)
          • knowledgeability [ENG31-04897741-n] (wisdom as evidenced by the possession of knowledge)
          • statesmanship [ENG31-04898060-n] (wisdom in the management of public affairs)
          • discretion [ENG31-04898205-n] (the trait of judging wisely and objectively)

            • circumspection [ENG31-04898379-n] (the trait of being circumspect and prudent)

              • precaution [ENG31-04671671-n] (the trait of practicing caution in advance)
              • wariness [ENG31-04671770-n] (the trait of being cautious and watchful)
            • prudence [ENG31-04899989-n] (discretion in practical affairs)

              • providence [ENG31-04900165-n] (the prudence and care exercised by someone in the management of resources)

                • foresight [ENG31-04900367-n] (providence by virtue of planning prudently for the future)
              • frugality [ENG31-04900553-n] (prudence in avoiding waste)

                • parsimony [ENG31-04900720-n] (extreme care in spending money)
                • economy [ENG31-04900982-n] (frugality in the expenditure of money or resources)
        • folly [ENG31-04898528-n] (the trait of acting stupidly or rashly)

          • indiscretion [ENG31-04898753-n] (the trait of being injudicious)
          • absurdity [ENG31-04898878-n] (a ludicrous folly)
          • asininity [ENG31-04899139-n] (the quality of being asinine)
        • judgment [ENG31-04899279-n] (the capacity to assess situations or circumstances shrewdly and to draw sound conclusions)

          • objectivity [ENG31-04899539-n] (judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices)
          • subjectivity [ENG31-04899739-n] (judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts)
        • trust [ENG31-04902441-n] (the trait of believing in the honesty and reliability of others)

          • credulity [ENG31-04902753-n] (tendency to believe readily)

            • overcredulity [ENG31-04902890-n] (too much credulity)
        • distrust [ENG31-04902968-n] (the trait of not trusting others)

          • suspicion [ENG31-04903174-n] (being of a suspicious nature)
        • cleanliness [ENG31-04903356-n] (diligence in keeping clean)

          • fastidiousness [ENG31-04903512-n] (the trait of being meticulous about matters of taste or style)

            • squeamishness [ENG31-04904329-n] (the trait of being excessively fastidious and easily shocked)
          • tidiness [ENG31-04903710-n] (the trait of being neat and orderly)
        • uncleanliness [ENG31-04903901-n] (lack of cleanly habits)

          • slovenliness [ENG31-04904055-n] (habitual uncleanliness)

            • slatternliness [ENG31-04904172-n] (in the manner of a slattern)
          • untidiness [ENG31-04904605-n] (the trait of being untidy and messy)

            • disarray [ENG31-04904781-n] (untidiness (especially of clothing and appearance))
        • demeanor [ENG31-04904939-n] ((behavioral attributes) the way a person behaves toward other people)

          • manners [ENG31-04905264-n] (social deportment)
          • citizenship [ENG31-04905385-n] (conduct as a citizen)
          • swashbuckling [ENG31-04905511-n] (flamboyantly reckless and boastful behavior)
          • propriety [ENG31-04905614-n] (correct or appropriate behavior)

            • decorum [ENG31-04905981-n] (propriety in manners and conduct)

              • becomingness [ENG31-04907774-n] (the quality of being becoming)
            • appropriateness [ENG31-04906208-n] (appropriate conduct)
            • correctness [ENG31-04906378-n] (the quality of conformity to social expectations)

              • faultlessness [ENG31-04906750-n] (the quality of being without an error or fault)
              • political correctness [ENG31-04906890-n] (avoidance of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against)
            • good form [ENG31-04906593-n] (behavior that conforms to social conventions of the time)
            • priggishness [ENG31-04907157-n] (exaggerated and arrogant properness)
            • modesty [ENG31-04907298-n] (formality and propriety of manner)

              • demureness [ENG31-04907413-n] (the trait of behaving with reserve and decorum)
            • seemliness [ENG31-04907534-n] (a sense of propriety and consideration for others)
            • decency [ENG31-04907916-n] (the quality of conforming to standards of propriety and morality)

              • modesty [ENG31-04908124-n] (freedom from vanity or conceit)

                • primness [ENG31-04908329-n] (excessive or affected modesty)
          • impropriety [ENG31-04908503-n] (an improper demeanor)

            • incorrectness [ENG31-04908776-n] (lack of conformity to social expectations)

              • political incorrectness [ENG31-04908931-n] (the use of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult groups who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against)
            • inappropriateness [ENG31-04909173-n] (inappropriate conduct)
            • indelicacy [ENG31-04909342-n] (the trait of being indelicate and offensive)

              • gaminess [ENG31-04909460-n] (behavior or language bordering on indelicacy)
            • indecorum [ENG31-04909647-n] (a lack of decorum)

              • unseemliness [ENG31-04909845-n] (a lack of consideration for others)
              • unbecomingness [ENG31-04909974-n] (the quality of being unbecoming)
            • indecency [ENG31-04910102-n] (the quality of being indecent)

              • immodesty [ENG31-04910313-n] (the trait of being vain and conceited)
              • outrageousness [ENG31-04910424-n] (the quality of being outrageous)
              • obscenity [ENG31-04910545-n] (the trait of behaving in an obscene manner)

                • smuttiness [ENG31-04910855-n] (obscenity in speech or writing)
          • manner [ENG31-04917312-n] (a way of acting or behaving)

            • bearing [ENG31-04917554-n] (dignified manner or conduct)

              • dignity [ENG31-04917861-n] (formality in bearing and appearance)
            • bedside manner [ENG31-04917739-n] (manner or conduct of a physician in the presence of a patient)
            • foppishness [ENG31-04918025-n] (the manner and dress of a fop or dandy)
            • gentleness [ENG31-04918150-n] (acting in a manner that is gentle and mild and even-tempered)
            • formality [ENG31-04918597-n] (a manner that strictly observes all forms and ceremonies)

              • ceremoniousness [ENG31-04918954-n] (a ceremonial manner)
              • stateliness [ENG31-04919071-n] (an elaborate manner of doing something)
            • informality [ENG31-04919229-n] (a manner that does not take forms and ceremonies seriously)

              • casualness [ENG31-04919417-n] (a casual manner)

                • slanginess [ENG31-04919683-n] (casualness in use of language)
              • unceremoniousness [ENG31-04919787-n] (an unceremonial manner)
            • courtesy [ENG31-04919909-n] (a courteous manner)

              • politeness [ENG31-04920159-n] (a courteous manner that respects accepted social usage)
              • urbanity [ENG31-04920389-n] (polished courtesy)
              • graciousness [ENG31-04920745-n] (excellence of manners or social conduct)

                • suavity [ENG31-04920499-n] (the quality of being bland and gracious or ingratiating in manner)
              • chivalry [ENG31-04920915-n] (courtesy towards women)
              • deference [ENG31-04921016-n] (courteous regard for people's feelings)
              • civility [ENG31-04921310-n] (formal or perfunctory politeness)
            • discourtesy [ENG31-04921469-n] (a manner that is rude and insulting)

              • boorishness [ENG31-04921753-n] (the manner of a rude or insensitive person)
              • impoliteness [ENG31-04921871-n] (a discourteous manner that ignores accepted social usage)

                • bad manners [ENG31-04922058-n] (impoliteness resulting from ignorance)
                • crudeness [ENG31-04922298-n] (an impolite manner that is vulgar and lacking tact or refinement)
              • ungraciousness [ENG31-04922168-n] (an offensive lack of good manners)
              • incivility [ENG31-04922542-n] (deliberate discourtesy)
              • abruptness [ENG31-04922639-n] (an abrupt discourteous manner)
              • contempt [ENG31-04922864-n] (a manner that is generally disrespectful and contemptuous)
              • crust [ENG31-04923043-n] (the trait of being rude and impertinent)

                • chutzpa [ENG31-04923377-n] ((Yiddish) unbelievable gall)
        • tractability [ENG31-04912365-n] (the trait of being easily persuaded)

          • manageability [ENG31-04912723-n] (capable of being managed or controlled)
          • docility [ENG31-04912874-n] (the trait of being agreeably submissive and manageable)
          • tameness [ENG31-04913019-n] (the attribute of having been domesticated)
          • amenability [ENG31-04913203-n] (the trait of being cooperative)
          • obedience [ENG31-04913450-n] (the trait of being willing to obey)

            • submissiveness [ENG31-04913648-n] (the trait of being willing to yield to the will of another person or a superior force etc.)

              • obsequiousness [ENG31-04913889-n] (abject or cringing submissiveness)

                • sycophancy [ENG31-04914100-n] (fawning obsequiousness)
              • passivity [ENG31-04914197-n] (submission to others or to outside influences)
              • subordination [ENG31-04914330-n] (the quality of obedient submissiveness)
        • intractability [ENG31-04914446-n] (the trait of being hard to influence or control)

          • refractoriness [ENG31-04914752-n] (the trait of being unmanageable)
          • wildness [ENG31-04915003-n] (an intractably barbarous or uncultivated state of nature)
          • defiance [ENG31-04915168-n] (intentionally contemptuous behavior or attitude)

            • insubordination [ENG31-04915359-n] (defiance of authority)
            • obstreperousness [ENG31-04915460-n] (noisy defiance)
          • unruliness [ENG31-04915573-n] (the trait of being prone to disobedience and lack of discipline)

            • contrariness [ENG31-04916195-n] (deliberate and stubborn unruliness and resistance to guidance or discipline)

              • cussedness [ENG31-04916447-n] (meanspirited disagreeable contrariness)
            • wildness [ENG31-04917064-n] (an unruly disposition to do as one pleases)
          • balkiness [ENG31-04915898-n] (likely to stop abruptly and unexpectedly)
          • stubbornness [ENG31-04916012-n] (the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome)
          • disobedience [ENG31-04916591-n] (the trait of being unwilling to obey)

            • naughtiness [ENG31-04916740-n] (an attribute of mischievous children)

              • prankishness [ENG31-04916898-n] (the trait of indulging in disreputable pranks)
        • rurality [ENG31-04927414-n] (a rural characteristic or trait)
      • character [ENG31-04624273-n] ((genetics) an attribute (structural or functional) that is determined by a gene or group of genes)

        • unit character [ENG31-04624463-n] ((genetics) a character inherited on an all-or-none basis and dependent on the presence of a single gene)
      • thing [ENG31-04624646-n] (any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence)
      • common denominator [ENG31-04624798-n] (an attribute that is common to all members of a category)
      • personality [ENG31-04624919-n] (the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual)

        • identity [ENG31-04625427-n] (the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity)

          • gender identity [ENG31-04625716-n] (your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female)
          • identification [ENG31-04625938-n] (the attribution to yourself (consciously or unconsciously) of the characteristics of another person (or group of persons))
          • personhood [ENG31-04626138-n] (being a person)
        • personableness [ENG31-04626278-n] (the complex of attributes that make a person socially attractive)
        • anal personality [ENG31-04626440-n] ((psychoanalysis) a personality characterized by meticulous neatness and suspicion and reserve)
        • genital personality [ENG31-04626777-n] ((psychoanalysis) the mature personality which is not dominated by infantile pleasure drives)
        • narcissistic personality [ENG31-04626953-n] (personality marked by self-love and self-absorption)
        • obsessive-compulsive personality [ENG31-04627148-n] (personality characterized by a strong need to repeat certain acts or rituals)
        • oral personality [ENG31-04627303-n] ((psychoanalysis) a personality characterized either by generous optimism or aggressive and ambitious selfishness)
      • cheerfulness [ENG31-04638046-n] (the quality of being cheerful and dispelling gloom)

        • good-temperedness [ENG31-04638424-n] (a cheerful willingness to be obliging)
      • uncheerfulness [ENG31-04638655-n] (not conducive to cheer or good spirits)

        • gloominess [ENG31-04638827-n] (the quality of excessive mournfulness and uncheerfulness)
      • ballast [ENG31-04699340-n] (an attribute that tends to give stability in character and morals)
      • ethos [ENG31-04730562-n] ((anthropology) the distinctive spirit of a culture or an era)
      • eidos [ENG31-04730712-n] ((anthropology) the distinctive expression of the cognitive or intellectual character of a culture or a social group)
      • quality [ENG31-04731092-n] (an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone)

        • appearance [ENG31-04681322-n] (outward or visible aspect of a person or thing)

          • agerasia [ENG31-04681981-n] (youthful appearance in an old person)
          • look [ENG31-04682072-n] (physical appearance)
          • view [ENG31-04682218-n] (outward appearance)
          • color [ENG31-04682325-n] (the appearance of objects (or light sources) described in terms of a person's perception of their hue and lightness (or brightness) and saturation)
          • complexion [ENG31-04682550-n] (texture and appearance of the skin of the face)
          • impression [ENG31-04682671-n] (an outward appearance)

            • figure [ENG31-04683003-n] (the impression produced by a person)
            • image [ENG31-04683134-n] (the general impression that something (a person or organization or product) presents to the public)
            • mark [ENG31-04683421-n] (the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember)
            • tout ensemble [ENG31-04684187-n] (a total impression or effect of something made up of individual parts)
          • perspective [ENG31-04683665-n] (the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer)
          • phase [ENG31-04683897-n] ((astronomy) the particular appearance of a body's state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earth's moon that is illuminated by the sun))

            • phase of the moon [ENG31-15231540-n] (a time when the Moon presents a particular recurring appearance)

              • new moon [ENG31-15231739-n] (the time at which the Moon appears as a narrow waxing crescent)
              • half-moon [ENG31-15231899-n] (the time at which the Moon is at first or last quarter when half its face is illuminated)

                • first quarter [ENG31-15232098-n] (the first fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth)
                • last quarter [ENG31-15232226-n] (the last fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth)
              • full moon [ENG31-15232352-n] (the time when the Moon is fully illuminated)

                • harvest moon [ENG31-15232566-n] (the full moon nearest the September equinox)
          • vanishing point [ENG31-04684316-n] (the appearance of a point on the horizon at which parallel lines converge)
          • superficies [ENG31-04684470-n] (the purely external aspect of a thing)
          • format [ENG31-04684742-n] (the general appearance of a publication)
          • form [ENG31-04684871-n] (the visual appearance of something or someone)
          • persona [ENG31-04685073-n] ((Jungian psychology) a personal facade that one presents to the world)
          • semblance [ENG31-04685309-n] (an outward or token appearance or form that is deliberately misleading)

            • color of law [ENG31-04685758-n] (a mere semblance of legal right)
            • simulacrum [ENG31-04686069-n] (an insubstantial or vague semblance)
            • face value [ENG31-04686161-n] (the apparent worth as opposed to the real worth)
            • guise [ENG31-04686265-n] (an artful or simulated semblance)
            • disguise [ENG31-04686431-n] (an outward semblance that misrepresents the true nature of something)
            • verisimilitude [ENG31-04686657-n] (the appearance of truth)
          • face [ENG31-04686776-n] (the general outward appearance of something)
          • countenance [ENG31-04686906-n] (the appearance conveyed by a person's face)

            • expression [ENG31-04687095-n] (the feelings expressed on a person's face)

              • leer [ENG31-04687384-n] (a suggestive or sneering look or grin)
            • poker face [ENG31-04687490-n] (a face without any interpretable expression (as that of a good poker player))
          • hairiness [ENG31-04690810-n] (the quality of having hair)

            • hirsuteness [ENG31-04690957-n] (excessive hairiness)
          • hairlessness [ENG31-04691064-n] (the quality of not having hair)
          • beauty [ENG31-04691171-n] (the qualities that give pleasure to the senses)

            • raw beauty [ENG31-04691594-n] (beauty that is stark and powerfully impressive)
            • glory [ENG31-04691697-n] (brilliant radiant beauty)
            • exquisiteness [ENG31-04691993-n] (extreme beauty of a delicate sort)
            • picturesqueness [ENG31-04692104-n] (visually vivid and pleasing)
            • pulchritude [ENG31-04692411-n] (physical beauty (especially of a woman))

              • curvaceousness [ENG31-04694097-n] (the quality of having a well-rounded body)
            • glamor [ENG31-04692544-n] (alluring beauty or charm (often with sex-appeal))
            • comeliness [ENG31-04692745-n] (the quality of being good looking and attractive)
            • prettiness [ENG31-04692998-n] (the quality of being appealing in a delicate or graceful way (of a girl or young woman))
            • handsomeness [ENG31-04693189-n] (the quality of having regular well-defined features (especially of a man))
            • attractiveness [ENG31-04693352-n] (sexual allure)

              • adorability [ENG31-04693606-n] (extreme attractiveness)
              • bewitchery [ENG31-04693737-n] (magnetic personal charm)
              • charisma [ENG31-04693886-n] (a personal attractiveness or interestingness that enables you to influence others)
              • sex appeal [ENG31-04694284-n] (attractiveness to the opposite sex)

                • sultriness [ENG31-04694468-n] (the quality of expressing or arousing sexual desire)
              • appeal [ENG31-04694682-n] (attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates)

                • siren call [ENG31-04694982-n] (the enticing appeal of something alluring but potentially dangerous)
                • winsomeness [ENG31-04695306-n] (childlike charm or appeal)
              • spiff [ENG31-04695171-n] (attractiveness in appearance or dress or manner)
          • ugliness [ENG31-04697545-n] (qualities of appearance that do not give pleasure to the senses)

            • unsightliness [ENG31-04697807-n] (ugliness that is unpleasant to look at)
            • grotesqueness [ENG31-04697923-n] (ludicrous or incongruous unnaturalness or distortion)
            • garishness [ENG31-04698100-n] (strident color or excessive ornamentation)
            • hideousness [ENG31-04698409-n] (dreadful ugliness)
            • unattractiveness [ENG31-04698824-n] (an ugliness of appearance that is not appealing to viewers)

              • shapelessness [ENG31-04699209-n] (the quality of lacking an esthetically pleasing shape)
            • eyesore [ENG31-04701065-n] (something very ugly and offensive)
          • disfigurement [ENG31-04698526-n] (an appearance that has been spoiled or is misshapen)
          • homeliness [ENG31-04698999-n] (an appearance that is not attractive or beautiful)
          • blemish [ENG31-04699505-n] (a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body))

            • birthmark [ENG31-04699986-n] (a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth)

              • port-wine stain [ENG31-04703541-n] (a flat birthmark varying from pink to purple)
              • strawberry [ENG31-04703664-n] (a soft red birthmark)
            • chatter mark [ENG31-04700135-n] (a mark made by a chattering tool on the surface of a workpiece)
            • check [ENG31-04700256-n] (a mark left after a small piece has been chopped or broken off of something)
            • crack [ENG31-04700444-n] (a blemish resulting from a break without complete separation of the parts)

              • craze [ENG31-04700622-n] (a fine crack in a glaze or other surface)
            • dent [ENG31-04700732-n] (an impression in a surface (as made by a blow))

              • dig [ENG31-04700905-n] (a small gouge (as in the cover of a book))
            • mole [ENG31-04701152-n] (a small congenital pigmented spot on the skin)
            • scratch [ENG31-04701248-n] (an indication of damage)
            • burn [ENG31-04701438-n] (a place or area that has been burned (especially on a person's body))

              • cigarette burn [ENG31-04701641-n] (a burn mark left by a smoldering cigarette)
            • smudge [ENG31-04701789-n] (a blemish made by dirt)

              • blotch [ENG31-04702157-n] (an irregularly shaped spot)
              • fingermark [ENG31-04702328-n] (a smudge made by a (dirty) finger)
              • inkblot [ENG31-04702450-n] (a blot made with ink)
            • stigma [ENG31-04703433-n] (a skin lesion that is a diagnostic sign of some disease)
            • whitehead [ENG31-05252969-n] (a small whitish lump in the skin due to a clogged sebaceous gland)
            • blackhead [ENG31-05253118-n] (a black-tipped plug clogging a pore of the skin)
          • stain [ENG31-04702524-n] (a soiled or discolored appearance)

            • scorch [ENG31-04702852-n] (a discoloration caused by heat)
            • bloodstain [ENG31-04702953-n] (a discoloration caused by blood)
            • iron mold [ENG31-04703041-n] (a spot caused the staining with rust or ink)
            • mud stain [ENG31-04703153-n] (a stain produced by mud)
            • oil stain [ENG31-04703232-n] (a stain produced by oil)
            • tarnish [ENG31-04703311-n] (discoloration of metal surface caused by oxidation)
          • plainness [ENG31-04704615-n] (the appearance of being plain and unpretentious)

            • chasteness [ENG31-04704790-n] (lack of ornamentation)
            • austereness [ENG31-04705014-n] (extreme plainness)
            • bareness [ENG31-04705167-n] (an extreme lack of furnishings or ornamentation)
          • ornateness [ENG31-04705460-n] (an ornate appearance)

            • flamboyance [ENG31-04707284-n] (extravagant elaborateness)
            • fussiness [ENG31-04707547-n] (unnecessary elaborateness in details)
          • decorativeness [ENG31-04707675-n] (an appearance that serves to decorate and make something more attractive)

            • coating [ENG31-04707990-n] (a decorative texture or appearance of a surface (or the substance that gives it that appearance))

              • glaze [ENG31-04708387-n] (a coating for ceramics, metal, etc.)

                • luster [ENG31-04708510-n] (a surface coating for ceramics or porcelain)
              • shoeshine [ENG31-04708615-n] (a shiny finish put on shoes with polish and buffing)
          • etiolation [ENG31-04707844-n] (a pale and sickly appearance)
          • sleekness [ENG31-04957513-n] (the quality of being well-groomed and neatly tailored)
        • attraction [ENG31-04695595-n] (the quality of arousing interest)

          • affinity [ENG31-04695997-n] (a natural attraction or feeling of kinship)
          • allure [ENG31-04696191-n] (the power to entice or attract through personal charm)

            • invitation [ENG31-04696397-n] (a tempting allurement)
          • binding [ENG31-04696547-n] (the capacity to attract and hold something)
          • drawing power [ENG31-04696679-n] (the capacity for attracting people (customers or supporters))
          • fascination [ENG31-04696799-n] (the capacity to attract intense interest)
          • lure [ENG31-04697009-n] (qualities that attract by seeming to promise some kind of reward)
          • sexual attraction [ENG31-04697183-n] (attractiveness on the basis of sexual desire)
          • show-stopper [ENG31-04697291-n] (something that is strikingly attractive or has great popular appeal)
        • clearness [ENG31-04708808-n] (the quality of clear water)

          • transparency [ENG31-04709475-n] (the quality of being clear and transparent)

            • pellucidness [ENG31-04709291-n] (passing light without diffusion or distortion)
          • translucence [ENG31-04709699-n] (the quality of allowing light to pass diffusely)
          • visibility [ENG31-04709893-n] (capability of providing a clear unobstructed view)
          • distinctness [ENG31-04710036-n] (the quality of being sharp and clear)

            • definition [ENG31-04710305-n] (clarity of outline)
            • discernability [ENG31-04710452-n] (distinctness that makes perception easy)
            • focus [ENG31-04710583-n] (maximum clarity or distinctness of an image rendered by an optical system)
        • opacity [ENG31-04710772-n] (the quality of being opaque to a degree)

          • cloudiness [ENG31-04711046-n] (the quality of being cloudy)

            • turbidity [ENG31-04711280-n] (muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended)
            • haziness [ENG31-04711464-n] (cloudiness resulting from haze or mist or vapor)
          • indistinctness [ENG31-04711694-n] (the quality of being indistinct and without sharp outlines)

            • dimness [ENG31-04712023-n] (the quality of being dim or lacking contrast)
            • vagueness [ENG31-04712187-n] (indistinctness of shape or character)
        • divisibility [ENG31-04712361-n] (the quality of being divisible)

          • fissiparity [ENG31-04712544-n] (the tendency to break into parts)
        • ease [ENG31-04715389-n] (freedom from difficulty or hardship or effort)

          • effortlessness [ENG31-04715819-n] (the quality of requiring little effort)

            • facility [ENG31-04716072-n] (a natural effortlessness)
            • smoothness [ENG31-04716287-n] (the quality of being free from errors or interruptions)
        • difficulty [ENG31-04716529-n] (the quality of being difficult)

          • effortfulness [ENG31-04716861-n] (the quality of requiring deliberate effort)

            • arduousness [ENG31-04717035-n] (extreme effortfulness)
            • laboriousness [ENG31-04717220-n] (the quality of requiring extended effort)
          • asperity [ENG31-04717403-n] (something hard to endure)

            • sternness [ENG31-04717666-n] (the quality (as of scenery) being grim and gloomy and forbidding)
          • hardness [ENG31-04717864-n] (the quality of being difficult to do)
          • formidability [ENG31-04718142-n] (impressive difficulty)
          • burdensomeness [ENG31-04718307-n] (unwelcome burdensome difficulty)
          • subtlety [ENG31-04718532-n] (the quality of being difficult to detect or analyze)
          • troublesomeness [ENG31-04718711-n] (a difficulty that causes anxiety)

            • awkwardness [ENG31-04718941-n] (trouble in carrying or managing caused by bulk or shape)
            • flea bite [ENG31-04719195-n] (a very minor inconvenience)
            • fly in the ointment [ENG31-04719277-n] (an inconvenience that detracts from the usefulness of something)
            • unwieldiness [ENG31-04719406-n] (the quality of being difficult to direct or control by reason of complexity)
        • combustibility [ENG31-04719681-n] (the quality of being capable of igniting and burning)

          • flammability [ENG31-04719844-n] (the quality of being easily ignited and burning rapidly)
        • suitability [ENG31-04722763-n] (the quality of having the properties that are right for a specific purpose)

          • appropriateness [ENG31-04723223-n] (the quality of being specially suitable)

            • felicity [ENG31-04723486-n] (pleasing and appropriate manner or style (especially manner or style of expression))
            • aptness [ENG31-04723767-n] (appropriateness for the occasion)
            • ticket [ENG31-04723979-n] (the appropriate or desirable thing)
          • fitness [ENG31-04724140-n] (the quality of being suitable)

            • qualification [ENG31-04724415-n] (an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something)

              • eligibility [ENG31-04724828-n] (the quality or state of being eligible)

                • insurability [ENG31-04725063-n] (the quality of being insurable)
                • marriageability [ENG31-04725306-n] (eligibility for marriage)
              • ineligibility [ENG31-04725410-n] (the quality or state of being ineligible)

                • uninsurability [ENG31-04725582-n] (the quality of being uninsurable)
            • habitability [ENG31-04729507-n] (suitability for living in or on)
          • convenience [ENG31-04725839-n] (the quality of being useful and convenient)

            • opportuneness [ENG31-04726102-n] (timely convenience)
            • handiness [ENG31-04726275-n] (the quality of being at hand when needed)

              • command [ENG31-04726652-n] (availability for use)
              • print [ENG31-06690891-n] (availability in printed form)
        • arability [ENG31-04723094-n] (the quality of land that is appropriate for cultivation)
        • impressiveness [ENG31-04726778-n] (the quality of making a strong or vivid impression on the mind)
        • navigability [ENG31-04726937-n] (the quality of being suitable for the passage of a ship or aircraft)
        • neediness [ENG31-04727081-n] (the quality of needing attention and affection and reassurance to a marked degree)
        • painfulness [ENG31-04727300-n] (the quality of being painful)

          • sharpness [ENG31-04727502-n] (the quality of being keenly and painfully felt)
        • piquancy [ENG31-04727669-n] (the quality of being agreeably stimulating or mentally exciting)
        • publicity [ENG31-04727812-n] (the quality of being open to public view)
        • spinnability [ENG31-04727961-n] (the quality of being suitable for spinning or the capability of being spun (used of textile fibers))

          • spinnbarkeit [ENG31-04728155-n] (the capacity of a viscous liquid (especially the cervical mucus) to be drawn out into a strand or blown up into a bubble)
        • unsuitability [ENG31-04728334-n] (the quality of having the wrong properties for a specific purpose)

          • inappropriateness [ENG31-04728926-n] (the quality of being not particularly suitable or befitting)

            • inaptness [ENG31-04728704-n] (inappropriateness)
            • infelicity [ENG31-04729327-n] (inappropriate and unpleasing manner or style (especially manner or style of expression))
          • unfitness [ENG31-04729649-n] (the quality of not being suitable)

            • disqualification [ENG31-04729850-n] (unfitness that bars you from participation)
          • inconvenience [ENG31-04729991-n] (the quality of not being useful or convenient)

            • inaccessibility [ENG31-04730186-n] (the quality of not being available when needed)
            • inopportuneness [ENG31-04730383-n] (the quality of occurring at an inconvenient time)
        • protectiveness [ENG31-04730898-n] (the quality of providing protection)
        • nature [ENG31-04733982-n] (the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized)
        • humanness [ENG31-04734196-n] (the quality of being human)
        • air [ENG31-04734472-n] (a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing)

          • mystique [ENG31-04734817-n] (an aura of heightened value or interest or meaning surrounding a person or thing)
          • note [ENG31-04734952-n] (a characteristic emotional quality)
          • vibration [ENG31-04735141-n] (a distinctive emotional aura experienced instinctively)
        • excellence [ENG31-04736044-n] (the quality of excelling)

          • admirability [ENG31-04736385-n] (admirable excellence)
          • impressiveness [ENG31-04736586-n] (splendid or imposing in size or appearance)

            • expansiveness [ENG31-04736968-n] (a quality characterized by magnificence of scale or the tendency to expand)
            • stateliness [ENG31-04737242-n] (impressiveness in scale or proportion)
          • refinement [ENG31-04819244-n] (the quality of excellence in thought and manners and taste)
        • ultimate [ENG31-04736257-n] (the finest or most superior quality of its kind)
        • characteristic [ENG31-04738737-n] (a distinguishing quality)

          • recommendation [ENG31-04681025-n] (any quality or characteristic that gains a person a favorable reception or acceptance or admission)
          • compatibility [ENG31-04720011-n] (capability of existing or performing in harmonious or congenial combination)

            • congenialness [ENG31-04720254-n] (compatibility between persons)
            • harmony [ENG31-04720394-n] (compatibility in opinion and action)

              • congruity [ENG31-04721432-n] (the quality of agreeing)
            • accord [ENG31-04720608-n] (sympathetic compatibility)
            • agreement [ENG31-04720704-n] (compatibility of observations)

              • conformity [ENG31-04720968-n] (correspondence in form or appearance)

                • justness [ENG31-04721129-n] (conformity with some esthetic standard of correctness or propriety)
                • normality [ENG31-04721334-n] (conformity with the norm)
          • incompatibility [ENG31-04721716-n] (the quality of being unable to exist or work in congenial combination)

            • conflict [ENG31-04721955-n] (an incompatibility of dates or events)
            • incongruity [ENG31-04722123-n] (the quality of disagreeing)

              • irony [ENG31-04722351-n] (incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs)

                • Socratic irony [ENG31-04722584-n] (admission of your own ignorance and willingness to learn while exposing someone's inconsistencies by close questioning)
          • point [ENG31-04739165-n] (an outstanding characteristic)
          • point [ENG31-04739307-n] (a distinguishing or individuating characteristic)

            • selling point [ENG31-04739626-n] (a characteristic of something that is up for sale that makes it attractive to potential customers)
          • hallmark [ENG31-04739783-n] (a distinctive characteristic or attribute)

            • mold [ENG31-04739949-n] (a distinctive nature, character, or type)
          • saving grace [ENG31-04740092-n] (a redeeming quality or characteristic)
          • aspect [ENG31-04740358-n] (a characteristic to be considered)
          • safeness [ENG31-04863539-n] (the quality of being safe)
          • dangerousness [ENG31-04863691-n] (the quality of not being safe)

            • precariousness [ENG31-04863852-n] (extreme dangerousness)
          • curability [ENG31-04863952-n] (capability of being cured or healed)
          • incurability [ENG31-04864130-n] (incapability of being cured or healed)
          • directness [ENG31-04925387-n] (trueness of course toward a goal)

            • downrightness [ENG31-04925675-n] (the quality of being direct and straightforward)
            • immediacy [ENG31-04925944-n] (lack of an intervening or mediating agency)
            • pointedness [ENG31-04926188-n] (the quality of being obviously directed at a particular person or thing)
          • indirectness [ENG31-04926386-n] (having the characteristic of lacking a true course toward a goal)

            • allusiveness [ENG31-04926635-n] (a quality characterized by indirect reference)
            • mediacy [ENG31-04926757-n] (the quality of being mediate)
            • deviousness [ENG31-04926889-n] (the quality of being oblique and rambling indirectly)
            • discursiveness [ENG31-04927049-n] (the quality of being discursive)
          • robustness [ENG31-04927177-n] (the characteristic of being strong enough to withstand intellectual challenge)
          • streak [ENG31-04927612-n] (a distinctive characteristic)
        • salability [ENG31-04739477-n] (the quality of being salable or marketable)
        • changeableness [ENG31-04740880-n] (the quality of being changeable)

          • commutability [ENG31-04741385-n] (the quality of being commutable)
          • fluidity [ENG31-04741512-n] (a changeable quality)
          • reversibility [ENG31-04741791-n] (the quality of being reversible in either direction)
          • shiftiness [ENG31-04741938-n] (the quality of being changeable in direction)
          • inconstancy [ENG31-04742125-n] (the quality of being changeable and variable)

            • capriciousness [ENG31-04742315-n] (the quality of being guided by sudden unpredictable impulses)
          • variability [ENG31-04742473-n] (the quality of being subject to variation)

            • variedness [ENG31-04742796-n] (characterized by variation)
            • variegation [ENG31-04743068-n] (variability in coloration)
            • personal equation [ENG31-04780307-n] (variability attributable to individual differences)
          • exchangeability [ENG31-04743169-n] (the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange)

            • duality [ENG31-04743577-n] ((geometry) the interchangeability of the roles of points and planes in the theorems of projective geometry)
            • transferability [ENG31-04743756-n] (the quality of being transferable or exchangeable)
            • convertibility [ENG31-04743997-n] (the quality of being exchangeable (especially the ability to convert a currency into gold or other currencies without restriction))
            • inconvertibility [ENG31-04744260-n] (the quality of not being exchangeable)
            • replaceability [ENG31-04744474-n] (exchangeability by virtue of being replaceable)
            • liquidity [ENG31-04744670-n] (being in cash or easily convertible to cash)
            • permutability [ENG31-04744808-n] (ability to change sequence)
          • progressiveness [ENG31-04744983-n] (advancement toward better conditions or policies or methods)
          • mutability [ENG31-04748551-n] (the quality of being capable of mutation)

            • alterability [ENG31-04748770-n] (the quality of being alterable)
            • vicissitude [ENG31-04748895-n] (mutability in life or nature (especially successive alternation from one condition to another))
        • changelessness [ENG31-04745174-n] (the quality of being unchangeable)

          • absoluteness [ENG31-04745638-n] (the quality of being absolute)
          • constancy [ENG31-04745881-n] (the quality of being enduring and free from change or variation)

            • invariance [ENG31-04746235-n] (the nature of a quantity or property or function that remains unchanged when a given transformation is applied to it)
            • metastability [ENG31-04746502-n] (the quality of a physical system that persists in its existing equilibrium when undisturbed (or only slightly disturbed) but able to pass to a more stable equilibrium when sufficiently disturbed)
            • monotony [ENG31-04746775-n] (constancy of tone or pitch or inflection)
          • innateness [ENG31-04746870-n] (the quality of being innate)
          • irreversibility [ENG31-04747008-n] (the quality of being irreversible (once done it cannot be changed))
          • invariability [ENG31-04747172-n] (the quality of being resistant to variation)

            • unvariedness [ENG31-04747413-n] (characterized by an absence of variation)

              • monotony [ENG31-04747566-n] (the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety)
          • fixedness [ENG31-04747895-n] (the quality of being fixed and unchangeable)
          • unexchangeability [ENG31-04748104-n] (the quality of being incapable of exchange or interchange)

            • incommutability [ENG31-04748315-n] (the quality of being not interchangeable)
            • irreplaceableness [ENG31-04748435-n] (the quality of being irreplaceable)
          • immutability [ENG31-04749047-n] (the quality of being incapable of mutation)

            • unalterability [ENG31-04749324-n] (the quality of not being alterable)

              • incurability [ENG31-04749491-n] (incapability of being altered in disposition or habits)
            • agelessness [ENG31-04749658-n] (the quality of being timeless and eternal)
        • sameness [ENG31-04749775-n] (the quality of being alike)

          • identity [ENG31-04750264-n] (exact sameness)

            • oneness [ENG31-04750610-n] (the quality of being united into one)
            • selfsameness [ENG31-04750726-n] (the quality of being identical with itself)
          • similarity [ENG31-04750845-n] (the quality of being similar)

            • approximation [ENG31-04751272-n] (the quality of coming near to identity (especially close in quantity))
            • homogeny [ENG31-04751401-n] ((biology) similarity because of common evolution)
            • homology [ENG31-04751559-n] (the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function)
            • homomorphism [ENG31-04751795-n] (similarity of form)
            • isomorphism [ENG31-04751885-n] ((biology) similarity or identity of form or shape or structure)
            • likeness [ENG31-04752054-n] (similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things)

              • comparison [ENG31-04754082-n] (qualities that are comparable)
              • mirror image [ENG31-04754355-n] (a likeness in which left and right are reversed)
              • naturalness [ENG31-04754486-n] (the likeness of a representation to the thing represented)
              • resemblance [ENG31-04754685-n] (similarity in appearance or external or superficial details)

                • mutual resemblance [ENG31-04754950-n] (symmetrical resemblance)
                • affinity [ENG31-04755038-n] (inherent resemblance between persons or things)
              • spitting image [ENG31-04754856-n] (a perfect likeness or counterpart)
            • parallelism [ENG31-04752480-n] (similarity by virtue of corresponding)
            • uniformity [ENG31-04752610-n] (the quality of lacking diversity or variation (even to the point of boredom))

              • homogeneity [ENG31-04752919-n] (the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature)
              • consistency [ENG31-04753172-n] (a harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts)
            • approach [ENG31-04753374-n] (a close approximation)
            • sort [ENG31-04753502-n] (an approximate definition or example)
            • analogue [ENG31-04753670-n] (something having the property of being analogous to something else)

              • echo [ENG31-04753847-n] (a close parallel of a feeling, idea, style, etc.)
          • equality [ENG31-04755139-n] (the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status)

            • equatability [ENG31-04755427-n] (capability of being equated)
            • equivalence [ENG31-04755513-n] (essential equality and interchangeability)

              • parity [ENG31-04755666-n] (functional equality)
            • evenness [ENG31-04755738-n] (the quality of being balanced)
            • isometry [ENG31-04755894-n] (equality of measure (e.g., equality of height above sea level or equality of loudness etc.))
            • balance [ENG31-13430153-n] (equality between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account)

              • trial balance [ENG31-13432178-n] (a balance of debits and credits in double-entry bookkeeping)
        • difference [ENG31-04756076-n] (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar)

          • otherness [ENG31-04750006-n] (the quality of being not alike)
          • differential [ENG31-04756532-n] (a quality that differentiates between similar things)
          • differentia [ENG31-04756661-n] (distinguishing characteristics (especially in different species of a genus))
          • distinction [ENG31-04756794-n] (a distinguishing difference between similar things or people)
          • discrepancy [ENG31-04756982-n] (a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions)

            • allowance [ENG31-04757264-n] (a permissible difference)
          • dissimilarity [ENG31-04757437-n] (the quality of being dissimilar)

            • disparateness [ENG31-04757669-n] (utter dissimilarity)
            • heterology [ENG31-04757802-n] ((biology) the lack of correspondence of apparently similar body parts)
            • unlikeness [ENG31-04758019-n] (dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness)
            • nonuniformity [ENG31-04758195-n] (the quality of being diverse and interesting)

              • heterogeneity [ENG31-04758353-n] (the quality of being diverse and not comparable in kind)

                • diverseness [ENG31-04758560-n] (noticeable heterogeneity)

                  • biodiversity [ENG31-04758907-n] (the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole))
              • inconsistency [ENG31-04759102-n] (the quality of being inconsistent and lacking a harmonious uniformity among things or parts)
          • variety [ENG31-04759289-n] (a difference that is usually pleasant)
          • inequality [ENG31-04759476-n] (lack of equality)

            • nonequivalence [ENG31-04759669-n] (not interchangeable)
            • disparity [ENG31-04759785-n] (inequality or difference in some respect)

              • far cry [ENG31-04759989-n] (a disappointing disparity)
              • gap [ENG31-04760114-n] (a conspicuous disparity or difference as between two figures)
              • gulf [ENG31-04760315-n] (an unbridgeable disparity (as from a failure of understanding))
              • disproportion [ENG31-13921202-n] (lack of proportion)
            • unevenness [ENG31-04760586-n] (the quality of being unbalanced)
        • certainty [ENG31-04760710-n] (something that is certain)

          • cert [ENG31-04761054-n] (an absolute certainty)
          • ineluctability [ENG31-04761184-n] (the quality of being impossible to avoid or evade)
          • inevitability [ENG31-04761311-n] (the quality of being unavoidable)
          • surety [ENG31-04762035-n] (something clearly established)
          • indisputability [ENG31-04762117-n] (the quality of being beyond question or dispute or doubt)

            • incontrovertibility [ENG31-04762473-n] (the quality of being undeniable and not worth arguing about)
            • demonstrability [ENG31-04762721-n] (capability of being demonstrated or logically proved)
            • givenness [ENG31-04762885-n] (the quality of being granted as a supposition)
          • moral certainty [ENG31-04763038-n] (certainty based on an inner conviction)
          • predictability [ENG31-04763280-n] (the quality of being predictable)

            • determinateness [ENG31-04761492-n] (the quality of being predictable with great confidence)

              • finality [ENG31-04761695-n] (the quality of being final or definitely settled)
          • slam dunk [ENG31-04764605-n] (something that is a sure to occur)
        • probability [ENG31-04763427-n] (the quality of being probable)

          • likelihood [ENG31-04763890-n] (the probability of a specified outcome)

            • odds [ENG31-04763759-n] (the likelihood of a thing occurring rather than not occurring)
        • uncertainty [ENG31-04764142-n] (being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance)

          • doubt [ENG31-04764777-n] (uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something)
          • indefiniteness [ENG31-04765119-n] (the quality of being vague and poorly defined)

            • inconclusiveness [ENG31-04765436-n] (the quality of being inconclusive)
          • unpredictability [ENG31-04765568-n] (lacking predictability)
          • improbability [ENG31-04765707-n] (the quality of being improbable)

            • unlikelihood [ENG31-04766031-n] (the improbability of a specified outcome)
          • fortuitousness [ENG31-04766235-n] (the quality of happening accidentally and by lucky chance)
          • speculativeness [ENG31-04766389-n] (the quality of being a conclusion or opinion based on supposition and conjecture rather than on fact or investigation)
        • factuality [ENG31-04766683-n] (the quality of being actual or based on fact)
        • counterfactuality [ENG31-04766967-n] (the quality of being contrary to fact)
        • materiality [ENG31-04768026-n] (the quality of being physical)

          • concreteness [ENG31-04767104-n] (the quality of being concrete (not abstract))

            • literalness [ENG31-04767866-n] (adhereing to the concrete construal of something)
          • tangibility [ENG31-04767279-n] (the quality of being perceivable by touch)
          • substantiality [ENG31-04768467-n] (the quality of being substantial or having substance)
          • reality [ENG31-04769610-n] (the quality possessed by something that is real)
        • immateriality [ENG31-04768772-n] (the quality of not being physical)

          • intangibility [ENG31-04767551-n] (the quality of being intangible and not perceptible by touch)
          • insubstantiality [ENG31-04769070-n] (lacking substance or reality)

            • smoke [ENG31-04769215-n] (something with no concrete substance)
          • abstractness [ENG31-04769389-n] (the quality of being considered apart from a specific instance or object)
          • unreality [ENG31-04769747-n] (the quality possessed by something that is unreal)
        • particularity [ENG31-04769888-n] (the quality of being particular and pertaining to a specific case or instance)

          • specificity [ENG31-04770170-n] (the quality of being specific rather than general)
          • specificity [ENG31-04770402-n] (the quality of being specific to a particular organism)
        • generality [ENG31-04771667-n] (the quality of being general or widespread or having general applicability)

          • commonality [ENG31-04771996-n] (sharing of common attributes)

            • solidarity [ENG31-04772293-n] (a union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group)
          • pervasiveness [ENG31-04772421-n] (the quality of filling or spreading throughout)
          • prevalence [ENG31-04772610-n] (the quality of prevailing generally)

            • currency [ENG31-04772841-n] (general acceptance or use)
          • universality [ENG31-04772946-n] (the quality of being universal)
          • totality [ENG31-04773106-n] (the quality of being complete and indiscriminate)
        • simplicity [ENG31-04773314-n] (the quality of being simple or uncompounded)
        • complexity [ENG31-04773530-n] (the quality of being intricate and compounded)

          • complicatedness [ENG31-04773875-n] (puzzling complexity)
          • elaborateness [ENG31-04774107-n] (marked by elaborately complex detail)
          • tapestry [ENG31-04774278-n] (something that resembles a tapestry in its intricacy)
          • trickiness [ENG31-04774421-n] (the quality of requiring skill or caution)
        • regularity [ENG31-04774586-n] (the quality of being characterized by a fixed principle or rate)

          • cyclicity [ENG31-04775044-n] (the quality of recurring at regular intervals)

            • rhythm [ENG31-04775267-n] (recurring at regular intervals)

              • cardiac rhythm [ENG31-04775425-n] (the rhythm of a beating heart)

                • atrioventricular nodal rhythm [ENG31-04775548-n] (the normal cardiac rhythm when the heart is controlled by the atrioventricular node)
          • orderliness [ENG31-04775722-n] (the quality of appreciating method and system)

            • organization [ENG31-04775896-n] (an ordered manner)
          • uniformity [ENG31-04776288-n] (a condition in which everything is regular and unvarying)

            • homogeneity [ENG31-04776473-n] (the quality of being of uniform throughout in composition or structure)
          • evenness [ENG31-04776695-n] (a quality of uniformity and lack of variation)

            • smoothness [ENG31-04776955-n] (the quality of having a level and even surface)
          • even spacing [ENG31-04777227-n] (regularity of spacing)
          • steadiness [ENG31-04777307-n] (the quality of being steady--regular and unvarying)
        • irregularity [ENG31-04777450-n] (not characterized by a fixed principle or rate)

          • inhomogeneity [ENG31-04776601-n] (the quality of being inhomogeneous)
          • fitfulness [ENG31-04777774-n] (the quality of being spasmodic and irregular)

            • spasticity [ENG31-04778977-n] (the quality of moving or acting in spasms)
          • intermittence [ENG31-04777959-n] (the quality of being intermittent)
          • fluctuation [ENG31-04778150-n] (the quality of being unsteady and subject to changes)

            • scintillation [ENG31-04778367-n] (the twinkling of the stars caused when changes in the density of the earth's atmosphere produce uneven refraction of starlight)
          • randomness [ENG31-04778571-n] (the quality of lacking any predictable order or plan)

            • ergodicity [ENG31-04778774-n] (an attribute of stochastic systems)
          • unevenness [ENG31-04779129-n] (the quality of being uneven and lacking uniformity)

            • rockiness [ENG31-04779430-n] (the quality of abounding in rocks and stones)
            • ruggedness [ENG31-04779627-n] (the quality of being topologically uneven)

              • hilliness [ENG31-04779796-n] (the quality of being hilly)
            • jaggedness [ENG31-04779930-n] (something irregular like a bump or crack in a smooth surface)
            • patchiness [ENG31-04780083-n] (unevenness in quality or performance)
            • waviness [ENG31-04780194-n] (unevenness produced by waves or wrinkles)
          • unsteadiness [ENG31-04780421-n] (the quality of being unsteady--varying and unpredictable)

            • instability [ENG31-04782986-n] (the quality or attribute of being unstable and irresolute)

              • shakiness [ENG31-04783260-n] (the quality of being unstable and insecure)
        • mobility [ENG31-04780590-n] (the quality of moving freely)

          • locomotion [ENG31-04780835-n] (the power or ability to move)
          • motility [ENG31-04781000-n] (ability to move spontaneously and independently)
          • movability [ENG31-04781138-n] (the quality of being movable)

            • looseness [ENG31-04781750-n] (movement or space for movement)

              • wiggliness [ENG31-04782424-n] (a jerky back and forth kind of mobility)
              • slack [ENG31-04782596-n] (the quality of being loose (not taut))
            • unsteadiness [ENG31-04782801-n] (the quality of not being steady or securely fixed in place)
            • portability [ENG31-04783415-n] (the quality of being light enough to be carried)
            • looseness [ENG31-04784660-n] (the quality of movability by virtue of being free from attachment or other restraints)
          • maneuverability [ENG31-04781437-n] (the quality of being maneuverable)

            • weatherliness [ENG31-04782140-n] ((of a sailing vessel) the quality of being able to sail close to the wind with little drift to the leeward (even in a stiff wind))
          • manipulability [ENG31-04781604-n] (the quality of being controllable by skilled movements of the hands)
          • restlessness [ENG31-04781982-n] (the quality of being ceaselessly moving or active)
        • immobility [ENG31-04783538-n] (the quality of not moving)

          • immotility [ENG31-04783692-n] (lacking an ability to move)
          • inertness [ENG31-04783811-n] (immobility by virtue of being inert)
          • immovability [ENG31-04783938-n] (not capable of being moved or rearranged)

            • tightness [ENG31-04784179-n] (lack of movement or room for movement)
            • fastness [ENG31-04784337-n] (the quality of being fixed in place as by some firm attachment)

              • lodgment [ENG31-04784873-n] (the state or quality of being lodged or fixed even temporarily)
            • steadiness [ENG31-04785091-n] (the quality of being steady or securely and immovably fixed in place)

              • granite [ENG31-04785353-n] (something having the quality of granite (unyielding firmness))
              • sureness [ENG31-04785506-n] (the quality of being steady and unfailing)
              • stability [ENG31-04785640-n] (the quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast)
        • pleasantness [ENG31-04785869-n] (the quality of giving pleasure)

          • pleasingness [ENG31-04692211-n] (the quality of giving pleasure to the senses)
          • agreeableness [ENG31-04786292-n] (pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions)
          • enjoyableness [ENG31-04786575-n] (pleasantness resulting from something that can be enjoyed)
          • niceness [ENG31-04786760-n] (the quality of nice)
        • unpleasantness [ENG31-04786888-n] (the quality of giving displeasure)

          • unpleasingness [ENG31-04698264-n] (the quality of being unpleasant to to the senses)
          • disagreeableness [ENG31-04787170-n] (the quality of being disagreeable and unpleasant)

            • abrasiveness [ENG31-04787389-n] (the quality of being sharply disagreeable)
            • acridity [ENG31-04787507-n] (the quality of being sharply disagreeable in language or tone)
            • unpalatability [ENG31-04787671-n] (the property of being unacceptable to the mind)

              • disgustingness [ENG31-04787880-n] (the property of being extremely unacceptable to the mind)
          • nastiness [ENG31-04788030-n] (the quality of being highly unpleasant)

            • beastliness [ENG31-04789231-n] (unpleasant nastiness)
          • offensiveness [ENG31-04788240-n] (the quality of being offensive)

            • blatancy [ENG31-04714176-n] (the property of being both obvious and offensive)
            • loathsomeness [ENG31-04788613-n] (the quality of being disgusting to the senses or emotions)
            • hatefulness [ENG31-04789019-n] (the quality of being hateful)
          • awfulness [ENG31-04789380-n] (a quality of extreme unpleasantness)

            • frightfulness [ENG31-04789730-n] (the quality of being frightful)

              • ghastliness [ENG31-04789874-n] (the quality of being ghastly)
          • harshness [ENG31-04995915-n] (the quality of being harsh or rough or grating to the senses)

            • gruffness [ENG31-04996097-n] (a throaty harshness)
        • credibility [ENG31-04790142-n] (the quality of being believable or trustworthy)

          • authenticity [ENG31-04790511-n] (undisputed credibility)

            • real McCoy [ENG31-04790709-n] (informal usage attributing authenticity)
          • cogency [ENG31-04790831-n] (the quality of being valid and rigorous)
          • plausibility [ENG31-04790988-n] (apparent validity)

            • reasonableness [ENG31-04791152-n] (the quality of being plausible or acceptable to a reasonable person)
          • street credibility [ENG31-04791753-n] (credibility among young fashionable urban individuals)
        • incredibility [ENG31-04791406-n] (the quality of being incredible)

          • implausibility [ENG31-04791586-n] (the quality of provoking disbelief)
        • logicality [ENG31-04791892-n] (correct and valid reasoning)

          • rationality [ENG31-04792206-n] (the quality of being consistent with or based on logic)
          • consistency [ENG31-04792423-n] ((logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that none of the propositions deducible from the axioms contradict one another)
          • completeness [ENG31-04792642-n] ((logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system)
        • illogicality [ENG31-04792897-n] (invalid or incorrect reasoning)

          • invalidity [ENG31-04817762-n] (illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premisses)

            • fallaciousness [ENG31-04817979-n] (result of a fallacy or error in reasoning)
        • naturalness [ENG31-04793136-n] (the quality of being natural or based on natural principles)

          • unaffectedness [ENG31-04793554-n] (not affected)
          • simplicity [ENG31-04793718-n] (absence of affectation or pretense)
          • sincerity [ENG31-04793823-n] (a quality of naturalness and simplicity)
          • spontaneity [ENG31-04793991-n] (the quality of being spontaneous and coming from natural feelings without constraint)
          • ease [ENG31-04794222-n] (freedom from constraint or embarrassment)
          • unpretentiousness [ENG31-04794382-n] (the quality of being natural and without pretensions)
          • naturalization [ENG31-04794552-n] (the quality of being brought into conformity with nature)
        • unnaturalness [ENG31-04794758-n] (the quality of being unnatural or not based on natural principles)

          • affectedness [ENG31-04794991-n] (the quality of being false or artificial (as to impress others))

            • airs [ENG31-04795239-n] (affected manners intended to impress others)
            • coyness [ENG31-04795387-n] (the affectation of being demure in a provocative way)
            • preciosity [ENG31-04795560-n] (the quality of being fastidious or excessively refined)
          • artificiality [ENG31-04795722-n] (the quality of being produced by people and not occurring naturally)

            • staginess [ENG31-04795921-n] (an artificial and mannered quality)
            • pretension [ENG31-04796081-n] (a false or unsupportable quality)
          • pretentiousness [ENG31-04796210-n] (the quality of being pretentious (behaving or speaking in such a manner as to create a false appearance of great importance or worth))

            • ostentation [ENG31-04796502-n] (pretentious or showy or vulgar display)
          • supernaturalism [ENG31-04796634-n] (the quality of being attributed to power that seems to violate or go beyond natural forces)
        • virtu [ENG31-04796841-n] (artistic quality)
        • wholesomeness [ENG31-04796917-n] (the quality of being beneficial and generally good for you)

          • nutritiousness [ENG31-04797125-n] (the quality of being nourishing and promoting healthy growth)
          • healthfulness [ENG31-04797298-n] (the quality of promoting good health)

            • salubrity [ENG31-04797466-n] (the quality of being salubrious and invigorating)
        • unwholesomeness [ENG31-04797677-n] (the quality of being unhealthful and generally bad for you)

          • harmfulness [ENG31-04797984-n] (the quality of being noxious)
          • perniciousness [ENG31-04798152-n] (grave harmfulness or deadliness)
          • deadliness [ENG31-04798291-n] (the quality of being deadly)

            • fatality [ENG31-04798531-n] (the quality of being able to cause death or fatal disasters)
          • putrescence [ENG31-04798804-n] (the quality of rotting and becoming putrid)
          • unhealthfulness [ENG31-04798971-n] (the quality of promoting poor health)

            • insalubrity [ENG31-04799159-n] (the quality of being insalubrious and debilitating)
        • satisfactoriness [ENG31-04799358-n] (the quality of giving satisfaction sufficient to meet a demand or requirement)

          • adequacy [ENG31-04799588-n] (the quality of being able to meet a need satisfactorily: "he questioned the adequacy of the usual sentimental interpretation of the Golden Rule")
          • acceptability [ENG31-04799910-n] (satisfactoriness by virtue of conforming to approved standards)

            • admissibility [ENG31-04800247-n] (acceptability by virtue of being admissible)

              • permissibility [ENG31-04800440-n] (admissibility as a consequence of being permitted)
            • palatability [ENG31-04801829-n] (acceptability to the mind or feelings)
        • unsatisfactoriness [ENG31-04800586-n] (the quality of being inadequate or unsuitable)

          • inadequacy [ENG31-04800786-n] (unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being inadequate)

            • jejunity [ENG31-04798663-n] (quality of inadequate nutritive value)
          • perishability [ENG31-04800980-n] (unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being subject to decay or spoilage or destruction)
          • unacceptability [ENG31-04801174-n] (unsatisfactoriness by virtue of not conforming to approved standards)

            • inadmissibility [ENG31-04801485-n] (unacceptability as a consequence of not being admissible)

              • impermissibility [ENG31-04801657-n] (inadmissibility as a consequence of not being permitted)
            • errancy [ENG31-04813041-n] ((Christianity) holding views that disagree with accepted doctrine)
        • ordinariness [ENG31-04802000-n] (the quality of being commonplace and ordinary)

          • averageness [ENG31-04802310-n] (ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding)
          • expectedness [ENG31-04802501-n] (ordinariness as a consequence of being expected and not surprising)

            • normality [ENG31-04802662-n] (expectedness as a consequence of being usual or regular or common)
          • commonness [ENG31-04802794-n] (ordinariness as a consequence of being frequent and commonplace)

            • prosiness [ENG31-04803127-n] (commonplaceness as a consequence of being humdrum and not exciting)
            • usualness [ENG31-04803335-n] (commonness by virtue of not being unusual)

              • familiarity [ENG31-04803540-n] (usualness by virtue of being familiar or well known)
        • extraordinariness [ENG31-04803739-n] (the quality of being extraordinary and not commonly encountered)

          • unexpectedness [ENG31-04803974-n] (extraordinariness by virtue of being unexpected)
          • uncommonness [ENG31-04804195-n] (extraordinariness as a consequence of being rare and seldom encountered)

            • unusualness [ENG31-04804544-n] (uncommonness by virtue of being unusual)

              • unfamiliarity [ENG31-04804731-n] (unusualness as a consequence of not being well known)

                • oddity [ENG31-04805073-n] (a strange attitude or habit)
                • eeriness [ENG31-04805269-n] (strangeness by virtue of being mysterious and inspiring fear)
                • abnormality [ENG31-04805434-n] (marked strangeness as a consequence of being abnormal)
                • singularity [ENG31-04805614-n] (strangeness by virtue of being remarkable or unusual)
                • outlandishness [ENG31-04805760-n] (strikingly out of the ordinary)
                • quaintness [ENG31-04805949-n] (strangeness as a consequence of being old fashioned)
                • eccentricity [ENG31-04806130-n] (strange and unconventional behavior)

                  • oddity [ENG31-04806260-n] (eccentricity that is not easily explained)
          • uncommonness [ENG31-04804379-n] (extraordinariness as a consequence of being marked by an uncommon or superlative quality)
        • ethnicity [ENG31-04806382-n] (an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties)
        • foreignness [ENG31-04806593-n] (the quality of being alien or not native)

          • exoticism [ENG31-04806861-n] (the quality of being exotic)
          • alienage [ENG31-04807038-n] (the quality of being alien)
        • nativeness [ENG31-04807130-n] (the quality of belonging to or being connected with a certain place or region by virtue of birth or origin)

          • indigenousness [ENG31-04807401-n] (nativeness by virtue of originating or occurring naturally (as in a particular place))
        • originality [ENG31-04807608-n] (the quality of being new and original (not derived from something else))

          • freshness [ENG31-04807845-n] (originality by virtue of being refreshingly novel)
          • unorthodoxy [ENG31-04807978-n] (the quality of being unorthodox)

            • unconventionality [ENG31-04808134-n] (unorthodoxy by virtue of being unconventional)
            • nonconformity [ENG31-04808279-n] (unorthodoxy as a consequence of not conforming to expected standards or values)
        • unoriginality [ENG31-04808417-n] (the quality of being unoriginal)

          • orthodoxy [ENG31-04808562-n] (the quality of being orthodox (especially in religion))

            • conventionality [ENG31-04808781-n] (orthodoxy as a consequence of being conventional)

              • ossification [ENG31-04809012-n] (hardened conventionality)
            • traditionalism [ENG31-04809126-n] (strict adherence to traditional methods or teachings)

              • scholasticism [ENG31-04809328-n] (orthodoxy of a scholastic variety)
        • correctness [ENG31-04809447-n] (conformity to fact or truth)
        • incorrectness [ENG31-04809652-n] (the quality of not conforming to fact or truth)

          • erroneousness [ENG31-04809878-n] (inadvertent incorrectness)

            • deviation [ENG31-04810025-n] (the error of a compass due to local magnetic disturbances)
        • accuracy [ENG31-04810156-n] (the quality of being near to the true value)

          • exactness [ENG31-04810679-n] (the quality of being exact)

            • minuteness [ENG31-04810951-n] (great precision)
            • preciseness [ENG31-04811129-n] (the quality of being reproducible in amount or performance)
            • trueness [ENG31-04811418-n] (exactness of adjustment)
          • fidelity [ENG31-04811555-n] (accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal)
        • accuracy [ENG31-04810458-n] ((mathematics) the number of significant figures given in a number)
        • inaccuracy [ENG31-04811700-n] (the quality of being inaccurate and having errors)

          • inexactness [ENG31-04811860-n] (the quality of being inexact)

            • impreciseness [ENG31-04812015-n] (the quality of lacking precision)
          • looseness [ENG31-04812175-n] (a lack of strict accuracy)
        • popularity [ENG31-04815891-n] (the quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after)

          • hot stuff [ENG31-04816217-n] (the quality of being popular)
        • unpopularity [ENG31-04816341-n] (the quality of lacking general approval or acceptance)
        • lawfulness [ENG31-04817036-n] (the quality of conforming to law)

          • legality [ENG31-04816489-n] (lawfulness by virtue of conformity to a legal statute)

            • validity [ENG31-04816705-n] (the quality of having legal force or effectiveness)

              • effect [ENG31-04816894-n] ((of a law) having legal validity)
          • legitimacy [ENG31-04817287-n] (lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law)
          • licitness [ENG31-04817446-n] (the quality of strictly conforming to law)
        • unlawfulness [ENG31-04818117-n] (the quality of failing to conform to law)

          • illegality [ENG31-04817579-n] (unlawfulness by virtue of violating some legal statute)

            • lawlessness [ENG31-04818378-n] (illegality as a consequence of unlawful acts)
            • infection [ENG31-04818548-n] ((international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure)
          • illegitimacy [ENG31-04818728-n] (unlawfulness by virtue of not being authorized by or in accordance with law)
          • illicitness [ENG31-04818880-n] (the quality of not conforming strictly to law)
          • shadiness [ENG31-04819019-n] (questionable honesty or legality)
        • elegance [ENG31-04819517-n] (a refined quality of gracefulness and good taste)

          • dash [ENG31-04820120-n] (distinctive and stylish elegance)
          • daintiness [ENG31-04820315-n] (the quality of being beautiful and delicate in appearance)
          • courtliness [ENG31-04820532-n] (elegance suggestive of a royal court)
          • tastefulness [ENG31-04820644-n] (elegance indicated by good taste)
          • breeding [ENG31-04820771-n] (elegance by virtue of fineness of manner and expression)
          • chic [ENG31-04820943-n] (elegance by virtue of being fashionable)

            • jauntiness [ENG31-04821256-n] (stylishness as evidenced by a smart appearance)
          • magnificence [ENG31-04821469-n] (the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand)

            • eclat [ENG31-04822103-n] (brilliant or conspicuous success or effect)
          • pomp [ENG31-04822233-n] (ceremonial elegance and splendor)
          • class [ENG31-04822408-n] (elegance in dress or behavior)
        • elegance [ENG31-04819885-n] (a quality of neatness and ingenious simplicity in the solution of a problem (especially in science or mathematics))
        • inelegance [ENG31-04822552-n] (the quality of lacking refinement and good taste)

          • awkwardness [ENG31-04822855-n] (the inelegance of someone stiff and unrelaxed (as by embarrassment))

            • woodenness [ENG31-04823147-n] (the quality of being wooden and awkward)
            • rusticity [ENG31-04823356-n] (the quality of being rustic or gauche)
          • dowdiness [ENG31-04823759-n] (having a drab or dowdy quality)
          • shabbiness [ENG31-04823992-n] (a lack of elegance as a consequence of wearing threadbare or dirty clothing)

            • raggedness [ENG31-04824399-n] (shabbiness by virtue of being in rags)
          • tweediness [ENG31-04824251-n] (an informal, homely, outdoor look characteristic of those who wear tweeds)
          • coarseness [ENG31-04824511-n] (the quality of lacking taste and refinement)
          • crudeness [ENG31-04824795-n] (an unpolished unrefined quality)
          • boorishness [ENG31-04825019-n] (inelegance by virtue of being an uncouth boor)
          • ostentation [ENG31-04825154-n] (lack of elegance as a consequence of being pompous and puffed up with vanity)
          • tastelessness [ENG31-04825515-n] (inelegance indicated by a lack of good taste)

            • cheapness [ENG31-04825691-n] (tastelessness by virtue of being cheap and vulgar)
            • flashiness [ENG31-04825931-n] (tasteless showiness)
        • urbanity [ENG31-04823533-n] (the quality or character of life in a city or town)
        • comprehensibility [ENG31-04826257-n] (the quality of comprehensible language or thought)

          • legibility [ENG31-04826516-n] (a quality of writing (print or handwriting) that can be easily read)
          • intelligibility [ENG31-04826727-n] (the quality of language that is comprehensible)

            • readability [ENG31-04827184-n] (the quality of written language that makes it easy to read and understand)
            • speech intelligibility [ENG31-04827333-n] (the intelligibility of speech (usually measured in the presence of noise or distortion))
          • clarity [ENG31-04827489-n] (free from obscurity and easy to understand)

            • monosemy [ENG31-04828139-n] (having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity) usually of individual words or phrases)
            • focus [ENG31-04828315-n] (maximum clarity or distinctness of an idea)
            • preciseness [ENG31-04828682-n] (clarity as a consequence of precision)
            • perspicuity [ENG31-04828846-n] (clarity as a consequence of being perspicuous)
            • unambiguity [ENG31-04829033-n] (clarity achieved by the avoidance of ambiguity)
            • explicitness [ENG31-04829263-n] (clarity as a consequence of being explicit)
          • coherence [ENG31-04828508-n] (logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts)
        • expressiveness [ENG31-04826925-n] (the quality of being expressive)

          • picturesqueness [ENG31-04827053-n] (the quality of being strikingly expressive or vivid)
        • incomprehensibility [ENG31-04829454-n] (the quality of being incomprehensible)

          • inscrutability [ENG31-04829755-n] (the quality of being impossible to investigate)
          • illegibility [ENG31-04829916-n] (the quality of writing (print or handwriting) that cannot be deciphered)
          • impenetrability [ENG31-04830101-n] (incomprehensibility by virtue of being too dense to understand)
          • noise [ENG31-04830262-n] (incomprehensibility resulting from irrelevant information or meaningless facts or remarks)
          • opacity [ENG31-04830489-n] (incomprehensibility resulting from obscurity of meaning)
          • obscureness [ENG31-04830647-n] (the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand)
          • unintelligibility [ENG31-04830937-n] (incomprehensibility as a consequence of being unintelligible)
          • unclearness [ENG31-04831097-n] (incomprehensibility as a result of not being clear)

            • elusiveness [ENG31-04831349-n] (the quality of being difficult to grasp or pin down)
            • vagueness [ENG31-04831581-n] (unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning)

              • haziness [ENG31-04831926-n] (vagueness attributable to being not clearly defined)
            • inexplicitness [ENG31-04832050-n] (unclearness by virtue of not being explicit)

              • implicitness [ENG31-04832208-n] (inexplicitness as a consequence of being implied or indirect)
            • ambiguity [ENG31-04832345-n] (unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning)

              • equivocation [ENG31-04832614-n] (intentionally vague or ambiguous)
              • polysemy [ENG31-04832807-n] (the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings)
              • twilight zone [ENG31-04833046-n] (the ambiguous region between two categories or states or conditions (usually containing some features of both))
        • humaneness [ENG31-04836156-n] (the quality of compassion or consideration for others (people or animals))

          • humanity [ENG31-04836413-n] (the quality of being humane)
          • mercifulness [ENG31-04836513-n] (a disposition to be kind and forgiving)

            • compassion [ENG31-04836781-n] (the humane quality of understanding the suffering of others and wanting to do something about it)
            • forgivingness [ENG31-04836995-n] (tendency to be kind and forgiving)
            • lenience [ENG31-04837153-n] (mercifulness as a consequence of being lenient or tolerant)
        • inhumaneness [ENG31-04837333-n] (the quality of lacking compassion or consideration for others)

          • atrocity [ENG31-04837574-n] (the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane)
          • bestiality [ENG31-04837809-n] (the stupid brutal quality of a beast)
          • mercilessness [ENG31-04838262-n] (inhumaneness evidenced by an unwillingness to be kind or forgiving)

            • pitilessness [ENG31-04838495-n] (mercilessness characterized by a lack of pity)
            • relentlessness [ENG31-04838668-n] (mercilessness characterized by an unwillingness to relent or let up)
        • morality [ENG31-04854001-n] (concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong)

          • righteousness [ENG31-04833466-n] (adhering to moral principles)

            • impeccability [ENG31-04833716-n] (the quality of being exempt from sin or incapable of sinning)
            • uprightness [ENG31-04833854-n] (righteousness as a consequence of being honorable and honest)
            • piety [ENG31-04834002-n] (righteousness by virtue of being pious)

              • devoutness [ENG31-04834230-n] (piety by virtue of being devout)

                • religiosity [ENG31-04834406-n] (exaggerated or affected piety and religious zeal)
              • dutifulness [ENG31-04834623-n] (piety by virtue of devotion to duty)
              • godliness [ENG31-04834734-n] (piety by virtue of being a godly person)
            • justice [ENG31-04857348-n] (the quality of being just or fair)

              • fairness [ENG31-04846385-n] (conformity with rules or standards)

                • non-discrimination [ENG31-04846676-n] (fairness in treating people without prejudice)
                • sportsmanship [ENG31-04846786-n] (fairness in following the rules of the game)
              • right [ENG31-04857572-n] (anything in accord with principles of justice)
            • honorableness [ENG31-04875961-n] (the quality of deserving honor or respect)

              • venerability [ENG31-04876618-n] (the quality of deserving veneration)
              • nobility [ENG31-04877535-n] (the quality of elevation of mind and exaltation of character or ideals or conduct)

                • high-mindedness [ENG31-04877838-n] (elevated ideals or conduct)
                • sublimity [ENG31-04878084-n] (nobility in thought or feeling or style)
              • respectability [ENG31-04878197-n] (honorableness by virtue of being respectable and having a good reputation)

                • decency [ENG31-04878454-n] (the quality of being polite and respectable)
            • honor [ENG31-04876319-n] (the quality of being honorable and having a good name)
            • honesty [ENG31-04878569-n] (the quality of being honest)

              • scrupulousness [ENG31-04876469-n] (conformity to high standards of ethics or excellence)
              • integrity [ENG31-04876782-n] (moral soundness)

                • probity [ENG31-04877024-n] (complete and confirmed integrity)
              • incorruptness [ENG31-04877253-n] (characterized by integrity or probity)
              • incorruptibility [ENG31-04877401-n] (the incapability of being corrupted)
              • candor [ENG31-04878915-n] (the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech)

                • ingenuousness [ENG31-04879726-n] (openly straightforward or frank)

                  • artlessness [ENG31-04879871-n] (ingenuousness by virtue of being free from artful deceit)
              • good faith [ENG31-04879211-n] (having honest intentions)
              • truthfulness [ENG31-04879431-n] (the quality of being truthful)

                • sincerity [ENG31-04874361-n] (the quality of being open and truthful)

                  • heartiness [ENG31-04874770-n] (the quality of hearty sincerity)
                  • singleness [ENG31-04874931-n] (without hypocrisy)
                • sooth [ENG31-04874671-n] (truth or reality)
                • veracity [ENG31-04879609-n] (unwillingness to tell lies)
          • rightness [ENG31-04854364-n] (according with conscience or morality)
          • conscience [ENG31-04855723-n] (conformity to one's own sense of right conduct)

            • conscientiousness [ENG31-04855917-n] (the quality of being in accord with the dictates of conscience)

              • religiousness [ENG31-04856097-n] (the quality of being extremely conscientious)
            • unconscientiousness [ENG31-04856305-n] (the quality of being willing to ignore the dictates of conscience)
          • good [ENG31-04856472-n] (moral excellence or admirableness)

            • kindness [ENG31-04847242-n] (the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic)

              • generosity [ENG31-04838958-n] (the trait of being willing to give your money or time)

                • charitableness [ENG31-04839281-n] (generosity as manifested by practicing charity (as for the poor or unfortunate))
                • bounty [ENG31-04839475-n] (generosity evidenced by a willingness to give freely)
                • bigheartedness [ENG31-04839632-n] (the quality of being kind and generous)
                • liberality [ENG31-04839749-n] (the trait of being generous in behavior and temperament)

                  • munificence [ENG31-04839947-n] (liberality in bestowing gifts)
                • unselfishness [ENG31-04840182-n] (the quality of not putting yourself first but being willing to give your time or money or effort etc. for others)

                  • altruism [ENG31-04840507-n] (the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others)
              • benevolence [ENG31-04847516-n] (an inclination to do kind or charitable acts)

                • charity [ENG31-04847636-n] (a kindly and lenient attitude toward people)
              • loving-kindness [ENG31-04848476-n] (tender kindness motivated by a feeling of affection)
              • consideration [ENG31-04848589-n] (kind and considerate regard for others)

                • attentiveness [ENG31-04670561-n] (the trait of being considerate and thoughtful of others)
                • tact [ENG31-04849041-n] (consideration in dealing with others and avoiding giving offense)

                  • delicacy [ENG31-04849260-n] (subtly skillful handling of a situation)
                  • savoir-faire [ENG31-04849463-n] (social skill)
            • beneficence [ENG31-04847768-n] (the quality of being kind or helpful or generous)

              • grace [ENG31-04847946-n] ((Christian theology) the free and unmerited favor or beneficence of God)
            • benignity [ENG31-04848212-n] (the quality of being kind and gentle)
            • virtue [ENG31-04854529-n] (the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong)
            • virtue [ENG31-04854713-n] (a particular moral excellence)

              • cardinal virtue [ENG31-04854831-n] (one of the seven preeminent virtues)

                • natural virtue [ENG31-04854964-n] ((scholasticism) one of the four virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance) derived from nature)
                • theological virtue [ENG31-04855222-n] (according to Christian ethics: one of the three virtues (faith, hope, and charity) created by God to round out the natural virtues)

                  • hope [ENG31-04855493-n] (one of the three Christian virtues)
            • saintliness [ENG31-04855614-n] (the quality of resembling a saint)
            • summum bonum [ENG31-04856845-n] (the supreme good in which all moral values are included or from which they are derived)
          • virtue [ENG31-04856990-n] (morality with respect to sexual relations)

            • honor [ENG31-04857203-n] (a woman's virtue or chastity)
        • immorality [ENG31-04857820-n] (the quality of not being in accord with standards of right or good conduct)

          • unrighteousness [ENG31-04834883-n] (failure to adhere to moral principles)

            • sin [ENG31-04835188-n] (estrangement from god)

              • mark of Cain [ENG31-04835357-n] (the mark that God set upon Cain now refers to a person's sinful nature)
            • impiety [ENG31-04835486-n] (unrighteousness by virtue of lacking respect for a god)

              • undutifulness [ENG31-04835716-n] (impiety characterized by lack of devotion to duty)
              • irreligiousness [ENG31-04835843-n] (the quality of not being devout)
              • ungodliness [ENG31-04835985-n] (impiety by virtue of not being a godly person)
            • injustice [ENG31-04861620-n] (the practice of being unjust or unfair)

              • unfairness [ENG31-04846907-n] (injustice by virtue of not conforming with rules or standards)

                • gamesmanship [ENG31-04847108-n] (the use of dubious (although not technically illegal) methods to win a game)
              • wrong [ENG31-04861835-n] (that which is contrary to the principles of justice or law)
            • dishonorableness [ENG31-04880745-n] (the quality of not deserving honor or respect)

              • ignobleness [ENG31-04880999-n] (the quality of being ignoble)
              • sleaziness [ENG31-04881418-n] (morally dishonorable)
              • unrespectability [ENG31-04881604-n] (dishonorableness by virtue of lacking respectability or a good reputation)
            • dishonor [ENG31-04881134-n] (lacking honor or integrity)
            • dishonesty [ENG31-04881867-n] (the quality of being dishonest)

              • corruptness [ENG31-04861179-n] (lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery))

                • infection [ENG31-04858652-n] (moral corruption or contamination)
                • venality [ENG31-04861490-n] (prostitution of talents or offices or services for reward)
                • jobbery [ENG31-04882663-n] (corruptness among public officials)
              • unscrupulousness [ENG31-04881281-n] (the quality of unscrupulous dishonesty)
              • deceptiveness [ENG31-04882134-n] (the quality of being deceptive)

                • speciousness [ENG31-04882308-n] (an appearance of truth that is false or deceptive)
              • fraudulence [ENG31-04882547-n] (the quality of being fraudulent)
              • crookedness [ENG31-04882751-n] (the quality of being deceitful and underhanded)
              • rascality [ENG31-04882923-n] (the quality of being a slippery rascal)
              • thievishness [ENG31-04883130-n] (having a disposition to steal)
              • untruthfulness [ENG31-04883248-n] (the quality of being untruthful)

                • insincerity [ENG31-04875102-n] (the quality of not being open or truthful)

                  • hypocrisy [ENG31-04875361-n] (insincerity by virtue of pretending to have qualities or beliefs that you do not really have)

                    • sanctimoniousness [ENG31-04875563-n] (the quality of being hypocritically devout)
                    • fulsomeness [ENG31-04875718-n] (smug self-serving earnestness)
                • mendacity [ENG31-04883430-n] (the tendency to be untruthful)
              • disingenuousness [ENG31-04883569-n] (the quality of being disingenuous and lacking candor)

                • craftiness [ENG31-04883756-n] (the quality of being crafty)
                • artfulness [ENG31-04883900-n] (the quality of being adroit in taking unfair advantage)

                  • cunning [ENG31-04884083-n] (crafty artfulness (especially in deception))
          • corruption [ENG31-04858227-n] (moral perversion)
          • corruptibility [ENG31-04858816-n] (the capability of being corrupted)
          • licentiousness [ENG31-04858946-n] (the quality of being lewd and lascivious)
          • anomie [ENG31-04859096-n] (lack of moral standards in a society)
          • wrongness [ENG31-04859193-n] (contrary to conscience or morality)
          • evil [ENG31-04859319-n] (the quality of being morally wrong in principle or practice)

            • malevolence [ENG31-04849544-n] (the quality of threatening evil)

              • cattiness [ENG31-04849746-n] (malevolence by virtue of being malicious or spiteful or nasty)
              • cruelty [ENG31-04852706-n] (the quality of being cruel and causing tension or annoyance)

                • ferociousness [ENG31-04837920-n] (the trait of extreme cruelty)
                • murderousness [ENG31-04838135-n] (cruelty evidence by a capability to commit murder)
              • beastliness [ENG31-04852915-n] (the quality of being deliberately mean)
            • malignity [ENG31-04850019-n] (quality of being disposed to evil)
            • maleficence [ENG31-04853764-n] (the quality or nature of being harmful or evil)
            • worst [ENG31-04859765-n] (the greatest damage or wickedness of which one is capable)
            • nefariousness [ENG31-04859981-n] (the quality of being wicked)

              • filthiness [ENG31-04860193-n] (moral corruption or pollution)
              • enormity [ENG31-04860355-n] (the quality of extreme wickedness)
            • reprehensibility [ENG31-04860443-n] (being reprehensible)
            • villainy [ENG31-04860592-n] (the quality of evil by virtue of villainous behavior)
            • perversity [ENG31-04860734-n] (deliberately deviating from what is good)
            • error [ENG31-04860996-n] (departure from what is ethically acceptable)
            • frailty [ENG31-04861104-n] (moral weakness)
        • amorality [ENG31-04862124-n] (the quality of being amoral)
        • divinity [ENG31-04862207-n] (the quality of being divine)
        • holiness [ENG31-04862369-n] (the quality of being holy)

          • sacredness [ENG31-04862563-n] (the quality of being sacred)

            • holy of holies [ENG31-04862872-n] ((figurative) something regarded as sacred or inviolable)
        • ideality [ENG31-04862755-n] (the quality of being ideal)
        • unholiness [ENG31-04863071-n] (the quality of being unholy)

          • profaneness [ENG31-04863245-n] (unholiness by virtue of being profane)

            • sacrilegiousness [ENG31-04863413-n] (profaneness by virtue of committing sacrilege)
        • parental quality [ENG31-04880021-n] (a quality appropriate to a parent)

          • motherliness [ENG31-04880153-n] (the quality of having or showing the tenderness and warmth and affection of or befitting a mother)
          • fatherliness [ENG31-04880500-n] (the benignity and protectiveness of or befitting a father)
        • fidelity [ENG31-04884180-n] (the quality of being faithful)

          • constancy [ENG31-04884459-n] (faithfulness and dependability in personal attachments (especially sexual fidelity))
          • dedication [ENG31-04884616-n] (complete and wholehearted fidelity)
          • loyalty [ENG31-04884725-n] (the quality of being loyal)

            • steadfastness [ENG31-04884978-n] (loyalty in the face of trouble and difficulty)
            • allegiance [ENG31-04885133-n] (the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign))
            • patriotism [ENG31-04885296-n] (love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it)

              • Americanism [ENG31-04885734-n] (loyalty to the United States and its institutions)
              • chauvinism [ENG31-04885841-n] (fanatical patriotism)
            • regionalism [ENG31-04885629-n] (loyalty to the interests of a particular region)
        • infidelity [ENG31-04886056-n] (the quality of being unfaithful)

          • faithlessness [ENG31-04886287-n] (unfaithfulness by virtue of being unreliable or treacherous)
          • disloyalty [ENG31-04886535-n] (the quality of being disloyal)

            • disaffection [ENG31-04886693-n] (disloyalty to the government or to established authority)
            • treason [ENG31-04886853-n] (disloyalty by virtue of subversive behavior)

              • betrayal [ENG31-04887074-n] (the quality of aiding an enemy)
            • perfidy [ENG31-04887159-n] (betrayal of a trust)

              • insidiousness [ENG31-04887333-n] (the quality of being designed to entrap)
        • sophistication [ENG31-04887468-n] (the quality or character of being intellectually sophisticated and worldly through cultivation or experience or disillusionment)
        • naivete [ENG31-04887768-n] (lack of sophistication or worldliness)

          • artlessness [ENG31-04888025-n] (the quality of innocent naivete)

            • innocency [ENG31-04888228-n] (an innocent quality or thing or act)
          • credulousness [ENG31-04888351-n] (tendency to believe too readily and therefore to be easily deceived)
          • simplicity [ENG31-04888564-n] (a lack of penetration or subtlety)
        • hardness [ENG31-04944764-n] (a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering)
        • penetrability [ENG31-04947907-n] (the quality of being penetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.))
        • impenetrability [ENG31-04949693-n] (the quality of being impenetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.))
        • soapiness [ENG31-04955065-n] (the quality of being soap or being covered with soap)
        • fibrosity [ENG31-05029525-n] (the quality of being fibrous)
        • directivity [ENG31-05074036-n] (the quality of being directive)
        • extremeness [ENG31-05105487-n] (the quality of being extreme)
        • stuffiness [ENG31-05119774-n] (the quality of being close and poorly ventilated)
        • sufficiency [ENG31-05119909-n] (the quality of being sufficient for the end in view)

          • ampleness [ENG31-05120210-n] (the property of being more than sufficient)
        • worth [ENG31-05145473-n] (the quality that renders something desirable or valuable or useful)

          • value [ENG31-05145753-n] (the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable)

            • invaluableness [ENG31-05148469-n] (the positive quality of being precious and beyond value)

              • gold [ENG31-05148739-n] (something likened to the metal in brightness or preciousness or superiority etc.)
            • monetary value [ENG31-05152365-n] (the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold))

              • average cost [ENG31-05152820-n] (total cost for all units bought (or produced) divided by the number of units)
              • marginal cost [ENG31-05152955-n] (the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output)
              • expensiveness [ENG31-05153138-n] (the quality of being high-priced)

                • costliness [ENG31-05153519-n] (the quality possessed by something with a great price or value)
                • lavishness [ENG31-05153718-n] (the quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive)
              • assessment [ENG31-05153302-n] (the market value set on assets)

                • tax assessment [ENG31-05153425-n] (the value set on taxable property)
              • inexpensiveness [ENG31-05153986-n] (the quality of being affordable)

                • reasonableness [ENG31-05154151-n] (the property of being moderate in price or expenditures)
                • bargain rate [ENG31-05154484-n] (a price below the standard price)
            • price [ENG31-05171334-n] (value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something)

              • death toll [ENG31-05171880-n] (the number of deaths resulting from some particular cause such as an accident or a battle or a natural disaster)
            • richness [ENG31-05171628-n] (the quality of having high intrinsic value)
            • importance [ENG31-05175788-n] (the quality of being important and worthy of note)

              • big deal [ENG31-05176224-n] (anything of great importance or consequence)
              • magnitude [ENG31-05176417-n] (relative importance)

                • largeness [ENG31-05113617-n] (large or extensive in breadth or importance or comprehensiveness)
              • account [ENG31-05176564-n] (importance or value)
              • momentousness [ENG31-05176939-n] (utmost importance)
              • prominence [ENG31-05177034-n] (relative importance)
              • greatness [ENG31-05177128-n] (the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence)
              • significance [ENG31-05177340-n] (the quality of being significant)

                • historicalness [ENG31-05177615-n] (significance owing to its history)
                • meaningfulness [ENG31-05177763-n] (the quality of having great value or significance)

                  • purposefulness [ENG31-05177927-n] (the quality of having a definite purpose)
                • consequence [ENG31-05178101-n] (having important effects or influence)

                  • matter [ENG31-05176769-n] ((used with negation) having consequence)
                  • hell to pay [ENG31-05178450-n] (dire consequences)
              • essentiality [ENG31-05178572-n] (basic importance)

                • vitalness [ENG31-05178879-n] (the quality of being essential to maintain life)
                • indispensability [ENG31-05179018-n] (the quality possessed by something that you cannot possibly do without)
              • urgency [ENG31-05179327-n] (pressing importance requiring speedy action)

                • edge [ENG31-05179505-n] (the attribute of urgency in tone of voice)
                • imperativeness [ENG31-05179658-n] (the quality of being insistent)
              • weight [ENG31-05179849-n] (the relative importance granted to something)
            • unimportance [ENG31-05180123-n] (the quality of not being important or worthy of note)

              • inessentiality [ENG31-05180342-n] (not of basic importance)

                • dispensability [ENG31-05180480-n] (the quality possessed by something that you can get along without)
              • pettiness [ENG31-05180732-n] (the quality of being unimportant and petty or frivolous)

                • joke [ENG31-05180970-n] (a triviality not to be taken seriously)
              • insignificance [ENG31-05181106-n] (the quality of having little or no significance)

                • meaninglessness [ENG31-05181322-n] (the quality of having no value or significance)

                  • inanity [ENG31-05181550-n] (total lack of meaning or ideas)
                  • purposelessness [ENG31-05181853-n] (the quality of lacking any definite purpose)
                • inconsequence [ENG31-05182044-n] (having no important effects or influence)
            • national income [ENG31-13277793-n] (the total value of all income in a nation (wages and profits and interest and rents and pension payments) during a given period (usually 1 yr))
            • gross national product [ENG31-13277997-n] (former measure of the United States economy)

              • real gross national product [ENG31-13278253-n] (a version of the GNP that has been adjusted for the effects of inflation)
            • gross domestic product [ENG31-13278410-n] (the measure of an economy adopted by the United States in 1991)
            • par value [ENG31-13356650-n] (the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it)
            • book value [ENG31-13358161-n] (the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet)

              • capital stock [ENG31-13355665-n] (the book value of the outstanding shares of a corporation)
            • market value [ENG31-13358337-n] (the price at which buyers and sellers trade the item in an open marketplace)
            • standard [ENG31-13394387-n] (the value behind the money in a monetary system)

              • gold standard [ENG31-13394599-n] (a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold)
              • silver standard [ENG31-13394757-n] (a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of silver)
              • bimetallism [ENG31-13394919-n] (a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio)
          • merit [ENG31-05146223-n] (any admirable quality or attribute)
          • demerit [ENG31-05146359-n] (the quality of being inadequate or falling short of perfection)
          • praisworthiness [ENG31-05146607-n] (the property of deserving praise)
          • worthwhileness [ENG31-05146701-n] (value sufficient to repay time or effort spent)
          • price [ENG31-05148930-n] (the high value or worth of something)
        • worthlessness [ENG31-05146826-n] (having no qualities that would render it valuable or useful)

          • fecklessness [ENG31-05147207-n] (worthlessness due to being feeble and ineffectual)
          • groundlessness [ENG31-05147351-n] (the quality of lacking substance or value)
          • paltriness [ENG31-05147543-n] (worthlessness due to insignificance)
          • valuelessness [ENG31-05147719-n] (having none of the properties that endow something with value)
          • shoddiness [ENG31-05147858-n] (the quality of being cheaply imitative of something better)
          • damn [ENG31-05148040-n] (something of little value)
          • vanity [ENG31-05148287-n] (the quality of being valueless or futile)
        • good [ENG31-05149427-n] (that which is pleasing or valuable or useful)

          • worthiness [ENG31-04813883-n] (the quality or state of having merit or value)

            • deservingness [ENG31-04814129-n] (the quality of being deserving (e.g., deserving assistance))

              • desert [ENG31-04814439-n] ((usually plural) a person's deservingness of or entitlement to reward or punishment)
            • praiseworthiness [ENG31-04814594-n] (the quality of being worthy of praise)
            • quotability [ENG31-04814741-n] (the quality of being worthy of being quoted)
            • roadworthiness [ENG31-04814878-n] ((of motor vehicles) the quality of being fit to drive on the open road)
          • desirability [ENG31-05149087-n] (the quality of being worthy of desiring)
          • benefit [ENG31-05149888-n] (something that aids or promotes well-being)

            • advantage [ENG31-05150110-n] (benefit resulting from some event or action)
            • sake [ENG31-05150324-n] (a reason for wanting something done)

              • behalf [ENG31-05150547-n] (for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive))
          • better [ENG31-05150805-n] (something superior in quality or condition or effect)
          • better [ENG31-05150937-n] (the superior one of two alternatives)
          • optimum [ENG31-05151111-n] (most favorable conditions or greatest degree or amount possible under given circumstances)
          • wisdom [ENG31-05167331-n] (the quality of being prudent and sensible)

            • advisability [ENG31-05167782-n] (the quality of being advisable)
            • reasonableness [ENG31-05167957-n] (goodness of reason and judgment)

              • sensibleness [ENG31-05158948-n] (the quality of showing good sense or practical judgment)
        • bad [ENG31-05151326-n] (that which is below standard or expectations as of ethics or decency)

          • unworthiness [ENG31-04815028-n] (the quality or state of lacking merit or value)

            • baseness [ENG31-04815223-n] (unworthiness by virtue of lacking higher values)
            • shamefulness [ENG31-04815533-n] (unworthiness meriting public disgrace and dishonor)

              • scandalousness [ENG31-04815768-n] (disgracefulness that offends public morality)
          • undesirability [ENG31-05149255-n] (the quality possessed by something that should be avoided)
          • worse [ENG31-05151700-n] (something inferior in quality or condition or effect)
          • evil [ENG31-05151910-n] (that which causes harm or destruction or misfortune)

            • Four Horsemen [ENG31-05152127-n] ((New Testament) the four evils that will come at the end of the world: conquest rides a white horse)
          • unsoundness [ENG31-05167556-n] (not mentally or physically healthy)
          • liability [ENG31-05168909-n] (the quality of being something that holds you back)

            • weak point [ENG31-05166989-n] (an attribute that is inadequate or deficient)
            • disadvantage [ENG31-05169087-n] (the quality of having an inferior or less favorable position)

              • unfavorableness [ENG31-05169440-n] (the quality of not being encouraging or indicative of success)

                • inauspiciousness [ENG31-05169744-n] (the quality of suggesting an unsuccessful result)
              • limitation [ENG31-05169982-n] (the quality of being limited or restricted)
              • defect [ENG31-05170169-n] (a failing or deficiency)
              • awkwardness [ENG31-05170334-n] (the quality of an embarrassing situation)
              • loss [ENG31-05170512-n] (the disadvantage that results from losing something)
              • drawback [ENG31-05172048-n] (the quality of being a hindrance)

                • catch [ENG31-05172200-n] (a drawback or difficulty that is not readily evident)
              • penalty [ENG31-05172372-n] (the disadvantage or painful consequences of an action or condition)
              • inferiority [ENG31-05172702-n] (the quality of being a competitive disadvantage)
              • inexpedience [ENG31-05172830-n] (the quality of being unsuited to the end in view)
              • unprofitableness [ENG31-05173060-n] (the quality of affording no gain or no benefit or no profit)
          • inadvisability [ENG31-05172555-n] (the quality of being ill-advised)
        • fruitfulness [ENG31-05154628-n] (the quality of something that causes or assists healthy growth)

          • richness [ENG31-05154833-n] (the property of producing abundantly and sustaining vigorous and luxuriant growth)
          • productiveness [ENG31-05155187-n] (the quality of being productive or having the power to produce)
        • fruitlessness [ENG31-05155433-n] (the quality of yielding nothing of value)

          • poorness [ENG31-05155646-n] (less than adequate)
          • unproductiveness [ENG31-05155786-n] (the quality of lacking the power to produce)
        • utility [ENG31-05155946-n] (the quality of being of practical use)

          • detergency [ENG31-05156374-n] (detergent quality)
          • function [ENG31-05156572-n] (what something is used for)

            • raison d'etre [ENG31-05156836-n] (the purpose that justifies a thing's existence)
          • helpfulness [ENG31-05156942-n] (the property of providing useful assistance)

            • avail [ENG31-05157079-n] (a means of serving)
          • use [ENG31-05157225-n] (a particular service)
          • serviceability [ENG31-05157376-n] (the quality of being able to provide good service)
          • instrumentality [ENG31-05157705-n] (the quality of being instrumental for some purpose)
          • practicality [ENG31-05158335-n] (concerned with actual use rather than theoretical possibilities)

            • functionality [ENG31-05158619-n] (capable of serving a purpose well)
            • viability [ENG31-05158823-n] (capable of being done in a practical and useful way)
            • realism [ENG31-05159116-n] (the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth)
          • practicability [ENG31-05159397-n] (the quality of being usable)

            • feasibility [ENG31-05159611-n] (the quality of being doable)
        • inutility [ENG31-05157835-n] (the quality of having no practical use)

          • futility [ENG31-05158102-n] (uselessness as a consequence of having no practical result)
          • worthlessness [ENG31-05158233-n] (the quality of being without practical use)
          • impracticality [ENG31-05159765-n] (concerned with theoretical possibilities rather than actual use)

            • idealism [ENG31-05159943-n] (impracticality by virtue of thinking of things in their ideal form rather than as they really are)

              • romanticism [ENG31-05160149-n] (impractical romantic ideals and attitudes)
              • knight errantry [ENG31-05160284-n] (quixotic (romantic and impractical) behavior)
          • impracticability [ENG31-05160402-n] (the quality of not being usable)

            • infeasibility [ENG31-05160606-n] (the quality of not being doable)
        • asset [ENG31-05161764-n] (a useful or valuable quality)

          • resource [ENG31-05161923-n] (a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed)

            • aid [ENG31-05162155-n] (a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do)
            • recourse [ENG31-05162506-n] (something or someone turned to for assistance or security)

              • shadow [ENG31-05162732-n] (refuge from danger or observation)
            • resourcefulness [ENG31-05162859-n] (the quality of being able to cope with a difficult situation)
            • inner resource [ENG31-05163033-n] (a resource provided by the mind or one's personal capabilities)
          • advantage [ENG31-05163204-n] (the quality of having a superior or more favorable position)

            • favor [ENG31-05163702-n] (an advantage to the benefit of someone or something)
            • leverage [ENG31-05163864-n] (strategic advantage)

              • bargaining chip [ENG31-05164056-n] (leverage in the form of an inducement or a concession useful in successful negotiations)
            • handicap [ENG31-05164205-n] (advantage given to a competitor to equalize chances of winning)

              • penalty [ENG31-05170716-n] ((games) a handicap or disadvantage that is imposed on a competitor (or a team) for an infraction of the rules of the game)

                • game misconduct [ENG31-05171109-n] ((ice hockey) a penalty that suspends a player for the remainder of a game (but allows the team to send in a substitute for the suspended player))
              • scratch [ENG31-05170928-n] ((golf) a handicap of zero strokes)
            • homecourt advantage [ENG31-05164376-n] (the advantage of playing on your home court in front of fans who are rooting for you)
            • lead [ENG31-05164526-n] (an advantage held by a competitor in a race)
            • pull [ENG31-05164657-n] (special advantage or influence)
            • start [ENG31-05164789-n] (the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race))
            • profit [ENG31-05164957-n] (the advantageous quality of being beneficial)

              • account [ENG31-05165115-n] (the quality of taking advantage)
              • profitableness [ENG31-05165249-n] (the quality of affording gain or benefit or profit)
            • preference [ENG31-05165478-n] (grant of favor or advantage to one over another (especially to a country or countries in matters of international trade, such as levying duties))
            • privilege [ENG31-05165679-n] (a special advantage or immunity or benefit not enjoyed by all)
            • expedience [ENG31-05165814-n] (the quality of being suited to the end in view)
            • superiority [ENG31-05166002-n] (the quality of being at a competitive advantage)

              • edge [ENG31-05166240-n] (a slight competitive advantage)
              • inside track [ENG31-05166358-n] (a favorable position in a competition)
              • upper hand [ENG31-05166506-n] (position of advantage and control)
            • good [ENG31-05167108-n] (benefit)

              • common good [ENG31-05167237-n] (the good of a community)
            • favorableness [ENG31-05168179-n] (the quality of being encouraging or promising of a successful outcome)

              • auspiciousness [ENG31-05168623-n] (the favorable quality of strongly indicating a successful result)
            • tax advantage [ENG31-13334613-n] (an advantage bestowed by legislation that reduces a tax on some preferred activity)
          • forte [ENG31-05166608-n] (an asset of special worth or utility)

            • green thumb [ENG31-05166878-n] (a special ability to make plants grow)
        • constructiveness [ENG31-05173272-n] (the quality of serving to build or improve)
        • destructiveness [ENG31-05173431-n] (the quality of causing destruction)

          • harmfulness [ENG31-05173599-n] (destructiveness that causes harm or injury)

            • insidiousness [ENG31-05173787-n] (subtle and cumulative harmfulness (especially of a disease))
            • virulence [ENG31-05174087-n] (extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease))
          • poison [ENG31-05173924-n] (anything that harms or destroys)
        • positivity [ENG31-05174332-n] (a quality or state characterized by certainty or acceptance or affirmation and dogmatic assertiveness)

          • assertiveness [ENG31-05174764-n] (aggressive self-assurance)

            • bumptiousness [ENG31-05174939-n] (offensive boldness and assertiveness)
        • negativity [ENG31-05175145-n] (characterized by habitual skepticism and a disagreeable tendency to deny or oppose or resist suggestions or commands)
        • occidentalism [ENG31-05175454-n] (the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Western civilizations)
        • orientalism [ENG31-05175590-n] (the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Asian civilizations)
        • power [ENG31-05198072-n] (possession of controlling influence)

          • potency [ENG31-05041380-n] (capacity to produce strong physiological or chemical effects)
          • valence [ENG31-05041628-n] ((chemistry) a property of atoms or radicals)

            • covalence [ENG31-05041916-n] (valence characterized by the sharing of electrons in a chemical compound)
          • valence [ENG31-05042144-n] ((biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate)
          • preponderance [ENG31-05198754-n] (superiority in power or influence)
          • puissance [ENG31-05198963-n] (power to influence or coerce)
          • persuasiveness [ENG31-05199100-n] (the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty)

            • convincingness [ENG31-05199398-n] (the power of argument or evidence to cause belief)
          • irresistibility [ENG31-05199508-n] (the quality of being overpowering and impossible to resist)
          • interest [ENG31-05199719-n] (the power of attracting or holding one's attention (because it is unusual or exciting etc.))

            • newsworthiness [ENG31-05200165-n] (the quality of being sufficiently interesting to be reported in news bulletins)
            • topicality [ENG31-05200428-n] (the attribute of being of interest at the present time)
            • color [ENG31-05200606-n] (interest and variety and intensity)
            • shrillness [ENG31-05200889-n] (the quality of being sharp or harsh to the senses)
          • stranglehold [ENG31-05201049-n] (complete power over a person or situation)
          • sway [ENG31-05201311-n] (controlling influence)
          • influence [ENG31-05201419-n] (a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc)

            • dead hand [ENG31-05201703-n] (the oppressive influence of past events or decisions)
            • force [ENG31-05201846-n] (a powerful effect or influence)

              • pressure [ENG31-05202630-n] (a force that compels)
              • duress [ENG31-05202816-n] (compulsory force or threat)
              • heartbeat [ENG31-05202921-n] (an animating or vital unifying force)
              • lifeblood [ENG31-05203064-n] (an essential or life-giving force)
              • wheel [ENG31-05203188-n] (forces that provide energy and direction)
            • grip [ENG31-05202142-n] (an intellectual hold or understanding)

              • tentacle [ENG31-05202443-n] (something that acts like a tentacle in its ability to grasp and hold)
          • repellent [ENG31-05203322-n] (the power to repel)
          • control [ENG31-05203643-n] (power to direct or determine)

            • authority [ENG31-05203850-n] (the power or right to give orders or make decisions)

              • power of appointment [ENG31-05041203-n] (authority given (in a will or deed) by a donor to a donee to appoint the beneficiaries of the donor's property)
              • carte blanche [ENG31-05204969-n] (complete freedom or authority to act)
              • command [ENG31-05205065-n] (the power or authority to command)
              • imperium [ENG31-05205213-n] (supreme authority)
              • lordship [ENG31-05205304-n] (the authority of a lord)
              • muscle [ENG31-05205400-n] (authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way))
              • sovereignty [ENG31-05205589-n] (the authority of a state to govern another state)
            • corporatism [ENG31-05204311-n] (control of a state or organization by large interest groups)
            • hold [ENG31-05204500-n] (power by which something or someone is affected or dominated)
            • iron fist [ENG31-05204656-n] (rigorous or ruthless control)
            • rein [ENG31-05204842-n] (any means of control)
          • legal power [ENG31-05205695-n] ((law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law)
          • disposal [ENG31-05205890-n] (the power to use something or someone)
          • free will [ENG31-05206024-n] (the power of making free choices unconstrained by external agencies)

            • self-determination [ENG31-05206419-n] (determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion)
          • veto [ENG31-05206196-n] (the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature))
          • effectiveness [ENG31-05206554-n] (power to be effective)

            • incisiveness [ENG31-05206948-n] (keenness and forcefulness of thought or expression or intellect)
            • efficacy [ENG31-05207137-n] (capacity or power to produce a desired effect)
        • ability [ENG31-05207437-n] (the quality of being able to perform)

          • adaptability [ENG31-04666447-n] (the ability to change (or be changed) to fit changed circumstances)

            • flexibility [ENG31-04666644-n] (the quality of being adaptable or variable)

              • wiggle room [ENG31-04666924-n] (flexibility of interpretation or of options)
            • pliability [ENG31-04667087-n] (adaptability of mind or character)
          • sensitivity [ENG31-04850224-n] (the ability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment)

            • antenna [ENG31-04850501-n] (sensitivity similar to that of a receptor organ)
            • defensiveness [ENG31-04850660-n] (excessive sensitivity to criticism)

              • bunker mentality [ENG31-04850906-n] (defensiveness resulting from repeated attacks)
            • perceptiveness [ENG31-04851106-n] (the quality of insight and sympathetic understanding)
          • competence [ENG31-05160767-n] (the quality of being adequately or well qualified physically and intellectually)

            • fitness [ENG31-05161042-n] (the quality of being qualified)
            • linguistic competence [ENG31-05161144-n] ((linguistics) a speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language (contrasted with linguistic performance))
            • proficiency [ENG31-05161361-n] (the quality of having great facility and competence)
          • form [ENG31-05207938-n] (an ability to perform well)
          • interoperability [ENG31-05208084-n] ((computer science) the ability to exchange and use information (usually in a large heterogeneous network made up of several local area networks))
          • magical ability [ENG31-05208328-n] (an ability to perform magic)

            • lycanthropy [ENG31-05208451-n] ((folklore) the magical ability of a person to assume the characteristics of a wolf)
          • Midas touch [ENG31-05208610-n] (an ability to make and manage large amounts of money)
          • penetration [ENG31-05208720-n] (the ability to make way into or through something)
          • physical ability [ENG31-05208927-n] (the ability to perform some physical act)

            • voice [ENG31-05209552-n] (the ability to speak)

              • lung-power [ENG31-05209681-n] (the ability to speak loudly)
          • contractility [ENG31-05209081-n] (the capability or quality of shrinking or contracting, especially by muscle fibers and even some other forms of living matter)

            • astringency [ENG31-05209302-n] (the ability to contract or draw together soft body tissues to check blood flow or restrict secretion of fluids)
          • capability [ENG31-05209765-n] (the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally)

            • associability [ENG31-04695407-n] (the capability of being easily associated or joined or connected in thought)
            • defensibility [ENG31-05210222-n] (capability of being defended)
            • executability [ENG31-05210475-n] (capability of being executed)
            • capacity [ENG31-05210665-n] (capability to perform or produce)
            • military capability [ENG31-05210917-n] (capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war)

              • sea power [ENG31-05042419-n] (naval strength)
              • firepower [ENG31-05211272-n] ((military) the relative capacity for delivering fire on a target)
            • operating capability [ENG31-05211411-n] (the capability of a technological system to perform as intended)

              • envelope [ENG31-05211741-n] (the maximum operating capability of a system (especially an aircraft))
            • overkill [ENG31-05211584-n] (the capability to obliterate a target with more weapons (especially nuclear weapons) than are required)
          • totipotency [ENG31-05222244-n] (the ability of a cell to give rise to unlike cells and so to develop a new organism or part)
          • immunocompetence [ENG31-13997591-n] (the ability to develop an immune response following exposure to an antigen)
        • powerlessness [ENG31-05211905-n] (the quality of lacking strength or power)

          • helplessness [ENG31-05212250-n] (powerlessness revealed by an inability to act)
          • unpersuasiveness [ENG31-05212488-n] (inability to persuade)
          • uninterestingness [ENG31-05212608-n] (inability to capture or hold one's interest)

            • dullness [ENG31-05213007-n] (the quality of lacking interestingness)

              • boringness [ENG31-05213274-n] (extreme dullness)
              • tediousness [ENG31-05213505-n] (dullness owing to length or slowness)

                • drag [ENG31-05213713-n] (something tedious and boring)
              • jejunity [ENG31-05213841-n] (the quality of being vapid and unsophisticated)
            • ponderousness [ENG31-05214097-n] (an oppressive quality that is laborious and solemn and lacks grace or fluency)
          • voicelessness [ENG31-05212805-n] (having no voice in the management or control of affairs)
          • paper tiger [ENG31-05214620-n] (the nature of a person or organization that appears powerful but is actually powerless and ineffectual)
          • ineffectiveness [ENG31-05215231-n] (lacking the power to be effective)

            • inefficacy [ENG31-05215559-n] (a lack of efficacy)
        • inability [ENG31-05214398-n] (lacking the power to perform)

          • unadaptability [ENG31-04667437-n] (the inability to change or be changed to fit changed circumstances)

            • inflexibility [ENG31-04667618-n] (the quality of being rigid and rigorously severe)
          • insensitivity [ENG31-04851255-n] (the inability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment)

            • crassness [ENG31-04851574-n] (the quality of being crass--devoid of refinement)
            • tin ear [ENG31-04851709-n] (insensitivity to the appropriateness or subtlety of language)
            • unfeelingness [ENG31-04851856-n] (devoid of passion or feeling)

              • dullness [ENG31-04852122-n] (lack of sensibility)
            • unperceptiveness [ENG31-04852377-n] (the lack of insight and sympathetic understanding)
            • unkindness [ENG31-04852543-n] (lack of sympathy)

              • unhelpfulness [ENG31-04853094-n] (an inability to be helpful)
              • inconsideration [ENG31-04853198-n] (the quality of failing to be considerate of others)

                • tactlessness [ENG31-04853474-n] (the quality of lacking tact)
                • bluntness [ENG31-04853614-n] (the quality of being direct and outspoken)
          • incompetence [ENG31-05161488-n] (lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications)
          • incapability [ENG31-05214838-n] (the quality of not being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally)

            • incapacity [ENG31-05215114-n] (lack of physical or natural qualifications)
          • insufficiency [ENG31-14136953-n] ((pathology) inability of a bodily part or organ to function normally)

            • coronary insufficiency [ENG31-14137118-n] (inadequate blood flow to the heart muscles)
        • romanticism [ENG31-05215690-n] (an exciting and mysterious quality (as of a heroic time or adventure))

          • stardust [ENG31-05215863-n] (a dreamy romantic or sentimental quality)
        • domesticity [ENG31-05216381-n] (the quality of being domestic or domesticated)
        • infiniteness [ENG31-05216592-n] (the quality of being infinite)
        • finiteness [ENG31-05216927-n] (the quality of being finite)
        • quantifiability [ENG31-05217090-n] (the quality of being measurable)

          • ratability [ENG31-05217271-n] (the quality of being capable of being rated or estimated)
          • scalability [ENG31-05217384-n] (the quality of being scalable)
        • solubility [ENG31-05217489-n] (the quality of being soluble and easily dissolved in liquid)
        • insolubility [ENG31-05217641-n] (the quality of being insoluble and difficult to dissolve in liquid)
        • stuff [ENG31-05217802-n] (unspecified qualities required to do or be something)
        • hot stuff [ENG31-05218088-n] (the quality of being attractive and exciting (especially sexually exciting))
        • humor [ENG31-05218312-n] (the quality of being funny)

          • comicality [ENG31-05217985-n] (the quality of being comical)
        • pathos [ENG31-05218522-n] (a quality that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow))
        • tone [ENG31-05218719-n] (the quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author)
        • brachycephaly [ENG31-05219630-n] (the quality of being brachycephalic)
        • dolichocephaly [ENG31-05219761-n] (the quality of being dolichocephalic)
        • relativity [ENG31-05219877-n] (the quality of being relative and having significance only in relation to something else)
        • responsiveness [ENG31-05220241-n] (the quality of being responsive)
        • unresponsiveness [ENG31-05220469-n] (the quality of being unresponsive)

          • frigidity [ENG31-05220961-n] (sexual unresponsiveness (especially of women) and inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse)
          • resistance [ENG31-05221162-n] (the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria))
        • subjectivism [ENG31-05221389-n] (the quality of being subjective)
        • snootiness [ENG31-05222119-n] (the quality of being snooty)
        • ulteriority [ENG31-05222525-n] (the quality of being ulterior)
        • memorability [ENG31-05223189-n] (the quality of being worth remembering)
        • woodiness [ENG31-05223370-n] (the quality of abounding in trees)
        • waxiness [ENG31-05223508-n] (the quality of being made of wax or covered with wax)
      • property [ENG31-04923519-n] (a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class)

        • actinism [ENG31-04924469-n] (the property of radiation that enables it to produce photochemical effects)
        • isotropy [ENG31-04924616-n] ((physics) the property of being isotropic)
        • anisotropy [ENG31-04924857-n] (the property of being anisotropic)
        • characteristic [ENG31-04925047-n] (any measurable property of a device measured under closely specified conditions)
        • connectivity [ENG31-04925230-n] (the property of being connected or the degree to which something has connections)
        • duality [ENG31-04927745-n] ((physics) the property of matter and electromagnetic radiation that is characterized by the fact that some properties can be explained best by wave theory and others by particle theory)
        • heredity [ENG31-04928044-n] (the total of inherited attributes)

          • inheritance [ENG31-04929515-n] ((genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents)

            • ancestry [ENG31-04929964-n] (inherited properties shared with others of your bloodline)

              • origin [ENG31-04930920-n] (properties attributable to your ancestry)

                • full blood [ENG31-04931180-n] (descent from parents both of one pure breed)
              • pedigree [ENG31-04931084-n] (ancestry of a purebred animal)
            • linkage [ENG31-04930201-n] ((genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes)
            • X-linked dominant inheritance [ENG31-04930476-n] (hereditary pattern in which a dominant gene on the X chromosome causes a characteristic to be manifested in the offspring)
            • X-linked recessive inheritance [ENG31-04930673-n] (hereditary pattern in which a recessive gene on the X chromosome results in the manifestation of characteristics in male offspring and a carrier state in female offspring)
        • age [ENG31-04931280-n] (how long something has existed)

          • chronological age [ENG31-04931668-n] (age measured by the time (years and months) that something or someone has existed)
          • bone age [ENG31-04931851-n] (a person's age measured by matching their bone development (as shown by X rays) with bone development of an average person of known chronological age)
          • developmental age [ENG31-04932055-n] (a measure of a child's development (in body size or motor skill or psychological function) expressed in terms of age norms)
          • fetal age [ENG31-04932241-n] (the age of an embryo counting from the time of fertilization)
          • mental age [ENG31-04932395-n] (the level of intellectual development as measured by an intelligence test)
          • oldness [ENG31-04932525-n] (the quality of being old)

            • obsoleteness [ENG31-04932754-n] (the property of being out of date and not current)
            • ancientness [ENG31-04932933-n] (extreme oldness)
            • old-fashionedness [ENG31-04933072-n] (the property of being no longer fashionable)

              • quaintness [ENG31-04933215-n] (the quality of being quaint and old-fashioned)
            • vintage [ENG31-04933394-n] (the oldness of wines)
            • hoariness [ENG31-04933485-n] (great age (especially grey or white with age))
          • newness [ENG31-04933604-n] (the quality of being new)

            • brand-newness [ENG31-04933797-n] (the property of being very new)
            • freshness [ENG31-04933905-n] (the property of being pure and fresh (as if newly made))

              • crispness [ENG31-04934275-n] (a pleasing firmness and freshness)
            • recency [ENG31-04934445-n] (the property of having happened or appeared not long ago)
          • oldness [ENG31-04934622-n] (the opposite of youngness)

            • agedness [ENG31-04934809-n] (the property characteristic of old age)
            • senility [ENG31-04934969-n] (the state of being senile)
            • longevity [ENG31-04935067-n] (the property of being long-lived)
            • staleness [ENG31-04935185-n] (having lost purity and freshness as a consequence of aging)

              • mustiness [ENG31-04935371-n] (the quality of smelling or tasting old or stale or mouldy)
          • youngness [ENG31-04935593-n] (the opposite of oldness)

            • youth [ENG31-04935762-n] (the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person)
            • childishness [ENG31-04935937-n] (a property characteristic of a child)
        • manner [ENG31-04936080-n] (how something is done or how it happens)

          • artistic style [ENG31-04936599-n] (the style of a particular artist or school or movement)

            • baroque [ENG31-04705655-n] (elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century)
            • classical style [ENG31-04705859-n] (the artistic style of ancient Greek art with its emphasis on proportion and harmony)
            • order [ENG31-04706004-n] ((architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans)

              • Doric order [ENG31-04706346-n] (the oldest and simplest of the Greek orders and the only one that normally has no base)
              • Ionic order [ENG31-04706505-n] (the second Greek order)
              • Corinthian order [ENG31-04706646-n] (the last Greek order)
              • Composite order [ENG31-04706822-n] (a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order)
              • Tuscan order [ENG31-04706985-n] (a Roman order that resembles the Doric order but without a fluted shaft)
            • rococo [ENG31-04707115-n] (fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century)
            • High Renaissance [ENG31-04936919-n] (the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome)
            • treatment [ENG31-04937153-n] (a manner of dealing with something artistically)
          • drape [ENG31-04937316-n] (the manner in which fabric hangs or falls)
          • fit [ENG31-04937484-n] (the manner in which something fits)

            • hang [ENG31-04939014-n] (the way a garment hangs)
          • form [ENG31-04937655-n] (a particular mode in which something is manifested)
          • life style [ENG31-04937809-n] (a manner of living that reflects the person's values and attitudes)

            • fast lane [ENG31-04938027-n] (a hectic and pressured lifestyle often characterized by recklessness or dissipation)
            • free living [ENG31-04938218-n] (a lifestyle given to easy indulgence of the appetites)
            • vanity fair [ENG31-04938329-n] (a vain and frivolous lifestyle especially in large cities)
          • setup [ENG31-04938444-n] (the way something is organized or arranged)
          • touch [ENG31-04938605-n] (a distinguishing style)

            • common touch [ENG31-04938744-n] (the property of appealing to people in general (usually by appearing to have qualities in common with them))
          • wise [ENG31-04938910-n] (a way of doing or being)
          • response [ENG31-05220076-n] (the manner in which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an input signal or a range of input signals)
        • constitution [ENG31-04940721-n] (the way in which someone or something is composed)

          • structure [ENG31-04939142-n] (the manner of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts)

            • infrastructure [ENG31-03575552-n] (the basic structure or features of a system or organization)
            • computer architecture [ENG31-04939455-n] ((computer science) the structure and organization of a computer's hardware or system software)

              • complex instruction set computing [ENG31-04939738-n] ((computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a large number of instructions hard coded into the CPU chip)
              • reduced instruction set computing [ENG31-04940052-n] ((computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a relatively small set of computer instructions that it can perform)
            • cytoarchitecture [ENG31-04940374-n] (the cellular composition of a bodily structure)
            • framework [ENG31-04940540-n] (the underlying structure)
          • phenotype [ENG31-04941029-n] (what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment)
          • genotype [ENG31-04941220-n] (the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism)
          • texture [ENG31-04941397-n] (the physical composition of something (especially with respect to the size and shape of the small constituents of a substance))
          • karyotype [ENG31-05452452-n] (the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes))
        • consistency [ENG31-04941723-n] (the property of holding together and retaining its shape)

          • gaseousness [ENG31-04740444-n] (having the consistency of a gas)

            • bubbliness [ENG31-04740587-n] (the property of giving off bubbles)
            • foaminess [ENG31-04740779-n] (the property of being foamy)
          • viscosity [ENG31-04942180-n] (resistance of a liquid to shear forces (and hence to flow))

            • stickiness [ENG31-04942416-n] (the property of sticking to a surface)

              • adhesiveness [ENG31-04942705-n] (the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition)
            • sliminess [ENG31-04942582-n] (a property resembling or being covered with slime)
            • cohesiveness [ENG31-04943081-n] (the property of being cohesive and sticky)
            • gelatinousness [ENG31-04943390-n] (the property of having a viscosity like jelly)
          • thickness [ENG31-04943580-n] (resistance to flow)

            • semifluidity [ENG31-04943762-n] (a property midway between a solid and a liquid)
            • creaminess [ENG31-04943867-n] (the property of having the thickness of heavy cream)
          • thinness [ENG31-04944023-n] (a consistency of low viscosity)

            • fluidity [ENG31-04944220-n] (the property of flowing easily)
            • wateriness [ENG31-04944604-n] (the property of resembling the viscosity of water)
          • hardness [ENG31-04945025-n] (the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure)

            • firmness [ENG31-04945287-n] (the property of being unyielding to the touch)
            • incompressibility [ENG31-04945879-n] (the property of being incompressible)
          • softness [ENG31-04945405-n] (the property of giving little resistance to pressure and being easily cut or molded)

            • compressibility [ENG31-04945651-n] (the property of being able to occupy less space)
            • downiness [ENG31-04946015-n] (a light softness)
            • flabbiness [ENG31-04946223-n] (a flabby softness)
            • mushiness [ENG31-04946375-n] (a mushy pulpy softness)
          • breakableness [ENG31-04946501-n] (the consistency of something that breaks under pressure)

            • brittleness [ENG31-04946724-n] (firm but easily broken)

              • flakiness [ENG31-04947049-n] (having or breaking into thin crisp flakes)
            • crumbliness [ENG31-04946919-n] (excessive breakableness)
          • unbreakableness [ENG31-04947164-n] (a consistency of something that does not break under pressure)
          • porosity [ENG31-04947323-n] (the property of being porous)

            • sponginess [ENG31-04947556-n] (the porosity of a sponge)
            • permeability [ENG31-04947673-n] (the property of something that can be pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion))

              • absorbency [ENG31-04948141-n] (the property of being absorbent)
          • solidity [ENG31-04948301-n] (the consistency of a solid)

            • compactness [ENG31-04948502-n] (the consistency of a compact solid)

              • density [ENG31-04948630-n] (the amount per unit size)

                • bits per inch [ENG31-05096255-n] (a measure of how densely information is packed on a storage medium)
                • flux density [ENG31-05096406-n] ((physics) the number of changes in energy flow across a given surface per unit area)
                • optical density [ENG31-05096574-n] ((physics) a measure of the extent to which a substance transmits light or other electromagnetic radiation)
                • rarity [ENG31-05096819-n] (a rarified quality)
                • relative density [ENG31-05096989-n] (the ratio of the density of something to the density of a standard)

                  • specific gravity [ENG31-04948864-n] (the density of a substance relative to the density of water)
                  • vapor density [ENG31-04948986-n] (the density of a gas relative to the density of hydrogen)
            • impermeability [ENG31-04949119-n] (the property of something that cannot be pervaded by a liquid)

              • retentiveness [ENG31-04949349-n] (the power of retaining liquid)

                • urinary retention [ENG31-04949550-n] (holding urine in the urinary bladder)
              • nonabsorbency [ENG31-04949915-n] (the property of not being absorbent)
        • disposition [ENG31-04950046-n] (a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing)

          • aptness [ENG31-04950331-n] (a disposition to behave in a certain way)
          • mordacity [ENG31-04950544-n] (a disposition to biting)
          • predisposition [ENG31-04950641-n] (a disposition in advance to react in a particular way)
          • proneness [ENG31-04950755-n] (being disposed to do something)
          • separatism [ENG31-04950881-n] (a disposition toward schism and secession from a larger group)
          • tendency [ENG31-04951225-n] (a characteristic likelihood of or natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or effect)

            • heterosis [ENG31-04929774-n] ((genetics) the tendency of a crossbred organism to have qualities superior to those of either parent)
            • buoyancy [ENG31-04951589-n] (the tendency to float in water or other liquid)
            • electronegativity [ENG31-04951690-n] ((chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond)
            • stainability [ENG31-04951887-n] ((cytology) the capacity of cells or cell parts to stain specifically with certain dyes)

              • basophilia [ENG31-04952087-n] (the tendency of cells to stain with basic dyes)
            • desire [ENG31-04952234-n] (an inclination to want things)

              • hunger [ENG31-04952431-n] (strong desire for something (not food or drink))
              • greed [ENG31-04952707-n] (excessive desire to acquire or possess more (especially more material wealth) than one needs or deserves)

                • avarice [ENG31-04952935-n] (extreme greed for material wealth)
                • possessiveness [ENG31-04953119-n] (excessive desire to possess or dominate)
                • acquisitiveness [ENG31-04953255-n] (strong desire to acquire and possess)

                  • bibliomania [ENG31-04953443-n] (preoccupation with the acquisition and possession of books)
                  • retentiveness [ENG31-04953577-n] (the property of retaining possessions that have been acquired)
        • tactile property [ENG31-04953730-n] (a property perceived by touch)

          • touch [ENG31-04953937-n] (the feel of mechanical action)
          • texture [ENG31-04954054-n] (the feel of a surface or a fabric)

            • nap [ENG31-04954264-n] (a soft or fuzzy surface texture)
            • smoothness [ENG31-04954363-n] (a texture without roughness)

              • silkiness [ENG31-04954671-n] (the smooth feel of silk fabric)
              • slickness [ENG31-04954805-n] (a slippery smoothness)
              • fineness [ENG31-04955246-n] (having a very fine texture)
              • polish [ENG31-04962337-n] (the property of being smooth and shiny)

                • French polish [ENG31-04962603-n] (the glaze produced by repeated applications of French polish shellac)
                • glaze [ENG31-04962731-n] (a glossy finish on a fabric)
            • roughness [ENG31-04955418-n] (a texture of a surface or edge that is not smooth but is irregular and uneven)

              • scaliness [ENG31-04955780-n] (the property of being scaly)
              • coarseness [ENG31-04955899-n] (looseness or roughness in texture (as of cloth))
              • slub [ENG31-04956082-n] (soft lump or unevenness in a yarn)
              • harshness [ENG31-04956243-n] (the roughness of a substance that causes abrasions)
              • coarseness [ENG31-04956433-n] (the quality of being composed of relatively large particles)

                • sandiness [ENG31-04956630-n] (a texture resembling that of sand)
              • shagginess [ENG31-04956737-n] (roughness of nap produced by long woolly hairs)
              • bumpiness [ENG31-04956858-n] (the texture of a surface that has many bumps)
              • prickliness [ENG31-04956976-n] (the quality of being covered with prickly thorns or spines)
        • optics [ENG31-04957203-n] (optical properties)
        • visual property [ENG31-04957303-n] (an attribute of vision)

          • texture [ENG31-04957714-n] (the characteristic appearance of a surface having a tactile quality)

            • grain [ENG31-04957890-n] (the direction, texture, or pattern of fibers found in wood or leather or stone or in a woven fabric)

              • wood grain [ENG31-04958129-n] (texture produced by the fibers in wood)
              • graining [ENG31-04958248-n] (a texture like that of wood)
            • marbleization [ENG31-04958363-n] (a texture like that of marble)
          • light [ENG31-04958550-n] (the visual effect of illumination on objects or scenes as created in pictures)

            • aura [ENG31-04958893-n] (an indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint)
            • sunniness [ENG31-04959052-n] (lightness created by sunlight)

              • cloudlessness [ENG31-04959155-n] (the lightness of a sunny day when there are no clouds in the sky)
            • highlight [ENG31-04959297-n] (an area of lightness in a picture)
            • brightness [ENG31-04959419-n] (the location of a visual perception along a continuum from black to white)

              • glare [ENG31-04959747-n] (a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted)
              • dazzle [ENG31-04959998-n] (brightness enough to blind partially and temporarily)
              • glitter [ENG31-04960121-n] (the quality of shining with a bright reflected light)
              • flash [ENG31-04960363-n] (a momentary brightness)
              • glint [ENG31-04960473-n] (a spatially localized brightness)
              • opalescence [ENG31-04960855-n] (the visual property of something having a milky brightness and a play of colors from the surface)
              • radiance [ENG31-04961131-n] (the quality of being bright and sending out rays of light)

                • gleam [ENG31-04961711-n] (an appearance of reflected light)
                • shininess [ENG31-04961860-n] (the visual property of something that shines with reflected light)
              • luster [ENG31-04962097-n] (a quality that outshines the usual)
          • dullness [ENG31-04962810-n] (a lack of visual brightness)

            • dimness [ENG31-04963084-n] (the property of lights or sounds that lack brilliance or are reduced in intensity)
            • flatness [ENG31-04963287-n] (the property of having little or no contrast)
          • softness [ENG31-04963596-n] (a visual property that is subdued and free from brilliance or glare)
          • color [ENG31-04963771-n] (a visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect)

            • primary color [ENG31-04964353-n] (any of three colors from which all others can be obtained by mixing)

              • primary color for pigments [ENG31-04964533-n] (any of three pigments from which all colors can be obtained by mixing)
              • primary color for light [ENG31-04964766-n] (any of three primary colors of light from which all colors can be obtained by additive mixing)

                • primary subtractive color for light [ENG31-04965031-n] (any of the three colors that give the primary colors for light after subtraction from white light)
            • heather mixture [ENG31-04965323-n] (interwoven yarns of mixed colors producing muted greyish shades with flecks of color)
            • mottle [ENG31-04966042-n] (an irregular arrangement of patches of color)
            • shade [ENG31-04966407-n] (a quality of a given color that differs slightly from another color)

              • mellowness [ENG31-04965479-n] (a soft shade of a color)
              • richness [ENG31-04965637-n] (a strong deep vividness of hue)
              • undertone [ENG31-04966744-n] (a pale or subdued color)
            • chromatic color [ENG31-04966849-n] (a color that has hue)

              • red [ENG31-04969961-n] (red color or pigment)

                • sanguine [ENG31-04970288-n] (a blood-red color)
                • chrome red [ENG31-04970378-n] (a red pigment used in paints)
                • Turkey red [ENG31-04970484-n] (a bright orange-red color produced in cotton cloth with alizarine dye)
                • cardinal [ENG31-04970626-n] (a variable color averaging a vivid red)
                • crimson [ENG31-04970765-n] (a deep and vivid red color)
                • dark red [ENG31-04970917-n] (a red color that reflects little light)

                  • burgundy [ENG31-04971082-n] (a dark purplish-red to blackish-red color)
                  • claret [ENG31-04971178-n] (a dark purplish-red color)
                  • oxblood red [ENG31-04971256-n] (a dark brownish-red color)
                  • wine [ENG31-04971339-n] (a red as dark as red wine)
                • purplish red [ENG31-04971464-n] (a red with a tinge of purple)

                  • magenta [ENG31-04971763-n] (a primary subtractive color for light)
                  • fuschia [ENG31-04971976-n] (a dark purplish-red color)
                  • maroon [ENG31-04972055-n] (a dark purplish-red to dark brownish-red color)
                • cerise [ENG31-04971620-n] (a red the color of ripe cherries)
                • scarlet [ENG31-04972154-n] (a variable color that is vivid red but sometimes with an orange tinge)
              • orange [ENG31-04972356-n] (orange color or pigment)

                • reddish orange [ENG31-04972628-n] (an orange color closer to red than to yellow)

                  • tangerine [ENG31-04972751-n] (a reddish to vivid orange color)
              • salmon [ENG31-04972548-n] (a pale pinkish orange color)
              • yellow [ENG31-04972838-n] (yellow color or pigment)

                • canary yellow [ENG31-04973291-n] (a moderate yellow with a greenish tinge)
                • amber [ENG31-04973417-n] (a deep yellow color)
                • brownish yellow [ENG31-04973605-n] (a yellow color of low lightness with a brownish tinge)
                • gamboge [ENG31-04973720-n] (a strong yellow color)
                • old gold [ENG31-04973826-n] (a dark yellow)
                • orange yellow [ENG31-04973894-n] (a shade of yellow tinged with orange)

                  • ocher [ENG31-04974018-n] (a moderate yellow-orange to orange color)
                • pale yellow [ENG31-04974118-n] (a variable yellow tint)
                • greenish yellow [ENG31-04974271-n] (a shade of yellow tinged with green)
              • blond [ENG31-04973194-n] (a light grayish yellow to near white)
              • green [ENG31-04974368-n] (green color or pigment)

                • greenishness [ENG31-04974738-n] (the property of being somewhat green)
                • sea green [ENG31-04974851-n] (the property of a moderate green color resembling the waters of the sea)
                • sage green [ENG31-04974978-n] (the color of sage leaves)
                • bottle green [ENG31-04975059-n] (dark to moderate or greyish green)
                • chrome green [ENG31-04975151-n] (a brilliant green color)
                • emerald [ENG31-04975233-n] (the green color of an emerald)
                • olive green [ENG31-04975316-n] (a color that is lighter and greener than olive)
                • yellow green [ENG31-04975434-n] (a shade of green tinged with yellow)
                • bluish green [ENG31-04975603-n] (a blue-green color or pigment)

                  • cyan [ENG31-04975796-n] (a primary subtractive color for light)
                • jade green [ENG31-04975926-n] (a light green color varying from bluish green to yellowish green)
              • blue [ENG31-04976072-n] (blue color or pigment)

                • azure [ENG31-04976419-n] (a light shade of blue)
                • powder blue [ENG31-04976608-n] (a pale blue color with grey in it)
                • steel blue [ENG31-04976717-n] (a greyish blue color)
                • Prussian blue [ENG31-04976794-n] (a dark greenish-blue color)
                • dark blue [ENG31-04976880-n] (a dark shade of blue)
                • greenish blue [ENG31-04976975-n] (a shade of blue tinged with green)
                • purplish blue [ENG31-04977129-n] (a shade of blue tinged with purple)
                • ultramarine [ENG31-04982126-n] (a vivid blue to purple-blue color)
              • purple [ENG31-04977236-n] (a purple color or pigment)

                • lavender [ENG31-04977737-n] (a pale purple color)
                • mauve [ENG31-04977811-n] (a moderate purple)
                • reddish purple [ENG31-04977898-n] (a shade of purple tinged with red)

                  • Tyrian purple [ENG31-04977489-n] (a vivid purplish-red color)
                • violet [ENG31-04978025-n] (a variable color that lies beyond blue in the spectrum)

                  • indigo [ENG31-04977665-n] (a blue-violet color)
              • pink [ENG31-04978183-n] (a light shade of red)

                • pinkness [ENG31-04978398-n] (the quality of being pink)
                • carnation [ENG31-04978478-n] (a pink or reddish-pink color)
                • rose [ENG31-04978580-n] (a dusty pink color)

                  • old rose [ENG31-04978714-n] (a greyish-pink color)
                • solferino [ENG31-04978789-n] (a pink dye that was discovered in 1859, the year a battle was fought at Solferino)
                • yellowish pink [ENG31-04978942-n] (a shade of pink tinged with yellow)
                • coral [ENG31-04979087-n] (a variable color averaging a deep pink)
              • brown [ENG31-04979195-n] (an orange of low brightness and saturation)

                • Vandyke brown [ENG31-04979535-n] (a moderate brown color)
                • chestnut [ENG31-04979617-n] (the brown color of chestnuts)
                • chocolate [ENG31-04979718-n] (a medium brown to dark-brown color)
                • hazel [ENG31-04979870-n] (a shade of brown that is yellowish or reddish)
                • light brown [ENG31-04980068-n] (a brown that is light but unsaturated)

                  • tan [ENG31-04980287-n] (a light brown the color of topaz)
                  • dun [ENG31-04980377-n] (a color or pigment varying around a light grey-brown color)
                  • beige [ENG31-04980558-n] (a very light brown)
                • mocha [ENG31-04980217-n] (a dark brown color)
                • reddish brown [ENG31-04980653-n] (a shade of brown with a tinge of red)

                  • brick red [ENG31-04980852-n] (a bright reddish-brown color)
                  • copper [ENG31-04980936-n] (a reddish-brown color resembling the color of polished copper)
                  • Indian red [ENG31-04981083-n] (a reddish-brown color resembling the red soil used as body paint by American Indians)
                • yellowish brown [ENG31-04981224-n] (a medium to dark tan color)

                  • snuff-color [ENG31-04981948-n] (dark yellowish brown)
                • puce [ENG31-04981412-n] (a color varying from dark purplish brown to dark red)
                • olive brown [ENG31-04981515-n] (a shade of brown tinged with green)
                • taupe [ENG31-04982041-n] (a greyish brown)
              • olive [ENG31-04981607-n] (a yellow-green color of low brightness and saturation)

                • olive drab [ENG31-04981730-n] (a dull greyish to yellowish or light olive brown)
              • pastel [ENG31-04981842-n] (any of various pale or light colors)
              • complementary color [ENG31-04983006-n] (either one of two chromatic colors that when mixed together give white (in the case of lights) or grey (in the case of pigments))
            • achromatic color [ENG31-04967256-n] (a color lacking hue)

              • black [ENG31-04967454-n] (the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white))

                • coal black [ENG31-04967759-n] (a very dark black)
              • white [ENG31-04967906-n] (the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black))

                • alabaster [ENG31-04968239-n] (a very light white)
                • bleach [ENG31-04968313-n] (the whiteness that results from removing the color from something)
                • bone [ENG31-04968508-n] (a shade of white the color of bleached bones)
                • chalk [ENG31-04968649-n] (a pure flat white with little reflectance)
                • frostiness [ENG31-04968760-n] (a silvery-white color)
              • gray [ENG31-04968868-n] (a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black)

                • ash grey [ENG31-04969239-n] (a light shade of grey)
                • charcoal [ENG31-04969417-n] (a very dark grey color)
                • dapple-grey [ENG31-04969572-n] (grey with a mottled pattern of darker grey markings)
                • iron-grey [ENG31-04969725-n] (the color of freshly broken cast iron)
                • tattletale grey [ENG31-04969866-n] (a greyish white)
                • iron blue [ENG31-14947198-n] (slightly purplish or bluish dark grey)
            • coloration [ENG31-04983255-n] (appearance with regard to color)

              • hair coloring [ENG31-04983455-n] (coloring of the hair)
              • pigmentation [ENG31-04983586-n] (coloration of living tissues by pigment)

                • chromatism [ENG31-04983756-n] (abnormal pigmentation)
                • melanoderma [ENG31-04983834-n] (abnormally dark skin caused by increased deposits of melatonin)
              • depigmentation [ENG31-04983954-n] (absence or loss of pigmentation (or less than normal pigmentation) in the skin or hair)

                • poliosis [ENG31-04984137-n] (loss of color from the hair)
              • protective coloration [ENG31-04986041-n] (coloration making an organism less visible or attractive to predators)

                • aposematic coloration [ENG31-04986251-n] (conspicuous coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators)
                • apatetic coloration [ENG31-04986452-n] (coloring serving as natural camouflage)
                • cryptic coloration [ENG31-04986556-n] (coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape)
            • complexion [ENG31-04984219-n] (the coloring of a person's face)

              • paleness [ENG31-04984514-n] (the property of having a naturally light complexion)
              • ruddiness [ENG31-04984679-n] (a healthy reddish complexion)
              • lividness [ENG31-04984828-n] (unnatural lack of color in the skin (as from bruising or sickness or emotional distress))
              • sallowness [ENG31-04985213-n] (a sickly yellowish skin color)
              • tawniness [ENG31-04985317-n] (the quality or state of being the color of tanned leather)
              • darkness [ENG31-04985483-n] (a swarthy complexion)
              • whiteness [ENG31-04985620-n] (lightness or fairness of complexion)
            • nonsolid color [ENG31-04985810-n] (a color produced by a pattern of differently colored dots that together simulate the desired color)
          • colorlessness [ENG31-04965811-n] (the visual property of being without chromatic color)

            • achromia [ENG31-04966238-n] (an absence of normal pigmentation especially in the skin (as in albinism) or in red blood cells)
          • color property [ENG31-04982235-n] (an attribute of color)

            • hue [ENG31-04982389-n] (the quality of a color as determined by its dominant wavelength)
            • saturation [ENG31-04982607-n] (chromatic purity: freedom from dilution with white and hence vivid in hue)
            • paleness [ENG31-04982879-n] (being deficient in color)
            • value [ENG31-04986674-n] (relative darkness or lightness of a color)

              • lightness [ENG31-04987007-n] (having a light color)
              • darkness [ENG31-04987119-n] (having a dark or somber color)
        • olfactory property [ENG31-04987257-n] (any property detected by the olfactory system)

          • bouquet [ENG31-04987712-n] (a pleasingly sweet olfactory property)
          • malodorousness [ENG31-04987905-n] (the attribute of having a strong offensive smell)

            • body odor [ENG31-04988169-n] (malodorousness resulting from a failure to bathe)
          • muskiness [ENG31-04988293-n] (having the olfactory properties of musk)
          • rancidness [ENG31-04999609-n] (the property of being rancid)
        • sound property [ENG31-04990371-n] (an attribute of sound)

          • sound [ENG31-04988388-n] (the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause)

            • noisiness [ENG31-04988723-n] (the auditory effect characterized by loud and constant noise)

              • boisterousness [ENG31-04992313-n] (the property of being noisy and lively and unrestrained)
            • ring [ENG31-04988907-n] (a characteristic sound)
            • unison [ENG31-04989030-n] ((music) two or more sounds or tones at the same pitch or in octaves)
            • voice [ENG31-04989190-n] (the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech)

              • androglossia [ENG31-04989362-n] (a woman's voice with male qualities)
          • silence [ENG31-04989456-n] (the absence of sound)

            • hush [ENG31-04989727-n] ((poetic) tranquil silence)
            • speechlessness [ENG31-04989994-n] (the property of being speechless)
            • quietness [ENG31-04990105-n] (the property of making no sound)

              • noiselessness [ENG31-04990262-n] (the property of making no noise)
          • musicality [ENG31-04990651-n] (the property of sounding like music)

            • lyricality [ENG31-04990937-n] (the property of being suitable for singing)
            • melodiousness [ENG31-04991097-n] (the property of having a melody)
            • texture [ENG31-04991256-n] (the musical pattern created by parts being played or sung together)
          • harmony [ENG31-04991429-n] (an agreeable sound property)

            • consonance [ENG31-04991600-n] (the property of sounding harmonious)
          • dissonance [ENG31-04991763-n] (disagreeable sounds)

            • discordance [ENG31-04991947-n] (a harsh mixture of sounds)
            • disharmony [ENG31-04992058-n] (a lack of harmony)
            • cacophony [ENG31-04992187-n] (loud confusing disagreeable sounds)
          • pitch [ENG31-04992447-n] (the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration)

            • concert pitch [ENG31-04992829-n] (the pitch used to tune instruments for concert performances)
            • high pitch [ENG31-04993039-n] (a pitch that is perceived as above other pitches)
            • soprano [ENG31-04993179-n] (the pitch range of the highest female voice)
            • tenor [ENG31-04993303-n] (the pitch range of the highest male voice)
            • key [ENG31-04993396-n] (pitch of the voice)
            • low pitch [ENG31-04993507-n] (a pitch that is perceived as below other pitches)

              • deepness [ENG31-04993663-n] (a low pitch that is loud and voluminous)
            • alto [ENG31-04993775-n] (the pitch range of the lowest female voice)
            • alto [ENG31-04993886-n] ((of a musical instrument) the second highest instrument in a family of musical instruments)
            • bass [ENG31-04994045-n] (the lowest part of the musical range)
            • tone [ENG31-04994132-n] ((linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal languages)
            • tune [ENG31-04994418-n] (the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch)
          • registration [ENG31-04994605-n] ((music) the sound property resulting from a combination of organ stops used to perform a particular piece of music)
          • timbre [ENG31-04994869-n] ((music) the distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound))

            • harmonic [ENG31-04995327-n] (any of a series of musical tones whose frequencies are integral multiples of the frequency of a fundamental)
            • resonance [ENG31-04995507-n] (the quality imparted to voiced speech sounds by the action of the resonating chambers of the throat and mouth and nasal cavities)
            • color [ENG31-04995727-n] (the timbre of a musical sound)
            • nasality [ENG31-04996598-n] (a quality of the voice that is produced by nasal resonators)

              • twang [ENG31-04996748-n] (exaggerated nasality in speech (as in some regional dialects))
            • plangency [ENG31-04996893-n] (having the character of a loud deep sound)
            • shrillness [ENG31-04997257-n] (having the timbre of a loud high-pitched sound)
            • register [ENG31-05134114-n] ((music) the timbre that is characteristic of a certain range and manner of production of the human voice or of different pipe organ stops or of different musical instruments)

              • head register [ENG31-05134415-n] (the higher ranges of the voice in speaking or singing)

                • falsetto [ENG31-05134622-n] (a male singing voice with artificially high tones in an upper register)
              • chest register [ENG31-05134765-n] (the lower ranges of the voice in speaking or singing)
          • volume [ENG31-04997456-n] (the magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction))

            • crescendo [ENG31-04997743-n] ((music) a gradual increase in loudness)

              • swell [ENG31-04997910-n] (a crescendo followed by a decrescendo)
          • softness [ENG31-04997999-n] (a sound property that is free from loudness or stridency)

            • faintness [ENG31-04998259-n] (barely audible)
            • decrescendo [ENG31-04998347-n] ((music) a gradual decrease in loudness)
            • piano [ENG31-04998511-n] ((music) low loudness)
          • rhythmicity [ENG31-04998633-n] (the rhythmic property imparted by the accents and relative durations of notes in a piece of music)

            • meter [ENG31-04998860-n] (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration)
            • cadence [ENG31-04999057-n] (a recurrent rhythmical series)
            • lilt [ENG31-04999186-n] (a jaunty rhythm in music)
        • fullness [ENG31-04996251-n] (the property of a sensation that is rich and pleasing)
        • taste property [ENG31-04999341-n] (a property appreciated via the sense of taste)

          • spiciness [ENG31-04999748-n] (the property of being seasoned with spice and so highly flavored)

            • pungency [ENG31-05000012-n] (a strong odor or taste property)
            • nip [ENG31-05000286-n] (a tart spicy quality)
            • hotness [ENG31-05000490-n] (a hot spiciness)
          • sourness [ENG31-05001060-n] (the property of being acidic)

            • acerbity [ENG31-05001304-n] (a sharp sour taste)
            • vinegariness [ENG31-05001442-n] (a sourness resembling that of vinegar)
          • sweetness [ENG31-05001591-n] (the property of tasting as if it contains sugar)

            • saccharinity [ENG31-05001792-n] (the excessive sweetness of saccharin)
            • sugariness [ENG31-05001905-n] (the sweetness of sugar)
          • bitterness [ENG31-05002002-n] (the property of having a harsh unpleasant taste)

            • acerbity [ENG31-05002187-n] (a sharp bitterness)
            • acridity [ENG31-05002278-n] (extreme bitterness)
          • palatability [ENG31-05002389-n] (the property of being acceptable to the mouth)

            • tastiness [ENG31-05002599-n] (a pleasing palatability)
            • appetizingness [ENG31-05002696-n] (the property of stimulating the appetite)

              • delectability [ENG31-05002958-n] (extreme appetizingness)
              • flavorsomeness [ENG31-05003105-n] (having an appetizing flavor)

                • sapidity [ENG31-05003278-n] (a pleasant flavor)
              • succulence [ENG31-05003380-n] (a juicy appetizingness)
          • unpalatability [ENG31-05003520-n] (the property of being unacceptable to the mouth)

            • disgustingness [ENG31-05003736-n] (extreme unpalatability to the mouth)
            • unappetizingness [ENG31-05003988-n] (the property of spoiling the appetite)

              • flavorlessness [ENG31-05004197-n] (the property of having no flavor)
              • blandness [ENG31-05004447-n] (lacking any distinctive or interesting taste property)
        • saltiness [ENG31-05000591-n] (the property of containing salt (as a compound or in solution))

          • brininess [ENG31-05000782-n] (the relative proportion of salt in a solution)
          • brackishness [ENG31-05000930-n] (the quality of being salty, as the saltiness of water)
        • edibility [ENG31-05004637-n] (the property of being fit to eat)

          • digestibility [ENG31-05004810-n] (the property of being easy to digest)
          • indigestibility [ENG31-05004977-n] (the property of being difficult to digest)
        • bodily property [ENG31-05005153-n] (an attribute of the body)

          • bipedalism [ENG31-05005419-n] (the bodily attribute of being bipedal)
          • laterality [ENG31-05005582-n] (superior development of one side of the body)
          • physique [ENG31-05005695-n] (constitution of the human body)

            • lankiness [ENG31-05005865-n] (a tall and thin physique)
            • dumpiness [ENG31-05005981-n] (a short and stout physique)
            • body type [ENG31-05006131-n] (a category of physique)

              • asthenic type [ENG31-05006276-n] (slender, weak, and lightweight)
              • endomorphy [ENG31-05006379-n] (round, fat, and heavy)
              • athletic type [ENG31-05006471-n] (muscular and big-boned)
          • fatness [ENG31-05006566-n] (excess bodily weight)

            • adiposity [ENG31-05006906-n] (having the property of containing fat)
            • abdominousness [ENG31-05007129-n] (the bodily property of a protruding belly)
            • greasiness [ENG31-05007281-n] (consisting of or covered with oil)
            • fleshiness [ENG31-05007507-n] (more than average fatness)

              • corpulence [ENG31-05007702-n] (the property of excessive fatness)
              • exogenous obesity [ENG31-05007882-n] (obesity caused by overeating)
              • plumpness [ENG31-05008078-n] (the bodily property of being well rounded)

                • chubbiness [ENG31-05008254-n] (the property of having a plump and round body)
                • buxomness [ENG31-05008467-n] (the bodily property of being attractively plump and vigorous and (of women) full-bosomed)
            • steatopygia [ENG31-05007974-n] (an extreme accumulation of fat on the buttocks)
          • leanness [ENG31-05008647-n] (the property of having little body fat)

            • skinniness [ENG31-05008889-n] (the bodily property of lacking flesh)
            • bonyness [ENG31-05009032-n] (extreme leanness (usually caused by starvation or disease))
            • slenderness [ENG31-05009338-n] (the property of an attractively thin person)
            • wiriness [ENG31-05040326-n] (the property of being lean and tough and sinewy)
          • stature [ENG31-05009517-n] ((of a standing person) the distance from head to foot)

            • tallness [ENG31-05009705-n] (the property of being taller than average stature)
            • shortness [ENG31-05009845-n] (the property of being shorter than average stature)
          • carriage [ENG31-05009987-n] (characteristic way of bearing one's body)

            • walk [ENG31-05010255-n] (manner of walking)
            • slouch [ENG31-05010438-n] (a stooping carriage in standing and walking)
            • gracefulness [ENG31-05010588-n] (beautiful carriage)

              • grace [ENG31-05010755-n] (elegance and beauty of movement or expression)
              • agility [ENG31-05011015-n] (the gracefulness of a person or animal that is quick and nimble)
              • lissomeness [ENG31-05011256-n] (the gracefulness of a person or animal that is flexible and supple)
            • awkwardness [ENG31-05011459-n] (the carriage of someone whose movements and posture are ungainly or inelegant)

              • gracelessness [ENG31-05011697-n] (an unpleasant lack of grace in carriage or form or movement or expression)
              • gawkiness [ENG31-05011865-n] (the carriage of someone whose movements and posture are extremely ungainly and inelegant)
              • stiffness [ENG31-05012060-n] (the property of moving with pain or difficulty)
          • physiology [ENG31-05012229-n] (processes and functions of an organism)
          • physiological property [ENG31-05012434-n] (a property having to do with the functioning of the body)

            • animateness [ENG31-05012631-n] (the property of being animated)

              • animation [ENG31-05012993-n] (the property of being able to survive and grow)
              • sentience [ENG31-05013204-n] (the readiness to perceive sensations)
            • inanimateness [ENG31-05013469-n] (not having life)

              • deadness [ENG31-05013703-n] (the inanimate property of something that has died)
              • insentience [ENG31-05013933-n] (lacking consciousness or ability to perceive sensations)
            • sex [ENG31-05014082-n] (the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles)

              • maleness [ENG31-05015411-n] (the properties characteristic of the male sex)

                • virility [ENG31-05015633-n] (the masculine property of being capable of copulation and procreation)
              • androgyny [ENG31-05015930-n] (showing characteristics of both sexes)
              • femaleness [ENG31-05016127-n] (the properties characteristic of the female sex)
            • asexuality [ENG31-05015269-n] (having no evident sex or sex organs)
          • position [ENG31-05087073-n] (the arrangement of the body and its limbs)

            • order arms [ENG31-00896990-n] (a position in the manual of arms)
            • ballet position [ENG31-05087589-n] (classical position of the body and especially the feet in ballet)

              • arabesque [ENG31-05089009-n] (position in which the dancer has one leg raised behind and arms outstretched in a conventional pose)
            • decubitus [ENG31-05087733-n] (a reclining position (as in a bed))
            • eversion [ENG31-05087823-n] (the position of being turned outward)
            • lithotomy position [ENG31-05087960-n] (a position lying on your back with knees bent and thighs apart)
            • lotus position [ENG31-05088130-n] (a sitting position with the legs crossed)
            • missionary position [ENG31-05088264-n] (a position for sexual intercourse)
            • pose [ENG31-05088507-n] (a posture assumed by models for photographic or artistic purposes)
            • presentation [ENG31-05088641-n] ((obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal)
            • ectopia [ENG31-05088867-n] (abnormal position of a part or organ (especially at the time of birth))
            • asana [ENG31-05089164-n] ((Hinduism) a posture or manner of sitting (as in the practice of yoga))

              • matsyendra [ENG31-05089323-n] ((Hinduism) a religious posture)
            • guard [ENG31-05089429-n] (a posture of defence in boxing or fencing)
            • sprawl [ENG31-05089544-n] (an ungainly posture with arms and legs spread about)
            • stance [ENG31-05089714-n] (standing posture)

              • address [ENG31-05089855-n] (the stance assumed by a golfer in preparation for hitting a golf ball)
              • attention [ENG31-05089997-n] (a motionless erect stance with arms at the sides and feet together)
              • erectness [ENG31-05090261-n] (the property of being upright in posture)
            • tuck [ENG31-05090894-n] ((sports) a bodily position adopted in some sports (such as diving or skiing) in which the knees are bent and the thighs are drawn close to the chest)
        • physical property [ENG31-05016354-n] (any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions)

          • absorptivity [ENG31-05017246-n] ((physics) the property of a body that determines the fraction of the incident radiation or sound flux absorbed or absorbable by the body)
          • dissolubility [ENG31-05017498-n] (the property of being dissoluble)
          • drippiness [ENG31-05017690-n] (the physical property of being soft and drippy)
          • reflection [ENG31-05017811-n] (the ability to reflect beams or rays)

            • echo [ENG31-05017985-n] (the repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the sound waves)

              • re-echo [ENG31-05018273-n] (the echo of an echo)
            • echo [ENG31-05018346-n] (a reflected television or radio or radar beam)
          • deflection [ENG31-05018461-n] (the property of being bent or deflected)

            • windage [ENG31-05018615-n] (the deflection of a projectile resulting from the effects of wind)
            • refractivity [ENG31-05018752-n] (the physical property of a medium as determined by its index of refraction)
          • temperature [ENG31-05018974-n] (the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity))

            • absolute temperature [ENG31-05020279-n] (temperature measured on the absolute scale)
            • absolute zero [ENG31-05020388-n] ((cryogenics) the lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal))
            • Curie temperature [ENG31-05020645-n] (the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance loses its ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic)
            • flash point [ENG31-05020993-n] (the lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air)
            • freezing point [ENG31-05021151-n] (the temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid)
            • boiling point [ENG31-05021283-n] (the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level)
            • mercury [ENG31-05021492-n] (temperature measured by a mercury thermometer)
            • room temperature [ENG31-05021626-n] (the normal temperature of room in which people live)
            • simmer [ENG31-05021740-n] (temperature just below the boiling point)
            • hotness [ENG31-05023355-n] (the presence of heat)

              • calefaction [ENG31-05023635-n] (the property of being warming)
              • fieriness [ENG31-05023737-n] (the heat or the color of fire)
              • torridity [ENG31-05023851-n] (extreme heat)
              • warmth [ENG31-05023937-n] (the quality of having a moderate degree of heat)

                • lukewarmness [ENG31-05024120-n] (a warmness resembling the temperature of the skin)
              • white heat [ENG31-05024305-n] (the hotness of something heated until it turns white)
          • heat content [ENG31-05019456-n] ((thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure)
          • randomness [ENG31-05019769-n] ((thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work)

            • conformational entropy [ENG31-05020125-n] (entropy calculated from the probability that a state could be reached by chance alone)
          • perceptibility [ENG31-05024414-n] (the property of being perceptible by the mind or the senses)

            • visibility [ENG31-05024624-n] (quality or fact or degree of being visible)

              • conspicuousness [ENG31-04713435-n] (high visibility)

                • obviousness [ENG31-04713638-n] (the property of being easy to see and understand)

                  • apparentness [ENG31-04714021-n] (the property of being apparent)
                  • predomination [ENG31-04714703-n] (the quality of being more noticeable than anything else)
                • obtrusiveness [ENG31-04714404-n] (an unwelcome conspicuousness)
                • boldness [ENG31-04714546-n] (the quality of standing out strongly and distinctly)
              • visual range [ENG31-05024923-n] (distance at which a given standard object can be seen with the unaided eye)
            • audibility [ENG31-05026100-n] (quality or fact or degree of being audible or perceptible by the ear)
          • invisibility [ENG31-05025075-n] (the quality of not being perceivable by the eye)

            • inconspicuousness [ENG31-04714930-n] (the quality of being not easily seen)

              • unnoticeableness [ENG31-04715102-n] (the quality of being not easily noticed)
              • unobtrusiveness [ENG31-04715240-n] (the quality of not sticking out in an unwelcome way)
          • luminosity [ENG31-05025269-n] (the quality of being luminous)

            • illuminance [ENG31-05025708-n] (the luminous flux incident on a unit area)
            • incandescence [ENG31-05025840-n] (light from heat)
            • luminescence [ENG31-05025951-n] (light from nonthermal sources)
          • inaudibility [ENG31-05026329-n] (the quality of not being perceptible by the ear)
          • imperceptibility [ENG31-05026505-n] (the property of being imperceptible by the mind or the senses)
          • reluctivity [ENG31-05026665-n] ((physics) the resistance of a material to the establishment of a magnetic field in it)
          • sensitivity [ENG31-05026827-n] (the ability to respond to physical stimuli or to register small physical amounts or differences)

            • frequency response [ENG31-05027185-n] ((electronics) a curve representing the output-to-input ratio of a transducer as a function of frequency)
          • magnetization [ENG31-05027391-n] (the physical property of being magnetic)
          • elasticity [ENG31-05027524-n] (the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed)

            • resilience [ENG31-05027863-n] (the physical property of a material that can return to its original shape or position after deformation that does not exceed its elastic limit)
            • bounce [ENG31-05028147-n] (the quality of a substance that is able to rebound)
            • give [ENG31-05028317-n] (the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length)
            • stretch [ENG31-05028511-n] (the capacity for being stretched)
            • temper [ENG31-05028701-n] (the elasticity and hardness of a metal object)
            • elasticity of shear [ENG31-05028906-n] (the elasticity of a body that has been pulled out of shape by a shearing force)
          • malleability [ENG31-05029050-n] (the property of being physically malleable)

            • ductility [ENG31-05029339-n] (the malleability of something that can be drawn into threads or wires or hammered into thin sheets)
            • flexibility [ENG31-05029623-n] (the property of being flexible)

              • bendability [ENG31-05029875-n] (the property of being easily bent without breaking)

                • pliancy [ENG31-05030188-n] (the property of being pliant and flexible)
              • whip [ENG31-05030068-n] ((golf) the flexibility of the shaft of a golf club)
          • inelasticity [ENG31-05030399-n] (the lack of elasticity)

            • deadness [ENG31-05030570-n] (the physical property of something that has lost its elasticity)
            • stiffness [ENG31-05030757-n] (the physical property of being inflexible and hard to bend)
            • rigidity [ENG31-05030907-n] (the physical property of being stiff and resisting bending)

              • inflexibility [ENG31-05031259-n] (a lack of physical flexibility)
          • unmalleability [ENG31-05031140-n] (a lack of malleability)
          • mass [ENG31-05031420-n] (the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field)

            • body [ENG31-05031782-n] (the main mass of a thing)
            • biomass [ENG31-05031857-n] (the total mass of living matter in a given unit area)
            • critical mass [ENG31-05031963-n] (the minimum mass of fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction)
            • rest mass [ENG31-05032097-n] ((physics) the mass of a body as measured when the body is at rest relative to an observer, an inherent property of the body)
            • relativistic mass [ENG31-05032295-n] ((physics) the mass of a body in motion relative to the observer: it is equal to the rest mass multiplied by a factor that is greater than 1 and that increases as the magnitude of the velocity increases)
            • bulk [ENG31-05032579-n] (the property possessed by a large mass)
            • gravitational mass [ENG31-05032686-n] ((physics) the mass of a body as measured by its gravitational attraction for other bodies)
            • inertial mass [ENG31-05032859-n] ((physics) the mass of a body as determined by the second law of motion from the acceleration of the body when it is subjected to a force that is not due to gravity)
            • atomic mass [ENG31-05033101-n] ((chemistry) the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units)

              • equivalent [ENG31-05033674-n] (the atomic weight of an element that has the same combining capacity as a given weight of another element)
              • milliequivalent [ENG31-05033910-n] (one-thousandth of an equivalent)
            • mass energy [ENG31-05033337-n] ((physics) the mass of a body regarded relativistically as energy)
            • molecular weight [ENG31-05033478-n] ((chemistry) the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule)
            • mass defect [ENG31-11502224-n] (the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles)
          • weight [ENG31-05034009-n] (the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity)

            • body weight [ENG31-05034301-n] (the weight of a person's body)

              • reporting weight [ENG31-05034442-n] (a person's body weight (as an athlete's) at the beginning of the season (when first reporting for practice))
            • dead weight [ENG31-05034612-n] (a heavy motionless weight)
            • heaviness [ENG31-05034695-n] (the property of being comparatively great in weight)

              • heft [ENG31-05035003-n] (the property of being large in mass)
              • preponderance [ENG31-05035325-n] (exceeding in heaviness)
            • poundage [ENG31-05035514-n] (weight expressed in pounds)
            • tare [ENG31-05035595-n] (the weight of a motor vehicle, railroad car, or aircraft without its fuel or cargo)
            • throw-weight [ENG31-05035728-n] (the weight of the payload of a missile (not including the weight of the rocket))
            • lightness [ENG31-05035866-n] (the property of being comparatively small in weight)

              • airiness [ENG31-05036129-n] (the property of something weightless and insubstantial)
          • momentum [ENG31-05036303-n] (the product of a body's mass and its velocity)

            • angular momentum [ENG31-05036493-n] (the product of the momentum of a rotating body and its distance from the axis of rotation)
          • fugacity [ENG31-05063029-n] (the tendency of a gas to expand or escape)
          • length [ENG31-05136466-n] (the linear extent in space from one end to the other)

            • circumference [ENG31-05108937-n] (the length of the closed curve of a circle)
            • diameter [ENG31-05109077-n] (the length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and connecting two points on the circumference)

              • bore [ENG31-05110583-n] (diameter of a tube or gun barrel)
              • windage [ENG31-05110803-n] (the space between the projectile of a smoothbore gun and the surface of the bore of the gun)
            • radius [ENG31-05109363-n] (the length of a line segment between the center and circumference of a circle or sphere)

              • semidiameter [ENG31-05109562-n] (the apparent radius of a celestial body when viewed as a disc from the earth)
              • radius of curvature [ENG31-05109840-n] (the radius of the circle of curvature)
            • longness [ENG31-05140552-n] (the property of being of long spatial extent)

              • extension [ENG31-05140800-n] (amount or degree or range to which something extends)

                • coextension [ENG31-05141013-n] (equality of extension or duration)
              • elongation [ENG31-05141104-n] (the quality of being elongated)
            • shortness [ENG31-05141209-n] (the property of being of short spatial extent)
        • chemical property [ENG31-05016942-n] (a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity)

          • volatility [ENG31-05017105-n] (the property of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapor)
        • sustainability [ENG31-05036760-n] (the property of being sustainable)
        • strength [ENG31-05036872-n] (the property of being physically or mentally strong)

          • good part [ENG31-05037315-n] (a place of especial strength)
          • brawn [ENG31-05037584-n] (possessing muscular strength)
          • might [ENG31-05037846-n] (physical strength)
          • vigor [ENG31-05037972-n] (active strength of body or mind)
          • robustness [ENG31-05038178-n] (the property of being strong and healthy in constitution)
          • huskiness [ENG31-05038369-n] (the property of being big and strong)
          • stoutness [ENG31-05038715-n] (the property of being strong and resolute)
          • sturdiness [ENG31-05038881-n] (the property of something that is strongly built)
          • firmness [ENG31-05039004-n] (the muscle tone of healthy tissue)
          • indomitability [ENG31-05039183-n] (the property being difficult or impossible to defeat)
          • endurance [ENG31-05039720-n] (the power to withstand hardship or stress)

            • sufferance [ENG31-05039950-n] (patient endurance especially of pain or distress)
            • stamina [ENG31-05040073-n] (enduring strength and energy)

              • legs [ENG31-05040201-n] (staying power)
            • long-sufferance [ENG31-05040446-n] (patient endurance of pain or unhappiness)
            • tolerance [ENG31-05040565-n] (the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions)

              • capacity [ENG31-05040724-n] (tolerance for alcohol)
          • invulnerability [ENG31-05040836-n] (the property of being invulnerable)

            • immunity [ENG31-05041061-n] (the quality of being unaffected by something)
        • concentration [ENG31-05045748-n] (the strength of a solution)

          • titer [ENG31-05045978-n] (the concentration of a solution as determined by titration)
          • hydrogen ion concentration [ENG31-05046114-n] (the number of moles of hydrogen ions per cubic decimeter)

            • pH [ENG31-05046261-n] ((from potential of Hydrogen) the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter)

              • acidity [ENG31-05046680-n] (pH values below 7)

                • hyperacidity [ENG31-05046787-n] (excessive acidity)
              • alkalinity [ENG31-05046863-n] (pH values above 7)
              • neutrality [ENG31-05046973-n] (pH value of 7)
          • molality [ENG31-05047061-n] (concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent)
          • molarity [ENG31-05047235-n] (concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution)
        • weakness [ENG31-05047429-n] (the property of lacking physical or mental strength)

          • smallness [ENG31-05038522-n] (the property of having relatively little strength or vigor)
          • adynamia [ENG31-05047987-n] (lack of strength or vigor (especially from illness))
          • feebleness [ENG31-05048093-n] (the quality of lacking intensity or substance)
          • faintness [ENG31-05048319-n] (the property of being without strength)
          • flimsiness [ENG31-05048474-n] (the property of weakness by virtue of careless construction)
          • fragility [ENG31-05048657-n] (lack of physical strength)
          • insubstantiality [ENG31-05048749-n] (lack of solid substance and strength)
          • attenuation [ENG31-05048866-n] (the property of something that has been weakened or reduced in thickness or density)
          • enervation [ENG31-05049025-n] (lack of vitality)
          • fatigability [ENG31-05049166-n] (susceptibility to fatigue)
          • inanition [ENG31-05049292-n] (weakness characterized by a lack of vitality or energy)
          • weak part [ENG31-05049437-n] (a place of especial vulnerability)

            • Achilles' heel [ENG31-05049622-n] (a seemingly small but actual mortal weakness)
            • jugular [ENG31-05049727-n] (a vital part that is vulnerable to attack)
            • underbelly [ENG31-05049874-n] (the quality of being weak or unprotected)
          • vulnerability [ENG31-05050025-n] (susceptibility to injury or attack)

            • defenselessness [ENG31-05050245-n] (the property of being helpless in the face of attack)
            • assailability [ENG31-05050503-n] (vulnerability to forceful attack)
            • destructibility [ENG31-05050613-n] (vulnerability to destruction)
            • fragility [ENG31-05050909-n] (quality of being easily damaged or destroyed)
            • exposure [ENG31-05051127-n] (vulnerability to the elements)

              • windage [ENG31-05051366-n] (exposure to the wind (as the exposed part of a vessel's hull which is responsible for wind resistance))
              • solarization [ENG31-05051538-n] (exposure to the rays of the sun)
        • temporal property [ENG31-05051679-n] (a property relating to time)

          • temporal arrangement [ENG31-05051824-n] (arrangement of events in time)

            • sequence [ENG31-05051973-n] (a following of one thing after another in time)

              • rain [ENG31-05052359-n] (anything happening rapidly or in quick successive)
              • rotation [ENG31-05052532-n] (a planned recurrent sequence (of crops or personnel etc.))
              • row [ENG31-05052831-n] (a continuous chronological succession without an interruption)
              • run [ENG31-05052992-n] (an unbroken chronological sequence)
            • timing [ENG31-05053160-n] (the time when something happens)

              • approach [ENG31-05053622-n] (the temporal property of becoming nearer in time)
              • earliness [ENG31-05053810-n] (quality of coming early or earlier in time)

                • forwardness [ENG31-05054016-n] (an advanced stage)
                • priority [ENG31-05054430-n] (preceding in time)
              • lateness [ENG31-05054210-n] (quality of coming late or later in time)

                • posteriority [ENG31-05054768-n] (following in time)
              • punctuality [ENG31-05054929-n] (the quality or habit of adhering to an appointed time)
              • tardiness [ENG31-05055107-n] (the quality or habit of not adhering to a correct or usual or expected time)
              • simultaneity [ENG31-05055274-n] (happening or existing or done at the same time)

                • concurrence [ENG31-05055452-n] (the temporal property of two things happening at the same time)

                  • concomitance [ENG31-05055841-n] (occurrence or existence together or in connection with one another)
                  • overlap [ENG31-05055984-n] (the property of partial coincidence in time)
                  • contemporaneity [ENG31-05056099-n] (the quality of belonging to the same period of time)
                  • unison [ENG31-05056288-n] (occurring together or simultaneously)
              • seasonableness [ENG31-05056404-n] (being at the right time)
              • unseasonableness [ENG31-05056609-n] (being at an inappropriate time)
              • pastness [ENG31-05056807-n] (the quality of being past)

                • recency [ENG31-05056959-n] (a time immediately before the present)
              • futurity [ENG31-05057081-n] (the quality of being in or of the future)
              • presentness [ENG31-05057266-n] (the quality of being the present)

                • currentness [ENG31-05057530-n] (the property of belonging to the present time)

                  • modernity [ENG31-05057819-n] (the quality of being current or of the present)
              • spark advance [ENG31-05058239-n] (the timing of ignition relative to the position of the piston in an internal-combustion engine)
          • duration [ENG31-05058400-n] (continuance in time)

            • longness [ENG31-05058752-n] (duration as an extension)

              • longevity [ENG31-05058885-n] (duration of service)
            • lengthiness [ENG31-05059047-n] (the consequence of being lengthened in duration)

              • fermata [ENG31-05059394-n] ((music) a prolongation of unspecified length on a note or chord or rest)
            • endlessness [ENG31-05059538-n] (the property of being (or seeming to be) without end)

              • continuousness [ENG31-05059738-n] (the quality of something that continues without end or interruption)
            • shortness [ENG31-05059983-n] (the property of being of short temporal extent)

              • curtailment [ENG31-05141387-n] (the temporal property of being cut short)
              • briefness [ENG31-05141503-n] (the temporal property of being very short)
            • brevity [ENG31-05060193-n] (the attribute of being brief or fleeting)
            • permanence [ENG31-05060366-n] (the property of being able to exist for an indefinite duration)

              • perpetuity [ENG31-05060678-n] (the property of being perpetual (seemingly ceaseless))
              • lastingness [ENG31-05060839-n] (permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force)

                • tensile strength [ENG31-05037417-n] (the strength of material expressed as the greatest longitudinal stress it can bear without tearing apart)
                • indestructibility [ENG31-05050775-n] (the strength to resist destruction)
                • continuity [ENG31-05061281-n] (the property of a continuous and connected period of time)
                • changelessness [ENG31-05061463-n] (the property of remaining unchanged)
                • everlastingness [ENG31-05061577-n] (the property of lasting forever)
              • imperishability [ENG31-05061688-n] (the property of being resistant to decay)
              • perdurability [ENG31-05061897-n] (the property of being extremely durable)
              • immortality [ENG31-05063253-n] (the quality or state of being immortal)
            • impermanence [ENG31-05062014-n] (the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations)

              • temporariness [ENG31-05062292-n] (the property of lasting only a short time)
              • transience [ENG31-05062429-n] (an impermanence that suggests the inevitability of ending or dying)

                • fugacity [ENG31-05062654-n] (the lack of enduring qualities (used chiefly of plant parts))
                • ephemerality [ENG31-05062840-n] (the property of lasting for a very short time)
              • mortality [ENG31-05063125-n] (the quality or state of being mortal)
          • pace [ENG31-05065731-n] (the relative speed of progress or change)

            • speed [ENG31-05065291-n] (a rate (usually rapid) at which something happens)

              • haste [ENG31-05067358-n] (overly eager speed (and possible carelessness))

                • abruptness [ENG31-05067645-n] (the quality of happening with headlong haste or without warning)
              • execution speed [ENG31-05068788-n] ((computer science) the speed with which a computational device can execute instructions)
              • graduality [ENG31-05068974-n] (the quality of being gradual or of coming about by gradual stages)
            • beat [ENG31-05066044-n] (a regular rate of repetition)
            • celerity [ENG31-05066283-n] (a rate that is rapid)

              • fleetness [ENG31-05066168-n] (rapidity of movement)
              • immediacy [ENG31-05066676-n] (the quickness of action or occurrence)
              • dispatch [ENG31-05066981-n] (the property of being prompt and efficient)
              • promptness [ENG31-05067203-n] (the characteristic of doing things without delay)
            • slowness [ENG31-05069146-n] (a rate demonstrating an absence of haste or hurry)

              • leisureliness [ENG31-05069424-n] (slowness by virtue of being leisurely)
              • dilatoriness [ENG31-05069539-n] (slowness as a consequence of not getting around to it)
            • sluggishness [ENG31-05069687-n] (the pace of things that move relatively slowly)
        • viability [ENG31-05063385-n] ((of living things) capable of normal growth and development)
        • spatial property [ENG31-05069917-n] (any property relating to or occupying space)

          • dimensionality [ENG31-05070162-n] (the spatial property of having dimensions)

            • one-dimensionality [ENG31-05070387-n] (the property of having one dimension)
            • two-dimensionality [ENG31-05070518-n] (the property of having two dimensions)
            • three-dimensionality [ENG31-05070733-n] (the property of having three dimensions)

              • cubicity [ENG31-05070898-n] (the property of resembling a cube)
          • directionality [ENG31-05071022-n] (the property of being directional or maintaining a direction)
          • shape [ENG31-05071206-n] (any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline))

            • sharpness [ENG31-04712672-n] (thinness of edge or fineness of point)

              • acuteness [ENG31-04712884-n] (the quality of having a sharp edge or point)
            • dullness [ENG31-04713019-n] (without sharpness or clearness of edge or point)

              • obtuseness [ENG31-04713298-n] (the quality of lacking a sharp edge or point)
            • topography [ENG31-05071710-n] (the configuration of a surface and the relations among its man-made and natural features)
            • lobularity [ENG31-05071891-n] (the property of having lobules)
            • concavity [ENG31-05077201-n] (the property possessed by a concave shape)

              • hollowness [ENG31-05077366-n] (the property of having a sunken area)
            • convexity [ENG31-05077459-n] (the property possessed by a convex shape)

              • roundedness [ENG31-05077622-n] (the property possessed by a rounded convexity)

                • oblateness [ENG31-05077791-n] (the property possessed by a round shape that is flattened at the poles)
            • angularity [ENG31-05078018-n] (the property possessed by a shape that has angles)

              • rectangularity [ENG31-05079038-n] (the property of being shaped like a rectangle)

                • orthogonality [ENG31-05079247-n] (the quality of lying or intersecting at right angles)
                • perpendicularity [ENG31-05079377-n] (the quality of being at right angles to a given line or plane (especially the plane of the horizon))
                • squareness [ENG31-05079575-n] (the property of being shaped like a square)
              • triangularity [ENG31-05079692-n] (the property of being shaped like a triangle)
            • narrowing [ENG31-05078196-n] (an instance of becoming narrow)

              • coarctation [ENG31-05078354-n] ((biology) a narrowing or constriction of a vessel or canal)
              • taper [ENG31-05078537-n] (the property possessed by a shape that narrows toward a point (as a wedge or cone))

                • point [ENG31-05078725-n] (the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip)
                • unpointedness [ENG31-05078895-n] (the property of having only a dull tip (if any))
              • constriction [ENG31-13936007-n] (a narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel)
            • curvature [ENG31-05079832-n] (the property possessed by the curving of a line or surface)

              • curliness [ENG31-05081543-n] ((of hair) a tendency to curl)
              • straightness [ENG31-05081728-n] ((of hair) lack of a tendency to curl)
            • roundness [ENG31-05080080-n] (the property possessed by a line or surface that is curved and not angular)

              • sphericity [ENG31-05080300-n] (the roundness of a 3-dimensional object)
              • cylindricality [ENG31-05080572-n] (the roundness of a 3-dimensional cylinder)
              • circularity [ENG31-05080728-n] (the roundness of a 2-dimensional figure)

                • concentricity [ENG31-05080892-n] (the quality of having the same center (as circles inside one another))
                • eccentricity [ENG31-05081057-n] (a circularity that has a different center or deviates from a circular path)
            • straightness [ENG31-05081226-n] (freedom from crooks or curves or bends or angles)
            • crookedness [ENG31-05081387-n] (having or distinguished by crooks or curves or bends or angles)
            • stratification [ENG31-05081859-n] (a layered configuration)
          • symmetry [ENG31-05071996-n] ((mathematics) an attribute of a shape or relation)

            • regularity [ENG31-05072380-n] (a property of polygons: the property of having equal sides and equal angles)
            • bilaterality [ENG31-05072555-n] (the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane)
            • radial symmetry [ENG31-05072724-n] (the property of symmetry about an axis)
          • asymmetry [ENG31-05072886-n] ((mathematics) a lack of symmetry)

            • irregularity [ENG31-05073181-n] (an irregular asymmetry in shape)
            • lopsidedness [ENG31-05073364-n] (an oblique or slanting asymmetry)
            • radial asymmetry [ENG31-05073659-n] (the absence of symmetry about an axis)

              • directivity [ENG31-05073795-n] (the property of a microphone or antenna of being more sensitive in one direction than in another)
            • handedness [ENG31-05074176-n] (the property of using one hand more than the other)

              • ambidexterity [ENG31-05074368-n] (the property of being equally skillful with each hand)
              • left-handedness [ENG31-05074536-n] (preference for using the left hand)
              • right-handedness [ENG31-05074683-n] (preference for using the right hand)
            • footedness [ENG31-05074848-n] (the property of favoring one foot over the other (as in kicking a ball))
            • eyedness [ENG31-05074976-n] (the property of favoring one eye over the other (as in taking aim))
          • obliqueness [ENG31-05073502-n] (the property of being neither parallel nor perpendicular, but at a slanting angle)
        • magnitude [ENG31-05097645-n] (the property of relative size or extent (whether large or small))

          • absolute magnitude [ENG31-05098183-n] ((astronomy) the magnitude that a star would have if it were viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (32.62 light years) from the earth)
          • proportion [ENG31-05098398-n] (magnitude or extent)
          • order [ENG31-05098520-n] (a degree in a continuum of size or quantity)
          • dimension [ENG31-05100843-n] (the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height))

            • thickness [ENG31-05110372-n] (the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width)

              • gauge [ENG31-05110730-n] (the thickness of wire)
            • thinness [ENG31-05110948-n] (relatively small dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width)
            • width [ENG31-05143415-n] (the extent of something from side to side)

              • wideness [ENG31-05143608-n] (the property of being wide)

                • thickness [ENG31-05143927-n] (used of a line or mark)
              • beam [ENG31-05143811-n] ((nautical) breadth amidships)
              • narrowness [ENG31-05144053-n] (the property of being narrow)

                • fineness [ENG31-05144243-n] (the property of being very narrow or thin)
            • height [ENG31-05144430-n] (the vertical dimension of extension)

              • highness [ENG31-05144667-n] (the quality of being high or lofty)
              • lowness [ENG31-05144822-n] (the quality of being low)

                • squatness [ENG31-05145043-n] (the property of being short and broad)
                • shortness [ENG31-05145203-n] (the property of being truncated or short)
            • third dimension [ENG31-05145330-n] (the dimension whereby a solid object differs from a two-dimensional drawing of it)
            • fourth dimension [ENG31-15160774-n] (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event)
          • degree [ENG31-05101827-n] (the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime))
          • amplitude [ENG31-05105573-n] (greatness of magnitude)

            • signal level [ENG31-05105782-n] (the amplitude level of the desired signal)
            • noise level [ENG31-05105882-n] (the amplitude level of the undesired background noise)
          • multiplicity [ENG31-05106012-n] (the property of being multiple)
          • triplicity [ENG31-05106119-n] (the property of being triple)
          • size [ENG31-05106204-n] (the physical magnitude of something (how big it is))

            • circumference [ENG31-05108523-n] (the size of something as given by the distance around it)

              • girth [ENG31-05108669-n] (the distance around a person's body)

                • spread [ENG31-05108774-n] (the expansion of a person's girth (especially at middle age))
            • largeness [ENG31-05111246-n] (the property of having a relatively great size)

              • ampleness [ENG31-05111556-n] (the property of impressive largeness in size)
              • bulkiness [ENG31-05111721-n] (an unwieldy largeness)
              • enormousness [ENG31-05111848-n] (unusual largeness in size or extent or number)

                • enormity [ENG31-05112309-n] (vastness of size or extent)
              • capaciousness [ENG31-05112565-n] (spatial largeness and extensiveness (especially inside a building))

                • airiness [ENG31-05113045-n] (the property of something spacious and abounding in fresh air)
                • seating capacity [ENG31-05113179-n] (the number of people that can be seated in a vehicle or auditorium or stadium etc.)
              • fullness [ENG31-05113324-n] (greatness of volume)
              • gigantism [ENG31-05113520-n] (excessive largeness of stature)
            • smallness [ENG31-05113933-n] (the property of having a relatively small size)

              • diminutiveness [ENG31-05114228-n] (the property of being very small in size)
              • delicacy [ENG31-05114516-n] (smallness of stature)
              • grain [ENG31-05114622-n] (the smallest possible unit of anything)
              • puniness [ENG31-05114795-n] (smallness of stature)
              • dwarfishness [ENG31-05114968-n] (smallness of stature)
            • distance [ENG31-05136830-n] (size of the gap between two places)

              • leg [ENG31-00308002-n] ((nautical) the distance traveled by a sailing vessel on a single tack)
              • arm's length [ENG31-05137193-n] (a distance sufficient to exclude intimacy)
              • gauge [ENG31-05137293-n] (the distance between the rails of a railway or between the wheels of a train)
              • light time [ENG31-05137475-n] (distance measured in terms of the speed of light (or radio waves))
              • skip distance [ENG31-05137667-n] (the shortest distance that permits radio signals (of a given frequency) to travel from the transmitter to the receiver by reflection from the ionosphere)
              • wingspan [ENG31-05137879-n] (linear distance between the extremities of an airfoil)
              • wingspread [ENG31-05138000-n] (distance between the tips of the wings (as of a bird or insect) when fully extended)
              • altitude [ENG31-13920350-n] (the perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex (or side if parallel))
          • size [ENG31-05106493-n] (a large magnitude)
          • bulk [ENG31-05106651-n] (the property of something that is great in magnitude)

            • dollar volume [ENG31-05119608-n] (the volume measured in dollars)
          • muchness [ENG31-05106924-n] (greatness of quantity or measure or extent)
          • intensity [ENG31-05107058-n] (the amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation))

            • radio brightness [ENG31-04961589-n] (the strength of a radio wave picked up by a radio telescope)
            • threshold level [ENG31-05107418-n] (the intensity level that is just barely perceptible)
            • field strength [ENG31-05107531-n] (the vector sum of all the forces exerted by an electrical or magnetic field (on a unit mass or unit charge or unit magnetic pole) at a given point in the field)

              • magnetic field strength [ENG31-05107787-n] (the amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow)
            • candlepower [ENG31-05108013-n] (luminous intensity measured in candelas)
            • acoustic power [ENG31-05108128-n] (the physical intensity of sound)
            • half-intensity [ENG31-05108436-n] (half the maximum intensity)
          • amount [ENG31-05115065-n] (the relative magnitude of something with reference to a criterion)

            • positivity [ENG31-05115409-n] (an amount greater than zero)
            • negativity [ENG31-05115562-n] (an amount less than zero)
            • critical mass [ENG31-05115712-n] (the minimum amount (of something) required to start or maintain a venture)
            • quantity [ENG31-05116040-n] (an adequate or large amount)

              • abundance [ENG31-05122340-n] (the property of a more than adequate quantity or supply)

                • amplitude [ENG31-05122718-n] (the property of copious abundance)
                • plenty [ENG31-05122868-n] (a full supply)
                • profusion [ENG31-05123104-n] (the property of being extremely abundant)

                  • overgrowth [ENG31-05123786-n] (a profusion of growth on or over something else)
                  • greenness [ENG31-05123890-n] (the lush appearance of flourishing vegetation)
                  • wilderness [ENG31-05124030-n] (a bewildering profusion)
                • wealth [ENG31-05123428-n] (the quality of profuse abundance)
                • luxuriance [ENG31-05123543-n] (the property of being lush and abundant and a pleasure to the senses)
                • overabundance [ENG31-05126667-n] (a quantity that is more than what is appropriate)

                  • excess [ENG31-05127014-n] (a quantity much larger than is needed)
                  • glut [ENG31-05127137-n] (the quality of being so overabundant that prices fall)
                  • bellyful [ENG31-05127300-n] (an undesirable overabundance)
            • increase [ENG31-05116247-n] (the amount by which something increases)

              • amplification [ENG31-05116624-n] (the amount of increase in signal power or voltage or current expressed as the ratio of output to input)

                • loop gain [ENG31-05118548-n] ((telecommunication) the gain of a feedback amplifier or system as a function of how much output is fed back to the input)
              • fare increase [ENG31-05117286-n] (increase in the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance)
              • price increase [ENG31-05117407-n] (increase in price)
              • raise [ENG31-05117485-n] (the amount a salary is increased)
              • rise [ENG31-05117708-n] (an increase in cost)
              • supplement [ENG31-05118072-n] (a quantity added (e.g. to make up for a deficiency))
              • tax-increase [ENG31-05118288-n] (the amount by which taxes are increased)
              • up-tick [ENG31-05118441-n] (a small increase)
            • decrease [ENG31-05117108-n] (the amount by which something decreases)

              • drop [ENG31-05119135-n] (a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity)

                • correction [ENG31-05118811-n] (a drop in stock market activity or stock prices following a period of increases)
                • voltage drop [ENG31-05119004-n] (a decrease in voltage along a conductor through which current is flowing)
              • shrinkage [ENG31-05119515-n] (the amount by which something shrinks)
            • smallness [ENG31-05117883-n] (the property of being a relatively small amount)
            • insufficiency [ENG31-05120433-n] (lack of an adequate quantity or number)

              • meagerness [ENG31-05120762-n] (the quality of being meager)

                • wateriness [ENG31-05121229-n] (meagerness or poorness connoted by a superfluity of water (in a literary style as well as in a food))
                • abstemiousness [ENG31-05121562-n] (restricted to bare necessities)
                • sparseness [ENG31-05122081-n] (the property of being scanty or scattered)
              • deficit [ENG31-05121671-n] (the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required)

                • oxygen deficit [ENG31-05121952-n] (temporary oxygen shortage in cells resulting from strenuous exercise)
              • scarcity [ENG31-05124253-n] (a small and inadequate amount)

                • dearth [ENG31-05124440-n] (an insufficient quantity or number)
                • rarity [ENG31-05124537-n] (noteworthy scarcity)
              • slenderness [ENG31-05124706-n] (the quality of being slight or inadequate)
            • margin [ENG31-05127983-n] (an amount beyond the minimum necessary)

              • margin of safety [ENG31-05128135-n] (the margin required in order to insure safety)
              • narrow margin [ENG31-05128395-n] (a small margin)
            • number [ENG31-05128718-n] (the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals)

              • numerousness [ENG31-05129173-n] (a large number)

                • multitudinousness [ENG31-05129560-n] (a very large number (especially of people))
              • preponderance [ENG31-05129364-n] (a superiority in numbers or amount)
              • innumerableness [ENG31-05129684-n] (a number beyond counting)
              • majority [ENG31-05129822-n] (the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts)
              • minority [ENG31-05130115-n] (being or relating to the smaller in number of two parts)
              • fewness [ENG31-05130363-n] (the quality of being small in number)
              • roundness [ENG31-05130471-n] (the quality of being round numbers)
          • extent [ENG31-05130681-n] (the distance or area or volume over which something extends)

            • coverage [ENG31-05131025-n] (the extent to which something is covered)
            • frontage [ENG31-05131200-n] (the extent of land abutting on a street or water)
            • limit [ENG31-05131322-n] (the greatest possible degree of something)

              • knife-edge [ENG31-05131669-n] (a narrow boundary)
              • starkness [ENG31-05131799-n] (the quality of being complete or utter or extreme)
              • thermal barrier [ENG31-05132057-n] (a limit to high speed flight imposed by aerodynamic heating)
              • utmost [ENG31-05132193-n] (the greatest possible degree)
              • verge [ENG31-05132458-n] (the limit beyond which something happens or changes)
            • scope [ENG31-05132642-n] (an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet")

              • approximate range [ENG31-05133331-n] (near to the scope or range of something)
              • confines [ENG31-05133493-n] (a bounded scope)
              • contrast [ENG31-05133627-n] (the range of optical density and tone on a photographic negative or print (or the extent to which adjacent areas on a television screen differ in brightness))
              • internationality [ENG31-05133876-n] (quality of being international in scope)
              • latitude [ENG31-05134905-n] (scope for freedom of e.g. action or thought)
              • horizon [ENG31-05135047-n] (the range of interest or activity that can be anticipated)
              • sweep [ENG31-05135224-n] (a wide scope)
              • gamut [ENG31-05135361-n] (a complete extent or range: "a face that expressed a gamut of emotions")
              • spectrum [ENG31-05135484-n] (a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or activities)
              • palette [ENG31-05135635-n] (the range of colour characteristic of a particular artist or painting or school of art)
            • area [ENG31-05135784-n] (the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary)

              • acreage [ENG31-05136135-n] (an area of ground used for some particular purpose (such as building or farming))
              • footprint [ENG31-05136319-n] (the area taken up by some object)
              • erasure [ENG31-06400873-n] (a surface area where something has been erased)
              • space [ENG31-06401196-n] (a blank area)

                • margin [ENG31-06401041-n] (the blank space that surrounds the text on a page)
                • indentation [ENG31-06401396-n] (the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line)
              • space [ENG31-06875252-n] (one of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff)
              • balk [ENG31-08533228-n] (the area on a billiard table behind the balkline)
              • section [ENG31-08665728-n] ((geometry) the area created by a plane cutting through a solid)

                • cross section [ENG31-08565640-n] (a section created by a plane cutting a solid perpendicular to its longest axis)

                  • profile [ENG31-08565990-n] (a vertical section of the Earth's crust showing the different horizons or layers)

                    • soil profile [ENG31-08566180-n] (a vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the parent rock)
            • length [ENG31-05140372-n] (the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end)
            • depth [ENG31-05141812-n] (the extent downward or backward or inward)

              • deepness [ENG31-05142145-n] (the quality of being physically deep)

                • bottomlessness [ENG31-05142847-n] (the property of being very deep)
              • draft [ENG31-05142420-n] (the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded))
              • penetration [ENG31-05142553-n] (the depth to which something penetrates (especially the depth reached by a projectile that hits a target))
              • sounding [ENG31-05142716-n] (a measure of the depth of water taken with a sounding line)
              • shallowness [ENG31-05142990-n] (the quality of lacking physical depth)

                • superficiality [ENG31-05143216-n] (shallowness in terms of affecting only surface layers of something)
        • degree [ENG31-05101152-n] (a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality)

          • quality [ENG31-04735326-n] (a degree or grade of excellence or worth)

            • superiority [ENG31-04735634-n] (the quality of being superior)

              • fineness [ENG31-04735862-n] (the quality of being very good indeed)
              • first class [ENG31-04737449-n] (the highest rank in a classification)
              • first water [ENG31-04737543-n] (the highest quality gems)
              • ingenuity [ENG31-04737625-n] (the property of being ingenious)
            • inferiority [ENG31-04737838-n] (an inferior quality)

              • poorness [ENG31-04738055-n] (the quality of being poorly made or maintained)
              • scrawniness [ENG31-04738225-n] (the property of being stunted and inferior in size or quality)
              • second class [ENG31-04738447-n] (not the highest quality in a classification)
              • wretchedness [ENG31-04738549-n] (the quality of being poor and inferior and sorry)
          • intensity [ENG31-05043549-n] (high level or degree)

            • force [ENG31-05042508-n] (physical energy or intensity)

              • brunt [ENG31-05042867-n] (main force of a blow etc)
              • momentum [ENG31-05042975-n] (an impelling force or strength)
              • energy [ENG31-05043116-n] (forceful exertion)

                • athleticism [ENG31-05043392-n] (intense energy)
            • badness [ENG31-05043870-n] (used of the degree of something undesirable e.g. pain or weather)

              • foulness [ENG31-05044192-n] ((of weather) the badness of the weather)
              • seriousness [ENG31-05044352-n] (the quality of arousing fear or distress)
            • vehemence [ENG31-05044549-n] (intensity or forcefulness of expression)

              • overemphasis [ENG31-05044892-n] (too much emphasis)
            • top [ENG31-05044772-n] (the greatest possible intensity)
            • ferocity [ENG31-05044968-n] (the property of being wild or turbulent)

              • savageness [ENG31-05045406-n] (the property of being untamed and ferocious)
          • grind [ENG31-05101686-n] (the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground)
          • depth [ENG31-05101987-n] (degree of psychological or intellectual profundity)

            • profundity [ENG31-05102125-n] (intellectual depth)
            • superficiality [ENG31-05102373-n] (lack of depth of knowledge or thought or feeling)

              • glibness [ENG31-05102586-n] (a kind of fluent easy superficiality)
              • sciolism [ENG31-05102823-n] (pretentious superficiality of knowledge)
          • highness [ENG31-05104623-n] (a high degree (of amount or force etc.))
          • high [ENG31-05104798-n] (a lofty level or position or degree)
          • low [ENG31-05104968-n] (a low level or position or degree)
          • lowness [ENG31-05105107-n] (a low or small degree of any quality (amount or force or temperature etc.))
          • extreme [ENG31-05105361-n] (the furthest or highest degree of something)
          • amplitude level [ENG31-05105687-n] (the level on a scale of amplitude)
          • moderation [ENG31-05124960-n] (quality of being moderate and avoiding extremes)

            • golden mean [ENG31-05125277-n] (the middle between extremes)
            • reasonableness [ENG31-05125362-n] (moderation in expectations)
          • immoderation [ENG31-05125551-n] (the quality of being excessive and lacking in moderation)

            • excess [ENG31-05125737-n] (immoderation as a consequence of going beyond sufficient or permitted limits)

              • extravagance [ENG31-05126162-n] (the quality of exceeding the appropriate limits of decorum or probability or truth)
              • exorbitance [ENG31-05126396-n] (excessive excess)
              • overplus [ENG31-05127416-n] (extreme excess)

                • redundancy [ENG31-05127610-n] (the attribute of being superfluous and unneeded)

                  • fifth wheel [ENG31-05127864-n] (someone or something that is unwanted and unneeded)
          • sun protection factor [ENG31-05126007-n] (the degree to which a sunscreen protects the skin from the direct rays of the sun)
        • size [ENG31-05102953-n] (the property resulting from being one of a series of graduated measurements (as of clothing))

          • extra large [ENG31-05103357-n] (a garment size for a very large person)
          • large [ENG31-05103453-n] (a garment size for a large person)
          • number [ENG31-05103556-n] (a clothing measurement)
          • octavo [ENG31-05103670-n] (the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper three times to form eight leaves)
          • outsize [ENG31-05103839-n] (an unusual garment size (especially one that is very large))
          • petite [ENG31-05103970-n] (a garment size for short or slender women)
          • quarto [ENG31-05104082-n] (the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper twice to form four leaves)
          • regular [ENG31-05104234-n] (a garment size for persons of average height and weight)
          • small [ENG31-05104343-n] (a garment size for a small person)
          • stout [ENG31-05104428-n] (a garment size for a large or heavy person)
          • tall [ENG31-05104540-n] (a garment size for a tall person)
        • hydrophobicity [ENG31-05203488-n] (the property of being water-repellent)
        • analyticity [ENG31-05215958-n] (the property of being analytic)
        • compositeness [ENG31-05216064-n] (the property of being a composite number)
        • primality [ENG31-05216164-n] (the property of being a prime number)
        • selectivity [ENG31-05216256-n] (the property of being selective)
        • vascularity [ENG31-05221737-n] (the property being vascular)
        • solvability [ENG31-05222751-n] (the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it possible to solve)
        • unsolvability [ENG31-05222967-n] (the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it impossible to solve)
      • inheritance [ENG31-04928188-n] (any attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors)

        • birthright [ENG31-04928485-n] (personal characteristics that are inherited at birth)
        • background [ENG31-04928594-n] (a person's social heritage: previous experience or training)
        • birthright [ENG31-04928753-n] (a right or privilege that you are entitled to at birth)
        • upbringing [ENG31-04928931-n] (properties acquired during a person's formative years)

          • education [ENG31-04929077-n] (the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior))
          • raising [ENG31-04929290-n] (the properties acquired as a consequence of the way you were treated as a child)
      • depth [ENG31-05141618-n] (the attribute or quality of being deep, strong, or intense)
    • group [ENG31-00031563-n] (any number of entities (members) considered as a unit)

      • arrangement [ENG31-07955013-n] (an orderly grouping (of things or persons) considered as a unit)

        • lash-up [ENG31-03649562-n] (any improvised arrangement for temporary use)
        • scaffold [ENG31-04148488-n] (a temporary arrangement erected around a building for convenience of workers)
        • array [ENG31-07955622-n] (an orderly arrangement)

          • table [ENG31-08283156-n] (a set of data arranged in rows and columns)

            • correlation table [ENG31-06040436-n] (a two-way tabulation of the relations between correlates)
            • contents [ENG31-06501650-n] (a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start)
            • actuarial table [ENG31-08283463-n] (a table of statistical data)

              • mortality table [ENG31-08283590-n] (an actuarial table indicating life expectancy and probability of death as a function or age and sex and occupation etc)
            • calendar [ENG31-08283770-n] (a tabular array of the days (usually for one year))

              • perpetual calendar [ENG31-08283929-n] (a chart or mechanical device that indicates the days of the week corresponding to any given date over a long period of years)
            • file allocation table [ENG31-08284118-n] (the part of a floppy disk or hard disk where information is stored about the location of each piece of information on the disk (and about the location of unusable areas of the disk))
            • periodic table [ENG31-08284367-n] ((chemistry) a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic number as based on the periodic law)
          • matrix [ENG31-08284561-n] ((mathematics) a rectangular array of quantities or expressions set out by rows and columns)

            • correlation matrix [ENG31-06039579-n] (a matrix giving the correlations between all pairs of data sets)
            • dot matrix [ENG31-08284877-n] (a rectangular matrix of dots from which written characters can be formed)
            • square matrix [ENG31-08285006-n] (a matrix with the same number of rows and columns)

              • diagonal matrix [ENG31-08285883-n] (a square matrix with all elements not on the main diagonal equal to zero)

                • scalar matrix [ENG31-08286035-n] (a diagonal matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are equal)

                  • identity matrix [ENG31-08286178-n] (a scalar matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are unity)
              • determinant [ENG31-08286317-n] (a square matrix used to solve simultaneous equations)
              • Latin square [ENG31-08286427-n] (a square matrix of n rows and columns)
              • magic square [ENG31-08286628-n] (a square matrix of n rows and columns)
              • nonsingular matrix [ENG31-08286860-n] (a square matrix whose determinant is not zero)
              • singular matrix [ENG31-08287090-n] (a square matrix whose determinant is zero)
            • real matrix [ENG31-08286988-n] (a matrix whose elements are all real numbers)
            • transpose [ENG31-08287211-n] (a matrix formed by interchanging the rows and columns of a given matrix)
          • row [ENG31-08450457-n] (a linear array of numbers, letters, or symbols side by side)
          • column [ENG31-08450585-n] (a vertical array of numbers or other information)
          • panoply [ENG31-08478992-n] (a complete and impressive array)
          • bank [ENG31-08479077-n] (an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers)
          • spectrum [ENG31-11440945-n] (an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave)

            • absorption spectrum [ENG31-11441328-n] (the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths)
            • action spectrum [ENG31-11441732-n] (the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation)
            • atomic spectrum [ENG31-11446402-n] ((physics) a spectrum of radiation caused by electron transitions within an atom)
            • electromagnetic spectrum [ENG31-11471859-n] (the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves)
            • emission spectrum [ENG31-11472361-n] (spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a self-luminous source)
            • infrared spectrum [ENG31-11490091-n] (the spectrum of infrared radiation)
            • line spectrum [ENG31-11495876-n] (a spectrum in which energy is concentrated at particular wavelengths)
            • mass spectrum [ENG31-11521097-n] (a distribution of ions as shown by a mass spectrograph or a mass spectrometer)
            • microwave spectrum [ENG31-11521234-n] (the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to microwaves)
            • radio spectrum [ENG31-11521386-n] (the entire spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies used for communications)
            • sound spectrum [ENG31-11531132-n] (the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source)

              • speech spectrum [ENG31-11531314-n] (the average sound spectrum for the human voice)
            • ultraviolet spectrum [ENG31-11542758-n] (the spectrum of ultraviolet radiation)
            • visible spectrum [ENG31-11543802-n] (the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism)
        • classification [ENG31-07955878-n] (a group of people or things arranged by class or category)

          • dichotomy [ENG31-07956120-n] (being twofold)
          • trichotomy [ENG31-07956361-n] (being threefold)
        • estivation [ENG31-07963655-n] ((botany) the arrangement of sepals and petals in a flower bud before it opens)
        • tableau [ENG31-08389642-n] (a group of people attractively arranged (as if in a painting))
        • venation [ENG31-08390171-n] ((botany) the arrangement of veins in a leaf)
        • vernation [ENG31-08390307-n] ((botany) the arrangement of young leaves in a leaf bud before it opens)
        • formation [ENG31-08443418-n] (an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit)

          • flight [ENG31-08237455-n] (a formation of aircraft in flight)
          • military formation [ENG31-08443773-n] (a formation of troops)

            • open order [ENG31-08443950-n] (a military formation leaving enough space between ranks to allow an inspecting officer to pass)
            • close order [ENG31-08444120-n] (a military formation for drill or marching)
            • extended order [ENG31-08444239-n] (a military formation for skirmishing)
            • sick call [ENG31-08444410-n] (the daily military formation at which individuals report to the medical officer as sick)
          • backfield [ENG31-08446701-n] (the offensive football players who line up behind the linemen)
          • secondary [ENG31-08446856-n] (the defensive football players who line up behind the linemen)
          • line [ENG31-08447160-n] (a formation of people or things one behind another)

            • diagonal [ENG31-08287338-n] (an oblique line of squares of the same color on a checkerboard)

              • main diagonal [ENG31-08285557-n] (the diagonal of a square matrix running from the upper left entry to the lower right entry)
              • secondary diagonal [ENG31-08285728-n] (the diagonal of a square matrix running from the lower left entry to the upper right entry)
            • file [ENG31-08445713-n] (a line of persons or things ranged one behind the other)

              • snake dance [ENG31-08445901-n] (a group advancing in a single-file serpentine path)
              • column [ENG31-08446009-n] (a line of units following one after another)
            • line of march [ENG31-08447897-n] (the arrangement of people in a line for marching)
            • line of succession [ENG31-08448005-n] (the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position)
            • picket line [ENG31-08448355-n] (a line of people acting as pickets)
            • conga line [ENG31-08449159-n] (a line of people in single file performing the conga dance)
            • trap line [ENG31-08449274-n] (a line or series of traps)
            • queue [ENG31-08449355-n] (a line of people or vehicles waiting for something)

              • breadline [ENG31-08449616-n] (a queue of people waiting for free food)
              • checkout line [ENG31-08449724-n] (a queue of people waiting to pay for purchases)
              • chow line [ENG31-08449830-n] (a queue of people waiting for food to be served (especially at a military camp))
              • gas line [ENG31-08449984-n] (a queue of vehicles waiting to purchase gasoline)
              • reception line [ENG31-08450087-n] (a line of people (hosts and guests of honor) who welcome the guests at a reception party)
              • ticket line [ENG31-08450255-n] (a queue of people waiting to buy tickets)
              • unemployment line [ENG31-08450353-n] (a queue of people waiting for employment)
          • line [ENG31-08447525-n] (a formation of people or things one beside another)

            • rivet line [ENG31-04102819-n] (a line of rivets at a seam)
            • chorus [ENG31-08205379-n] (a body of dancers or singers who perform together)

              • corps de ballet [ENG31-08206019-n] (the chorus of a ballet company)
            • linemen [ENG31-08447011-n] (the football players who line up on the line of scrimmage)
            • lineup [ENG31-08448162-n] (a line of persons arranged by police for inspection or identification)
            • row [ENG31-08448447-n] (an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line)

              • serration [ENG31-08448610-n] (a row of notches)
              • terrace [ENG31-08448731-n] (a row of houses built in a similar style and having common dividing walls (or the street on which they face))
            • rank [ENG31-08448952-n] (a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another)
          • center [ENG31-08498843-n] (the middle of a military or naval formation)
          • flank [ENG31-08499124-n] (the side of military or naval formation)
          • head [ENG31-08499282-n] (the front of a military formation or procession)
          • rear [ENG31-08499711-n] (the back of a military formation or procession)
        • ordering [ENG31-08474004-n] (logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements)

          • bacteria order [ENG31-01354600-n] (an order of bacteria)
          • word order [ENG31-06401590-n] (the order of words in a text)
          • genetic code [ENG31-08474380-n] (the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells)

            • triplet code [ENG31-08474800-n] (the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid)
          • genome [ENG31-08474554-n] (the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism)
          • series [ENG31-08474987-n] (similar things placed in order or happening one after another)

            • chain [ENG31-08392981-n] (a series of things depending on each other as if linked together)

              • catena [ENG31-08393257-n] (a chain of connected ideas or passages or objects so arranged that each member is closely related to the preceding and following members (especially a series of patristic comments elucidating Christian dogma))
              • daisy chain [ENG31-08393554-n] ((figurative) a series of associated things or people or experiences)
            • cordon [ENG31-08393679-n] (a series of sentinels or of military posts enclosing or guarding some place or thing)
            • course [ENG31-08393816-n] (a connected series of events or actions or developments)

              • stream [ENG31-08478606-n] (dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas)
            • cycle [ENG31-08394063-n] (a series of poems or songs on the same theme)
            • electromotive series [ENG31-08394185-n] (a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions)
            • hierarchy [ENG31-08394537-n] (a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system)

              • celestial hierarchy [ENG31-08394797-n] (the collective body of angels)
              • data hierarchy [ENG31-08394911-n] (an arrangement of data consisting of sets and subsets such that every subset of a set is of lower rank than the set)
              • taxonomy [ENG31-08395087-n] (a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc)
            • nexus [ENG31-08475844-n] (a connected series or group)
            • progression [ENG31-08475923-n] (a series with a definite pattern of advance)

              • arithmetic progression [ENG31-08477935-n] ((mathematics) a progression in which a constant is added to each term in order to obtain the next term)
              • geometric progression [ENG31-08478183-n] ((mathematics) a progression in which each term is multiplied by a constant in order to obtain the next term)
              • harmonic progression [ENG31-08478435-n] ((mathematics) a progression of terms whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression)
            • rash [ENG31-08476098-n] (a series of unexpected and unpleasant occurrences)
            • sequence [ENG31-08476263-n] (serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern)

              • gene [ENG31-05444328-n] ((genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain)

                • dominant gene [ENG31-05445176-n] (gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical)
                • allele [ENG31-05445361-n] ((genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character)

                  • dominant allele [ENG31-05445706-n] (an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different)
                  • recessive allele [ENG31-05445891-n] (an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical)
                • genetic marker [ENG31-05446059-n] (a specific gene that produces a recognizable trait and can be used in family or population studies)
                • homeotic gene [ENG31-05446218-n] (one the genes that are involved in embryologic development)

                  • homeobox [ENG31-05446354-n] (one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development)
                • lethal gene [ENG31-05446532-n] (any gene that has an effect that causes the death of the organism at any stage of life)
                • linkage group [ENG31-05446676-n] (any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together)
                • modifier [ENG31-05446862-n] (a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene)
                • mutant gene [ENG31-05446989-n] (a gene that has changed so that the normal transmission and expression of a trait is affected)

                  • cystic fibrosis transport regulator [ENG31-05447386-n] (the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis)
                • nonallele [ENG31-05447518-n] (genes that are not competitors at the same locus)
                • operator gene [ENG31-05447622-n] (a gene that activates the production of messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes)
                • oncogene [ENG31-05447986-n] (a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells)
                • polygene [ENG31-05448131-n] (a gene that by itself has little effect on the phenotype but which can act together with others to produce observable variations)
                • proto-oncogene [ENG31-05448332-n] (a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene)
                • recessive gene [ENG31-05448451-n] (gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical)
                • regulatory gene [ENG31-05448629-n] (a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene)
                • repressor gene [ENG31-05448800-n] (gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed)
                • structural gene [ENG31-05448914-n] (a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide)
                • suppressor [ENG31-05449044-n] (a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene))

                  • tumor suppressor gene [ENG31-05449382-n] (a suppressor gene that blocks unscheduled cell division)
                • transgene [ENG31-05449262-n] (an exogenous gene introduced into the genome of another organism)
                • X-linked gene [ENG31-05449505-n] (a gene located on an X chromosome)
                • Y-linked gene [ENG31-05449598-n] (a gene located on a Y chromosome)
              • string [ENG31-07026665-n] (a linear sequence (as of characters, words, proteins, etc.))

                • extension [ENG31-06346173-n] (a string of characters beginning with a period and followed by one or more letters)
                • string of words [ENG31-07026850-n] (a linear sequence of words as spoken or written)

                  • sentence [ENG31-06295743-n] (a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language)

                    • simple sentence [ENG31-06296088-n] (a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses)
                    • complex sentence [ENG31-06296212-n] (a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause)

                      • loose sentence [ENG31-06296442-n] (a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows)
                      • periodic sentence [ENG31-06296593-n] (a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause)
                    • compound sentence [ENG31-06296753-n] (a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses)
                    • declarative sentence [ENG31-06613256-n] (a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration)
                    • run-on sentence [ENG31-06613406-n] (an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction)
                    • topic sentence [ENG31-06613570-n] (a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph)
                    • question [ENG31-07211342-n] (a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply)

                      • cross-question [ENG31-07210290-n] (a question asked in cross-examination)
                      • leading question [ENG31-07210425-n] (a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer)
                      • yes-no question [ENG31-07210629-n] (a question that can be answered by yes or no)
                  • syntagma [ENG31-06324447-n] (a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit)

                    • constituent [ENG31-06323956-n] ((grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction)

                      • subject [ENG31-06320921-n] ((grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence)
                      • object [ENG31-06321227-n] ((grammar) a constituent that is acted upon)

                        • prepositional object [ENG31-06321439-n] (the object governed by a preposition)
                        • direct object [ENG31-06321568-n] (the object that receives the direct action of the verb)
                        • indirect object [ENG31-06321703-n] (the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb)
                        • retained object [ENG31-06321838-n] (an object in a passive construction)
                      • ablative absolute [ENG31-06323602-n] (a constituent in Latin grammar)
                      • immediate constituent [ENG31-06324290-n] (a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate)
                      • construction [ENG31-06324641-n] (a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit)

                        • adjunct [ENG31-06323757-n] (a construction that can be used to extend the meaning of a word or phrase but is not one of the main constituents of a sentence)

                          • parenthetical expression [ENG31-06326866-n] (an expression in parentheses)
                        • clause [ENG31-06325134-n] ((grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate functioning as a part of a complex sentence)

                          • main clause [ENG31-06325416-n] (a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence)
                          • coordinate clause [ENG31-06325588-n] (a clause in a complex sentence that is grammatically equivalent to the main clause and that performs the same grammatical function)
                          • subordinate clause [ENG31-06325801-n] (a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb)

                            • restrictive clause [ENG31-06326294-n] (a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies)
                            • nonrestrictive clause [ENG31-06326447-n] (a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies)
                          • relative clause [ENG31-06326089-n] (a clause introduced by a relative pronoun)
                        • complement [ENG31-06326631-n] (a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction)
                        • involution [ENG31-06326748-n] (a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction)
                        • phrase [ENG31-06327041-n] (an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence)

                          • noun phrase [ENG31-06327473-n] (a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb)
                          • predicate [ENG31-06327619-n] (one of the two main constituents of a sentence)
                          • prepositional phrase [ENG31-06328240-n] (a phrase beginning with a preposition)
                          • pronominal phrase [ENG31-06328344-n] (a phrase that functions as a pronoun)
                          • response [ENG31-06397225-n] (a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister)
                          • catchphrase [ENG31-07167171-n] (a phrase that has become a catchword)
                        • predicator [ENG31-06327369-n] (an expression that predicates)
                      • misconstruction [ENG31-06325026-n] (an ungrammatical constituent)
                      • term [ENG31-06764688-n] (one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition)

                        • subject [ENG31-06321115-n] ((logic) the first term of a proposition)
                        • predicate [ENG31-06327806-n] ((logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition)
                        • referent [ENG31-06615595-n] (the first term in a proposition)
                        • relatum [ENG31-06615719-n] (a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition)
                        • categorem [ENG31-06765124-n] (a categorematic expression)
                        • major term [ENG31-06767369-n] (the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion)
                        • minor term [ENG31-06767527-n] (the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion)
                        • middle term [ENG31-06767683-n] (the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion)
                • substring [ENG31-07027047-n] (a string that is part of a longer string)
              • combination [ENG31-08390471-n] (a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock)
              • combination [ENG31-08390650-n] (a coordinated sequence of chess moves)
              • Fibonacci sequence [ENG31-08390745-n] (a sequence of numbers in which each number equals the sum of the two preceding numbers)
              • codon [ENG31-14840571-n] (a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid)
            • string [ENG31-08476659-n] (a sequentially ordered set of things or events or ideas in which each successive member is related to the preceding)
            • succession [ENG31-08476919-n] (a group of people or things arranged or following in order)

              • cascade [ENG31-08477163-n] (a succession of stages or operations or processes or units)
              • parade [ENG31-08477406-n] (an extended (often showy) succession of persons or things)
              • streak [ENG31-08477596-n] (an unbroken series of events)

                • losing streak [ENG31-08477780-n] (a streak of losses)
                • winning streak [ENG31-08477858-n] (a streak of wins)
            • wave train [ENG31-08478886-n] (a succession of waves spaced at regular intervals)
            • helium group [ENG31-14648837-n] (the series of inert gases)
            • actinide series [ENG31-14649288-n] ((chemistry) a series of 15 radioactive elements with increasing atomic numbers from actinium to lawrencium)
            • lanthanide series [ENG31-14649475-n] (the rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71)
      • straggle [ENG31-07955399-n] (a wandering or disorderly grouping (of things or persons))
      • kingdom [ENG31-07956688-n] (a basic group of natural objects)

        • mineral kingdom [ENG31-07957285-n] (all inorganic objects)
      • biological group [ENG31-07957410-n] (a group of plants or animals)

        • genotype [ENG31-07957645-n] (a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution)

          • biotype [ENG31-07957814-n] (organisms sharing a specified genotype or the genotype (or peculiarities) so shared)
        • clade [ENG31-08008750-n] (a group of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor)
        • taxonomic group [ENG31-08008892-n] (animal or plant group having natural relations)

          • Adapid [ENG31-02498841-n] (extinct small mostly diurnal lower primates that fed on leaves and fruit)
          • Omomyid [ENG31-02503380-n] (extinct tiny nocturnal lower primates that fed on fruit and insects)
          • kingdom [ENG31-07956792-n] (the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped)

            • Animalia [ENG31-01315584-n] (taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals)
            • Monera [ENG31-01344517-n] (prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens)
            • Protoctista [ENG31-01389135-n] (in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista)
            • Plantae [ENG31-11550054-n] ((botany) the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants)
            • Fungi [ENG31-13013224-n] (the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools)
          • subkingdom [ENG31-07957105-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group comprising a major division of a kingdom)

            • Parazoa [ENG31-01908969-n] (multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa)
            • Metazoa [ENG31-01911344-n] (multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system)
          • variety [ENG31-08118051-n] ((biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics)

            • breed [ENG31-08118376-n] (a special variety of domesticated animals within a species)

              • bloodstock [ENG31-08118721-n] (thoroughbred horses (collectively))
              • pedigree [ENG31-08118812-n] (line of descent of a purebred animal)
          • phylum [ENG31-08119521-n] ((biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants)

            • Pyrrophyta [ENG31-01391633-n] (a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds)
            • Protozoa [ENG31-01391829-n] (in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom)
            • Cryptophyta [ENG31-01423653-n] (a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista)
            • Chordata [ENG31-01468635-n] (comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord)
            • Cephalochordata [ENG31-01469821-n] (lancelets)
            • Urochordata [ENG31-01470627-n] (tunicates)
            • Vertebrata [ENG31-01473711-n] (fishes)
            • Arthropoda [ENG31-01769840-n] (jointed-foot invertebrates: arachnids)
            • Pentastomida [ENG31-01791371-n] (tongue worms)
            • Porifera [ENG31-01909193-n] (coextensive with the subkingdom Parazoa: sponges)
            • Cnidaria [ENG31-01911752-n] (hydras)
            • Ctenophora [ENG31-01920951-n] (comb jellies)
            • Acanthocephala [ENG31-01925812-n] (phylum or class of elongated wormlike parasites that live in the intestines of vertebrates: spiny-headed worms)
            • Chaetognatha [ENG31-01926278-n] (arrowworms: a group of small active transparent marine worms)
            • Platyhelminthes [ENG31-01927231-n] (flatworms)
            • Nemertea [ENG31-01931001-n] (proboscis worms)
            • Pogonophora [ENG31-01931378-n] (beard worms)
            • Rotifera [ENG31-01931688-n] (a phylum including: rotifers)
            • Nematoda [ENG31-01932037-n] (unsegmented worms: roundworms)
            • Annelida [ENG31-01936848-n] (segmented worms: earthworms)
            • Mollusca [ENG31-01943129-n] (gastropods)
            • Phoronida [ENG31-02315847-n] (small phylum of wormlike marine animals)
            • Bryozoa [ENG31-02316147-n] (marine or freshwater animals that form colonies of zooids)
            • Ectoprocta [ENG31-02316653-n] (coextensive with or a subphylum of Bryozoa)
            • Entoprocta [ENG31-02316973-n] (sometimes considered a subphylum of Bryozoa)
            • Cycliophora [ENG31-02317369-n] (tiny marine organisms each the size of a period found in great numbers on lobsters' lips)
            • Brachiopoda [ENG31-02317961-n] (marine invertebrates that resemble mollusks)
            • Sipuncula [ENG31-02318348-n] (peanut worms)
            • Echinodermata [ENG31-02319044-n] (radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers)
            • division [ENG31-08237812-n] ((botany) taxonomic unit of plants corresponding to a phylum)

              • Protista [ENG31-01389849-n] (eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae)
              • Thallophyta [ENG31-11551908-n] (used only in former classifications: comprising what is now considered a heterogeneous assemblage of flowerless and seedless organisms: algae)
              • Tracheophyta [ENG31-11554885-n] (in former classifications: comprising plants with a vascular system including ferns and fern allies as well as seed plants)
              • Bryophyta [ENG31-11557229-n] (a division of nonflowering plants characterized by rhizoids rather than true roots and having little or no organized vascular tissue and showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms)
              • Pteridophyta [ENG31-11565220-n] (containing all the vascular plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns)
              • Spermatophyta [ENG31-11571662-n] (seed plants)
              • Phanerogamae [ENG31-11572110-n] (in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all seed-bearing plants)
              • Cryptogamia [ENG31-11572349-n] (in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi)
              • Pteropsida [ENG31-11685128-n] (used in former classifications to include all ferns and flowering plants and divided into the three classes Filicinae and Gymnospermae and Angiospermae)
              • Zygomycota [ENG31-12993174-n] (division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores)
              • Myxomycota [ENG31-12995967-n] (slime molds)
              • Mastigomycota [ENG31-12997745-n] (fungi in which the spores and gametes are motile)
              • Lichenes [ENG31-13007207-n] (comprising the lichens which grow symbiotically with algae)
              • Eumycota [ENG31-13015739-n] (true fungi)
              • Deuteromycota [ENG31-13016484-n] (large and heterogeneous form division of fungi comprising forms for which no sexually reproductive stage is known)
              • Basidiomycota [ENG31-13016985-n] (comprises fungi bearing the spores on a basidium)
              • Ascomycota [ENG31-13044052-n] (a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes)
              • Lycophyta [ENG31-13242141-n] (used in some classifications for the class Lycopsida: club mosses)
          • subphylum [ENG31-08120265-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and a class)
          • superphylum [ENG31-08120423-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and below a class or subclass)
          • class [ENG31-08120743-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders)

            • Schizomycetes [ENG31-01360776-n] (a former classification)
            • class Cyanobacteria [ENG31-01360900-n] (photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins)
            • Sarcodina [ENG31-01392516-n] (characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda)
            • Actinopoda [ENG31-01392928-n] (heliozoans)
            • Rhizopoda [ENG31-01393815-n] (creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers)
            • Ciliata [ENG31-01397542-n] (class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle)
            • Infusoria [ENG31-01398172-n] (in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter)
            • Chrysophyceae [ENG31-01403216-n] (all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length)
            • Xanthophyceae [ENG31-01403413-n] (yellow-green algae)
            • Bacillariophyceae [ENG31-01403532-n] (marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms)
            • Phaeophyceae [ENG31-01404810-n] (brown algae)
            • Cyclosporeae [ENG31-01406609-n] (in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales)
            • Euglenophyceae [ENG31-01408903-n] (coextensive with the division Euglenophyta)
            • Chlorophyceae [ENG31-01410106-n] (algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments)
            • Ulvophyceae [ENG31-01410729-n] (alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications)
            • Charophyceae [ENG31-01414726-n] (in some classifications: contains only the order Charales)
            • Rhodophyceae [ENG31-01416385-n] (coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae)
            • Mastigophora [ENG31-01418995-n] (protozoa having flagella)
            • Zoomastigina [ENG31-01420878-n] (in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista)
            • Phytomastigina [ENG31-01423296-n] (plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll)
            • Cryptophyceae [ENG31-01423805-n] (motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae)
            • Sporozoa [ENG31-01424137-n] (strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile)
            • Telosporidia [ENG31-01425235-n] (parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites)
            • Acnidosporidia [ENG31-01428458-n] (a subclass of Sporozoa)
            • Cnidosporidia [ENG31-01429425-n] (single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates)
            • Ascidiaceae [ENG31-01471173-n] (sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts)
            • Thaliacea [ENG31-01471863-n] (small class of free-swimming tunicates)
            • Larvacea [ENG31-01472928-n] (small free-swimming tunicates)
            • Agnatha [ENG31-01476631-n] (superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys)
            • Gnathostomata [ENG31-01482284-n] (comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws)
            • Placodermi [ENG31-01482578-n] (extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws)
            • Chondrichthyes [ENG31-01482977-n] (cartilaginous fishes)
            • Holocephali [ENG31-01483356-n] (chimaeras and extinct forms)
            • Elasmobranchii [ENG31-01484240-n] (sharks)
            • Aves [ENG31-01504903-n] ((ornithology) the class of birds)
            • Archaeornithes [ENG31-01518452-n] (primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous)
            • amphibia [ENG31-01628388-n] (the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water)
            • Reptilia [ENG31-01663360-n] (class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates)
            • Anapsida [ENG31-01664045-n] (oldest known reptiles)
            • Lepidosauria [ENG31-01675408-n] (diapsid reptiles: lizards)
            • Archosauria [ENG31-01697900-n] (a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles)
            • Synapsida [ENG31-01721816-n] (extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals)
            • Chelicerata [ENG31-01771043-n] (spiders)
            • Arachnida [ENG31-01771610-n] (a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs)
            • superclass Myriapoda [ENG31-01785316-n] (used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda))
            • Pauropoda [ENG31-01785846-n] (an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs)
            • Symphyla [ENG31-01786025-n] (small class of minute arthropods)
            • Tardigrada [ENG31-01786577-n] (in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needlelike piercing organs connected with the pharynx)
            • Chilopoda [ENG31-01787068-n] (arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes)
            • Diplopoda [ENG31-01789043-n] (arthropods having the body composed of numerous double somites each with two pairs of legs: millipedes)
            • Mammalia [ENG31-01864106-n] (warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female)
            • Prototheria [ENG31-01874047-n] (echidnas)
            • Pantotheria [ENG31-01876263-n] (generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic)
            • Metatheria [ENG31-01876491-n] (pouched animals)
            • Eutheria [ENG31-01888861-n] (all mammals except monotremes and marsupials)
            • Hyalospongiae [ENG31-01910136-n] (sponges with siliceous spicules that have six rays)
            • Scyphozoa [ENG31-01913170-n] (coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes)
            • Hydrozoa [ENG31-01914152-n] (coelenterates typically having alternation of generations)
            • Anthozoa [ENG31-01916479-n] (a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes sea anemones and corals)
            • Nuda [ENG31-01921740-n] (ctenophores lacking tentacles)
            • Tentaculata [ENG31-01922145-n] (ctenophores have retractile tentacles)
            • Turbellaria [ENG31-01927774-n] (free-living flatworms)
            • Trematoda [ENG31-01928110-n] (parasitic flatworms (including flukes))
            • Cestoda [ENG31-01929942-n] (tapeworms)
            • Aphasmidia [ENG31-01932429-n] (one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems)
            • Phasmidia [ENG31-01932592-n] (one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems)
            • Archiannelida [ENG31-01937346-n] (a class of Annelida)
            • Oligochaeta [ENG31-01937653-n] (earthworms)
            • Polychaeta [ENG31-01938860-n] (marine annelid worms)
            • Hirudinea [ENG31-01940360-n] (hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids)
            • Scaphopoda [ENG31-01943671-n] (small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells)
            • Gastropoda [ENG31-01944311-n] (snails and slugs and their relatives)
            • Opisthobranchia [ENG31-01952836-n] (gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs)
            • Amphineura [ENG31-01956843-n] (a class of Gastropoda)
            • Polyplacophora [ENG31-01957370-n] (small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons)
            • Bivalvia [ENG31-01958104-n] (oysters)
            • Cephalopoda [ENG31-01970756-n] (octopuses)
            • Dibranchiata [ENG31-01971744-n] (comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish))
            • Crustacea [ENG31-01977040-n] (class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters)
            • Malacostraca [ENG31-01977953-n] (largest subclass of Crustacea including most of the well-known marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans: crabs)
            • Entomostraca [ENG31-01996603-n] (in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia)
            • Branchiopoda [ENG31-01996830-n] (primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps)
            • Copepoda [ENG31-01999046-n] (minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans)
            • Ostracoda [ENG31-02000352-n] (seed shrimps)
            • Cirripedia [ENG31-02000673-n] (barnacles)
            • Onychophora [ENG31-02002028-n] (enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions)
            • Insecta [ENG31-02161923-n] (insects)
            • Exopterygota [ENG31-02235060-n] (subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis)
            • Asteroidea [ENG31-02319864-n] (sea stars)
            • Ophiuroidea [ENG31-02320140-n] (brittle stars and basket stars)
            • Ophiurida [ENG31-02320305-n] (brittle stars)
            • Euryalida [ENG31-02320635-n] (basket stars)
            • Echinoidea [ENG31-02321567-n] (sea urchins and sand dollars)
            • Crinoidea [ENG31-02322619-n] (sea lilies)
            • Holothuroidea [ENG31-02323994-n] (class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers)
            • Hominoidea [ENG31-02473703-n] (anthropoid apes and human beings)
            • Channidae [ENG31-02516829-n] (snakeheads)
            • Osteichthyes [ENG31-02517206-n] (a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage)
            • Crossopterygii [ENG31-02517619-n] (fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians)
            • Dipnoi [ENG31-02518545-n] (bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills)
            • Teleostei [ENG31-02530444-n] (large diverse group of bony fishes)
            • Anthoceropsida [ENG31-11558574-n] (hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida)
            • Bryopsida [ENG31-11559386-n] (true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales)
            • Hepaticopsida [ENG31-11562792-n] (liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales)
            • Gymnospermae [ENG31-11615763-n] (plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary)
            • Gnetopsida [ENG31-11616937-n] (gymnospermous flowering plants)
            • Cycadopsida [ENG31-11620145-n] (palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders)
            • Pteridospermopsida [ENG31-11625149-n] (extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies)
            • Coniferopsida [ENG31-11626159-n] (cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period)
            • Pinopsida [ENG31-11627522-n] (most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina))
            • Taxopsida [ENG31-11680988-n] (yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta)
            • Ginkgopsida [ENG31-11683900-n] (ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision)
            • Angiospermae [ENG31-11685380-n] (comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary)
            • Dicotyledones [ENG31-11686232-n] (comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves)
            • Magnoliidae [ENG31-11687563-n] (a group of families of trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants)
            • Monocotyledones [ENG31-11688013-n] (comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids)
            • Alismatidae [ENG31-11688791-n] (one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones)
            • Arecidae [ENG31-11689024-n] (one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones)
            • Commelinidae [ENG31-11689403-n] (one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones)
            • Caryophyllidae [ENG31-11823944-n] (a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants))
            • Asteridae [ENG31-11931304-n] (a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels)
            • Rosidae [ENG31-12233327-n] (a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers)
            • Hamamelidae [ENG31-12333522-n] (a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms)
            • Dilleniidae [ENG31-12379002-n] (a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary)
            • Liliidae [ENG31-12430886-n] (one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones)
            • Zygomycetes [ENG31-12993389-n] (class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota)
            • Myxomycetes [ENG31-12996368-n] (the class of true slime molds)
            • Acrasiomycetes [ENG31-12996742-n] (cellular slime molds)
            • Oomycetes [ENG31-12998056-n] (nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores)
            • Chytridiomycetes [ENG31-12998325-n] (a class of mostly aquatic fungi)
            • Eumycetes [ENG31-13016195-n] (category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota)
            • Deuteromycetes [ENG31-13016828-n] (form class)
            • Basidiomycetes [ENG31-13017601-n] (large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota)
            • Homobasidiomycetes [ENG31-13017888-n] (category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes)
            • Heterobasidiomycetes [ENG31-13018192-n] (category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts)
            • Hymenomycetes [ENG31-13018890-n] (used in some classifications)
            • Ascomycetes [ENG31-13044543-n] (large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi)
            • Euascomycetes [ENG31-13045108-n] (category not used in many classification systems)
            • Hemiascomycetes [ENG31-13045523-n] (class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites)
            • Plectomycetes [ENG31-13047289-n] (class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration))
            • Pyrenomycetes [ENG31-13048830-n] (class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium)
            • Discomycetes [ENG31-13049097-n] (a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped)
            • Gasteromycetes [ENG31-13059704-n] (fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs)
            • Tiliomycetes [ENG31-13086462-n] (category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts))
            • Filicopsida [ENG31-13190117-n] (ferns)
            • Psilopsida [ENG31-13236834-n] (whisk ferns)
            • Sphenopsida [ENG31-13239620-n] (horsetails and related forms)
            • Lycopsida [ENG31-13241740-n] (club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales)
            • Lycopodineae [ENG31-13242281-n] (alternative designation for the class Lycopsida)
          • subclass [ENG31-08123627-n] ((biology) a taxonomic category below a class and above an order)
          • superclass [ENG31-08123764-n] ((biology) a taxonomic class below a phylum and above a class)
          • order [ENG31-08123900-n] ((biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families)

            • animal order [ENG31-01345170-n] (the order of animals)

              • Eubacteriales [ENG31-01358727-n] (one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria)
              • Pseudomonadales [ENG31-01362971-n] (one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria)
              • Rickettsiales [ENG31-01373554-n] (pleomorphic Gram-negative microorganisms)
              • Mycoplasmatales [ENG31-01375913-n] (coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae)
              • Actinomycetales [ENG31-01377630-n] (filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria)
              • order Myxobacteria [ENG31-01380547-n] (an order of higher bacteria)
              • Spirochaetales [ENG31-01384040-n] (higher bacteria)
              • Heliozoa [ENG31-01393268-n] (mostly freshwater protozoa)
              • Radiolaria [ENG31-01393540-n] (marine protozoa)
              • Amoebida [ENG31-01394210-n] (the animal order including amoebas)
              • Foraminifera [ENG31-01395484-n] (foraminifers)
              • Testacea [ENG31-01396514-n] (testacean rhizopods)
              • Fucales [ENG31-01406446-n] (coextensive with the family Fucaceae)
              • Zygnematales [ENG31-01412581-n] (pond scums)
              • Dinoflagellata [ENG31-01419682-n] (in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista)
              • Hypermastigina [ENG31-01421435-n] (cellulose-producing flagellates)
              • Polymastigina [ENG31-01421723-n] (small usually parasitic flagellates)
              • Coccidia [ENG31-01425476-n] (an order in the subclass Telosporidia)
              • Gregarinida [ENG31-01426105-n] (an order in the subclass Telosporidia)
              • Haemosporidia [ENG31-01426398-n] (an order in the subclass Telosporidia)
              • Sarcosporidia [ENG31-01428624-n] (imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates)
              • Haplosporidia [ENG31-01429107-n] (an order in the subclass Acnidosporidia)
              • Actinomyxidia [ENG31-01429646-n] (parasites of worms)
              • Mycrosporidia [ENG31-01429882-n] (an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia)
              • Myxosporidia [ENG31-01430188-n] (an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia)
              • Malacopterygii [ENG31-01430796-n] (an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays)
              • Cypriniformes [ENG31-01440446-n] (an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins)
              • Berycomorphi [ENG31-01452722-n] (an order of spiny-finned fish in the superorder Acanthopterygii)
              • Zeomorphi [ENG31-01455137-n] (dories)
              • Solenichthyes [ENG31-01456493-n] (bellows fishes)
              • Ostracodermi [ENG31-01477282-n] (extinct group of armored jawless vertebrates)
              • Heterostraci [ENG31-01477666-n] (extinct group of armored jawless fishes or fish-like vertebrate)
              • Osteostraci [ENG31-01478062-n] (extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates)
              • Anaspida [ENG31-01478435-n] (extinct order of jawless vertebrates)
              • Conodonta [ENG31-01478776-n] (extinct order of primitive vertebrates)
              • Cyclostomata [ENG31-01479470-n] (primitive jawless aquatic vertebrate: lampreys)
              • Petromyzoniformes [ENG31-01479825-n] (lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes)
              • Myxiniformes [ENG31-01480714-n] (hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys)
              • Torpediniformes [ENG31-01498678-n] (rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes)
              • Rajiformes [ENG31-01499258-n] (fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies)
              • Ratitae [ENG31-01520811-n] (used in former classifications to include all ratite bird orders)
              • Struthioniformes [ENG31-01520988-n] (a ratite bird order: ostriches and related extinct birds)
              • Casuariiformes [ENG31-01521687-n] (a ratite bird order: cassowaries and emus)
              • Apterygiformes [ENG31-01522699-n] (a ratite bird order: flightless ground birds having vestigial wings and long bills and small eyes: kiwis)
              • Rheiformes [ENG31-01523430-n] (a ratite bird order: birds intermediate in characteristics between ostriches and emus: recent and extinct rheas)
              • Aepyorniformes [ENG31-01524621-n] (huge extinct flightless birds: elephant birds)
              • Dinornithiformes [ENG31-01525235-n] (a ratite bird order: recently extinct flightless birds of New Zealand)
              • Insessores [ENG31-01526297-n] (a bird with feet adapted for perching (as on tree branches))
              • Passeriformes [ENG31-01526549-n] (largest order of birds comprising about half the known species)
              • Oscines [ENG31-01527526-n] (two names for the suborder of typical songbirds)
              • Menurae [ENG31-01547790-n] (lyrebirds and scrubbirds)
              • Eurylaimi [ENG31-01548864-n] (broadbills)
              • Tyranni [ENG31-01549301-n] (New World flycatchers)
              • Clamatores [ENG31-01549784-n] (used in some classification systems)
              • Raptores [ENG31-01606764-n] (term used in former classifications)
              • Falconiformes [ENG31-01607266-n] (chiefly diurnal carnivorous birds having hooked beaks and long talons with opposable hind toe: falcons)
              • Strigiformes [ENG31-01623608-n] (owls)
              • Urodella [ENG31-01631091-n] (salamanders)
              • Salientia [ENG31-01642010-n] (frogs, toads, tree toads)
              • Gymnophiona [ENG31-01657598-n] (an order of amphibians including caecilians)
              • Labyrinthodontia [ENG31-01658218-n] (extinct amphibians typically resembling heavy-bodied salamanders or crocodiles and having a solid flattened skull and conical teeth)
              • Stereospondyli [ENG31-01658719-n] (formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia)
              • Stegocephalia [ENG31-01658981-n] (in former classifications a division of class Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia)
              • Temnospondyli [ENG31-01659217-n] (formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia)
              • Chelonia [ENG31-01664915-n] (tortoises and turtles)
              • Rhynchocephalia [ENG31-01675591-n] (tuataras)
              • Squamata [ENG31-01676144-n] (diapsid reptiles: snakes and lizards)
              • Sauria [ENG31-01676309-n] (true lizards)
              • Crocodylia [ENG31-01698923-n] (crocodiles)
              • Loricata [ENG31-01699166-n] (former name for the order Crocodylia)
              • Ornithischia [ENG31-01702717-n] (extinct terrestrial reptiles having bird-like pelvises: armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans))
              • Thyreophora [ENG31-01703975-n] (armored dinosaurs: stegosaurs and ankylosaurs)
              • Marginocephalia [ENG31-01705264-n] (includes boneheaded (pachycephalosaurs) and horned (ceratopsian) dinosaurs)
              • suborder Pachycephalosaurus [ENG31-01705503-n] (boneheaded dinosaurs)
              • Ceratopsia [ENG31-01705982-n] (horned dinosaurs)
              • Euronithopoda [ENG31-01707888-n] (widespread group including duck-billed dinosaurs and their early relatives (hadrosaurs, trachodon and iguanodon))
              • Saurischia [ENG31-01710536-n] (extinct terrestrial reptiles: theropods (carnivorous))
              • Sauropodomorpha [ENG31-01710973-n] (gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having huge bodies with long necks and small heads: Prosauropoda and Sauropoda (apatosaurus, diplodocus and titanosaurs))
              • Prosauropoda [ENG31-01711289-n] (the earliest known dinosaurs)
              • Sauropoda [ENG31-01711419-n] (any of the sauropod dinosaurs)
              • Theropoda [ENG31-01714303-n] (carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs with short forelimbs)
              • suborder Ceratosaura [ENG31-01715073-n] (primitive saurischian dinosaurs)
              • Carnosaura [ENG31-01715951-n] (largest carnivorous land animals ever known)
              • Ornithomimida [ENG31-01718333-n] (lightly built medium-size theropods)
              • Maniraptora [ENG31-01719373-n] (advanced theropods including oviraptorids and dromaeosaurs and possibly even modern birds)
              • Therapsida [ENG31-01722286-n] (extinct mammal-like reptiles found inhabiting all continents from the mid Permian to late Triassic)
              • Ictodosauria [ENG31-01724045-n] (extinct reptiles of the later Triassic period)
              • Pelycosauria [ENG31-01724359-n] (edaphosaurus)
              • Pterosauria [ENG31-01725469-n] (extinct flying reptiles: pterosaurs)
              • Thecodontia [ENG31-01726319-n] (extinct terrestrial reptiles having teeth set in sockets)
              • Ichthyosauria [ENG31-01726696-n] (extinct marine reptiles: ichthyosaurs)
              • Sauropterygia [ENG31-01727881-n] (extinct marine reptiles: plesiosaurs)
              • Plesiosauria [ENG31-01728068-n] (any of the plesiosaurs)
              • Nothosauria [ENG31-01728574-n] (a suborder of Sauropterygia)
              • Serpentes [ENG31-01729031-n] (snakes)
              • Phalangida [ENG31-01772276-n] (harvestmen)
              • Scorpionida [ENG31-01772904-n] (true scorpions)
              • Chelonethida [ENG31-01773194-n] (false scorpions)
              • Pedipalpi [ENG31-01773887-n] (whip scorpions)
              • Araneae [ENG31-01774607-n] (spiders)
              • Acarina [ENG31-01778520-n] (mites and ticks)
              • Geophilomorpha [ENG31-01788472-n] (small elongate centipedes living in soil and under stones and having more than 30 pairs of legs)
              • Pycnogonida [ENG31-01789520-n] (sea spiders)
              • Xiphosura [ENG31-01790042-n] (horseshoe crabs and extinct forms)
              • Eurypterida [ENG31-01791061-n] (extinct aquatic arthropods of the Paleozoic)
              • Galliformes [ENG31-01791705-n] (pheasants)
              • Tinamiformes [ENG31-01812618-n] (coextensive with the family Tinamidae)
              • Columbiformes [ENG31-01813107-n] (sand grouse)
              • Psittaciformes [ENG31-01819276-n] (an order of birds including parrots and amazons and cockatoos and lorikeets and lories and macaws and parakeets)
              • Cuculiformes [ENG31-01825064-n] (cuckoos)
              • Coraciiformes [ENG31-01828058-n] (rollers)
              • Picariae [ENG31-01828399-n] (term used in some classifications as nearly equivalent to the order Coraciiformes)
              • Apodiformes [ENG31-01834160-n] (swifts)
              • Caprimulgiformes [ENG31-01837343-n] (goatsuckers)
              • Piciformes [ENG31-01840387-n] (woodpeckers)
              • Trogoniformes [ENG31-01846446-n] (trogons)
              • Anseriformes [ENG31-01847913-n] (ducks)
              • Anseres [ENG31-01848797-n] (used in some especially older classifications)
              • Monotremata [ENG31-01874340-n] (coextensive with the subclass Prototheria)
              • Marsupialia [ENG31-01876767-n] (coextensive with the subclass Metatheria)
              • Insectivora [ENG31-01891161-n] (shrews)
              • Lipotyphla [ENG31-01891462-n] (moles)
              • Menotyphla [ENG31-01891589-n] (elephant shrews)
              • Siphonophora [ENG31-01914913-n] (marine colonial hydrozoans)
              • Actiniaria [ENG31-01917056-n] (sea anemones)
              • Alcyonaria [ENG31-01917734-n] (corals and sea anemones having eight branches)
              • Alcyonacea [ENG31-01917931-n] (comprising the soft corals)
              • Gorgonacea [ENG31-01918651-n] (red corals and sea fans)
              • Madreporaria [ENG31-01919379-n] (stony corals)
              • Cydippida [ENG31-01922355-n] (ctenophores having two long pinnate tentacles)
              • Platyctenea [ENG31-01922553-n] (an order of Tentaculata)
              • Cestida [ENG31-01923223-n] (ctenophore having short tentacles)
              • Lobata [ENG31-01923857-n] (ctenophore having tentacles only in the immature stage)
              • Nudibranchia [ENG31-01953098-n] (comprising numerous marine gastropod mollusks lacking a shell in the adult state and usually having a body like a slug)
              • Pulmonata [ENG31-01954803-n] (large order of gastropods usually breathing by means of a lung-like sac comprising most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails)
              • Pectinibranchia [ENG31-01955453-n] (large order of gastropods comprising univalve mollusks that have a single gill resembling a comb)
              • Solenogastres [ENG31-01956981-n] (an order of Amphineura)
              • Myaceae [ENG31-01959565-n] (clams)
              • Octopoda [ENG31-01972191-n] (octopuses and paper nautilus)
              • Decapoda [ENG31-01973507-n] (squids and cuttlefishes)
              • Belemnoidea [ENG31-01976016-n] (order of extinct dibranchiate cephalopods related to the surviving spirulas)
              • Decapoda [ENG31-01978521-n] (lobsters)
              • Brachyura [ENG31-01979118-n] (an order of crustaceans (including true crabs) having a reduced abdomen folded against the ventral surface)
              • Reptantia [ENG31-01985123-n] (lobsters)
              • Natantia [ENG31-01989008-n] (shrimp)
              • Schizopoda [ENG31-01990960-n] (in former classifications a division of Malacostraca)
              • Euphausiacea [ENG31-01991122-n] (small commonly luminescent crustaceans)
              • Mysidacea [ENG31-01991612-n] (opossum shrimp)
              • Stomatopoda [ENG31-01992342-n] (mantis shrimps)
              • Isopoda [ENG31-01993268-n] (woodlice)
              • Amphipoda [ENG31-01995170-n] (small flat-bodied semiterrestrial crustaceans: whale lice)
              • Anostraca [ENG31-01997791-n] (small aquatic crustaceans lacking a carapace: fairy shrimps)
              • Notostraca [ENG31-01998457-n] (small freshwater crustaceans with a shield-shaped carapace)
              • Branchiura [ENG31-02000090-n] (copepods with suctorial mouthparts)
              • Ciconiiformes [ENG31-02004082-n] (order of chiefly tropical marsh-dwelling fish-eating wading birds with long legs and bills and (except for flamingos) unwebbed feet: herons)
              • Gruiformes [ENG31-02014960-n] (inland marsh-dwelling birds with long legs and necks and bills that wade in water in search of food: cranes)
              • Otides [ENG31-02021139-n] (terrestrial game birds of the Old World and Australia: bustards)
              • Charadriiformes [ENG31-02024092-n] (large diverse order of aquatic birds found along seacoasts and inland waters: shorebirds and coastal diving birds)
              • Charadrii [ENG31-02024789-n] (shorebirds: plovers)
              • Limicolae [ENG31-02025152-n] (term used in some classifications for migratory shorebirds)
              • Lari [ENG31-02043352-n] (gulls)
              • Gaviiformes [ENG31-02051168-n] (large aquatic birds: loons and some extinct forms)
              • Podicipitiformes [ENG31-02051953-n] (grebes)
              • Pelecaniformes [ENG31-02053867-n] (pelicans)
              • Sphenisciformes [ENG31-02057934-n] (penguins)
              • Procellariiformes [ENG31-02060132-n] (petrels)
              • Cetacea [ENG31-02064862-n] (an order of Eutheria)
              • Mysticeti [ENG31-02065644-n] (baleen whales: right whales)
              • Odontoceti [ENG31-02069103-n] (toothed whales: dolphins)
              • Sirenia [ENG31-02075693-n] (an animal order including: manatees)
              • Carnivora [ENG31-02077567-n] (cats)
              • Pinnipedia [ENG31-02078379-n] (seals)
              • Tubulidentata [ENG31-02085010-n] (an order of Eutheria)
              • Chiroptera [ENG31-02141573-n] (an old order dating to early Eocene: bats: suborder Megachiroptera (fruit bats))
              • Megachiroptera [ENG31-02142131-n] (fruit bats)
              • Microchiroptera [ENG31-02143622-n] (most of the bats in the world)
              • Mantophasmatodea [ENG31-02164389-n] (an order of insect identified in 2002 in a 45 million year old piece of amber from the Baltic region)
              • Mecoptera [ENG31-02164596-n] (an order of carnivorous insects usually having long membranous wings and long beaklike heads with chewing mouths at the tip)
              • Collembola [ENG31-02165796-n] (minute wingless arthropods: springtails)
              • Protura [ENG31-02166268-n] (minute wingless arthropods: telsontails)
              • Coleoptera [ENG31-02166634-n] (beetles)
              • Embioptera [ENG31-02186005-n] (web spinners)
              • Anoplura [ENG31-02186349-n] (sucking lice)
              • Mallophaga [ENG31-02187989-n] (biting lice)
              • Siphonaptera [ENG31-02188625-n] (fleas)
              • Diptera [ENG31-02190717-n] (a large order of insects having a single pair of wings and sucking or piercing mouths)
              • Nematocera [ENG31-02202364-n] (mosquitoes)
              • Hymenoptera [ENG31-02208548-n] (an order of insects including: bees)
              • Isoptera [ENG31-02225370-n] (order of social insects that live in colonies, including: termites)
              • Orthoptera [ENG31-02228611-n] (grasshoppers and locusts)
              • Phasmida [ENG31-02233434-n] (in some classifications considered a suborder of Orthoptera: stick insects)
              • Dictyoptera [ENG31-02235258-n] (in some classifications replaced by the orders (here suborders) Blattodea (cockroaches) and Manteodea (mantids))
              • Blattodea [ENG31-02235748-n] (cockroaches)
              • Manteodea [ENG31-02238227-n] (mantises)
              • Hemiptera [ENG31-02239147-n] (plant bugs)
              • Heteroptera [ENG31-02243836-n] (true bugs)
              • Homoptera [ENG31-02248244-n] (plant lice (aphids))
              • Psocoptera [ENG31-02262835-n] (an order of insects: includes booklice and bark-lice)
              • Ephemeroptera [ENG31-02264535-n] (mayflies)
              • Plecoptera [ENG31-02265331-n] (stoneflies)
              • Neuroptera [ENG31-02265690-n] (an order of insects including: lacewings)
              • Megaloptera [ENG31-02268123-n] (in some classifications considered a separate order: alderflies)
              • Odonata [ENG31-02270627-n] (dragonflies and damselflies)
              • Anisoptera [ENG31-02270986-n] (dragonflies)
              • Zygoptera [ENG31-02271398-n] (damselflies)
              • Trichoptera [ENG31-02271667-n] (an order of insects consisting of caddis flies)
              • Thysanura [ENG31-02272481-n] (firebrats)
              • Thysanoptera [ENG31-02274079-n] (thrips)
              • Dermaptera [ENG31-02275359-n] (earwigs and a few related forms)
              • Lepidoptera [ENG31-02276197-n] (moths and butterflies)
              • Exocycloida [ENG31-02322075-n] (flat sea urchins)
              • Spatangoida [ENG31-02322341-n] (heart-shaped sea urchins)
              • Lagomorpha [ENG31-02325838-n] (rabbits)
              • Rodentia [ENG31-02331745-n] (small gnawing animals: porcupines)
              • Myomorpha [ENG31-02333234-n] (true rats and mice and related rodents)
              • Hystricomorpha [ENG31-02348967-n] (an order of rodents including: porcupines)
              • Sciuromorpha [ENG31-02357602-n] (large more or less primitive rodents: squirrels)
              • Dinocerata [ENG31-02374123-n] (small order of primitive ungulates of the Paleocene and Eocene)
              • Hyracoidea [ENG31-02374903-n] (hyraxes and some extinct animals)
              • Perissodactyla [ENG31-02375745-n] (nonruminant ungulates: horses)
              • Artiodactyla [ENG31-02396720-n] (an order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes)
              • Ruminantia [ENG31-02401384-n] (cattle)
              • Edentata [ENG31-02456004-n] (order of mammals having few or no teeth including: New World anteaters)
              • Xenarthra [ENG31-02456521-n] (armadillos)
              • Pholidota [ENG31-02464003-n] (pangolins)
              • Primates [ENG31-02472219-n] (an animal order including lemurs and tarsiers and monkeys and apes and human beings)
              • Anthropoidea [ENG31-02473082-n] (monkeys)
              • Scandentia [ENG31-02497169-n] (a small order comprising only the tree shrews: in some classifications tree shrews are considered either primates (and included in the suborder Prosimii) or true insectivores (and included in the order Insectivora))
              • Prosimii [ENG31-02498420-n] (not used in all classifications)
              • Lemuroidea [ENG31-02499207-n] (Lemuridae)

                • Daubentoniidae [ENG31-02500463-n] (comprising solely the aye-aye)
              • Strepsirhini [ENG31-02499845-n] (in some classifications either coextensive with the Lemuroidea or comprising the true lemurs)
              • Tarsioidea [ENG31-02503732-n] (in some classifications assigned to the suborder Prosimii)
              • Dermoptera [ENG31-02504716-n] (flying lemurs)
              • Proboscidea [ENG31-02505533-n] (an order of animals including elephants and mammoths)
              • Siluriformes [ENG31-02519800-n] (an order of fish belonging to the superorder Malacopterygii including catfishes)
              • Gadiformes [ENG31-02523872-n] (cods, haddocks, grenadiers)
              • Anacanthini [ENG31-02524103-n] (at least partially equivalent to the order Gadiformes in some classifications)
              • Anguilliformes [ENG31-02528497-n] (elongate fishes with pelvic fins and girdle absent or reduced)
              • Isospondyli [ENG31-02531165-n] (most primitive teleost fishes)
              • Osteoglossiformes [ENG31-02547227-n] (teleost fish with bony tongues)
              • Pediculati [ENG31-02549844-n] (anglers and batfishes)
              • Synentognathi [ENG31-02552164-n] (order of fishes having spineless fins)
              • Acanthopterygii [ENG31-02554455-n] (teleost fishes having fins with sharp bony rays)
              • Perciformes [ENG31-02555827-n] (one of the largest natural groups of fishes of both marine and fresh water: true perches)
              • Percoidea [ENG31-02557143-n] (in some classifications nearly or exactly equivalent to the Perciformes which are considered a suborder)
              • Discocephali [ENG31-02577120-n] (small order of fishes comprising the remoras)
              • Mugiloidea [ENG31-02603583-n] (fishes distinguished by abdominal pelvic fins: families Mugilidae)
              • Blennioidea [ENG31-02615023-n] (blennies)
              • Scombroidea [ENG31-02625800-n] (mackerels)
              • Ganoidei [ENG31-02640953-n] (a group of mostly extinct primitive bony fishes characterized by armor-like bony scales)
              • Scleroparei [ENG31-02644238-n] (scorpionfishes)
              • Scorpaenoidea [ENG31-02644455-n] (mail-cheeked fishes: scorpionfishes)
              • Plectognathi [ENG31-02654965-n] (boxfishes)
              • Heterosomata [ENG31-02659713-n] (flatfishes: halibut)
            • protoctist order [ENG31-01349840-n] (the order of protoctists)

              • Heterotrichales [ENG31-01403937-n] (yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments)
              • Laminariales [ENG31-01405472-n] (in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas)
              • Ulvales [ENG31-01410894-n] (an order of protoctist)
              • Volvocales [ENG31-01411521-n] (chiefly freshwater green algae)
              • Chlorococcales [ENG31-01413488-n] (unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores)
              • Oedogoniales [ENG31-01414197-n] (simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae)
              • Charales [ENG31-01414920-n] (small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts)
            • plant order [ENG31-11555128-n] (the order of plants)

              • Anthocerotales [ENG31-11558792-n] (hornworts)
              • Andreaeales [ENG31-11560126-n] (comprises a single genus: Andreaea)
              • Bryales [ENG31-11560451-n] (category used in some classification systems for mosses having the spore case separated from the capsule wall by a hollow intercellular space)
              • Dicranales [ENG31-11560681-n] (widely distributed order of mosses with erect gametophores and sporophytes at the tips of stems)
              • Eubryales [ENG31-11561198-n] (mosses with perennial erect gametophores and stems with rows of leaves and drooping capsules)
              • Sphagnales [ENG31-11562164-n] (coextensive with the genus Sphagnum)
              • Jungermanniales [ENG31-11563371-n] (large order of chiefly tropical liverworts)
              • Marchantiales [ENG31-11563880-n] (liverworts with gametophyte differentiated internally)
              • Sphaerocarpales [ENG31-11564582-n] (small order sometimes included in the order Jungermanniales)
              • Gnetales [ENG31-11617296-n] (chiefly tropical or xerophytic woody plants)
              • Cycadales [ENG31-11620590-n] (primitive tropical gymnosperms abundant in the Mesozoic, now reduced to a few scattered tropical forms)
              • Bennettitales [ENG31-11624676-n] (fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous)
              • Cycadofilicales [ENG31-11625355-n] (fossil gymnospermous trees or climbing plants from the Devonian: seed ferns)
              • Cordaitales [ENG31-11626830-n] (extinct plants having tall arborescent trunks comparable to or more advanced than cycads)
              • Coniferales [ENG31-11627843-n] (profusely branching and chiefly evergreen trees and some shrubs having narrow or needlelike leaves)
              • Taxales [ENG31-11681299-n] (coextensive with the family Taxaceae: yews)
              • Ginkgoales [ENG31-11684264-n] (coextensive with the family Ginkgoaceae: plants that first appeared in the Permian and now represented by a single surviving species)
              • Ranales [ENG31-11713421-n] (herbs, shrubs and trees: includes families Ranunculaceae)
              • Myricales [ENG31-11761124-n] (coextensive with the family Myricaceae)
              • Arales [ENG31-11798860-n] (Araceae)
              • Aristolochiales [ENG31-11821268-n] (order of plants distinguished by tubular petaloid perianth and inferior ovary)
              • Caryophyllales [ENG31-11824551-n] (corresponds approximately to the older group Centrospermae)
              • Opuntiales [ENG31-11861837-n] (coextensive with the family Cactaceae: cactuses)
              • Rhoeadales [ENG31-11884833-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants)
              • Campanulales [ENG31-11931743-n] (an order of plants of the subclass Asteridae including: Campanulaceae)
              • Orchidales [ENG31-12059993-n] (order of plants with irregular flowers having minute seeds: Orchidaceae)
              • Primulales [ENG31-12110558-n] (Primulaceae)
              • Plumbaginales [ENG31-12118263-n] (coextensive with the family Plumbaginaceae)
              • Graminales [ENG31-12120899-n] (grasses)
              • Pandanales [ENG31-12174745-n] (families Typhaceae)
              • Malvales [ENG31-12190043-n] (Malvaceae)
              • Umbellales [ENG31-12233714-n] (plants having umbels or corymbs of uniovulate flowers)
              • Proteales [ENG31-12234002-n] (coextensive with the family Proteaceae)
              • Casuarinales [ENG31-12244826-n] (order of chiefly Australian trees and shrubs comprising the casuarinas)
              • Ericales [ENG31-12246526-n] (Ericaceae)

                • Ericaceae [ENG31-12246839-n] (heathers)
              • Diapensiales [ENG31-12271225-n] (used in some classifications: coextensive with family Diapensiaceae)
              • Fagales [ENG31-12280538-n] (an order of dicotyledonous trees of the subclass Hamamelidae)
              • Gentianales [ENG31-12310261-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants having gamopetalous flowers)
              • Oleales [ENG31-12320958-n] (coextensive with the family Oleaceae)
              • Juglandales [ENG31-12338280-n] (coextensive with the family Juglandaceae)
              • Myrtales [ENG31-12343404-n] (Myrtaceae)
              • Musales [ENG31-12370751-n] (tropical plants)
              • Parietales [ENG31-12379543-n] (a large order of dicotyledonous plants of subclass Dilleniidae)
              • Guttiferales [ENG31-12380095-n] (used in some classifications)
              • Urticales [ENG31-12411994-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants including Moraceae and Urticaceae and Ulmaceae)
              • Liliales [ENG31-12431220-n] (an order of monocotyledonous plants including Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae and Iridaceae)
              • Palmales [ENG31-12601978-n] (coextensive with the family Palmae: palms)
              • Plantaginales [ENG31-12619008-n] (coextensive with the family Plantaginaceae)
              • Polygonales [ENG31-12621178-n] (coextensive with the family Polygonaceae,)
              • Xyridales [ENG31-12625780-n] (an order of monocotyledonous herbs)
              • Naiadales [ENG31-12631694-n] (an order of aquatic monocotyledonous herbaceous plants)
              • Rosales [ENG31-12639703-n] (in some classifications this category does not include Leguminosae)
              • Rubiales [ENG31-12680491-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants of the subclass Asteridae)
              • Geraniales [ENG31-12705401-n] (an order of plants of subclass Rosidae including geraniums and many other plants)
              • Salicales [ENG31-12744595-n] (coextensive with the family Salicaceae)
              • Santalales [ENG31-12755206-n] (order of plants distinguished by having a one-celled inferior ovary)
              • Sapindales [ENG31-12760956-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants)
              • Ebenales [ENG31-12790575-n] (trees or shrubs of the families Ebenaceae or Sapotaceae or Styracaceae or Symplocaceae)
              • Sarraceniales [ENG31-12799686-n] (plants that are variously modified to serve as insect traps: families Sarraceniaceae)
              • Polemoniales [ENG31-12828987-n] (Polemoniaceae)
              • Scrophulariales [ENG31-12829511-n] (used in some classification systems)
              • Ophioglossales [ENG31-12980562-n] (coextensive with the family Ophioglossaceae)
              • Rhamnales [ENG31-13161312-n] (an order of dicotyledonous plants)
              • Piperales [ENG31-13169385-n] (Piperaceae)
              • Filicales [ENG31-13190572-n] (true (leptosporangiate) ferns)
              • Marattiales [ENG31-13235543-n] (lower ferns coextensive with the family Marattiaceae)
              • Psilotales [ENG31-13237136-n] (lower vascular plants having dichotomously branched sporophyte divided into aerial shoot and rhizome and lacking true roots)
              • Psilophytales [ENG31-13238111-n] (Paleozoic simple dichotomously branched plants of Europe and eastern Canada including the oldest known vascular land plants)
              • Equisetales [ENG31-13239798-n] (lower tracheophytes in existence since the Devonian)
              • Lepidodendrales [ENG31-13242705-n] (fossil arborescent plants arising during the early Devonian and conspicuous throughout the Carboniferous)
              • Lycopodiales [ENG31-13243125-n] (lower vascular plants coextensive with the family Lycopodiaceae)
              • Selaginellales [ENG31-13244984-n] (in some classifications included in Lycopodiales)
              • Isoetales [ENG31-13246627-n] (aquatic or marsh-growing fern allies)
            • fungus order [ENG31-11615127-n] (the order of fungi)

              • Erysiphales [ENG31-12983900-n] (saprophytic and parasitic fungi that live on plants)
              • Sphaeriales [ENG31-12984556-n] (large order of ascomycetous fungi usually having a dark hard perithecia with definite ostioles)
              • Hypocreales [ENG31-12985816-n] (used in some classifications for the family Hypocreaceae)
              • Helotiales [ENG31-12988041-n] (order of fungi having asci in a disk-shaped to goblet-shaped apothecium)
              • Sclerodermatales [ENG31-12989168-n] (an order of fungi having a peridium surrounding a gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes))
              • Hymenogastrales [ENG31-12991632-n] (an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes)
              • Mucorales [ENG31-12993578-n] (an order of mostly saprophytic fungi)
              • Entomophthorales [ENG31-12995046-n] (coextensive with the family Entomophthoraceae)
              • Chytridiales [ENG31-12998555-n] (simple aquatic fungi mostly saprophytic but some parasitic on higher plants or animals or fresh water fungi)
              • Blastocladiales [ENG31-12999141-n] (fungi that carry out asexual reproduction by thick-walled resting spores that produce zoospores upon germination)
              • Saprolegniales [ENG31-13000238-n] (order of chiefly aquatic fungi)
              • Peronosporales [ENG31-13000991-n] (order of chiefly parasitic lower fungi: Albuginaceae and Peronosporaceae and Pythiaceae)
              • Tuberales [ENG31-13005562-n] (small order of fungi belonging to the subdivision Ascomycota having closed underground ascocarps)
              • Lichenales [ENG31-13007618-n] (category used especially in former classifications for organisms now constituting the division Lichenes)
              • Lechanorales [ENG31-13008412-n] (category used in some classification systems for all lichens that produce apothecia)
              • Agaricales [ENG31-13019109-n] (typical gilled mushrooms belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota)
              • Endomycetales [ENG31-13045727-n] (fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus)
              • Eurotiales [ENG31-13047523-n] (order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium)
              • Pezizales [ENG31-13050706-n] (order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps)
              • Tulostomatales [ENG31-13062308-n] (an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes)
              • Lycoperdales [ENG31-13064024-n] (small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies)
              • Nidulariales [ENG31-13067045-n] (small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae)
              • Secotiales [ENG31-13067976-n] (an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes)
              • Aphyllophorales [ENG31-13070045-n] (includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies)
              • Tremellales [ENG31-13081211-n] (fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture)
              • Auriculariales [ENG31-13082681-n] (coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae)
              • Uredinales [ENG31-13083806-n] (rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants)
              • Ustilaginales [ENG31-13086662-n] (parasitic fungi causing smuts)
              • Moniliales [ENG31-13098239-n] (order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium)
              • Mycelia Sterilia [ENG31-13102837-n] (order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage)
          • suborder [ENG31-08124157-n] ((biology) taxonomic group that is a subdivision of an order)
          • superorder [ENG31-08124309-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group ranking above an order and below a class or subclass)
          • family [ENG31-08124465-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera)

            • Filoviridae [ENG31-01334300-n] (a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees))
            • bacteria family [ENG31-01354700-n] (a family of bacteria)

              • Rhizobiaceae [ENG31-01356790-n] (a small family of rod-shaped bacteria)
              • Bacillaceae [ENG31-01359100-n] (typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores)
              • Myxophyceae [ENG31-01361545-n] (former terms for Cyanophyceae)
              • Nostocaceae [ENG31-01361711-n] (blue-green algae)
              • Oscillatoriaceae [ENG31-01362129-n] (blue green algae)
              • Pseudomonodaceae [ENG31-01363353-n] (rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria)
              • Athiorhodaceae [ENG31-01364481-n] (small motile sulphur bacteria)
              • Thiobacteriaceae [ENG31-01365410-n] (free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds)
              • Spirillaceae [ENG31-01366064-n] (rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria)
              • Bacteroidaceae [ENG31-01367228-n] (family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals)
              • Corynebacteriaceae [ENG31-01368656-n] (a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales)
              • Enterobacteriaceae [ENG31-01370071-n] (a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales)
              • Rickettsiaceae [ENG31-01373733-n] (microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates)
              • Chlamydiaceae [ENG31-01375013-n] (Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates)
              • Mycoplasmataceae [ENG31-01376081-n] (pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria)
              • Actinomycetaceae [ENG31-01378101-n] (filamentous anaerobic bacteria)
              • Streptomycetaceae [ENG31-01378554-n] (higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes)
              • Mycobacteriaceae [ENG31-01379442-n] (a family of bacteria)
              • Polyangiaceae [ENG31-01380778-n] (bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung)
              • Micrococcaceae [ENG31-01381441-n] (spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment)
              • Lactobacillaceae [ENG31-01382277-n] (lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens)
              • Spirochaetaceae [ENG31-01384245-n] (large coarsely spiral bacteria)
              • Treponemataceae [ENG31-01384914-n] (small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic)
            • protoctist family [ENG31-01390258-n] (any of the families of Protoctista)

              • Globigerinidae [ENG31-01395878-n] (a family of protoctists)
              • Nummulitidae [ENG31-01396245-n] (a family of fossil protoctists)
              • Arcellidae [ENG31-01396834-n] (soil and freshwater protozoa)
              • Tribonemaceae [ENG31-01404158-n] (simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae)
              • Laminariaceae [ENG31-01405693-n] (large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters)
              • Fucaceae [ENG31-01406770-n] (small family of brown algae: gulfweeds)
              • Euglenaceae [ENG31-01409067-n] (considered green algae)
              • Ulvaceae [ENG31-01411024-n] (thin flat or tubular green algae)
              • Volvocaceae [ENG31-01411706-n] (unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates)
              • Chlamydomonadaceae [ENG31-01412118-n] (green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome)
              • Zygnemataceae [ENG31-01412750-n] (pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses)
              • Oedogoniaceae [ENG31-01414368-n] (filamentous green algae)
              • Characeae [ENG31-01415120-n] (green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts)
              • Desmidiaceae [ENG31-01415829-n] (unicellular algae)
              • Gigartinaceae [ENG31-01417000-n] (a family of protoctist)
              • Rhodymeniaceae [ENG31-01417482-n] (a family of protoctist)
              • Bangiaceae [ENG31-01417897-n] (a family of protoctist)
              • Peridiniidae [ENG31-01420448-n] (marine and freshwater dinoflagellates)
              • Eimeriidae [ENG31-01425642-n] (a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia)
              • Plasmodiidae [ENG31-01426806-n] (malaria parasites)
              • Haemoproteidae [ENG31-01427248-n] (bird parasites)
              • Babesiidae [ENG31-01427977-n] (piroplasms and cattle pathogens)
            • Endamoebidae [ENG31-01394574-n] (a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract)
            • fish family [ENG31-01431990-n] (any of various families of fish)

              • Cobitidae [ENG31-01441102-n] (loaches)
              • Cyprinidae [ENG31-01441361-n] (a family of fish including: carp)
              • Electrophoridae [ENG31-01446639-n] (small family comprising the electric eels)
              • Catostomidae [ENG31-01447161-n] (suckers)
              • Cyprinodontidae [ENG31-01448924-n] (large family of small soft-finned fishes)
              • Poeciliidae [ENG31-01451408-n] (topminnows)
              • Holocentridae [ENG31-01452922-n] (squirrelfishes and soldierfishes)
              • Anomalopidae [ENG31-01454165-n] (a family of fish including: flashlight fishes)
              • Zeidae [ENG31-01455274-n] (a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi)
              • Caproidae [ENG31-01455829-n] (boarfishes)
              • Fistulariidae [ENG31-01456901-n] (cornetfishes)
              • Gasterosteidae [ENG31-01457343-n] (sticklebacks)
              • Syngnathidae [ENG31-01458233-n] (pipefishes)
              • Macrorhamphosidae [ENG31-01459580-n] (bellows fishes)
              • Centriscidae [ENG31-01459917-n] (shrimpfishes)
              • Aulostomidae [ENG31-01460217-n] (trumpetfishes)
              • Petromyzontidae [ENG31-01480014-n] (lampreys)
              • Myxinidae [ENG31-01480941-n] (slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes)
              • Chimaeridae [ENG31-01483704-n] (a family of Holocephali)
              • Hexanchidae [ENG31-01485395-n] (primitive sharks)
              • Lamnidae [ENG31-01485829-n] (oceanic sharks)
              • Isuridae [ENG31-01486011-n] (in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae)
              • Cetorhinidae [ENG31-01487947-n] (in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks)
              • Alopiidae [ENG31-01488314-n] (thresher sharks)
              • Orectolobidae [ENG31-01488882-n] (nurse sharks and carpet sharks)
              • Carchariidae [ENG31-01489718-n] (sand sharks)
              • Rhincodontidae [ENG31-01490384-n] (small-toothed sharks comprising only one species)
              • Scyliorhinidae [ENG31-01490875-n] (small bottom-dwelling sharks)
              • Carcharhinidae [ENG31-01491180-n] (largest family of living sharks)
              • Triakidae [ENG31-01494632-n] (small sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins)
              • Squalidae [ENG31-01496007-n] (dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin)
              • Sphyrnidae [ENG31-01496829-n] (hammerhead sharks)
              • Squatinidae [ENG31-01497833-n] (bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks)
              • Torpedinidae [ENG31-01498840-n] (electric rays)
              • Pristidae [ENG31-01499585-n] (large primitive rays with elongated snouts)
              • Rhinobatidae [ENG31-01500220-n] (primitive rays with guitar-shaped bodies)
              • Dasyatidae [ENG31-01500519-n] (sting rays)
              • Myliobatidae [ENG31-01501463-n] (eagle rays)
              • Mobulidae [ENG31-01502539-n] (large rays lacking venomous spines: mantas)
              • Rajidae [ENG31-01503636-n] (bottom-dwelling tropical rays: skates)
              • Latimeridae [ENG31-02518041-n] (extinct except for the coelacanth)
              • Ceratodontidae [ENG31-02519058-n] (lungfishes having hornlike ridges on the teeth)
              • Siluridae [ENG31-02520399-n] (Old World catfishes)
              • Ameiuridae [ENG31-02521444-n] (North American catfishes)
              • Laricariidae [ENG31-02523022-n] (armored catfish)
              • Ariidae [ENG31-02523300-n] (sea catfishes)
              • Gadidae [ENG31-02524547-n] (large family of important mostly marine food fishes)
              • Macrouridae [ENG31-02528174-n] (grenadiers)
              • Anguillidae [ENG31-02529117-n] (eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to the sea to spawn)
              • Muraenidae [ENG31-02529776-n] (marine eels)
              • Congridae [ENG31-02530129-n] (marine eels)
              • Gonorhynchidae [ENG31-02531580-n] (coextensive with the genus Gonorhynchus)
              • Clupeidae [ENG31-02532146-n] (herrings)
              • Engraulidae [ENG31-02536339-n] (anchovies)
              • Salmonidae [ENG31-02536983-n] (salmon and trout)
              • Coregonidae [ENG31-02541361-n] (soft-finned fishes comprising the freshwater whitefishes)
              • Osmeridae [ENG31-02542886-n] (smelts)
              • Elopidae [ENG31-02544062-n] (tarpons and ladyfishes)
              • Albulidae [ENG31-02544793-n] (bonefish)
              • Argentinidae [ENG31-02545229-n] (small marine soft-finned fishes with long silvery bodies)
              • Myctophidae [ENG31-02545724-n] (deep-sea fishes comprising the lantern fishes)
              • Synodontidae [ENG31-02546043-n] (soft-finned bottom-dwelling fishes)
              • Chlorophthalmidae [ENG31-02546368-n] (small family of soft-finned bottom-dwellers with large eyes)
              • Osteoglossidae [ENG31-02547385-n] (a family of large fishes that live in freshwater)
              • Lampridae [ENG31-02548200-n] (opahs)
              • Trachipteridae [ENG31-02548808-n] (ribbonfishes)
              • Regalecidae [ENG31-02549375-n] (ribbonfishes)
              • Ogcocephalidae [ENG31-02550193-n] (batfishes: sluggish bottom-dwelling spiny fishes)
              • Lophiidae [ENG31-02550578-n] (large-headed marine fishes comprising the anglers)
              • Batrachoididae [ENG31-02551153-n] (toadfishes)
              • Antennariidae [ENG31-02551621-n] (frogfishes)
              • Belonidae [ENG31-02552427-n] (ferocious fishes of warm regions resembling but unrelated to the freshwater gars)
              • Exocoetidae [ENG31-02552927-n] (flying fishes)
              • Hemiramphidae [ENG31-02553546-n] (halfbeaks)
              • Scomberesocidae [ENG31-02553947-n] (only sauries)
              • Ophiodontidae [ENG31-02555368-n] (fishes closely related to greenlings)
              • Anabantidae [ENG31-02558645-n] (small freshwater spiny-finned fishes of Africa and southern Asia)
              • Percidae [ENG31-02559254-n] (active freshwater fishes)
              • Trichodontidae [ENG31-02560981-n] (two species of elongate compressed scaleless large-eyed fishes that live in sand or mud)
              • Ophidiidae [ENG31-02561355-n] (eellike marine fishes)
              • Brotulidae [ENG31-02561611-n] (chiefly deep-sea fishes related to the Ophidiidae)
              • Carapidae [ENG31-02561863-n] (pearlfishes: related to the Brotulidae)
              • Centropomidae [ENG31-02562237-n] (a family of fish or the order Perciformes including robalos)
              • Esocidae [ENG31-02563454-n] (pikes)
              • Centrarchidae [ENG31-02564716-n] (sunfish family)
              • Serranidae [ENG31-02568359-n] (marine fishes: sea basses)
              • Embiotocidae [ENG31-02573279-n] (viviparous percoid fishes comprising the surf fishes)
              • Priacanthidae [ENG31-02573931-n] (small carnivorous percoid fishes found worldwide in tropical seas)
              • Apogonidae [ENG31-02574614-n] (bright-colored marine fishes that incubate eggs in the mouth)
              • Malacanthidae [ENG31-02575535-n] (short-headed marine fishes)
              • Pomatomidae [ENG31-02576037-n] (food and game fishes related to pompanos)
              • Rachycentridae [ENG31-02576549-n] (family of pelagic fishes containing solely the cobia)
              • Echeneididae [ENG31-02577282-n] (fishes having a sucking disk on the head for clinging to other fishes and to ships)
              • Carangidae [ENG31-02578397-n] (large family of narrow-bodied marine food fishes with widely forked tails)
              • Coryphaenidae [ENG31-02584434-n] (large active pelagic percoid fish)
              • Bramidae [ENG31-02585068-n] (deep-bodied percoid fishes of the open seas)
              • Branchiostegidae [ENG31-02585550-n] (small family of marine fishes having covered gills)
              • Characidae [ENG31-02585842-n] (tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America and Central America)
              • Characinidae [ENG31-02586088-n] (former name of the Characidae)
              • Cichlidae [ENG31-02588363-n] (cichlids)
              • Lutjanidae [ENG31-02589013-n] (snappers)
              • Haemulidae [ENG31-02590738-n] (grunts)
              • Sparidae [ENG31-02592867-n] (porgies)
              • Sciaenidae [ENG31-02596493-n] (warm-water marine fishes including the drums and grunts and croakers and sea trout)
              • Mullidae [ENG31-02602414-n] (goatfishes or red mullets)
              • Mugilidae [ENG31-02603830-n] (grey mullets)
              • Atherinidae [ENG31-02604845-n] (small spiny-finned fishes of both salt and fresh water)
              • Sphyraenidae [ENG31-02605600-n] (monotypic family of large active fishes of tropical and subtropical waters: barracuda)
              • Pempheridae [ENG31-02606367-n] (sweepers)
              • Kyphosidae [ENG31-02606644-n] (sea chubs)
              • Ephippidae [ENG31-02607287-n] (small family comprising the spadefishes)
              • Chaetodontidae [ENG31-02607769-n] (butterfly fishes)
              • Pomacentridae [ENG31-02608824-n] (damselfishes)
              • Labridae [ENG31-02610260-n] (wrasses)
              • Scaridae [ENG31-02613171-n] (parrotfishes)
              • Polynemidae [ENG31-02613464-n] (threadfins)
              • Opisthognathidae [ENG31-02614055-n] (jawfishes)
              • Uranoscopidae [ENG31-02614397-n] (stargazers)
              • Dactyloscopidae [ENG31-02614676-n] (sand stargazers)
              • Blenniidae [ENG31-02615612-n] (a family of fish including: combtooth blennies)
              • Clinidae [ENG31-02616590-n] (viviparous blennies of temperate and tropical seas)
              • Pholidae [ENG31-02617418-n] (a family of fish of suborder Blennioidea)
              • Stichaeidae [ENG31-02618124-n] (pricklebacks)
              • Anarhichadidae [ENG31-02619202-n] (wolffishes)
              • Zoarcidae [ENG31-02619659-n] (eelpouts)
              • Ammodytidae [ENG31-02620874-n] (sand lances)
              • Callionymidae [ENG31-02621327-n] (dragonets)
              • Gobiidae [ENG31-02621659-n] (gobies)
              • Eleotridae [ENG31-02622368-n] (sleepers)
              • Percophidae [ENG31-02622663-n] (percoid flatheads)
              • Toxotidae [ENG31-02622948-n] (archerfishes)
              • Microdesmidae [ENG31-02623456-n] (worm fish)
              • Acanthuridae [ENG31-02623737-n] (surgeonfishes)
              • Gempylidae [ENG31-02624351-n] (snake mackerels)
              • Trichiuridae [ENG31-02625453-n] (cutlassfishes)
              • Scombridae [ENG31-02626498-n] (marine food fishes: mackerels)
              • Katsuwonidae [ENG31-02631678-n] (in some classifications considered a separate family comprising the oceanic bonitos)
              • Xiphiidae [ENG31-02632065-n] (comprising the common swordfishes)
              • Istiophoridae [ENG31-02632682-n] (sailfishes)
              • Luvaridae [ENG31-02634869-n] (louvars)
              • Stromateidae [ENG31-02635324-n] (butterfishes: harvest fishes)
              • Gobiesocidae [ENG31-02637940-n] (clingfishes)
              • Lobotidae [ENG31-02638541-n] (tripletails)
              • Gerreidae [ENG31-02639296-n] (mojarras)
              • Sillaginidae [ENG31-02640267-n] (small family of small food fishes in shallow waters of the Pacific around Indonesia)
              • Amiidae [ENG31-02641465-n] (only the bowfins)
              • Polyodontidae [ENG31-02641942-n] (paddlefishes)
              • Acipenseridae [ENG31-02642723-n] (sturgeons)
              • Lepisosteidae [ENG31-02643693-n] (comprises the genus Lepisosteus)
              • Scorpaenidae [ENG31-02645060-n] (scorpionfishes)
              • Cottidae [ENG31-02647597-n] (sculpins)
              • Cyclopteridae [ENG31-02649007-n] (lumpfishes)
              • Liparididae [ENG31-02649615-n] (snailfishes)
              • Agonidae [ENG31-02650133-n] (poachers)
              • Hexagrammidae [ENG31-02651086-n] (greenlings)
              • Platycephalidae [ENG31-02652030-n] (scorpaenoid flatheads)
              • Triglidae [ENG31-02652319-n] (in some classifications restricted to the gurnards and subdivided into the subfamilies Triglinae (true sea robins) and Peristediinae (armored sea robins))
              • Triglinae [ENG31-02653326-n] (in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising searobins having ordinary scales and no barbels (true searobins))
              • Peristediinae [ENG31-02653845-n] (in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising the armored searobins)
              • Dactylopteridae [ENG31-02654476-n] (flying gurnards)
              • Balistidae [ENG31-02655609-n] (triggerfishes)
              • Monocanthidae [ENG31-02656285-n] (filefishes)
              • Ostraciidae [ENG31-02656886-n] (boxfishes)
              • Tetraodontidae [ENG31-02657520-n] (puffers)
              • Diodontidae [ENG31-02657985-n] (spiny puffers)
              • Molidae [ENG31-02659056-n] (ocean sunfishes)
              • Pleuronectidae [ENG31-02660435-n] (righteye flounders)
              • Bothidae [ENG31-02663399-n] (a family of fish of the order Heterosomata)
              • Cynoglossidae [ENG31-02665982-n] (tonguefishes)
              • Soleidae [ENG31-02666287-n] (soles)
            • chordate family [ENG31-01469469-n] (any family in the phylum Chordata)

              • Amphioxidae [ENG31-01470145-n] (lancelets)
              • Salpidae [ENG31-01472066-n] (a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea)
              • Doliolidae [ENG31-01472527-n] (oceanic tunicates)
            • bird family [ENG31-01507078-n] (a family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings)

              • Struthionidae [ENG31-01521205-n] (tall terrestrial birds: ostriches)
              • Casuaridae [ENG31-01521869-n] (a family of large ostrich-like birds including cassowaries)
              • Apterygidae [ENG31-01522925-n] (coextensive with the order Apterygiformes)
              • Rheidae [ENG31-01523655-n] (a family of birds coextensive with the order Rheiformes)
              • Aepyornidae [ENG31-01524788-n] (coextensive with the order Aepyorniformes)
              • Dinornithidae [ENG31-01525430-n] (moas)
              • Meliphagidae [ENG31-01529276-n] (honey eaters)
              • Prunellidae [ENG31-01529566-n] (hedge sparrow)
              • Alaudidae [ENG31-01530121-n] (larks)
              • Motacillidae [ENG31-01530728-n] (pipits and wagtails)
              • Fringillidae [ENG31-01531677-n] (finches: goldfinches)
              • Carduelinae [ENG31-01533332-n] (used in some classifications for a subgroup of finches)
              • Emberizidae [ENG31-01539557-n] (buntings and some New World sparrows)
              • Coerebidae [ENG31-01541416-n] (the honeycreepers)
              • Passeridae [ENG31-01542018-n] (true sparrows: Old world birds formerly considered weaverbirds)
              • Ploceidae [ENG31-01545208-n] (weaverbirds)
              • Drepanididae [ENG31-01547185-n] (Hawaiian honeycreepers)
              • Menuridae [ENG31-01547944-n] (lyrebirds)
              • Atrichornithidae [ENG31-01548393-n] (scrubbirds)
              • Eurylaimidae [ENG31-01548989-n] (coextensive with the suborder Eurylaimi)
              • Tyrannidae [ENG31-01550100-n] (New World tyrant flycatchers most numerous in Central America and South America but also in the United States and Canada)
              • Cotingidae [ENG31-01553070-n] (cotingas)
              • Pipridae [ENG31-01554071-n] (manakins)
              • Furnariidae [ENG31-01555164-n] (e.g. ovenbirds)
              • Formicariidae [ENG31-01555597-n] (antbirds)
              • Dendrocolaptidae [ENG31-01556780-n] (woodhewers or woodcreepers)
              • Pittidae [ENG31-01557349-n] (pittas)
              • Muscicapidae [ENG31-01558227-n] (Old World (true) flycatchers)
              • Turdidae [ENG31-01559312-n] (thrushes)
              • Turdinae [ENG31-01559669-n] (alternative classification for the thrushes)
              • Sylviidae [ENG31-01565225-n] (in some classifications considered a subfamily (Sylviinae) of the family Muscicapidae: Old World (true) warblers)
              • Sylviinae [ENG31-01565619-n] (alternative classification for the Old World warblers)
              • Timaliidae [ENG31-01569027-n] (babblers)
              • Parulidae [ENG31-01569529-n] (New World warblers)
              • Paradisaeidae [ENG31-01573610-n] (birds of paradise)
              • Icteridae [ENG31-01574219-n] (American orioles)
              • Oriolidae [ENG31-01578218-n] (Old World orioles)
              • Sturnidae [ENG31-01579147-n] (Old World starlings)
              • Corvidae [ENG31-01580982-n] (crow)
              • Garrulinae [ENG31-01582509-n] (subfamily of the crow family: jays)
              • Cracticidae [ENG31-01585266-n] (Australian birds formerly included in the family Laniidae)
              • Troglodytidae [ENG31-01586645-n] (wrens)
              • Mimidae [ENG31-01589182-n] (sometimes considered a subfamily of Troglodytidae: mockingbirds)
              • Xenicidae [ENG31-01590813-n] (alternative names for the family comprising the New Zealand wrens)
              • Certhiidae [ENG31-01591766-n] (creepers)
              • Sittidae [ENG31-01593084-n] (nuthatches)
              • Paridae [ENG31-01594131-n] (titmice and chickadees)
              • Irenidae [ENG31-01596346-n] (a family of birds of the suborder Oscines)
              • Hirundinidae [ENG31-01596798-n] (swallows and martins)
              • Artamidae [ENG31-01599402-n] (wood swallows)
              • Thraupidae [ENG31-01599835-n] (tanagers)
              • Laniidae [ENG31-01601073-n] (shrikes)
              • Malaconotinae [ENG31-01602560-n] (an African bush shrikes)
              • Ptilonorhynchidae [ENG31-01603121-n] (bowerbirds)
              • Cinclidae [ENG31-01604191-n] (water ouzels)
              • Vireonidae [ENG31-01604994-n] (small insectivorous American songbirds)
              • Bombycillidae [ENG31-01605957-n] (a family of birds of the suborder Oscines)
              • Accipitridae [ENG31-01607760-n] (hawks)
              • Falconidae [ENG31-01613399-n] (a family of birds of the order Falconiformes)
              • Pandionidae [ENG31-01618466-n] (ospreys)
              • Sagittariidae [ENG31-01620861-n] (secretary birds)
              • Cathartidae [ENG31-01621312-n] (condors)
              • Strigidae [ENG31-01624355-n] (a family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes)
              • Tytonidae [ENG31-01627916-n] (comprising only the barn owls)
              • Meleagrididae [ENG31-01796459-n] (turkeys and some extinct forms)
              • Tetraonidae [ENG31-01797454-n] (grouse)
              • Cracidae [ENG31-01801727-n] (curassows)
              • Megapodiidae [ENG31-01803400-n] (megapodes)
              • Phasianidae [ENG31-01804950-n] (pheasants)
              • Perdicidae [ENG31-01809906-n] (Old World partridges)
              • Numididae [ENG31-01811426-n] (guinea fowl and related birds of Africa and Madagascar)
              • Opisthocomidae [ENG31-01812087-n] (comprising the hoatzins)
              • Tinamidae [ENG31-01812773-n] (comprising the tinamous)
              • Raphidae [ENG31-01813587-n] (extinct dodos and solitaires)
              • Columbidae [ENG31-01814323-n] (doves and pigeons)
              • Pteroclididae [ENG31-01818072-n] (sandgrouses)
              • Psittacidae [ENG31-01820065-n] (coextensive with the order Psittaciformes)
              • Loriinae [ENG31-01822831-n] (lories)
              • Cuculidae [ENG31-01825414-n] (includes cuckoo)
              • Musophagidae [ENG31-01827650-n] (touracos)
              • Coraciidae [ENG31-01828864-n] (rollers)
              • Alcedinidae [ENG31-01829639-n] (kingfishers)
              • Meropidae [ENG31-01831355-n] (bee-eaters)
              • Bucerotidae [ENG31-01831784-n] (hornbills)
              • Upupidae [ENG31-01832243-n] (hoopoes)
              • Phoeniculidae [ENG31-01832824-n] (wood hoopoes)
              • Momotidae [ENG31-01833264-n] (a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes)
              • Todidae [ENG31-01833719-n] (a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes)
              • Apodidae [ENG31-01834571-n] (swifts)
              • Hemiprocnidae [ENG31-01835924-n] (tree swifts)
              • Trochilidae [ENG31-01836260-n] (hummingbirds)
              • Caprimulgidae [ENG31-01837728-n] (goatsuckers)
              • Podargidae [ENG31-01839450-n] (frogmouths)
              • Steatornithidae [ENG31-01839871-n] (oilbirds)
              • Picidae [ENG31-01840967-n] (woodpeckers)
              • Capitonidae [ENG31-01844752-n] (barbets)
              • Bucconidae [ENG31-01845021-n] (puffbirds)
              • Indicatoridae [ENG31-01845296-n] (honey guides)
              • Galbulidae [ENG31-01845583-n] (jacamars)
              • Ramphastidae [ENG31-01845879-n] (toucans)
              • Trogonidae [ENG31-01846573-n] (coextensive with the order Trogoniformes)
              • Anatidae [ENG31-01848268-n] (swimming birds having heavy short-legged bodies and bills with a horny tip: swans)
              • Merginae [ENG31-01856688-n] (mergansers and closely related diving birds)
              • Anserinae [ENG31-01860664-n] (used in some classifications for the swans)
              • Anhimidae [ENG31-01862978-n] (screamers)
              • Ciconiidae [ENG31-02004475-n] (storks)
              • Balaenicipitidae [ENG31-02007756-n] (shoebills)
              • Threskiornithidae [ENG31-02008252-n] (ibises)
              • Plataleidae [ENG31-02009164-n] (spoonbills)
              • Phoenicopteridae [ENG31-02010076-n] (flamingos)
              • Ardeidae [ENG31-02010375-n] (herons)
              • Gruidae [ENG31-02015369-n] (cranes)
              • Cariamidae [ENG31-02016543-n] (crane-like South American wading birds)
              • Rallidae [ENG31-02017300-n] (rails)
              • Otididae [ENG31-02021292-n] (bustards)
              • Turnicidae [ENG31-02022220-n] (small Old World birds resembling but not related to true quail)
              • Psophiidae [ENG31-02023431-n] (trumpeters)
              • Charadriidae [ENG31-02025787-n] (plover family)
              • Scolopacidae [ENG31-02028184-n] (sandpiper family: sandpipers)
              • Recurvirostridae [ENG31-02039053-n] (long-legged shorebirds)
              • Haematopodidae [ENG31-02039518-n] (oystercatchers)
              • Phalaropidae [ENG31-02039932-n] (phalaropes)
              • Glareolidae [ENG31-02041271-n] (Old World shorebirds: pratincoles and coursers)
              • Burhinidae [ENG31-02042596-n] (large wading birds resembling the plovers: stone curlews)
              • Laridae [ENG31-02043526-n] (gull family: gulls and terns)
              • Sterninae [ENG31-02045577-n] (terns)
              • Rynchopidae [ENG31-02046151-n] (coextensive with the genus Rynchops: skimmers)
              • Stercorariidae [ENG31-02046653-n] (jaegers and skuas:)
              • Alcidae [ENG31-02047678-n] (web-footed diving seabirds of northern seas: auks)
              • Gavidae [ENG31-02051486-n] (loon family)
              • Podicipedidae [ENG31-02052326-n] (coextensive with the order Podicipitiformes)
              • Pelecanidae [ENG31-02054355-n] (pelicans)
              • Fregatidae [ENG31-02055165-n] (frigate birds)
              • Sulidae [ENG31-02055590-n] (gannets and boobies)
              • Phalacrocoracidae [ENG31-02056374-n] (cormorants)
              • Anhingidae [ENG31-02056905-n] (snakebirds)
              • Phaethontidae [ENG31-02057488-n] (tropicbirds)
              • Spheniscidae [ENG31-02058085-n] (comprising all existing penguins)
              • Diomedeidae [ENG31-02060728-n] (albatrosses)
              • Procellariidae [ENG31-02061587-n] (petrels)
              • Hydrobatidae [ENG31-02063372-n] (storm petrels)
              • Pelecanoididae [ENG31-02064369-n] (diving petrels)
            • amphibian family [ENG31-01628775-n] (any family of amphibians)

              • Salamandridae [ENG31-01631526-n] (salamanders)
              • Ambystomatidae [ENG31-01634400-n] (New World salamanders)
              • Cryptobranchidae [ENG31-01635688-n] (large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders)
              • Dicamptodontidae [ENG31-01637325-n] (large and small highly aquatic salamanders)
              • Plethodontidae [ENG31-01638300-n] (small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults)
              • Amphiumidae [ENG31-01641123-n] (congo snakes)
              • Sirenidae [ENG31-01641593-n] (sirens)
              • Ranidae [ENG31-01643024-n] (a family nearly cosmopolitan in distribution: true frogs)
              • Leptodactylidae [ENG31-01645312-n] (New World frogs)
              • Polypedatidae [ENG31-01646745-n] (Old World tree frogs)
              • Ascaphidae [ENG31-01647183-n] (family of one species of frog: tailed frog)
              • Leiopelmatidae [ENG31-01647734-n] (primitive New Zealand frogs)
              • Bufonidae [ENG31-01648275-n] (true toads)
              • Discoglossidae [ENG31-01650444-n] (family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue)
              • Pelobatidae [ENG31-01651459-n] (the amphibian family of spadefoot toads)
              • Hylidae [ENG31-01652589-n] (the amphibian family of tree frogs)
              • Microhylidae [ENG31-01655224-n] (narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs)
              • Pipidae [ENG31-01656251-n] (tongueless frogs)
              • Xenopodidae [ENG31-01656886-n] (in some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae)
              • Caeciliidae [ENG31-01657757-n] (coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians)
            • reptile family [ENG31-01659454-n] (a family of reptiles)

              • Cheloniidae [ENG31-01665810-n] (green turtles)
              • Dermochelyidae [ENG31-01667879-n] (sea turtles)
              • Chelydridae [ENG31-01668402-n] (snapping turtles)
              • Kinosternidae [ENG31-01669443-n] (mud turtles)
              • Emydidae [ENG31-01670211-n] (box and water turtles)
              • Testudinidae [ENG31-01672524-n] (land tortoises)
              • Trionychidae [ENG31-01674515-n] (soft-shelled turtles)
              • Gekkonidae [ENG31-01677491-n] (geckos)
              • Pygopodidae [ENG31-01678605-n] (Australian and Tasmanian lizards)
              • Iguanidae [ENG31-01678954-n] (New World lizards)
              • Amphisbaenidae [ENG31-01685561-n] (worm lizards)
              • Xantusiidae [ENG31-01686069-n] (night lizards)
              • Scincidae [ENG31-01686365-n] (skinks)
              • Teiidae [ENG31-01687918-n] (whiptails)
              • Agamidae [ENG31-01690082-n] (an Old World reptile family of Sauria)
              • Anguidae [ENG31-01691867-n] (alligator lizards)
              • Xenosauridae [ENG31-01693344-n] (monotypic family of Mexican lizards)
              • Anniellidae [ENG31-01693726-n] (legless lizards)
              • Lanthanotidae [ENG31-01694025-n] (stout-bodied lizards)
              • Helodermatidae [ENG31-01694423-n] (only known venomous lizards)
              • Lacertidae [ENG31-01695354-n] (Old World lizards)
              • Chamaeleontidae [ENG31-01696113-n] (Old World chameleons)
              • Varanidae [ENG31-01697071-n] (monitor lizards)
              • Crocodylidae [ENG31-01699490-n] (true crocodiles)
              • Alligatoridae [ENG31-01700785-n] (alligators)
              • Gavialidae [ENG31-01702056-n] (gavials)
              • Ceratopsidae [ENG31-01706507-n] (American ceratopsian dinosaurs)
              • Hadrosauridae [ENG31-01708358-n] (duck-billed dinosaurs)
              • Iguanodontidae [ENG31-01710074-n] (iguanodons)
              • Titanosauridae [ENG31-01712989-n] (herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous)
              • Megalosauridae [ENG31-01717890-n] (megalosaurs)
              • Dromaeosauridae [ENG31-01720307-n] (swift-running bipedal dinosaurs)
              • Edaphosauridae [ENG31-01724726-n] (a family of reptiles of the order Pelycosauria)
              • Pterodactylidae [ENG31-01725900-n] (a reptile family in the order Pterosauria)
              • Ichthyosauridae [ENG31-01727111-n] (later ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous)
              • Colubridae [ENG31-01729601-n] (nonvenomous snakes)
              • Typhlopidae [ENG31-01742924-n] (blind snakes)
              • Leptotyphlopidae [ENG31-01743034-n] (blind snakes)
              • Boidae [ENG31-01744385-n] (boas and pythons)
              • Pythoninae [ENG31-01745864-n] (Old World boas: pythons)
              • Pythonidae [ENG31-01746090-n] (in some classifications a family separate from Boidae comprising Old World boas)
              • Elapidae [ENG31-01747298-n] (cobras)
              • Hydrophidae [ENG31-01754262-n] (sea snakes)
              • Viperidae [ENG31-01754620-n] (Old World vipers)
              • Crotalidae [ENG31-01756362-n] (New World vipers: pit vipers)
            • arthropod family [ENG31-01761823-n] (any of the arthropods)

              • Phalangiidae [ENG31-01772430-n] (a family of Phalangida)
              • Argiopidae [ENG31-01775423-n] (spiders that spin orb webs)
              • Theridiidae [ENG31-01776571-n] (a family of comb-footed spiders)
              • Theraphosidae [ENG31-01777236-n] (large tropical spiders)
              • Lycosidae [ENG31-01777559-n] (wolf spiders)
              • Ctenizidae [ENG31-01778233-n] (large burrowing spiders)
              • Ixodidae [ENG31-01779187-n] (hard ticks)
              • Argasidae [ENG31-01781981-n] (soft ticks)
              • Acaridae [ENG31-01782667-n] (mites)
              • Trombidiidae [ENG31-01782943-n] (mites)
              • Trombiculidae [ENG31-01783192-n] (mites)
              • Sarcoptidae [ENG31-01783915-n] (small whitish mites)
              • Tetranychidae [ENG31-01784691-n] (plant-feeding mites)
              • Scutigeridae [ENG31-01788033-n] (a family of Chilopoda)
              • Geophilidae [ENG31-01788689-n] (small extremely elongate centipedes that live in earth)
              • Limulidae [ENG31-01790187-n] (horseshoe crabs)
              • Cancridae [ENG31-01980325-n] (many of the best known edible crabs)
              • Portunidae [ENG31-01981385-n] (swimming crabs)
              • Pinnotheridae [ENG31-01982969-n] (tiny soft-bodied crabs)
              • Lithodidae [ENG31-01983634-n] (deep-sea crabs of cold waters)
              • Majidae [ENG31-01984184-n] (spider crabs)
              • Homaridae [ENG31-01985536-n] (large-clawed lobsters)
              • Nephropsidae [ENG31-01986599-n] (in some classifications coextensive with the Homaridae)
              • Palinuridae [ENG31-01987057-n] (spiny lobsters)
              • Astacidae [ENG31-01987599-n] (crayfish)
              • Paguridae [ENG31-01988588-n] (hermit crabs)
              • Crangonidae [ENG31-01989179-n] (shrimps)
              • Palaemonidae [ENG31-01989869-n] (prawns)
              • Peneidae [ENG31-01990579-n] (tropical prawns)
              • Mysidae [ENG31-01991738-n] (small shrimp-like crustaceans)
              • Squillidae [ENG31-01992827-n] (crustaceans that burrow in mud or under stones in shallow water along the seashore)
              • Armadillidiidae [ENG31-01993887-n] (pill bugs)
              • Oniscidae [ENG31-01994330-n] (a family of Isopoda)
              • Porcellionidae [ENG31-01994636-n] (sow bugs)
              • Orchestiidae [ENG31-01995589-n] (beach fleas)
              • Triopidae [ENG31-01998629-n] (a family of Notostraca)
              • Balanidae [ENG31-02001121-n] (stalkless barnacles)
              • Lepadidae [ENG31-02001574-n] (goose barnacles)
              • Peripatidae [ENG31-02002690-n] (a family of Onychophora)
              • Peripatopsidae [ENG31-02003272-n] (a family of Onychophora)
              • Cicindelidae [ENG31-02167625-n] (tiger beetles)
              • Coccinellidae [ENG31-02167899-n] (the ladybugs)
              • Carabidae [ENG31-02169638-n] (ground beetles)
              • Lampyridae [ENG31-02170773-n] (fireflies)
              • Cerambycidae [ENG31-02171194-n] (long-horned beetles)
              • Chrysomelidae [ENG31-02171997-n] (leaf beetles)
              • Dermestidae [ENG31-02172921-n] (carpet beetles)
              • Cleridae [ENG31-02173500-n] (beetles that prey on other insects)
              • Lamellicornia [ENG31-02173906-n] (scarabaeid beetles and stag beetles)
              • Scarabaeidae [ENG31-02174285-n] (scarab or dung beetles)
              • Melolonthidae [ENG31-02176805-n] (considered a separate family in some classification systems)
              • Cetoniidae [ENG31-02177915-n] (considered a separate family in some classification systems)
              • Lucanidae [ENG31-02178443-n] (stag beetles)
              • Elateridae [ENG31-02178725-n] (click beetles and certain fireflies)
              • Dytiscidae [ENG31-02179720-n] (water beetles)
              • Gyrinidae [ENG31-02180028-n] (whirligig beetles)
              • Anobiidae [ENG31-02180296-n] (deathwatch beetles)
              • Curculionidae [ENG31-02180896-n] (true weevils: snout beetles)
              • Meloidae [ENG31-02181538-n] (blister beetles)
              • Scolytidae [ENG31-02182081-n] (large family of bark-boring or wood-boring short-beaked beetles)
              • Staphylinidae [ENG31-02183394-n] (rove beetles)
              • Tenebrionidae [ENG31-02183665-n] (a family of arthropods including darkling beetles and mealworms)
              • Bruchidae [ENG31-02184515-n] (seed beetles)
              • Pediculidae [ENG31-02186766-n] (true lice: human lice and related forms)
              • Phthiriidae [ENG31-02187533-n] (crab lice)
              • Pulicidae [ENG31-02189051-n] (many common fleas attacking humans and domestic animals)
              • Cecidomyidae [ENG31-02191866-n] (gall midges)
              • Muscoidea [ENG31-02192474-n] (two-winged flies especially the families: Muscidae)
              • Muscidae [ENG31-02192667-n] (two-winged flies especially the housefly)
              • Glossinidae [ENG31-02193615-n] (flies closely related to the Muscidae: tsetse flies)
              • Calliphoridae [ENG31-02194101-n] (blowflies)
              • Tachinidae [ENG31-02195325-n] (parasites on other insects)
              • Gasterophilidae [ENG31-02196009-n] (horse botflies)
              • Cuterebridae [ENG31-02196451-n] (New World botflies)
              • Oestridae [ENG31-02197066-n] (warble flies)
              • Tabanidae [ENG31-02198055-n] (horseflies)
              • Bombyliidae [ENG31-02198345-n] (bee flies)
              • Asilidae [ENG31-02198648-n] (robber flies)
              • Trypetidae [ENG31-02199194-n] (fruit flies)
              • Drosophilidae [ENG31-02200065-n] (fruit flies)
              • Hippoboscidae [ENG31-02200984-n] (winged or wingless dipterans: louse flies)
              • Culicidae [ENG31-02202651-n] (mosquitoes)
              • Ceratopogonidae [ENG31-02205161-n] (biting midges)
              • Chironomidae [ENG31-02205660-n] (midges)
              • Mycetophilidae [ENG31-02206109-n] (fungus gnats)
              • Psychodidae [ENG31-02206391-n] (very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies)
              • Sciaridae [ENG31-02207112-n] (fungus gnats)
              • Tipulidae [ENG31-02207747-n] (crane flies)
              • Simuliidae [ENG31-02208035-n] (blackflies and sand flies)
              • Apoidea [ENG31-02209276-n] (bees)
              • Apidae [ENG31-02210594-n] (honeybees)
              • Andrenidae [ENG31-02212748-n] (a large family of solitary short-tongued bees most of which burrow in the ground)
              • Halictidae [ENG31-02213380-n] (a family of small solitary bees)
              • Megachilidae [ENG31-02213751-n] (leaf-cutting and mason bees)
              • Vespidae [ENG31-02214975-n] (an arthropod family of the order Hymenoptera including: yellow jackets)
              • Sphecoidea [ENG31-02217624-n] (families Sphecidae and Stizidae)
              • Sphecidae [ENG31-02217986-n] (mud daubers)
              • Stizidae [ENG31-02218593-n] (cicada killers)
              • Cynipidae [ENG31-02219199-n] (a family of Hymenoptera)
              • Chalcididae [ENG31-02219986-n] (an arthropod family including: chalcidflies)
              • Ichneumonidae [ENG31-02220887-n] (ichneumon flies)
              • Tenthredinidae [ENG31-02221215-n] (sawflies)
              • Formicidae [ENG31-02221886-n] (ants)
              • Dorylinae [ENG31-02223045-n] (army ants)
              • Termitidae [ENG31-02225661-n] (termites)
              • Rhinotermitidae [ENG31-02226793-n] (large widely distributed family of termites of temperate to tropical regions)
              • Mastotermitidae [ENG31-02226975-n] (primitive termites)
              • Kalotermitidae [ENG31-02227883-n] (primitive termites of warm regions)
              • Acrididae [ENG31-02229250-n] (short-horned grasshoppers)
              • Tettigoniidae [ENG31-02230425-n] (long-horned grasshoppers)
              • Stenopelmatidae [ENG31-02231526-n] (long-horned grasshoppers)
              • Gryllidae [ENG31-02232037-n] (crickets)
              • Phasmidae [ENG31-02233959-n] (stick insects)
              • Phyllidae [ENG31-02234582-n] (leaf insects)
              • Blattidae [ENG31-02236229-n] (domestic cockroaches)
              • Cryptocercidae [ENG31-02237973-n] (a family of Blattodea)
              • Mantidae [ENG31-02238413-n] (mantises)
              • Miridae [ENG31-02239891-n] (leaf bugs)
              • Tingidae [ENG31-02241126-n] (lace bugs)
              • Lygaeidae [ENG31-02241395-n] (lygaeid bugs)
              • Coreidae [ENG31-02241999-n] (squash bugs and leaf-footed bugs)
              • Cimicidae [ENG31-02242875-n] (wingless flat-bodied bloodsucking insects)
              • Notonectidae [ENG31-02243358-n] (aquatic carnivorous insects)
              • Belostomatidae [ENG31-02244656-n] (water bugs)
              • Nepidae [ENG31-02244945-n] (water scorpions)
              • Corixidae [ENG31-02245594-n] (water bugs)
              • Gerrididae [ENG31-02246003-n] (an arthropod family that includes water striders)
              • Reduviidae [ENG31-02246659-n] (assassin bugs)
              • Pyrrhocoridae [ENG31-02247615-n] (firebugs)
              • Aleyrodidae [ENG31-02248936-n] (whiteflies)
              • Coccoidea [ENG31-02250799-n] (scale insects and mealybugs)
              • Coccidae [ENG31-02251396-n] (scale insects)
              • Diaspididae [ENG31-02252017-n] (armored scales)
              • Dactylopiidae [ENG31-02252647-n] (cochineal insects)
              • Pseudococcidae [ENG31-02253116-n] (scalelike insects: mealybugs)
              • Aphidoidea [ENG31-02254691-n] (plant lice)
              • Aphididae [ENG31-02255081-n] (small soft-bodied plant lice)
              • Adelgidae [ENG31-02257022-n] (plant lice)
              • Phylloxeridae [ENG31-02258219-n] (plant lice)
              • Psyllidae [ENG31-02258662-n] (jumping plant lice)
              • Cicadidae [ENG31-02259017-n] (cicadas)
              • Cercopidae [ENG31-02260188-n] (froghoppers or spittlebugs)
              • Cicadellidae [ENG31-02261432-n] (leafhoppers)
              • Jassidae [ENG31-02261562-n] (family of small leafhoppers coextensive with the Cicadellidae and not distinguished from it in some classifications)
              • Membracidae [ENG31-02262217-n] (plant hoppers: treehoppers)
              • Fulgoridae [ENG31-02262496-n] (plant hoppers: lantern flies)
              • Psocidae [ENG31-02263275-n] (a family of small soft-bodied insects that feed on decaying vegetation)
              • Atropidae [ENG31-02263836-n] (booklice)
              • Ephemeridae [ENG31-02264976-n] (mayflies)
              • Myrmeleontidae [ENG31-02266369-n] (antlions)
              • Chrysopidae [ENG31-02267386-n] (green lacewings)
              • Hemerobiidae [ENG31-02267829-n] (brown lacewings)
              • Corydalidae [ENG31-02268369-n] (dobsons)
              • Sialidae [ENG31-02269232-n] (an arthropod family including: alderflies)
              • Raphidiidae [ENG31-02269671-n] (a family of arthropods of the suborder Megaloptera, including snakeflies)
              • Mantispidae [ENG31-02270008-n] (mantispids)
              • Sisyridae [ENG31-02270296-n] (an arthropod family of the order Neuroptera that includes spongeflies)
              • Lepismatidae [ENG31-02272978-n] (firebrats)
              • Machilidae [ENG31-02273739-n] (jumping bristletails)
              • Thripidae [ENG31-02274392-n] (thrips)
              • Forficulidae [ENG31-02275772-n] (typical earwigs)
              • Nymphalidae [ENG31-02277168-n] (large beautifully colored butterflies)
              • Satyridae [ENG31-02280208-n] (a widely distributed family of butterflies common near the edges of woods)
              • Danaidae [ENG31-02282094-n] (small family of usually tropical butterflies: monarch butterflies)
              • Pieridae [ENG31-02282875-n] (arthropod family including cabbage butterflies)
              • Lycaenidae [ENG31-02284204-n] (family of small usually brilliantly colored butterflies)
              • Tortricidae [ENG31-02286380-n] (leaf rollers and codling moths)
              • Lymantriidae [ENG31-02288011-n] (tussock moths)
              • Geometridae [ENG31-02289467-n] (measuring worms)
              • Pyralidae [ENG31-02291125-n] (bee moths)
              • Tineoidea [ENG31-02293676-n] (clothes moths)
              • Tineidae [ENG31-02294043-n] (clothes moths)
              • Gracilariidae [ENG31-02295502-n] (leaf miners)
              • Gelechiidae [ENG31-02295787-n] (important economic pests)
              • Noctuidae [ENG31-02297413-n] (cutworms)
              • Sphingidae [ENG31-02301031-n] (hawkmoths)
              • Bombycidae [ENG31-02302670-n] (Chinese silkworm moth)
              • Saturniidae [ENG31-02303724-n] (important and widely distributed family of moths including some of the largest insects known)
              • Arctiidae [ENG31-02307897-n] (tiger moths)
              • Lasiocampidae [ENG31-02308811-n] (tent caterpillars)
            • mammal family [ENG31-01865198-n] (a family of mammals)

              • Tachyglossidae [ENG31-01874735-n] (echidnas)
              • Ornithorhynchidae [ENG31-01875648-n] (platypus)
              • Didelphidae [ENG31-01877425-n] (opossums)
              • Caenolestidae [ENG31-01878358-n] (small marsupials of southern South America)
              • Peramelidae [ENG31-01878821-n] (bandicoots)
              • Macropodidae [ENG31-01879484-n] (kangaroos)
              • Potoroinae [ENG31-01882624-n] (rat kangaroos)
              • Phalangeridae [ENG31-01883578-n] (phalangers)
              • Vombatidae [ENG31-01885589-n] (wombats)
              • Dasyuridae [ENG31-01885853-n] (dasyures)
              • Notoryctidae [ENG31-01888365-n] (pouched moles)
              • Talpidae [ENG31-01891969-n] (moles)
              • Chrysochloridae [ENG31-01892915-n] (golden moles)
              • Soricidae [ENG31-01894079-n] (shrews)
              • Erinaceidae [ENG31-01896176-n] (true hedgehogs)
              • Tenrecidae [ENG31-01896681-n] (tenrecs and extinct related forms)
              • Potamogalidae [ENG31-01897311-n] (otter shrews)
              • Balaenidae [ENG31-02066169-n] (right whales)
              • Balaenopteridae [ENG31-02066807-n] (rorquals)
              • Eschrichtiidae [ENG31-02068585-n] (comprising only the grey whales)
              • Physeteridae [ENG31-02069603-n] (sperm whales)
              • Ziphiidae [ENG31-02070594-n] (beaked whales)
              • Delphinidae [ENG31-02071388-n] (dolphins)
              • Platanistidae [ENG31-02074557-n] (river dolphins)
              • Monodontidae [ENG31-02074861-n] (narwhals)
              • Trichechidae [ENG31-02076184-n] (comprising only the manatees)
              • Dugongidae [ENG31-02076656-n] (a family of mammals of order Sirenia including dugongs and Steller's sea cow)
              • Otariidae [ENG31-02079187-n] (eared seals: sea lions and fur seals)
              • Phocidae [ENG31-02081822-n] (earless seals)
              • Odobenidae [ENG31-02083934-n] (walruses and extinct forms)
              • Orycteropodidae [ENG31-02085150-n] (aardvarks)
              • Canidae [ENG31-02085690-n] (dogs)
              • Hyaenidae [ENG31-02119611-n] (hyenas)
              • Felidae [ENG31-02123344-n] (cats)
              • Ursidae [ENG31-02134070-n] (bears and extinct related forms)
              • Viverridae [ENG31-02137241-n] (genets)
              • Phyllostomidae [ENG31-02144716-n] (New World leaf-nosed bats)
              • Rhinolophidae [ENG31-02145945-n] (Old World leaf-nosed bats)
              • Hipposideridae [ENG31-02146246-n] (Old World leafnose bats)
              • Megadermatidae [ENG31-02147094-n] (Old World false vampire bats)
              • Vespertilionidae [ENG31-02147736-n] (the majority of common bats of temperate regions of the world)
              • Molossidae [ENG31-02151788-n] (mastiff bats)
              • Desmodontidae [ENG31-02152958-n] (true vampire bats)
              • Leporidae [ENG31-02326367-n] (hares and rabbits)
              • Ochotonidae [ENG31-02330922-n] (pikas and extinct forms)
              • Muroidea [ENG31-02333482-n] (a superfamily of rodents essentially equal to the suborder Myomorpha but with the Dipodidae excluded)
              • Muridae [ENG31-02334131-n] (originally Old World rats now distributed worldwide)
              • Hydromyinae [ENG31-02337501-n] (water rats of Australia and New Guinea)
              • Cricetidae [ENG31-02338001-n] (mostly small New World rodents including New World mice and lemmings and voles and hamsters)
              • Gerbillinae [ENG31-02346139-n] (gerbils)
              • Hystricidae [ENG31-02349475-n] (Old World porcupines)
              • Erethizontidae [ENG31-02350517-n] (New World arboreal porcupines)
              • Heteromyidae [ENG31-02351057-n] (small New World burrowing mouselike rodents with fur-lined cheek pouches and hind limbs and tail adapted to leaping)
              • Zapodidae [ENG31-02353497-n] (jumping mice)
              • Dipodidae [ENG31-02354170-n] (Old World jerboas)
              • Gliridae [ENG31-02355042-n] (dormice and other Old World forms)
              • Geomyidae [ENG31-02356181-n] (North American pocket gophers)
              • Sciuridae [ENG31-02358363-n] (a mammal family of true squirrels including: ground squirrels)
              • Petauristidae [ENG31-02364677-n] (Old World flying squirrels)
              • Castoridae [ENG31-02365373-n] (beavers)
              • Aplodontiidae [ENG31-02366333-n] (mountain beavers)
              • Caviidae [ENG31-02366873-n] (a family of Hystricomorpha)
              • Hydrochoeridae [ENG31-02367896-n] (capybara)
              • Dasyproctidae [ENG31-02368324-n] (agoutis and pacas)
              • Capromyidae [ENG31-02369354-n] (coypus)
              • Chinchillidae [ENG31-02369783-n] (small bushy-tailed South American burrowing rodents)
              • Spalacidae [ENG31-02371215-n] (mole rats)
              • Bathyergidae [ENG31-02371664-n] (mole rats)
              • Uintatheriidae [ENG31-02374299-n] (an extinct family of Dinocerata)
              • Procaviidae [ENG31-02375049-n] (includes all recent members of the order Hyracoidea)
              • Equidae [ENG31-02376253-n] (horses)
              • Rhinocerotidae [ENG31-02394434-n] (rhinoceroses)
              • Tapiridae [ENG31-02395952-n] (tapirs and extinct related forms)
              • Suidae [ENG31-02397474-n] (pigs)
              • Tayassuidae [ENG31-02399903-n] (peccaries)
              • Hippopotamidae [ENG31-02400904-n] (hippopotami)
              • Bovidae [ENG31-02402791-n] (true antelopes)
              • Bovinae [ENG31-02403957-n] (term not used technically)
              • Antilocapridae [ENG31-02431769-n] (comprising only the pronghorns)
              • Cervidae [ENG31-02432341-n] (deer: reindeer)
              • Tragulidae [ENG31-02438320-n] (chevrotains)
              • Camelidae [ENG31-02439444-n] (camels and llamas and vicunas)
              • Giraffidae [ENG31-02441405-n] (giraffes)
              • Mustelidae [ENG31-02443336-n] (weasels)
              • Lutrinae [ENG31-02447131-n] (subdivision not used in some classifications: otters)
              • Mephitinae [ENG31-02448195-n] (subdivision not used in some classifications: skunks)
              • Melinae [ENG31-02449851-n] (subdivision not used in some classifications: badgers)
              • Dasypodidae [ENG31-02456750-n] (armadillos)
              • Bradypodidae [ENG31-02459407-n] (a family of edentates comprising the true sloths)
              • Megalonychidae [ENG31-02460217-n] (mammal family consisting of the two-toed sloths)
              • Megatheriidae [ENG31-02460987-n] (extinct ground sloths)
              • Mylodontidae [ENG31-02461632-n] (extinct South American edentates)
              • Myrmecophagidae [ENG31-02462439-n] (New World anteaters)
              • Manidae [ENG31-02464187-n] (coextensive with the order Pholidota)
              • Hominidae [ENG31-02474098-n] (modern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man)
              • Pongidae [ENG31-02482527-n] (usually considered as comprising orangutans)
              • Hylobatidae [ENG31-02485451-n] (used in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs))
              • Cercopithecidae [ENG31-02486546-n] (Old World monkeys: guenon)
              • Platyrrhini [ENG31-02491919-n] (New World monkeys: capuchin)
              • Callithricidae [ENG31-02492661-n] (marmosets)
              • Cebidae [ENG31-02494221-n] (all the New World monkeys except marmosets and tamarins)
              • Tupaiidae [ENG31-02497497-n] (tree shrews)
              • Lemuridae [ENG31-02500039-n] (typical lemurs)
              • Lorisidae [ENG31-02500986-n] (slow-moving omnivorous nocturnal primates of tropical Asia)
              • Indriidae [ENG31-02502621-n] (a family of Lemuroidea)
              • Tarsiidae [ENG31-02503906-n] (coextensive with the genus Tarsius: tarsiers)
              • Cynocephalidae [ENG31-02504843-n] (a family of Dermoptera)
              • Elephantidae [ENG31-02505944-n] (elephants)
              • Mammutidae [ENG31-02508277-n] (extinct family: mastodons)
              • Gomphotheriidae [ENG31-02509097-n] (elephants extinct since the Pleistocene)
              • Procyonidae [ENG31-02509968-n] (raccoons)
              • Bassariscidae [ENG31-02511089-n] (in some classifications considered a separate family)
              • Ailuropodidae [ENG31-02512696-n] (in some classifications considered the family comprising the giant pandas)
            • coelenterate family [ENG31-01910928-n] (a family of coelenterates)

              • Pennatulidae [ENG31-01918055-n] (sea pens)
            • ctenophore family [ENG31-01920651-n] (a family of ctenophores)

              • Pleurobrachiidae [ENG31-01922819-n] (sea gooseberries)
              • Cestidae [ENG31-01923376-n] (coextensive with the order Cestida)
            • worm family [ENG31-01924200-n] (a family of worms)

              • Fasciolidae [ENG31-01928731-n] (a family of Trematoda)
              • Schistosomatidae [ENG31-01929481-n] (a family of Trematoda)
              • Taeniidae [ENG31-01930306-n] (a family of Cestoda)
              • Ascaridae [ENG31-01933126-n] (large roundworms parasitic in intestines of vertebrates)
              • Oxyuridae [ENG31-01933918-n] (pinworms)
              • Cephalobidae [ENG31-01934486-n] (a family of Nematoda)
              • Tylenchidae [ENG31-01934999-n] (a family of Nematoda)
              • Ancylostomatidae [ENG31-01935441-n] (hookworms)
              • Filariidae [ENG31-01935983-n] (threadlike roundworms)
              • Dracunculidae [ENG31-01936327-n] (greatly elongated roundworm)
              • Branchiobdellidae [ENG31-01938384-n] (small annelid worms with the posterior end modified into an adhesive sucker)
              • Terebellidae [ENG31-01939656-n] (marine burrowing or tube-forming polychete worms usually having long thick bodies)
              • Hirudinidae [ENG31-01940796-n] (a family of Hirudinea)
            • mollusk family [ENG31-01941491-n] (a family of mollusks)

              • Haliotidae [ENG31-01945242-n] (abalones)
              • Strombidae [ENG31-01945854-n] (the family of conchs)
              • Helicidae [ENG31-01946858-n] (land snails including the common edible snail and some pests)
              • Limacidae [ENG31-01948084-n] (slugs)
              • Neritidae [ENG31-01948759-n] (neritids)
              • Buccinidae [ENG31-01949916-n] (whelks)
              • Cymatiidae [ENG31-01950254-n] (tritons)
              • Naticidae [ENG31-01950515-n] (moonshells)
              • Littorinidae [ENG31-01950795-n] (periwinkles)
              • Patellidae [ENG31-01951429-n] (marine limpets)
              • Fissurellidae [ENG31-01951836-n] (marine limpets)
              • Ancylidae [ENG31-01952325-n] (freshwater gastropod)
              • Aplysiidae [ENG31-01953593-n] (sea hares)
              • Akeridae [ENG31-01954362-n] (bubble shells)
              • Physidae [ENG31-01955070-n] (freshwater snails)
              • Cypraeidae [ENG31-01955673-n] (family of marine gastropods comprising the cowries)
              • Myacidae [ENG31-01959716-n] (soft-shell clams)
              • Veneridae [ENG31-01960232-n] (hard-shell clams)
              • Solenidae [ENG31-01961431-n] (razor clams)
              • Tridacnidae [ENG31-01961828-n] (large marine hard-shell clams)
              • Cardiidae [ENG31-01962309-n] (somewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks)
              • Ostreidae [ENG31-01962942-n] (oysters)
              • Pteriidae [ENG31-01964377-n] (pearl oysters)
              • Anomiidae [ENG31-01964864-n] (saddle oysters)
              • Arcidae [ENG31-01965658-n] (ark shells)
              • Mytilidae [ENG31-01966371-n] (marine mussels)
              • Unionidae [ENG31-01967277-n] (freshwater mussels found worldwide)
              • Pectinidae [ENG31-01968388-n] (scallops)
              • Teredinidae [ENG31-01969438-n] (shipworms)
              • Pholadidae [ENG31-01970318-n] (a family of Bivalvia)
              • Nautilidae [ENG31-01971232-n] (spiral-shelled cephalopods)
              • Octopodidae [ENG31-01972534-n] (a family of Octopoda)
              • Argonautidae [ENG31-01972983-n] (represented solely by the genus Argonauta)
              • Sepiidae [ENG31-01974924-n] (true cuttlefishes)
              • Spirulidae [ENG31-01975374-n] (coextensive with the genus Spirula)
              • Belemnitidae [ENG31-01976207-n] (family of extinct Mesozoic cephalopods)
            • Panorpidae [ENG31-02165056-n] (a family of insects of the order Mecoptera)
            • Bittacidae [ENG31-02165483-n] (a family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera)
            • echinoderm family [ENG31-02318690-n] (a family of echinoderms)

              • Antedonidae [ENG31-02323273-n] (feather stars)

                • Comatulidae [ENG31-02323421-n] (former usage synonymous with Antedonidae)
              • Holothuridae [ENG31-02324411-n] (a family of Holothuroidea)
            • form family [ENG31-08125416-n] ((biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure)
            • moss family [ENG31-11558116-n] (a family of mosses)

              • Anthocerotaceae [ENG31-11559033-n] (hornworts)
              • Dicranaceae [ENG31-11560890-n] (mosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome)
              • Bryaceae [ENG31-11561421-n] (a family of acrocarpous mosses)
              • Mniaceae [ENG31-11561773-n] (family of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface)
              • Jungermanniaceae [ENG31-11563715-n] (comprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales)
              • Marchantiaceae [ENG31-11564053-n] (liverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli)
              • Sphaerocarpaceae [ENG31-11564765-n] (liverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes)
            • monocot family [ENG31-11575864-n] (family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed)

              • liliid monocot family [ENG31-11576638-n] (family of monocotyledonous plants of the subclass Liliidae)

                • Iridaceae [ENG31-12431589-n] (large family of usually perennial geophytic herbs with rhizomes or corms or bulbs)

                  • genus Iris [ENG31-12432215-n] (large genus of perennials that develop from bulbs or rhizomes)
                • Amaryllidaceae [ENG31-12439185-n] (snowdrop)
                • Hypoxidaceae [ENG31-12443256-n] (in some classification systems included in the Amaryllidaceae)
                • Liliaceae [ENG31-12444070-n] (includes species sometimes divided among the following families: Alliaceae)
                • Alliaceae [ENG31-12451383-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Aloeaceae [ENG31-12456765-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Alstroemeriaceae [ENG31-12458551-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Aphyllanthaceae [ENG31-12460633-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Asparagaceae [ENG31-12461128-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae: includes genera Asparagus and sometimes Ruscus)
                • Asphodelaceae [ENG31-12462275-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae)
                • Colchicaceae [ENG31-12475606-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: genera Colchicum and Gloriosa)
                • Hemerocallidaceae [ENG31-12476783-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Hostaceae [ENG31-12477755-n] (one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Hyacinthaceae [ENG31-12478507-n] (one of many families or subfamilies in which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Melanthiaceae [ENG31-12483827-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: includes Aletris)
                • Ruscaceae [ENG31-12485408-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Tecophilaeacea [ENG31-12485612-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Xanthorrhoeaceae [ENG31-12486301-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Trilliaceae [ENG31-12488316-n] (small family of herbs having flowers with 3 petals and 3 sepals)
                • Smilacaceae [ENG31-12490230-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Convallariaceae [ENG31-12491655-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted)
                • Uvulariaceae [ENG31-12495125-n] (one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae)
                • Taccaceae [ENG31-12495955-n] (small family of tropical herbs)
                • Agavaceae [ENG31-12496541-n] (chiefly tropical and xerophytic plants: includes Dracenaceae (Dracaenaceae))
                • Dracenaceae [ENG31-12499571-n] (one of two subfamilies to which some classification systems assign some members of the Agavaceae)
              • Juncaceae [ENG31-11763578-n] (tufted herbs resembling grasses: rushes)
              • Araceae [ENG31-11799003-n] (anthurium)
              • Acoraceae [ENG31-11801216-n] (used in some classifications for the genus Acorus which is usually assigned to Araceae)
              • Lemnaceae [ENG31-11814736-n] (family of small free-floating thalloid plants)
              • Orchidaceae [ENG31-12060212-n] (enormous cosmopolitan family of perennial terrestrial or epiphytic plants with fleshy tubers or rootstocks and unusual flowers)
              • Burmanniaceae [ENG31-12107724-n] (family of chiefly tropical herbs with basal leaves like bracts and small flowers)
              • Gramineae [ENG31-12121055-n] (the grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals)

                • Calamagrostis [ENG31-12133306-n] (reed grass)
              • Cyperaceae [ENG31-12170268-n] (bulrush)

                • Cyperus [ENG31-12170964-n] (type genus of Cyperaceae)
              • Pandanaceae [ENG31-12174943-n] (family of woody plants of the order Pandanales including pandanus)
              • Typhaceae [ENG31-12175776-n] (perennial marsh plants with creeping rootstocks and long linear leaves)
              • Sparganiaceae [ENG31-12176825-n] (coextensive with the genus Sparganium)
              • Haemodoraceae [ENG31-12332411-n] (some genera placed in family Liliaceae)
              • Cannaceae [ENG31-12370950-n] (coextensive with the genus Canna)
              • Marantaceae [ENG31-12371804-n] (tropical perennial herbs with usually starchy rhizomes)
              • Musaceae [ENG31-12372492-n] (treelike tropical Asian herbs)
              • Strelitziaceae [ENG31-12374585-n] (woody plants with erect stems of tropical South America and South Africa and Madagascar)
              • Zingiberaceae [ENG31-12375837-n] (a family of tropical monocotyledonous plants of order Musales)
              • Palmae [ENG31-12602129-n] (chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines usually having a tall columnar trunk bearing a crown of very large leaves)
              • Xyridaceae [ENG31-12626076-n] (plants of tropical to temperate regions)
              • Commelinaceae [ENG31-12626726-n] (large widely distributed family of chiefly perennial herbs or climbers: spiderworts)
              • Bromeliaceae [ENG31-12627668-n] (a family of tropical American plants of order Xyridales including several (as the pineapple) of economic importance)
              • Mayacaceae [ENG31-12629208-n] (a monocotyledonous family of bog plants of order Xyridales)
              • Rapateaceae [ENG31-12629539-n] (South American herbs somewhat resembling members of the Juncaceae)
              • Eriocaulaceae [ENG31-12629702-n] (chiefly tropical aquatic or bog herbs: pipeworts)
              • Pontederiaceae [ENG31-12630399-n] (aquatic or bog plants)
              • Naiadaceae [ENG31-12632004-n] (monotypic family of aquatic plants having narrow leaves and small flowers)
              • Alismataceae [ENG31-12632576-n] (perennial or annual aquatic or marsh plants)
              • Hydrocharitaceae [ENG31-12633674-n] (simple nearly stemless freshwater aquatic plants)
              • Potamogetonaceae [ENG31-12636188-n] (plants that grow in ponds and slow streams)
              • Scheuchzeriaceae [ENG31-12637901-n] (a family of monocotyledonous bog herbs of order Naiadales)
              • Zannichelliaceae [ENG31-12638500-n] (alternative classification for some genera included in Potamogetonaceae)
              • Zosteraceae [ENG31-12639097-n] (used in some classifications: essentially equivalent to Potamogetonaceae)
            • dicot family [ENG31-11583198-n] (family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination)

              • magnoliid dicot family [ENG31-11584709-n] (family of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms)

                • Annonaceae [ENG31-11714035-n] (chiefly tropical trees or shrubs)
                • Berberidaceae [ENG31-11717627-n] (shrubs or herbs)
                • Calycanthaceae [ENG31-11720870-n] (shrubs or small trees having aromatic bark)
                • Ceratophyllaceae [ENG31-11722372-n] (coextensive with the genus Ceratophyllum: hornworts)
                • Cercidiphyllaceae [ENG31-11722897-n] (one genus)
                • Lardizabalaceae [ENG31-11723468-n] (thick-stemmed lianas and some shrubs)
                • Lauraceae [ENG31-11723855-n] (a family of Lauraceae)
                • Magnoliaceae [ENG31-11728650-n] (subclass Magnoliidae: genera Liriodendron, Magnolia, and Manglietia)
                • Menispermaceae [ENG31-11733296-n] (herbaceous or woody climbers)
                • Myristicaceae [ENG31-11734429-n] (family of aromatic tropical trees with arillate seeds)
                • Nymphaeaceae [ENG31-11735087-n] (dicot aquatic plants)
                • Nelumbonaceae [ENG31-11737476-n] (in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies)
                • Cabombaceae [ENG31-11738289-n] (in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies)
                • Paeoniaceae [ENG31-11739380-n] (perennial rhizomatous herbs and shrubs)
                • Ranunculaceae [ENG31-11739937-n] (a family of Ranunculaceae)
                • Winteraceae [ENG31-11759999-n] (small family of chiefly tropical shrubs and trees of genera Drimys and Pseudowintera)
              • hamamelid dicot family [ENG31-11585185-n] (family of mostly woody dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins)

                • Fagaceae [ENG31-12280725-n] (chiefly monoecious trees and shrubs: beeches)
                • Betulaceae [ENG31-12301004-n] (monoecious trees and shrubs (including the genera Betula and Alnus and Carpinus and Corylus and Ostrya and Ostryopsis))
                • Carpinaceae [ENG31-12306889-n] (used in some classification systems for the genera Carpinus, Ostryopsis, and Ostryopsis)
                • Corylaceae [ENG31-12308939-n] (used in some classification systems for the genus Corylus)
                • Hamamelidaceae [ENG31-12334832-n] (comprises genera Hamamelis, Corylopsis, Fothergilla, Liquidambar, Parrotia, and other small genera)
                • Salicaceae [ENG31-12744745-n] (two genera of trees or shrubs having hairy catkins: Salix)
              • caryophylloid dicot family [ENG31-11585491-n] (family of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers)

                • Caryophyllaceae [ENG31-11825073-n] (large family of herbs or subshrubs (usually with stems swollen at the nodes))
                • Stellaria [ENG31-11838243-n] (common chickweed)
                • Aizoaceae [ENG31-11839414-n] (succulent herbs or small shrubs mostly of South Africa but also New Zealand and North America: carpetweeds)
                • Amaranthaceae [ENG31-11843026-n] (cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs)
                • Batidaceae [ENG31-11847638-n] (family coextensive with genus Batis: saltworts)
                • Chenopodiaceae [ENG31-11848244-n] (includes spinach and beets)

                  • Beta [ENG31-11852577-n] (beets)
                • Nyctaginaceae [ENG31-11856275-n] (a family of flowering plants of the order Caryophyllales)
                • Cactaceae [ENG31-11861998-n] (constituting the order Opuntiales)
                • Phytolaccaceae [ENG31-11875229-n] (chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca, Agdestis, Ercilla, Rivina, Trichostigma)
                • Portulacaceae [ENG31-11877450-n] (family of usually succulent herbs)
              • dilleniid dicot family [ENG31-11585836-n] (family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs)

                • Capparidaceae [ENG31-11885071-n] (a dilleniid dicot family of the order Rhoeadales that includes: genera Capparis, Cleome, Crateva, and Polanisia)
                • Cruciferae [ENG31-11887994-n] (a large family of plants with four-petaled flowers)
                • Papaveraceae [ENG31-11920527-n] (herbs or shrubs having milky and often colored juices and capsular fruits)
                • Fumariaceae [ENG31-11929517-n] (erect or climbing herbs of the northern hemisphere and southern Africa: bleeding heart)
                • Loasaceae [ENG31-12055297-n] (family of bristly hairy sometimes climbing plants)
                • Malvaceae [ENG31-12190293-n] (herbs and shrubs and some trees: mallows)
                • Bombacaceae [ENG31-12209502-n] (tropical trees with large dry or fleshy fruit containing usually woolly seeds)
                • Elaeocarpaceae [ENG31-12212890-n] (genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in warm regions some yielding useful timber)
                • Sterculiaceae [ENG31-12215293-n] (a large family of plants of order Malvales)
                • Tiliaceae [ENG31-12222869-n] (chiefly trees and shrubs of tropical and temperate regions of especially southeastern Asia and Brazil)
                • Clethraceae [ENG31-12270338-n] (coextensive with the genus Clethra)
                • Diapensiaceae [ENG31-12270930-n] (north temperate low evergreen plants)
                • Epacridaceae [ENG31-12273137-n] (Australasian shrubs or small trees)
                • Lennoaceae [ENG31-12275969-n] (family of fleshy parasitic herbs lacking green foliage and having heads of small flowers)
                • Pyrolaceae [ENG31-12276176-n] (evergreen herbs of temperate regions: genera Pyrola, Chimaphila, Moneses, Orthilia)
                • Monotropaceae [ENG31-12278897-n] (used in some classification for saprophytic herbs sometimes included in the family Pyrolaceae: genera Monotropa and Sarcodes)
                • Begoniaceae [ENG31-12380251-n] (monoecious succulent herbs or shrubs of tropical and warm regions especially America)
                • Dilleniaceae [ENG31-12383361-n] (chiefly tropical shrubs and trees and climbers having leathery leaves or flattened leaflike stems: genera Dillenia and Hibbertia)
                • Guttiferae [ENG31-12384505-n] (widely distributed family of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines that produce oils and resins and some usable timber)
                • Hypericaceae [ENG31-12387639-n] (used in some classification systems for plants usually included among the Guttiferae)
                • Actinidiaceae [ENG31-12391359-n] (tropical trees or shrubs or woody vines)
                • Canellaceae [ENG31-12392428-n] (one genus: aromatic tropical trees of eastern Africa and Florida to West Indies)
                • Caricaceae [ENG31-12393225-n] (trees native to tropical America and Africa with milky juice and large palmately lobed leaves)
                • Caryocaraceae [ENG31-12393878-n] (small genus of tropical South American trees)
                • Cistaceae [ENG31-12394519-n] (shrubs or woody herbs of temperate regions especially Mediterranean)
                • Dipterocarpaceae [ENG31-12397467-n] (chiefly tropical Asian trees with two-winged fruits)
                • Flacourtiaceae [ENG31-12398326-n] (chiefly tropical trees and shrubs)
                • Fouquieriaceae [ENG31-12401838-n] (small family of spiny shrubs or trees of southwestern United States)
                • Ochnaceae [ENG31-12403001-n] (family of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs with thick shining parallel-veined leaves)
                • Passifloraceae [ENG31-12403590-n] (tropical woody tendril-climbing vines)
                • Resedaceae [ENG31-12405563-n] (mainly Mediterranean herbs: mignonette)
                • Tamaricaceae [ENG31-12406556-n] (family of desert shrubs and trees (mostly halophytes and xerophytes))
                • Violaceae [ENG31-12407718-n] (a family of order Parietales including the genera Viola, Hybanthus, Hymenanthera, Melicytus)
                • Santalaceae [ENG31-12755482-n] (chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs or trees bearing nuts or one-seeded fruit)
                • Viscaceae [ENG31-12759619-n] (in some classifications considered a subfamily of Loranthaceae)
                • Theaceae [ENG31-12949821-n] (a family of trees and shrubs of the order Parietales)
              • asterid dicot family [ENG31-11586681-n] (family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs)

                • Compositae [ENG31-11932060-n] (plants with heads composed of many florets: aster)
                • Ambrosiaceae [ENG31-11939701-n] (in some classifications considered a separate family comprising a subgroup of the Compositae including the ragweeds)
                • Rubiaceae [ENG31-12680770-n] (widely distributed family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs and herbs)
                • Caprifoliaceae [ENG31-12691918-n] (shrubs and small trees and woody vines)
                • Dipsacaceae [ENG31-12702815-n] (chiefly southern European herbs with flowers usually in dense cymose heads)
                • Polemoniaceae [ENG31-12829693-n] (a widely distributed family of chiefly herbaceous plants of the order Polemoniales)
                • Acanthaceae [ENG31-12832616-n] (widely distributed herbs and shrubs and trees)
                • Bignoniaceae [ENG31-12834153-n] (trees or shrubs or woody vines or herbs having fruit resembling gourds or capsules)

                  • trumpet creeper [ENG31-12834995-n] (a North American woody vine having pinnate leaves and large red trumpet-shaped flowers)
                • Gesneriaceae [ENG31-12849859-n] (large family of tropical herbs or shrubs or lianas)
                • Hydrophyllaceae [ENG31-12855168-n] (perennial woodland herbs)
                • Labiatae [ENG31-12858787-n] (a large family of aromatic herbs and shrubs having flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed ovaries yielding four one-seeded nutlets and including mint)

                  • mint [ENG31-12860079-n] (any member of the mint family of plants)
                • Scrophulariaceae [ENG31-12896792-n] (a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Polemoniales)
                • Solanaceae [ENG31-12912986-n] (large and economically important family of herbs or shrubs or trees often strongly scented and sometimes narcotic or poisonous)
                • Verbenaceae [ENG31-12935193-n] (family of New World tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees)
                • Avicenniaceae [ENG31-12936160-n] (used in some classifications: coextensive with the genus Avicennia)
                • Valerianaceae [ENG31-12970482-n] (genus of mostly herbs having a characteristic fetid odor)
              • rosid dicot family [ENG31-11587133-n] (a family of dicotyledonous plants)

                • Connaraceae [ENG31-11766693-n] (mostly tropical climbing shrubs or small trees)
                • Leguminosae [ENG31-11767245-n] (a large family of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs bearing bean pods)
                • Mimosaceae [ENG31-11774405-n] (family of spiny woody plants (usually shrubs or small trees) whose leaves mimic animals in sensitivity to touch)
                • Mimosoideae [ENG31-11774657-n] (alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Mimosaceae)
                • Araliaceae [ENG31-11817213-n] (mostly tropical trees and shrubs and lianas: genera Panax and Hedera)
                • Onagraceae [ENG31-12361643-n] (a large and widely distributed family of plants of the order Myrtales)
                • Melastomataceae [ENG31-12369291-n] (a family of trees and bushes and herbs of order Myrtales)
                • Caesalpiniaceae [ENG31-12507899-n] (spiny trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, including the genera Caesalpinia, Cassia, Ceratonia, Bauhinia)
                • Caesalpinioideae [ENG31-12508152-n] (alternative name in some classification systems for the family Caesalpiniaceae)
                • Papilionaceae [ENG31-12522042-n] (leguminous plants whose flowers have butterfly-shaped corollas)
                • Papilionoideae [ENG31-12522250-n] (alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Papilionaceae)

                  • Medicago [ENG31-12568639-n] (a genus of herbs that resemble clover)
                • Rosaceae [ENG31-12640067-n] (a large family of dicotyledonous plants of order Rosales)
                • Balsaminaceae [ENG31-12704711-n] (distinguished from the family Geraniaceae by the irregular flowers)
                • Geraniaceae [ENG31-12705975-n] (chiefly herbaceous plants)
                • Burseraceae [ENG31-12711149-n] (resinous or aromatic chiefly tropical shrubs or trees)
                • Callitrichaceae [ENG31-12714351-n] (dicot aquatic herbs)
                • Malpighiaceae [ENG31-12714809-n] (tropical shrubs or trees)
                • Meliaceae [ENG31-12715468-n] (tropical trees and shrubs including many important timber and ornamental trees)
                • Lepidobotryaceae [ENG31-12721938-n] (family created in 1950 solely for the classification of a distinctive African tree repeatedly classified in other families)
                • Oxalidaceae [ENG31-12723203-n] (a family of widely distributed herbs of the order Geraniales)
                • Polygalaceae [ENG31-12725396-n] (trees, shrubs, and herbs widely distributed throughout both hemispheres)
                • Rutaceae [ENG31-12727404-n] (a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Geraniales)
                • Simaroubaceae [ENG31-12736329-n] (chiefly tropical trees and shrubs with bitter bark having dry usually one-seeded winged fruit)
                • Tropaeolaceae [ENG31-12740037-n] (coextensive with the genus Tropaeolum)
                • Zygophyllaceae [ENG31-12741292-n] (small trees, shrubs, and herbs of warm arid and saline regions)
                • Cephalotaceae [ENG31-12805303-n] (a family of plants of order Rosales)
                • Cunoniaceae [ENG31-12807767-n] (trees or shrubs or climbers)
                • Hydrangeaceae [ENG31-12808325-n] (sometimes included in the family Saxifragaceae)
                • Philadelphaceae [ENG31-12811416-n] (one genus)
                • Saxifragaceae [ENG31-12812801-n] (a large and diverse family of evergreen or deciduous herbs)
                • Platanaceae [ENG31-12827030-n] (coextensive with the genus Platanus: plane trees)
                • Euphorbiaceae [ENG31-12937695-n] (a family of plants of order Geraniales)
                • Umbelliferae [ENG31-12950804-n] (plants having flowers in umbels: parsley)

                  • genus Angelica [ENG31-12952498-n] (biennial or perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere)
                  • Pastinaca [ENG31-12962120-n] (a rosid dicot genus of the family Umbelliferae)
                • Cornaceae [ENG31-12966848-n] (a rosid dicot family of the order Umbellales including: genera Aucuba, Cornus, Corokia, Curtisia, Griselinia, Helwingia)
              • Myricaceae [ENG31-11761293-n] (constituting the order Myricales)
              • Leitneriaceae [ENG31-11763000-n] (coextensive with the genus Leitneria)
              • Apocynaceae [ENG31-11787078-n] (chiefly tropical trees or shrubs or herbs having milky juice and often showy flowers)
              • Aristolochiaceae [ENG31-11821507-n] (family of birthworts (including wild ginger))
              • Rafflesiaceae [ENG31-11823587-n] (a family of parasitic plants of the order Aristolochiales)
              • Hydnoraceae [ENG31-11823746-n] (a family of flowering plants in Africa and Argentina that are parasitic on the roots of other plants)
              • Primulaceae [ENG31-12110835-n] (a dicotyledonous family of the order Primulales with a regular flower)
              • Myrsinaceae [ENG31-12117315-n] (family of Old World tropical trees and shrubs)
              • Plumbaginaceae [ENG31-12118444-n] (perennial herbs and shrubs and lianas)
              • Theophrastaceae [ENG31-12120073-n] (family of mainly tropical American trees and shrubs similar to those of the Myrsinaceae)
              • Cucurbitaceae [ENG31-12177793-n] (a family of herbaceous vines (such as cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin))

                • cucurbit [ENG31-12178194-n] (any plant of the family Cucurbitaceae)
              • Goodeniaceae [ENG31-12188266-n] (a family of sappy plants that grow in Australasia and southeast China)
              • Lobeliaceae [ENG31-12188643-n] (not recognized in all classification systems)
              • Proteaceae [ENG31-12234152-n] (large family of Australian and South African shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and clustered mostly tetramerous flowers)
              • Casuarinaceae [ENG31-12245039-n] (one genus: genus Casuarina)
              • Gentianaceae [ENG31-12310633-n] (chiefly herbaceous plants with showy flowers)
              • Salvadoraceae [ENG31-12319682-n] (a family of Old World shrubs and trees of order Gentianales)
              • Oleaceae [ENG31-12320505-n] (trees and shrubs having berries or drupes or capsules as fruits)
              • Juglandaceae [ENG31-12338436-n] (trees having usually edible nuts: butternuts)
              • Combretaceae [ENG31-12343928-n] (a family of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Myrtales)
              • Elaeagnaceae [ENG31-12346014-n] (shrubs or small trees often armed)
              • Haloragidaceae [ENG31-12347121-n] (a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Myrtales)
              • Lecythidaceae [ENG31-12347726-n] (large tropical trees bearing large fruits with woody skins)
              • Lythraceae [ENG31-12348543-n] (herbs and shrubs and small trees with pink or purple flowers)
              • Myrtaceae [ENG31-12350416-n] (trees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil)
              • Nyssaceae [ENG31-12360489-n] (a family of dicotyledonous trees of order Myrtales that includes the sour gum trees)
              • Punicaceae [ENG31-12365513-n] (one species: pomegranates)
              • Rhizophoraceae [ENG31-12366012-n] (trees and shrubs that usually form dense jungles along tropical seacoasts)
              • Thymelaeaceae [ENG31-12366696-n] (family of trees and shrubs and herbs having tough bark that are found especially in Australia and tropical Africa)
              • Trapaceae [ENG31-12368409-n] (family comprising solely the genus Trapa)
              • Urticaceae [ENG31-12412262-n] (a family of plants of order Urticales including many nettles with stinging hairs)
              • Cannabidaceae [ENG31-12416772-n] (two genera of erect or twining herbs that are pollinated by the wind, including the genera Cannabis and Humulus)
              • Moraceae [ENG31-12419187-n] (trees or shrubs having a milky juice)
              • Cecropiaceae [ENG31-12424819-n] (in some classifications included in family Moraceae)
              • Ulmaceae [ENG31-12425448-n] (a dicot family of the order Urticales including: genera Ulmus, Celtis, Planera, Trema)
              • Menyanthaceae [ENG31-12504918-n] (a dicotyledonous family of marsh plants of order Gentianales)
              • Loganiaceae [ENG31-12505627-n] (a dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales)
              • Linaceae [ENG31-12506759-n] (a widely distributed family of plants)
              • Plantaginaceae [ENG31-12619170-n] (cosmopolitan family of small herbs and a few shrubs)
              • Polygonaceae [ENG31-12621335-n] (a family of plants of order Polygonales chiefly of the north temperate zone)
              • Amygdalaceae [ENG31-12665225-n] (used in former classifications for plum and peach and almond trees which are now usually classified as members of the genus Prunus)
              • Sapindaceae [ENG31-12761274-n] (chiefly tropical New and Old World deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs bearing leathery drupes with yellow translucent flesh)
              • Buxaceae [ENG31-12766548-n] (widely distributed evergreen shrubs and trees)
              • Celastraceae [ENG31-12768323-n] (trees and shrubs and woody vines usually having bright-colored fruits)
              • Empetraceae [ENG31-12772162-n] (heathlike shrubs)
              • Aceraceae [ENG31-12772583-n] (a family of trees and shrubs of order Sapindales including the maples)
              • Aquifoliaceae [ENG31-12777046-n] (widely distributed shrubs and trees)
              • Anacardiaceae [ENG31-12779399-n] (the cashew family)
              • Hippocastanaceae [ENG31-12788711-n] (trees having showy flowers and inedible nutlike seeds in a leathery capsule)
              • Staphylaceae [ENG31-12790190-n] (a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Sapindales found mostly in the north temperate zone)
              • Ebenaceae [ENG31-12790828-n] (fruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon)
              • Sapotaceae [ENG31-12792841-n] (tropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit)
              • Symplocaceae [ENG31-12796972-n] (a dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales)
              • Styracaceae [ENG31-12797706-n] (a widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales)
              • Sarraceniaceae [ENG31-12799993-n] (insectivorous plants)
              • Nepenthaceae [ENG31-12802419-n] (coextensive with the genus Nepenthes)
              • Droseraceae [ENG31-12802868-n] (a family of carnivorous herbs and shrubs)
              • Roridulaceae [ENG31-12804756-n] (in some classifications included in the family Droseraceae)
              • Convolvulaceae [ENG31-12843924-n] (morning glory)
              • Orobanchaceae [ENG31-12894991-n] (brown or yellow leafless herbs)
              • Rhamnaceae [ENG31-13161476-n] (trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value)
              • Vitaceae [ENG31-13165080-n] (a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales)
              • Piperaceae [ENG31-13169574-n] (tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets)
              • Chloranthaceae [ENG31-13172042-n] (small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees)
              • Saururaceae [ENG31-13172345-n] (family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia)
              • Asclepiadaceae [ENG31-13253910-n] (widely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales)
            • fungus family [ENG31-11611234-n] (includes lichen families)

              • Erysiphaceae [ENG31-12984067-n] (family of fungi parasitic mostly on leaves)
              • Sphaeriaceae [ENG31-12984890-n] (parasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked perithecia)
              • Ceratostomataceae [ENG31-12985332-n] (fungi having carbonous perithecia with long necks)
              • Hypocreaceae [ENG31-12985969-n] (family of fungi having brightly colored fleshy or membranous ascocarps)

                • mushroom pimple [ENG31-12986808-n] (any of various fungi of the family Hypocreaceae)

                  • orange mushroom pimple [ENG31-12986953-n] (a variety of mushroom pimple)
                  • green mushroom pimple [ENG31-12987050-n] (a variety of mushroom pimple)
              • Xylariaceae [ENG31-12987146-n] (family of fungi characterized by dark brown to black spores)
              • Helotiaceae [ENG31-12988264-n] (a fungus family of order Helotiales)
              • Sclerotiniaceae [ENG31-12988536-n] (a fungus family of order Helotiales)
              • Sclerodermataceae [ENG31-12989418-n] (a family of fungi or order Sclerodermatales with a single-layered peridium)
              • Tulostomaceae [ENG31-12991139-n] (stalked puffballs)
              • Rhizopogonaceae [ENG31-12991917-n] (a family of fungi of order Hymenogastrales having round subterranean sporophores)
              • Mucoraceae [ENG31-12993726-n] (large family of chiefly saprophytic fungi that includes many common molds destructive to food products)
              • Entomophthoraceae [ENG31-12995217-n] (mostly parasitic lower fungi that typically develop in the bodies of insects)
              • Chytridiaceae [ENG31-12998992-n] (a family of aquatic fungi of order Chytridiales)
              • Blastodiaceae [ENG31-12999414-n] (a family of saprobic fungi of order Blastocladiales)
              • Synchytriaceae [ENG31-12999729-n] (a fungus family of order Chytridiales)
              • Peronosporaceae [ENG31-13001238-n] (parasitic fungi: downy mildews)
              • Albuginaceae [ENG31-13002355-n] (fungi that produce white sori resembling blisters on certain flowering plants)
              • Pythiaceae [ENG31-13002863-n] (fungi having sporangia usually borne successively and singly at the tips of branching sporangiophores)
              • Plasmodiophoraceae [ENG31-13003977-n] (family of fungi often causing hypertrophy in seed plants)
              • Tuberaceae [ENG31-13005770-n] (family of fungi whose ascocarps resemble tubers and vary in size from that of an acorn to that of a large apple)
              • Clavariaceae [ENG31-13006389-n] (fleshy fungi: coral fungi)
              • Hydnaceae [ENG31-13006844-n] (tooth fungi)
              • Lecanoraceae [ENG31-13008594-n] (a fungus family of the division Lichenes)
              • Roccellaceae [ENG31-13009463-n] (a fungus family of division Lichenes)
              • Pertusariaceae [ENG31-13009902-n] (a fungus family of division Lichenes)
              • Usneaceae [ENG31-13010222-n] (fruticose lichens having prostrate or erect or pendulous thalli: genera Usnea, Evernia, Ramalina, Alectoria)
              • Cladoniaceae [ENG31-13011560-n] (a family of lichens)
              • Parmeliaceae [ENG31-13012248-n] (a family of lichens)
              • Agaricaceae [ENG31-13021132-n] (large family including many familiar mushrooms)
              • Coprinaceae [ENG31-13026595-n] (used in some classifications for the genus Coprinus)
              • Russulaceae [ENG31-13030824-n] (used in some classification systems for the genus Russula)
              • Strophariaceae [ENG31-13030979-n] (sometimes included in family Agaricaceae)
              • Entolomataceae [ENG31-13032616-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Lepiotaceae [ENG31-13033373-n] (a family of fungi having free gills and a cap that is cleanly separable from the stalk)
              • Thelephoraceae [ENG31-13035800-n] (fungi having leathery or membranous sporophores)
              • Tricholomataceae [ENG31-13037217-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Volvariaceae [ENG31-13039339-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Pluteaceae [ENG31-13039777-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Saccharomycetaceae [ENG31-13045957-n] (family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates)
              • Schizosaccharomycetaceae [ENG31-13046906-n] (a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales)
              • Aspergillaceae [ENG31-13047950-n] (family of fungi including some common molds)
              • Pezizaceae [ENG31-13050917-n] (large family comprising many typical cup fungi)
              • Morchellaceae [ENG31-13052450-n] (a family of edible fungi including the true morels)
              • Sarcoscyphaceae [ENG31-13055037-n] (family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales)
              • Helvellaceae [ENG31-13055713-n] (family of false morels or lorchels)
              • Phallaceae [ENG31-13060630-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns)
              • Calostomataceae [ENG31-13062485-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales)
              • Clathraceae [ENG31-13063274-n] (family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns)
              • Lycoperdaceae [ENG31-13064276-n] (a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales)
              • Geastraceae [ENG31-13065301-n] (a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales)
              • Nidulariaceae [ENG31-13067272-n] (bird's-nest fungi)
              • Sphaerobolaceae [ENG31-13067771-n] (monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity)
              • Secotiaceae [ENG31-13068145-n] (a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced)
              • Polyporaceae [ENG31-13070321-n] (fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees)
              • Fistulinaceae [ENG31-13073947-n] (a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other)
              • Boletaceae [ENG31-13074971-n] (family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other)
              • Tremellaceae [ENG31-13081449-n] (a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally)
              • Auriculariaceae [ENG31-13082872-n] (fungi having gelatinous sporophores)
              • Dacrymycetaceae [ENG31-13083390-n] (a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa)
              • Melampsoraceae [ENG31-13084544-n] (rust fungi)
              • Pucciniaceae [ENG31-13085438-n] (large important family of rust fungi)
              • Ustilaginaceae [ENG31-13087391-n] (a fungus family of loose smuts)
              • Tilletiaceae [ENG31-13088605-n] (a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster)
              • Septobasidiaceae [ENG31-13090108-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota)
              • Hygrophoraceae [ENG31-13090763-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Cortinariaceae [ENG31-13094844-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales)
              • Moniliaceae [ENG31-13098893-n] (family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies)
              • Dematiaceae [ENG31-13101231-n] (family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia)
              • Tuberculariaceae [ENG31-13102129-n] (large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi)
              • Geoglossaceae [ENG31-13247424-n] (a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales)
            • plant family [ENG31-11765052-n] (a family of plants)

              • gymnosperm family [ENG31-11574214-n] (a family of gymnosperms)

                • Gnetaceae [ENG31-11617577-n] (plants having small unisexual flowers and fleshy or winged fruit: in some classifications includes the genera Ephedra and Welwitschia as well as genus Gnetum)
                • Ephedraceae [ENG31-11618375-n] (ephedras: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae)
                • Welwitschiaceae [ENG31-11619442-n] (in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae)
                • Cycadaceae [ENG31-11621122-n] (ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids)
                • Zamiaceae [ENG31-11621938-n] (a family of cycads often included in the family Cycadaceae: zamias)
                • Bennettitaceae [ENG31-11624844-n] (a family of fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous)
                • Cordaitaceae [ENG31-11627112-n] (chiefly Paleozoic plants)
                • Pinaceae [ENG31-11628190-n] (a family of Pinaceae)
                • Cupressaceae [ENG31-11649952-n] (cypresses and junipers and many cedars)
                • Taxodiaceae [ENG31-11660060-n] (coniferous trees)
                • Araucariaceae [ENG31-11665722-n] (tall evergreen cone-bearing trees of South America and Australia with broad leathery leaves)
                • Cephalotaxaceae [ENG31-11668879-n] (a family of Cephalotaxaceae)
                • Phyllocladaceae [ENG31-11670048-n] (a family of Phyllocladaceae)
                • Podocarpaceae [ENG31-11671710-n] (gymnosperms with simple persistent needlelike or scalelike leaves)
                • Sciadopityaceae [ENG31-11680360-n] (family comprising a single genus that until recently was considered part of Taxodiaceae)
                • Taxaceae [ENG31-11681430-n] (sometimes classified as member of order Taxales)
                • Ginkgoaceae [ENG31-11684541-n] (constituting the order Ginkgoales)
              • Campanulaceae [ENG31-12057002-n] (family of plants of the order Campanulales)
              • Dioscoreaceae [ENG31-12108167-n] (yams)
              • Erythroxylaceae [ENG31-12710402-n] (a family of plants of order Geraniales)
              • Crassulaceae [ENG31-12805870-n] (succulent shrubs and herbs)
              • Grossulariaceae [ENG31-12825381-n] (in some classifications considered a part of the family Saxifragaceae: plants whose fruit is a berry)
              • Boraginaceae [ENG31-12836685-n] (a widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit)
              • Lentibulariaceae [ENG31-12892752-n] (carnivorous aquatic or bog plants: genera Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Genlisea)
              • Martyniaceae [ENG31-12894406-n] (in most classifications not considered a separate family but included in the Pedaliaceae)
              • Pedaliaceae [ENG31-12895189-n] (the family of plants of order Polemoniales)
            • fern family [ENG31-13187236-n] (families of ferns and fern allies)

              • Hymenophyllaceae [ENG31-12972225-n] (terrestrial (hygrophytic) or epiphytic ferns: filmy ferns)
              • Osmundaceae [ENG31-12973612-n] (large family of ferns widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas)
              • Schizaeaceae [ENG31-12975738-n] (small family of mainly tropical ferns)
              • Marsileaceae [ENG31-12978058-n] (clover ferns)
              • Salviniaceae [ENG31-12979532-n] (water ferns)
              • Azollaceae [ENG31-12979986-n] (used in some classifications for the genus Azolla)
              • Ophioglossaceae [ENG31-12980727-n] (a family of succulent ferns of order Ophioglossales)
              • Gleicheniaceae [ENG31-13190958-n] (a family of ferns belonging to order Filicales)
              • Parkeriaceae [ENG31-13192345-n] (coextensive with the genus Ceratopteris)
              • Polypodiaceae [ENG31-13193005-n] (ferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae))
              • Adiantaceae [ENG31-13200114-n] (used in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae))
              • Vittariaceae [ENG31-13200308-n] (one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria)
              • Aspleniaceae [ENG31-13200870-n] (one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Blechnaceae [ENG31-13205390-n] (one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Cyatheaceae [ENG31-13207929-n] (tropical tree ferns)
              • Davalliaceae [ENG31-13208502-n] (one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Dennstaedtiaceae [ENG31-13209871-n] (one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Dicksoniaceae [ENG31-13211116-n] (tree ferns: genera Dicksonia, Cibotium, Culcita, and Thyrsopteris elegans)
              • Dryopteridaceae [ENG31-13212923-n] (alternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Lomariopsidaceae [ENG31-13223647-n] (small family of usually scandent ferns)
              • Lophosoriaceae [ENG31-13224149-n] (very small family of tree ferns)
              • Loxomataceae [ENG31-13224449-n] (very small family of New Zealand ferns)
              • Oleandraceae [ENG31-13224740-n] (one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Pteridaceae [ENG31-13226380-n] (one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Marattiaceae [ENG31-13235711-n] (constituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds)
              • Psilotaceae [ENG31-13237373-n] (small family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves)
              • Psilophytaceae [ENG31-13238522-n] (Paleozoic plants)
              • Rhyniaceae [ENG31-13239012-n] (primitive plants of the Paleozoic)
              • Equisetaceae [ENG31-13239965-n] (sole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies)
              • Lepidodendraceae [ENG31-13242933-n] (fossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk)
              • Lycopodiaceae [ENG31-13243375-n] (a family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales)
              • Selaginellaceae [ENG31-13245154-n] (lesser club mosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses)
              • Isoetaceae [ENG31-13246853-n] (quillworts)
              • Cryptogrammataceae [ENG31-13247907-n] (one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems)
              • Thelypteridaceae [ENG31-13248133-n] (genera Thelypteris, Phegopteris, and others)
          • superfamily [ENG31-08125270-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group ranking below an order but above a family)
          • subfamily [ENG31-08125593-n] ((biology) a taxonomic category below a family)

            • Latinae [ENG31-02562902-n] (a subfamily of the family Centropomidae)
          • tribe [ENG31-08125750-n] ((biology) a taxonomic category between a genus and a subfamily)

            • Bovini [ENG31-02404161-n] (term not used technically)
            • Bambuseae [ENG31-12167548-n] (bamboos)
          • genus [ENG31-08125938-n] ((biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species)

            • form genus [ENG31-01327847-n] (an artificial taxonomic category established on the basis of morphological resemblance for organisms of obscure true relationships especially fossil forms)
            • bacteria genus [ENG31-01355215-n] (a genus of bacteria)

              • Heliobacter [ENG31-01354094-n] (a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella)
              • Aerobacter [ENG31-01356414-n] (aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature)
              • Rhizobium [ENG31-01356965-n] (the type genus of Rhizobiaceae)
              • Agrobacterium [ENG31-01357162-n] (small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems)
              • genus Bacillus [ENG31-01359311-n] (type genus of the Bacillaceae)
              • genus Clostridium [ENG31-01359529-n] (anaerobic or micro-aerophilic rod-shaped or spindle-shaped saprophytes)
              • genus Nostoc [ENG31-01361844-n] (type genus of the family Nostocaceae: freshwater blue-green algae)
              • genus Trichodesmium [ENG31-01362272-n] (a genus of blue-green algae)
              • Pseudomonas [ENG31-01363578-n] (type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae)
              • Xanthomonas [ENG31-01364106-n] (a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water)
              • Nitrobacteriaceae [ENG31-01364614-n] (usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria)
              • Nitrobacter [ENG31-01364837-n] (rod-shaped soil bacteria)
              • Nitrosomonas [ENG31-01365121-n] (ellipsoidal soil bacteria)
              • genus Thiobacillus [ENG31-01365640-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Spirillum [ENG31-01366241-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Vibrio [ENG31-01366649-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • Bacteroides [ENG31-01367507-n] (type genus of Bacteroidaceae)
              • genus Corynebacterium [ENG31-01369056-n] (the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is widely distributed in nature)
              • genus Listeria [ENG31-01369522-n] (a genus of aerobic motile bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae containing small Gram-positive rods)
              • genus Escherichia [ENG31-01370736-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Klebsiella [ENG31-01371193-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Salmonella [ENG31-01371494-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Serratia [ENG31-01372274-n] (a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod)
              • genus Shigella [ENG31-01372783-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Erwinia [ENG31-01373222-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Rickettsia [ENG31-01373983-n] (can cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans)
              • genus Chlamydia [ENG31-01375185-n] (type genus of the family Chlamydiaceae: disease-causing parasites)
              • genus Mycoplasma [ENG31-01376316-n] (type and sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae)
              • genus Actinomyces [ENG31-01378258-n] (type genus of the family Actinomycetaceae)
              • genus Streptomyces [ENG31-01378733-n] (type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae)
              • genus Mycobacterium [ENG31-01379589-n] (nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria)
              • Polyangium [ENG31-01380987-n] (type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane)
              • Micrococcus [ENG31-01381757-n] (type genus of the family Micrococcaceae)
              • genus Staphylococcus [ENG31-01381893-n] (includes many pathogenic species)
              • genus Lactobacillus [ENG31-01382595-n] (type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae)
              • genus Diplococcus [ENG31-01383130-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • genus Streptococcus [ENG31-01383543-n] (a genus of bacteria)
              • Spirochaeta [ENG31-01384470-n] (the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae)
              • genus Treponema [ENG31-01385123-n] (type genus of Treponemataceae: anaerobic spirochetes with an undulating rigid body)
              • genus Borrelia [ENG31-01385480-n] (small flexible parasitic spirochetes having three to five wavy spirals)
              • genus Leptospira [ENG31-01385973-n] (very slender aerobic spirochetes)
            • protoctist genus [ENG31-01390771-n] (any genus of Protoctista)

              • genus Amoeba [ENG31-01394420-n] (protozoan inhabiting moist soils or bottom vegetation in fresh or salt water)
              • Endamoeba [ENG31-01394763-n] (the type genus of the family Endamoebidae)
              • genus Globigerina [ENG31-01396005-n] (type genus of the family Globigerinidae)
              • genus Arcella [ENG31-01397007-n] (type genus of the Arcellidae)
              • genus Difflugia [ENG31-01397276-n] (genus of protozoans related to ameba)
              • genus Paramecium [ENG31-01398526-n] (freshwater ciliate with an oval body and long deep oral groove)
              • genus Tetrahymena [ENG31-01398811-n] (protozoa having four membranous ciliary organelles)
              • genus Stentor [ENG31-01399099-n] (trumpet-shaped protozoa with a ciliated spiral feeding funnel)
              • genus Vorticella [ENG31-01399417-n] (ciliated protozoans that have a goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk)
              • Tribonema [ENG31-01404327-n] (type genus of Tribonemaceae)
              • Laminaria [ENG31-01405925-n] (type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps)
              • genus Fucus [ENG31-01407454-n] (type genus of the family Fucaceae: cartilaginous brown algae)
              • Ascophyllum [ENG31-01408083-n] (brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis)
              • genus Sargassum [ENG31-01408378-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • genus Euglena [ENG31-01409206-n] (type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum)
              • Ulva [ENG31-01411188-n] (type genus of the family Ulvaceae)
              • Volvox [ENG31-01411885-n] (type genus of the Volvocaceae)
              • Chlamydomonas [ENG31-01412306-n] (type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae)
              • Zygnema [ENG31-01412971-n] (type genus of the family Zygnemataceae)
              • genus Spirogyra [ENG31-01413209-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • Chlorococcum [ENG31-01413677-n] (type genus of Chlorococcales)
              • genus Chlorella [ENG31-01413881-n] (nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially important as source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins)
              • Oedogonium [ENG31-01414512-n] (type genus of Oedogoniaceae)
              • Chara [ENG31-01415566-n] (green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts)
              • Nitella [ENG31-01415712-n] (fragile branching stoneworts)
              • Desmidium [ENG31-01415965-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • Chondrus [ENG31-01417143-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • Rhodymenia [ENG31-01417627-n] (type genus of the family Rhodymeniaceae)
              • Porphyra [ENG31-01418034-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • genus Noctiluca [ENG31-01420194-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • Peridinium [ENG31-01420623-n] (type genus of the family Peridiniidae)
              • genus Costia [ENG31-01422085-n] (a genus of flagellate protoctist)
              • genus Giardia [ENG31-01422381-n] (flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates)
              • Chilomastix [ENG31-01422641-n] (flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans)
              • Hexamita [ENG31-01422805-n] (flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds)
              • genus Trichomonas [ENG31-01422955-n] (flagellates parasitic in alimentary or genitourinary tracts of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans)
              • genus Eimeria [ENG31-01425801-n] (type genus of the family Eimeriidae)
              • genus Plasmodium [ENG31-01426923-n] (type genus of the family Plasmodiidae)
              • Haemoproteus [ENG31-01427579-n] (type genus of the family Haemoproteidae)
              • genus Leucocytozoon [ENG31-01427717-n] (a genus of protoctist)
              • genus Babesia [ENG31-01428142-n] (type genus of the family Babesiidae)
              • Sarcocystis [ENG31-01428801-n] (chief genus of the order Sarcosporidia)
            • fish genus [ENG31-01435158-n] (any of various genus of fish)

              • Cyprinus [ENG31-01442298-n] (type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp)
              • Abramis [ENG31-01442985-n] (European fishes)
              • Tinca [ENG31-01443296-n] (tench)
              • Leuciscus [ENG31-01443590-n] (a genus of fish including: dace, chub)
              • Notropis [ENG31-01444266-n] (shiners)
              • Notemigonus [ENG31-01444696-n] (golden shiners)
              • Rutilus [ENG31-01444976-n] (roaches)
              • Scardinius [ENG31-01445232-n] (rudds)
              • Phoxinus [ENG31-01445496-n] (minnows)
              • Gobio [ENG31-01445767-n] (true gudgeons)
              • Carassius [ENG31-01446039-n] (goldfish)
              • Electrophorus [ENG31-01446805-n] (type genus of the family Electrophoridae)
              • Catostomus [ENG31-01447814-n] (type genus of the family Catostomidae)
              • Ictiobus [ENG31-01447946-n] (buffalo fishes)
              • Hypentelium [ENG31-01448359-n] (a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae)
              • Maxostoma [ENG31-01448639-n] (a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae)
              • Fundulus [ENG31-01449642-n] (killifish)
              • genus Rivulus [ENG31-01450192-n] (killifish)
              • Jordanella [ENG31-01450463-n] (flagfishes)
              • Xyphophorus [ENG31-01450806-n] (swordtails)
              • Lebistes [ENG31-01451137-n] (guppies)
              • Gambusia [ENG31-01451893-n] (mosquitofish)
              • Platypoecilus [ENG31-01452227-n] (platys)
              • Mollienesia [ENG31-01452498-n] (mollies)
              • Holocentrus [ENG31-01453094-n] (type genus of the family Holocentridae)
              • genus Anomalops [ENG31-01454367-n] (type genus of the family Anomalopidae)
              • Krypterophaneron [ENG31-01454692-n] (a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae)
              • Photoblepharon [ENG31-01454841-n] (a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae)
              • Zeus [ENG31-01455595-n] (type genus of the family Zeidae)
              • Capros [ENG31-01455971-n] (a genus of fish in the family Caproidae)
              • Antigonia [ENG31-01456232-n] (a genus of fish in the family Caproidae)
              • Fistularia [ENG31-01457034-n] (type genus of the family Fistulariidae)
              • Gasterosteus [ENG31-01457782-n] (type genus of the family Gasterosteidae)
              • Syngnathus [ENG31-01458627-n] (type genus of the family Syngnathidae)
              • Cosmocampus [ENG31-01458937-n] (a genus of fish in the family Syngnathidae)
              • Hippocampus [ENG31-01459272-n] (seahorses)
              • Aulostomus [ENG31-01460349-n] (type genus of the Aulostomidae)
              • Petromyzon [ENG31-01480386-n] (typical lampreys)
              • Myxine [ENG31-01481457-n] (type genus of the Myxinidae (typical hagfishes))
              • genus Eptatretus [ENG31-01481707-n] (a genus of fossil fish of the family Myxinidae)
              • Myxinikela [ENG31-01481970-n] (fossil hagfishes)
              • genus Chimaera [ENG31-01483844-n] (type genus of the Chimaeridae)
              • Hexanchus [ENG31-01485528-n] (a genus of Hexanchidae)
              • Lamna [ENG31-01486348-n] (a genus of Lamnidae)
              • Isurus [ENG31-01486621-n] (mako sharks)
              • Carcharodon [ENG31-01487358-n] (man-eating sharks)
              • Cetorhinus [ENG31-01487714-n] (comprising only the basking sharks)
              • Alopius [ENG31-01488442-n] (type genus of the family Alopiidae)
              • Orectolobus [ENG31-01489052-n] (carpet sharks)
              • Ginglymostoma [ENG31-01489347-n] (nurse sharks)
              • Carcharias [ENG31-01489953-n] (type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks)
              • Rhincodon [ENG31-01490555-n] (whale sharks)
              • Carcharhinus [ENG31-01491916-n] (type genus of the Carcharhinidae)
              • Negaprion [ENG31-01493187-n] (lemon sharks)
              • Prionace [ENG31-01493526-n] (blue sharks)
              • Galeocerdo [ENG31-01493876-n] (tiger sharks)
              • Galeorhinus [ENG31-01494161-n] (a genus of Carcharhinidae)
              • Mustelus [ENG31-01494853-n] (smooth dogfishes)
              • Triaenodon [ENG31-01495653-n] (a genus of Triakidae)
              • Squalus [ENG31-01496328-n] (spiny dogfishes)
              • Sphyrna [ENG31-01496980-n] (type genus of the Sphyrnidae)
              • Squatina [ENG31-01497981-n] (type genus of the Squatinidae: angel sharks)
              • Pristis [ENG31-01499919-n] (type genus of the Pristidae)
              • Dasyatis [ENG31-01500909-n] (type genus of the Dasyatidae)
              • Gymnura [ENG31-01501218-n] (butterfly rays)
              • Aetobatus [ENG31-01501902-n] (a genus of Myliobatidae)
              • Rhinoptera [ENG31-01502236-n] (a genus of Myliobatidae)
              • genus Manta [ENG31-01503001-n] (a genus of Mobulidae)
              • Mobula [ENG31-01503362-n] (type genus of the Mobulidae)
              • Raja [ENG31-01504091-n] (type genus of the family Rajidae)
              • Latimeria [ENG31-02518191-n] (type genus of the Latimeridae: coelacanth)
              • genus Ceratodus [ENG31-02519246-n] (type genus of the Ceratodontidae: extinct genus of lungfishes)
              • Neoceratodus [ENG31-02519498-n] (extant Australian lungfishes)
              • Silurus [ENG31-02520809-n] (type genus of the Siluridae: catfishes)
              • Malopterurus [ENG31-02521119-n] (electric catfish)
              • Ameiurus [ENG31-02521621-n] (type genus of the Ameiuridae: bullhead catfishes)
              • Ictalurus [ENG31-02522207-n] (channel catfishes)
              • Pylodictus [ENG31-02522646-n] (flathead catfishes)
              • Arius [ENG31-02523616-n] (type genus of the Ariidae: sea catfishes)
              • Gadus [ENG31-02524878-n] (type genus of the Gadidae: the typical codfishes)
              • Merlangus [ENG31-02525621-n] (whitings)
              • Lota [ENG31-02525969-n] (burbot)
              • Melanogrammus [ENG31-02526381-n] (haddock)
              • Pollachius [ENG31-02526712-n] (pollack)
              • Merluccius [ENG31-02527055-n] (hakes)
              • Urophycis [ENG31-02527442-n] (hakes)
              • Molva [ENG31-02527643-n] (ling)
              • Brosmius [ENG31-02527918-n] (cusk)
              • Anguilla [ENG31-02529304-n] (type genus of the Anguillidae: eels)
              • Gonorhynchus [ENG31-02531742-n] (slender cylindrical marine fishes lacking air bladders and teeth)
              • Alosa [ENG31-02532925-n] (shad)
              • Pomolobus [ENG31-02533993-n] (genus to which the alewife is sometimes assigned)
              • Brevoortia [ENG31-02534134-n] (menhaden)
              • Clupea [ENG31-02534451-n] (type genus of the Clupeidae: typical herrings)
              • Sardina [ENG31-02535706-n] (pilchards)
              • Sardinops [ENG31-02536055-n] (pilchards)
              • Engraulis [ENG31-02536667-n] (type genus of the family Engraulidae)
              • Salmo [ENG31-02537980-n] (type genus of the Salmonidae: salmon and trout)
              • Oncorhynchus [ENG31-02538540-n] (Pacific salmon including sockeye salmon)
              • Salvelinus [ENG31-02540478-n] (brook trout)
              • Coregonus [ENG31-02541882-n] (type genus of the Coregonidae: whitefishes)
              • Prosopium [ENG31-02542383-n] (whitefishes)
              • Osmerus [ENG31-02543268-n] (type genus of the Osmeridae)
              • Mallotus [ENG31-02543770-n] (capelins)
              • genus Tarpon [ENG31-02544214-n] (tarpons)
              • Elops [ENG31-02544506-n] (type genus of the Elopidae: tenpounder)
              • Albula [ENG31-02544914-n] (type and sole genus of the family Albulidae)
              • Argentina [ENG31-02545435-n] (type genus of the Argentinidae: argentines)
              • Alepisaurus [ENG31-02546717-n] (slender scaleless predaceous tropical deep-sea fishes)
              • Scleropages [ENG31-02547591-n] (a genus of large freshwater fishes of Australia and Borneo)
              • Lampris [ENG31-02548318-n] (type genus of the Lampridae)
              • Trachipterus [ENG31-02549108-n] (type genus of the Trachipteridae)
              • Reglaecus [ENG31-02549504-n] (type genus of the Regalecidae)
              • Lophius [ENG31-02550759-n] (type genus of family Lophiidae)
              • Scomberesox [ENG31-02554125-n] (a genus of Scomberesocidae)
              • Ophiodon [ENG31-02555525-n] (a genus of Ophiodontidae)
              • Anabas [ENG31-02558826-n] (the type genus of the family Anabantidae)
              • Perca [ENG31-02559664-n] (type genus of the Percidae)
              • Stizostedion [ENG31-02560092-n] (pike-perches)
              • Percina [ENG31-02560710-n] (a genus of Percidae)
              • Centropomus [ENG31-02562605-n] (type genus of the Centropomidae: snooks)
              • Lates [ENG31-02563014-n] (a genus of large percoid fishes of fresh and brackish water)
              • Esox [ENG31-02563595-n] (type and only genus of the family Esocidae)
              • Pomoxis [ENG31-02565311-n] (crappies)
              • Lepomis [ENG31-02566128-n] (bream)
              • Ambloplites [ENG31-02566761-n] (a genus of Centrarchidae)
              • Micropterus [ENG31-02567203-n] (American freshwater black basses)
              • Morone [ENG31-02568956-n] (carnivorous fresh and salt water fishes)
              • Synagrops [ENG31-02569832-n] (a genus of Serranidae)
              • Centropristis [ENG31-02570115-n] (sea basses)
              • Roccus [ENG31-02570591-n] (a genus of Serranidae)
              • Polyprion [ENG31-02570957-n] (wreckfish)
              • Serranus [ENG31-02571267-n] (type genus of the Serranidae: mostly small Pacific sea basses)
              • Epinephelus [ENG31-02571782-n] (genus of groupers or sea bass)
              • Paranthias [ENG31-02572401-n] (a genus of Serranidae)
              • Mycteroperca [ENG31-02572669-n] (groupers)
              • Rypticus [ENG31-02572943-n] (a genus of fish of the family Serranidae, including soapfishes)
              • Hipsurus [ENG31-02573665-n] (a genus of Embiotocidae)
              • Priacanthus [ENG31-02574117-n] (type genus of the Priacanthidae)
              • Apogon [ENG31-02575000-n] (type genus of the Apogonidae)
              • Astropogon [ENG31-02575259-n] (a genus of fish of the family Apogonidae)
              • Lopholatilus [ENG31-02575706-n] (large brightly colored food fish of deep Atlantic waters)
              • Pomatomus [ENG31-02576194-n] (type genus of the Pomatomidae)
              • Rachycentron [ENG31-02576724-n] (genus and family are coextensive and comprise only the cobia)
              • Echeneis [ENG31-02577799-n] (type genus of the Echeneididae: typical remoras)
              • Remilegia [ENG31-02578086-n] (a genus of Echeneididae)
              • Caranx [ENG31-02579091-n] (type genus of the Carangidae)
              • Elagatis [ENG31-02579922-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Oligoplites [ENG31-02580163-n] (leatherjackets)
              • Alectis [ENG31-02580454-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Selene [ENG31-02580756-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Seriola [ENG31-02581235-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Trachinotus [ENG31-02582051-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Naucrates [ENG31-02582686-n] (a genus of Carangidae)
              • Trachurus [ENG31-02583177-n] (the scads (particularly horse mackerels))
              • Selar [ENG31-02583622-n] (big-eyed scad)
              • Decapterus [ENG31-02583920-n] (scads especially mackerel scad)
              • Brama [ENG31-02585222-n] (type genus of the Bramidae)
              • Hemigrammus [ENG31-02586399-n] (tetras)
              • Paracheirodon [ENG31-02586635-n] (a genus of Characidae)
              • Serrasalmus [ENG31-02586956-n] (piranhas)
              • Tilapia [ENG31-02588760-n] (a genus of Cichlidae)
              • Lutjanus [ENG31-02589496-n] (type genus of the Lutjanidae: snappers)
              • Ocyurus [ENG31-02590391-n] (snappers)
              • Haemulon [ENG31-02591210-n] (type genus of the Haemulidae)
              • Anisotremus [ENG31-02592116-n] (a genus of Haemulidae)
              • Orthopristis [ENG31-02592585-n] (a genus of Haemulidae)
              • Pagrus [ENG31-02593835-n] (a genus of Sparidae)
              • Pagellus [ENG31-02594123-n] (sea breams)
              • Archosargus [ENG31-02594387-n] (a genus of Sparidae)
              • Lagodon [ENG31-02594874-n] (a genus of Sparidae)
              • Calamus [ENG31-02595237-n] (a genus of Sparidae)
              • Chrysophrys [ENG31-02595496-n] (Australian snapper)
              • Stenotomus [ENG31-02595983-n] (scups)
              • Equetus [ENG31-02597437-n] (drumfish)
              • Bairdiella [ENG31-02597847-n] (drumfish)
              • Sciaenops [ENG31-02598199-n] (a genus of Sciaenidae)
              • Sciaena [ENG31-02598532-n] (type genus of the Sciaenidae: croakers)
              • Micropogonias [ENG31-02599222-n] (croakers)
              • Umbrina [ENG31-02599518-n] (croakers)
              • Menticirrhus [ENG31-02599803-n] (kingfishes)
              • Genyonemus [ENG31-02601068-n] (a genus of Sciaenidae)
              • Seriphus [ENG31-02601377-n] (a genus of Sciaenidae)
              • Cynoscion [ENG31-02601837-n] (sea trout)
              • Mullus [ENG31-02602765-n] (type genus of the Mullidae: goatfishes)
              • Mulloidichthys [ENG31-02603287-n] (a genus of Mullidae)
              • Mugil [ENG31-02604219-n] (type genus of the Mugilidae: mullets)
              • Atherinopsis [ENG31-02605250-n] (a genus of Atherinidae)
              • Sphyraena [ENG31-02605804-n] (type and sole genus of the Sphyraenidae: barracuda)
              • Kyphosus [ENG31-02606972-n] (type genus of the Kyphosidae)
              • Chaetodipterus [ENG31-02607441-n] (a genus of Ephippidae)
              • genus Chaetodon [ENG31-02608201-n] (type genus of the Chaetodontidae)
              • Pomacanthus [ENG31-02608439-n] (angelfishes)
              • Pomacentrus [ENG31-02609220-n] (type genus of the Pomacentridae: damselfishes)
              • Amphiprion [ENG31-02609556-n] (damsel fishes)
              • Abudefduf [ENG31-02609975-n] (damsel fishes)
              • Achoerodus [ENG31-02610781-n] (a genus of Labridae)
              • Lachnolaimus [ENG31-02611059-n] (a genus of Labridae)
              • Halicoeres [ENG31-02611338-n] (a genus of Labridae)
              • Thalassoma [ENG31-02611799-n] (a genus of Labridae)
              • Hemipteronatus [ENG31-02612096-n] (razor fish)
              • Tautoga [ENG31-02612581-n] (tautogs)
              • Tautogolabrus [ENG31-02612864-n] (a genus of Labridae)
              • Polydactylus [ENG31-02613784-n] (a genus of Polynemidae)
              • Blennius [ENG31-02616064-n] (type genus of the Blenniidae)
              • Scartella [ENG31-02616317-n] (a genus of Blenniidae)
              • Chaenopsis [ENG31-02616918-n] (a genus of fish of the family Clinidae including pikeblennies)
              • Pholis [ENG31-02617787-n] (type genus of the Pholidae: gunnels)
              • Lumpenus [ENG31-02618459-n] (a genus of Stichaeidae)
              • Cryptacanthodes [ENG31-02618881-n] (a genus of Stichaeidae)
              • Anarhichas [ENG31-02619335-n] (type genus of the Anarhichadidae)
              • Zoarces [ENG31-02620032-n] (type genus of the Zoarcidae)
              • Gymnelis [ENG31-02620319-n] (a genus of Zoarcidae)
              • Macrozoarces [ENG31-02620586-n] (a genus of Zoarcidae)
              • Ammodytes [ENG31-02621002-n] (type genus of the Ammodytidae)
              • Periophthalmus [ENG31-02622039-n] (a genus of Gobiidae)
              • Toxotes [ENG31-02623073-n] (type genus of the Toxotidae)
              • Acanthurus [ENG31-02624049-n] (type genus of the Acanthuridae: doctorfishes)
              • Gempylus [ENG31-02624760-n] (type genus of the Gempylidae)
              • Lepidocybium [ENG31-02625038-n] (a genus of Gempylidae)
              • Scomber [ENG31-02627007-n] (type genus of the Scombridae)
              • Acanthocybium [ENG31-02627762-n] (wahoos)
              • Scomberomorus [ENG31-02628048-n] (Spanish mackerels)
              • Thunnus [ENG31-02629220-n] (tunas: warm-blooded fishes)
              • Sarda [ENG31-02630316-n] (bonitos)
              • Euthynnus [ENG31-02631097-n] (a genus of Scombridae)
              • Katsuwonus [ENG31-02631486-n] (oceanic bonitos)
              • Xiphias [ENG31-02632211-n] (type genus of the Xiphiidae)
              • Istiophorus [ENG31-02633098-n] (type genus of the Istiophoridae)
              • Makaira [ENG31-02633556-n] (marlins)
              • Tetrapturus [ENG31-02634529-n] (a genus of Istiophoridae)
              • Luvarus [ENG31-02634989-n] (type genus of the Luvaridae)
              • Poronotus [ENG31-02635917-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • genus Palometa [ENG31-02636185-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Paprilus [ENG31-02636474-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Psenes [ENG31-02636786-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Ariomma [ENG31-02637044-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Tetragonurus [ENG31-02637347-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Hyperoglyphe [ENG31-02637643-n] (a genus of Stromateidae)
              • Gobiesox [ENG31-02638089-n] (type genus of the Gobiesocidae)
              • Lobotes [ENG31-02638665-n] (type genus of the Lobotidae)
              • Gerres [ENG31-02639676-n] (type genus of the Gerreidae)
              • Eucinostomus [ENG31-02639967-n] (a genus of Gerreidae)
              • Sillago [ENG31-02640469-n] (type genus of the Sillaginidae)
              • Amia [ENG31-02641590-n] (type genus of the Amiidae)
              • Polyodon [ENG31-02642094-n] (type genus of the Polyodontidae)
              • Psephurus [ENG31-02642416-n] (a genus of Polyodontidae)
              • Acipenser [ENG31-02643083-n] (type genus of the Acipenseridae: sturgeons)
              • Lepisosteus [ENG31-02643845-n] (type genus of the Lepisosteidae: freshwater gars)
              • Scorpaena [ENG31-02645565-n] (type genus of the Scorpaenidae: scorpionfishes)
              • Pterois [ENG31-02646078-n] (lionfishes)
              • Synanceja [ENG31-02646343-n] (stonefishes)
              • Sebastodes [ENG31-02646619-n] (rockfishes)
              • Cottus [ENG31-02647773-n] (type genus of the Cottidae: sculpins)
              • Hemitripterus [ENG31-02648453-n] (sea ravens)
              • Myxocephalus [ENG31-02648747-n] (grubby)
              • Cyclopterus [ENG31-02649138-n] (type genus of the Cyclopteridae: lumpfishes)
              • Liparis [ENG31-02649774-n] (type genus of the Liparididae: snailfishes)
              • Agonus [ENG31-02650533-n] (type genus of the Agonidae)
              • Aspidophoroides [ENG31-02650804-n] (alligatorfishes)
              • Hexagrammos [ENG31-02651399-n] (type genus of the Hexagrammidae)
              • Oxylebius [ENG31-02651712-n] (a genus of Hexagrammidae)
              • Triga [ENG31-02652912-n] (type genus of the Triglidae)
              • Prionotus [ENG31-02653558-n] (a genus of Triglidae)
              • Peristedion [ENG31-02654042-n] (in some classifications the type genus of the subfamily Peristediinae: armored sea robins)
              • Dactylopterus [ENG31-02654635-n] (a genus of Dactylopteridae)
              • Balistes [ENG31-02655989-n] (type genus of the Balistidae)
              • Monocanthus [ENG31-02656595-n] (type genus of the Monocanthidae)
              • Lactophrys [ENG31-02657239-n] (a genus of Ostraciidae)
              • Diodon [ENG31-02658324-n] (type genus of the Diodontidae)
              • Chilomycterus [ENG31-02658801-n] (burrfishes)
              • genus Mola [ENG31-02659180-n] (type genus of the Molidae)
              • Pleuronectes [ENG31-02661011-n] (type genus of the Pleuronectidae)
              • Platichthys [ENG31-02661300-n] (a genus of Pleuronectidae)
              • Limanda [ENG31-02661574-n] (a genus of Pleuronectidae)
              • Pseudopleuronectes [ENG31-02661972-n] (a genus of Pleuronectidae)
              • Microstomus [ENG31-02662297-n] (a genus of Pleuronectidae)
              • Hippoglossoides [ENG31-02662591-n] (a genus of Pleuronectidae)
              • Hippoglossus [ENG31-02663042-n] (halibuts)
              • Paralichthys [ENG31-02663947-n] (a genus of Bothidae)
              • Etropus [ENG31-02664395-n] (a genus of Bothidae)
              • Citharichthys [ENG31-02664711-n] (a genus of Bothidae)
              • Scophthalmus [ENG31-02665318-n] (a genus of Bothidae)
              • Psetta [ENG31-02665716-n] (a genus of Bothidae)
              • Solea [ENG31-02666766-n] (type genus of the Soleidae)
              • Parophrys [ENG31-02667141-n] (a genus of Soleidae)
              • Psettichthys [ENG31-02667453-n] (a genus of Soleidae)
              • Trinectes [ENG31-02667749-n] (a genus of Soleidae)
            • chordate genus [ENG31-01469637-n] (any genus in the phylum Chordata)

              • genus Amphioxus [ENG31-01470316-n] (type genus of the Amphioxidae)
              • genus Salpa [ENG31-01472227-n] (type (perhaps sole) genus of the Salpidae)
              • genus Doliolum [ENG31-01472659-n] (type genus of the Doliolidae)
              • genus Appendicularia [ENG31-01473227-n] (a genus of chordates in the class Larvacea)
            • bird genus [ENG31-01509816-n] (a genus of birds)

              • genus Protoavis [ENG31-01518039-n] (extinct primitive birds of the Triassic period)
              • genus Archaeopteryx [ENG31-01518705-n] (a genus of fossil birds)
              • genus Sinornis [ENG31-01519128-n] (a genus of fossil birds)
              • genus Ibero-mesornis [ENG31-01519519-n] (a genus of fossil bird of the subclass Archaeornithes)
              • genus Archaeornis [ENG31-01519906-n] (a genus of fossil bird)
              • Struthio [ENG31-01521359-n] (type genus of the Struthionidae: African ostriches)
              • Casuarius [ENG31-01522042-n] (type and sole genus of the Casuaridae: cassowaries)
              • Dromaius [ENG31-01522360-n] (a genus of birds in the order Casuariiformes)
              • genus Apteryx [ENG31-01523083-n] (type genus of the Apterygidae: kiwis)
              • genus Rhea [ENG31-01523838-n] (type genus of the Rheidae)
              • Pterocnemia [ENG31-01524243-n] (a genus of birds of the family Rheidae)
              • genus Aepyornis [ENG31-01524946-n] (type genus of the Aepyornidae: elephant birds)
              • Dinornis [ENG31-01525593-n] (type genus of the Dinornithidae: large moas)
              • genus Anomalopteryx [ENG31-01526020-n] (small moas)
              • Prunella [ENG31-01529696-n] (type genus of the Prunellidae)
              • Alauda [ENG31-01530415-n] (type genus of the Alaudidae: skylarks)
              • Motacilla [ENG31-01530885-n] (type genus of the Motacillidae: wagtails)
              • Anthus [ENG31-01531183-n] (pipits)
              • Fringilla [ENG31-01532897-n] (type genus of the Fringillidae: chaffinch, brambling)
              • Carduelis [ENG31-01533487-n] (in some classifications considered the type genus of a subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae: goldfinches)
              • Spinus [ENG31-01534748-n] (in some classifications considered a subgenus of Carduelis: siskins and New World goldfinches)
              • Carpodacus [ENG31-01535305-n] (house finches and purple finches)
              • Serinus [ENG31-01535810-n] (Old World finches)
              • Loxia [ENG31-01536421-n] (crossbill)
              • Pyrrhula [ENG31-01536675-n] (bullfinches)
              • genus Junco [ENG31-01536962-n] (American finches)
              • Pooecetes [ENG31-01537646-n] (a genus of Fringillidae)
              • Zonotrichia [ENG31-01537951-n] (large New World sparrows)
              • Spizella [ENG31-01538483-n] (chipping sparrow)
              • Melospiza [ENG31-01539115-n] (American song sparrow and swamp sparrow)
              • Passerina [ENG31-01540001-n] (a genus of small North American finches including the New World buntings)
              • Emberiza [ENG31-01540351-n] (Old World buntings)
              • Plectrophenax [ENG31-01541139-n] (snow bunting)
              • Coereba [ENG31-01541777-n] (type genus of the Coerebidae)
              • Passer [ENG31-01542413-n] (type genus of the Passeridae)
              • Hesperiphona [ENG31-01543073-n] (evening grosbeak)
              • Coccothraustes [ENG31-01543338-n] (large finches)
              • Pinicola [ENG31-01543610-n] (a genus of Fringillidae)
              • Richmondena [ENG31-01543902-n] (cardinals)
              • genus Pyrrhuloxia [ENG31-01544259-n] (large showy finches related to cardinals)
              • Pipilo [ENG31-01544696-n] (towhees)
              • Chlorura [ENG31-01544957-n] (towhees)
              • Ploceus [ENG31-01545700-n] (type genus of the Ploceidae)
              • Vidua [ENG31-01545913-n] (whydahs)
              • Padda [ENG31-01546149-n] (a genus of Ploceidae)
              • Estrilda [ENG31-01546458-n] (avadavats)
              • Poephila [ENG31-01546708-n] (grassfinches)
              • Drepanis [ENG31-01547518-n] (a genus of Drepanididae)
              • Menura [ENG31-01548066-n] (type and sole genus of the family Menuridae)
              • Atrichornis [ENG31-01548530-n] (type genus of the Atrichornithidae)
              • Tyrannus [ENG31-01550784-n] (type genus of the Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers)
              • Contopus [ENG31-01551955-n] (pewees)
              • Sayornis [ENG31-01552410-n] (phoebes)
              • Pyrocephalus [ENG31-01552674-n] (a genus of Tyrannidae)
              • genus Cotinga [ENG31-01553266-n] (type genus of the Cotingidae: cotingas)
              • Rupicola [ENG31-01553594-n] (cock of the rocks)
              • Pipra [ENG31-01554190-n] (type genus of the Pipridae containing the typical manakins)
              • Procnias [ENG31-01554556-n] (bellbirds)
              • Cephalopterus [ENG31-01554833-n] (a genus of Cotingidae)
              • Furnarius [ENG31-01555295-n] (type genus of the family Furnariidae: ovenbirds)
              • Formicarius [ENG31-01556021-n] (type genus of the Formicariidae)
              • Thamnophilus [ENG31-01556261-n] (a genus of Formicariidae)
              • Hylophylax [ENG31-01556520-n] (a genus of Formicariidae)
              • Dendrocolaptes [ENG31-01556952-n] (type genus of the Dendrocolaptidae)
              • genus Pitta [ENG31-01557466-n] (type genus of the Pittidae)
              • Muscivora [ENG31-01557813-n] (a genus of Tyrannidae)
              • Muscicapa [ENG31-01558681-n] (type genus of the Muscicapidae)
              • Pachycephala [ENG31-01559009-n] (arboreal insectivorous birds)
              • Turdus [ENG31-01560338-n] (type genus of the Turdidae)
              • Hylocichla [ENG31-01561935-n] (American thrush: wood thrush)
              • Luscinia [ENG31-01562605-n] (nightingales)
              • Saxicola [ENG31-01563152-n] (Old World chats)
              • Myadestes [ENG31-01563700-n] (solitaires)
              • Phoenicurus [ENG31-01563959-n] (Old World thrushes)
              • Oenanthe [ENG31-01564254-n] (wheatears)
              • Sialia [ENG31-01564525-n] (North American bluebirds)
              • Erithacus [ENG31-01564757-n] (Old World thrushes)
              • Polioptila [ENG31-01565954-n] (New World gnatcatchers)
              • Regulus [ENG31-01566220-n] (a genus of birds of the family Sylviidae including kinglets)
              • Silvia [ENG31-01567271-n] (type genus of the Sylviidae: warblers)
              • Phylloscopus [ENG31-01567879-n] (warblers)
              • Acrocephalus [ENG31-01568121-n] (a genus of Sylviidae)
              • Prinia [ENG31-01568445-n] (a genus of Sylviidae)
              • Orthotomus [ENG31-01568723-n] (tailorbirds)
              • Timalia [ENG31-01569150-n] (type genus of the Timaliidae)
              • Parula [ENG31-01570171-n] (type genus of the Parulidae: wood warblers)
              • Setophaga [ENG31-01570660-n] (a genus of Parulidae)
              • Dendroica [ENG31-01571134-n] (a genus of Parulidae)
              • Icteria [ENG31-01572354-n] (New World chats)
              • Seiurus [ENG31-01572753-n] (ovenbirds and water thrushes)
              • Geothlypis [ENG31-01573190-n] (yellowthroats)
              • Ptloris [ENG31-01573938-n] (a genus of Paradisaeidae)
              • Icterus [ENG31-01574815-n] (type genus of the Icteridae)
              • Sturnella [ENG31-01575551-n] (a genus of passerine birds including the meadowlarks)
              • Cacicus [ENG31-01576124-n] (a genus of tropical American orioles)
              • Dolichonyx [ENG31-01576416-n] (bobolinks)
              • Quiscalus [ENG31-01576911-n] (grackles)
              • Euphagus [ENG31-01577312-n] (a genus of Icteridae)
              • Molothrus [ENG31-01577638-n] (cowbirds)
              • Agelaius [ENG31-01577911-n] (red-winged blackbirds)
              • Oriolus [ENG31-01578582-n] (type genus of the Oriolidae)
              • Sphecotheres [ENG31-01578853-n] (a genus of Old World orioles)
              • Sturnus [ENG31-01579504-n] (type genus of the Sturnidae: common starlings)
              • Pastor [ENG31-01579906-n] (only the rose-colored starlings)
              • Acridotheres [ENG31-01580459-n] (mynas)
              • Gracula [ENG31-01580727-n] (mynas)
              • Corvus [ENG31-01581462-n] (type genus of the Corvidae: crows and ravens)
              • Garrulus [ENG31-01582866-n] (type genus of the Garrulinae: Old World jays)
              • Cyanocitta [ENG31-01583285-n] (New World jays)
              • Perisoreus [ENG31-01583682-n] (Canada jays)
              • Nucifraga [ENG31-01584248-n] (nutcrackers)
              • Pica [ENG31-01584752-n] (magpies)
              • Cracticus [ENG31-01585684-n] (type genus of the Cracticidae: Australian butcherbirds)
              • Strepera [ENG31-01586014-n] (bell magpies)
              • Gymnorhina [ENG31-01586277-n] (in some classifications placed in the family Laniidae: Australian piping crows)
              • Troglodytes [ENG31-01587170-n] (type genus of the Troglodytidae)
              • Cistothorus [ENG31-01587635-n] (marsh wrens)
              • Salpinctes [ENG31-01588218-n] (a genus of Troglodytidae)
              • Thryothorus [ENG31-01588531-n] (Carolina wrens)
              • Campylorhynchus [ENG31-01588811-n] (alternative classifications for the cactus wrens)
              • Mimus [ENG31-01589432-n] (type genus of the family Mimidae: mockingbirds)
              • Melanotis [ENG31-01589789-n] (a genus of Mimidae)
              • Dumetella [ENG31-01590047-n] (catbirds)
              • Toxostoma [ENG31-01590354-n] (thrashers)
              • Xenicus [ENG31-01591230-n] (type genus for the Xenicidae)
              • Acanthisitta [ENG31-01591499-n] (a genus of Xenicidae)
              • Certhia [ENG31-01592223-n] (type genus of the Certhiidae)
              • Tichodroma [ENG31-01592683-n] (wall creepers)
              • Sitta [ENG31-01593478-n] (type genus of the Sittidae)
              • Parus [ENG31-01594551-n] (type genus of the family Paridae)
              • Psaltriparus [ENG31-01595533-n] (a genus of Paridae)
              • Chamaea [ENG31-01595797-n] (a genus of Paridae)
              • Auriparus [ENG31-01596064-n] (a genus of Paridae)
              • Irena [ENG31-01596498-n] (type genus of the Irenidae: fairy bluebirds)
              • Hirundo [ENG31-01597252-n] (type genus of the Hirundinidae)
              • Iridoprocne [ENG31-01597971-n] (a genus of Hirundinidae)
              • Delichon [ENG31-01598482-n] (a genus of Hirundinidae)
              • Riparia [ENG31-01598783-n] (a genus of Hirundinidae)
              • Progne [ENG31-01599120-n] (a genus of Hirundinidae)
              • Artamus [ENG31-01599528-n] (type genus of the Artamidae)
              • Piranga [ENG31-01600192-n] (a genus of Thraupidae)
              • Lanius [ENG31-01601461-n] (type genus of the Laniidae: typical shrikes)
              • Chlorophoneus [ENG31-01602838-n] (a genus of Malaconotinae)
              • Ptilonorhynchus [ENG31-01603550-n] (type genus of the Ptilonorhynchidae)
              • Chlamydera [ENG31-01603909-n] (a genus of Ptilonorhynchidae)
              • Cinclus [ENG31-01604560-n] (type genus of the family Cinclidae)
              • genus Vireo [ENG31-01605147-n] (type genus of the Vireonidae)
              • Bombycilla [ENG31-01606119-n] (waxwings)
              • Accipiter [ENG31-01608976-n] (type genus of the family Accipitridae)
              • Buteo [ENG31-01609744-n] (broad-winged soaring hawks)
              • Pernis [ENG31-01610727-n] (a common European bird of prey)
              • Milvus [ENG31-01611326-n] (a genus including the common European kits)
              • Elanoides [ENG31-01611575-n] (a genus of kites)
              • Elanus [ENG31-01611877-n] (a genus of small kites of both Old and New Worlds)
              • Circus [ENG31-01612190-n] (a genus of haws comprising the harriers)
              • Circaetus [ENG31-01613067-n] (harrier eagles)
              • Falco [ENG31-01613893-n] (a genus of Falconidae)
              • Polyborus [ENG31-01615444-n] (a genus of Falconidae)
              • Harpia [ENG31-01616550-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Aquila [ENG31-01616836-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Haliaeetus [ENG31-01617410-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Pandion [ENG31-01618590-n] (type genus of the Pandionidae)
              • Gyps [ENG31-01619611-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Gypaetus [ENG31-01619930-n] (in some classifications the type genus of the family Aegypiidae)
              • Neophron [ENG31-01620274-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Aegypius [ENG31-01620590-n] (a genus of Accipitridae)
              • Sagittarius [ENG31-01620997-n] (type genus of the Sagittariidae)
              • Cathartes [ENG31-01621793-n] (type genus of the Cathartidae: turkey vultures)
              • Vultur [ENG31-01622316-n] (a bird that is usually restricted to the Andean condor)
              • Gymnogyps [ENG31-01622644-n] (containing solely the California condor)
              • Coragyps [ENG31-01622923-n] (a genus of Cathartidae)
              • Sarcorhamphus [ENG31-01623216-n] (usually containing only the king vulture)
              • Athene [ENG31-01624635-n] (a genus of Strigidae)
              • Bubo [ENG31-01624871-n] (a genus of Strigidae)
              • Strix [ENG31-01625237-n] (owls lacking ear tufts)
              • Otus [ENG31-01625925-n] (a genus of Strigidae)
              • Surnia [ENG31-01627047-n] (a genus of hawk-like owls)
              • Asio [ENG31-01627348-n] (a genus of European owls)
              • Sceloglaux [ENG31-01627628-n] (a genus of Strigidae)
              • Tyto [ENG31-01628058-n] (type and only genus of the family Tytonidae)
              • Gallus [ENG31-01793584-n] (common domestic birds and related forms)
              • Meleagris [ENG31-01796629-n] (type genus of the Meleagrididae: wild and domestic turkeys)
              • Agriocharis [ENG31-01797101-n] (a genus of birds of the family Meleagrididae including the ocellated turkey)
              • Lyrurus [ENG31-01798066-n] (black grouse)
              • Lagopus [ENG31-01798863-n] (ptarmigans)
              • Tetrao [ENG31-01799511-n] (type genus of the Tetraonidae: capercaillies)
              • Canachites [ENG31-01799821-n] (spruce grouse)
              • Centrocercus [ENG31-01800113-n] (sage grouse)
              • Bonasa [ENG31-01800408-n] (ruffed grouse)
              • Pedioecetes [ENG31-01800693-n] (sharp-tailed grouse)
              • Tympanuchus [ENG31-01800993-n] (prairie chickens)
              • Crax [ENG31-01802181-n] (type genus of the Cracidae: curassows)
              • Penelope [ENG31-01802517-n] (a genus of guans (turkey-like arboreal birds valued as game and food birds))
              • Pipile [ENG31-01802683-n] (genus of large crested guans (the piping guans))
              • Ortalis [ENG31-01802927-n] (chachalacas)
              • Megapodius [ENG31-01803604-n] (type genus of the Megapodiidae)
              • genus Leipoa [ENG31-01804012-n] (mallee fowl)
              • Alectura [ENG31-01804394-n] (brush turkeys)
              • Macrocephalon [ENG31-01804674-n] (maleos)
              • Phasianus [ENG31-01805536-n] (type genus of the Phasianidae: the typical pheasants)
              • genus Afropavo [ENG31-01806189-n] (Congo peafowl)
              • Argusianus [ENG31-01806405-n] (argus pheasants)
              • Chrysolophus [ENG31-01806670-n] (golden pheasants)
              • Colinus [ENG31-01806981-n] (New World quail: the bobwhites)
              • Coturnix [ENG31-01807437-n] (Old World quail)
              • Lophophorus [ENG31-01807840-n] (monals)
              • Odontophorus [ENG31-01808087-n] (genus of Central and South American crested partridges resembling quails)
              • Pavo [ENG31-01808333-n] (peafowl)
              • Lofortyx [ENG31-01809381-n] (California quail)
              • genus Tragopan [ENG31-01809625-n] (a genus of Phasianidae)
              • Perdix [ENG31-01810342-n] (a genus of Perdicinae)
              • Alectoris [ENG31-01810629-n] (a genus of Perdicidae)
              • Oreortyx [ENG31-01811088-n] (mountain quail of western United States)
              • Numida [ENG31-01811630-n] (guinea fowl)
              • Opisthocomus [ENG31-01812233-n] (type genus of the Opisthocomidae: hoatzins)
              • Raphus [ENG31-01813745-n] (type genus of the Raphidae: dodos)
              • Pezophaps [ENG31-01814035-n] (constituted by the extinct solitaire)
              • Columba [ENG31-01815112-n] (type genus of the Columbidae: typical pigeons)
              • Streptopelia [ENG31-01815897-n] (turtledoves)
              • Stictopelia [ENG31-01816452-n] (a genus of Columbidae)
              • Zenaidura [ENG31-01816732-n] (mourning doves)
              • Ectopistes [ENG31-01817776-n] (a genus of Columbidae)
              • Pterocles [ENG31-01818496-n] (type genus of the Pteroclididae)
              • Syrrhaptes [ENG31-01818977-n] (a genus of Pteroclididae)
              • Psittacus [ENG31-01820413-n] (type genus of the Psittacidae: usually restricted to the African grey)
              • Amazona [ENG31-01820810-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Ara [ENG31-01821050-n] (macaws)
              • Nestor [ENG31-01821345-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Kakatoe [ENG31-01821600-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Nymphicus [ENG31-01822241-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Agapornis [ENG31-01822559-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Glossopsitta [ENG31-01823305-n] (a genus of Loriinae)
              • Trichoglossus [ENG31-01823578-n] (a genus of Loriinae)
              • Conuropsis [ENG31-01824059-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Melopsittacus [ENG31-01824368-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Psittacula [ENG31-01824805-n] (a genus of Psittacidae)
              • Cuculus [ENG31-01825920-n] (type genus of the Cuculidae)
              • Coccyzus [ENG31-01826251-n] (a genus of Cuculidae)
              • Geococcyx [ENG31-01826553-n] (roadrunners)
              • Crotophaga [ENG31-01826868-n] (ani)
              • Centropus [ENG31-01827084-n] (a genus of Cuculidae)
              • Musophaga [ENG31-01827796-n] (type genus of the Musophagidae)
              • Coracias [ENG31-01829183-n] (type genus of the Coraciidae)
              • Alcedo [ENG31-01830299-n] (type genus of the Alcedinidae)
              • Ceryle [ENG31-01830589-n] (a genus of birds of the family Alcedinidae)
              • Dacelo [ENG31-01830908-n] (Australasian kingfishers)
              • Halcyon [ENG31-01831038-n] (a large kingfisher widely distributed in warmer parts of the Old World)
              • Merops [ENG31-01831497-n] (type genus of the Meropidae)
              • Buceros [ENG31-01831929-n] (type genus of the family Bucerotidae)
              • Upupa [ENG31-01832380-n] (type genus of the Upupidae)
              • Phoeniculus [ENG31-01832957-n] (type and only genus of the family Phoeniculidae)
              • Momotus [ENG31-01833440-n] (type genus of the Momotidae)
              • Todus [ENG31-01833872-n] (type genus of the Todidae)
              • Apus [ENG31-01835022-n] (type genus)
              • Chateura [ENG31-01835325-n] (a genus of Apodidae)
              • Collocalia [ENG31-01835620-n] (a genus of Apodidae)
              • Archilochus [ENG31-01836680-n] (a genus of Trochilidae)
              • Chalcostigma [ENG31-01836925-n] (thornbills)
              • Ramphomicron [ENG31-01837053-n] (thornbills)
              • Caprimulgus [ENG31-01838225-n] (type genus of the Caprimulgidae)
              • Chordeiles [ENG31-01838887-n] (a genus of Caprimulgidae)
              • Phalaenoptilus [ENG31-01839168-n] (a genus of Caprimulgidae)
              • Podargus [ENG31-01839594-n] (type genus of the Podargidae)
              • Steatornis [ENG31-01840004-n] (type and sole genus of the family Steatornithidae)
              • Picus [ENG31-01841602-n] (type genus of Picidae)
              • Picoides [ENG31-01841862-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Colaptes [ENG31-01842111-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Campephilus [ENG31-01842919-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Melanerpes [ENG31-01843284-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Sphyrapicus [ENG31-01843609-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Jynx [ENG31-01844210-n] (wrynecks)
              • Picumnus [ENG31-01844456-n] (a genus of Picidae)
              • Aulacorhyncus [ENG31-01846217-n] (a genus of Ramphastidae)
              • genus Trogon [ENG31-01846766-n] (type genus of the Trogonidae)
              • Pharomacrus [ENG31-01847055-n] (a genus of Trogonidae)
              • Anas [ENG31-01850206-n] (type genus of the Anatidae: freshwater ducks)
              • Tadorna [ENG31-01851989-n] (sheldrakes)
              • Oxyura [ENG31-01852388-n] (ruddy duck)
              • Bucephala [ENG31-01852676-n] (buffleheads and goldeneyes)
              • Aythya [ENG31-01853317-n] (canvasback)
              • Aix [ENG31-01854637-n] (wood duck and mandarin duck)
              • Cairina [ENG31-01855185-n] (a genus of Anatidae)
              • Somateria [ENG31-01855713-n] (eider ducks)
              • Melanitta [ENG31-01856020-n] (scoters)
              • Clangula [ENG31-01856404-n] (a genus of ducks)
              • Mergus [ENG31-01856864-n] (mergansers)
              • Lophodytes [ENG31-01857984-n] (a genus of Merginae)
              • Anser [ENG31-01858866-n] (typical geese)
              • Chen [ENG31-01859389-n] (wild goose having white adult plumage)
              • Branta [ENG31-01859812-n] (wild geese)
              • genus Coscoroba [ENG31-01860803-n] (a genus of Anatidae)
              • Cygnus [ENG31-01861630-n] (a genus of Anatidae)
              • Anhima [ENG31-01863354-n] (type genus of the Anhimidae)
              • Chauna [ENG31-01863666-n] (crested screamers)
              • Ciconia [ENG31-02005038-n] (type genus of the Ciconiidae: European storks)
              • Leptoptilus [ENG31-02005529-n] (adjutant birds and marabous)
              • Anastomus [ENG31-02006110-n] (openbills)
              • genus Jabiru [ENG31-02006389-n] (jabirus)
              • Ephippiorhynchus [ENG31-02006648-n] (saddlebills)
              • Xenorhyncus [ENG31-02006997-n] (East Indian and Australian storks)
              • Mycteria [ENG31-02007315-n] (a genus of storks of the family Ciconiidae now including only the American wood ibis)
              • Balaeniceps [ENG31-02007892-n] (type genus of the Balaenicipitidae: shoebills)
              • genus Ibis [ENG31-02008616-n] (ibises)
              • Threskiornis [ENG31-02008865-n] (type genus of the Threskiornithidae)
              • Platalea [ENG31-02009481-n] (type genus of the Plataleidae)
              • Ajaia [ENG31-02009815-n] (a genus of Platalea)
              • Ardea [ENG31-02010970-n] (type genus of the Ardeidae: large New and Old World herons)
              • Egretta [ENG31-02011669-n] (small Old and New World herons)
              • Casmerodius [ENG31-02012274-n] (a white egrets)
              • Bubulcus [ENG31-02012798-n] (small white egrets)
              • Nycticorax [ENG31-02013246-n] (Old World night herons)
              • Nyctanassa [ENG31-02013535-n] (American night herons)
              • Cochlearius [ENG31-02013810-n] (boatbills)
              • Botaurus [ENG31-02014322-n] (bitterns)
              • Ixobrychus [ENG31-02014717-n] (bitterns)
              • Grus [ENG31-02015688-n] (type genus of the Gruidae: typical cranes)
              • Aramus [ENG31-02016016-n] (genus of large brown long-billed wading birds found in warm swampy regions of the western hemisphere: courlan)
              • Cariama [ENG31-02016715-n] (the type genus of the Cariamidae comprising only the crested cariama)
              • genus Chunga [ENG31-02017060-n] (a genus of Cariamidae)
              • Gallirallus [ENG31-02017875-n] (rails of New Zealand)
              • Crex [ENG31-02018339-n] (corncrakes)
              • Porzana [ENG31-02018598-n] (spotted crakes)
              • Gallinula [ENG31-02018852-n] (gallinules)
              • Porphyrio [ENG31-02019747-n] (Old World purple gallinules)
              • Porphyrula [ENG31-02019989-n] (American purple gallinules)
              • genus Notornis [ENG31-02020261-n] (a genus of Rallidae)
              • Fulica [ENG31-02020532-n] (coots)
              • Otis [ENG31-02021698-n] (type genus of the Otididae: European bustard)
              • Choriotis [ENG31-02021962-n] (Australian bustard)
              • Turnix [ENG31-02022416-n] (type genus of the Turnicidae: button quail)
              • Pedionomus [ENG31-02023104-n] (plain wanderer)
              • Psophia [ENG31-02023556-n] (type genus of the Psophiidae: trumpeters)
              • Charadrius [ENG31-02026318-n] (type genus of the Charadriidae: plovers)
              • Pluvialis [ENG31-02027007-n] (golden plovers)
              • Vanellus [ENG31-02027290-n] (Eurasian lapwings)
              • Arenaria [ENG31-02027577-n] (turnstones)
              • Aphriza [ENG31-02029152-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Actitis [ENG31-02029452-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Erolia [ENG31-02029863-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Tringa [ENG31-02030384-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Calidris [ENG31-02031210-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Crocethia [ENG31-02031897-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Bartramia [ENG31-02032225-n] (a genus of Scolopacidae)
              • Philomachus [ENG31-02032568-n] (ruffs)
              • Heteroscelus [ENG31-02033096-n] (tattlers)
              • Catoptrophorus [ENG31-02033363-n] (willet)
              • Scolopax [ENG31-02033797-n] (type of the Scolopacidae: Old World woodcocks)
              • Philohela [ENG31-02034109-n] (American woodcocks)
              • Gallinago [ENG31-02034406-n] (snipes)
              • Limnocryptes [ENG31-02035300-n] (snipe)
              • Limnodromus [ENG31-02035569-n] (dowitchers)
              • Numenius [ENG31-02036098-n] (curlews)
              • Limosa [ENG31-02036670-n] (godwits)
              • Himantopus [ENG31-02037048-n] (major one of two genera of stilts)
              • Cladorhyncus [ENG31-02038499-n] (one of two genera of stilts)
              • Recurvirostra [ENG31-02039202-n] (type genus of the Recurvirostridae: avocets)
              • Haematopus [ENG31-02039636-n] (oystercatchers)
              • Phalaropus [ENG31-02040367-n] (type genus of the Phalaropidae: phalaropes)
              • Lobipes [ENG31-02040664-n] (a genus of Phalaropidae)
              • Steganopus [ENG31-02040983-n] (a genus of Phalaropidae)
              • Glareola [ENG31-02041491-n] (type genus of the Glareolidae: the pratincoles)
              • Cursorius [ENG31-02042031-n] (coursers)
              • Pluvianus [ENG31-02042314-n] (coursers)
              • Burhinus [ENG31-02042767-n] (type genus of the Burhinidae: stone curlews)
              • Larus [ENG31-02044146-n] (type genus of the Laridae)
              • Pagophila [ENG31-02044996-n] (a genus of Laridae)
              • Rissa [ENG31-02045291-n] (a genus of Laridae)
              • Sterna [ENG31-02045861-n] (a genus of Sterninae)
              • Rynchops [ENG31-02046313-n] (type genus of the Rynchopidae: skimmers)
              • Stercorarius [ENG31-02047012-n] (type genus of the Stercorariidae: jaegers)
              • Catharacta [ENG31-02047313-n] (skuas)
              • Alca [ENG31-02048359-n] (type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill)
              • Plautus [ENG31-02048699-n] (a genus of Alcidae)
              • Pinguinus [ENG31-02048975-n] (great auk)
              • Cepphus [ENG31-02049267-n] (a genus of birds including: guillemots)
              • Uria [ENG31-02049806-n] (murres)
              • Fratercula [ENG31-02050489-n] (puffins)
              • Lunda [ENG31-02050896-n] (puffins)
              • Gavia [ENG31-02051606-n] (type genus of the Gavidae: loons)
              • Podiceps [ENG31-02052509-n] (type genus of the Podicipedidae: grebes)
              • Podilymbus [ENG31-02053575-n] (a genus of Podicipedidae)
              • Pelecanus [ENG31-02054698-n] (type genus of the Pelecanidae)
              • Fregata [ENG31-02055293-n] (type genus of the Fregatidae)
              • Sula [ENG31-02055933-n] (type genus of the Sulidae)
              • Phalacrocorax [ENG31-02056513-n] (type genus: coextensive with the family Phalacrocoracidae)
              • genus Anhinga [ENG31-02057030-n] (type genus of the Anhingidae)
              • Phaethon [ENG31-02057620-n] (type genus of the Phaethontidae)
              • Pygoscelis [ENG31-02058745-n] (a genus of Spheniscidae)
              • Aptenodytes [ENG31-02059075-n] (large penguins)
              • Spheniscus [ENG31-02059527-n] (type genus of the Spheniscidae: jackass penguins)
              • Eudyptes [ENG31-02059862-n] (rock hoppers)
              • genus Diomedea [ENG31-02061107-n] (type of the Diomedeidae)
              • Procellaria [ENG31-02062046-n] (type genus of the Procellariidae)
              • Macronectes [ENG31-02062376-n] (giant petrels)
              • Fulmarus [ENG31-02062669-n] (fulmars)
              • Puffinus [ENG31-02062943-n] (shearwaters)
              • Hydrobates [ENG31-02063726-n] (type genus of the Hydrobatidae)
              • Oceanites [ENG31-02064078-n] (a genus of Hydrobatidae)
            • amphibian genus [ENG31-01629241-n] (any genus of amphibians)

              • Hynerpeton [ENG31-01630427-n] (earliest fossil amphibian ever found)
              • genus Ichthyostega [ENG31-01630789-n] (second earliest fossil amphibian ever found)
              • Salamandra [ENG31-01631734-n] (type genus of the Salamandridae)
              • Triturus [ENG31-01633174-n] (chiefly aquatic salamanders)
              • Notophthalmus [ENG31-01633436-n] (newts)
              • Taricha [ENG31-01633676-n] (Pacific newts)
              • Ambystoma [ENG31-01634544-n] (type genus of the Ambystomatidae)
              • Cryptobranchus [ENG31-01635891-n] (type genus of the Cryptobranchidae)
              • Megalobatrachus [ENG31-01636219-n] (giant salamanders)
              • Proteidae [ENG31-01636590-n] (mud puppies)
              • Proteus [ENG31-01636733-n] (type genus of the Proteidae)
              • Necturus [ENG31-01637033-n] (a genus of Proteidae)
              • genus Dicamptodon [ENG31-01637532-n] (type genus of the Dicamptodontidae)
              • Rhyacotriton [ENG31-01637984-n] (olympic salamanders)
              • Plethodon [ENG31-01638605-n] (type genus of the Plethodontidae)
              • Desmograthus [ENG31-01639316-n] (an amphibian genus of Plethodontidae)
              • Aneides [ENG31-01639625-n] (climbing salamanders)
              • Batrachoseps [ENG31-01640119-n] (slender salamanders)
              • Hydromantes [ENG31-01640437-n] (web-toed salamanders)
              • genus Amphiuma [ENG31-01641252-n] (congo snakes)
              • genus Siren [ENG31-01641712-n] (a genus of Sirenidae)
              • Rana [ENG31-01643208-n] (type genus of the Ranidae)
              • Eleutherodactylus [ENG31-01645733-n] (completely terrestrial robber frogs)
              • Hylactophryne [ENG31-01646015-n] (barking frogs)
              • Leptodactylus [ENG31-01646328-n] (type genus of the Leptodactylidae)
              • Polypedates [ENG31-01646886-n] (type genus of the Polypedatidae)
              • Ascaphus [ENG31-01647340-n] (type genus of the Ascaphidae)
              • Leiopelma [ENG31-01647919-n] (type and sole genus of the family Leiopelmatidae)
              • genus Bufo [ENG31-01648775-n] (type genus of the Bufonidae)
              • Alytes [ENG31-01650642-n] (midwife toads)
              • Bombina [ENG31-01651135-n] (fire-bellied toads)
              • Scaphiopus [ENG31-01651634-n] (New World spadefoot toads)
              • Hyla [ENG31-01653150-n] (the type genus of the Hylidae)
              • Acris [ENG31-01654011-n] (cricket frogs)
              • Pseudacris [ENG31-01654541-n] (chorus frogs)
              • Pternohyla [ENG31-01654804-n] (burrowing tree frogs)
              • Gastrophryne [ENG31-01655491-n] (primarily tropical narrow-mouthed toads)
              • Hypopachus [ENG31-01656025-n] (sheep frogs)
              • Pipa [ENG31-01656616-n] (type genus of the Pipidae)
              • Xenopus [ENG31-01657070-n] (an African clawed frog)
            • reptile genus [ENG31-01660364-n] (a genus of reptiles)

              • Chelonia [ENG31-01666300-n] (green turtles)
              • Caretta [ENG31-01666580-n] (loggerhead turtles)
              • Lepidochelys [ENG31-01666885-n] (ridleys)
              • Eretmochelys [ENG31-01667503-n] (hawksbills)
              • Dermochelys [ENG31-01668013-n] (type genus of the Dermochelyidae: leatherback turtles)
              • Chelydra [ENG31-01668743-n] (snapping turtles)
              • Macroclemys [ENG31-01669072-n] (includes the alligator snapping turtle)
              • Kinosternon [ENG31-01669608-n] (type genus of the Kinosternidae)
              • Sternotherus [ENG31-01669943-n] (musk turtles)
              • Malaclemys [ENG31-01670600-n] (American terrapins)
              • Pseudemys [ENG31-01670898-n] (sliders)
              • Terrapene [ENG31-01671709-n] (box turtles)
              • Chrysemys [ENG31-01672168-n] (painted turtles)
              • Testudo [ENG31-01673019-n] (type genus of the Testudinidae)
              • Geochelone [ENG31-01673314-n] (giant tortoises)
              • Gopherus [ENG31-01673602-n] (gopher tortoises)
              • Xerobates [ENG31-01673953-n] (possible new genus for desert and Texas tortoises based on recent research)
              • Trionyx [ENG31-01674916-n] (type genus of the Trionychidae)
              • Sphenodon [ENG31-01675759-n] (coextensive with the order Rhynchocephalia: tuataras)
              • Ptychozoon [ENG31-01677866-n] (flying geckos)
              • Coleonyx [ENG31-01678240-n] (banded geckos)
              • Pygopus [ENG31-01678754-n] (type genus of the Pygopodidae)
              • genus Iguana [ENG31-01679883-n] (type genus of the Iguanidae)
              • Amblyrhynchus [ENG31-01680254-n] (marine iguanas)
              • Dipsosaurus [ENG31-01680554-n] (desert iguanas)
              • Sauromalus [ENG31-01680878-n] (chuckwallas)
              • Callisaurus [ENG31-01681163-n] (zebra-tailed lizard)
              • Uma [ENG31-01681528-n] (fringe-toed lizard)
              • Holbrookia [ENG31-01681819-n] (earless lizards)
              • Crotaphytus [ENG31-01682135-n] (collared lizards)
              • Gambelia [ENG31-01682478-n] (leopard lizards)
              • Sceloporus [ENG31-01682778-n] (spiny lizards)
              • Uta [ENG31-01683841-n] (a reptile genus of Iguanidae)
              • Urosaurus [ENG31-01684154-n] (a reptile genus of Iguanidae)
              • Phrynosoma [ENG31-01684453-n] (horned lizards)
              • Basiliscus [ENG31-01684934-n] (a reptile genus of Iguanidae)
              • Anolis [ENG31-01685229-n] (New World chameleons)
              • Amphisbaena [ENG31-01685677-n] (type genus of the Amphisbaenidae)
              • Scincus [ENG31-01686541-n] (type genus of Scincidae)
              • Scincella [ENG31-01686653-n] (a reptile genus of Scincidae)
              • Eumeces [ENG31-01687076-n] (New World skinks)
              • Cordylidae [ENG31-01687582-n] (small family of spiny ovoviviparous African lizards)
              • Cordylus [ENG31-01687748-n] (type genus of the Cordylidae)
              • Cnemidophorus [ENG31-01688320-n] (whiptails)
              • Tupinambis [ENG31-01689650-n] (tejus)
              • genus Agama [ENG31-01690497-n] (type genus of the Agamidae)
              • Chlamydosaurus [ENG31-01690747-n] (frilled lizards)
              • Draco [ENG31-01691069-n] (a reptile genus known as flying dragons or flying lizards)
              • genus Moloch [ENG31-01691453-n] (genus of Australian desert lizard)
              • Gerrhonotus [ENG31-01692319-n] (alligator lizards)
              • Anguis [ENG31-01692646-n] (type genus of the Anguidae: blindworms)
              • Ophisaurus [ENG31-01692980-n] (glass lizards)
              • Xenosaurus [ENG31-01693498-n] (type and sole genus of Xenosauridae: slender-bodied Mexican lizards having the upper surface covered with tiny granules and tubercles)
              • Lanthanotus [ENG31-01694166-n] (one species)
              • Heloderma [ENG31-01694784-n] (type genus of the Helodermatidae)
              • Lacerta [ENG31-01695661-n] (type genus of the Lacertidae)
              • Chamaeleo [ENG31-01696636-n] (type genus of the Chamaeleontidae)
              • Varanus [ENG31-01697199-n] (type and sole extant genus of the Varanidae)
              • Saurosuchus [ENG31-01698667-n] (early archosaurian carnivore)
              • Proterochampsa [ENG31-01698792-n] (early archosaurian carnivore)
              • Crocodylus [ENG31-01699643-n] (type genus of the Crocodylidae)
              • Tomistoma [ENG31-01700478-n] (a genus of Malayan crocodiles)
              • genus Alligator [ENG31-01700944-n] (type genus of the Alligatoridae)
              • genus Caiman [ENG31-01701577-n] (caimans)
              • Gavialis [ENG31-01702178-n] (type genus of the Gavialidae)
              • genus Pisanosaurus [ENG31-01703395-n] (primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Argentina)
              • genus Staurikosaurus [ENG31-01703693-n] (primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Brazil)
              • genus Stegosaurus [ENG31-01704338-n] (quadrupedal armored herbivore of the Jurassic and Cretaceous)
              • genus Ankylosaurus [ENG31-01704728-n] (armored herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous)
              • genus Protoceratops [ENG31-01706637-n] (small horned dinosaurs)
              • genus Triceratops [ENG31-01706825-n] (genus of herbivorous horned dinosaurs)
              • genus Styracosaurus [ENG31-01707138-n] (genus of horned dinosaurs)
              • genus Psittacosaurus [ENG31-01707488-n] (most primitive genus of horned dinosaurs)
              • genus Anatotitan [ENG31-01708888-n] (genus of large duck-billed dinosaurs)
              • genus Corythosaurus [ENG31-01709174-n] (genus of duck-billed dinosaurs of late Cretaceous)
              • genus Edmontosaurus [ENG31-01709506-n] (duck-billed dinosaurs of Canada)
              • genus Trachodon [ENG31-01709790-n] (a reptile genus of the suborder Euronithopoda)
              • genus Iguanodon [ENG31-01710207-n] (type genus of the Iguanodontidae)
              • genus Apatosaurus [ENG31-01711919-n] (large quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs with very long neck and tail)
              • genus Barosaurus [ENG31-01712364-n] (huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur)
              • genus Diplodocus [ENG31-01712676-n] (a reptile genus of the suborder Sauropoda)
              • Titanosaurus [ENG31-01713170-n] (genus of herbivorous dinosaurs flourishing during the Cretaceous in South America)
              • Seismosaurus [ENG31-01713938-n] (genus of large herbivorous dinosaurs of Cretaceous found in western North America)
              • genus Ceratosaurus [ENG31-01715247-n] (primitive saurischian carnivorous dinosaurs)
              • genus Coelophysis [ENG31-01715681-n] (late Triassic carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs)
              • genus Tyrannosaurus [ENG31-01716276-n] (includes a single species)
              • genus Allosaurus [ENG31-01716700-n] (carnivorous dinosaur of North America)
              • genus Compsognathus [ENG31-01717045-n] (a reptile genus of Theropoda)
              • genus Herrerasaurus [ENG31-01717327-n] (primitive theropod found in Argentina)
              • genus Eoraptor [ENG31-01717623-n] (primitive theropod found in Argentina)
              • genus Megalosaurus [ENG31-01718024-n] (type genus of the Megalosauridae)
              • genus Struthiomimus [ENG31-01718763-n] (small toothless saurischian dinosaurs)
              • genus Deinocheirus [ENG31-01719100-n] (a reptile genus of Ornithomimida)
              • genus Velociraptor [ENG31-01719976-n] (advanced carnivorous theropod)
              • genus Deinonychus [ENG31-01720598-n] (advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur)
              • genus Utahraptor [ENG31-01720917-n] (advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur)
              • genus Mononychus [ENG31-01721273-n] (authorities disagree over whether to classify the genus as bird or dinosaur)
              • Chronoperates [ENG31-01722758-n] (a reptile genus of Therapsida)
              • Exaeretodon [ENG31-01723508-n] (a genus of reptiles of the division Cynodontia)
              • Ischigualastia [ENG31-01723910-n] (early reptile found in Argentina)
              • genus Edaphosaurus [ENG31-01724895-n] (type genus of the Edaphosauridae)
              • genus Dimetrodon [ENG31-01725179-n] (a reptile genus of Pelycosauria)
              • Pterodactylus [ENG31-01726066-n] (a reptile genus of Pterodactylidae)
              • genus Ichthyosaurus [ENG31-01727344-n] (type genus of the Ichthyosauridae)
              • genus Stenopterygius [ENG31-01727588-n] (a reptile genus of Ichthyosauridae)
              • genus Plesiosaurus [ENG31-01728211-n] (a reptile genus of suborder Plesiosauria)
              • genus Nothosaurus [ENG31-01728720-n] (a genus of Nothosauria)
              • Carphophis [ENG31-01731086-n] (thunder snake)
              • Diadophis [ENG31-01731379-n] (a genus of reptiles of the family Colubridae including ringneck snakes)
              • Heterodon [ENG31-01731774-n] (a genus of small colubrid snakes containing the North American hognose snakes)
              • Phyllorhynchus [ENG31-01732174-n] (leaf-nosed snakes)
              • Opheodrys [ENG31-01732479-n] (North American green snakes)
              • Chlorophis [ENG31-01733070-n] (African green snakes)
              • Coluber [ENG31-01733320-n] (racers)
              • Masticophis [ENG31-01734059-n] (whip snakes)
              • Elaphe [ENG31-01735086-n] (North American rat snakes)
              • Ptyas [ENG31-01735735-n] (Asian rat snakes)
              • Arizona [ENG31-01735987-n] (glossy snake)
              • Pituophis [ENG31-01736275-n] (bull snakes)
              • Lampropeltis [ENG31-01736914-n] (king snakes and milk snakes)
              • Thamnophis [ENG31-01737703-n] (garter snakes)
              • Tropidoclonion [ENG31-01738539-n] (lined snakes)
              • Sonora [ENG31-01738897-n] (ground snakes)
              • Potamophis [ENG31-01739210-n] (ground snakes)
              • Haldea [ENG31-01739337-n] (ground snakes)
              • Natrix [ENG31-01739838-n] (water snakes)
              • Nerodia [ENG31-01739997-n] (North American water snakes)
              • Storeria [ENG31-01740816-n] (a genus of Colubridae)
              • Chilomeniscus [ENG31-01741111-n] (sand snakes)
              • Tantilla [ENG31-01741606-n] (black-headed snakes)
              • Oxybelis [ENG31-01741901-n] (vine snakes)
              • Trimorphodon [ENG31-01742159-n] (lyre snakes)
              • Hypsiglena [ENG31-01742646-n] (night snakes)
              • Leptotyphlops [ENG31-01743362-n] (blind snakes of Asia and Africa and Americas)
              • Drymarchon [ENG31-01743757-n] (a genus of Colubridae)
              • Charina [ENG31-01744951-n] (boas of western North America)
              • Lichanura [ENG31-01745321-n] (boas of western North America)
              • Eunectes [ENG31-01745608-n] (anacondas)
              • genus Python [ENG31-01746428-n] (Old World boas)
              • Micrurus [ENG31-01748421-n] (coral snakes)
              • Micruroides [ENG31-01748704-n] (coral snakes)
              • Calliophis [ENG31-01749206-n] (Asian coral snakes)
              • Aspidelaps [ENG31-01749459-n] (African coral snakes)
              • Rhynchoelaps [ENG31-01749785-n] (Australian coral snakes)
              • Denisonia [ENG31-01750107-n] (copperheads)
              • Naja [ENG31-01750380-n] (cobras)
              • Ophiophagus [ENG31-01751201-n] (king cobra)
              • Hemachatus [ENG31-01751782-n] (ringhals)
              • Dendroaspis [ENG31-01752069-n] (mambas)
              • Acanthophis [ENG31-01752668-n] (Australian elapid snakes)
              • Notechis [ENG31-01752956-n] (tiger snakes)
              • Pseudechis [ENG31-01753239-n] (venomous Australian blacksnakes)
              • Bungarus [ENG31-01753561-n] (kraits)
              • Oxyuranus [ENG31-01753994-n] (taipans)
              • Vipera [ENG31-01755074-n] (type genus of the Viperidae)
              • Bitis [ENG31-01755530-n] (a genus of Viperidae)
              • genus Cerastes [ENG31-01755995-n] (horned vipers)
              • Agkistrodon [ENG31-01756831-n] (copperheads)
              • Crotalus [ENG31-01757915-n] (large rattlesnakes)
              • Sistrurus [ENG31-01760188-n] (pygmy rattlesnakes)
              • Bothrops [ENG31-01760660-n] (fer-de-lance)
            • arthropod genus [ENG31-01765166-n] (a genus of arthropods)

              • Phalangium [ENG31-01772571-n] (type genus of the family Phalangiidae)
              • Chelifer [ENG31-01773608-n] (a genus of Chelonethida)
              • Mastigoproctus [ENG31-01774265-n] (giant whip scorpions)
              • Argiope [ENG31-01775626-n] (the type genus of Argiopidae)
              • Aranea [ENG31-01775960-n] (a genus of orb-weaving spiders including common garden spiders and barn spiders)
              • Latrodectus [ENG31-01776893-n] (venomous spiders)
              • Lycosa [ENG31-01777871-n] (type genus of the family Lycosidae)
              • Ixodes [ENG31-01779673-n] (type genus of the family Ixodidae)
              • Dermacentor [ENG31-01781625-n] (vectors of important diseases of man and animals)
              • Trombicula [ENG31-01783560-n] (type genus of the family Trombiculidae)
              • Sarcoptes [ENG31-01784051-n] (type genus of the family Sarcoptidae: itch mites)
              • Panonychus [ENG31-01785019-n] (a genus of Tetranychidae)
              • Scutigerella [ENG31-01786212-n] (garden centipedes)
              • Scutigera [ENG31-01788173-n] (a genus of Scutigeridae)
              • Geophilus [ENG31-01788860-n] (type genus of the Geophilidae: a cosmopolitan genus of centipedes sometimes called earwigs)
              • Limulus [ENG31-01790334-n] (type genus of the family Limulidae)
              • Tachypleus [ENG31-01790798-n] (a genus of Limulidae)
              • genus Architeuthis [ENG31-01974658-n] (giant squid)
              • Menippe [ENG31-01980007-n] (stone crabs)
              • Cancer [ENG31-01980473-n] (type genus of the family Cancridae)
              • Portunus [ENG31-01981765-n] (type genus of the family Portunidae)
              • Ovalipes [ENG31-01982036-n] (a genus of Portunidae)
              • Callinectes [ENG31-01982379-n] (New World blue crabs)
              • Uca [ENG31-01982694-n] (fiddler crabs)
              • Pinnotheres [ENG31-01983112-n] (type genus of the family Pinnotheridae: pea crabs)
              • Paralithodes [ENG31-01983778-n] (a genus of Lithodidae)
              • Maja [ENG31-01984525-n] (type genus of the Majidae)
              • Macrocheira [ENG31-01984852-n] (giant crabs of Japan)
              • Homarus [ENG31-01985918-n] (type genus of the family Homaridae: common edible lobsters)
              • Nephrops [ENG31-01986772-n] (a genus of Nephropsidae)
              • Palinurus [ENG31-01987188-n] (type genus of the family Palinuridae)
              • Astacus [ENG31-01987972-n] (type genus of the family Astacidae)
              • Cambarus [ENG31-01988308-n] (a genus of Astacidae)
              • Pagurus [ENG31-01988713-n] (type genus of the family Paguridae)
              • Crangon [ENG31-01989322-n] (type genus of the family Crangonidae)
              • Palaemon [ENG31-01989994-n] (type genus of the family Palaemonidae)
              • Peneus [ENG31-01990705-n] (type genus of the family Peneidae)
              • Mysis [ENG31-01991895-n] (type genus of the family Mysidae)
              • Praunus [ENG31-01992031-n] (a genus of Mysidae)
              • genus Squilla [ENG31-01993024-n] (type genus of the family Squillidae)
              • Armadillidium [ENG31-01994021-n] (type genus of the Armadillidiidae)
              • Oniscus [ENG31-01994462-n] (type genus of the Oniscidae)
              • Porcellio [ENG31-01994767-n] (Old World genus of isopod crustaceans)
              • Orchestia [ENG31-01995719-n] (type genus of the family Orchestiidae)
              • Caprella [ENG31-01996054-n] (skeleton shrimp)
              • Cyamus [ENG31-01996368-n] (whale lice)
              • genus Daphnia [ENG31-01997455-n] (water fleas)
              • Artemia [ENG31-01997977-n] (fairy shrimp)
              • Triops [ENG31-01998745-n] (type genus of the family Triopidae: small crustaceans with a small third median eye)
              • genus Cyclops [ENG31-01999656-n] (copepod water fleas)
              • Balanus [ENG31-02001253-n] (type genus of the family Balanidae)
              • Lepas [ENG31-02001702-n] (type genus of the family Lepadidae)
              • genus Peripatus [ENG31-02002849-n] (type genus of Peripatidae)
              • Plicatoperipatus [ENG31-02003008-n] (a genus of Peripatidae)
              • Peripatopsis [ENG31-02003418-n] (type genus of Peripatopsidae)
              • Adalia [ENG31-02168406-n] (genus of ladybugs)
              • Epilachna [ENG31-02168676-n] (genus of ladybugs native to Mexico and Central America)
              • Hippodamia [ENG31-02169088-n] (genus of ladybugs)
              • Rodolia [ENG31-02169326-n] (genus of Australian ladybugs)
              • Brachinus [ENG31-02170027-n] (bombardier beetles)
              • genus Calosoma [ENG31-02170297-n] (genus of large predaceous ground beetles that feed on injurious caterpillars)
              • Monochamus [ENG31-02171528-n] (sawyer beetles)
              • Leptinotarsa [ENG31-02172485-n] (Colorado potato beetles)
              • genus Scarabaeus [ENG31-02175039-n] (type genus of the Scarabaeidae)
              • Popillia [ENG31-02175892-n] (a genus of Scarabaeidae)
              • Anomala [ENG31-02176223-n] (genus of beetles whose grubs feed mainly on roots of plants)
              • Melolontha [ENG31-02177173-n] (a genus of Melolonthidae)
              • Macrodactylus [ENG31-02177522-n] (a genus of Melolonthidae)
              • Cetonia [ENG31-02178092-n] (a genus of Cetoniidae)
              • Pyrophorus [ENG31-02179263-n] (tropical click beetles)
              • Anthonomus [ENG31-02181215-n] (weevils destructive of cultivated plants)
              • Scolytus [ENG31-02182366-n] (type genus of the Scolytidae comprising numerous small bark beetles)
              • Dendroctonus [ENG31-02182698-n] (genus of small bark beetles destructive especially to mature conifers)
              • Tribolium [ENG31-02184251-n] (flour beetles)
              • Bruchus [ENG31-02184872-n] (type genus of the Bruchidae)
              • Acanthoscelides [ENG31-02185150-n] (a genus of Bruchidae)
              • Sitophylus [ENG31-02185448-n] (a genus of Bruchidae)
              • Pediculus [ENG31-02186922-n] (type genus of Pediculidae: true lice infecting humans)
              • Phthirius [ENG31-02187659-n] (true lice: crab lice)
              • Menopon [ENG31-02188346-n] (chicken lice)
              • Pulex [ENG31-02189238-n] (type genus of the Pulicidae)
              • Ctenocephalides [ENG31-02189486-n] (an arthropod genus of fleas)

                • Ctenocephalus [ENG31-02189674-n] (a former usage synonymous with Ctenocephalides)
              • Tunga [ENG31-02190079-n] (a genus of Siphonaptera)
              • Echidnophaga [ENG31-02190411-n] (a genus of Siphonaptera)
              • Mayetiola [ENG31-02192187-n] (a genus of Cecidomyidae)
              • Musca [ENG31-02193300-n] (type genus of the Muscidae: houseflies)
              • genus Glossina [ENG31-02193783-n] (type genus of the Glossinidae: tsetse flies)
              • Calliphora [ENG31-02194269-n] (type genus of the Calliphoridae: blowflies)
              • Lucilia [ENG31-02194779-n] (greenbottle flies)
              • Sarcophaga [ENG31-02195040-n] (flesh flies)
              • Gasterophilus [ENG31-02196148-n] (type genus of the Gasterophilidae: horse botflies)
              • Cuterebra [ENG31-02196607-n] (type genus of the Cuterebridae)
              • Dermatobia [ENG31-02196730-n] (larvae live under the skin of domestic mammals and humans)
              • Oestrus [ENG31-02197251-n] (type genus of the Oestridae: sheep botflies)
              • Hypoderma [ENG31-02197539-n] (in some classifications considered the type genus of the family Hypodermatidae: warble flies)
              • Rhagoletis [ENG31-02199413-n] (a genus of Trypetidae)
              • Ceratitis [ENG31-02199700-n] (Mediterranean fruit flies)
              • genus Drosophila [ENG31-02200197-n] (a genus of Drosophilidae)
              • Philophylla [ENG31-02200673-n] (leaf miners)
              • Hippobosca [ENG31-02201366-n] (type genus of the Hippoboscidae)
              • Melophagus [ENG31-02201648-n] (an arthropod genus of wingless flies including the sheep ked)
              • Haematobia [ENG31-02202004-n] (European genus of bloodsucking flies)
              • Aedes [ENG31-02203357-n] (yellow-fever mosquitos)
              • Anopheles [ENG31-02203904-n] (malaria mosquitoes)
              • Culex [ENG31-02204410-n] (type genus of the Culicidae: widespread genus of mosquitoes distinguished by holding the body parallel to the resting surface)
              • Ceratopogon [ENG31-02205530-n] (type genus of the Ceratopogonidae)
              • Chironomus [ENG31-02205984-n] (type genus of the Chironomidae)
              • Phlebotomus [ENG31-02206736-n] (small bloodsucking sand flies that resemble moths)
              • genus Sciara [ENG31-02207237-n] (type genus of the Sciaridae: fungus gnat)
              • Simulium [ENG31-02208175-n] (type genus of the Simuliidae: blackflies)
              • Apis [ENG31-02210795-n] (type genus of the Apidae: honeybees)
              • Xylocopa [ENG31-02211882-n] (carpenter bees)
              • Bombus [ENG31-02212160-n] (bumblebees)
              • Psithyrus [ENG31-02212407-n] (a large bee that resembles the bumblebee but lacks pollen-collecting apparatus and a worker caste)
              • genus Andrena [ENG31-02212943-n] (a solitary burrowing short-tongued bee)
              • nomia [ENG31-02213219-n] (a genus of bee)
              • Megachile [ENG31-02213935-n] (type genus of the Megachilidae: leaf-cutting bees)
              • Anthidium [ENG31-02214425-n] (potter bees)
              • Vespa [ENG31-02215463-n] (type genus of the Vespidae: various hornets and yellow jackets)
              • Vespula [ENG31-02216014-n] (sometimes considered a subgenus of Vespa: social wasps)
              • Polistes [ENG31-02216619-n] (a genus of Vespidae)
              • Eumenes [ENG31-02216855-n] (mason wasps)
              • Sceliphron [ENG31-02218148-n] (mud daubers)
              • Sphecius [ENG31-02218718-n] (large solitary wasps: cicada killer)
              • Cynips [ENG31-02219576-n] (type genus of the Cynipidae: gall wasps)
              • Amphibolips [ENG31-02219702-n] (cynipid gall wasps, especially causing oak-apple galls)
              • Andricus [ENG31-02219853-n] (cynipid gall wasps, chiefly affecting oaks)
              • Chalcis [ENG31-02220649-n] (type genus of the Chalcididae)
              • Fenusa [ENG31-02221564-n] (birch leaf miner)
              • Monomorium [ENG31-02222553-n] (a genus of Formicidae)
              • Camponotus [ENG31-02223328-n] (carpenter ants)
              • Solenopsis [ENG31-02223612-n] (fire ants)
              • Formica [ENG31-02223892-n] (type genus of the Formicidae)
              • Myrmecia [ENG31-02224851-n] (bulldog ants)
              • Polyergus [ENG31-02225111-n] (Amazon ants)
              • Termes [ENG31-02225803-n] (type genus of the Termitidae)
              • Reticulitermes [ENG31-02226346-n] (includes species highly destructive to structures and living trees)
              • Mastotermes [ENG31-02227118-n] (primitive genus of termites)
              • Kalotermes [ENG31-02228059-n] (type genus of Kalotermitidae)
              • Cryptotermes [ENG31-02228229-n] (genus of dry wood termites)
              • Locusta [ENG31-02229771-n] (a genus of Acrididae)
              • Melanoplus [ENG31-02230082-n] (New World migratory locusts and common American grasshoppers)
              • Microcentrum [ENG31-02230867-n] (katydids)
              • Anabrus [ENG31-02231217-n] (a genus of Tettigoniidae)
              • Stenopelmatus [ENG31-02231675-n] (sand crickets)
              • Acheta [ENG31-02232519-n] (common house and field crickets)
              • Oecanthus [ENG31-02233007-n] (tree crickets)
              • genus Diapheromera [ENG31-02234332-n] (a genus of Phasmidae)
              • Phyllium [ENG31-02234738-n] (type genus of the Phyllidae)
              • Blatta [ENG31-02236419-n] (type genus of the Blattidae: cockroaches infesting buildings worldwide)
              • Periplaneta [ENG31-02236833-n] (cosmopolitan genus of large cockroaches)
              • Blattella [ENG31-02237371-n] (small cockroaches)
              • Blaberus [ENG31-02237730-n] (giant cockroaches)
              • Cryptocercus [ENG31-02238117-n] (cockroaches)
              • genus Mantis [ENG31-02238563-n] (type genus of the Mantidae: mantises)
              • Poecilocapsus [ENG31-02240382-n] (a genus of Miridae)
              • Lygus [ENG31-02240765-n] (plant-sucking bugs)
              • Blissus [ENG31-02241725-n] (chinch bugs)
              • Anasa [ENG31-02242311-n] (squash bugs)
              • Leptoglossus [ENG31-02242586-n] (leaf-footed bugs)
              • Cimex [ENG31-02243029-n] (type genus of the Cimicidae: bedbugs)
              • Notonecta [ENG31-02243504-n] (type genus of the Notonectidae: backswimmers)
              • Nepa [ENG31-02245321-n] (type genus of the Nepidae: typical elongate-oval water scorpions)
              • Ranatra [ENG31-02245468-n] (elongate very slender water scorpions)
              • Corixa [ENG31-02245717-n] (type genus of the Corixidae: boat bugs)
              • Gerris [ENG31-02246396-n] (type genus of the Gerrididae)
              • Triatoma [ENG31-02247048-n] (conenoses)
              • Arilus [ENG31-02247322-n] (a genus of Reduviidae)
              • Dysdercus [ENG31-02247891-n] (a genus of slender long-legged bugs that feed on the developing seeds of cotton and stain it)
              • Aleyrodes [ENG31-02249139-n] (type genus of the Aleyrodidae)
              • Dialeurodes [ENG31-02249474-n] (a genus of Aleyrodidae)
              • Trialeurodes [ENG31-02249728-n] (a genus of Aleyrodidae)
              • Bemisia [ENG31-02250015-n] (sweet-potato whitefly)
              • genus Coccus [ENG31-02251663-n] (type genus of the Coccidae)
              • Aspidiotus [ENG31-02252325-n] (a genus of Diaspididae)
              • Dactylopius [ENG31-02252785-n] (type genus of the Dactylopiidae)
              • Pseudococcus [ENG31-02253305-n] (type genus of the Pseudococcidae)
              • Planococcus [ENG31-02254104-n] (a genus of Pseudococcidae)
              • Aphis [ENG31-02255260-n] (type genus of the Aphididae: injurious to fruit trees and vegetables)
              • Eriosoma [ENG31-02256244-n] (woolly aphids)
              • Prociphilus [ENG31-02256762-n] (a genus of Aphididae)
              • Adelges [ENG31-02257183-n] (type genus of the Adelgidae: plant lice)
              • Pineus [ENG31-02257796-n] (a genus of Adelgidae)
              • Phylloxera [ENG31-02258350-n] (type genus of the Phylloxeridae: plant lice)
              • genus Cicada [ENG31-02259194-n] (type genus of the Cicadidae: cicadas)
              • Tibicen [ENG31-02259534-n] (harvest flies)
              • Magicicada [ENG31-02259801-n] (seventeen-year locust)
              • Philaenus [ENG31-02260717-n] (a genus of Cercopidae)
              • Aphrophora [ENG31-02261006-n] (a genus of Cercopidae)
              • Liposcelis [ENG31-02263938-n] (a genus of Psocidae)
              • Trogium [ENG31-02264282-n] (a genus of Psocidae)
              • Myrmeleon [ENG31-02266500-n] (type genus of the Myrmeleontidae: antlions)
              • Corydalus [ENG31-02268512-n] (type genus of the Corydalidae)
              • Sialis [ENG31-02269384-n] (type genus of the Sialidae)
              • Lepisma [ENG31-02273125-n] (type genus of the Lepismatidae: silverfish)
              • Thermobia [ENG31-02273462-n] (a genus of Lepismatidae)
              • Frankliniella [ENG31-02274804-n] (tobacco thrips)
              • genus Thrips [ENG31-02275080-n] (type genus of the Thripidae)
              • Forficula [ENG31-02275906-n] (type genus of Forficulidae)
              • Nymphalis [ENG31-02278024-n] (type genus of the Nymphalidae: mourning cloak butterflies)
              • Vanessa [ENG31-02278573-n] (painted beauty and red admiral)
              • Limenitis [ENG31-02279179-n] (mainly dark northern butterflies with white wing bars)
              • Polygonia [ENG31-02280547-n] (comma butterflies)
              • Spyeria [ENG31-02280995-n] (fritillaries)
              • Argynnis [ENG31-02281253-n] (fritillaries)
              • Apatura [ENG31-02281356-n] (large Old World butterflies)
              • Inachis [ENG31-02281779-n] (a genus of Nymphalidae)
              • Danaus [ENG31-02282471-n] (type genus of the Danaidae: monarch butterflies)
              • Pieris [ENG31-02283497-n] (type genus of the Pieridae)
              • Lycaena [ENG31-02284639-n] (type genus of the Lycaenidae)
              • Strymon [ENG31-02285368-n] (large and widely distributed genus of hairstreak butterflies)
              • genus Tortrix [ENG31-02287019-n] (type genus of the Tortricidae)
              • Homona [ENG31-02287165-n] (tea tortrix)
              • Argyrotaenia [ENG31-02287423-n] (orange tortrix)
              • Carpocapsa [ENG31-02287704-n] (codling moths)
              • Lymantria [ENG31-02288561-n] (type genus of the Lymantriidae)
              • Euproctis [ENG31-02288923-n] (a genus of Lymantriidae)
              • Paleacrita [ENG31-02289856-n] (geometrid moths)
              • Alsophila [ENG31-02290128-n] (geometrid moths)
              • Pyralis [ENG31-02291713-n] (type genus of the Pyralidae)
              • Galleria [ENG31-02291829-n] (a genus of Pyralidae)
              • Pyrausta [ENG31-02292118-n] (moths whose larvae are corn borers)
              • Anagasta [ENG31-02292497-n] (moth whose larvae are flour moths)
              • Ephestia [ENG31-02292805-n] (small moths whose larvae spin silken tunnels and feed on stored food products)
              • Cadra [ENG31-02293173-n] (a genus of Pyralidae)
              • Tinea [ENG31-02294592-n] (type genus of the Tineidae: clothes moths)
              • Tineola [ENG31-02294924-n] (webbing clothes moths)
              • Trichophaga [ENG31-02295216-n] (carpet moths)
              • Gelechia [ENG31-02296212-n] (type genus of the Gelechiidae: pink bollworms)
              • Sitotroga [ENG31-02296626-n] (grain moths)
              • Phthorimaea [ENG31-02296931-n] (potato moths)
              • Noctua [ENG31-02298222-n] (type genus of the Noctuidae: moths whose larvae are cutworms)
              • Catacala [ENG31-02298369-n] (moths whose larvae are cutworms: underwings)
              • Cerapteryx [ENG31-02298802-n] (antler moths)
              • Heliothis [ENG31-02299132-n] (a genus of Noctuidae)
              • Chorizagrotis [ENG31-02299408-n] (moths whose larvae are army cutworms)
              • Pseudaletia [ENG31-02299779-n] (moths whose larvae are armyworms)
              • Spodoptera [ENG31-02300287-n] (moths whose larvae are armyworms)
              • Manduca [ENG31-02301485-n] (moths whose larvae are tobacco hornworms or tomato hornworms)
              • Acherontia [ENG31-02302367-n] (death's-head moth)
              • Bombyx [ENG31-02303030-n] (type genus of the Bombycidae: Chinese silkworm moth)
              • Saturnia [ENG31-02304434-n] (type genus of the Saturniidae: emperor moth)
              • Eacles [ENG31-02304776-n] (imperial moths)
              • Actias [ENG31-02305505-n] (luna moths)
              • Hyalophora [ENG31-02305819-n] (American silkworm moth)
              • Samia [ENG31-02306100-n] (silkworm moths)
              • Automeris [ENG31-02306569-n] (io moth)
              • Antheraea [ENG31-02306881-n] (large moths whose larvae produce silk of high quality)
              • Atticus [ENG31-02307619-n] (atlas moth)
              • Callimorpha [ENG31-02308451-n] (cinnabar moths)
              • Lasiocampa [ENG31-02309324-n] (type genus of the Lasiocampidae: eggars)
              • Malacosoma [ENG31-02309659-n] (tent caterpillars)
              • Hyphantria [ENG31-02310977-n] (fall webworms)
              • Loxostege [ENG31-02311504-n] (garden webworms)
            • mammal genus [ENG31-01867348-n] (a genus of mammals)

              • Tachyglossus [ENG31-01874885-n] (type genus of the family Tachyglossidae)
              • Zaglossus [ENG31-01875276-n] (a genus of Tachyglossidae)
              • Ornithorhynchus [ENG31-01875785-n] (type genus of the family Ornithorhynchidae)
              • Didelphis [ENG31-01877806-n] (type genus of the family Didelphidae)
              • Caenolestes [ENG31-01878521-n] (type genus of the family Caenolestidae)
              • Macrotis [ENG31-01879176-n] (a genus of Peramelidae)
              • Macropus [ENG31-01880048-n] (type genus of the family Macropodidae: typical kangaroos and wallabies)
              • Lagorchestes [ENG31-01880844-n] (hare wallabies)
              • Onychogalea [ENG31-01881141-n] (a genus of Macropodidae)
              • Petrogale [ENG31-01881444-n] (rock wallabies)
              • Thylogale [ENG31-01881736-n] (pademelons)
              • Dendrolagus [ENG31-01882020-n] (tree wallabies)
              • Hypsiprymnodon [ENG31-01882342-n] (musk kangaroos)
              • Potorous [ENG31-01882996-n] (potoroos)
              • Bettongia [ENG31-01883211-n] (jerboa kangaroo)
              • genus Phalanger [ENG31-01884057-n] (type genus of the family Phalangeridae: cuscuses)
              • Trichosurus [ENG31-01884358-n] (a genus of Phalangeridae)
              • Petaurus [ENG31-01884632-n] (a genus of Phalangeridae)
              • Acrobates [ENG31-01885013-n] (a genus of Phalangeridae)
              • Phascolarctos [ENG31-01885248-n] (koalas)
              • Dasyurus [ENG31-01886403-n] (type genus of the family Dasyuridae: native cats)
              • Thylacinus [ENG31-01886989-n] (Tasmanian wolf)
              • Sarcophilus [ENG31-01887344-n] (Tasmanian devil)
              • Phascogale [ENG31-01887673-n] (pouched mice)
              • Myrmecobius [ENG31-01888008-n] (banded anteater)
              • Notoryctus [ENG31-01888497-n] (type genus of the family Notoryctidae: comprising solely the marsupial mole)
              • Condylura [ENG31-01892381-n] (star-nosed moles)
              • Parascalops [ENG31-01892674-n] (brewer's moles)
              • Chrysochloris [ENG31-01893052-n] (type genus of the Chrysochloridae)
              • Uropsilus [ENG31-01893359-n] (shrew moles)
              • Neurotrichus [ENG31-01893786-n] (shrew moles)
              • Sorex [ENG31-01894506-n] (type genus of the family Soricidae: shrews)
              • Blarina [ENG31-01894912-n] (shrews)
              • Neomys [ENG31-01895517-n] (a genus of Soricidae)
              • Cryptotis [ENG31-01895935-n] (least shrews)
              • Erinaceus [ENG31-01896307-n] (type genus of the family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs)
              • genus Tenrec [ENG31-01897022-n] (type genus of the family Tenrecidae: tenrecs)
              • genus Potamogale [ENG31-01897444-n] (type genus of the family Potamogalidae: otter shrews)
              • Balaena [ENG31-02066499-n] (type genus of the Balaenidae: Greenland whales)
              • Balaenoptera [ENG31-02067261-n] (type genus of the Balaenopteridae)
              • Megaptera [ENG31-02068252-n] (humpback whales)
              • Eschrichtius [ENG31-02068739-n] (type and sole genus of the Eschrichtiidae)
              • Physeter [ENG31-02069753-n] (type genus of the Physeteridae)
              • Kogia [ENG31-02070115-n] (pygmy sperm whales)
              • Hyperoodon [ENG31-02071061-n] (bottle-nosed whales)
              • Delphinus [ENG31-02071924-n] (type genus of the Delphinidae)
              • Tursiops [ENG31-02072221-n] (a genus of Delphinidae)
              • Phocoena [ENG31-02072963-n] (porpoises)
              • genus Grampus [ENG31-02073575-n] (grampus)
              • Orcinus [ENG31-02073825-n] (killer whales)
              • Globicephala [ENG31-02074158-n] (pilot whales)
              • Monodon [ENG31-02075007-n] (type genus of the Monodontidae)
              • Delphinapterus [ENG31-02075317-n] (white whale)
              • Trichechus [ENG31-02076331-n] (type and sole genus of the Trichechidae)
              • genus Dugong [ENG31-02076866-n] (type genus of the Dugongidae comprising only the dugongs)
              • Hydrodamalis [ENG31-02077194-n] (a genus of the family Dugongidae comprising only Steller's sea cow)
              • Arctocephalus [ENG31-02079675-n] (fur seals)
              • Callorhinus [ENG31-02080185-n] (fur seals)
              • Otaria [ENG31-02080811-n] (type genus of the Otariidae)
              • Zalophus [ENG31-02081088-n] (sea lions)
              • Eumetopias [ENG31-02081534-n] (sea lions)
              • Phoca [ENG31-02082358-n] (type genus of the Phocidae: earless seals)
              • Pagophilus [ENG31-02082674-n] (harp seals)
              • Mirounga [ENG31-02082943-n] (elephant seals)
              • Erignathus [ENG31-02083238-n] (bearded seals)
              • Cystophora [ENG31-02083586-n] (hooded seals)
              • Odobenus [ENG31-02084075-n] (type genus of the Odobenidae: walruses)
              • Orycteropus [ENG31-02085284-n] (coextensive with the family Orycteropodidae)
              • Canis [ENG31-02086515-n] (type genus of the Canidae: domestic and wild dogs)
              • Cuon [ENG31-02118427-n] (Asiatic wild dog)
              • Dusicyon [ENG31-02118731-n] (crab-eating dog)
              • Nyctereutes [ENG31-02118974-n] (raccoon dogs)
              • Lycaeon [ENG31-02119282-n] (African hunting dog)
              • genus Hyaena [ENG31-02120021-n] (type genus of the Hyaenidae)
              • Crocuta [ENG31-02120424-n] (a genus of Hyaenidae)
              • Proteles [ENG31-02120710-n] (aardwolf)
              • Vulpes [ENG31-02121506-n] (foxes)
              • Alopex [ENG31-02122613-n] (arctic foxes)
              • Urocyon [ENG31-02123039-n] (grey foxes)
              • Felis [ENG31-02123886-n] (type genus of the Felidae: true cats and most wildcats)
              • genus Lynx [ENG31-02129603-n] (lynxes)
              • Panthera [ENG31-02130772-n] (lions)
              • Acinonyx [ENG31-02132842-n] (cheetahs)
              • Smiledon [ENG31-02133447-n] (saber-toothed tigers)
              • Nimravus [ENG31-02133728-n] (false sabertoothed tigers)
              • Ursus [ENG31-02134594-n] (type genus of Ursidae: brown bears)
              • Euarctos [ENG31-02135626-n] (American black bears)
              • Selenarctos [ENG31-02136164-n] (Asiatic black bears)
              • Thalarctos [ENG31-02136554-n] (polar bears)
              • Melursus [ENG31-02136892-n] (sloth bears)
              • Viverra [ENG31-02138138-n] (type genus of the family Viverridae)
              • Viverricula [ENG31-02138378-n] (a genus of Viverridae)
              • Arctictis [ENG31-02138633-n] (binturongs)
              • Fossa [ENG31-02139275-n] (monotypic genus of Madagascar civets closely related to palm civets)
              • Genetta [ENG31-02139553-n] (genets)
              • Hemigalus [ENG31-02139824-n] (banded palm civets)
              • Herpestes [ENG31-02140080-n] (mongooses)
              • Paradoxurus [ENG31-02140694-n] (palm civets)
              • Suricata [ENG31-02140975-n] (meerkats)
              • Pteropus [ENG31-02142566-n] (a genus of Megachiroptera)
              • Nyctimene [ENG31-02143009-n] (East Indian fruit bats)
              • Cynopterus [ENG31-02143371-n] (a genus of Megachiroptera)
              • genus Macrotus [ENG31-02144947-n] (leafnose bats)
              • Phyllostomus [ENG31-02145227-n] (type genus of the family Phyllostomatidae)
              • Choeronycteris [ENG31-02145645-n] (a genus of Phyllostomatidae)
              • Hipposideros [ENG31-02146411-n] (horseshoe bats)
              • Rhinonicteris [ENG31-02146762-n] (orange horseshoe bats)
              • Megaderma [ENG31-02147444-n] (type genus of the Megadermatidae)
              • Vespertilio [ENG31-02148419-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Lasiurus [ENG31-02148716-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Myotis [ENG31-02149178-n] (largest and most widely distributed genus of bats)
              • Eptesicus [ENG31-02149686-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Antrozous [ENG31-02150104-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Pipistrellus [ENG31-02150399-n] (nearly cosmopolitan genus of very small bats)
              • Euderma [ENG31-02151029-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Plecotus [ENG31-02151350-n] (a genus of Vespertilionidae)
              • Tadarida [ENG31-02151949-n] (freetail bats)
              • Eumops [ENG31-02152668-n] (mastiff bats)
              • Desmodus [ENG31-02153382-n] (type genus of the Desmodontidae: vampire bats)
              • Diphylla [ENG31-02153760-n] (vampire bats)
              • Oryctolagus [ENG31-02327369-n] (Old World rabbits)
              • Sylvilagus [ENG31-02327863-n] (North American rabbits)
              • Lepus [ENG31-02328889-n] (type genus of the Leporidae: hares)
              • Ochotona [ENG31-02331314-n] (type genus of the Ochotonidae)
              • Mus [ENG31-02334612-n] (type genus of the Muridae: common house mice)
              • Micromyx [ENG31-02334967-n] (Old World harvest mice)
              • Apodemus [ENG31-02335258-n] (Old World field mice)
              • Rattus [ENG31-02336020-n] (common house rats)
              • Nesokia [ENG31-02336731-n] (bandicoot rats)
              • Conilurus [ENG31-02336989-n] (jerboa rats)
              • Notomys [ENG31-02337261-n] (jerboa rats)
              • Hydromys [ENG31-02337659-n] (water rats)
              • Reithrodontomys [ENG31-02338781-n] (New World harvest mice)
              • Peromyscus [ENG31-02339103-n] (New World wood mice)
              • Baiomys [ENG31-02340132-n] (pygmy mice)
              • Onychomys [ENG31-02340426-n] (grasshopper mice)
              • Ondatra [ENG31-02340681-n] (muskrats)
              • Neofiber [ENG31-02340971-n] (round-tailed muskrat)
              • Sigmodon [ENG31-02341244-n] (American cotton rats)
              • Neotoma [ENG31-02342420-n] (packrats)
              • Oryzomys [ENG31-02343173-n] (rice rats)
              • Pitymys [ENG31-02343465-n] (pine mice)
              • Microtus [ENG31-02343760-n] (voles of the northern hemisphere)
              • Arvicola [ENG31-02344457-n] (in some classifications considered synonymous with Microtus)
              • Clethrionomys [ENG31-02344761-n] (a genus of Cricetidae)
              • genus Phenacomys [ENG31-02345065-n] (North American voles)
              • Cricetus [ENG31-02345379-n] (type genus of the Cricetidae: Old World hamsters)
              • Mesocricetus [ENG31-02345839-n] (golden hamsters)
              • Gerbillus [ENG31-02346285-n] (type genus of the Gerbillinae: typical gerbils)
              • Meriones [ENG31-02346658-n] (a genus of Cricetidae)
              • Lemmus [ENG31-02347437-n] (lemmings)
              • Myopus [ENG31-02347865-n] (a genus of Cricetidae)
              • Dicrostonyx [ENG31-02348123-n] (pied lemmings)
              • Synaptomys [ENG31-02348542-n] (bog lemmings)
              • Atherurus [ENG31-02349792-n] (a genus of Hystricidae)
              • Trichys [ENG31-02350095-n] (a genus of Hystricidae)
              • Erethizon [ENG31-02350688-n] (a genus of Erethizontidae)
              • Perognathus [ENG31-02351692-n] (pocket mice)
              • Liomys [ENG31-02352382-n] (pocket mice)
              • Dipodomys [ENG31-02352632-n] (kangaroo rats)
              • Microdipodops [ENG31-02353189-n] (kangaroo mice)
              • Zapus [ENG31-02353864-n] (type genus of the Zapodidae)
              • Dipus [ENG31-02354338-n] (type genus of the Dipodidae)
              • Jaculus [ENG31-02354827-n] (jerboas)
              • Glis [ENG31-02355456-n] (type genus of the Gliridae)
              • Muscardinus [ENG31-02355689-n] (a genus of Gliridae)
              • Eliomys [ENG31-02355949-n] (lerots)
              • Geomys [ENG31-02356361-n] (type genus of the Geomyidae)
              • Thomomys [ENG31-02357122-n] (western pocket gophers)
              • Sciurus [ENG31-02358760-n] (type genus of the Sciuridae)
              • Tamiasciurus [ENG31-02359932-n] (American red squirrels)
              • Citellus [ENG31-02360393-n] (typical ground squirrels)
              • Cynomys [ENG31-02361856-n] (prairie dogs)
              • Tamias [ENG31-02362427-n] (chipmunks of eastern North America)
              • Eutamias [ENG31-02362787-n] (chipmunks of western America and Asia)
              • Glaucomys [ENG31-02363295-n] (New World flying squirrels)
              • Marmota [ENG31-02363874-n] (marmots)
              • Petaurista [ENG31-02365072-n] (very large Asiatic flying squirrels)
              • Castor [ENG31-02365514-n] (type genus of the Castoridae: beavers)
              • Castoroides [ENG31-02366163-n] (extinct beavers of the Pleistocene)
              • Aplodontia [ENG31-02366470-n] (type genus of the Aplodontiidae: comprising the mountain beavers)
              • Cavia [ENG31-02367029-n] (type genus of the Caviidae: guinea pigs)
              • Dolichotis [ENG31-02367641-n] (maras)
              • Hydrochoerus [ENG31-02368008-n] (a genus of Hydrochoeridae)
              • Dasyprocta [ENG31-02368500-n] (type genus of the Dasyproctidae: agoutis)
              • Cuniculus [ENG31-02368855-n] (pacas)
              • Stictomys [ENG31-02369105-n] (mountain pacas)
              • Myocastor [ENG31-02369477-n] (a genus of Capromyidae)
              • genus Chinchilla [ENG31-02370012-n] (type genus of the Chinchillidae)
              • Lagidium [ENG31-02370330-n] (a genus of Chinchillidae)
              • Lagostomus [ENG31-02370645-n] (viscachas)
              • Abrocoma [ENG31-02370932-n] (abrocomes)
              • Spalax [ENG31-02371339-n] (type genus of the Spalacidae)
              • Bathyergus [ENG31-02371822-n] (mole rats)
              • Heterocephalus [ENG31-02372076-n] (sand rats)
              • Uintatherium [ENG31-02374453-n] (type genus of the Uintatheriidae)
              • Procavia [ENG31-02375465-n] (type genus of the Procaviidae)
              • Equus [ENG31-02376495-n] (type genus of the Equidae: only surviving genus of the family Equidae)
              • Hyracotherium [ENG31-02378244-n] (extinct horse genus)
              • genus Mesohippus [ENG31-02378668-n] (a genus of Equidae)
              • genus Protohippus [ENG31-02378955-n] (a genus of Equidae)
              • genus Rhinoceros [ENG31-02394934-n] (type genus of the Rhinocerotidae)
              • Ceratotherium [ENG31-02395362-n] (African genus)
              • Diceros [ENG31-02395676-n] (most common species in Africa)
              • Tapirus [ENG31-02396097-n] (type genus of the Tapiridae)
              • Sus [ENG31-02397896-n] (type genus of the Suidae)
              • Babyrousa [ENG31-02399319-n] (a genus of Suidae)
              • Phacochoerus [ENG31-02399622-n] (warthogs)
              • Tayassu [ENG31-02400029-n] (type genus of the Tayassuidae)
              • genus Hippopotamus [ENG31-02401038-n] (type genus of the Hippopotamidae)
              • Bos [ENG31-02404313-n] (wild and domestic cattle)
              • Bubalus [ENG31-02410863-n] (in some classification systems included in genus Bos)
              • genus Anoa [ENG31-02411549-n] (a genus of mammals of the family Bovidae)
              • Synercus [ENG31-02412015-n] (Cape buffalo)
              • Bibos [ENG31-02412348-n] (wild ox)
              • genus Bison [ENG31-02412959-n] (sometimes considered a subgenus of genus Bos: American buffalo)
              • Ovibos [ENG31-02413721-n] (consisting of the musk-ox)
              • Ovis [ENG31-02414073-n] (sheep)
              • Ammotragus [ENG31-02418617-n] (genus of wild sheep)
              • Capra [ENG31-02419056-n] (goats)
              • Oreamnos [ENG31-02420987-n] (mountain goats)
              • Naemorhedus [ENG31-02421294-n] (gorals)
              • Capricornis [ENG31-02421580-n] (serows)
              • Rupicapra [ENG31-02421863-n] (chamois)
              • Budorcas [ENG31-02422161-n] (gnu goats)
              • Antilope [ENG31-02423035-n] (blackbucks)
              • Litocranius [ENG31-02423321-n] (antelopes of eastern Africa: gerenuks)
              • genus Addax [ENG31-02423640-n] (genus of antelopes of northern African deserts)
              • Connochaetes [ENG31-02423954-n] (African antelopes: gnus)
              • Madoqua [ENG31-02424258-n] (genus comprising some small antelopes of eastern and northeastern Africa)
              • Alcelaphus [ENG31-02424608-n] (African antelopes: hartebeests)
              • Damaliscus [ENG31-02424895-n] (African antelopes: sassabies)
              • Aepyceros [ENG31-02425207-n] (African antelopes: impalas)
              • Gazella [ENG31-02425506-n] (typical gazelles)
              • Antidorcas [ENG31-02426111-n] (springboks)
              • Tragelaphus [ENG31-02426433-n] (African antelopes: kudus)
              • Boselaphus [ENG31-02428039-n] (Indian antelopes: nilgais)
              • Hippotragus [ENG31-02428402-n] (sable antelopes)
              • genus Saiga [ENG31-02428700-n] (Eurasian antelopes: saigas)
              • Raphicerus [ENG31-02428985-n] (African antelopes: steenboks)
              • Taurotragus [ENG31-02429280-n] (African antelopes: elands)
              • Kobus [ENG31-02429983-n] (African antelopes: waterbucks)
              • Adenota [ENG31-02430604-n] (African antelopes: puku)
              • genus Oryx [ENG31-02430875-n] (African antelopes: oryxes)
              • Pseudoryx [ENG31-02431299-n] (species of large cow-like mammals of Vietnam discovered by scientists in 1992)
              • Antilocapra [ENG31-02431922-n] (type and sole genus of the Antilocapridae comprising one species)
              • Cervus [ENG31-02433575-n] (the type genus of the Cervidae)
              • Odocoileus [ENG31-02434785-n] (North American deer)
              • Alces [ENG31-02435513-n] (elk or moose)
              • Dama [ENG31-02435836-n] (fallow deer)
              • Capreolus [ENG31-02436057-n] (roe deer)
              • Rangifer [ENG31-02436427-n] (reindeer or caribou)
              • Mazama [ENG31-02437229-n] (brockets)
              • Muntiacus [ENG31-02437465-n] (muntjacs)
              • Moschus [ENG31-02437730-n] (musk deer)
              • Elaphurus [ENG31-02438017-n] (a genus of Cervidae)
              • Tragulus [ENG31-02438698-n] (type genus of the Tragulidae)
              • Hyemoschus [ENG31-02439145-n] (water chevrotains)
              • Camelus [ENG31-02439624-n] (type genus of the Camelidae: camels)
              • Lama [ENG31-02440456-n] (llamas)
              • Vicugna [ENG31-02441083-n] (a genus of Camelidae)
              • Giraffa [ENG31-02441528-n] (type genus of the Giraffidae)
              • Okapia [ENG31-02441917-n] (okapis)
              • Mustela [ENG31-02444354-n] (type genus of the family Mustelidae: minks and weasels)
              • Poecilogale [ENG31-02446314-n] (muishonds)
              • Ictonyx [ENG31-02446734-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Lutra [ENG31-02447278-n] (in some classifications considered a genus of the subfamily Lutrinae)
              • Enhydra [ENG31-02447907-n] (sea otters)
              • Mephitis [ENG31-02448645-n] (in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Mephitinae)
              • Conepatus [ENG31-02449143-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Spilogale [ENG31-02449519-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Taxidea [ENG31-02450222-n] (in some classifications considered a genus of subfamily Melinae)
              • Meles [ENG31-02450527-n] (in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Melinae)
              • Mellivora [ENG31-02450831-n] (ratels)
              • Melogale [ENG31-02451133-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Arctonyx [ENG31-02451385-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Gulo [ENG31-02451691-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • genus Grison [ENG31-02452095-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • genus Galictis [ENG31-02452213-n] (alternative name for the genus Grison)
              • Martes [ENG31-02452552-n] (martens)
              • Charronia [ENG31-02453623-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Eira [ENG31-02453923-n] (a genus of Mustelidae)
              • Dasypus [ENG31-02457288-n] (type genus of the Dasypodidae)
              • Tolypeutes [ENG31-02457630-n] (a genus of Dasypodidae)
              • genus Cabassous [ENG31-02457941-n] (solely the tatouay)
              • Euphractus [ENG31-02458215-n] (a genus of Dasypodidae)
              • Priodontes [ENG31-02458518-n] (solely the giant armadillo)
              • Chlamyphorus [ENG31-02458778-n] (pichiciago)
              • Burmeisteria [ENG31-02459136-n] (a genus of Dasypodidae)
              • Bradypus [ENG31-02459880-n] (type genus of the Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths)
              • Choloepus [ENG31-02460387-n] (a genus of Megalonychidae consisting of the two-toed sloth)
              • Megatherium [ENG31-02461306-n] (type genus of the Megatheriidae)
              • genus Mylodon [ENG31-02461944-n] (type genus of the Mylodontidae)
              • Myrmecophaga [ENG31-02462906-n] (type genus of the Myrmecophagidae)
              • Cyclopes [ENG31-02463315-n] (only the silky anteater)
              • genus Tamandua [ENG31-02463645-n] (lesser anteater)
              • Manis [ENG31-02464332-n] (type genus of the Manidae)
              • genus Homo [ENG31-02474643-n] (type genus of the family Hominidae)
              • genus Australopithecus [ENG31-02478452-n] (extinct genus of African hominid)
              • Plesianthropus [ENG31-02478705-n] (former name for the genus Australopithecus)
              • genus Sivapithecus [ENG31-02480278-n] (extinct primates)
              • Dryopithecus [ENG31-02480521-n] (genus of Old World hominoids)
              • Ouranopithecus [ENG31-02481047-n] (a genus of Hominidae)
              • Lufengpithecus [ENG31-02481170-n] (a genus of Hominidae)
              • genus Proconsul [ENG31-02481293-n] (genus of extinct primitive African primates of the Miocene epoch)
              • Kenyapithecus [ENG31-02481621-n] (extinct primate having powerful chewing muscles along with large molars and small incisors)
              • genus Aegyptopithecus [ENG31-02481836-n] (a genus of Hominoidea)
              • Algeripithecus [ENG31-02482113-n] (an extinct genus of Hominoidea)
              • Pongo [ENG31-02482977-n] (type genus of the family Pongidae: orangutans)
              • genus Gorilla [ENG31-02483304-n] (gorillas)
              • Pan [ENG31-02484260-n] (chimpanzees)
              • Hylobates [ENG31-02485855-n] (gibbons)
              • Symphalangus [ENG31-02486195-n] (used in some classifications for the siamangs)
              • Cercopithecus [ENG31-02487444-n] (type genus of the Cercopithecidae: guenons)
              • Cercocebus [ENG31-02488496-n] (mangabeys)
              • Erythrocebus [ENG31-02488769-n] (patas)
              • Papio [ENG31-02489196-n] (baboons)
              • Mandrillus [ENG31-02489418-n] (baboons)
              • Macaca [ENG31-02489848-n] (macaques)
              • Presbytes [ENG31-02490780-n] (langurs)
              • genus Colobus [ENG31-02491209-n] (a genus of Cercopithecidae)
              • Nasalis [ENG31-02491691-n] (proboscis monkeys)
              • Callithrix [ENG31-02493066-n] (type genus of the Callithricidae: true marmosets)
              • Cebuella [ENG31-02493317-n] (pygmy marmosets)
              • Leontocebus [ENG31-02493595-n] (tamarins)
              • Cebus [ENG31-02494537-n] (type genus of the Cebidae)
              • Aotus [ENG31-02494871-n] (douroucoulis)
              • Alouatta [ENG31-02495167-n] (howler monkeys)
              • Pithecia [ENG31-02495464-n] (sakis)
              • Cacajao [ENG31-02495740-n] (uakaris)
              • Callicebus [ENG31-02496021-n] (titis)
              • Ateles [ENG31-02496304-n] (spider monkeys)
              • Saimiri [ENG31-02496605-n] (squirrel monkeys)
              • Lagothrix [ENG31-02496888-n] (woolly monkeys)
              • Tupaia [ENG31-02497730-n] (the type genus of the Tupaia: chief genus of tree shrews)
              • Ptilocercus [ENG31-02498077-n] (pentails)
              • genus Lemur [ENG31-02500181-n] (type genus of the Lemuridae)
              • Daubentonia [ENG31-02500614-n] (type genus)
              • genus Loris [ENG31-02501251-n] (type genus of the Lorisidae)
              • Nycticebus [ENG31-02501519-n] (a genus of Lorisidae)
              • Perodicticus [ENG31-02501809-n] (a genus of Lorisidae)
              • Arctocebus [ENG31-02502065-n] (a genus of Lorisidae)
              • genus Galago [ENG31-02502331-n] (bush babies)
              • genus Indri [ENG31-02502775-n] (type genus of the Indriidae)
              • Avahi [ENG31-02503103-n] (a genus of Indriidae)
              • Tarsius [ENG31-02504063-n] (type and sole genus of the family Tarsiidae)
              • Cynocephalus [ENG31-02504988-n] (type genus of the family Cynocephalidae)
              • Elephas [ENG31-02506499-n] (type genus of the family Elephantidae)
              • Loxodonta [ENG31-02506954-n] (a genus of Elephantidae)
              • Mammuthus [ENG31-02507266-n] (extinct genus: mammoths)
              • Archidiskidon [ENG31-02507973-n] (a genus of Elephantidae)
              • Mammut [ENG31-02508440-n] (extinct type genus of the Mammutidae: mastodons)
              • Gomphotherium [ENG31-02509261-n] (type genus of the Gomphotheriidae)
              • Procyon [ENG31-02510494-n] (the type genus of the family Procyonidae: raccoons)
              • Bassariscus [ENG31-02511246-n] (cacomistles)
              • Potos [ENG31-02511702-n] (a genus of Procyonidae)
              • Nasua [ENG31-02512036-n] (coatis)
              • Ailurus [ENG31-02512325-n] (lesser pandas)
              • Ailuropoda [ENG31-02512871-n] (only the giant panda: in some classifications considered a genus of the separate family Ailuropodidae)
            • sponge genus [ENG31-01909675-n] (a genus of Porifera)

              • Euplectella [ENG31-01910543-n] (a genus of Hyalospongiae)
            • coelenterate genus [ENG31-01911056-n] (a genus of coelenterates)

              • Chrysaora [ENG31-01913912-n] (a genus of Scyphozoa)
              • genus Hydra [ENG31-01914691-n] (hydras)
              • genus Nanomia [ENG31-01915329-n] (a genus of Siphonophora)
              • Physalia [ENG31-01915676-n] (Portuguese man-of-war)
              • Sertularia [ENG31-01916174-n] (sessile hydroid that forms feathery colonies)
              • Actinia [ENG31-01917602-n] (a genus of sea anemone common in rock pools)
              • Pennatula [ENG31-01918182-n] (type genus of the family Pennatulidae: sea pens)
              • Maeandra [ENG31-01919808-n] (brain corals)
              • Acropora [ENG31-01920075-n] (coelenterate genus of order Madreporaria, including staghorn corals)
              • Fungia [ENG31-01920392-n] (a genus comprising the usual mushroom corals)
            • ctenophore genus [ENG31-01920793-n] (a genus of ctenophores)

              • genus Beroe [ENG31-01921899-n] (coextensive with the class Nuda)
              • Pleurobrachia [ENG31-01922943-n] (sea gooseberries)
              • Cestum [ENG31-01923580-n] (Venus's girdle)
            • worm genus [ENG31-01924528-n] (a genus of worms)

              • genus Sagitta [ENG31-01926792-n] (chief genus of Chaetognatha including the largest arrowworms)
              • genus Spadella [ENG31-01927057-n] (marine worms resembling the sagittas but with a broader body and only one pair of lateral fins)
              • Fasciola [ENG31-01928888-n] (a genus of Fasciolidae)
              • Fasciolopsis [ENG31-01929190-n] (a genus of Fasciolidae)
              • Schistosoma [ENG31-01929629-n] (type genus of the family Schistosomatidae: blood flukes)
              • genus Echinococcus [ENG31-01930457-n] (tapeworms)
              • genus Taenia [ENG31-01930714-n] (type genus of the family Taeniidae: tapeworms)
              • Ascaris [ENG31-01933313-n] (type genus of the family Ascaridae: roundworms with a three-lipped mouth)
              • Ascaridia [ENG31-01933636-n] (roundworm having a preanal sucker)
              • Enterobius [ENG31-01934039-n] (pinworms)
              • Anguillula [ENG31-01934625-n] (a genus of Cephalobidae)
              • Tylenchus [ENG31-01935136-n] (type genus of the family Tylenchidae)
              • Dracunculus [ENG31-01936475-n] (type genus of the family Dracunculidae)
              • Branchiobdella [ENG31-01938638-n] (type genus of the Branchiobdellidae: a small worm that lives on the gills or surface of a crayfish attached by a sucker)
              • Terebella [ENG31-01939875-n] (type genus of Terebellidae)
              • Polycirrus [ENG31-01940063-n] (genus of soft-bodied polychete marine worms)
              • Hirudo [ENG31-01940953-n] (type genus of the family Hirudinidae)
              • Haemopis [ENG31-01941259-n] (leeches)
            • mollusk genus [ENG31-01942239-n] (a genus of mollusks)

              • Haliotis [ENG31-01945365-n] (type genus of the family Haliotidae)
              • Lambis [ENG31-01946008-n] (scorpion shells of shallow tropical waters of the eastern hemisphere)
              • Strombus [ENG31-01946395-n] (type genus of the family Strombidae)
              • Helix [ENG31-01947258-n] (type genus of the family Helicidae)
              • Limax [ENG31-01948221-n] (a genus of Limacidae)
              • genus Nerita [ENG31-01949128-n] (type genus of the Neritidae)
              • genus Neritina [ENG31-01949661-n] (a genus of Neritidae)
              • Littorina [ENG31-01950925-n] (type genus of the family Littorinidae: periwinkles)
              • Patella [ENG31-01951558-n] (type genus of the family Patellidae: common European limpets)
              • Fissurella [ENG31-01951971-n] (type genus of the family Fissurellidae: keyhole limpets)
              • Ancylus [ENG31-01952458-n] (type genus of the family Ancylidae: river limpet)
              • Aplysia [ENG31-01953748-n] (type genus of the family Aplysiidae)
              • Hermissenda [ENG31-01954113-n] (genus of marine sea slugs)
              • Haminoea [ENG31-01954486-n] (common genus of marine bubble shells of the Pacific coast of North America)
              • genus Physa [ENG31-01955198-n] (type genus of the Physidae)
              • Cypraea [ENG31-01955838-n] (type genus of the family Cypraeidae: the typical cowries)
              • genus Chiton [ENG31-01957603-n] (a genus of Polyplacophora)
              • Mya [ENG31-01959843-n] (type genus of the family Myacidae)
              • Venus [ENG31-01960380-n] (type genus of the family Veneridae: genus of edible clams with thick oval shells)
              • Mercenaria [ENG31-01960564-n] (a genus of Veneridae)
              • Ensis [ENG31-01961555-n] (razor clams)
              • Tridacna [ENG31-01961974-n] (type genus of the family Tridacnidae: giant clams)
              • Cardium [ENG31-01962475-n] (type genus of the family Cardiidae: cockles)
              • Ostrea [ENG31-01963541-n] (type genus of the family Ostreidae)
              • Crassostrea [ENG31-01964109-n] (Virginia oysters)
              • Pinctada [ENG31-01964503-n] (pearl oysters)
              • Anomia [ENG31-01964991-n] (type genus of the family Anomiidae: saddle oysters)
              • Placuna [ENG31-01965303-n] (windowpane oysters)
              • Arca [ENG31-01965777-n] (type genus of the family Arcidae: ark shells and blood clams)
              • Mytilus [ENG31-01966517-n] (type genus of the family Mytilidae: smooth-shelled marine mussels)
              • Unio [ENG31-01967462-n] (type genus of the family Unionidae)
              • Anodonta [ENG31-01967752-n] (thin-shelled freshwater mussels)
              • Dreissena [ENG31-01968045-n] (zebra mussels)
              • genus Pecten [ENG31-01968845-n] (type genus of the family Pectinidae: sea and bay scallops)
              • genus Teredo [ENG31-01969602-n] (type genus of the family Teredinidae)
              • Bankia [ENG31-01970037-n] (giant shipworms)
              • Pholas [ENG31-01970453-n] (type genus of the family Pholadidae: piddocks)
              • genus Nautilus [ENG31-01971373-n] (type genus and sole recent representative of the family Nautilidae)
              • genus Octopus [ENG31-01972671-n] (type genus of the family Octopodidae)
              • Argonauta [ENG31-01973143-n] (type genus of the family Argonautidae: paper nautilus)
              • genus Loligo [ENG31-01974158-n] (squids)
              • genus Ommastrephes [ENG31-01974369-n] (a genus of Decapoda)
              • Sepia [ENG31-01975052-n] (type genus of the Sepiidae)
              • genus Spirula [ENG31-01975588-n] (genus of small cephalopods with many-chambered spiral shells resembling those of the extinct belemnites)
            • echinoderm genus [ENG31-02318832-n] (a genus of echinoderms)

              • Euryale [ENG31-02321089-n] (basket stars)
              • Astrophyton [ENG31-02321190-n] (includes many of the basket stars)
              • Gorgonocephalus [ENG31-02321450-n] (basket stars)
              • Ptilocrinus [ENG31-02322991-n] (sea lilies)
              • Antedon [ENG31-02323540-n] (a genus of echinoderms of the family Antedonidae)

                • Comatula [ENG31-02323714-n] (former usage synonymous with Antedon)
              • Holothuria [ENG31-02324555-n] (type genus of the Holothuridae)
            • type genus [ENG31-08126906-n] ((biology) genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed)
            • form genus [ENG31-08127163-n] ((biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure)
            • moss genus [ENG31-11558337-n] (a genus of mosses)

              • Anthoceros [ENG31-11559167-n] (hornworts)
              • Andreaea [ENG31-11560276-n] (brown or blackish Alpine mosses having a dehiscent capsule with 4 longitudinal slits)
              • Dicranum [ENG31-11561082-n] (type genus of Dicranaceae)
              • Bryum [ENG31-11561562-n] (type genus of the Bryaceae: mosses distinguished by mostly erect and tufted gametophytes and symmetrical short-necked capsules)
              • Mnium [ENG31-11562030-n] (mosses similar to those of genus Bryum but larger)
              • genus Sphagnum [ENG31-11562370-n] (a large genus constituting the order Sphagnales: atypical mosses of temperate bogs with leaves that can hold much water)
              • Marchantia [ENG31-11564243-n] (type genus of Marchantiaceae)
              • Sphaerocarpus [ENG31-11564991-n] (type genus of Sphaerocarpaceae)
            • gymnosperm genus [ENG31-11574626-n] (a genus of gymnosperms)

              • genus Gnetum [ENG31-11617847-n] (type genus of the Gnetaceae)
              • Catha [ENG31-11618551-n] (a genus of African evergreen shrubs characterized by thick leaves and white flowers)
              • genus Ephedra [ENG31-11618903-n] (type and sole genus of Ephedraceae: tropical and subtropical evergreen shrubby or creeping plants native to dry and inhospitable regions)
              • genus Welwitschia [ENG31-11619616-n] (type and sole genus of Welwitschiaceae)
              • Cycas [ENG31-11621351-n] (type genus of Cycadaceae: genus of widely distributed Old World evergreen tropical trees having pinnate leaves and columnar stems covered with persistent bases of old leaves)
              • genus Zamia [ENG31-11622208-n] (genus of small evergreen tropical and subtropical American cycads)
              • genus Ceratozamia [ENG31-11622755-n] (small genus of Mexican cycads)
              • genus Dioon [ENG31-11623122-n] (small genus of arborescent cycads of Mexico and Central America)
              • genus Encephalartos [ENG31-11623496-n] (genus of arborescent African cycads)
              • genus Macrozamia [ENG31-11624081-n] (genus of large evergreen Australian cycads)
              • Bennettitis [ENG31-11625027-n] (type of the Bennettitales)
              • Lyginopteris [ENG31-11625847-n] (genus of fossil seed ferns of the Carboniferous)
              • Cordaites [ENG31-11627297-n] (tall Paleozoic trees superficially resembling modern screw pines)
              • Pinus [ENG31-11628506-n] (type genus of the Pinaceae: large genus of true pines)
              • Larix [ENG31-11639201-n] (larches)
              • Pseudolarix [ENG31-11640699-n] (one species: golden larch)
              • Abies [ENG31-11641011-n] (true firs)
              • Cedrus [ENG31-11643439-n] (true cedars)
              • Picea [ENG31-11644818-n] (a genus of temperate and Arctic evergreen trees (see spruce))
              • Tsuga [ENG31-11647479-n] (hemlock)
              • Pseudotsuga [ENG31-11648735-n] (douglas fir)
              • genus Cathaya [ENG31-11649662-n] (one species)
              • Cupressus [ENG31-11650802-n] (type genus of Cupressaceae)
              • Athrotaxis [ENG31-11653245-n] (a genus of gymnosperm)
              • Austrocedrus [ENG31-11653567-n] (one species)
              • Callitris [ENG31-11653910-n] (evergreen monoecious coniferous trees or shrubs: cypress pines)
              • Calocedrus [ENG31-11654977-n] (tall evergreens of western North America and eastern Asia)
              • Chamaecyparis [ENG31-11655421-n] (a genus of Chamaecyparis)
              • Cryptomeria [ENG31-11656519-n] (Japanese cedar)
              • Juniperus [ENG31-11656840-n] (junipers)
              • Libocedrus [ENG31-11659353-n] (cypresses that resemble cedars)
              • genus Metasequoia [ENG31-11660314-n] (genus of deciduous conifers comprising both living and fossil forms)
              • genus Sequoia [ENG31-11660922-n] (redwoods)
              • Taxodium [ENG31-11662239-n] (bald cypress)
              • Tetraclinis [ENG31-11663363-n] (sandarac tree)
              • Thuja [ENG31-11664135-n] (red cedar)
              • Thujopsis [ENG31-11665163-n] (one species)
              • genus Keteleeria [ENG31-11665492-n] (a genus of keteleeria)
              • genus Araucaria [ENG31-11666234-n] (a genus of the araucaria family)
              • Agathis [ENG31-11667582-n] (kauri pine)
              • Cephalotaxus [ENG31-11669068-n] (the genus of Cephalotaxus (see plum-yews))
              • Torreya [ENG31-11669463-n] (nutmeg-yews)
              • Phyllocladus [ENG31-11670200-n] (celery pine)
              • Podocarpus [ENG31-11672182-n] (evergreen trees or shrubs)
              • Afrocarpus [ENG31-11673774-n] (dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs)
              • Dacrycarpus [ENG31-11674179-n] (evergreen coniferous shrubs or trees of New Zealand to Malaysia and Philippines)
              • Dacrydium [ENG31-11674575-n] (Australasian evergreen trees or shrubs)
              • Falcatifolium [ENG31-11675118-n] (sickle pines: dioecious evergreen tropical trees and shrubs having sickle-shaped leaves)
              • Halocarpus [ENG31-11675858-n] (dioecious trees or shrubs of New Zealand)
              • Lagarostrobus [ENG31-11676215-n] (genus of dioecious evergreen trees of New Zealand and Tasmania)
              • Lepidothamnus [ENG31-11676831-n] (small usually shrubby conifers)
              • Microstrobos [ENG31-11677425-n] (2 species of small evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania)
              • Nageia [ENG31-11677765-n] (small genus of Asian evergreen trees having columnar crowns and distinguished by leaves lacking a midrib)
              • Parasitaxus [ENG31-11678214-n] (one species: parasite yew)
              • Prumnopitys [ENG31-11678555-n] (mostly dioecious evergreen conifers)
              • Retrophyllum [ENG31-11679323-n] (small genus of tropical evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees of Oceania and tropical South America)
              • Saxe-gothea [ENG31-11679519-n] (one species: Prince Albert's yew)
              • Sundacarpus [ENG31-11679951-n] (one species)
              • Sciadopitys [ENG31-11680572-n] (type and sole genus of Sciadopityaceae)
              • Taxus [ENG31-11681658-n] (yews)
              • Austrotaxus [ENG31-11683215-n] (a gymnosperm genus having one species: New Caledonian yew)
              • Pseudotaxus [ENG31-11683587-n] (one species)
              • genus Ginkgo [ENG31-11684752-n] (sole surviving genus of the Ginkgoaceae)
            • monocot genus [ENG31-11577308-n] (genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed)

              • liliid monocot genus [ENG31-11581679-n] (genus of monocotyledonous plants comprising mostly herbs having usually petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils)

                • Belamcanda [ENG31-12436416-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae)
                • genus Crocus [ENG31-12436783-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae)
                • genus Freesia [ENG31-12437422-n] (cormous perennial herbs)
                • genus Gladiolus [ENG31-12437778-n] (gladiolas)
                • Ixia [ENG31-12438191-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae)
                • Sisyrinchium [ENG31-12438570-n] (chiefly North American grasslike herbs)
                • Sparaxis [ENG31-12438861-n] (deciduous perennial herbs of South Africa)
                • genus Amaryllis [ENG31-12439722-n] (type genus of the Amaryllidaceae)
                • Bomarea [ENG31-12440097-n] (large genus of tropical American vines having showy often spotted umbellate flowers)
                • Haemanthus [ENG31-12440840-n] (genus of African deciduous or evergreen bulbous herbs: blood lilies)
                • genus Hippeastrum [ENG31-12441496-n] (bulbous flowering plants of tropical America)
                • genus Narcissus [ENG31-12441839-n] (Old World perennial bulbous herbs)
                • Strekelia [ENG31-12442904-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the amaryllis family)
                • Hypoxis [ENG31-12443436-n] (small plants that resemble amaryllis and that grow from a corm and bear flowers on a leafless stalk)
                • Lilium [ENG31-12446605-n] (type genus of Liliaceae)
                • genus Agapanthus [ENG31-12449420-n] (small genus of South African evergreen or deciduous plants)
                • genus Albuca [ENG31-12450094-n] (genus of bulbous plants of South Africa)
                • Aletris [ENG31-12450447-n] (small genus of bitter-rooted herbs of eastern North America and Asia)
                • Allium [ENG31-12451633-n] (large genus of perennial and biennial pungent bulbous plants: garlic)
                • genus Aloe [ENG31-12456995-n] (large genus of chiefly African liliaceous plants)
                • genus Kniphofia [ENG31-12457816-n] (genus of showy clump-forming African herbs with grasslike leaves)
                • genus Alstroemeria [ENG31-12458829-n] (genus of showy South American herbs with leafy stems)
                • Amianthum [ENG31-12459482-n] (one species: fly poison)
                • Anthericum [ENG31-12459905-n] (genus of Old World (mainly African) perennial herbs)
                • Aphyllanthes [ENG31-12460890-n] (one species)
                • genus Asparagus [ENG31-12461374-n] (large genus of Old World perennial herbs with erect or spreading or climbing stems and small scalelike leaves and inconspicuous flowers)
                • Asphodeline [ENG31-12462725-n] (genus of rhizomatous perennial or biennial herbs with numerous sometimes fragrant flowers in long cylindrical racemes)
                • Asphodelus [ENG31-12463370-n] (small genus of tall striking annuals or perennials with grasslike foliage and flowers in dense racemes or panicles)
                • genus Aspidistra [ENG31-12463649-n] (genus of eastern Asiatic herbs)
                • Bessera [ENG31-12464052-n] (small genus of cormous perennials of Mexico)
                • Blandfordia [ENG31-12464434-n] (small genus of tuberous Australian perennial herbs)
                • Bloomeria [ENG31-12464766-n] (small genus of bulbous perennial herbs of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                • Bowiea [ENG31-12465171-n] (small genus of tropical African perennial bulbous herbs with deciduous twining stems)
                • genus Brodiaea [ENG31-12465643-n] (genus of western United States bulbous plants with basal leaves and variously colored flowers)
                • Calochortus [ENG31-12466353-n] (large genus of western North American leafy-stemmed bulbous herbs)
                • Camassia [ENG31-12469529-n] (genus of scapose herbs of North and South America having large edible bulbs)
                • Erythronium [ENG31-12470604-n] (perennial bulbous herbs most of northern United States: dogtooth violet)
                • Fritillaria [ENG31-12472294-n] (fritillary)
                • Tulipa [ENG31-12474526-n] (Eurasian perennial bulbous herbs)
                • Colchicum [ENG31-12475847-n] (chiefly fall-blooming perennial cormous herbs)
                • genus Gloriosa [ENG31-12476292-n] (sometimes placed in family Colchicaceae)
                • Hemerocallis [ENG31-12477032-n] (east Asian rhizomatous clump-forming perennial herbs having flowers on long leafless stalks)
                • Hosta [ENG31-12478024-n] (robust east Asian clump-forming perennial herbs having racemose flowers: plantain lilies)
                • genus Hyacinthus [ENG31-12478729-n] (sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae as the type genus)
                • Hyacinthoides [ENG31-12479553-n] (small genus of perennial bulbs of western Europe and North Africa)
                • Ornithogalum [ENG31-12479976-n] (sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae)
                • Muscari [ENG31-12481054-n] (sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae)
                • genus Scilla [ENG31-12481831-n] (sometimes placed in subfamily Hyacinthaceae)
                • Tofieldia [ENG31-12482314-n] (genus of perennial herbs of cool temperate regions)
                • Urginea [ENG31-12482906-n] (Mediterranean liliaceous plants)
                • Ruscus [ENG31-12483456-n] (a genus of European evergreen shrubs)
                • Narthecium [ENG31-12484079-n] (bog asphodels)
                • Veratrum [ENG31-12484783-n] (a genus of coarse poisonous perennial herbs)
                • Xerophyllum [ENG31-12485826-n] (small genus of North American herbs having grasslike basal leaves: squaw grass)
                • Xanthorroea [ENG31-12486539-n] (grass trees)
                • Zigadenus [ENG31-12486955-n] (genus of mostly North American poisonous plants)
                • genus Trillium [ENG31-12488586-n] (deciduous perennial herbs)
                • Smilax [ENG31-12490441-n] (sometimes placed in Smilacaceae)
                • Convallaria [ENG31-12491871-n] (sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lily of the valley)
                • genus Clintonia [ENG31-12492330-n] (sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae)
                • Liriope [ENG31-12493516-n] (sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lilyturf)
                • Maianthemum [ENG31-12493910-n] (sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: false lily of the valley)
                • Polygonatum [ENG31-12494511-n] (sometimes placed in subfamily Convallariaceae)
                • Uvularia [ENG31-12495333-n] (genus of perennial rhizomatous herb of southern and southeastern United States)
                • Tacca [ENG31-12496098-n] (genus of tropical plants with creeping rootstocks and small umbellate flowers)
                • genus Agave [ENG31-12497407-n] (type genus of the Agavaceae)
                • Cordyline [ENG31-12498788-n] (Asiatic and Pacific trees or shrubs)
                • genus Dracaena [ENG31-12499808-n] (Old World tropical plants with branches ending in tufts of sword-shaped leaves)
                • Nolina [ENG31-12500326-n] (perennial plants resembling yucca)
                • Polianthes [ENG31-12500738-n] (genus of perennial tuberous herbs having lily-like flowers)
                • genus Sansevieria [ENG31-12501182-n] (Old World tropical herbaceous perennial of the agave family)
                • genus Yucca [ENG31-12502311-n] (tropical American plants with stiff lancelike leaves and spikes of white blossoms)
              • Juncus [ENG31-11764039-n] (type genus of the Juncaceae)
              • genus Arum [ENG31-11800270-n] (type genus of the Araceae: tuberous perennial herbs of Europe and Asia with usually heart-shaped leaves)
              • Acorus [ENG31-11801058-n] (sweet flags)
              • Aglaonema [ENG31-11801899-n] (climbing herbs of southeastern Asia having thick fleshy oblong leaves and naked unisexual flowers: Chinese evergreen)
              • genus Alocasia [ENG31-11802319-n] (tropical Asiatic herbs similar to Colocasia but distinguished by a large sterile spadix)
              • genus Amorphophallus [ENG31-11802991-n] (genus of large tropical east Asian cormous aroids: devil's tongue)
              • genus Anthurium [ENG31-11804192-n] (large genus of often epiphytic evergreen tropical American plants often cultivated as houseplants)
              • Arisaema [ENG31-11804792-n] (tuberous or rhizomatous herbaceous perennials)
              • Arisarum [ENG31-11805569-n] (tuberous or rhizomatous perennial herbs)
              • genus Caladium [ENG31-11805944-n] (small genus of tropical South American tuberous perennials with large variously colored leaves)
              • Calla [ENG31-11806486-n] (water arum)
              • Colocasia [ENG31-11806834-n] (small genus of perennial tuberous herbs of tropical Asia: taro)
              • genus Cryptocoryne [ENG31-11807452-n] (water trumpet)
              • Dieffenbachia [ENG31-11807860-n] (evergreen perennial herbs of tropical America with lush foliage and poisonous sap)
              • genus Dracontium [ENG31-11808361-n] (small genus of tropical American cormous herbs)
              • Dracunculus [ENG31-11808692-n] (tuberous herbaceous perennials: dragon arum)
              • Epipremnum [ENG31-11809005-n] (small genus of evergreen lianas of southeastern Asia to western Pacific areas)
              • Lysichiton [ENG31-11809395-n] (skunk cabbage)
              • genus Monstera [ENG31-11809749-n] (tropical American climbing plant with deeply incised leaves)
              • genus Nephthytis [ENG31-11810265-n] (small genus of tropical western African creeping or twining herbs)
              • Orontium [ENG31-11810708-n] (one species of aquatic plant: golden club)
              • Peltandra [ENG31-11811093-n] (small genus of North American marsh or aquatic herbs)
              • genus Philodendron [ENG31-11811624-n] (any of several tropical American climbing plants with smooth shiny evergreen leaves)
              • genus Pistia [ENG31-11811915-n] (one species: water lettuce)
              • Scindapsus [ENG31-11812288-n] (evergreen climbers with adhesive adventitious roots)
              • genus Spathiphyllum [ENG31-11812624-n] (evergreen rhizomatous perennials of tropical America and Philippines and Indonesia)
              • Symplocarpus [ENG31-11813067-n] (one species: skunk cabbage)
              • Syngonium [ENG31-11813501-n] (epiphytic or terrestrial climbing shrubs of Central and South America)
              • Xanthosoma [ENG31-11813721-n] (tropical American tuberous perennials)
              • Zantedeschia [ENG31-11814120-n] (calla lily)
              • Lemna [ENG31-11815260-n] (minute aquatic herbs floating on or below the water surface of still water consisting of a leaflike frond or plant body and single root)
              • Spirodela [ENG31-11815835-n] (minute aquatic herbs floating on the water surface consisting of a shiny leaflike frond and 2-21 roots)
              • Wolffia [ENG31-11816243-n] (minute rootless aquatic herbs having globular fronds floating on or near the water surface and bearing one flower per frond)
              • Wolffiella [ENG31-11816787-n] (minute rootless aquatic herbs having flat fronds floating on or below the water surface and bearing 1-2 flowers per frond)
              • genus Orchis [ENG31-12063717-n] (type genus of the orchid family)
              • genus Aerides [ENG31-12064738-n] (epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia having stiff leaves and fragrant white flowers in arching racemes)
              • genus Angrecum [ENG31-12065040-n] (genus of tropical Old World epiphytic orchids with showy flowers sometimes grotesque)
              • Anoectochilus [ENG31-12065473-n] (genus of delicate Asiatic orchids)
              • Aplectrum [ENG31-12065821-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae)
              • genus Arethusa [ENG31-12066164-n] (genus of bog orchids of North America and Japan)
              • genus Bletia [ENG31-12066720-n] (genus of tropical American terrestrial orchids with large purple or pink flowers)
              • Bletilla [ENG31-12067089-n] (small genus of chiefly east Asiatic hardy terrestrial orchids similar to genus Bletia)
              • genus Brassavola [ENG31-12067642-n] (genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic rhizomatous orchids)
              • Brassia [ENG31-12068055-n] (genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids having striking axillary racemes of yellow to green spiderlike flowers with long slender sepals and warty lips: spider orchids)
              • genus Caladenia [ENG31-12068700-n] (terrestrial orchids of Australia to New Caledonia)
              • genus Calanthe [ENG31-12069241-n] (large and widely distributed genus of terrestrial orchids)
              • Calopogon [ENG31-12069603-n] (terrestrial orchids of North America)
              • genus Calypso [ENG31-12069881-n] (one species found throughout much of northern North America and Eurasia)
              • Catasetum [ENG31-12070265-n] (genus of tropical American orchids having showy male and female flowers usually on separate inflorescences)
              • genus Cattleya [ENG31-12070764-n] (large and highly valued genus of beautiful tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids)
              • Cephalanthera [ENG31-12071235-n] (small genus of temperate Old World terrestrial orchids)
              • Cleistes [ENG31-12071754-n] (terrestrial orchids of North and South America having slender fibrous roots)
              • Coeloglossum [ENG31-12072522-n] (terrestrial orchids of cooler parts of North America and Europe: satyr orchid)
              • genus Coelogyne [ENG31-12073099-n] (large diverse genus of tropical Asiatic epiphytic orchids)
              • Corallorhiza [ENG31-12073607-n] (genus of leafless root-parasitic orchids having small purplish or yellowish racemose flowers with lobed lips)
              • Coryanthes [ENG31-12074968-n] (small genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids)
              • Cycnoches [ENG31-12075371-n] (genus of epiphytic or terrestrial tropical American orchids)
              • genus Cymbidium [ENG31-12075786-n] (genus of tropical epiphytic or terrestrial Old World orchids)
              • Cypripedium [ENG31-12076308-n] (genus of chiefly American perennial leafy-stemmed orchids: lady's slippers)
              • Dactylorhiza [ENG31-12078930-n] (genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Asia and North Africa)
              • genus Dendrobium [ENG31-12079591-n] (large genus and variable genus of chiefly epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Asia and Australasia)
              • genus Disa [ENG31-12079980-n] (genus of showy tropical African terrestrial orchids)
              • Dracula [ENG31-12080352-n] (comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants having bizarre and often sinister-looking flowers with pendulous scapes and motile lips)
              • Dryadella [ENG31-12080619-n] (comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: very dwarf plants having short tufted and usually unifoliate stems with usually solitary flowers)
              • Eburophyton [ENG31-12080881-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae)
              • Encyclia [ENG31-12081317-n] (large genus of epiphytic and lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas and West Indies)
              • Epidendrum [ENG31-12082350-n] (large and variable genus of terrestrial or epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas)
              • Epipactis [ENG31-12082728-n] (genus of hardy orchids with leafy-bracted racemes of greenish or purplish irregular flowers)
              • Glossodia [ENG31-12083567-n] (small genus of Australian orchids)
              • Goodyera [ENG31-12083915-n] (genus of small orchids of the northern hemisphere with creeping rhizomes and stalked ovate leaves and small flowers)
              • Grammatophyllum [ENG31-12084388-n] (small genus of large epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of southeastern Asia to Polynesia)
              • Gymnadenia [ENG31-12084684-n] (small genus of terrestrial orchids of North America and temperate Eurasia)
              • Gymnadeniopsis [ENG31-12085315-n] (genus of North American terrestrial orchids usually included in genus Habenaria)
              • Habenaria [ENG31-12085497-n] (chiefly terrestrial orchids with tubers or fleshy roots often having long slender spurs and petals and lip lobes)
              • Hexalectris [ENG31-12089325-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae)
              • Himantoglossum [ENG31-12089989-n] (small genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Mediterranean region)
              • genus Laelia [ENG31-12090322-n] (large genus of mostly epiphytic or lithophytic Central and South American orchids of various sizes)
              • genus Liparis [ENG31-12090678-n] (genus of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids)
              • Listera [ENG31-12091451-n] (genus of terrestrial orchids having usually a single pair of broad shining leaves near the middle of the stem)
              • Malaxis [ENG31-12092466-n] (large genus of largely terrestrial orchids with one or a few plicate leaves and slender spikes or tiny mostly green flowers)
              • genus Masdevallia [ENG31-12092920-n] (large genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids whose flowers have sepals fused at the base forming a tube)
              • genus Maxillaria [ENG31-12093508-n] (large genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with persistent leathery leaves and single-flowered scapes)
              • Miltonia [ENG31-12093911-n] (genus of tropical American orchids)
              • genus Odontoglossum [ENG31-12094245-n] (large and important genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids)
              • genus Oncidium [ENG31-12094706-n] (large genus of showy epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical and subtropical America)
              • Ophrys [ENG31-12095179-n] (a hardy genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and northern Africa and western Asia)
              • Paphiopedilum [ENG31-12095996-n] (horticulturally important genus of mainly terrestrial orchids including many hybrids)
              • genus Phaius [ENG31-12096576-n] (genus of Asiatic and Australian terrestrial orchids)
              • Phalaenopsis [ENG31-12096882-n] (genus of ornamental epiphytic orchids of Asia and Australia)
              • Pholidota [ENG31-12097563-n] (genus of mostly epiphytic orchids of Indonesia and the western Pacific)
              • Phragmipedium [ENG31-12098006-n] (genus of tropical American orchid species often included in genus Cypripedium or Paphiopedilum and Selenipedium: lady slippers)
              • Platanthera [ENG31-12098233-n] (herbaceous terrestrial orchids of temperate northern and southern hemispheres)
              • Plectorrhiza [ENG31-12099097-n] (small genus of Australian orchids)
              • Pleione [ENG31-12099455-n] (small genus of dwarf orchids)
              • genus Pleurothallis [ENG31-12099853-n] (large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical America)
              • genus Pogonia [ENG31-12100238-n] (small but widely distributed genus of orchids closely related to genus Cleistes)
              • Psychopsis [ENG31-12100700-n] (epiphytic orchids of Central and South America formerly included in genus Oncidium)
              • Pterostylis [ENG31-12101523-n] (genus of terrestrial orchids of Australia and New Zealand and western Pacific)
              • Rhyncostylis [ENG31-12101989-n] (genus of epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia)
              • Sarcochilus [ENG31-12102352-n] (diminutive epiphytic or lithophytic orchids with clumped short-stemmed foliage and arching racemes of colorful flowers)
              • Scaphosepalum [ENG31-12102858-n] (comprises some tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants with small flowers carried on one scape)
              • Schomburgkia [ENG31-12103094-n] (genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with showy racemose flowers)
              • Selenipedium [ENG31-12103265-n] (genus of tall reedlike tropical American orchids)
              • genus Sobralia [ENG31-12103481-n] (genus of tropical American orchids)
              • Spiranthes [ENG31-12103840-n] (large cosmopolitan genus of white-flowered terrestrial orchids)
              • genus Stanhopea [ENG31-12105263-n] (genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids)
              • genus Stelis [ENG31-12105634-n] (genus of small caespitose orchids of tropical America)
              • Trichoceros [ENG31-12105986-n] (small genus of small epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical South America)
              • genus Vanda [ENG31-12106357-n] (genus of showy epiphytic orchids of Himalayas to Malaysia)
              • genus Vanilla [ENG31-12106879-n] (large genus of tropical climbing orchids)
              • Burmannia [ENG31-12107925-n] (type genus of the Burmanniaceae)
              • Aegilops [ENG31-12125131-n] (goat grass)
              • Agropyron [ENG31-12125460-n] (perennial grasses of temperate and cool regions: wheatgrass)
              • Alopecurus [ENG31-12128006-n] (annual or perennial grasses including decorative and meadow species as well as notorious agricultural weeds)
              • Andropogon [ENG31-12128766-n] (tall annual or perennial grasses with spikelike racemes)
              • Arundo [ENG31-12129706-n] (any of several coarse tall perennial grasses of most warm areas: reeds)
              • Bromus [ENG31-12131147-n] (a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae)
              • Bouteloua [ENG31-12132399-n] (forage grasses)
              • Buchloe [ENG31-12133005-n] (buffalo grass)
              • Cenchrus [ENG31-12133988-n] (a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae that have burs)
              • Chloris [ENG31-12134743-n] (tufted or perennial or annual grasses having runners: finger grass)
              • Cortaderia [ENG31-12135498-n] (tall ornamental grasses of South America and New Zealand and New Guinea: pampas grass)
              • Cynodon [ENG31-12136080-n] (creeping perennial grasses of tropical and southern Africa)
              • Dactylis [ENG31-12136784-n] (a monocotyledonous grass of the family Gramineae (has only one species))
              • Dactyloctenium [ENG31-12137100-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Gramineae)
              • Digitaria [ENG31-12137398-n] (crab grass)
              • Echinochloa [ENG31-12138024-n] (annual or perennial succulent grasses of warm regions)
              • Eleusine [ENG31-12138740-n] (annual and perennial grasses of savannas and upland grasslands)
              • Elymus [ENG31-12139429-n] (tall tufted perennial grasses (such as lyme grass or wild rye))
              • Eragrostis [ENG31-12140464-n] (annual or perennial grasses of tropics and subtropics)
              • Erianthus [ENG31-12141329-n] (genus of reedlike grasses having spikes crowded in a panicle covered with long silky hairs)
              • Festuca [ENG31-12141922-n] (a genus of tufted perennial grasses of the family Gramineae)
              • Glyceria [ENG31-12142641-n] (manna grass)
              • Holcus [ENG31-12143098-n] (a genus of Old World grasses widely cultivated in America)
              • Hordeum [ENG31-12143567-n] (annual to perennial grasses of temperate northern hemisphere and South America: barley)
              • Leymus [ENG31-12144875-n] (genus that in some classifications overlaps the genus Elymus)
              • Lolium [ENG31-12145022-n] (darnel)
              • Muhlenbergia [ENG31-12145915-n] (a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae grown in America and Asia)
              • Oryza [ENG31-12146299-n] (rice)
              • Oryzopsis [ENG31-12146755-n] (rice grass)
              • Panicum [ENG31-12147428-n] (panic grass)
              • genus Paspalum [ENG31-12148407-n] (a genus of perennial grasses of warm regions)
              • Pennisetum [ENG31-12149162-n] (a genus of Old World grasses)
              • Phalaris [ENG31-12150042-n] (a genus of grasses with broad leaves and a dense spike of flowers)
              • Phleum [ENG31-12150925-n] (grasses native to temperate regions)
              • Phragmites [ENG31-12151276-n] (reeds of marshes and riversides in tropical or temperate regions)
              • Poa [ENG31-12151733-n] (chiefly perennial grasses of cool temperate regions)
              • Saccharum [ENG31-12152816-n] (tall perennial reedlike grass originally of southeastern Asia: sugarcane)
              • Schizachyrium [ENG31-12153849-n] (overlaps the genus Andropogon)
              • Secale [ENG31-12154387-n] (cereal grass widely cultivated for its grain: rye)
              • Setaria [ENG31-12154817-n] (annual or perennial grasses of warm regions: bristlegrasses)
              • genus Sorghum [ENG31-12157461-n] (annual or perennial tropical and subtropical cereal grasses: sorghum)
              • Spartina [ENG31-12159884-n] (grass of freshwater swamps and salt marshes of Europe, Africa, America, and South Atlantic islands)
              • Sporobolus [ENG31-12160654-n] (cosmopolitan annual and perennial grasses (as dropseed or rush grass))
              • Stenotaphrum [ENG31-12161554-n] (lawn grasses)
              • Triticum [ENG31-12162407-n] (annual cereal grasses from Mediterranean area)
              • Zea [ENG31-12164089-n] (corn)
              • Zizania [ENG31-12166319-n] (wild rice)
              • genus Zoysia [ENG31-12166617-n] (lawn grasses native to southeastern Asia and New Zealand)
              • Bambusa [ENG31-12168216-n] (tall tender clumping bamboos)
              • Arundinaria [ENG31-12168596-n] (North American bamboo)
              • Dendrocalamus [ENG31-12169127-n] (giant clump-forming bamboos)
              • Phyllostachys [ENG31-12169479-n] (medium and large bamboos)
              • Carex [ENG31-12172331-n] (large genus of plants found in damp woodlands and bogs and ditches or at water margins: sedges)
              • Eriophorum [ENG31-12172923-n] (cotton grass)
              • Scirpus [ENG31-12173386-n] (rhizomatous perennial grasslike herbs)
              • Eleocharis [ENG31-12173910-n] (sedges having dense spikes of flowers and leaves reduced to basal sheaths)
              • genus Pandanus [ENG31-12175145-n] (type genus of the Pandanaceae (as screw pines))
              • Typha [ENG31-12175976-n] (reed maces)
              • Sparganium [ENG31-12177001-n] (type and sole genus of Sparganiaceae)
              • Haemodorum [ENG31-12332793-n] (type genus of family Haemodoraceae)
              • Anigozanthus [ENG31-12332922-n] (genus of monocotyledonous plants with curious woolly flowers on sturdy stems above a fan of sword-shaped leaves)
              • genus Canna [ENG31-12371095-n] (type and sole genus of the Cannaceae: perennial lily-like herbs of New World tropics)
              • genus Maranta [ENG31-12371994-n] (herbs of tropical America)
              • Musa [ENG31-12372667-n] (type genus of the Musaceae: bananas)
              • Ensete [ENG31-12374121-n] (Old World tropical herbs: Abyssinian bananas)
              • Strelitzia [ENG31-12374891-n] (small genus of large perennial evergreen herbs having leaves resembling those of banana plants)
              • genus Ravenala [ENG31-12375366-n] (woody tropical plants with tall trunks)
              • Zingiber [ENG31-12376111-n] (tropical Asiatic and Polynesian perennial plants: ginger)
              • Curcuma [ENG31-12376772-n] (tropical Asiatic perennial herbs)
              • Elettaria [ENG31-12378690-n] (cardamom)
              • Acrocomia [ENG31-12604277-n] (Central and South American feather palms)
              • genus Areca [ENG31-12604805-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of palm trees)
              • Attalea [ENG31-12605731-n] (unarmed feather palms of central and northern South America)
              • Borassus [ENG31-12606273-n] (palmyra)
              • genus Calamus [ENG31-12606871-n] (distinctive often spiny-stemmed palms found as climbers in tropical and subtropical forest)
              • Caryota [ENG31-12607628-n] (fishtail palms)
              • Ceroxylon [ENG31-12608127-n] (wax palms)
              • Cocos [ENG31-12608447-n] (coconut palms)
              • Copernicia [ENG31-12608917-n] (slow-growing tropical fan palms)
              • genus Corozo [ENG31-12609750-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of tropical American palm trees)
              • Corypha [ENG31-12610047-n] (large fan palms of tropical Asia to Australia)
              • Elaeis [ENG31-12610878-n] (oil palms)
              • Euterpe [ENG31-12611603-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of graceful palm trees in tropical America)
              • Metroxylon [ENG31-12612284-n] (a genus of Malayan pinnate-leaved palm trees that flower and fruit once and then die)
              • Nipa [ENG31-12612658-n] (monotypic genus of palms of Australasia)
              • Orbignya [ENG31-12613112-n] (palms of southern Mexico to northern South America: babassu palm)
              • phoenicophorium [ENG31-12614450-n] (latanier palm)
              • phoenix [ENG31-12614587-n] (a large monocotyledonous genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Asia and Africa)
              • Raffia [ENG31-12615507-n] (feather palm of tropical Africa and Madagascar and Central and South America widely grown for commercial purposes)
              • Rhapis [ENG31-12616562-n] (genus of small clump-forming fan palms of China and Japan)
              • Roystonea [ENG31-12617286-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of West Indian feather palms)
              • Sabal [ENG31-12617767-n] (American dwarf fan palms)
              • Serenoa [ENG31-12618094-n] (one species: saw palmetto)
              • Thrinax [ENG31-12618401-n] (small to medium-sized fan palms)
              • Xyris [ENG31-12626280-n] (chiefly American marsh plants, having usually yellow flowers)
              • genus Commelina [ENG31-12626988-n] (type genus of the Commelinaceae)
              • Tradescantia [ENG31-12627558-n] (spiderworts)
              • Ananas [ENG31-12627959-n] (a genus of tropical American plants have sword-shaped leaves and a fleshy compound fruits composed of the fruits of several flowers (such as pineapples))
              • Bromelia [ENG31-12628478-n] (the type genus of the family Bromeliaceae which includes tropical American plants with deeply cleft calyx)
              • Tillandsia [ENG31-12628657-n] (large genus of epiphytic or terrestrial sparse-rooting tropical plants usually forming dense clumps or pendant masses)
              • Mayaca [ENG31-12629381-n] (small genus of delicate mossy bog plants having white or violet flowers)
              • Eriocaulon [ENG31-12629889-n] (type genus of the Eriocaulaceae: rushlike aquatic or marginal perennials usually found in shallow waters of acid lakes and pools and bogs)
              • Pontederia [ENG31-12630603-n] (pickerelweed)
              • Eichhornia [ENG31-12630947-n] (water hyacinth)
              • Heteranthera [ENG31-12631370-n] (mud plantains)
              • Naias [ENG31-12632240-n] (sole genus of the family Naiadaceae)
              • Alisma [ENG31-12632781-n] (small genus of aquatic or semiaquatic plants)
              • Sagittaria [ENG31-12633171-n] (genus of aquatic herbs of temperate and tropical regions having sagittate or hastate leaves and white scapose flowers)

                • common arrowhead [ENG31-12633401-n] (a weed)
              • Hydrocharis [ENG31-12634046-n] (frogbit)
              • genus Hydrilla [ENG31-12634357-n] (one species)
              • Limnobium [ENG31-12634729-n] (American frogbit)
              • Elodea [ENG31-12635078-n] (submerged freshwater perennials)
              • Egeria [ENG31-12635723-n] (small genus of dioecious tropical aquatic plants)
              • Vallisneria [ENG31-12635858-n] (eelgrass)
              • Potamogeton [ENG31-12636747-n] (a large genus of aquatic herbs found in quiet waters in temperate regions)
              • Groenlandia [ENG31-12637586-n] (a monocotyledonous genus of the family Potamogetonaceae)
              • Triglochin [ENG31-12638145-n] (perennial or annual bog or marsh plants)
              • Zannichellia [ENG31-12638711-n] (horned pondweed: completely submerged herbs)
              • Zostera [ENG31-12639285-n] ((or in some classifications family Zosteraceae) small genus of widely distributed marine plants)
            • dicot genus [ENG31-11587862-n] (genus of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination)

              • magnoliid dicot genus [ENG31-11592358-n] (genus of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms)

                • Annona [ENG31-11714281-n] (type genus of the Annonaceae)
                • Asimina [ENG31-11715954-n] (pawpaw)
                • Cananga [ENG31-11716282-n] (a genus of Malayan tree)
                • Oxandra [ENG31-11716807-n] (genus of tropical trees)
                • Xylopia [ENG31-11717245-n] (tropical evergreen trees or shrubs)
                • Berberis [ENG31-11717857-n] (large genus of shrubs of temperate zones of New and Old Worlds)
                • Caulophyllum [ENG31-11718902-n] (blue cohosh)
                • Epimedium [ENG31-11719364-n] (herbaceous perennials of Mediterranean to India and eastern Asia)
                • Mahonia [ENG31-11719752-n] (evergreen shrubs and small trees of North and Central America and Asia)
                • Podophyllum [ENG31-11720384-n] (perennial rhizomatous herbs)
                • Calycanthus [ENG31-11721145-n] (a magnoliid dicot genus of the family Calycanthaceae including: allspice)
                • Chimonanthus [ENG31-11721961-n] (small genus of Asian deciduous or evergreen shrubs having fragrant flowers: winter sweet)
                • Ceratophyllum [ENG31-11722550-n] (constituting the family Ceratophyllaceae: hornworts)
                • Cercidiphyllum [ENG31-11723035-n] (one species: katsura tree)
                • Lardizabala [ENG31-11723674-n] (evergreen monoecious climbers of South America having dark mauve-blue edible berries)
                • Laurus [ENG31-11724404-n] (small evergreen trees or shrubs with aromatic leaves)
                • Cinnamomum [ENG31-11724870-n] (Asiatic and Australian aromatic trees and shrubs)
                • Lindera [ENG31-11726390-n] (aromatic evergreen or deciduous dioecious shrubs or trees of eastern Asia and North America)
                • Benzoin [ENG31-11726589-n] (used in some classifications for the American spicebush and certain other plants often included in the genus Lindera)
                • Persea [ENG31-11727098-n] (avocado)
                • genus Sassafras [ENG31-11727578-n] (a genus of sassafras)
                • Umbellularia [ENG31-11728137-n] (aromatic evergreen trees of Pacific coast)
                • Illicium [ENG31-11728911-n] (anise trees: evergreen trees with aromatic leaves)
                • genus Magnolia [ENG31-11729919-n] (shrubs or trees of North America or Asia having entire evergreen or deciduous leaves)
                • Liriodendron [ENG31-11732622-n] (tulip trees)
                • Menispermum [ENG31-11733503-n] (climbing herbs)
                • Cocculus [ENG31-11734097-n] (climbing plants or shrubs)
                • Myristica [ENG31-11734619-n] (type genus of Myristicaceae)
                • Nymphaea [ENG31-11735676-n] (the type genus of the family Nymphaeaceae)
                • Nuphar [ENG31-11736754-n] (spatterdocks)
                • Nelumbo [ENG31-11737708-n] (sometimes placed in the family Nymphaeaceae: lotuses)
                • Cabomba [ENG31-11738565-n] (alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae)
                • Brasenia [ENG31-11738990-n] (alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae)
                • Paeonia [ENG31-11739589-n] (peonies: herbaceous or shrubby plants having showy flowers)
                • Ranunculus [ENG31-11740557-n] (annual, biennial or perennial herbs: buttercup)
                • Aconitum [ENG31-11743238-n] (genus of poisonous plants of temperate regions of northern hemisphere with a vaulted and enlarged petal)
                • Actaea [ENG31-11744124-n] (baneberry)
                • Adonis [ENG31-11744998-n] (annual or perennial herbs)
                • genus Anemone [ENG31-11745291-n] (perennial herbs with tuberous roots and beautiful flowers)
                • Anemonella [ENG31-11747038-n] (one species: rue anemone)
                • genus Aquilegia [ENG31-11747394-n] (columbine)
                • Caltha [ENG31-11748445-n] (a genus of Caltha)
                • Cimicifuga [ENG31-11748819-n] (small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions: bugbane)
                • genus Clematis [ENG31-11749784-n] (large genus of deciduous or evergreen woody vines or erect herbs)
                • Coptis [ENG31-11752330-n] (small genus of low perennial herbs having yellow rhizomes and white or yellow flowers)
                • Consolida [ENG31-11752778-n] (plants having flowers resembling the larkspur's but differing from larkspur's in the arrangement of petals)
                • genus Delphinium [ENG31-11753326-n] (large genus of chiefly perennial erect branching herbs of north temperate regions some poisonous)
                • Eranthis [ENG31-11753893-n] (winter aconite)
                • Helleborus [ENG31-11754238-n] (a genus of Helleborus)
                • genus Hepatica [ENG31-11755341-n] (small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions)
                • Hydrastis [ENG31-11755794-n] (small genus of perennial herbs having rhizomes and palmate leaves and small solitary flowers)
                • Isopyrum [ENG31-11756291-n] (tufted perennial herbs of northern hemisphere)
                • Laccopetalum [ENG31-11756685-n] (one species: giant buttercup)
                • genus Nigella [ENG31-11757038-n] (erect annual Eurasian herbs)
                • Pulsatilla [ENG31-11757785-n] (includes a group of plants that in some classifications are included in the genus Anemone: pasqueflowers)
                • Thalictrum [ENG31-11758847-n] (widely distributed genus of perennial herbs: meadow rue)
                • Trautvetteria [ENG31-11759301-n] (small genus of perennial herbs: false bugbane)
                • Trollius [ENG31-11759668-n] (perennial herbs of north temperate regions: globeflowers)
                • Drimys [ENG31-11760278-n] (shrubs and trees of southern hemisphere having aromatic foliage)
                • Pseudowintera [ENG31-11760677-n] (evergreen shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand)
              • hamamelid dicot genus [ENG31-11593624-n] (genus of mostly woody relatively primitive dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins)

                • Fagus [ENG31-12281110-n] (beeches)
                • Castanea [ENG31-12282844-n] (chestnuts)
                • Castanopsis [ENG31-12284771-n] (evergreen trees and shrubs of warm regions valued for their foliage)
                • Chrysolepis [ENG31-12285138-n] (two species: golden chinkapins)
                • Lithocarpus [ENG31-12285783-n] (tanbark oaks)
                • Nothofagus [ENG31-12286417-n] (beeches of temperate southern hemisphere except Africa: southern beech)
                • Quercus [ENG31-12288613-n] (oaks)
                • Betula [ENG31-12301403-n] (a genus of trees of the family Betulaceae (such as birches))
                • Alnus [ENG31-12304498-n] (alders)
                • Carpinus [ENG31-12307098-n] (mostly deciduous monoecious trees or shrubs: hornbeams)
                • Ostrya [ENG31-12307905-n] (deciduous monoecious trees of Europe and Asia and America)
                • Ostryopsis [ENG31-12308705-n] (deciduous monoecious shrubs of China and Mongolia resembling trees of the genus Ostrya)
                • Corylus [ENG31-12309115-n] (deciduous monoecious nut-bearing shrubs of small trees: hazel)
                • Salix [ENG31-12744961-n] (a large and widespread genus varying in size from small shrubs to large trees: willows)
                • Populus [ENG31-12751962-n] (a genus of trees of the family Salicaceae that is found in the northern hemisphere)
              • caryophylloid dicot genus [ENG31-11594111-n] (genus of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers)

                • Agrostemma [ENG31-11825849-n] (a caryophylloid dicot genus including corn cockles)
                • Arenaria [ENG31-11826306-n] (sandworts)
                • Cerastium [ENG31-11827444-n] (mouse-eared chickweed)
                • Dianthus [ENG31-11828318-n] (carnations and pinks)
                • genus Drypis [ENG31-11830391-n] (one species)
                • Gypsophila [ENG31-11830659-n] (Mediterranean herbs having small white or pink flowers)
                • Hernaria [ENG31-11831028-n] (low-growing Old World herbs with minute bright green leaves)
                • Illecebrum [ENG31-11831387-n] (one species: coral necklace)
                • genus Lychnis [ENG31-11831777-n] (genus of plants strongly resembling those of genus Silene: catchfly)
                • Minuartia [ENG31-11832827-n] (mostly perennial herbs of northern hemisphere often with mat-forming habit)
                • Moehringia [ENG31-11833042-n] (low-growing herbs widely distributed in temperate and Arctic northern hemisphere: sandworts)
                • Paronychia [ENG31-11833778-n] (low-growing annual or perennial herbs or woody plants)
                • Petrocoptis [ENG31-11834299-n] (perennial tussock-forming rock plants)
                • Sagina [ENG31-11834528-n] (small low-growing annual or perennial herbs of temperate and cool regions)
                • Saponaria [ENG31-11834909-n] (mostly perennial Old World herbs)
                • Scleranthus [ENG31-11835293-n] (small genus of Old World weedy prostrate annuals: knawel)
                • genus Silene [ENG31-11835663-n] (large widely distributed genus of plants having mostly showy flowers of various colors: campion)
                • Spergula [ENG31-11837469-n] (small genus of Old World annual herbs: corn spurry)
                • Spergularia [ENG31-11837798-n] (chiefly maritime Eurasian herbs: sand spurry)
                • Vaccaria [ENG31-11838984-n] (cow-cockles)
                • Carpobrotus [ENG31-11839823-n] (a caryophyllaceous genus of Carpobrotus)
                • Dorotheanthus [ENG31-11840220-n] (a caryophyllaceous genus of Dorotheanthus)
                • genus Lithops [ENG31-11840792-n] (genus of stemless South African succulents)
                • Mesembryanthemum [ENG31-11841220-n] (South African annual or biennial plants having flowers that open only in bright sunlight)
                • Molluga [ENG31-11841884-n] (carpetweeds)
                • Pleiospilos [ENG31-11842246-n] (perennial succulents of South Africa)
                • Tetragonia [ENG31-11842636-n] (New Zealand spinach)
                • Amaranthus [ENG31-11843318-n] (large widely distributed genus of chiefly coarse annual herbs)
                • Alternanthera [ENG31-11845017-n] (genus of low herbs of tropical America and Australia)
                • Celosia [ENG31-11845482-n] (annual or perennial herbs or vines of tropical and subtropical America and Asia and Africa)
                • Froelichia [ENG31-11846004-n] (genus of erect or procumbent herbs of the Americas having spikes of woolly white flowers: cottonweed)
                • Gomphrena [ENG31-11846457-n] (genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having flowers in close heads)
                • Iresine [ENG31-11846885-n] (genus of tropical American herbs or subshrubs)
                • Telanthera [ENG31-11847468-n] (used in former classifications systems)
                • Batis [ENG31-11847817-n] (small genus of plants constituting the family Batidaceae: low straggling dioecious shrubs)
                • Chenopodium [ENG31-11848582-n] (goosefoot)
                • Atriplex [ENG31-11851039-n] (orach)
                • Bassia [ENG31-11852199-n] (summer cypress)
                • Cycloloma [ENG31-11853677-n] (a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae)
                • genus Halogeton [ENG31-11854046-n] (a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae)
                • Salicornia [ENG31-11854617-n] (glassworts)
                • Salsola [ENG31-11854990-n] (chiefly Old World herbs or shrubs: saltworts)
                • Sarcobatus [ENG31-11855583-n] (one species: greasewood)
                • Spinacia [ENG31-11855920-n] (spinach)
                • Nyctaginia [ENG31-11856606-n] (a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Nyctaginaceae having only one species)
                • Abronia [ENG31-11857025-n] (genus of western North American herbs having showy flowers)
                • Allionia [ENG31-11858735-n] (small genus of chiefly American herbs)
                • genus Bougainvillea [ENG31-11859210-n] (ornamental tropical woody vines)
                • Mirabilis [ENG31-11859766-n] (four o'clocks)
                • Pisonia [ENG31-11861530-n] (genus of often thorny tropical trees and shrubs and some vines)
                • Acanthocereus [ENG31-11863330-n] (mostly trailing cacti having nocturnal white flowers)
                • Aporocactus [ENG31-11863754-n] (small genus of epiphytic cacti of Mexico)
                • Ariocarpus [ENG31-11864178-n] (slow-growing geophytic cacti)
                • Carnegiea [ENG31-11864672-n] (caryophylloid dicot genus with only one species: saguaro)
                • Cereus [ENG31-11865120-n] (genus of much-branched treelike or shrubby cacti with pronounced ribs and rounded needlelike spines and nocturnal flowers usually white)
                • genus Coryphantha [ENG31-11865488-n] (mainly globose cacti of southwestern United States and Mexico covered with many nodules)
                • genus Echinocactus [ENG31-11865856-n] (globular or cylindrical cacti)
                • Echinocereus [ENG31-11866556-n] (large genus of low-growing shrubby ribbed cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States)
                • genus Epiphyllum [ENG31-11867051-n] (small genus of tropical American (mainly Central America) cacti)
                • Ferocactus [ENG31-11867439-n] (genus of nearly globular cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States: barrel cacti)
                • Gymnocalycium [ENG31-11867883-n] (large genus of low-growing globular South American cacti with spiny ribs covered with many tubercles)
                • Harrisia [ENG31-11868084-n] (genus of slender often treelike spiny cacti with solitary showy nocturnal white or pink flowers)
                • Hatiora [ENG31-11868310-n] (small genus of South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti)
                • Hylocereus [ENG31-11868722-n] (genus of climbing or epiphytic tropical American cacti with angular stems and mostly white very fragrant flowers)
                • Lemaireocereus [ENG31-11869079-n] (tropical American cacti usually tall and branching with stout spines and funnel-shaped flowers and globular or ovoid often edible fruit)
                • Lophophora [ENG31-11869486-n] (two species of small cacti of northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States having rounded stems covered with jointed tubercles: mescal)
                • genus Mammillaria [ENG31-11870135-n] (large genus of cacti characterized chiefly by nipple-shaped protuberances or tubercles on their surface)
                • Melocactus [ENG31-11870605-n] (genus of strongly ribbed globose or spheroid cacti of tropical South and Central America and the Caribbean)
                • Myrtillocactus [ENG31-11870806-n] (small genus of arborescent cacti of Mexico and Central America)
                • Pediocactus [ENG31-11871217-n] (low-growing cacti of the Great Plains of North America)
                • Opuntia [ENG31-11871864-n] (large genus of cactuses native to America: prickly pears)
                • Pereskia [ENG31-11872724-n] (genus of tropical American shrubby trees and woody climbers having slender branches with broad flat leaves and large panicles of flowers)
                • Rhipsalis [ENG31-11873283-n] (large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic unarmed cacti with usually segmented stems and pendulous branches)
                • Schlumbergera [ENG31-11873660-n] (South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti)
                • Selenicereus [ENG31-11874113-n] (mostly epiphytic climbing cacti that bloom at night)
                • Zygocactus [ENG31-11874701-n] (small genus of Brazilian cacti having flat fleshy usually branched joints and showy red or pink flowers followed by red fleshy fruits)
                • Phytolacca [ENG31-11875591-n] (type genus of Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed)
                • Ercilla [ENG31-11876740-n] (a genus of evergreen climbers)
                • Rivina [ENG31-11876858-n] (small genus of erect perennial shrubby herbs)
                • Trichostigma [ENG31-11877284-n] (a genus of erect or climbing shrubs found in tropical South America)
                • genus Portulaca [ENG31-11877997-n] (genus of mainly tropical fleshy or trailing herbs)
                • Calandrinia [ENG31-11878875-n] (large genus of low-growing herbs)
                • Claytonia [ENG31-11879493-n] (genus of mainly North American succulent herbs with white or pink flowers usually in terminal racemes)
                • Lewisia [ENG31-11880450-n] (genus of western North American low-growing herbs having linear woolly leaves and large pink flowers)
                • Montia [ENG31-11881270-n] (small genus of densely tufted annual herbs)
                • Spraguea [ENG31-11882558-n] (small genus of usually perennial herbs having deep woody taproots and flower heads of umbels or cymes)
                • Talinum [ENG31-11883067-n] (genus of mainly American more-or-less succulent herbs)
              • dilleniid dicot genus [ENG31-11595876-n] (genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs)

                • Capparis [ENG31-11885375-n] (tropical or subtropical evergreen shrubs or small trees)
                • genus Cleome [ENG31-11886547-n] (tropical and subtropical annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs)
                • Crateva [ENG31-11887411-n] (tropical genus of small trees or shrubs)
                • Polanisia [ENG31-11887539-n] (widely distributed herbs having palmate leaves and creamy white to or pink to magenta flowers with many stamens of unequal length)
                • Aethionema [ENG31-11890359-n] (Old World genus of the family Cruciferae)
                • Alliaria [ENG31-11890681-n] (a genus of herbs of the family Cruciferae)
                • Alyssum [ENG31-11891076-n] (a genus of the family Cruciferae)
                • Anastatica [ENG31-11891385-n] (one species: rose of Jericho)
                • Arabidopsis [ENG31-11891763-n] (a genus of the mustard family having white or yellow or purplish flowers)
                • Arabis [ENG31-11892385-n] (annual to perennial woody herbs of temperate North America, Europe and Asia: rockcress)
                • Armoracia [ENG31-11893319-n] (horseradish)
                • Barbarea [ENG31-11893865-n] (biennial or perennial herbs of north temperate regions: winter cress)
                • Berteroa [ENG31-11894769-n] (hoary alyssum)
                • Biscutella [ENG31-11895176-n] (genus of Eurasian herbs and small shrubs: buckler mustard)
                • Brassica [ENG31-11895569-n] (mustards: cabbages)
                • Cakile [ENG31-11900687-n] (small genus of succulent annual herbs found on sandy shores of North America and Europe)
                • Camelina [ENG31-11901079-n] (annual and biennial herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia)
                • Capsella [ENG31-11901532-n] (shepherd's purse)
                • Cardamine [ENG31-11901895-n] (bittercress, bitter cress)
                • Dentaria [ENG31-11902032-n] (usually included in genus Cardamine)
                • Cheiranthus [ENG31-11903606-n] (Old World perennial plants grown for their showy flowers)
                • Cochlearia [ENG31-11904268-n] (a genus of the family Cruciferae)
                • Crambe [ENG31-11904667-n] (annual or perennial herbs with large leaves that resemble the leaves of cabbages)
                • Descurainia [ENG31-11905136-n] (includes annual or biennial herbs of America and Europe very similar to and often included among those of genera Sisymbrium or Hugueninia)
                • Diplotaxis [ENG31-11905617-n] (wall rocket)
                • genus Draba [ENG31-11906166-n] (large genus of low tufted herbs of temperate and Arctic regions)
                • Eruca [ENG31-11906849-n] (annual to perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region)
                • Erysimum [ENG31-11907257-n] (large genus of annual or perennial herbs some grown for their flowers and some for their attractive evergreen leaves)
                • genus Heliophila [ENG31-11908740-n] (genus of South African flowering herbs and subshrubs)
                • Hesperis [ENG31-11909090-n] (biennial or perennial erect herbs having nocturnally fragrant flowers)
                • Hugueninia [ENG31-11909547-n] (one species: tansy-leaved rocket)
                • Iberis [ENG31-11909942-n] (Old World herbs and subshrubs: candytuft)
                • Isatis [ENG31-11910316-n] (Old World genus of annual to perennial herbs: woad)
                • Lepidium [ENG31-11910798-n] (cosmopolitan genus of annual and biennial and perennial herbs: cress)
                • Lesquerella [ENG31-11911192-n] (genus of low-growing hairy herbs: bladderpods)
                • Lobularia [ENG31-11911519-n] (sweet alyssum)
                • Lunaria [ENG31-11911864-n] (small genus of European herbs: honesty)
                • Malcolmia [ENG31-11912307-n] (genus of plants usually found in coastal habitats)
                • Matthiola [ENG31-11912929-n] (genus of Old World plants grown as ornamentals)
                • Nasturtium [ENG31-11913473-n] (aquatic herbs)
                • Physaria [ENG31-11913920-n] (small genus of western North American herbs similar to Lesquerella: bladderpods)
                • Pritzelago [ENG31-11914277-n] (chamois cress)
                • Raphanus [ENG31-11914642-n] (radish)
                • Rorippa [ENG31-11915739-n] (annual and perennial herbs of damp habitats)
                • genus Schizopetalon [ENG31-11916449-n] (small genus of South American herbs grown for its flowers)
                • Sinapis [ENG31-11916834-n] (small genus of Old World herbs usually included in genus Brassica)
                • genus Sisymbrium [ENG31-11917373-n] (genus of Old World annual or biennial or perennial herbs with racemose flowers)
                • Stanleya [ENG31-11917811-n] (prince's plume)
                • Stephanomeria [ENG31-11918229-n] (malheur wire lettuce)
                • Subularia [ENG31-11918548-n] (small genus of herbs of north temperate regions and mountains of tropical Africa)
                • Thlaspi [ENG31-11918943-n] (herbs of temperate regions: pennycress)
                • Thysanocarpus [ENG31-11919496-n] (small genus of herbs of upland regions of the Pacific coast of North America)
                • Turritis [ENG31-11919901-n] (closely related to and often included in genus Arabis)
                • Vesicaria [ENG31-11920064-n] (small genus of chiefly Mediterranean herbs: bladderpods)
                • Papaver [ENG31-11921455-n] (type genus of the Papaveraceae)
                • genus Argemone [ENG31-11923064-n] (prickly poppies)
                • genus Bocconia [ENG31-11923636-n] (tropical American trees or shrubs closely related to genus Macleaya)
                • Chelidonium [ENG31-11923994-n] (one species: greater celandine)
                • Corydalis [ENG31-11924350-n] (annual or perennial herbs of Himalayan China and South Africa)

                  • Roman wormwood [ENG31-11924946-n] (glaucous herb of northeastern United States and Canada having loose racemes of yellow-tipped pink flowers)
                  • fumewort [ENG31-11925212-n] (herb of northern Europe and Asia having erect racemes of red flowers)
                • Dendromecon [ENG31-11925365-n] (one species: bush poppy)
                • Eschscholtzia [ENG31-11925705-n] (showy herbs of western North America)
                • Glaucium [ENG31-11926053-n] (herbs of Europe and North Africa and Asia: horned poppy)
                • Hunnemannia [ENG31-11926458-n] (one species: golden cup)
                • Macleaya [ENG31-11926828-n] (a perennial herb of eastern Asia: plume poppy)
                • Meconopsis [ENG31-11927182-n] (herbs almost entirely of mountains of China and Tibet)
                • Platystemon [ENG31-11927736-n] (one species: creamcups)
                • Romneya [ENG31-11928023-n] (one species: matilija poppy)
                • Sanguinaria [ENG31-11928408-n] (one species: bloodroot)
                • Stylomecon [ENG31-11928900-n] (one species: wind poppy)
                • Stylophorum [ENG31-11929187-n] (wood poppies)
                • Fumaria [ENG31-11929822-n] (annual herbs whose flowers have only one petal spurred at the base)
                • Adlumia [ENG31-11930214-n] (one species: climbing fumitory)
                • Dicentra [ENG31-11930539-n] (North American and Asian herbs with divided leaves and irregular flowers)
                • genus Loasa [ENG31-12055533-n] (genus of tropical American prickly herbs or subshrubs)
                • Mentzelia [ENG31-12055892-n] (genus of bristly herbs or subshrubs of western America lacking stinging hairs)
                • Malva [ENG31-12190932-n] (herbs and subshrubs: mallows)
                • Abelmoschus [ENG31-12192267-n] (genus of tropical coarse herbs having large lobed leaves and often yellow flowers)
                • Abutilon [ENG31-12193232-n] (herbs or shrubs or small trees: flowering maple)
                • Alcea [ENG31-12193924-n] (genus of erect herbs of the Middle East having showy flowers: hollyhocks)
                • genus Althaea [ENG31-12194641-n] (hollyhocks)
                • Callirhoe [ENG31-12195259-n] (small genus of North American herbs having usually red or purple flowers)
                • Gossypium [ENG31-12196314-n] (herbs and shrubs and small trees: cotton)
                • genus Hibiscus [ENG31-12198109-n] (large genus of tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees often grown as ornamentals for their profusion of large flowers in a variety of colors)
                • Hoheria [ENG31-12201231-n] (small genus of shrubs and small trees of New Zealand: lacebarks)
                • Iliamna [ENG31-12201664-n] (small genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs)
                • Kosteletzya [ENG31-12202368-n] (small genus of herbs of southeastern United States and tropical America and Africa)
                • Lavatera [ENG31-12202931-n] (widespread genus of herbs or softwood arborescent shrubs cultivated for their showy flowers)
                • Malacothamnus [ENG31-12203375-n] (genus of shrubs or small trees: chaparral mallow)
                • genus Malope [ENG31-12203835-n] (small genus of chiefly European herbs)
                • Malvastrum [ENG31-12204153-n] (genus of mallows characterized by red and yellow flowers often placed in other genera)
                • Malvaviscus [ENG31-12204433-n] (small genus of shrubs of Central and South America: wax mallows)
                • Napaea [ENG31-12204854-n] (one species: glade mallow)
                • genus Pavonia [ENG31-12205241-n] (genus of tropical hairy shrubs or herbs of tropics and subtropics especially South America)
                • Plagianthus [ENG31-12205595-n] (small genus of shrubs and trees of Australia and New Zealand)
                • Radyera [ENG31-12206204-n] (very small genus of shrubs of southern hemisphere: bush hibiscus)
                • Sida [ENG31-12206633-n] (large genus of tropical subshrubs or herbs some of which yield fibers of mucilaginous substances)
                • Sidalcea [ENG31-12207547-n] (genus of showy plants of western North America having palmate leaves and variously colored racemose flowers)
                • Sphaeralcea [ENG31-12207967-n] (large genus of chiefly tropical herbs with showy flowers and mostly globose fruits: globe mallows)
                • Thespesia [ENG31-12208637-n] (a small genus of tropical trees including the portia tree)
                • Bombax [ENG31-12209810-n] (trees of chiefly South America)
                • Adansonia [ENG31-12210137-n] (baobab)
                • Ceiba [ENG31-12210758-n] (tropical American trees with palmately compound leaves and showy bell-shaped flowers)
                • Durio [ENG31-12211229-n] (a genus of tall Asian trees of the family Bombacaceae)
                • genus Montezuma [ENG31-12211592-n] (one species: medium-sized evergreen tree of Puerto Rico or Mexico)
                • Ochroma [ENG31-12211978-n] (one species: balsa)
                • Pseudobombax [ENG31-12212482-n] (tropical American deciduous shrubs or small trees)
                • Elaeocarpus [ENG31-12213239-n] (type genus of the family Elaeocarpaceae)
                • Aristotelia [ENG31-12213975-n] (small genus of shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand and western South America)
                • Muntingia [ENG31-12214481-n] (one species: Jamaican cherry)
                • Sloanea [ENG31-12214983-n] (genus of tropical hardwood timber trees)
                • genus Sterculia [ENG31-12215703-n] (type genus of the Sterculiaceae: deciduous or evergreen trees of Old and New World tropics and subtropics)
                • Brachychiton [ENG31-12216482-n] (Australian trees (usually with swollen trunks))
                • Cola [ENG31-12217728-n] (large genus of African trees bearing kola nuts)
                • genus Dombeya [ENG31-12218282-n] (genus of African shrubs or small trees)
                • Firmiana [ENG31-12218657-n] (small genus of Asian trees or shrubs)
                • Fremontodendron [ENG31-12219145-n] (flannelbush)
                • Helicteres [ENG31-12219547-n] (genus of shrubs and small trees of tropical America and Asia having cylindrical fruits spirally twisted around one another)
                • Heritiera [ENG31-12220081-n] (small genus of timber trees of eastern Asia, Australasia and tropical Africa that form large buttresses)
                • Hermannia [ENG31-12220832-n] (genus of African herbs and subshrubs having honey-scented bell-shaped flowers)
                • Pterospermum [ENG31-12221264-n] (genus of tropical Asian trees and shrubs)
                • Tarrietia [ENG31-12221683-n] (small genus of east Asian and Australian timber trees)
                • Theobroma [ENG31-12221973-n] (cacao plants)
                • Triplochiton [ENG31-12222278-n] (small genus of tropical African trees with maplelike leaves)
                • Tilia [ENG31-12223229-n] (deciduous trees with smooth usually silver-grey bark of North America and Europe and Asia: lime trees)
                • Entelea [ENG31-12224922-n] (a genus of evergreen shrub that grows in New Zealand)
                • Corchorus [ENG31-12225063-n] (widely distributed genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs)
                • Grewia [ENG31-12225442-n] (a genus of tropical and subtropical Old World climbers or shrubs or trees)
                • Sparmannia [ENG31-12225825-n] (small genus of tropical African shrubs)
                • genus Erica [ENG31-12247737-n] (large genus of low much-branched woody evergreens ranging from prostrate subshrubs to trees: true heaths)
                • genus Andromeda [ENG31-12249799-n] (low-growing shrubs of northern regions of northern hemisphere)
                • genus Arbutus [ENG31-12250663-n] (large evergreen shrubs and trees of southern Europe and western North America: strawberry tree)
                • Arctostaphylos [ENG31-12251548-n] (bearberry)
                • Bruckenthalia [ENG31-12253200-n] (a genus containing only one species: spike heath)
                • genus Bryanthus [ENG31-12253611-n] (a genus allied to and once included in genus Phyllodoce)
                • Calluna [ENG31-12253927-n] (one species)
                • Cassiope [ENG31-12254276-n] (low tufted evergreen shrubs of colder parts of north temperate regions having moss-like foliage and nodding white or pink flowers)
                • Chamaedaphne [ENG31-12254693-n] (one species: leatherleaf)
                • Daboecia [ENG31-12255030-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Ericaceae)
                • Epigaea [ENG31-12255430-n] (small creeping evergreen shrubs: trailing arbutus)
                • Gaultheria [ENG31-12255780-n] (widely distributed genus of creeping or upright evergreen shrubs)
                • Gaylussacia [ENG31-12256880-n] (deciduous or evergreen shrubs of North America: black huckleberries)
                • genus Kalmia [ENG31-12257867-n] (erect evergreen shrubs: mountain laurel)
                • Ledum [ENG31-12258823-n] (evergreen shrubs of north temperate regions)
                • Leiophyllum [ENG31-12259617-n] (one species: sand myrtle)
                • genus Leucothoe [ENG31-12259975-n] (American and Asiatic deciduous and evergreen shrubs)
                • Loiseleuria [ENG31-12260852-n] (one species: alpine azalea)
                • Lyonia [ENG31-12261232-n] (evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees of United States to Antilles and eastern Asia to the Himalaya)
                • Menziesia [ENG31-12262216-n] (deciduous shrubs of North America and eastern Asia)
                • Oxydendrum [ENG31-12262804-n] (sourwood)
                • Phyllodoce [ENG31-12263185-n] (small genus of evergreen Arctic and alpine shrubs)
                • Pieris [ENG31-12263809-n] (decorative evergreen shrubs of woody vines)
                • genus Rhododendron [ENG31-12264444-n] (large genus of evergreen shrubs native to cooler regions of the northern hemisphere having showy flowers)
                • subgenus Azalea [ENG31-12265584-n] (group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs formerly considered a separate genus)
                • Vaccinium [ENG31-12265989-n] (evergreen or deciduous berry-bearing shrubs of northern hemisphere: cranberries)
                • genus Diapensia [ENG31-12271391-n] (type genus of Diapensiaceae)
                • genus Galax [ENG31-12271654-n] (evergreen herbs of southeastern United States)
                • Pyxidanthera [ENG31-12272094-n] (one species: pyxie)
                • genus Shortia [ENG31-12272514-n] (evergreen perennial herbs of North America and eastern Asia: oconee bells)
                • genus Epacris [ENG31-12273600-n] (type genus of the Epacridaceae: Australian heath)
                • Astroloma [ENG31-12274531-n] (evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania)
                • Richea [ENG31-12274995-n] (evergreen trees or shrubs of mountains of Australia and Tasmania)
                • Styphelia [ENG31-12275603-n] (Australian heathlike shrubs)
                • genus Pyrola [ENG31-12276451-n] (short-stemmed perennial herbs of cool or temperate regions: wintergreen)
                • Orthilia [ENG31-12277657-n] (a shrubby perennial rhizomatous evergreen herb)
                • Chimaphila [ENG31-12277860-n] (small genus of evergreen herbs with long creeping rootstocks and shining leaves)
                • Moneses [ENG31-12278437-n] (one species: one-flowered wintergreen)
                • Monotropa [ENG31-12279180-n] (leafless fleshy saprophytic plants)
                • Hypopitys [ENG31-12279639-n] (term used in some classifications for the pinesaps, which are usually included in the genus Monotropa)
                • Sarcodes [ENG31-12280132-n] (snow plant)
                • genus Begonia [ENG31-12380469-n] (large genus of tropical succulent plants widely cultivated)
                • genus Dillenia [ENG31-12383627-n] (East Indian and Australian shrubs and trees having panicles of large white or yellow flowers)
                • Hibbertia [ENG31-12384097-n] (evergreen heathlike or scandent shrubs of Madagascar)
                • Calophyllum [ENG31-12384896-n] (genus of tropical evergreen trees)
                • genus Clusia [ENG31-12386187-n] (tropical American aromatic trees or shrubs)
                • Garcinia [ENG31-12387024-n] (evergreen trees and shrubs: mangosteens)
                • Hypericum [ENG31-12387823-n] (large almost cosmopolitan genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and herbs with often showy yellow flowers)
                • Mammea [ENG31-12390528-n] (American and Asiatic trees having edible one-seeded fruit)
                • Mesua [ENG31-12390901-n] (genus of tropical Asiatic trees having large solitary flowers)
                • Actinidia [ENG31-12391519-n] (small Asiatic woody vine bearing many-seeded fruit)
                • genus Canella [ENG31-12392641-n] (one species)
                • Carica [ENG31-12393449-n] (type genus of the Caricaceae)
                • Caryocar [ENG31-12394043-n] (type genus of the Caryocaraceae)
                • Cistus [ENG31-12394755-n] (small to medium-sized evergreen shrubs of southern Europe and North Africa)
                • genus Helianthemum [ENG31-12395811-n] (widely distributed evergreen or semi-evergreen shrublets)
                • Hudsonia [ENG31-12396899-n] (small evergreen subshrubs of North America)
                • Shorea [ENG31-12397845-n] (genus of Indonesian and Malaysian timber trees rich in resin)
                • Flacourtia [ENG31-12398597-n] (often spiny trees or shrubs of tropical Asia and Africa)
                • Dovyalis [ENG31-12399063-n] (small genus of sometimes spiny shrubs or small trees)
                • Hydnocarpus [ENG31-12399795-n] (medium to large Indonesian and Malaysian trees)
                • genus Idesia [ENG31-12400714-n] (one species)
                • Kiggelaria [ENG31-12401114-n] (small genus of South African shrubs or small trees)
                • genus Xylosma [ENG31-12401443-n] (genus of tropical American and Asiatic spiny evergreen trees and shrubs)
                • Fouquieria [ENG31-12402183-n] (resinous succulent trees or shrubs of desert and semidesert regions of southwestern United States that are leafless most of the year)
                • Ochna [ENG31-12403216-n] (type genus of Ochnaceae)
                • Passiflora [ENG31-12403773-n] (type genus of the Passifloraceae)
                • genus Reseda [ENG31-12405736-n] (Old World genus of herbs having racemose flowers: mignonette)
                • Tamarix [ENG31-12406780-n] (genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees of eastern Mediterranean regions and tropical Asia)
                • Myricaria [ENG31-12407241-n] (small genus of deciduous shrubs or subshrubs of southern Europe to Siberia and China)
                • Viola [ENG31-12407995-n] (large genus of flowering herbs of temperate regions)
                • Hybanthus [ENG31-12411431-n] (a genus of herbs and small shrubs with white or purple flowers)
                • Hymenanthera [ENG31-12411628-n] (a genus of slender evergreen shrubs)
                • Melicytus [ENG31-12411797-n] (a genus of deciduous shrubs or trees)
                • Santalum [ENG31-12755769-n] (parasitic trees of Indonesia and Malaysia)
                • genus Buckleya [ENG31-12756426-n] (small genus of Asiatic and American parasitic shrubs)
                • Comandra [ENG31-12756824-n] (small genus of chiefly North American parasitic plants)
                • Eucarya [ENG31-12757215-n] (quandong trees)
                • Pyrularia [ENG31-12757600-n] (small genus of chiefly Asiatic parasitic shrubs)
                • Loranthus [ENG31-12758505-n] (type genus of the Loranthaceae: 1 species)
                • Arceuthobium [ENG31-12758847-n] (genus of chiefly American plants parasitic on conifers)
                • Nuytsia [ENG31-12759240-n] (one species)
                • Viscum [ENG31-12759832-n] (type genus of the Viscaceae: Old World evergreen shrubs parasitic on many trees including oaks but especially apple trees, poplars, aspens and cottonwoods)
                • Phoradendron [ENG31-12760355-n] (any of various American parasitic plants similar to Old World mistletoe: false mistletoe)
                • genus Camellia [ENG31-12949997-n] (tropical Asiatic evergreen shrubs or small trees)
              • asterid dicot genus [ENG31-11599869-n] (genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs)

                • genus Achillea [ENG31-11936737-n] (perennial often aromatic and sometimes mat-forming herbs of north temperate regions: yarrow)
                • Acroclinium [ENG31-11937655-n] (genus of herbs and shrubs of Australia and South Africa: everlasting flower)
                • Ageratina [ENG31-11938102-n] (annual to perennial herbs or shrubs of eastern United States and Central and South America)
                • genus Ageratum [ENG31-11938600-n] (genus of tropical American herbs grown for their flowers)
                • Amberboa [ENG31-11939100-n] (herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia cultivated for their flowers)
                • genus Ambrosia [ENG31-11939495-n] (comprising the ragweeds)
                • genus Ammobium [ENG31-11940813-n] (small genus of Australian herbs grown for their flowers)
                • Anacyclus [ENG31-11941336-n] (a Spanish pellitory)
                • Anaphalis [ENG31-11941669-n] (a genus of herbs of north temperate regions having hoary leaves: pearly everlasting)
                • genus Andryala [ENG31-11942091-n] (a genus of hardy hairy latex-producing perennials of Mediterranean area)
                • Antennaria [ENG31-11942418-n] (small woolly perennial herbs having small whitish discoid flowers surrounded by a ring of club-shaped bristles)
                • Anthemis [ENG31-11943485-n] (dog fennel)
                • Antheropeas [ENG31-11944296-n] (small genus of North American herbs often included in genus Eriophyllum)
                • Arctium [ENG31-11944799-n] (burdock)
                • Arctotis [ENG31-11945609-n] (herbs and subshrubs: African daisy)
                • Argyranthemum [ENG31-11946189-n] (comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum)
                • Argyroxiphium [ENG31-11946654-n] (small genus of Hawaiian spreading and rosette-forming shrubs)
                • genus Arnica [ENG31-11947109-n] (large genus of herbs of north temperate and Arctic regions)
                • Arnoseris [ENG31-11948085-n] (lamb succory)
                • genus Artemisia [ENG31-11948370-n] (usually aromatic shrubs or herbs of north temperate regions and South Africa and western South America: wormwood)
                • genus Aster [ENG31-11952225-n] (large genus of herbs widely cultivated for their daisylike flowers)
                • Baccharis [ENG31-11958434-n] (shrubs of western hemisphere often having honey-scented flowers followed by silky thistlelike heads of tiny fruits)
                • Balsamorhiza [ENG31-11959446-n] (genus of coarse western American herbs with large roots containing an aromatic balsam)
                • Bellis [ENG31-11959849-n] (daisy)
                • Bidens [ENG31-11960356-n] (bur marigolds)
                • Boltonia [ENG31-11961730-n] (genus of tall leafy perennial herbs of eastern America and eastern Asia having flowers that resemble asters)
                • Brachycome [ENG31-11962188-n] (mostly Australian herbs having basal or alternate leaves and loosely corymbose flower heads)
                • Brickellia [ENG31-11962613-n] (genus of herbs of southwestern America having usually creamy florets followed by one-seeded fruits in a prominent bristly sheath)
                • Buphthalmum [ENG31-11962835-n] (oxeye)
                • Cacalia [ENG31-11963344-n] (genus of tall smooth herbs of forested mountains of Europe and Asia minor)
                • genus Calendula [ENG31-11963768-n] (marigold)
                • Callistephus [ENG31-11964293-n] (one species: erect Asiatic herb with large flowers)
                • Carduus [ENG31-11965038-n] (genus of annual or perennial Old World prickly thistles)
                • Carlina [ENG31-11965697-n] (genus of Mediterranean thistles)
                • Carthamus [ENG31-11966399-n] (safflower)
                • genus Catananche [ENG31-11967053-n] (genus of Mediterranean herbs: cupid's dart)
                • Centaurea [ENG31-11967548-n] (knapweed)
                • Chamaemelum [ENG31-11969686-n] (small genus of plants sometimes included in genus Anthemis: chamomile)
                • genus Chaenactis [ENG31-11970176-n] (genus of flowering herbs of western United States)
                • genus Chrysanthemum [ENG31-11970497-n] (in some classifications many plants usually assigned to the genus Chrysanthemum have been divided among other genera: e.g. Argyranthemum)
                • Chrysopsis [ENG31-11971854-n] (golden aster)
                • Chrysothamnus [ENG31-11972622-n] (genus of low branching shrubs of western North America)
                • Cichorium [ENG31-11973369-n] (chicory)
                • Cirsium [ENG31-11974231-n] (plume thistles)
                • Cnicus [ENG31-11975867-n] (one species: blessed thistle)
                • Conoclinium [ENG31-11976239-n] (mistflower)
                • Conyza [ENG31-11976677-n] (common American weed or wildflower)
                • genus Coreopsis [ENG31-11977140-n] (genus of American plants widely cultivated for their flowers)
                • subgenus Calliopsis [ENG31-11977631-n] (used in some classification systems for some plants of genus Coreopsis)
                • genus Cosmos [ENG31-11978381-n] (genus of tropical American plants cultivated for their colorful flowers)
                • Cotula [ENG31-11978785-n] (cosmopolitan herbs especially southern hemisphere)
                • Craspedia [ENG31-11979211-n] (herbs of Australia and New Zealand)
                • Crepis [ENG31-11979573-n] (hawk's-beard)
                • Cynara [ENG31-11979958-n] (artichoke)
                • genus Dahlia [ENG31-11980553-n] (genus of perennial tuberous plants of Mexico and Central America)
                • Delairea [ENG31-11981009-n] (one species: German ivy)
                • Dendranthema [ENG31-11981412-n] (comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum)
                • Dimorphotheca [ENG31-11981735-n] (South African herbs or subshrubs with usually yellow flowers)
                • Doronicum [ENG31-11982155-n] (genus of Eurasian perennial tuberous or rhizomatous herbs: leopard's bane)
                • Echinacea [ENG31-11982577-n] (small genus of North American coarse perennial herbs)
                • Echinops [ENG31-11982969-n] (genus of Mediterranean and Eurasian herbs: globe thistles)
                • Elephantopus [ENG31-11983322-n] (perennial American herb)
                • Emilia [ENG31-11983627-n] (tropical African herbs)
                • Encelia [ENG31-11984224-n] (genus of shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico: brittlebush)
                • Enceliopsis [ENG31-11984738-n] (small genus of xerophytic herbs of southwestern United States)
                • genus Engelmannia [ENG31-11985157-n] (one species: North American herbs that resemble sunflowers)
                • genus Erechtites [ENG31-11985523-n] (coarse herbs with whitish discoid flower heads and silky pappus)
                • Erigeron [ENG31-11985847-n] (cosmopolitan genus of usually perennial herbs with flowers that resemble asters)
                • Eriophyllum [ENG31-11988041-n] (genus of hairy herbs and shrubs of western North America)
                • Eupatorium [ENG31-11988573-n] (large genus of chiefly tropical herbs having heads of white or purplish flowers)
                • Felicia [ENG31-11989879-n] (genus of tropical African herbs or subshrubs with usually blue flowers)
                • genus Filago [ENG31-11990446-n] (genus of small woolly herbs)
                • genus Gaillardia [ENG31-11990898-n] (genus of western American hairy herbs with showy flowers)
                • genus Gazania [ENG31-11991563-n] (genus of tomentose tropical African herbs with milky sap)
                • Gerbera [ENG31-11992069-n] (genus of South African or Asiatic herbs: African daisies)
                • Gerea [ENG31-11992610-n] (small genus of hairy herbs with yellow flowers)
                • Gnaphalium [ENG31-11993038-n] (large widely distributed genus of coarse hairy herbs with whitish involucres)
                • Grindelia [ENG31-11993628-n] (large genus of coarse gummy herbs of western North and Central America)
                • Gutierrezia [ENG31-11994357-n] (sticky perennial herbs and subshrubs of western North America and warm South America)
                • Gynura [ENG31-11995569-n] (genus of Old World tropical herbs: velvet plants)
                • Haastia [ENG31-11995951-n] (genus of New Zealand mat-forming herbs or subshrubs: vegetable sheep)
                • Haplopappus [ENG31-11996322-n] (genus of North and South American perennial herbs or shrubs with yellow flowers)
                • Hazardia [ENG31-11997184-n] (small genus of shrubs and subshrubs of western United States having flowers that change color as they mature)
                • Helenium [ENG31-11997594-n] (genus of American herbs with flowers having yellow rays: sneezeweeds)
                • genus Helianthus [ENG31-11998504-n] (genus of tall erect or branched American annual or perennial herbs with showy flowers: sunflowers)
                • Helichrysum [ENG31-12000557-n] (large genus of mostly African and Australian herbs and shrubs: everlasting flowers)
                • genus Heliopsis [ENG31-12001046-n] (oxeye)
                • Helipterum [ENG31-12001336-n] (genus of South African and Australian herbs or shrubs grown as everlastings)
                • Heterotheca [ENG31-12001783-n] (genus of yellow-flowered North American herbs)
                • Hieracium [ENG31-12002286-n] (large genus of perennial hairy herbs of Europe to western Asia to northwestern Africa and North America)
                • Homogyne [ENG31-12003193-n] (small genus of low perennial herbs of montane Europe)
                • Hulsea [ENG31-12003629-n] (small genus of erect balsam-scented herbs)
                • Hyalosperma [ENG31-12004208-n] (genus of herbs of temperate Australia including some from genus Helipterum)
                • Hypochaeris [ENG31-12004379-n] (widely distributed genus of herbs with milky juice)
                • genus Inula [ENG31-12004866-n] (genus of Old World herbs or subshrubs: elecampane)
                • genus Iva [ENG31-12005323-n] (small genus of American herbs or shrubs)
                • genus Krigia [ENG31-12006055-n] (small herbs closely related to chicory: dwarf dandelions)
                • Lactuca [ENG31-12006560-n] (an herb with milky juice: lettuce)
                • Lagenophera [ENG31-12008191-n] (small genus of herbs of Australia and South America having small solitary white or purple flowers similar to true daisies of genus Bellis)
                • Lasthenia [ENG31-12008425-n] (small genus of herbs of Pacific coast of North and South America)
                • Layia [ENG31-12008888-n] (genus of western United States annuals with showy yellow or white flowers)
                • Leontodon [ENG31-12009243-n] (hawkbit)
                • Leontopodium [ENG31-12009735-n] (edelweiss)
                • Leucanthemum [ENG31-12010105-n] (comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum)
                • Leucogenes [ENG31-12011273-n] (New Zealand edelweiss)
                • Liatris [ENG31-12011549-n] (genus of perennial North American herbs with aromatic usually cormous roots)
                • Ligularia [ENG31-12012462-n] (genus of Old World herbs resembling groundsel: leopard plants)
                • Lindheimera [ENG31-12012809-n] (one species: Texas star)
                • Lonas [ENG31-12013143-n] (one species: yellow ageratum)
                • Machaeranthera [ENG31-12013476-n] (wildflowers of western North America)
                • Madia [ENG31-12014401-n] (genus of sticky herbs with yellow flowers open in morning or evening but closed in bright light)
                • Matricaria [ENG31-12015296-n] (chiefly Old World strong-smelling weedy herbs)
                • Melampodium [ENG31-12016152-n] (herbs and subshrubs of warm North America)
                • Mikania [ENG31-12016561-n] (large genus of evergreen lianas of tropical America)
                • genus Mutisia [ENG31-12016959-n] (genus of South American shrubs or lianas having large flower heads with feathery pappuses)
                • Nabalus [ENG31-12017261-n] (genus of North American and east Asian perennial herbs)
                • Olearia [ENG31-12018244-n] (large genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or small trees with large daisylike flowers)
                • Onopordum [ENG31-12019117-n] (a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Compositae with prickly foliage and large purplish flowers)
                • genus Othonna [ENG31-12019609-n] (genus of western African herbs or shrubs)
                • Ozothamnus [ENG31-12019924-n] (genus of Australian shrubs and perennial herbs)
                • Packera [ENG31-12020427-n] (genus of American of east Asian perennial herbs with yellow to orange or red flower rays)
                • Parthenium [ENG31-12021078-n] (small genus of North American herbs and shrubs with terminal panicles of small ray flowers)
                • Pericallis [ENG31-12022034-n] (cineraria)
                • Petasites [ENG31-12022666-n] (genus of rhizomatous herbs of north temperate regions: butterbur)
                • Picris [ENG31-12023426-n] (genus of weedy Old World yellow-flowered herbs usually containing a bitter-tasting substance: bitterweed)
                • Pilosella [ENG31-12023876-n] (genus of hairy perennial herbs with horizontal rhizomes and leafy or underground stolons)
                • Piqueria [ENG31-12024779-n] (small genus of tropical American perennial herbs or subshrubs with white to pale yellow flowers)
                • Prenanthes [ENG31-12025155-n] (genus of North American and Asiatic perennial herbs having pinnatisect leaves small heads of drooping yellowish to purple flowers)
                • genus Pteropogon [ENG31-12025617-n] (genus of Australian and South African herbs including some from genus Helipterum)
                • Pulicaria [ENG31-12025969-n] (genus of temperate Old World herbs: fleabane)
                • Pyrethrum [ENG31-12026338-n] (used in former classifications for plants later placed in genus Chrysanthemum and now often included in genus Tanacetum)
                • Raoulia [ENG31-12026550-n] (genus of low-growing mat-forming New Zealand plants)
                • Ratibida [ENG31-12026972-n] (genus of perennial wildflowers of North American plains and prairies)
                • genus Rhodanthe [ENG31-12028029-n] (genus of xerophytic herbs and shrubs of South Africa and Australia)
                • Rudbeckia [ENG31-12028486-n] (North American perennial herbs with showy cone-shaped flower heads)
                • Santolina [ENG31-12029719-n] (genus of Mediterranean subshrubs with rayless flower heads)
                • Sanvitalia [ENG31-12030085-n] (small genus of tropical American annual herbs: creeping zinnia)
                • Saussurea [ENG31-12030490-n] (genus of herbs of temperate and cool regions of Eurasia)
                • Scolymus [ENG31-12030927-n] (small genus of thistlelike herbs of the Mediterranean region)
                • Senecio [ENG31-12031536-n] (enormous and diverse cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs and vines and herbs including many weeds)
                • genus Scorzonera [ENG31-12033366-n] (genus of narrow-leaved European herbs)
                • Sericocarpus [ENG31-12033792-n] (small genus of herbs of the eastern United States: white-topped asters)
                • Seriphidium [ENG31-12034280-n] (woody plants grown chiefly for their silver or grey and often aromatic foliage)
                • Serratula [ENG31-12035208-n] (genus of Old World perennial herbs with spirally arranged toothed leaves)
                • Silphium [ENG31-12035545-n] (tall North American perennial herbs)
                • Silybum [ENG31-12035853-n] (small genus of east African herbs)
                • Solidago [ENG31-12036309-n] (goldenrod)
                • Sonchus [ENG31-12039109-n] (sow thistles)
                • Stenotus [ENG31-12039659-n] (genus of western North American low evergreen shrubs growing in dense tufts)
                • genus Stevia [ENG31-12040144-n] (genus of shrubs and herbs of tropical and warm Americas)
                • Stokesia [ENG31-12040517-n] (one species: stokes' aster)
                • Tageteste [ENG31-12040857-n] (marigolds)
                • Tanacetum [ENG31-12041589-n] (a large genus of plants resembling chrysanthemums)
                • Taraxacum [ENG31-12044465-n] (an asterid dicot genus of the family Compositae including dandelions)
                • Tetraneuris [ENG31-12045488-n] (genus of hairy yellow-flowered plants of the western United States)
                • genus Tithonia [ENG31-12046318-n] (genus of robust herbs of Mexico and Central America: Mexican sunflower)
                • Townsendia [ENG31-12046775-n] (genus of western American low tufted herbs: Easter daisy)
                • Tragopogon [ENG31-12047233-n] (genus of Old World herbs with linear entire leaves and yellow or purple flower heads)
                • Trilisa [ENG31-12048333-n] (genus of herbs of southern United States)
                • Tripleurospermum [ENG31-12048665-n] (small genus comprising plants often included in genus Matricaria)
                • Tussilago [ENG31-12049795-n] (genus of low creeping yellow-flowered perennial herbs of north temperate regions: coltsfoots)
                • genus Ursinia [ENG31-12050398-n] (genus of South African herbs and shrubs cultivated as ornamentals)
                • Verbesina [ENG31-12050734-n] (herbs and shrubs of warm North America to Mexico)
                • Actinomeris [ENG31-12050948-n] (used in some classification systems for plants now included in genus Verbesina)
                • genus Vernonia [ENG31-12052208-n] (genus of New World tropical herbs or shrubs with terminal cymose heads of tubular flowers)
                • genus Wyethia [ENG31-12052684-n] (coarse leafy perennial plants resembling sunflowers found especially in the western United States)
                • Xanthium [ENG31-12053408-n] (coarse herbs having small heads of greenish flowers followed by burrs with hooked bristles)
                • genus Xeranthemum [ENG31-12053779-n] (genus of annual densely hairy herbs of Mediterranean to southwestern Asia)
                • genus Zinnia [ENG31-12054408-n] (genus of annual or perennial plants of tropical America having solitary heads of brightly colored flowers)
                • Rubia [ENG31-12681557-n] (type genus of the Rubiaceae)
                • Asperula [ENG31-12682181-n] (woodruff)
                • Calycophyllum [ENG31-12682634-n] (medium to large tropical American trees having shiny reddish-brown shredding bark)
                • Chiococca [ENG31-12682984-n] (shrubs of tropical and subtropical New World)
                • Coffea [ENG31-12683415-n] (coffee trees)
                • genus Cinchona [ENG31-12684315-n] (large genus of trees of Andean region of South America having medicinal bark)
                • Galium [ENG31-12685658-n] (annual or perennial herbs: bedstraw)
                • genus Gardenia [ENG31-12687363-n] (large genus of attractive Old World tropical shrubs and small trees)
                • genus Genipa [ENG31-12687940-n] (tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs bearing yellow flowers and succulent edible fruit with a thick rind)
                • genus Hamelia [ENG31-12688578-n] (evergreen tropical American shrubs or small trees)
                • Mitchella [ENG31-12689125-n] (creeping evergreen herbs of North America)
                • Nauclea [ENG31-12689493-n] (small genus of evergreen tropical shrubs or trees with smooth leathery leaves)
                • Pinckneya [ENG31-12689918-n] (small genus of shrubs or small trees of southeastern United States and northern South America)
                • Psychotria [ENG31-12690402-n] (tropical chiefly South American shrubs and trees)
                • Sarcocephalus [ENG31-12690933-n] (genus of tropical African trees and shrubs)
                • Vangueria [ENG31-12691319-n] (tropical African and Asiatic trees and shrubs having one-seeded fruit)
                • genus Abelia [ENG31-12692290-n] (chiefly east Asian shrubs)
                • Diervilla [ENG31-12692659-n] (small genus of low deciduous shrubs: bush honeysuckles)
                • Kolkwitzia [ENG31-12693258-n] (Chinese genus of 1 species: beauty bush)
                • Leycesteria [ENG31-12693604-n] (small species of shrubs of western Himalayas to China)
                • Linnaea [ENG31-12693939-n] (one species: twinflower)
                • Lonicera [ENG31-12694516-n] (woodbine)
                • Symphoricarpos [ENG31-12698188-n] (deciduous shrubs of North America and Central America and China)
                • Sambucus [ENG31-12698820-n] (elder)
                • Triostium [ENG31-12700473-n] (genus of Asiatic and North American herbs: feverroot)
                • Viburnum [ENG31-12700886-n] (deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees: arrow-wood)
                • genus Weigela [ENG31-12702529-n] (east Asian flowering shrubs)
                • Dipsacus [ENG31-12703025-n] (type genus of the Dipsacaceae: teasel)
                • genus Scabiosa [ENG31-12704009-n] (annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs)
                • genus Polemonium [ENG31-12829993-n] (type genus of the Polemoniaceae)
                • genus Acanthus [ENG31-12832881-n] (bear's breeches)
                • Graptophyllum [ENG31-12833425-n] (caricature plant)
                • Thunbergia [ENG31-12833784-n] (a genus of herbs or vines of the family Acanthaceae)
                • Bignonia [ENG31-12834630-n] (one species: cross vine)
                • genus Catalpa [ENG31-12835177-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae)
                • Chilopsis [ENG31-12835820-n] (one species: desert willow)
                • Crescentia [ENG31-12836194-n] (a genus of tropical American trees of the family Bignoniaceae)
                • genus Gesneria [ENG31-12850569-n] (large genus of tropical American herbs having showy tubular flowers)
                • genus Achimenes [ENG31-12850840-n] (genus of tropical perennial American herbs)
                • genus Aeschynanthus [ENG31-12851164-n] (large genus of East Indian ornamental woody epiphytic plants)
                • Alsobia [ENG31-12851734-n] (tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Episcia)
                • genus Columnea [ENG31-12852149-n] (genus of tropical American subshrubs and lianas)
                • genus Episcia [ENG31-12852536-n] (genus of tropical American herbs having soft hairy foliage)
                • genus Gloxinia [ENG31-12852900-n] (small genus of tropical American herbs with leafy stems and axillary flowers)
                • genus Kohleria [ENG31-12853450-n] (genus of tropical American shrubs)
                • Saintpaulia [ENG31-12853736-n] (east African herb with nodding flowers)
                • Sinningia [ENG31-12854101-n] (genus of perennial tuberous herbs and shrubs of Central and South America)
                • genus Streptocarpus [ENG31-12854553-n] (large genus of usually stemless African or Asian herbs: Cape primrose)
                • Hydrophyllum [ENG31-12855431-n] (waterleaf)
                • Emmanthe [ENG31-12855956-n] (one species: yellow bells)
                • Eriodictyon [ENG31-12856338-n] (small genus of evergreen shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico)
                • genus Nemophila [ENG31-12856793-n] (genus of ornamental chiefly California herbs: baby blue-eyes)
                • genus Phacelia [ENG31-12857423-n] (American herbs with usually pinnatifid leaves and blue or purple or white flowers in scorpioid cymes)
                • Pholistoma [ENG31-12858403-n] (straggling herbs of southwestern United States)
                • Acinos [ENG31-12860169-n] (plants closely allied to the genera Satureja and Calamintha)
                • Agastache [ENG31-12860599-n] (giant hyssop)
                • Ajuga [ENG31-12861400-n] (bugle)
                • Ballota [ENG31-12862446-n] (perennial herbs or subshrubs of especially Mediterranean area: black horehound)
                • Blephilia [ENG31-12862865-n] (small genus of North American herbs: wood mints)
                • Calamintha [ENG31-12863525-n] (calamint)
                • Clinopodium [ENG31-12864604-n] (wild basil)
                • Collinsonia [ENG31-12864980-n] (small genus of perennial erect or spreading aromatic herbs)
                • genus Coleus [ENG31-12865457-n] (genus of Old World tropical plants cultivated for their variegated leaves)
                • Conradina [ENG31-12866492-n] (small genus of low aromatic shrubs of southeastern United States)
                • Dracocephalum [ENG31-12866903-n] (genus of American herbs and dwarf shrubs of the mint family: dragonheads)
                • genus Elsholtzia [ENG31-12867306-n] (genus of Asiatic and African aromatic herbs)
                • Galeopsis [ENG31-12867629-n] (erect annual European herbs)
                • Glechoma [ENG31-12868014-n] (ground ivy)
                • Hedeoma [ENG31-12868509-n] (small genus of American herbs (American pennyroyal))
                • Hyssopus [ENG31-12869103-n] (Eurasian genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs)
                • Lamium [ENG31-12869630-n] (genus of Old World herbs: dead nettles)
                • Lavandula [ENG31-12870357-n] (lavender)
                • Leonotis [ENG31-12871478-n] (small genus of tropical herbs and subshrubs of South Africa)
                • Leonurus [ENG31-12872064-n] (genus of stout Old World herbs having flowers in whorls)
                • Lepechinia [ENG31-12872433-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Labiatae)
                • Lycopus [ENG31-12872809-n] (small genus of herbs of the mint family)
                • genus Origanum [ENG31-12873486-n] (a genus of aromatic mints of the family Labiatae)
                • Majorana [ENG31-12873690-n] (small genus of herbs usually included in the genus Origanum)
                • Marrubium [ENG31-12874661-n] (Old World aromatic herbs: horehound)
                • Melissa [ENG31-12875203-n] (a genus of Old World mints of the family Labiatae)
                • Mentha [ENG31-12875685-n] (mint plants)
                • Micromeria [ENG31-12877784-n] (large genus of fragrant chiefly Old World herbs)
                • Molucella [ENG31-12878354-n] (small genus of aromatic herbs of Mediterranean regions)
                • genus Monarda [ENG31-12878779-n] (wild bergamot, horsemint, beebalm)
                • Nepeta [ENG31-12880633-n] (catmint)
                • Ocimum [ENG31-12881014-n] (basil)
                • Perilla [ENG31-12881602-n] (small genus of Asiatic herbs)
                • genus Phlomis [ENG31-12881899-n] (large genus of Old World aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs having often woolly leaves)
                • genus Physostegia [ENG31-12882511-n] (genus of North American perennial herbs)
                • genus Plectranthus [ENG31-12883072-n] (large genus of ornamental flowering plants)
                • Pogostemon [ENG31-12883408-n] (genus of Asiatic shrubs or trees whose leaves yield a fragrant oil)
                • Prunella [ENG31-12883786-n] (small genus of perennial mostly Eurasian having terminal spikes of small purplish or white flowers)
                • Pycnanthemum [ENG31-12884218-n] (American mountain mint)
                • Rosmarinus [ENG31-12884798-n] (rosemary)
                • genus Salvia [ENG31-12885123-n] (large genus of shrubs and subshrubs of the mint family varying greatly in habit: sage)
                • Satureja [ENG31-12887584-n] (savory)
                • Scutellaria [ENG31-12888439-n] (an asterid dicot genus that includes the skullcaps)
                • Sideritis [ENG31-12889008-n] (genus of woolly aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs of Mediterranean region)
                • Solenostemon [ENG31-12889178-n] (genus of shrubby often succulent herbs of tropical Africa and Asia)
                • Stachys [ENG31-12889394-n] (large genus of usually woolly or hairy herbs or subshrubs or shrubs)
                • Teucrium [ENG31-12890008-n] (large widely distributed genus of perennial herbs or shrubs or subshrubs)
                • Thymus [ENG31-12891152-n] (large genus of Old World mints: thyme)
                • Trichostema [ENG31-12891834-n] (genus of North American aromatic herbs or subshrubs: blue curls)
                • Scrophularia [ENG31-12897444-n] (type genus of Scrophulariaceae)
                • Antirrhinum [ENG31-12897801-n] (a genus of herbs of the family Scrophulariaceae with brightly colored irregular flowers)
                • Besseya [ENG31-12898779-n] (genus of North American spring wildflowers)
                • Aureolaria [ENG31-12899285-n] (small genus of North American herbs often root-parasitic and bearing golden-yellow flowers)
                • genus Calceolaria [ENG31-12900110-n] (large genus of tropical American herbs and shrubs with showy cymose flowers)
                • Castilleja [ENG31-12900479-n] (genus of western North and South American perennials often partially parasitic on roots of grasses)
                • Chelone [ENG31-12901723-n] (herbaceous perennials: shellflower)
                • Collinsia [ENG31-12902189-n] (genus of hardy annual herbs of western United States)
                • Culver's root [ENG31-12903081-n] (a tall perennial herb having spikes of small white or purple flowers)
                • genus Digitalis [ENG31-12903351-n] (genus of Eurasian herbs having alternate leaves and racemes of showy bell-shaped flowers)
                • genus Gerardia [ENG31-12904155-n] (genus of annual or perennial herbs with showy pink or purple or yellow flowers)
                • Agalinis [ENG31-12904493-n] (semiparasitic herb with purple or white or pink flowers)
                • Linaria [ENG31-12904683-n] (genus of herbs and subshrubs having showy flowers: spurred snapdragon)
                • Penstemon [ENG31-12905283-n] (large genus of subshrubs or herbs having showy blue or purple or red or yellow or white flowers)
                • Verbascum [ENG31-12909493-n] (genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs mostly with woolly leaves)
                • genus Veronica [ENG31-12910769-n] (widespread genus of herbs with pink or white or blue or purple flowers: speedwell)
                • Solanum [ENG31-12913854-n] (type genus of the Solanaceae: nightshade)
                • Atropa [ENG31-12918986-n] (belladonna)
                • genus Browallia [ENG31-12919388-n] (small genus of tropical South American annuals)
                • Brunfelsia [ENG31-12919719-n] (genus of tropical American shrubs grown for their flowers followed by fleshy berrylike fruits)
                • Brugmansia [ENG31-12920093-n] (includes some plants often placed in the genus Datura: angel's trumpets)
                • genus Capsicum [ENG31-12920908-n] (chiefly tropical perennial shrubby plants having many-seeded fruits: sweet and hot peppers)
                • Cestrum [ENG31-12923057-n] (genus of fragrant tropical American shrubs)
                • Cyphomandra [ENG31-12923647-n] (tree tomato)
                • Datura [ENG31-12924010-n] (thorn apple)
                • Fabiana [ENG31-12924554-n] (genus of South and Central American heathlike evergreen shrubs)
                • Hyoscyamus [ENG31-12924908-n] (genus of poisonous herbs: henbane)
                • Lycium [ENG31-12925480-n] (deciduous and evergreen shrubs often spiny)
                • Lycopersicon [ENG31-12926415-n] (tomatoes)
                • Mandragora [ENG31-12927094-n] (a genus of stemless herbs of the family Solanaceae)
                • Nicandra [ENG31-12927686-n] (sturdy annual of Peru)
                • Nicotiana [ENG31-12928047-n] (American and Asiatic aromatic herbs and shrubs with viscid foliage)
                • genus Nierembergia [ENG31-12929192-n] (genus of tropical American erect or creeping herbs with solitary flowers)
                • genus Petunia [ENG31-12930012-n] (annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of tropical South America)
                • Physalis [ENG31-12930901-n] (ground cherries)
                • Salpichroa [ENG31-12932865-n] (herbs of temperate North and South America: cock's eggs)
                • genus Salpiglossis [ENG31-12933258-n] (small genus of herbs of the southern Andes having large showy flowers)
                • genus Schizanthus [ENG31-12933764-n] (Chilean herbs with orchid-like flowers)
                • Scopolia [ENG31-12934112-n] (genus of European perennial herbs yielding medicinal alkaloids)
                • Solandra [ENG31-12934405-n] (shrubby climbers of tropical America)
                • Streptosolen [ENG31-12934808-n] (one species: marmalade bush)
                • genus Verbena [ENG31-12935491-n] (type genus of the Verbenaceae)
                • Avicennia [ENG31-12935990-n] (small genus of tropical shrubs or trees)
                • Aegiceras [ENG31-12936785-n] (a genus of herbs of the family Verbenaceae)
                • Tectona [ENG31-12937116-n] (small genus of southeastern Asian tropics: teak)
                • Valeriana [ENG31-12970715-n] (genus of widely distributed perennial herbs and some shrubs)
                • Valerianella [ENG31-12971261-n] (genus of Old World annual herbs widely naturalized)
                • Centranthus [ENG31-12971744-n] (genus of southern European herbs and subshrubs)
              • rosid dicot genus [ENG31-11605791-n] (a genus of dicotyledonous plants)

                • Connarus [ENG31-11766888-n] (large genus of tropical trees and shrubs)
                • Arachis [ENG31-11768799-n] (a genus of plants with pods that ripen underground (see peanut))
                • Brya [ENG31-11769405-n] (genus of prickly shrubs and small trees of the Caribbean region)
                • Centrolobium [ENG31-11769931-n] (a genus of Centrolobium)
                • Coumarouna [ENG31-11770211-n] (tropical American trees: tonka beans)
                • Hymenaea [ENG31-11770828-n] (genus of tropical American timber trees)
                • genus Melilotus [ENG31-11771324-n] (Old World herbs: the sweet clovers)
                • Swainsona [ENG31-11772067-n] (a genus of Australian herbs and subshrubs: darling peas)
                • Trifolium [ENG31-11772873-n] (any leguminous plant having leaves divided into three leaflets)
                • genus Mimosa [ENG31-11775102-n] (genus of spiny woody shrubs or trees)
                • genus Acacia [ENG31-11776163-n] (large genus of shrubs and trees and some woody vines of Central and South America, Africa, Australia and Polynesia: wattle)
                • Adenanthera [ENG31-11779097-n] (small genus of trees of tropical Asia and Pacific areas)
                • genus Albizia [ENG31-11779518-n] (large genus of unarmed trees and shrubs of Old World tropics)
                • Anadenanthera [ENG31-11780597-n] (2 species of tropical American shrubs or trees)
                • genus Calliandra [ENG31-11781029-n] (genus of pinnate-leaved shrubs and small trees of tropical and subtropical North and South America and India and West Africa)
                • Enterolobium [ENG31-11781476-n] (small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia)
                • genus Inga [ENG31-11781953-n] (genus of tropical trees or shrubs)
                • Leucaena [ENG31-11782706-n] (small genus of tropical evergreen trees or shrubs having pods like those of the acacia)
                • Lysiloma [ENG31-11783175-n] (small genus of tropical American trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and flat straight pods)
                • Parkia [ENG31-11783942-n] (genus of tropical Old World trees: nitta trees)
                • Piptadenia [ENG31-11784541-n] (tropical American trees and shrubs)
                • Pithecellobium [ENG31-11784700-n] (thorny shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical America and Asia)
                • Prosopis [ENG31-11785568-n] (genus of tropical or subtropical branching shrubs or trees: mesquite)
                • genus Aralia [ENG31-11817485-n] (type genus of Araliaceae)
                • Hedera [ENG31-11819320-n] (Old World woody vines)
                • Meryta [ENG31-11819627-n] (small to medium evergreen dioecious trees of oceanic climates: puka)
                • Panax [ENG31-11819989-n] (perennial herbs of eastern North America and Asia having aromatic tuberous roots: ginseng)
                • Schefflera [ENG31-11820828-n] (large genus of shrubby and climbing tropical plants having showy digitately compound foliage)
                • genus Ayapana [ENG31-11957992-n] (genus of tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Eupatorium)
                • Circaea [ENG31-12361929-n] (enchanter's nightshade)
                • Epilobium [ENG31-12362560-n] (large widely distributed genus of herbs and subshrubs of especially western North America and Arctic areas)
                • Melastoma [ENG31-12369608-n] (type genus of Melastomataceae)
                • Medinilla [ENG31-12370008-n] (tropical Old World ornamental evergreen shrubs having fleshy leaves and large panicles of white pink flowers)
                • Rhexia [ENG31-12370433-n] (deer grass)
                • Caesalpinia [ENG31-12508626-n] (small spiny tropical trees or shrubs)
                • Acrocarpus [ENG31-12510835-n] (small genus of trees of Indonesia and Malaysia)
                • Bauhinia [ENG31-12511176-n] (mountain ebony, orchid tree)
                • Brachystegia [ENG31-12511705-n] (small genus of tropical African timber trees having pale golden heartwood uniformly striped with dark brown or black:)
                • genus Cassia [ENG31-12512131-n] (some genus Cassia species often classified as members of the genus Senna or genus Chamaecrista)
                • Ceratonia [ENG31-12513595-n] (carobs)
                • Cercidium [ENG31-12514204-n] (spiny shrubs or small trees sometimes placed in genus Parkinsonia: paloverde)
                • Chamaecrista [ENG31-12514620-n] (genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having sensitive leaves and suddenly dehiscing pods)
                • Delonix [ENG31-12515134-n] (evergreen or deciduous trees of tropical Africa and India)
                • Gleditsia [ENG31-12516014-n] (deciduous trees: honey locusts)
                • Gymnocladus [ENG31-12516712-n] (small genus of deciduous trees of China and United States having paniculate flowers and thick pulpy pods)
                • Haematoxylum [ENG31-12517240-n] (small genus of tropical American spiny bushy shrubs or trees)
                • Parkinsonia [ENG31-12517997-n] (small genus of spiny shrubs or small trees)
                • Petteria [ENG31-12518821-n] (one species: Dalmatian laburnum)
                • Poinciana [ENG31-12519244-n] (small subgenus of ornamental tropical shrubs or trees)
                • genus Senna [ENG31-12519433-n] (genus of shrubs and trees and herbs many of which are often classified as members of the genus Cassia)
                • Tamarindus [ENG31-12521540-n] (widely cultivated tropical trees originally of Africa)
                • genus Amorpha [ENG31-12524413-n] (American herbs or shrubs usually growing in dry sunny habitats on prairies and hillsides)
                • Amphicarpaea [ENG31-12525537-n] (very small genus of twining vines of North America and Asia: hog peanut)
                • Anagyris [ENG31-12526068-n] (very small genus of shrubs of southern Europe having backward curving seed pods)
                • Andira [ENG31-12526492-n] (small genus of evergreen trees of tropical America and western Africa)
                • Anthyllis [ENG31-12527119-n] (genus of Mediterranean herbs and shrubs)
                • Apios [ENG31-12527741-n] (twining perennial North American plants)
                • Aspalathus [ENG31-12528175-n] (genus of South African heathlike shrubs)
                • Astragalus [ENG31-12528582-n] (large genus of annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of north temperate regions)
                • Baphia [ENG31-12529441-n] (small genus of shrubs and lianas and trees of Africa and Madagascar)
                • Baptisia [ENG31-12529802-n] (genus of North American plants with showy flowers and an inflated pod)
                • Butea [ENG31-12530702-n] (genus of East Indian trees or shrubs: dhak)
                • Cajanus [ENG31-12531074-n] (erect densely branched shrubby perennials of Old World tropics)
                • Canavalia [ENG31-12531551-n] (herbs or woody vines of mainly American tropics and subtropics)
                • genus Caragana [ENG31-12532208-n] (large genus of Asiatic deciduous shrubs or small trees)
                • Castanospermum [ENG31-12532965-n] (a rosid dicot genus of the subfamily Papilionoideae having one species: Moreton Bay chestnut)
                • Centrosema [ENG31-12533452-n] (a genus of chiefly tropical American vines of the family Leguminosae having trifoliate leaves and large flowers)
                • Cercis [ENG31-12533931-n] (deciduous shrubs and trees of eastern Asia, southern Europe and the United States)
                • Chamaecytisus [ENG31-12534829-n] (small late-flowering trees or subshrubs having yellow to red flowers and leathery or woody pods)
                • Chordospartium [ENG31-12535307-n] (2 species of small New Zealand trees: weeping tree broom)
                • Chorizema [ENG31-12535724-n] (genus of Australian twining vines and small shrubs: flame peas)
                • Cicer [ENG31-12536102-n] (chickpea plant)
                • Cladrastis [ENG31-12536545-n] (yellowwoods)
                • genus Clianthus [ENG31-12536937-n] (genus of semi-prostrate Australasian shrubs or vines)
                • Clitoria [ENG31-12537758-n] (genus of tropical shrubs or vines having pinnate leaves and large axillary flowers)
                • Codariocalyx [ENG31-12538325-n] (used in some classifications for plants usually included in genus Desmodium)
                • Colutea [ENG31-12538810-n] (small genus of Eurasian shrubs with yellow flowers and bladdery pods)
                • genus Coronilla [ENG31-12539230-n] (genus of Old World shrubs and herbs)
                • genus Crotalaria [ENG31-12539833-n] (large genus of herbs with simple leaves and racemes of yellow flowers)
                • Cyamopsis [ENG31-12540728-n] (small genus of annual usually hairy herbs of tropical Africa and Arabia)
                • Cytisus [ENG31-12541166-n] (large genus of stiff or spiny evergreen or deciduous Old World shrubs: broom)
                • Dalbergia [ENG31-12542352-n] (large genus of tropical trees having pinnate leaves and paniculate flowers and cultivated commercially for their dramatically grained and colored timbers)
                • Dalea [ENG31-12545023-n] (indigo bush)
                • Daviesia [ENG31-12545449-n] (genus of Australasian shrubs and subshrubs having small yellow or purple flowers followed by short triangular pods)
                • genus Derris [ENG31-12545852-n] (genus of Old World tropical shrubs and woody vines)
                • Desmanthus [ENG31-12546480-n] (genus of American herbs or shrubs with sensitive pinnate leaves and small whitish flowers)
                • Desmodium [ENG31-12546885-n] (beggarweed)
                • Dipogon [ENG31-12547451-n] (one species: Australian pea)
                • Dolichos [ENG31-12547896-n] (genus of chiefly tropical vines often placed in genera Dipogon or Lablab or Macrotyloma)
                • genus Erythrina [ENG31-12548074-n] (genus of attractive tropical shrubs or trees with usually red flowers)
                • Galega [ENG31-12549858-n] (small genus of Eurasian herbs: goat's rue)
                • genus Gastrolobium [ENG31-12550235-n] (genus of Australian evergreen shrubs poisonous to livestock: poison bush)
                • Genista [ENG31-12550713-n] (chiefly deciduous shrubs or small trees of Mediterranean area and western Asia: broom)
                • Geoffroea [ENG31-12551649-n] (small genus of shrubs or small trees of tropical and subtropical America)
                • genus Gliricidia [ENG31-12552057-n] (small genus of low-branching profusely flowering trees of tropical America)
                • Glycine [ENG31-12552513-n] (genus of Asiatic erect or sprawling herbs: soya bean)
                • Glycyrrhiza [ENG31-12553225-n] (sticky perennial Eurasian herbs)
                • Halimodendron [ENG31-12554093-n] (one species: salt tree)
                • Hardenbergia [ENG31-12554497-n] (small genus of Australian woody vines with small violet flowers)
                • Hedysarum [ENG31-12554958-n] (genus of herbs of north temperate regions)
                • Hippocrepis [ENG31-12555606-n] (species of Old World herbs or subshrubs: horseshoe vetch)
                • genus Hovea [ENG31-12555966-n] (genus of Australian evergreen shrubs)
                • Indigofera [ENG31-12556325-n] (genus of tropical herbs and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and spurred flowers in long racemes or spikes)
                • Jacksonia [ENG31-12556960-n] (genus of yellow-flowered Australian unarmed or spiny shrubs without true leaves but having leaflike stems or branches)
                • Kennedia [ENG31-12557170-n] (genus of Australian woody vines having showy red or purplish flowers)
                • Lablab [ENG31-12557942-n] (one species: hyacinth bean)
                • Laburnum [ENG31-12558493-n] (flowering shrubs or trees having bright yellow flowers)
                • Lathyrus [ENG31-12559108-n] (genus of climbing herbs of Old World and temperate North and South America: vetchling)
                • genus Lespedeza [ENG31-12563154-n] (genus of shrubs or herbs of tropical Asia and Australia and the eastern United States)
                • Lens [ENG31-12564532-n] (genus of small erect or climbing herbs with pinnate leaves and small inconspicuous white flowers and small flattened pods: lentils)
                • Lonchocarpus [ENG31-12565151-n] (genus of chiefly tropical American shrubs and trees having pinnate leaves and red or white flowers)
                • Lotus [ENG31-12565595-n] (annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs)
                • Lupinus [ENG31-12566520-n] (herbs or shrubs: lupin)
                • Macrotyloma [ENG31-12568163-n] (annual or perennial vines of Africa and India and Australia)
                • genus Millettia [ENG31-12570154-n] (genus of trees and shrubs of the Old World tropics)
                • genus Mucuna [ENG31-12570481-n] (genus of tropical herbs and woody vines having trifoliate leaves and showy flowers in axillary clusters)
                • Myroxylon [ENG31-12571473-n] (a genus of tropical American trees having pinnate leaves and white flowers)
                • Onobrychis [ENG31-12572586-n] (genus of Old World herbs having pinnate leaves and pink or whites racemose flowers followed by flat unjointed pods)
                • Ononis [ENG31-12573163-n] (genus of European subshrubs or herbs having pink or purple or yellow solitary or clustered flowers: restharrow)
                • Ormosia [ENG31-12573819-n] (genus of tropical shrubs and trees having usually odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and pink to reddish wood)
                • Oxytropis [ENG31-12574747-n] (large widely-distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and racemose or spicate flowers each having a pea-like corolla with a clawed petal)
                • Pachyrhizus [ENG31-12575574-n] (small genus of tropical vines having tuberous roots)
                • Parochetus [ENG31-12576225-n] (one species: shamrock pea)
                • Phaseolus [ENG31-12576535-n] (herbs of warm regions including most American beans)
                • Pickeringia [ENG31-12579407-n] (one species: chaparral pea)
                • Piscidia [ENG31-12579807-n] (genus of shrubs or small trees having indehiscent pods with black seeds)
                • Pisum [ENG31-12580347-n] (small genus of variable annual Eurasian vines: peas)
                • Platylobium [ENG31-12582201-n] (small genus of Australian evergreen leguminous shrubs or subshrubs)
                • Platymiscium [ENG31-12582925-n] (genus of tropical American trees: quira)
                • Podalyria [ENG31-12583909-n] (genus of South African leguminous shrubs often placed in genus Sophora)
                • Pongamia [ENG31-12584072-n] (one species: Indian beech)
                • Psophocarpus [ENG31-12584418-n] (species of tropical Asian and African climbing herbs)
                • Psoralea [ENG31-12584886-n] (widely distributed genus of herbs or shrubs with glandular compound leaves and spicate or racemose purple or white flowers)
                • Pterocarpus [ENG31-12585345-n] (genus of tropical trees or climbers having usually broadly winged pods)
                • Pueraria [ENG31-12587314-n] (genus of woody Asiatic vines: kudzu)
                • Retama [ENG31-12587821-n] (small genus of Mediterranean shrubs)
                • Robinia [ENG31-12588273-n] (deciduous flowering trees and shrubs)
                • Sabinea [ENG31-12589370-n] (small genus of deciduous West Indian trees or shrubs: carib wood)
                • genus Sesbania [ENG31-12589738-n] (small genus of tropical and subtropical leguminous herbs or shrubs or trees)
                • Sophora [ENG31-12590631-n] (cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and showy flowers)
                • Spartium [ENG31-12591699-n] (one species: Spanish broom)
                • Strongylodon [ENG31-12592111-n] (genus of Polynesian or southeastern Asian shrubs or vines)
                • Templetonia [ENG31-12592526-n] (genus of Australian shrubs or subshrubs: coral bush)
                • Tephrosia [ENG31-12592878-n] (genus of tropical and subtropical herbs or shrubs: hoary peas)
                • Thermopsis [ENG31-12593583-n] (genus of American and Asiatic showy rhizomatous herbs: bush peas)
                • Tipuana [ENG31-12594265-n] (one species: South American tree: tipu tree)
                • Trigonella [ENG31-12594648-n] (Old World genus of frequently aromatic herbs)
                • Ulex [ENG31-12595232-n] (genus of Eurasian spiny shrubs: gorse)
                • Vicia [ENG31-12595594-n] (widely distributed genus of annual or perennial and often climbing herbs)
                • Vigna [ENG31-12597505-n] (genus of vines or erect herbs having trifoliate leaves and yellowish or purplish flowers)
                • Viminaria [ENG31-12599990-n] (one species: Australian leafless shrubs: swamp oak)
                • Virgilia [ENG31-12600341-n] (genus of South African trees having pinnate leaves and rose-purple flowers followed by leathery pods)
                • genus Wisteria [ENG31-12600952-n] (Asiatic deciduous woody vine having large drooping racemes of white or bluish or purple or pinkish flowers and velvety pods)
                • Rosa [ENG31-12640792-n] (large genus of erect or climbing prickly shrubs including roses)
                • genus Agrimonia [ENG31-12643414-n] (genus of herbs found chiefly in north temperate regions having pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by bristly fruit)
                • Amelanchier [ENG31-12644129-n] (North American deciduous trees or shrubs)
                • Chaenomeles [ENG31-12645010-n] (flowering quince)
                • Chrysobalanus [ENG31-12645634-n] (coco plums)
                • genus Cotoneaster [ENG31-12645976-n] (genus of deciduous or evergreen Old World shrubs widely cultivated)
                • Crataegus [ENG31-12646791-n] (thorny shrubs and small trees: hawthorn)
                • Cydonia [ENG31-12649633-n] (quince)
                • Dryas [ENG31-12649948-n] (mountain avens)
                • Eriobotrya [ENG31-12650284-n] (Asiatic evergreen fruit trees)
                • Fragaria [ENG31-12650707-n] (strawberries)
                • Geum [ENG31-12651985-n] (avens)
                • Heteromeles [ENG31-12653636-n] (one species: toyon)
                • Malus [ENG31-12654147-n] (apple trees)
                • Mespilus [ENG31-12656868-n] (medlars)
                • Photinia [ENG31-12657191-n] (genus of deciduous and evergreen east Asian trees and shrubs widely cultivated as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits)
                • Potentilla [ENG31-12657466-n] (chiefly perennial northern hemisphere herbs and shrubs: cinquefoil)
                • Poterium [ENG31-12658080-n] (a genus of thorny herbs or shrubs of the family Rosaceae)
                • Prunus [ENG31-12658490-n] (a genus of shrubs and trees of the family Rosaceae that is widely distributed in temperate regions)
                • Amygdalus [ENG31-12665474-n] (used in former classifications for peach and almond trees which are now included in genus Prunus)
                • genus Pyracantha [ENG31-12671823-n] (Eurasian evergreen thorny shrubs bearing red or orange-red berries)
                • Pyrus [ENG31-12672226-n] (fruit trees native to the Old World: pears)
                • Rubus [ENG31-12673817-n] (large genus of brambles bearing berries)
                • Sorbus [ENG31-12678701-n] (a genus of shrubs or trees of the family Rosaceae having feathery leaves)
                • Spiraea [ENG31-12679964-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rosaceae)
                • genus Impatiens [ENG31-12704914-n] (annual or perennial herbs with stems more or less succulent)
                • Pelargonium [ENG31-12707972-n] (geraniums native chiefly to South Africa)
                • Erodium [ENG31-12709287-n] (geraniums of Europe and South America and Australia especially mountainous regions)
                • Bursera [ENG31-12711950-n] (type genus of Burseraceae)
                • Boswellia [ENG31-12712595-n] (genus of trees of North Africa and India that yield incense)
                • Commiphora [ENG31-12713084-n] (genus of East Indian and African trees yielding balsamic products)
                • Protium [ENG31-12713794-n] (genus of chiefly tropical American trees having fragrant wood and yielding gum elemi)
                • Callitriche [ENG31-12714495-n] (water starworts)
                • Malpighia [ENG31-12714954-n] (type genus of the Malpighiaceae)
                • Melia [ENG31-12716521-n] (type genus of the Meliaceae: East Indian and Australian deciduous trees with leaves resembling those of the ash)
                • Azadirachta [ENG31-12717083-n] (genus of large important East Indian trees: neem trees)
                • Cedrela [ENG31-12717782-n] (tropical American trees)
                • Chloroxylon [ENG31-12718121-n] (deciduous trees of India and Sri Lanka)
                • Entandrophragma [ENG31-12718643-n] (cedar mahogany trees)
                • Flindersia [ENG31-12719043-n] (small genus of Australian timber trees)
                • Khaya [ENG31-12719665-n] (African mahogany trees)
                • genus Lansium [ENG31-12719917-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Meliaceae)
                • Lovoa [ENG31-12720245-n] (genus of African timber trees)
                • Swietinia [ENG31-12720538-n] (tropical American mahogany trees)
                • Toona [ENG31-12720979-n] (formerly included in genus Cedrela)
                • genus Turreae [ENG31-12721591-n] (genus of trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia and Australia)
                • genus Lepidobotrys [ENG31-12722251-n] (a genus of dicotyledonous trees belonging to the family Lepidobotryaceae)
                • Ruptiliocarpon [ENG31-12722661-n] (new (1993) genus of trees of Central America now recognized as similar to those of genus Lepidobotrys)
                • genus Oxalis [ENG31-12723466-n] (type genus of the Oxalidaceae)
                • Averrhoa [ENG31-12724951-n] (trees native to East Indies having pinnate leaves: carambolas)
                • Polygala [ENG31-12725604-n] (type genus of the Polygalaceae: milkwort)
                • Ruta [ENG31-12727800-n] (type genus of the Rutaceae)
                • genus Citrus [ENG31-12728192-n] (orange)
                • Citroncirus [ENG31-12732909-n] (a cross between Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata)
                • Dictamnus [ENG31-12733248-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rutaceae)
                • Fortunella [ENG31-12733580-n] (small genus of shrubs native to south China producing small ovoid fruits resembling oranges: includes kumquats)
                • Phellodendron [ENG31-12734424-n] (small genus of aromatic deciduous trees of east Asia often having thick corky bark)
                • Poncirus [ENG31-12734874-n] (one species: trifoliate orange)
                • Zanthoxylum [ENG31-12735310-n] (deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs: prickly ash)
                • Simarouba [ENG31-12736926-n] (type genus of Simaroubaceae)
                • genus Ailanthus [ENG31-12737621-n] (small genus of east Asian and Chinese trees with odd-pinnate leaves and long twisted samaras)
                • Irvingia [ENG31-12738284-n] (wild mango)
                • Kirkia [ENG31-12738674-n] (small genus of tropical South African trees and shrubs)
                • Picrasma [ENG31-12739074-n] (small genus of deciduous trees of tropical America and Asia)
                • genus Quassia [ENG31-12739567-n] (tropical trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and large scarlet flowers)
                • Tropaeolum [ENG31-12740215-n] (a tropical American genus of dicotyledonous climbing or diffuse pungent herbs constituting the family Tropaeolaceae)
                • Zygophyllum [ENG31-12741653-n] (usually tropical herbs or shrubs having ill-smelling foliage and flower buds that are used as capers: bean capers)
                • Bulnesia [ENG31-12742117-n] (palo santo)
                • Guaiacum [ENG31-12742624-n] (small genus of evergreen resinous trees or shrubs of warm and tropical America)
                • Larrea [ENG31-12743644-n] (xerophytic evergreen shrubs)
                • Tribulus [ENG31-12744206-n] (annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs of warm regions)
                • Cephalotus [ENG31-12805498-n] (one species: Australian pitcher plant)
                • Ceratopetalum [ENG31-12807956-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Cunoniaceae)
                • genus Hydrangea [ENG31-12808606-n] (type genus of Hydrangeaceae)
                • genus Carpenteria [ENG31-12810159-n] (one species)
                • Decumaria [ENG31-12810527-n] (small genus of woody climbers with adhesive aerial roots)
                • genus Deutzia [ENG31-12810945-n] (genus of ornamental mostly deciduous shrubs native to Asia and Central America)
                • genus Philadelphus [ENG31-12811595-n] (mock orange: type and sole genus of the subfamily Philadelphaceae)
                • Schizophragma [ENG31-12812299-n] (small genus of deciduous climbing and creeping shrubs with white flowers in flat clusters)
                • Saxifraga [ENG31-12813398-n] (type genus of the Saxifragaceae)
                • genus Astilbe [ENG31-12815613-n] (chiefly Asiatic perennials: spirea)
                • genus Bergenia [ENG31-12816589-n] (genus of perennial spring-blooming rhizomatous herbs with thick evergreen leaves)
                • Boykinia [ENG31-12816952-n] (genus of perennial rhizomatous herbs with flowers in panicles)
                • Chrysosplenium [ENG31-12817377-n] (genus of widely distributed semiaquatic herbs with minute greenish-yellow apetalous flowers)
                • Darmera [ENG31-12817973-n] (one species)
                • Francoa [ENG31-12818453-n] (perennial evergreen herbs with white or pink flowers)
                • Heuchera [ENG31-12818801-n] (genus of North American herbs with basal cordate or orbicular leaves and small panicled flowers)
                • Leptarrhena [ENG31-12819879-n] (one species: leatherleaf saxifrage)
                • Lithophragma [ENG31-12820340-n] (small genus of perennial herbs of the western North America)
                • Mitella [ENG31-12821087-n] (genus of low slender herbs of North America and northeastern Asia having flowers with trifid or pinnatifid petals)
                • genus Parnassia [ENG31-12822083-n] (genus of bog herbs of Arctic and northern temperate regions)
                • genus Suksdorfia [ENG31-12823008-n] (small genus of rhizomatous herbs of northwestern America and South America)
                • Tellima [ENG31-12823747-n] (genus of hardy perennials with palmately lobed leaves and long racemes of small nodding five-petaled flowers)
                • Tiarella [ENG31-12824277-n] (small genus of North American herbs having mostly basal leaves and slender racemes of delicate white flowers)
                • Tolmiea [ENG31-12824976-n] (one species: pickaback plant)
                • Platanus [ENG31-12827215-n] (genus of large monoecious mostly deciduous trees: London plane)
                • Euphorbia [ENG31-12938098-n] (type genus of the Euphorbiaceae: very large genus of diverse plants all having milky juice)
                • Acalypha [ENG31-12943043-n] (a genus of herbs and shrubs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae)
                • genus Croton [ENG31-12943360-n] (tropical shrubs and herbs)
                • Codiaeum [ENG31-12944199-n] (evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with thick and colorful leathery leaves)
                • Mercurialis [ENG31-12944599-n] (a genus of slender herbs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae)
                • Ricinus [ENG31-12945212-n] (a genus of herb having only one known species: castor-oil plant)
                • Cnidoscolus [ENG31-12945744-n] (a genus of perennial plant with bristles)
                • Jatropha [ENG31-12946154-n] (a mainly tropical genus of American plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae)
                • Hevea [ENG31-12946596-n] (small genus of South American trees yielding latex)
                • Manihot [ENG31-12947076-n] (genus of economically important tropical plants: cassava)
                • Aleurites [ENG31-12948114-n] (candlenut)
                • Pedilanthus [ENG31-12948681-n] (tropical American succulent shrubs)
                • Sebastiana [ENG31-12949450-n] (Mexican spurges)
                • Aethusa [ENG31-12951869-n] (fool's parsley)
                • Anethum [ENG31-12952209-n] (dill)
                • Anthriscus [ENG31-12953292-n] (chervil: of Europe, North Africa and Asia)
                • Apium [ENG31-12953924-n] (celery)
                • genus Astrantia [ENG31-12954587-n] (a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Umbelliferae with aromatic roots and palmate leaves and showy flowers)
                • Carum [ENG31-12955128-n] (caraway)
                • Cicuta [ENG31-12955536-n] (small genus of perennial herbs having deadly poisonous tuberous roots: water hemlock)
                • Conium [ENG31-12956217-n] (small genus of highly toxic biennials: hemlock)
                • Conopodium [ENG31-12956742-n] (a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Umbelliferae)
                • Coriandrum [ENG31-12957093-n] (small genus of annual Mediterranean herbs)
                • Cuminum [ENG31-12957473-n] (cumin)
                • Daucus [ENG31-12957759-n] (carrot)
                • Eryngium [ENG31-12958582-n] (large genus of decorative plants with thistlelike flower heads)
                • Foeniculum [ENG31-12959657-n] (very small genus of aromatic European herbs with pinnately compound leaves and yellow flowers)
                • Heracleum [ENG31-12960424-n] (widely distributed genus of plants with usually thick rootstocks and large umbels of white flowers)
                • Levisticum [ENG31-12960820-n] (genus of aromatic European herbs with yellow flowers)
                • Myrrhis [ENG31-12961187-n] (European perennial herbs having pinnate leaves and umbels of white flowers)
                • Oenanthe [ENG31-12961538-n] (poisonous herbs: water dropworts)
                • Petroselinum [ENG31-12963030-n] (parsley)
                • Pimpinella [ENG31-12963690-n] (anise)
                • Sanicula [ENG31-12964062-n] (chiefly American herbs: sanicle)
                • Seseli [ENG31-12964998-n] (a rosid dicot genus that includes moon carrots)
                • Sison [ENG31-12965350-n] (genus including stone parsley)
                • Sium [ENG31-12965720-n] (perennial of wet and marshy places in the northern hemisphere: water parsnips)
                • Smyrnium [ENG31-12966468-n] (Alexanders)
                • Aucuba [ENG31-12967192-n] (hardy evergreen dioecious shrubs and small trees from Japan)
                • Cornus [ENG31-12967338-n] (a rosid dicot genus of the family Cornaceae including: dogwood)
                • Corokia [ENG31-12969393-n] (evergreen shrubs with intricately twisted wiry stems that in summer are smothered in small yellow flowers)
                • Curtisia [ENG31-12969609-n] (a large evergreen tree of South Africa)
                • Griselinia [ENG31-12969738-n] (evergreen shrubs of New Zealand and South America)
                • Helwingia [ENG31-12970309-n] (deciduous dioecious shrubs native to woodland thickets in low mountains in Japan)
              • Myrica [ENG31-11761479-n] (deciduous aromatic shrubs or small trees)
              • Comptonia [ENG31-11762644-n] (one species: sweet fern)
              • Leitneria [ENG31-11763214-n] (one species: corkwood)
              • Apocynum [ENG31-11787665-n] (perennial herbs with small pink or white flowers)
              • Acocanthera [ENG31-11788711-n] (small genus of trees and shrubs containing strongly toxic cardiac glycosides)
              • Adenium [ENG31-11789471-n] (one species: succulent shrub or tree of tropical Africa and Arabia)
              • genus Allamanda [ENG31-11789952-n] (genus of tropical American woody vines)
              • Alstonia [ENG31-11790482-n] (genus of evergreen trees or shrubs with white funnel-shaped flowers and milky sap)
              • Amsonia [ENG31-11790995-n] (genus of herbs and subshrubs with milky juice and showy bluish flowers)
              • Beaumontia [ENG31-11791438-n] (small genus of evergreen woody vines in the East Indies and Asia)
              • genus Carissa [ENG31-11791852-n] (Old World genus of tropical evergreen usually spiny shrubs)
              • Catharanthus [ENG31-11792623-n] (small genus of erect annual or perennial herbs native to Madagascar)
              • Holarrhena [ENG31-11793171-n] (genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia)
              • Mandevilla [ENG31-11793607-n] (genus of tropical South American tuberous perennial woody vines with large racemose flowers and milky sap)
              • Nerium [ENG31-11794329-n] (one species: oleander)
              • Plumeria [ENG31-11794748-n] (deciduous shrubs and trees of tropical America having branches like candelabra and fragrant white or pink flowers)
              • genus Rauwolfia [ENG31-11795629-n] (pantropical genus of somewhat poisonous shrubs and small trees)
              • genus Strophanthus [ENG31-11796249-n] (genus of tropical Asiatic and African shrubs and woody vines and small trees)
              • Tabernaemontana [ENG31-11796806-n] (evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with milky sap)
              • Thevetia [ENG31-11797330-n] (genus of poisonous tropical American evergreen shrubs and trees having entire leaves and large cymose flowers)
              • Trachelospermum [ENG31-11797834-n] (genus of Asiatic woody vines with milky sap in leaves and stems)
              • Vinca [ENG31-11798248-n] (periwinkles: low creeping evergreen perennials)
              • Aristolochia [ENG31-11821716-n] (birthworts)
              • Asarum [ENG31-11822545-n] (wild ginger)
              • Nopalea [ENG31-11871570-n] (a genus of the cactus family with scarlet flowers)
              • genus Primula [ENG31-12111219-n] (very large and important genus of plants of temperate Europe and Asia having showy flowers)
              • Anagallis [ENG31-12112644-n] (chiefly Old World herbs)
              • Centunculus [ENG31-12113283-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of the family Primulaceae)
              • genus Cyclamen [ENG31-12113605-n] (genus of widely cultivated flowering Eurasian herbs with centrally depressed rounded tubers and rounded heart-shaped leaves)
              • Glaux [ENG31-12114286-n] (sea milkwort)
              • Hottonia [ENG31-12114638-n] (aquatic herbs)
              • Lysimachia [ENG31-12115303-n] (loosestrife: a cosmopolitan genus found in damp or swampy terrain having usually yellow flowers)
              • Samolus [ENG31-12116740-n] (genus of herbs usually growing in salt marshes: water pimpernels)
              • Myrsine [ENG31-12117530-n] (evergreen trees and shrubs having aromatic foliage)
              • Ardisia [ENG31-12117697-n] (tropical evergreen subshrubs (some climbers) to trees of Asia and Australasia to Americas)
              • genus Plumbago [ENG31-12118744-n] (shrubs and herbs and woody vines of warm regions: leadwort)
              • Armeria [ENG31-12119182-n] (shrubby or herbaceous low-growing evergreen perennials)
              • Limonium [ENG31-12119737-n] (sea lavender)
              • Jacquinia [ENG31-12120320-n] (sometimes placed in family Myrsinaceae)
              • Cucurbita [ENG31-12178665-n] (type genus of the Cucurbitaceae)
              • genus Bryonia [ENG31-12183422-n] (climbing perennial herbs: bryony)
              • Citrullus [ENG31-12184166-n] (a dicot genus of the family Cucurbitaceae including watermelons)
              • Cucumis [ENG31-12184732-n] (cucumbers)
              • Ecballium [ENG31-12186125-n] (exploding cucumber)
              • Lagenaria [ENG31-12186520-n] (bottle gourds)
              • genus Luffa [ENG31-12186829-n] (dishcloth gourds)
              • Momordica [ENG31-12187799-n] (Old World tropical vine)
              • Goodenia [ENG31-12188472-n] (a genus of shrubs and herbs that grow in Australia and New Guinea and Malaysia and southeast Asia)
              • genus Lobelia [ENG31-12188902-n] (in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Lobeliaceae)
              • Bartle Frere [ENG31-12234762-n] (a living fossil or so-called `green dinosaur')
              • genus Protea [ENG31-12235122-n] (type genus of Proteaceae)
              • genus Banksia [ENG31-12235890-n] (important genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or trees with alternate leathery leaves and yellowish flowers)
              • Conospermum [ENG31-12236545-n] (Australian shrubs (some trees) with flowers in dense spikes: smoke bush)
              • Embothrium [ENG31-12236899-n] (small genus of South American evergreen shrubs or small trees with long willowy branches and flowers in flamboyant terminal clusters)
              • Guevina [ENG31-12237353-n] (one species: Chilean nut)
              • genus Grevillea [ENG31-12237728-n] (large genus of Australian shrubs and trees having usually showy orange or red flowers)
              • Hakea [ENG31-12239138-n] (Australian shrubs and small trees with evergreen usually spiny leaves and dense clusters of showy flowers)
              • Knightia [ENG31-12240012-n] (small genus of trees or shrubs of New Zealand and New Caledonia)
              • Lambertia [ENG31-12240392-n] (small genus of Australian shrubs)
              • Leucadendron [ENG31-12240764-n] (large genus of evergreen trees and shrubs having silvery white leaves and solitary terminal flowers with conspicuous silvery bracts)
              • genus Lomatia [ENG31-12241171-n] (small genus of low-growing evergreens of Chile and Australia)
              • genus Macadamia [ENG31-12241511-n] (trees or shrubs)
              • Orites [ENG31-12242460-n] (small genus of Australian shrubs or trees)
              • Persoonia [ENG31-12242851-n] (Australian undershrubs to small trees: geebungs)
              • Stenocarpus [ENG31-12243232-n] (small genus of timber trees)
              • Telopea [ENG31-12243922-n] (Australian evergreen shrubs: waratahs)
              • Xylomelum [ENG31-12244467-n] (small species of Australian trees or shrubs)
              • genus Casuarina [ENG31-12245186-n] (genus of trees and shrubs widely naturalized in southern United States and West Indies)
              • Clethra [ENG31-12270510-n] (type and sole genus of the Clethraceae)
              • Centaurium [ENG31-12311039-n] (genus of low-growing herbs mostly of northern hemisphere having flowers with protruding spirally twisted anthers)
              • Eustoma [ENG31-12312280-n] (small genus of herbs of warm regions of southern North America to northern South America)
              • Exacum [ENG31-12312802-n] (genus of tropical Asiatic and African plants: especially Persian violets)
              • Frasera [ENG31-12313172-n] (genus of North American herbs: columbo)
              • Gentiana [ENG31-12313936-n] (type genus of the Gentianaceae)
              • Gentianella [ENG31-12316077-n] (genus of herbs with flowers that resemble gentian)
              • Gentianopsis [ENG31-12316735-n] (genus of fringed gentians)
              • Halenia [ENG31-12318195-n] (genus of herbs of Eurasia and the Americas: spurred gentians)
              • genus Sabbatia [ENG31-12318520-n] (genus of smooth slender North American herbs with showy flowers)
              • Swertia [ENG31-12319300-n] (genus of herbs of mountains of North America and Eurasia and Africa)
              • Salvadora [ENG31-12319942-n] (genus of evergreen trees or shrubs)
              • Olea [ENG31-12321142-n] (evergreen trees and shrubs having oily one-seeded fruits)
              • Chionanthus [ENG31-12322434-n] (deciduous trees or shrubs: fringe tree)
              • genus Forestiera [ENG31-12322935-n] (genus of often spiny American shrubs and trees)
              • genus Forsythia [ENG31-12323491-n] (forsythia)
              • Fraxinus [ENG31-12323866-n] (ash)
              • Jasminum [ENG31-12327036-n] (shrubs and woody climbers mostly of tropical and temperate Old World: jasmine)
              • Ligustrum [ENG31-12328128-n] (genus of Old World shrubs: privet)
              • Osmanthus [ENG31-12329920-n] (widely distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or trees of southern United States and Middle East and China and Japan)
              • Phillyrea [ENG31-12330367-n] (small genus of evergreen shrubs of the Mediterranean region)
              • Syringa [ENG31-12330670-n] (genus of Old World shrubs or low trees having fragrant flowers in showy panicles: lilacs)
              • Hamamelidanthum [ENG31-12334252-n] (genus of fossil plants of the Oligocene having flowers resembling those of the witch hazel)
              • Hamamelidoxylon [ENG31-12334471-n] (genus of fossil plants having wood identical with or similar to that of the witch hazel)
              • Hamamelites [ENG31-12334663-n] (genus of fossil plants having leaves similar to those of the witch hazel)
              • Juglans [ENG31-12338681-n] (type genus of the Juglandaceae)
              • Carya [ENG31-12340204-n] (genus of large deciduous nut-bearing trees)
              • Pterocarya [ENG31-12342876-n] (Asiatic nut trees: wing nuts)
              • genus Combretum [ENG31-12344337-n] (type genus of the Combretaceae: tropical and subtropical small shrubs and trees)
              • Conocarpus [ENG31-12345273-n] (monotypic genus of tropical American trees: button tree)
              • Elaeagnus [ENG31-12346184-n] (oleaster)
              • Myriophyllum [ENG31-12347359-n] (chiefly monoecious and usually aquatic herbs (as the milfoils))
              • Grias [ENG31-12347924-n] (anchovy pear tree)
              • Bertholletia [ENG31-12348235-n] (brazil nut)
              • Lythrum [ENG31-12348758-n] (loosestrife)
              • Myrtus [ENG31-12350853-n] (type genus of the Myrtaceae)
              • Pimenta [ENG31-12351268-n] (allspice tree)
              • Eugenia [ENG31-12351932-n] (tropical trees and shrubs with aromatic leaves and often valuable hard wood)
              • genus Feijoa [ENG31-12352939-n] (small South American shrubs or trees)
              • Jambos [ENG31-12353235-n] (used in some classifications for rose apples (Eugenia jambos))
              • Myrciaria [ENG31-12353383-n] (a genus of tropical American trees and shrubs of the myrtle family)
              • Psidium [ENG31-12353914-n] (guavas)
              • genus Eucalyptus [ENG31-12355203-n] (tall trees native to the Australian region)
              • Syzygium [ENG31-12359836-n] (a tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family native to the East Indies but cultivated elsewhere)
              • Nyssa [ENG31-12360719-n] (tupelos: deciduous trees of moist habitats especially swamps and beside ponds)
              • genus Fuchsia [ENG31-12363823-n] (large genus of decorative tropical shrubs with pendulous tetramerous flowers)
              • Oenothera [ENG31-12364648-n] (chiefly North American herbs with usually nocturnal flowers)
              • Punica [ENG31-12365653-n] (coextensive with the family Punicaceae)
              • Rhizophora [ENG31-12366226-n] (type genus of the Rhizophoraceae)
              • genus Daphne [ENG31-12366965-n] (usually evergreen Eurasian shrubs)
              • Dirca [ENG31-12368007-n] (deciduous shrub of North America: leatherwood)
              • Trapa [ENG31-12368644-n] (small genus of Eurasian aquatic perennial herbs: water chestnut)
              • Urtica [ENG31-12412902-n] (a nettle yielding fiber resembling flax)
              • Boehmeria [ENG31-12413460-n] (false nettle)
              • Helxine [ENG31-12414044-n] (one species)
              • Laportea [ENG31-12414459-n] (mostly tropical stinging herbs or trees: nettle)
              • Parietaria [ENG31-12415011-n] (small genus of stingless herbs)
              • Pilea [ENG31-12415378-n] (low-growing tropical perennials grown for their stingless foliage)
              • Pipturus [ENG31-12416234-n] (an Australian genus of woody plants of the family Urticaceae)
              • genus Cannabis [ENG31-12417183-n] (hemp: genus of coarse annuals native to central Asia and widely naturalized in north temperate regions)
              • Humulus [ENG31-12418099-n] (hops: hardy perennial vines of Europe, North America and central and eastern Asia producing a latex sap)
              • Morus [ENG31-12419495-n] (type genus of the Moraceae: mulberries)
              • Maclura [ENG31-12420289-n] (yellowwood trees or shrubs)
              • Artocarpus [ENG31-12420766-n] (evergreen Asiatic trees now grown through the tropics: breadfruit)
              • Ficus [ENG31-12421627-n] (large genus of tropical trees or shrubs or climbers including fig trees)
              • Broussonetia [ENG31-12424367-n] (paper mulberry)
              • Cecropia [ENG31-12424989-n] (large genus of tropical American trees that yield a bast fiber used for cordage and bark used in tanning)
              • Ulmus [ENG31-12425714-n] (type genus of family Ulmaceae)
              • Celtis [ENG31-12429521-n] (large genus of trees and shrubs with berrylike fruit)
              • Planera [ENG31-12430537-n] (a deciduous tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in the southeastern United States)
              • Trema [ENG31-12430710-n] (an evergreen tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in tropical America and Africa and Asia)
              • Menyanthes [ENG31-12505117-n] (the type genus of the Menyanthaceae)
              • Logania [ENG31-12505836-n] (type genus of the Loganiaceae)
              • genus Buddleia [ENG31-12506028-n] (shrubs or trees of warm regions)
              • Gelsemium [ENG31-12506316-n] (evergreen twining shrubs of Americas and southeastern Asia)
              • Plantago [ENG31-12619390-n] (type genus of the family Plantaginaceae)
              • Polygonum [ENG31-12621649-n] (diverse genus of herbs or woody subshrubs of north temperate regions)
              • Fagopyrum [ENG31-12622096-n] (buckwheat)
              • genus Eriogonum [ENG31-12622879-n] (North American herbs of the buckwheat family)
              • Rheum [ENG31-12623611-n] (rhubarb)
              • Rumex [ENG31-12624545-n] (docks: coarse herbs and shrubs mainly native to north temperate regions)
              • Dodonaea [ENG31-12761839-n] (a genus of tropical shrub or tree)
              • Sapindus [ENG31-12762169-n] (type genus of the Sapindaceae)
              • Blighia [ENG31-12762801-n] (small genus of western African evergreen trees and shrubs bearing fleshy capsular three-seeded fruits edible when neither unripe nor overripe)
              • Cardiospermum [ENG31-12763306-n] (tendril-climbing herbs or shrubs whose seeds have a white heart-shaped spot)
              • Dimocarpus [ENG31-12763992-n] (longan)
              • genus Harpullia [ENG31-12764440-n] (genus of tropical Asiatic and African trees)
              • genus Litchi [ENG31-12765037-n] (Chinese trees)
              • Melicoccus [ENG31-12765416-n] (tropical American trees and shrubs bearing berries)
              • Nephelium [ENG31-12765920-n] (a genus of dicotyledonous trees of the family Sapindaceae that are native to Asia and Australia)
              • Buxus [ENG31-12766736-n] (type genus of the Buxaceae)
              • genus Pachysandra [ENG31-12767493-n] (evergreen perennial procumbent subshrubs or herbs)
              • Celastrus [ENG31-12768721-n] (genus of woody vines and erect shrubs (type genus of the Celastraceae) that is native chiefly to Asia and Australia: includes bittersweet)
              • Euonymus [ENG31-12769575-n] (widely distributed chiefly evergreen shrubs or small trees or vines)
              • genus Cyrilla [ENG31-12771337-n] (one species: trees and shrubs having flowers with acute or twisted petals and wingless fruit)
              • Cliftonia [ENG31-12771803-n] (one species: titi)
              • Empetrum [ENG31-12772314-n] (crowberries)
              • Acer [ENG31-12772799-n] (type genus of the Aceraceae)
              • Dipteronia [ENG31-12776819-n] (small genus of large deciduous shrubs having large clusters of winged seeds that turn red as they mature)
              • Ilex [ENG31-12777622-n] (a large genus of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the family Aquifoliaceae that have small flowers and berries (including hollies))
              • Anacardium [ENG31-12779880-n] (type genus of the Anacardiaceae: cashew)
              • Astronium [ENG31-12780256-n] (a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Anacardiaceae)
              • Cotinus [ENG31-12780773-n] (smoke trees)
              • Malosma [ENG31-12781482-n] (one species)
              • Mangifera [ENG31-12781883-n] (tropical tree native to Asia bearing fleshy fruit)
              • Pistacia [ENG31-12782231-n] (a dicotyledonous genus of trees of the family Anacardiaceae having drupaceous fruit)
              • Rhodosphaera [ENG31-12783005-n] (one species)
              • Rhus [ENG31-12783343-n] (deciduous or evergreen shrubs and shrubby trees of temperate and subtropical North America, South Africa, eastern Asia and northeastern Australia)
              • Schinus [ENG31-12785463-n] (genus of evergreen shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America and Canary Islands and China)
              • Spondias [ENG31-12786439-n] (tropical trees having one-seeded fruit)
              • Toxicodendron [ENG31-12787001-n] (in some classifications: comprising those members of the genus Rhus having foliage that is poisonous to the touch)
              • Aesculus [ENG31-12788937-n] (deciduous trees or some shrubs of North America)
              • Staphylea [ENG31-12790423-n] (a genus of small trees or shrubs of the family Staphylaceae)
              • Diospyros [ENG31-12791037-n] (a genus of trees or shrubs that have beautiful and valuable wood)
              • Achras [ENG31-12793179-n] (tropical trees having papery leaves and large fruit)
              • Bumelia [ENG31-12793317-n] (deciduous or evergreen American shrubs small trees having very hard wood and milky latex)
              • Calocarpum [ENG31-12794094-n] (a genus of tropical American trees of the family Sapotaceae)
              • Chrysophyllum [ENG31-12794248-n] (tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs)
              • Manilkara [ENG31-12794887-n] (genus of large evergreen trees with milky latex)
              • Palaquium [ENG31-12795651-n] (large genus of Malaysian trees with milky juice and leathery leaves)
              • Payena [ENG31-12795985-n] (genus of medium to large Malaysian trees yielding gutta-percha)
              • Pouteria [ENG31-12796290-n] (tropical American timber tree with edible fruit (canistel))
              • Symplocus [ENG31-12797151-n] (type and sole genus of Symplocaceae including sweetleaf)
              • genus Styrax [ENG31-12798054-n] (deciduous or evergreen shrubs and small trees)
              • Halesia [ENG31-12798805-n] (deciduous small trees or shrubs of China and eastern North America)
              • Sarracenia [ENG31-12800197-n] (pitcher plants)
              • Darlingtonia [ENG31-12801612-n] (one species: California pitcher plant)
              • Heliamphora [ENG31-12802001-n] (genus of pitcher plants of the Guiana Highlands in South America)
              • Nepenthes [ENG31-12802574-n] (pitcher plants)
              • Drosera [ENG31-12803098-n] (the type genus of Droseraceae including many low bog-inhabiting insectivorous plants)
              • Dionaea [ENG31-12803534-n] (a genus of the family Droseraceae)
              • Aldrovanda [ENG31-12803933-n] (one species: waterwheel plant)
              • Drosophyllum [ENG31-12804361-n] (one species)
              • genus Roridula [ENG31-12804933-n] (insectivorous undershrubs of South Africa)
              • Cordia [ENG31-12838907-n] (tropical deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Boraginaceae)
              • genus Convolvulus [ENG31-12844291-n] (genus of mostly climbing or scrambling herbs and shrubs: bindweed)
              • Argyreia [ENG31-12845341-n] (woody climbers of tropical Asia to Australia)
              • Calystegia [ENG31-12845669-n] (climbing or scrambling herbs: bindweed)
              • Cuscuta [ENG31-12846061-n] (genus of twining leafless parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll: dodder)
              • genus Dichondra [ENG31-12846709-n] (genus of chiefly tropical prostrate perennial herbs with creeping stems that root at the nodes)
              • Ipomoea [ENG31-12847155-n] (morning glory)
              • Monardella [ENG31-12880248-n] (a genus of fragrant herbs of the family Labiatae in the western United States)
              • Rhamnus [ENG31-13161770-n] (type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns)
              • Colubrina [ENG31-13163472-n] (mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits)
              • Ziziphus [ENG31-13163874-n] (spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes)
              • Paliurus [ENG31-13164403-n] (thorny Eurasian shrubs)
              • Pomaderris [ENG31-13164707-n] (a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees)
              • Vitis [ENG31-13165288-n] (the type genus of the family Vitaceae)
              • Parthenocissus [ENG31-13168802-n] (woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils)
              • Piper [ENG31-13169822-n] (type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs)
              • genus Peperomia [ENG31-13171518-n] (large genus of small tropical usually succulent herbs)
              • Chloranthus [ENG31-13172216-n] (type genus of the Chloranthaceae)
              • Saururus [ENG31-13172597-n] (type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails)
              • Anemopsis [ENG31-13172980-n] (one species: yerba mansa)
              • Houttuynia [ENG31-13173369-n] (one species)
              • Asclepias [ENG31-13254446-n] (genus of chiefly North American perennial herbs: silkweed)
              • Araujia [ENG31-13256845-n] (small genus of South American evergreen vines)
              • genus Cynancum [ENG31-13257252-n] (genus of perennial tropical African lianas)
              • genus Hoya [ENG31-13257624-n] (large genus of climbing shrubs of Australia and Asia and Polynesia)
              • Periploca [ENG31-13258241-n] (genus of woody vines of warm regions of the Old World)
              • Sarcostemma [ENG31-13258686-n] (succulent subshrubs or vines)
              • genus Stapelia [ENG31-13259076-n] (genus of foul-smelling plants resembling cacti)
              • genus Stephanotis [ENG31-13259726-n] (genus of Old World tropical woody vines)
              • Vincetoxicum [ENG31-13260369-n] (genus of chiefly tropical American vines having cordate leaves and large purple or greenish cymose flowers)
            • fungus genus [ENG31-11612597-n] (includes lichen genera)

              • Erysiphe [ENG31-12984254-n] (genus of powdery mildews)
              • Neurospora [ENG31-12985081-n] (genus of fungi with black perithecia used extensively in genetic research)
              • Ceratostomella [ENG31-12985510-n] (genus of fungi forming continuous hyaline spores)
              • Claviceps [ENG31-12986223-n] (fungi parasitic upon the ovaries of various grasses)
              • Xylaria [ENG31-12987341-n] (type genus of Xylariaceae)
              • Rosellinia [ENG31-12987884-n] (fungi having smooth perithecia with dark one-celled ascospores)
              • Helotium [ENG31-12988416-n] (type genus of the Helotiaceae)
              • genus Sclerotinia [ENG31-12988715-n] (large genus of ascomycetous fungi including various destructive plant pathogens)
              • Scleroderma [ENG31-12989642-n] (genus of poisonous fungi having hard-skinned fruiting bodies: false truffles)
              • Tulostoma [ENG31-12991320-n] (type genus of the Tulostomaceae)
              • Rhizopogon [ENG31-12992384-n] (a genus of fungi having subterranean sporophores resembling tubers)
              • Truncocolumella [ENG31-12992716-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Rhizopogonaceae)
              • genus Mucor [ENG31-12993962-n] (type genus of the Mucoraceae)
              • genus Rhizopus [ENG31-12994301-n] (a genus of rot-causing fungi having columnar hemispherical aerial sporangia anchored to the substrate by rhizoids)
              • Entomophthora [ENG31-12995422-n] (type genus of the Entomophthoraceae)
              • genus Dictostylium [ENG31-12997149-n] (genus of slime molds that grow on dung and decaying vegetation)
              • Blastocladia [ENG31-12999586-n] (a genus of fungi of the family Blastodiaceae)
              • Synchytrium [ENG31-12999889-n] (simple parasitic fungi including pond scum parasites)
              • Saprolegnia [ENG31-13000390-n] (aquatic fungi growing chiefly on plant debris and animal remains)
              • Peronospora [ENG31-13001412-n] (genus of destructive downy mildews)
              • Albugo [ENG31-13002551-n] (type genus of the Albuginaceae)
              • genus Pythium [ENG31-13003098-n] (destructive root-parasitic fungi)
              • Phytophthora [ENG31-13003483-n] (destructive parasitic fungi causing brown rot in plants)
              • Plasmodiophora [ENG31-13004164-n] (type genus of Plasmodiophoraceae comprising minute plant parasitic fungi similar to and sometimes included among the slime molds)
              • Tuber [ENG31-13005996-n] (type genus of the Tuberaceae: fungi whose fruiting bodies are typically truffles)
              • Hydnum [ENG31-13007097-n] (type genus of Hydnaceae)
              • genus Lecanora [ENG31-13008753-n] (type genus of Lecanoraceae)
              • genus Roccella [ENG31-13009618-n] (chiefly fruticose maritime rock-inhabiting lichens)
              • Pertusaria [ENG31-13010061-n] (crustose lichens that are a source of the dye archil and of litmus)
              • Usnea [ENG31-13010499-n] (widely distributed lichens usually having a greyish or yellow pendulous freely branched thallus)
              • Evernia [ENG31-13010852-n] (lichens of the family Usneaceae having a pendulous or shrubby thallus)
              • Ramalina [ENG31-13011010-n] (shrubby lichens of the family Usneaceae having a flattened thallus)
              • Alectoria [ENG31-13011167-n] (lichens having dark brown erect or pendulous much-branched cylindrical thallus)
              • Cladonia [ENG31-13011698-n] (type genus of Cladoniaceae)
              • Parmelia [ENG31-13012405-n] (type genus of the Parmeliaceae)
              • Cetraria [ENG31-13012782-n] (foliose lichens chiefly of northern latitudes)
              • Agaricus [ENG31-13021428-n] (type genus of Agaricaceae)
              • Lentinus [ENG31-13022503-n] (a genus of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae)
              • Amanita [ENG31-13023193-n] (genus of widely distributed agarics that have white spores and are poisonous with few exceptions)

                • slime mushroom [ENG31-13024606-n] (a mushroom of the genus Amanita)

                  • white slime mushroom [ENG31-13024734-n] (a type of slime mushroom)
                  • Fischer's slime mushroom [ENG31-13024825-n] (a type of slime mushroom)
              • Cantharellus [ENG31-13024920-n] (a well-known genus of fungus)
              • Omphalotus [ENG31-13025926-n] (a genus of fungi with a depressed disc in the cap)
              • Coprinus [ENG31-13026328-n] (genus of black-spotted agarics in which the cap breaks down at maturity into an inky fluid)
              • Lactarius [ENG31-13027137-n] (large genus of agarics that have white spore and contain a white or milky juice when cut or broken)
              • Marasmius [ENG31-13027501-n] (chiefly small mushrooms with white spores)
              • Pleurotus [ENG31-13027955-n] (agarics with white spores and caps having an eccentric stem)
              • Pholiota [ENG31-13028530-n] (genus of gilled agarics of Europe and North America having brown spores and an annulus)
              • Russula [ENG31-13030540-n] (large genus of fungi with stout stems and white spores and neither annulus nor volva)
              • Stropharia [ENG31-13031161-n] (genus of gill fungi with brown spores that is closely related to Agaricus)
              • Entoloma [ENG31-13032790-n] (agarics with pink spores but lacking both volva and annulus (includes some that are poisonous))
              • genus Chlorophyllum [ENG31-13033595-n] (a genus of fungus belonging to the family Lepiotaceae)
              • genus Lepiota [ENG31-13033947-n] (agarics with white spores that includes several edible and poisonous mushrooms: parasol mushrooms)
              • Corticium [ENG31-13035989-n] (genus of fungi having simple smooth sporophores)
              • Pellicularia [ENG31-13036586-n] (genus of fungi having the hymenium in the form of a crust)
              • Tricholoma [ENG31-13037509-n] (agarics with white spores and a fleshy stalk and notched gills)
              • Volvaria [ENG31-13039509-n] (agarics having pink spores and a distinct volva)
              • Pluteus [ENG31-13039962-n] (a large genus of fungi belonging to the family Pluteaceae)
              • Volvariella [ENG31-13040771-n] (an important genus of mushrooms in the Orient)
              • Clitocybe [ENG31-13041383-n] (a genus of agarics with white to pale yellow spore deposits and fleshy stalks centrally attached to the cap and closely attached gills)
              • Flammulina [ENG31-13042838-n] (a genus of agarics)
              • Saccharomyces [ENG31-13046181-n] (single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding)
              • Schizosaccharomyces [ENG31-13047099-n] (type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae)
              • Eurotium [ENG31-13047809-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales)
              • Aspergillus [ENG31-13048135-n] (genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals)
              • Thielavia [ENG31-13048430-n] (genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains)
              • Peziza [ENG31-13051198-n] (type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus)
              • Plectania [ENG31-13051767-n] (genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza)
              • Morchella [ENG31-13052716-n] (genus of edible fungi: morel)
              • Wynnea [ENG31-13055191-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae)
              • genus Helvella [ENG31-13056281-n] (type genus of the Helvellaceae)
              • genus Discina [ENG31-13057352-n] (a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body and ornamented spores)
              • genus Gyromitra [ENG31-13057884-n] (a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a fertile portion that is tan to brown)
              • Phallales [ENG31-13060313-n] (order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid)
              • Phallus [ENG31-13060868-n] (genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem)
              • Dictyophera [ENG31-13061731-n] (closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus)
              • Mutinus [ENG31-13061932-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae)
              • Clathrus [ENG31-13063454-n] (type genus of the Clathraceae)
              • Pseudocolus [ENG31-13063574-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae)
              • Lycoperdon [ENG31-13064506-n] (genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium)
              • Calvatia [ENG31-13064909-n] (genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores)
              • Geastrum [ENG31-13065787-n] (type genus of Geastraceae)
              • Radiigera [ENG31-13066189-n] (a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae)
              • Astreus [ENG31-13066594-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae)
              • Nidularia [ENG31-13067647-n] (type genus of the Nidulariaceae)
              • Gastrocybe [ENG31-13068466-n] (a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae)
              • Macowanites [ENG31-13068972-n] (a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely)
              • Gastroboletus [ENG31-13069426-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae)
              • Albatrellus [ENG31-13071315-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae)
              • Neolentinus [ENG31-13071956-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae)
              • Nigroporus [ENG31-13072306-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae)
              • Oligoporus [ENG31-13072626-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae)
              • Polyporus [ENG31-13073191-n] (type genus of the Polyporaceae)
              • Fistulina [ENG31-13074210-n] (fungi having each pore separate though crowded)
              • Fomes [ENG31-13074576-n] (genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size)
              • Boletus [ENG31-13075769-n] (type genus of Boletaceae)
              • Fuscoboletinus [ENG31-13078605-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae)
              • Leccinum [ENG31-13079207-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae)
              • Phylloporus [ENG31-13079556-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae)
              • Suillus [ENG31-13079899-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae)
              • Strobilomyces [ENG31-13080245-n] (fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap)
              • Boletellus [ENG31-13080612-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae)
              • Tremella [ENG31-13081672-n] (fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain)
              • Auricularia [ENG31-13083032-n] (type genus of the Auriculariaceae)
              • Dacrymyces [ENG31-13083628-n] (type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa)
              • Melampsora [ENG31-13084696-n] (rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer)
              • Cronartium [ENG31-13085007-n] (rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns)
              • Puccinia [ENG31-13085612-n] (type genus of the Pucciniaceae)
              • Gymnosporangium [ENG31-13085975-n] (genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae)
              • Ustilago [ENG31-13087563-n] (type genus of the Ustilaginaceae)
              • Tilletia [ENG31-13088833-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae)
              • Urocystis [ENG31-13089325-n] (a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae)
              • Septobasidium [ENG31-13090295-n] (type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium)
              • Hygrocybe [ENG31-13091468-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae)
              • Hygrophorus [ENG31-13091789-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae)
              • Hygrotrama [ENG31-13093971-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae)
              • Neohygrophorus [ENG31-13094286-n] (a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae)
              • Cortinarius [ENG31-13095037-n] (the largest genus in the Agaricales)
              • Gymnopilus [ENG31-13096941-n] (a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit)
              • genus Verticillium [ENG31-13098571-n] (genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets)
              • Trichophyton [ENG31-13099243-n] (a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae)
              • Microsporum [ENG31-13099412-n] (a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae)
              • genus Monilia [ENG31-13099569-n] (genus of parasitic yeastlike imperfect fungi having spherical or oval conidia in branched chains)
              • genus Candida [ENG31-13099963-n] (a genus of yeastlike imperfect fungi)
              • Cercosporella [ENG31-13100535-n] (form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores)
              • Penicillium [ENG31-13100713-n] (genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food)
              • Blastomyces [ENG31-13100934-n] (genus of pathogenic yeastlike fungi)
              • Cercospora [ENG31-13101434-n] (form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores)
              • Ustilaginoidea [ENG31-13101810-n] (genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut)
              • Tubercularia [ENG31-13102325-n] (type genus of the Tuberculariaceae)
              • genus Fusarium [ENG31-13102538-n] (a form genus of mostly plant parasites some of which cause dry rot)
              • genus Rhizoctinia [ENG31-13103053-n] (form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found)
              • Ozonium [ENG31-13103471-n] (form genus of imperfect fungi)
              • Sclerotium [ENG31-13103589-n] (form genus of sterile imperfect fungi)
              • Geoglossum [ENG31-13247596-n] (type genus of the Geoglossaceae comprising the earthtongues)
              • Armillaria [ENG31-13252334-n] (genus of edible mushrooms having white spores an annulus and blue juice)
              • Armillariella [ENG31-13253413-n] (a honey-colored diminutive form of genus Armillaria)
            • plant genus [ENG31-11765328-n] (a genus of plants)

              • Sequoiadendron [ENG31-11661726-n] (giant sequoias)
              • genus Campanula [ENG31-12057250-n] (large genus of herbs grown for their blossoms: bellflowers)
              • Dioscorea [ENG31-12108324-n] (yams)
              • Tamus [ENG31-12110142-n] (a genus of tuberous vines of the family Dioscoreaceae)
              • Agrostis [ENG31-12127057-n] (annual or perennial grasses cosmopolitan in northern hemisphere: bent grass (so named from `bent' meaning an area of unfenced grassland))
              • Arrhenatherum [ENG31-12129259-n] (oat grass)
              • Avena [ENG31-12130236-n] (oats)
              • Hamamelis [ENG31-12335169-n] (deciduous shrubs or small trees: witch hazel)
              • Corylopsis [ENG31-12335941-n] (small genus of deciduous shrubs of temperate regions of Asia)
              • genus Fothergilla [ENG31-12336335-n] (small genus of deciduous shrubs of the southeastern United States)
              • genus Liquidambar [ENG31-12336817-n] (sweet gum)
              • Parrotia [ENG31-12337681-n] (one species: iron tree)
              • Parrotiopsis [ENG31-12338128-n] (one species: deciduous tree of the Himalaya Mountains)
              • Laguncularia [ENG31-12345610-n] (a genus of Laguncularia)
              • Lagerstroemia [ENG31-12349537-n] (shrubs or small trees of tropical Asia and Africa usually with showy white, pink, or purplish flowers)
              • Alpinia [ENG31-12377185-n] (perennial rhizomatous herbs of Asia and Australia and Polynesia having ginger-scented rhizomes)
              • Aframomum [ENG31-12378319-n] (an African genus of plants of the family Zingiberaceae)
              • Paris [ENG31-12489877-n] (sometimes placed in subfamily Trilliaceae)
              • Linum [ENG31-12506902-n] (a herbaceous plant genus of the family Linaceae with small sessile leaves)
              • Physostigma [ENG31-12507237-n] (African woody vines: calabar beans)
              • Arenga [ENG31-12605320-n] (a genus of tropical Asian and Malaysian palm trees)
              • Livistona [ENG31-12611956-n] (fan palms of Asia and Australia and Malaysia)
              • phytelephas [ENG31-12614926-n] (small genus of South American feather palms)
              • genus Geranium [ENG31-12706440-n] (genus of mostly North American geraniums: cranesbills)
              • Erythroxylon [ENG31-12710569-n] (a large genus of South American shrubs and small trees of the family Erythroxylaceae)
              • Crassula [ENG31-12806072-n] (type genus of Crassulaceae)
              • genus Sedum [ENG31-12806259-n] (large genus of rock plants having thick fleshy leaves)
              • Aeonium [ENG31-12807444-n] (a genus of plants of the family Crassulaceae)
              • Ribes [ENG31-12825626-n] (a flowering shrub bearing currants or gooseberries)
              • genus Phlox [ENG31-12831078-n] (herbaceous to shrubby evergreen or deciduous annuals or perennials, diffuse (spreading) or caespitose (tufted or matted))
              • Linanthus [ENG31-12832054-n] (a genus of herbs of the family Polemoniaceae)
              • Borago [ENG31-12837119-n] (perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region)
              • Amsinckia [ENG31-12837513-n] (rough annual herbs of Europe and the Americas: fiddlenecks)
              • genus Anchusa [ENG31-12838095-n] (rough and hairy Old World herbs)
              • Cynoglossum [ENG31-12839502-n] (a large genus of tall rough herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae)
              • Echium [ENG31-12840320-n] (a genus of bristly herbs and shrubs of the family Boraginaceae)
              • Hackelia [ENG31-12840713-n] (stickweed)
              • Lithospermum [ENG31-12841194-n] (annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants)
              • Mertensia [ENG31-12842017-n] (a genus of herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae that grow in temperate regions and have blue or purple flowers shaped like funnels)
              • Myosotis [ENG31-12842496-n] (forget-me-nots)
              • Onosmodium [ENG31-12843044-n] (a genus of North American perennial herbs of the family Boraginaceae)
              • Symphytum [ENG31-12843410-n] (comfrey)
              • Utricularia [ENG31-12893017-n] (bladderworts: large genus of aquatic carnivorous plants)
              • Pinguicula [ENG31-12893458-n] (butterworts: a large genus of almost stemless carnivorous bog plants)
              • genus Genlisea [ENG31-12893942-n] (small genus of carnivorous plants of tropical African swamps)
              • genus Martynia [ENG31-12894594-n] (in some classifications includes the unicorn plants)
              • Sesamum [ENG31-12895402-n] (tropical African and Indian herbs)
              • Proboscidea [ENG31-12895756-n] (in some classifications included in the genus Martynia and hence the two taxonomic names for some of the unicorn plants)
            • fern genus [ENG31-13187976-n] (genera of ferns and fern allies)

              • genus Pecopteris [ENG31-11565665-n] (genus of Carboniferous fossil ferns)
              • Hymenophyllum [ENG31-12972428-n] (type genus of the Hymenophyllaceae: filmy ferns)
              • Trichomanes [ENG31-12972782-n] (bristle ferns)
              • genus Osmunda [ENG31-12973839-n] (type genus of the Osmundaceae)
              • Leptopteris [ENG31-12974945-n] (including some ferns sometimes placed in genus Todea)
              • Todea [ENG31-12975394-n] (a genus of delicate ferns belonging to the family Osmundaceae)
              • Schizaea [ENG31-12975951-n] (type genus of the Schizaeaceae cosmopolitan especially in tropics)
              • Anemia [ENG31-12976399-n] (genus of terrestrial or lithophytic ferns having pinnatifid fronds)
              • Lygodium [ENG31-12976789-n] (chiefly tropical climbing ferns)
              • Mohria [ENG31-12977551-n] (African terrestrial ferns)
              • Marsilea [ENG31-12978227-n] (clover ferns)
              • Pilularia [ENG31-12978900-n] (pillworts)
              • genus Regnellidium [ENG31-12979230-n] (one species of aquatic or semiaquatic fern)
              • Salvinia [ENG31-12979681-n] (type genus of the Salviniaceae: water ferns)
              • Azolla [ENG31-12980131-n] (a genus of fern sometimes placed in its own family Azollaceae)
              • Ophioglossum [ENG31-12980971-n] (the type genus of the fern family Ophioglossaceae)
              • Botrychium [ENG31-12981489-n] (grape fern)
              • Helminthostachys [ENG31-12982449-n] (one species: terrestrial fern of southeastern Asia and Australia)
              • Gleichenia [ENG31-13191184-n] (type genus of Gleicheniaceae: leptosporangiate ferns with sessile sporangia)
              • Dicranopteris [ENG31-13191396-n] (terrestrial ferns of forest margin or open ground)
              • Diplopterygium [ENG31-13191559-n] (scandent thicket-forming ferns of Asia to western Pacific)
              • Sticherus [ENG31-13191939-n] (umbrella ferns)
              • Ceratopteris [ENG31-13192547-n] (water ferns)
              • Polypodium [ENG31-13193623-n] (a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae and having rounded naked sori)
              • Aglaomorpha [ENG31-13195104-n] (epiphytic ferns of tropical Asia)
              • Campyloneurum [ENG31-13195413-n] (epiphytic ferns of tropical America)
              • Drymoglossum [ENG31-13196222-n] (epiphytic ferns of Madagascar to tropical Asia and New Guinea)
              • Drynaria [ENG31-13196382-n] (large robust epiphytic ferns of tropical forest and scrub)
              • genus Lecanopteris [ENG31-13196745-n] (epiphytic ferns of southeastern Asia to New Guinea)
              • Microgramma [ENG31-13197099-n] (epiphytic ferns of tropical America and Africa)
              • Microsorium [ENG31-13197421-n] (tropical usually epiphytic ferns)
              • Phlebodium [ENG31-13197771-n] (chiefly epiphytic tropical ferns with free veins bearing sori)
              • Platycerium [ENG31-13198252-n] (often epiphytic tropical Old World ferns)
              • Pyrrosia [ENG31-13199005-n] (epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial ferns of tropical Old World)
              • Solanopteris [ENG31-13199398-n] (tropical American epiphytic ferns having rhizomes with tubers and roots as well as scales)
              • Cyclophorus [ENG31-13199781-n] (tropical Old World ferns having closely crowded circular sori and no indusia)
              • Vittaria [ENG31-13200546-n] (tropical epiphytic ferns with straplike fronds)
              • Asplenium [ENG31-13201202-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae)
              • Camptosorus [ENG31-13202514-n] (classification used in some especially former systems for plants usually placed in genus Asplenium)
              • Ceterach [ENG31-13204149-n] (small genus of Old World ferns)
              • Pleurosorus [ENG31-13204567-n] (small genus comprising terrestrial ferns)
              • Schaffneria [ENG31-13204772-n] (one species)
              • Phyllitis [ENG31-13205062-n] (a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae (in some classification systems included in genus Asplenium))
              • Blechnum [ENG31-13205771-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae)
              • genus Doodia [ENG31-13206334-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae)
              • Sadleria [ENG31-13206718-n] (low tree ferns with large fronds)
              • Stenochlaena [ENG31-13206896-n] (large tropical ferns)
              • Woodwardia [ENG31-13207098-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae: chain ferns)
              • Cyathea [ENG31-13208065-n] (type genus of the Cyatheaceae: tree ferns of the tropical rain forest to temperate woodlands)
              • genus Davallia [ENG31-13208724-n] (Old World tropical fern)
              • Dennstaedtia [ENG31-13210120-n] (chiefly terrestrial ferns)
              • Pteridium [ENG31-13210554-n] (a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae)
              • Dicksonia [ENG31-13211367-n] (tree ferns of temperate Australasia having bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid fronds and usually marginal sori)
              • Cibotium [ENG31-13211815-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae: ornamental tree ferns with coarse gracefully drooping fronds)
              • Culcita [ENG31-13212216-n] (includes some plants usually placed in e.g. genus Dicksonia: terrestrial ferns resembling bracken)
              • genus Thyrsopteris [ENG31-13212668-n] (one species)
              • Dryopteris [ENG31-13213796-n] (large widespread genus of medium-sized terrestrial ferns)
              • Athyrium [ENG31-13215226-n] (temperate and tropical lady ferns)
              • Cyrtomium [ENG31-13216049-n] (small genus of tropical Asiatic greenhouse ferns)
              • Cystopteris [ENG31-13216445-n] (chiefly small perennial rock ferns: bladder ferns)
              • Deparia [ENG31-13217443-n] (classification used for 5 species of terrestrial ferns usually placed in other genera)
              • Diacalpa [ENG31-13217840-n] (one species: delicate fern of foothills of Himalayas)
              • Gymnocarpium [ENG31-13217983-n] (oak ferns: in some classification systems included in genus Thelypteris)
              • Lastreopsis [ENG31-13218568-n] (tropical terrestrial shield ferns)
              • Matteuccia [ENG31-13218698-n] (small genus sometimes included in genus Onoclea)
              • Olfersia [ENG31-13219252-n] (genus of fern having only one species)
              • Onoclea [ENG31-13219626-n] (one species: sensitive fern)
              • Polybotrya [ENG31-13220142-n] (tropical American ferns)
              • Polystichum [ENG31-13220343-n] (small to medium-sized terrestrial ferns especially holly ferns)
              • Rumohra [ENG31-13221704-n] (leatherleaf ferns: in some classifications included in genus Polystichum)
              • Tectaria [ENG31-13222137-n] (terrestrial or epilithic ferns of tropical rain forests)
              • genus Woodsia [ENG31-13222623-n] (genus of small to medium-sized usually rock-inhabiting ferns of temperate and cold regions)
              • Bolbitis [ENG31-13223831-n] (terrestrial or less than normally scandent ferns of tropical regions of northern hemisphere)
              • Lomogramma [ENG31-13224013-n] (large scandent ferns of southeastern Asia)
              • Lophosoria [ENG31-13224303-n] (one species: tree fern of Central and South America)
              • Loxoma [ENG31-13224606-n] (one species of terrestrial ferns of New Zealand)
              • Oleandra [ENG31-13225000-n] (or family Polypodiaceae: tropical epiphytic or terrestrial ferns)
              • Arthropteris [ENG31-13225380-n] (tropical and subtropical Old World epiphytic or lithophytic ferns)
              • Nephrolepis [ENG31-13225544-n] (small genus of tropical ferns)
              • Acrostichum [ENG31-13226899-n] (in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae)
              • Actiniopteris [ENG31-13227336-n] (terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia and Africa)
              • Adiantum [ENG31-13227482-n] (cosmopolitan genus of ferns: maidenhair ferns)
              • Anogramma [ENG31-13229036-n] (a genus of ferns belonging to the family Pteridaceae)
              • Cheilanthes [ENG31-13229366-n] (small evergreen ferns: lipferns)
              • Coniogramme [ENG31-13230545-n] (terrestrial ferns of Pacific islands and Asia)
              • Cryptogramma [ENG31-13230904-n] (sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Cryptogrammataceae)
              • Doryopteris [ENG31-13231725-n] (small to medium tropical tufted ferns)
              • Jamesonia [ENG31-13232077-n] (xerophytic ferns of South America)
              • Onychium [ENG31-13232203-n] (small terrestrial ferns of Old World tropics and subtropics: clawed ferns)
              • Pellaea [ENG31-13232414-n] (genus of chiefly small rock-loving ferns)
              • Pityrogramma [ENG31-13233649-n] (terrestrial tropical ferns having fronds with powdery yellowish or white undersides)
              • Pteris [ENG31-13234666-n] (large genus of terrestrial ferns of tropics and subtropics)
              • Marattia [ENG31-13235961-n] (type genus of the Marattiaceae: ferns having the sporangia fused together in two rows)
              • genus Angiopteris [ENG31-13236360-n] (one species: tree fern)
              • Danaea [ENG31-13236697-n] (fairly small terrestrial ferns of tropical America)
              • Psilotum [ENG31-13237571-n] (type genus of the Psilotaceae)
              • genus Psilophyton [ENG31-13238661-n] (type genus of the Psilophytaceae: genus of small wiry herbaceous Paleozoic plants with underground rhizomes and apical sporangia)
              • Rhynia [ENG31-13239179-n] (type genus of the Rhyniaceae)
              • Horneophyton [ENG31-13239402-n] (Devonian fossil plant considered one of the earliest forms of vascular land plants)
              • Equisetum [ENG31-13240156-n] (horsetails)
              • Lycopodium [ENG31-13243567-n] (type and sole genus of the Lycopodiaceae)
              • Selaginella [ENG31-13245352-n] (type and sole genus of the Selaginellaceae)
              • Isoetes [ENG31-13247033-n] (type and genus of the Isoetaceae and sole extant genus of the order Isoetales)
              • Thelypteris [ENG31-13248455-n] (marsh ferns: in some classification systems considered part of genus Dryopteris in family Dryopteridaceae)
              • Amauropelta [ENG31-13249092-n] (epiphytic or terrestrial ferns of America and Africa and Polynesia)
              • genus Christella [ENG31-13249255-n] (medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical forests of Old World to Americas)
              • Cyclosorus [ENG31-13249590-n] (small genus of terrestrial ferns of tropical and subtropical southern hemisphere)
              • Goniopteris [ENG31-13249765-n] (terrestrial ferns of Florida and West Indies to Central and South America)
              • Macrothelypteris [ENG31-13249916-n] (medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia to Polynesia and Australia)
              • Meniscium [ENG31-13250125-n] (terrestrial ferns of tropical Americas)
              • Oreopteris [ENG31-13250256-n] (3 species of ferns formerly included in genus Dryopteris or Thelypteris)
              • Parathelypteris [ENG31-13250645-n] (terrestrial ferns of warm and tropical Asia and North America)
              • Phegopteris [ENG31-13251319-n] (beech ferns: genus is variously classified: considered alternative name for genus Dryopteris or included in genus Thelypteris)
          • subgenus [ENG31-08126590-n] ((biology) taxonomic group between a genus and a species)
          • monotype [ENG31-08126738-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group with a single member (a single species or genus))
          • species [ENG31-08127339-n] ((biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed)

            • bacteria species [ENG31-01356052-n] (a species of bacteria)

              • Heliobacter pylori [ENG31-01354329-n] (the type species of genus Heliobacter)
              • Pseudomonas pyocanea [ENG31-01356299-n] (a species of aerobic bacteria)
              • Aerobacter aerogenes [ENG31-01356573-n] (a species of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that produce gas and acid from sugars and are sometimes involved in the souring of milk)
              • Agrobacterium tumefaciens [ENG31-01357365-n] (the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants)
              • Calymmatobacterium granulomatis [ENG31-01367963-n] (the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale)
              • Francisella tularensis [ENG31-01368325-n] (the type species of the genus Francisella and the causal agent of tularemia in humans)
              • Serratia marcescens [ENG31-01372460-n] (the type species of the genus Serratia)
              • Streptococcus anhemolyticus [ENG31-01383926-n] (a species of bacteria)
            • endangered species [ENG31-08127832-n] (a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction)

              • Australian lungfish [ENG31-02519625-n] (an endangered species of lungfish found in rivers in Queensland)
            • fish species [ENG31-08127993-n] (a species of fish)

              • Australian arowana [ENG31-02547784-n] (a species of large fish found in Australian rivers)
              • Australian bonytongue [ENG31-02548018-n] (a species of large fish found in Australian rivers)
              • barramundi [ENG31-02563177-n] (a species of large perch noted for its sporting and eating qualities)
            • type species [ENG31-08128565-n] ((biology) the species that best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs)
          • subspecies [ENG31-08127614-n] ((biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species)
          • form [ENG31-08128123-n] ((biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups)
          • type [ENG31-08128385-n] ((biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon)
          • Pteridospermae [ENG31-11625598-n] (used in some classification systems: a group of extinct fossil gymnosperms coextensive with the order Cycadofilicales)
          • Centrospermae [ENG31-11824902-n] (used in former classification systems)
          • Amentiferae [ENG31-12334091-n] (used in some classification systems for plants that bear catkins)
          • Phycomycetes [ENG31-12997432-n] (a large and probably unnatural group of fungi and funguslike organisms comprising the Mastigomycota (including the Oomycetes) and Zygomycota subdivisions of the division Eumycota)
        • animal group [ENG31-08010371-n] (a group of animals)

          • team [ENG31-08001826-n] (two or more draft animals that work together to pull something)

            • relay [ENG31-08001975-n] (a fresh team to relieve weary draft animals)
          • brood [ENG31-08007266-n] (the young of an animal cared for at one time)

            • clutch [ENG31-08417827-n] (a number of birds hatched at the same time)
          • flock [ENG31-08007398-n] (a group of birds)

            • bevy [ENG31-08008021-n] (a flock of birds (especially when gathered close together on the ground))
            • covert [ENG31-08008222-n] (a flock of coots)
            • covey [ENG31-08008310-n] (a small flock of grouse or partridge)
            • exaltation [ENG31-08008436-n] (a flock of larks (especially a flock of larks in flight overhead))
            • gaggle [ENG31-08008558-n] (a flock of geese)
            • wisp [ENG31-08008664-n] (a flock of snipe)
            • flight [ENG31-08237541-n] (a flock of flying birds)
          • flock [ENG31-08007611-n] (a group of sheep or goats)
          • herd [ENG31-08010773-n] (a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans)

            • remuda [ENG31-08011260-n] (the herd of horses from which those to be used the next day are chosen)
          • herd [ENG31-08010997-n] (a group of wild mammals of one species that remain together: antelope or elephants or seals or whales or zebra)

            • gam [ENG31-08011194-n] (a herd of whales)
          • pack [ENG31-08011383-n] (a group of hunting animals)

            • wolf pack [ENG31-08011516-n] (a group of wolves hunting together)
          • pod [ENG31-08011606-n] (a group of aquatic mammals)
          • pride [ENG31-08011720-n] (a group of lions)
          • clowder [ENG31-08011807-n] (a group of cats)
          • school [ENG31-08011895-n] (a large group of fish)
          • caste [ENG31-08012059-n] (in some social insects (such as ants) a physically distinct individual or group of individuals specialized to perform certain functions in the colony)
          • colony [ENG31-08012452-n] ((microbiology) a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell)
          • warren [ENG31-08013040-n] (a colony of rabbits)
          • drove [ENG31-08201253-n] (a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together)
          • litter [ENG31-08417288-n] (the offspring at one birth of a multiparous mammal)
        • colony [ENG31-08012298-n] (a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together)
        • division [ENG31-08238269-n] ((biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category)

          • division Archaebacteria [ENG31-01350072-n] (in some classifications considered a kingdom)
          • division Eubacteria [ENG31-01357510-n] (one-celled monerans having simple cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella)
          • Cyanophyta [ENG31-01360348-n] (prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom)
          • Schizophyta [ENG31-01360608-n] (former term for the Cyanophyta)
          • Heterokontophyta [ENG31-01402170-n] (algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths)
          • Chrysophyta [ENG31-01402413-n] (mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment)
          • Phaeophyta [ENG31-01405022-n] (coextensive with class Phaeophyceae)
          • Euglenophyta [ENG31-01408733-n] (free-swimming flagellate algae)
          • Chlorophyta [ENG31-01409706-n] (large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls)
          • Rhodophyta [ENG31-01416192-n] (lower plants)
          • Cynodontia [ENG31-01723137-n] (a division of the order Therapsida from the Triassic period comprising small carnivorous tetrapod reptiles often with mammal-like teeth)
          • Dicynodontia [ENG31-01723651-n] (a division of Therapsida)
          • Pisces [ENG31-02514455-n] (a group of vertebrates comprising both cartilaginous and bony fishes and sometimes including the jawless vertebrates)
          • form division [ENG31-08238668-n] (an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure)
        • generation [ENG31-08385834-n] (group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent)

          • posterity [ENG31-08386069-n] (all future generations)
          • baby boom [ENG31-08388765-n] (the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II)
          • generation X [ENG31-08388947-n] (the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s))
        • descendants [ENG31-08386147-n] (all of the offspring of a given progenitor)
      • community [ENG31-07957969-n] ((ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other)

        • biome [ENG31-07958185-n] (a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate)
      • people [ENG31-07958392-n] ((plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively)

        • peoples [ENG31-07959576-n] (the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group)
        • age group [ENG31-07959756-n] (a group of people having approximately the same age)

          • aged [ENG31-07960146-n] (people who are old collectively)
          • young [ENG31-07960326-n] (young people collectively)
        • ancients [ENG31-07959922-n] (people who lived in times long past (especially during the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe))
        • baffled [ENG31-07960518-n] (people who are frustrated and perplexed)
        • blind [ENG31-07960684-n] (people who have severe visual impairments, considered as a group)
        • blood [ENG31-07960894-n] (people viewed as members of a group)
        • brave [ENG31-07961030-n] (people who are brave)
        • timid [ENG31-07961176-n] (people who are fearful and cautious)
        • business people [ENG31-07961353-n] (people who transact business (especially business executives))
        • community [ENG31-07961512-n] (a group of people having a religion, ethnic, profession, or other particular characteristic in common)
        • damned [ENG31-07962076-n] (people who are condemned to eternal punishment)
        • dead [ENG31-07962243-n] (people who are no longer living)

          • slain [ENG31-07967178-n] (people who have been slain (as in battle))
        • living [ENG31-07962404-n] (people who are still living)
        • deaf [ENG31-07962535-n] (people who have severe hearing impairments)
        • defeated [ENG31-07962721-n] (people who are defeated)
        • disabled [ENG31-07962874-n] (people collectively who are crippled or otherwise physically handicapped)

          • the halt [ENG31-07963102-n] ((archaic) lame persons collectively)
        • doomed [ENG31-07963280-n] (people who are destined to die soon)
        • enemy [ENG31-07963437-n] (any hostile group of people)
        • episcopacy [ENG31-07963555-n] (the collective body of bishops)
        • folk [ENG31-07963841-n] (people in general (often used in the plural))

          • country people [ENG31-07961822-n] (people raised in or living in a rural environment)
          • gentlefolk [ENG31-07964261-n] (people of good family and breeding and high social status)
          • grass roots [ENG31-07964375-n] (the common people at a local level (as distinguished from the centers of political activity))
          • home folk [ENG31-07964684-n] (folks from your own home town)
          • rabble [ENG31-08418776-n] (disparaging terms for the common people)

            • trash [ENG31-08419104-n] (worthless people)
        • free [ENG31-07964544-n] (people who are free)
        • homebound [ENG31-07964769-n] (people who are confined to their homes)
        • initiate [ENG31-07965104-n] (people who have been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity)
        • uninitiate [ENG31-07965340-n] (people who have not been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity)
        • mentally retarded [ENG31-07965557-n] (people collectively who are mentally retarded)
        • network army [ENG31-07965746-n] (a group of like-minded people united by the internet)
        • nationality [ENG31-07966049-n] (people having common origins or traditions and often comprising a nation)
        • peanut gallery [ENG31-07966382-n] ((figurative) people whose criticisms are regarded as irrelevant or insignificant (resembling uneducated people who throw peanuts on the stage to express displeasure with a performance))
        • pocket [ENG31-07966676-n] (a small isolated group of people)
        • retreated [ENG31-07966881-n] (people who have retreated)
        • sick [ENG31-07967004-n] (people who are sick)
        • tradespeople [ENG31-07967271-n] (people engaged in trade)
        • wounded [ENG31-07967372-n] (people who are wounded)
        • migration [ENG31-07983035-n] (a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period))
        • class [ENG31-07990472-n] (people having the same social, economic, or educational status)

          • world [ENG31-07982551-n] (people in general)

            • academia [ENG31-08291844-n] (the academic world)
            • Grub Street [ENG31-08292002-n] (the world of literary hacks)
          • age class [ENG31-07991213-n] (people in the same age range)
          • agriculture [ENG31-08092123-n] (the class of people engaged in growing food)
          • brotherhood [ENG31-08092224-n] (people engaged in a particular occupation)
          • estate of the realm [ENG31-08184264-n] (a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights)

            • first estate [ENG31-08184678-n] (the clergy in France and the heads of the church in Britain)
            • second estate [ENG31-08184852-n] (the nobility in France and the peerage in Britain)
            • third estate [ENG31-08185016-n] (the common people)
            • fourth estate [ENG31-08185140-n] (the press, including journalists, newspaper writers, photographers)
          • labor [ENG31-08197557-n] (a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages)

            • labor force [ENG31-08197862-n] (the source of trained people from which workers can be hired)
            • lumpenproletariat [ENG31-08197993-n] ((Marxism) the unorganized lower levels of the proletariat who are not interested in revolutionary advancement)
            • organized labor [ENG31-08198185-n] (employees who are represented by a labor union)
          • lower class [ENG31-08198458-n] (the social class lowest in the social hierarchy)
          • middle class [ENG31-08198576-n] (the social class between the lower and upper classes)

            • petit bourgeois [ENG31-08199023-n] (lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.))
          • booboisie [ENG31-08198738-n] (class consisting of all those who are considered boobs)
          • commonalty [ENG31-08198848-n] (a class composed of persons lacking clerical or noble rank)
          • peasantry [ENG31-08199201-n] (the class of peasants)
          • demimonde [ENG31-08261816-n] (a class of woman not considered respectable because of indiscreet or promiscuous behavior)
          • underworld [ENG31-08261980-n] (the criminal class)
          • yeomanry [ENG31-08263423-n] (class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land)
          • caste [ENG31-08322977-n] (a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth)
          • caste [ENG31-08323124-n] ((Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus)

            • jati [ENG31-08323301-n] ((Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India)
          • upper class [ENG31-08403096-n] (the class occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy)

            • elite [ENG31-08403286-n] (a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status)

              • chosen [ENG31-08403584-n] (an exclusive group of people)
              • cream [ENG31-08403766-n] (the best people or things in a group)
              • intelligentsia [ENG31-08404085-n] (an educated and intellectual elite)

                • culturati [ENG31-08404226-n] (people interested in culture and cultural activities)
                • literati [ENG31-08404334-n] (the literary intelligentsia)
              • society [ENG31-08404661-n] (the fashionable elite)
              • few [ENG31-08404805-n] (a small elite group)
              • nobility [ENG31-08404938-n] (a privileged class holding hereditary titles)

                • noblesse [ENG31-08405234-n] (members of the nobility (especially of the French nobility))
                • peerage [ENG31-08405367-n] (the peers of a kingdom considered as a group)
                • baronetage [ENG31-08405514-n] (the collective body of baronets)
                • knighthood [ENG31-08405602-n] (aristocrats holding the rank of knight)
                • samurai [ENG31-08405697-n] (feudal Japanese military aristocracy)
            • gentry [ENG31-08403944-n] (the most powerful members of a society)

              • landed gentry [ENG31-08404416-n] (the gentry who own land (considered as a class))
            • ruling class [ENG31-08404537-n] (the class of people exerting power or authority)
          • ninja [ENG31-08405825-n] (a class of 14th century Japanese who were trained in martial arts and were hired for espionage and assassinations)
          • firing line [ENG31-08432940-n] (the most advanced and responsible group in an activity)
          • immigrant class [ENG31-08433094-n] (recent immigrants who are lumped together as a class by their low socioeconomic status in spite of different cultural backgrounds)
          • center [ENG31-08433480-n] (politically moderate persons)
          • old school [ENG31-08434529-n] (a class of people favoring traditional ideas)
          • market [ENG31-08441908-n] (the customers for a particular product or service)

            • black market [ENG31-08442130-n] (people who engage in illicit trade)
          • craft [ENG31-08453572-n] (people who perform a particular kind of skilled work)
          • womanhood [ENG31-08494645-n] (women as a class)
        • nation [ENG31-08183451-n] (the people who live in a nation or country)

          • Dutch [ENG31-09719159-n] (the people of the Netherlands)

            • Frisian [ENG31-09719314-n] (a native or inhabitant of Friesland or Frisia)
          • British [ENG31-09751958-n] (the people of Great Britain)
          • English [ENG31-09752082-n] (the people of England)
          • Irish [ENG31-09752192-n] (people of Ireland or of Irish extraction)
          • French [ENG31-09752317-n] (the people of France)
          • Spanish [ENG31-09752657-n] (the people of Spain)
          • Swiss [ENG31-09752747-n] (the natives or inhabitants of Switzerland)

            • Genevan [ENG31-10142849-n] (a native or resident of Geneva)
            • Helvetian [ENG31-10190274-n] (a native of Switzerland)
        • poor people [ENG31-08196123-n] (people without possessions or wealth (considered as a group))

          • homeless [ENG31-07964900-n] (poor people who unfortunately do not have a home to live in)
          • needy [ENG31-08486689-n] (needy people collectively)
        • rich people [ENG31-08196373-n] (people who have possessions and wealth (considered as a group))
        • populace [ENG31-08196607-n] (people in general considered as a whole)

          • admass [ENG31-08197402-n] (the segment of the public that is easily influenced by mass media (chiefly British))
        • population [ENG31-08196797-n] (the people who inhabit a territory or state)

          • home front [ENG31-08196985-n] (the civilian population (and their activities) of a country at war)
        • coevals [ENG31-08386333-n] (all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age)

          • youth culture [ENG31-08306010-n] (young adults (a generational unit) considered as a cultural class or subculture)

            • hip-hop [ENG31-08306203-n] (an urban youth culture associated with rap music and the fashions of African-American residents of the inner city)
            • youth subculture [ENG31-08306370-n] (a minority youth culture whose distinctiveness depended largely on the social class and ethnic background of its members)

              • flower people [ENG31-08306762-n] (a youth subculture (mostly from the middle class) originating in San Francisco in the 1960s)
              • Rastafari [ENG31-08309339-n] ((Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s)
              • beat generation [ENG31-08386542-n] (a United States youth subculture of the 1950s)
              • teddy boys [ENG31-08387131-n] (a British youth subculture that first appeared in the 1950s)
              • punks [ENG31-08387432-n] (a youth subculture closely associated with punk rock music in the late 1970s)
              • rockers [ENG31-08387805-n] (originally a British youth subculture that evolved out of the teddy boys in the 1960s)
              • skinheads [ENG31-08388127-n] (a youth subculture that appeared first in England in the late 1960s as a working-class reaction to the hippies)
              • mods [ENG31-08388501-n] (a youth subculture that began in London in the early 1960s)
          • peer group [ENG31-08389117-n] (contemporaries of the same status)
        • lobby [ENG31-08392643-n] (the people who support some common cause or business or principle or sectional interest)
        • clientele [ENG31-08418511-n] (customers collectively)
        • rank and file [ENG31-08418668-n] (people who constitute the main body of any group)
        • smart money [ENG31-08418927-n] (people who are highly experienced or who have inside information)
        • unconfessed [ENG31-08494175-n] (people who have not confessed)
        • unemployed people [ENG31-08494318-n] (people who are involuntarily out of work (considered as a group))
        • womankind [ENG31-08494923-n] (women as distinguished from men)
        • chosen people [ENG31-08500147-n] (any people believing themselves to be chosen by God)

          • Hebrews [ENG31-08500946-n] (the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob))
        • Slavic people [ENG31-09696139-n] (group of people speaking a Slavonic language)
      • social group [ENG31-07967506-n] (people sharing some social relation)

        • body [ENG31-07981699-n] (a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity)

          • public [ENG31-07982431-n] (a body of people sharing some common interest)
          • Christendom [ENG31-08099113-n] (the collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia))
          • church [ENG31-08099776-n] (the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church)
          • Sacred College [ENG31-08102739-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the body of all cardinals of the church)
          • administration [ENG31-08181484-n] (the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something)

            • Curia [ENG31-08102563-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Church)
            • top brass [ENG31-08182252-n] (the most important persons in a governing body)
            • executive [ENG31-08182354-n] (persons who administer the law)

              • Bush administration [ENG31-08182549-n] (the executive under President George W. Bush)
              • Clinton administration [ENG31-08182659-n] (the executive under President Clinton)
              • Bush administration [ENG31-08182765-n] (the executive under President George H. W. Bush)
              • Reagan administration [ENG31-08182878-n] (the executive under President Reagan)
              • Carter administration [ENG31-08182982-n] (the executive under President Carter)
            • judiciary [ENG31-08183086-n] (persons who administer justice)
            • county council [ENG31-08374456-n] (the elected governing body of a county)
            • government officials [ENG31-08374711-n] (people elected or appointed to administer a government)

              • civil service [ENG31-08374185-n] (government workers)

                • Whitehall [ENG31-08374375-n] (the British civil service)
              • bureaucracy [ENG31-08473738-n] (nonelective government officials)

                • Pentagon [ENG31-08224016-n] (the United States military establishment)
            • management [ENG31-08397896-n] (those in charge of running a business)

              • house [ENG31-08398027-n] (the management of a gambling house or casino)
          • corps [ENG31-08230000-n] (a body of people associated together)

            • diplomatic service [ENG31-08374574-n] (the body of diplomatic personnel)
          • constituency [ENG31-08255077-n] (the body of voters who elect a representative for their area)
          • electoral college [ENG31-08255234-n] (the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president)
          • school [ENG31-08292106-n] (a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers)

            • Ashcan School [ENG31-08292418-n] (a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life)
            • deconstructivism [ENG31-08292625-n] (a school of architecture based on the philosophical theory of deconstruction)
            • historical school [ENG31-08292764-n] (a school of 19th century German economists and legal philosophers who tried to explain modern economic systems in evolutionary or historical terms)
            • pointillism [ENG31-08292974-n] (a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye)
            • art nouveau [ENG31-08482323-n] (a French school of art and architecture popular in the 1890s)
            • lake poets [ENG31-08485732-n] (English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by it)
            • secession [ENG31-08487045-n] (an Austrian school of art and architecture parallel to the French art nouveau in the 1890s)
          • college [ENG31-08295090-n] (the body of faculty and students of a college)
          • university [ENG31-08303084-n] (the body of faculty and students at a university)

            • gown [ENG31-08303263-n] (the members of a university as distinguished from the other residents of the town in which the university is located)
            • varsity [ENG31-08304103-n] (a British abbreviation of `university')
          • staff [ENG31-08304507-n] (the body of teachers and administrators at a school)
          • representation [ENG31-08354035-n] (a body of legislators that serve in behalf of some constituency)
          • colony [ENG31-08390976-n] (a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland)

            • frontier settlement [ENG31-08391580-n] (a settlement on the frontier of civilization)
            • Plantation [ENG31-08391700-n] (a newly established colony (especially in the colonization of North America))
            • proprietary colony [ENG31-08391958-n] (a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century))
          • ulema [ENG31-08396748-n] (the body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community)
          • leadership [ENG31-08398167-n] (the body of people who lead a group)

            • Rome [ENG31-08102450-n] (the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church)
            • high command [ENG31-08422224-n] (the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military))

              • Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe [ENG31-08191066-n] (the supreme headquarters that advises NATO on military matters and oversees all aspects of the Allied Command Europe)
          • militia [ENG31-08407688-n] (the entire body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service)
          • membership [ENG31-08417922-n] (the body of members of an organization or group)
          • occupational group [ENG31-08420588-n] (a body of people doing the same kind of work)

            • profession [ENG31-08129062-n] (the body of people in a learned occupation)

              • legal profession [ENG31-08129368-n] (the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction)
              • health profession [ENG31-08129596-n] (the body of individuals whose work helps to maintain the health of their clients)

                • medical profession [ENG31-08129795-n] (the body of individuals who are qualified to practice medicine)
                • nursing [ENG31-08129942-n] (the profession of a nurse)
              • businessmen [ENG31-08130039-n] (the body of individuals who manage businesses)
              • community of scholars [ENG31-08130163-n] (the body of individuals holding advanced academic degrees)
              • economics profession [ENG31-08130288-n] (the body of professional economists)
              • priesthood [ENG31-08130409-n] (the body of ordained religious practitioners)

                • ministry [ENG31-08130763-n] (religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian))
                • rabbinate [ENG31-08130876-n] (rabbis collectively)
                • clergy [ENG31-08169784-n] (in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity))

                  • pastorate [ENG31-08130600-n] (pastors collectively)
                  • prelacy [ENG31-08130676-n] (prelates collectively)
            • press corps [ENG31-08420392-n] (a group of journalists representing different publications who all cover the same topics)
          • opposition [ENG31-08420744-n] (a body of people united in opposing something)

            • Iraqi National Congress [ENG31-08420864-n] (a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq)
          • immigration [ENG31-08430791-n] (the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval)
          • inspectorate [ENG31-08430997-n] (a body of inspectors)
          • jury [ENG31-08431076-n] (a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law)

            • grand jury [ENG31-08431921-n] (a jury to inquire into accusations of crime and to evaluate the grounds for indictments)
            • hung jury [ENG31-08432084-n] (a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict (the result is a mistrial))
            • petit jury [ENG31-08432229-n] (a jury of 12 to determine the facts and decide the issue in civil or criminal proceedings)
            • special jury [ENG31-08432426-n] (a jury whose members are selected for special knowledge for a case involving complicated issues)
          • panel [ENG31-08431338-n] (a group of people gathered for a special purpose as to plan or discuss an issue or judge a contest etc)
          • panel [ENG31-08431565-n] ((law) a group of people summoned for jury service (from whom a jury will be chosen))
          • registration [ENG31-08496997-n] (the body of people (such as students) who register or enroll at the same time)
          • vote [ENG31-08497673-n] (a body of voters who have the same interests)
          • diaspora [ENG31-08498994-n] (the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel)
        • society [ENG31-07982754-n] (an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization)

          • civilization [ENG31-08128749-n] (a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations))

            • Islam [ENG31-08112613-n] (the civilization of Muslims collectively which is governed by the Muslim religion)
          • culture [ENG31-08304765-n] (a particular society at a particular time and place)

            • Aegean civilization [ENG31-08307077-n] (the prehistoric civilization on the islands in the Aegean sea and the surrounding countries)

              • Cycladic civilization [ENG31-08307849-n] (the Bronze Age civilization on the Cyclades islands in the southern Aegean Sea that flourished 3000-1100 BC)
            • Helladic civilization [ENG31-08307356-n] (the bronze-age culture of mainland Greece that flourished 2500-1100 BC)
            • Indus civilization [ENG31-08307537-n] (the bronze-age culture of the Indus valley that flourished from about 2600-1750 BC)
            • Minoan civilization [ENG31-08307684-n] (the bronze-age culture of Crete that flourished 3000-1100 BC)
            • Mycenaean civilization [ENG31-08308078-n] (the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC)
            • Paleo-American culture [ENG31-08308259-n] (the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America)

              • Clovis culture [ENG31-08308503-n] (the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America)
              • Folsom culture [ENG31-08308734-n] (the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America)
            • Western culture [ENG31-08308972-n] (the modern culture of western Europe and North America)
          • open society [ENG31-08305110-n] (a society that allows its members considerable freedom (as in a democracy))
          • tribal society [ENG31-08305311-n] (a society with the social organization of a tribe)

            • hunting and gathering tribe [ENG31-08305439-n] (group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables)
        • minority [ENG31-07983184-n] (a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part)
        • sector [ENG31-07983333-n] (a social group that forms part of the society or the economy)

          • business [ENG31-07983541-n] (business concerns collectively)

            • big business [ENG31-07983743-n] (commercial enterprises organized and financed on a scale large enough to influence social and political policies)
          • black economy [ENG31-08381475-n] (a hidden sector of the economy where private cash transactions go unreported)
        • interest [ENG31-07984994-n] ((usually plural) a social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims)

          • special interest [ENG31-07985266-n] (an interest group that tries to influence legislators or bureaucrats to act in their favor, typically through lobbying)

            • National Rifle Association [ENG31-08392453-n] (a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government)
          • vested interest [ENG31-07985639-n] (groups that seek to control a social system or activity from which they derive private benefit)

            • military-industrial complex [ENG31-07985813-n] (a country's military establishment and the industries that produce arms and other military equipment)
        • kin [ENG31-07986142-n] (group of people related by blood or marriage)

          • mishpocha [ENG31-07986526-n] ((Yiddish) the entire family network of relatives by blood or marriage (and sometimes close friends))
          • family [ENG31-07986853-n] (primary social group)

            • couple [ENG31-08005299-n] (a pair of people who live together)

              • power couple [ENG31-08005525-n] (a couple both of whom have high-powered careers or are politically influential)
              • DINK [ENG31-08005662-n] (a couple who both have careers and no children (an acronym for dual income no kids))
            • marriage [ENG31-08005815-n] (two people who are married to each other)

              • mixed marriage [ENG31-08006600-n] (marriage of two people from different races or different religions or different cultures)
          • folks [ENG31-07987470-n] (your parents)
          • genealogy [ENG31-08119368-n] (successive generations of kin)

            • lineage [ENG31-08118903-n] (the descendants of one individual)

              • family [ENG31-07987168-n] (people descended from a common ancestor)

                • people [ENG31-07987588-n] (members of a family line)
                • homefolk [ENG31-07987745-n] (the people of your home locality (especially your own family))
                • house [ENG31-07987896-n] (aristocratic family line)

                  • royalty [ENG31-08170336-n] (royal persons collectively)

                    • Hanover [ENG31-08171859-n] (the English royal house that reigned from 1714 to 1901 (from George I to Victoria))
                    • Habsburg [ENG31-08172201-n] (a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806)
                    • Hohenzollern [ENG31-08172417-n] (a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia)
                    • Lancaster [ENG31-08172664-n] (the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461)
                    • Plantagenet [ENG31-08173584-n] (the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485)
                    • Romanov [ENG31-08174571-n] (the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917)
                    • Saxe-Coburg-Gotha [ENG31-08174708-n] (the name of the royal family that ruled Great Britain from 1901-1917)
                    • Stuart [ENG31-08175359-n] (the royal family that ruled Scotland from 1371-1714 and ruled England from 1603 to 1649 and again from 1660 to 1714)
                    • York [ENG31-08176823-n] (the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485)
                  • Medici [ENG31-08502291-n] (aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century)
                • dynasty [ENG31-07988029-n] (a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family)

                  • Bourbon [ENG31-08170911-n] (a European royal line that ruled in France (from 1589-1793) and Spain and Naples and Sicily)
                  • Capetian dynasty [ENG31-08171112-n] (a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328)
                  • Carolingian dynasty [ENG31-08171262-n] (a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987)
                  • Flavian dynasty [ENG31-08171447-n] (a dynasty of Roman Emperors from 69 to 96 including Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian)
                  • Han [ENG31-08171602-n] (imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy)
                  • Liao [ENG31-08172953-n] (the dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125)
                  • Merovingian [ENG31-08173099-n] (a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750)
                  • Ming [ENG31-08173291-n] (the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644)
                  • Ottoman [ENG31-08173404-n] (the Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century to its dissolution after World War I)
                  • Ptolemy [ENG31-08173847-n] (an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC)
                  • Qin [ENG31-08174081-n] (the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall)
                  • Qing [ENG31-08174304-n] (the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries)
                  • Seljuk [ENG31-08174988-n] (any one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries)
                  • Shang [ENG31-08175213-n] (the imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC)
                  • Sung [ENG31-08175640-n] (the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279)
                  • Tang [ENG31-08175819-n] (the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907)
                  • Tudor [ENG31-08175930-n] (an English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor)
                  • Umayyad [ENG31-08176230-n] (the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus)
                  • Valois [ENG31-08176363-n] (French royal house from 1328 to 1589)
                  • Wei [ENG31-08176490-n] (any of several imperial dynasties of China ruling from 220 to 265 and from 386 to 556)
                  • Windsor [ENG31-08176639-n] (the British royal family since 1917)
                  • Yuan [ENG31-08177045-n] (the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368)
                  • Zhou [ENG31-08496418-n] (the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC)
                • name [ENG31-07988726-n] (family based on male descent)
              • side [ENG31-08119248-n] (a family line of descent)
          • totem [ENG31-08389501-n] (a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object)
          • Tribes of Israel [ENG31-08389774-n] (twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob)

            • Lost Tribes [ENG31-08389982-n] (the ten Tribes of Israel that were deported into captivity in Assyria around 720 BC (leaving only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin))
        • kith [ENG31-07986748-n] (your friends and acquaintances)
        • fringe [ENG31-07991297-n] (a social group holding marginal or extreme views)
        • gathering [ENG31-07991473-n] (a group of persons together in one place)

          • building [ENG31-07989688-n] (the occupants of a building)
          • carload [ENG31-07992516-n] (a gathering of passengers sufficient to fill an automobile)
          • contingent [ENG31-07992867-n] (a gathering of persons representative of some larger group)
          • floor [ENG31-07993043-n] (the occupants of a floor)
          • pair [ENG31-07993383-n] (two people considered as a unit)

            • couple [ENG31-08002070-n] (a pair who associate with one another)

              • same-sex marriage [ENG31-08006415-n] (two people of the same sex who live together as a family)
            • yoke [ENG31-08247986-n] (a pair of draft animals joined by a yoke)
          • room [ENG31-08002390-n] (the people who are present in a room)
          • trio [ENG31-08002508-n] (three people considered as a unit)

            • triumvirate [ENG31-08003424-n] (a group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority)

              • troika [ENG31-08003577-n] (a modern Russian triumvirate)
          • turnout [ENG31-08003658-n] (the group that gathers together for a particular occasion)
          • quartet [ENG31-08003822-n] (four people considered as a unit)

            • quadrumvirate [ENG31-08004452-n] (a group of four men)
          • quintet [ENG31-08004022-n] (five people considered as a unit)
          • sextet [ENG31-08004131-n] (six people considered as a unit)
          • septet [ENG31-08004236-n] (seven people considered as a unit)
          • octet [ENG31-08004345-n] (eight people considered as a unit)
          • assembly [ENG31-08180691-n] (a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose)

            • legislature [ENG31-08180172-n] (persons who make or amend or repeal laws)

              • senate [ENG31-08178376-n] (assembly possessing high legislative powers)

                • United States Senate [ENG31-08178490-n] (the upper house of the United States Congress)
              • Congress [ENG31-08178656-n] (the legislature of the United States government)
              • house [ENG31-08179924-n] (an official assembly having legislative powers)

                • United States House of Representatives [ENG31-08178870-n] (the lower legislative house of the United States Congress)
                • House of Burgesses [ENG31-08179474-n] (the lower house of legislature in colonial Virginia)
                • House of Commons [ENG31-08179590-n] (the lower house of the British parliament)
                • House of Lords [ENG31-08179759-n] (the upper house of the British parliament)
                • Dail Eireann [ENG31-08336469-n] (the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Republic)
                • Seanad Eireann [ENG31-08336838-n] (the upper house of the parliament of the Irish Republic)
              • legislative council [ENG31-08180601-n] (a unicameral legislature)
              • congress [ENG31-08335621-n] (a national legislative assembly)
              • diet [ENG31-08335707-n] (a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan))
              • parliament [ENG31-08336128-n] (a legislative assembly in certain countries)

                • British Parliament [ENG31-08336338-n] (the British legislative body)
                • Knesset [ENG31-08336609-n] (the Israeli unicameral parliament)
                • Oireachtas [ENG31-08336707-n] (the parliament of the Irish Republic)
              • Duma [ENG31-08336982-n] (a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR)
            • Areopagus [ENG31-08181009-n] (the highest governmental assembly in ancient Athens (later a judicial court))
            • States General [ENG31-08181160-n] (assembly of the estates of an entire country especially the sovereign body of the Dutch republic from 16th to 18th centuries)

              • Estates General [ENG31-08181363-n] (assembly of the estates of all France)
            • chapter [ENG31-08245759-n] (an ecclesiastical assembly of the monks in a monastery or even of the canons of a church)
            • deliberative assembly [ENG31-08312815-n] (an assembly of people for the purpose of unhurried consideration and discussion)

              • General Assembly [ENG31-08312980-n] (the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations)
            • council [ENG31-08329489-n] ((Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine)

              • ecumenical council [ENG31-08329918-n] ((early Christian church) one of seven gatherings of bishops from around the known world under the presidency of the Pope to regulate matters of faith and morals and discipline)

                • Nicaea [ENG31-08330522-n] (the first ecumenical council in 325 which produced the wording of the Nicene Creed and condemned the heresy of Arianism)
                • Constantinople [ENG31-08330720-n] (the second ecumenical council in 381 which added wording about the Holy Spirit to the Nicene Creed)
                • Ephesus [ENG31-08330913-n] (the third ecumenical council in 431 which declared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius)
                • Chalcedon [ENG31-08331083-n] (the fourth ecumenical council in 451 which defined the two natures (human and divine) of Christ)
                • Constantinople [ENG31-08331257-n] (the fifth ecumenical council in 553 which held Origen's writings to be heretic)
                • Constantinople [ENG31-08331431-n] (the sixth ecumenical council in 680-681 which condemned Monothelitism by defining two wills in Christ, divine and human)
                • Nicaea [ENG31-08331645-n] (the seventh ecumenical council in 787 which refuted iconoclasm and regulated the veneration of holy images)
              • Constantinople [ENG31-08331831-n] (the council in 869 that condemned Photius who had become the patriarch of Constantinople without approval from the Vatican, thereby precipitating the schism between the eastern and western churches)
              • Lateran Council [ENG31-08332124-n] (any of five general councils of the Western Catholic Church that were held in the Lateran Palace)

                • First Lateran Council [ENG31-08332372-n] (the first council of the Western Church held in the Lateran Palace in 1123)
                • Second Lateran Council [ENG31-08332612-n] (the second council of the Western Church in 1139 which put an end to the dogmatic errors of Arnold of Brescia)
                • Third Lateran Council [ENG31-08332790-n] (the Lateran Council in 1179 that condemned the heresies of the Albigenses and the Waldenses)
                • Fourth Lateran Council [ENG31-08332949-n] (the Lateran Council in 1215 was the most important council of the Middle Ages)
                • Fifth Lateran Council [ENG31-08334270-n] (the council in 1512-1517 that published disciplinary decrees and planned (but did not carry out) a crusade against Turkey)
              • Lyons [ENG31-08333276-n] (the council of the Western Church in 1245 that excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and planned a new crusade against the Holy Land)
              • Lyons [ENG31-08333494-n] (the council in 1274 that effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Catholic Church)
              • Vienne [ENG31-08333678-n] (the council in 1311-1313 that dealt with alleged crimes of the Knights Templar, planned a new crusade, and took on the reformation of the clergy)
              • Constance [ENG31-08333895-n] (the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church)
              • Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence [ENG31-08334069-n] (the council in 1431-1439 that concentrated on the elimination of heresies and on reforms within the Roman Catholic Church)
              • Council of Trent [ENG31-08334459-n] (a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers)
              • Vatican Council [ENG31-08334815-n] (each of two councils of the Roman Catholic Church)

                • First Vatican Council [ENG31-08334962-n] (the Vatican Council in 1869-1870 that proclaimed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra)
                • Second Vatican Council [ENG31-08335146-n] (the Vatican Council in 1962-1965 that abandoned the universal Latin liturgy and acknowledged ecumenism and made other reforms)
            • chamber [ENG31-08335834-n] (a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly)
            • Bench [ENG31-08345627-n] (the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively)
            • court [ENG31-08346380-n] (an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business)

              • court [ENG31-03654773-n] (a tribunal that is presided over by a magistrate or by one or more judges who administer justice according to the laws)
              • International Court of Justice [ENG31-08316228-n] (a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations)
              • appellate court [ENG31-08347033-n] (a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies)

                • circuit court of appeals [ENG31-08347225-n] (one of the twelve federal United States courts of appeals that cover a group of states known as a `circuit')
              • assizes [ENG31-08347770-n] (the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts))
              • chancery [ENG31-08347938-n] (a court with jurisdiction in equity)
              • consistory [ENG31-08348048-n] (a church tribunal or governing body)
              • criminal court [ENG31-08348140-n] (a court having jurisdiction over criminal cases)

                • night court [ENG31-08351378-n] (a criminal court (in large cities) that sits at night)
                • Old Bailey [ENG31-08351508-n] (the central criminal court in London)
              • divorce court [ENG31-08348887-n] (a court having jurisdiction over the termination of marriage contracts)
              • family court [ENG31-08349017-n] (a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children))
              • federal court [ENG31-08349257-n] (a court establish by the authority of a federal government)

                • Supreme Court [ENG31-08352813-n] (the highest federal court in the United States)
              • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court [ENG31-08349412-n] (a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act)
              • inferior court [ENG31-08349823-n] (any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court)
              • Inquisition [ENG31-08349957-n] (a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy)
              • juvenile court [ENG31-08350795-n] (a court having jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children)
              • kangaroo court [ENG31-08350922-n] (an irregular unauthorized court)
              • military court [ENG31-08351014-n] (a judicial court of commissioned officers for the discipline and punishment of military personnel)

                • court-martial [ENG31-08348452-n] (a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law)

                  • drumhead court-martial [ENG31-08348284-n] (a military court convened to hear urgent charges of offenses committed in action)
                  • special court-martial [ENG31-08348689-n] (a court-martial to try soldiers for offenses less serious that than those committed in action)
                • provost court [ENG31-08351620-n] (a military court for trying people charged with minor offenses in an occupied area)
              • moot court [ENG31-08351246-n] (a mock court where law students argue hypothetical cases)
              • police court [ENG31-08351800-n] (a court that has power to prosecute for minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a superior court anyone accused of serious offenses)
              • probate court [ENG31-08352014-n] (a court having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and the administration of estates)
              • quarter sessions [ENG31-08352180-n] (a local court with criminal jurisdiction and sometimes administrative functions)
              • Rota [ENG31-08352341-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) the supreme ecclesiastical tribunal for cases appealed to the Holy See from diocesan courts)
              • Star Chamber [ENG31-08352526-n] (a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments)
              • superior court [ENG31-08352678-n] (any court that has jurisdiction above an inferior court)
              • supreme court [ENG31-08353115-n] (the highest court in most states of the United States)
              • traffic court [ENG31-08353282-n] (a court that has power to prosecute for traffic offenses)
              • trial court [ENG31-08353417-n] (the first court before which the facts of a case are decided)
            • coven [ENG31-08415424-n] (an assembly of witches)
            • sabbat [ENG31-08415537-n] (a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery)
          • crowd [ENG31-08199297-n] (a large number of things or people considered together)

            • army [ENG31-08200208-n] (a large number of people united for some specific purpose)
            • crush [ENG31-08200316-n] (a dense crowd of people)

              • traffic jam [ENG31-08200459-n] (a number of vehicles blocking one another until they can scarcely move)

                • gridlock [ENG31-08200616-n] (a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible)
            • drove [ENG31-08201135-n] (a moving crowd)
            • huddle [ENG31-08201357-n] (a disorganized and densely packed crowd)
            • mob [ENG31-08201518-n] (a disorderly crowd of people)

              • lynch mob [ENG31-08201648-n] (a mob that kills a person for some presumed offense without legal authority)
            • phalanx [ENG31-08289485-n] (any closely ranked crowd of people)
            • troop [ENG31-08291486-n] (an orderly crowd)
          • multitude [ENG31-08199634-n] (a large gathering of people)

            • hive [ENG31-08199810-n] (a teeming multitude)
            • horde [ENG31-08199880-n] (a vast multitude)
            • ruck [ENG31-08199964-n] (a crowd especially of ordinary or undistinguished persons or things)
          • audience [ENG31-08238818-n] (a gathering of spectators or listeners at a (usually public) performance)

            • gallery [ENG31-08239124-n] (spectators at a golf or tennis match)
            • grandstand [ENG31-08239792-n] (the audience at a stadium or racetrack)
            • house [ENG31-08239887-n] (the audience gathered together in a theatre or cinema)
          • community [ENG31-08240723-n] (a group of people living in a particular local area)

            • parish [ENG31-08240609-n] (a local church community)
            • convent [ENG31-08241334-n] (a community of people in a religious order (especially nuns) living together)
            • house [ENG31-08241501-n] (the members of a religious community living together)
            • Ummah [ENG31-08241605-n] (the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan)
            • speech community [ENG31-08241906-n] (people sharing a given language or dialect)
            • neighborhood [ENG31-08242011-n] (people living near one another)

              • hood [ENG31-08242255-n] ((slang) a neighborhood)
              • street [ENG31-08242347-n] (people living or working on the same street)
            • village [ENG31-08243620-n] (a community of people smaller than a town)

              • moshav [ENG31-08243759-n] (a cooperative Israeli village or settlement comprised of small farms)
            • hamlet [ENG31-08243899-n] (a community of people smaller than a village)
            • horde [ENG31-08267810-n] (a nomadic community)

              • Golden Horde [ENG31-08267899-n] (a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century)
            • Aleut [ENG31-08505421-n] (a community of Native Americans who speak an Eskimo-Aleut language and inhabit the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska)
            • Circassian [ENG31-08505685-n] (a mostly Sunni Muslim community living in northwestern Caucasia)
          • municipality [ENG31-08242502-n] (people living in a town or city having local self-government)

            • city [ENG31-08243256-n] (people living in a large densely populated municipality)
            • town [ENG31-08243435-n] (the people living in a municipality smaller than a city)

              • borough [ENG31-08557579-n] (an English town that forms the constituency of a member of parliament)

                • burgh [ENG31-08557756-n] (a borough in Scotland)
                • pocket borough [ENG31-08557829-n] (a sparsely populated borough in which all or most of the land is owned by a single family)
                • rotten borough [ENG31-08557979-n] (an English parliamentary constituency with few electors)
          • cast [ENG31-08254784-n] (the actors in a play)

            • ensemble [ENG31-08254969-n] (a cast other than the principals)
          • class [ENG31-08255384-n] (a body of students who are taught together)

            • master class [ENG31-08255945-n] (a class (especially in music) given to talented students by an expert)
            • section [ENG31-08256073-n] (a small class of students who are part of a larger course but are taught separately)
          • class [ENG31-08255581-n] (a body of students who graduate together)

            • graduating class [ENG31-08255830-n] (the body of students who graduate together this year)
            • senior class [ENG31-08256304-n] (final grade or class in high school or college)
            • junior class [ENG31-08256409-n] (penultimate class in high school or college)
            • sophomore class [ENG31-08256511-n] (the second class in a four-year college or high school)
            • freshman class [ENG31-08256627-n] (the first class in college or high school)
          • social gathering [ENG31-08269132-n] (a gathering for the purpose of promoting fellowship)

            • bee [ENG31-07992356-n] (a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions)

              • quilting bee [ENG31-07993298-n] (a gathering to make quilts)
              • husking bee [ENG31-08205897-n] (a social gathering for the purpose of husking corn)
            • love feast [ENG31-07993172-n] (a social gathering intended to create goodwill among the participants)
            • company [ENG31-08201779-n] (a social gathering of guests or companions)

              • attendance [ENG31-08201981-n] (the number of people that are present)
              • cohort [ENG31-08268134-n] (a company of companions or supporters)
              • number [ENG31-08497523-n] (a select company of people)
            • function [ENG31-08269388-n] (a formal or official social gathering or ceremony)
            • party [ENG31-08269523-n] (a group of people gathered together for pleasure)

              • shindig [ENG31-08269966-n] (a large and noisy party of people)
              • dance [ENG31-08270062-n] (a party of people assembled for dancing)

                • ball [ENG31-08270189-n] (the people assembled at a lavish formal dance)
              • masquerade [ENG31-08270371-n] (a party of guests wearing costumes and masks)
              • dinner [ENG31-08270736-n] (a party of people assembled to have dinner together)

                • banquet [ENG31-08270561-n] (a ceremonial dinner party for many people)

                  • gaudy [ENG31-08270976-n] ((Britain) a celebratory reunion feast or entertainment held a college)
                • beanfeast [ENG31-08271116-n] (an annual dinner party given by an employer for the employees)
              • reception [ENG31-08271252-n] (a formal party of people)

                • at home [ENG31-08271461-n] (a reception held in your own home)
                • levee [ENG31-08271548-n] (a formal reception of visitors or guests (as at a royal court))
                • tea [ENG31-08271662-n] (a reception or party at which tea is served)
                • wedding reception [ENG31-08271797-n] (a reception for wedding guests held after the wedding)
              • open house [ENG31-08271914-n] (an informal party of people with hospitality for all comers)
              • housewarming [ENG31-08272030-n] (a party of people assembled to celebrate moving into a new home)
              • soiree [ENG31-08272152-n] (a party of people assembled in the evening (usually at a private house))

                • musical soiree [ENG31-08272294-n] (a soiree assembled for the purpose of listening to music)
              • garden party [ENG31-08272429-n] (a party of people assembled for social interaction out of doors)
              • shower [ENG31-08272716-n] (a party of friends assembled to present gifts (usually of a specified kind) to a person)
              • stag party [ENG31-08272926-n] (a party for men only (or one considered suitable for men only))

                • bachelor party [ENG31-08272581-n] (stag party held for a bachelor (usually on the night before he is married))
              • hen party [ENG31-08273072-n] (a party for women only)
              • slumber party [ENG31-08273150-n] (an overnight party of girls who dress in nightclothes and pass the night talking)
              • sociable [ENG31-08273290-n] (a party of people assembled to promote sociability and communal activity)
              • wedding [ENG31-08273656-n] (a party of people at a wedding)
              • reunion [ENG31-08495382-n] (a party of former associates who have come together again)
            • supper [ENG31-08273488-n] (a social gathering where a light evening meal is served)
            • meeting [ENG31-08327319-n] (a small informal social gathering)

              • conventicle [ENG31-08401631-n] (a secret unauthorized meeting for religious worship)
              • date [ENG31-08401740-n] (a meeting arranged in advance)

                • blind date [ENG31-08402221-n] (a date with a stranger)
                • double date [ENG31-08402333-n] (a date in which two couples participate)
                • tryst [ENG31-08402448-n] (a date)
              • visit [ENG31-08402011-n] (a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice)
              • luncheon meeting [ENG31-08402580-n] (a meeting for lunch)
              • seance [ENG31-08434877-n] (a meeting of spiritualists)
          • crowd [ENG31-08290764-n] (an informal body of friends)
          • meeting [ENG31-08324519-n] (a formally arranged gathering)

            • board meeting [ENG31-08324969-n] (a meeting for administrative purposes)
            • camp meeting [ENG31-08325086-n] (religious (usually evangelistic) meeting held in a large tent or outdoors and lasting several days)
            • caucus [ENG31-08325243-n] (a closed political meeting)
            • conclave [ENG31-08325340-n] (a confidential or secret meeting)
            • conference [ENG31-08325427-n] (a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda))

              • symposium [ENG31-08344546-n] (a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations)
              • seminar [ENG31-08344746-n] (any meeting for an exchange of ideas)
              • colloquium [ENG31-08344836-n] (an academic meeting or seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting)

                • research colloquium [ENG31-08345490-n] (a colloquium at which the results of (scientific) research are reported)
            • congress [ENG31-08325730-n] (a meeting of elected or appointed representatives)

              • Continental Congress [ENG31-08335353-n] (the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution)
            • convention [ENG31-08326016-n] (a large formal assembly)

              • Constitutional Convention [ENG31-08326156-n] (the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787)
            • council [ENG31-08326339-n] (a meeting of people for consultation)

              • indaba [ENG31-08338737-n] (a council at which indigenous peoples of southern Africa meet to discuss some important question)
              • Jirga [ENG31-08338886-n] (a Pashto term for a decision making assembly of male elders)

                • Loya Jirga [ENG31-08339117-n] (a grand council or grand assembly used to resolve political conflicts or other national problems)
              • powwow [ENG31-08339360-n] (a council of or with Native Americans)
              • synod [ENG31-08339450-n] (a council convened to discuss ecclesiastical business)
            • forum [ENG31-08326684-n] (a public meeting or assembly for open discussion)
            • plenum [ENG31-08326784-n] (a meeting of a legislative body at which all members are present)
            • psychotherapy group [ENG31-08326964-n] (a meeting of people for psychotherapeutic purposes)

              • encounter group [ENG31-08326541-n] (a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by freely expressing emotions)
            • stockholders meeting [ENG31-08327098-n] (a meeting at which the management reports to the stockholders of a company)
            • summit [ENG31-08329289-n] (a meeting of heads of governments)
            • town meeting [ENG31-08329392-n] (a meeting of the inhabitants of a town)
          • covey [ENG31-08327239-n] (a small collection of people)
          • quorum [ENG31-08374919-n] (a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct business)

            • minyan [ENG31-08375092-n] (the quorum required by Jewish law to be present for public worship (at least ten males over thirteen years of age))
          • rally [ENG31-08375259-n] (a large gathering of people intended to arouse enthusiasm)

            • pep rally [ENG31-08375419-n] (a rally (especially of students) before a game)
            • revival [ENG31-08402874-n] (an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion)
          • commune [ENG31-08392296-n] (a body of people or families living together and sharing everything)
          • convocation [ENG31-08419179-n] (a group gathered in response to a summons)
          • fair [ENG31-08425514-n] (gathering of producers to promote business)

            • book fair [ENG31-08425375-n] (fair organized by publishers or booksellers to promote the sale of books)
          • bevy [ENG31-08432731-n] (a large gathering of people of a particular type)
          • cortege [ENG31-08446124-n] (the group following and attending to some important person)

            • court [ENG31-08346249-n] (the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince)
          • camp [ENG31-08495029-n] (a group of people living together in a camp)

            • hobo camp [ENG31-08495182-n] (a place where hoboes camp)
          • muster [ENG31-08496626-n] (a gathering of military personnel for duty)
          • rap group [ENG31-08496806-n] (a gathering of people holding a rap session)
          • rave-up [ENG31-08496905-n] (a raucous gathering)
          • table [ENG31-08497146-n] (a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game)
          • wine tasting [ENG31-08503199-n] (a gathering of people to taste and compare different wines)
        • congregation [ENG31-08007806-n] (a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church)

          • flock [ENG31-08007714-n] (a church congregation guided by a pastor)
        • organization [ENG31-08024893-n] (a group of people who work together)

          • International Olympic Committee [ENG31-08025814-n] (organization responsible for organizing the modern Olympic Games)
          • adhocracy [ENG31-08025971-n] (an organization with little or no structure)
          • affiliate [ENG31-08026210-n] (a subsidiary or subordinate organization that is affiliated with another organization)
          • bureaucracy [ENG31-08026391-n] (any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape)
          • nongovernmental organization [ENG31-08026566-n] (an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government)

            • Alcoholics Anonymous [ENG31-08026923-n] (an international organization that provides a support group for persons trying to overcome alcoholism)
            • Red Cross [ENG31-08064499-n] (an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime)
            • Salvation Army [ENG31-08064642-n] (a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless)
            • Umma Tameer-e-Nau [ENG31-08065052-n] (a nongovernmental organization of Pakistani scientists that has been a supporter of terrorism)
            • National Trust [ENG31-08065877-n] (an organization concerned to preserve historic monuments and buildings and places of historical interest or natural beauty)
            • denomination [ENG31-08163789-n] (a group of religious congregations having its own organization and a distinctive faith)

              • communion [ENG31-08164026-n] ((Christianity) a group of Christians with a common religious faith who practice the same rites)
              • Protestant denomination [ENG31-08164195-n] (group of Protestant congregations)

                • Christian Church [ENG31-08104742-n] (a Protestant church that accepts the Bible as the only source of true Christian faith and practices baptism by immersion)
                • Anglican Church [ENG31-08104947-n] (the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs))

                  • Episcopal Church [ENG31-08105438-n] (United States church that is in communication with the see of Canterbury)
                  • Church of Ireland [ENG31-08105641-n] (autonomous branch of the Church of England in Ireland)
                  • Episcopal Church [ENG31-08105758-n] (an autonomous branch of the Anglican Communion in Scotland)
                • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints [ENG31-08106171-n] (church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah)
                • Baptist Church [ENG31-08106386-n] (any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers)
                • Baptist denomination [ENG31-08106593-n] (group of Baptist congregations)

                  • Arminian Baptist [ENG31-08107049-n] (group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius (who opposed the doctrine of strict predestination of the Calvinists))
                  • Calvinistic Baptist [ENG31-08107295-n] (group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the French theologian John Calvin who believed in strict predetermination)
                  • Church of the Brethren [ENG31-08107513-n] (a Baptist denomination founded in 1708 by Americans of German descent)
                • Christian Science [ENG31-08107769-n] (Protestant denomination founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866)
                • Congregational Church [ENG31-08107939-n] (a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing)
                • Congregational Christian Church [ENG31-08108118-n] (merger of the Congregational Church and the Christian Church)
                • Evangelical and Reformed Church [ENG31-08108256-n] (a Protestant denomination of Calvinist faith)
                • United Church of Christ [ENG31-08108378-n] (merger of the Congregational Christian Church and the Evangelical and Reformed Church in 1957)
                • Jehovah's Witnesses [ENG31-08108541-n] (Protestant denomination founded in the United States by Charles Taze Russell in 1884)
                • Lutheran Church [ENG31-08108710-n] (the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Martin Luther)
                • Presbyterian Church [ENG31-08108857-n] (the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin)
                • Unitarian Church [ENG31-08109006-n] (the Protestant denomination that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity)
                • Arminian Church [ENG31-08109156-n] (the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Jacobus Arminius)
                • Methodist Church [ENG31-08109306-n] (a Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley)
                • Methodist denomination [ENG31-08109505-n] (group of Methodist congregations)

                  • Wesleyan Methodist Church [ENG31-08109679-n] (the original Methodist Church)
                  • Evangelical United Brethren Church [ENG31-08109821-n] (a Methodist denomination)
                  • United Methodist Church [ENG31-08109926-n] (union of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church)
                • Anabaptist denomination [ENG31-08110077-n] (a Protestant sect denying infant baptism and baptising only believers)
                • Mennonite Church [ENG31-08110235-n] (formed from the Anabaptist movement in the 16th century)
                • Assemblies of God [ENG31-08167777-n] (a charismatic Protestant denomination in the United States)
            • Congress of Racial Equality [ENG31-08325852-n] (an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality)
            • committee [ENG31-08342616-n] (a self-constituted organization to promote something)

              • vigilance committee [ENG31-08343044-n] (a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist)
              • welcoming committee [ENG31-08343196-n] (a committee to welcome new residents to a community)
            • mission [ENG31-08420182-n] (an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work)
          • Orange Order [ENG31-08053422-n] (a Protestant political organization in Northern Ireland)
          • Tammany Hall [ENG31-08064794-n] (a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism)
          • fiefdom [ENG31-08065377-n] (an organization that is controlled by a dominant person or group)
          • line of defense [ENG31-08065495-n] (any organization whose responsibility it is to defend against something)
          • line organization [ENG31-08065700-n] (the organizational structure of activities contributing directly to the organization's output)
          • association [ENG31-08066153-n] (a formal organization of people or groups of people)

            • American Baptist Convention [ENG31-08106763-n] (an association of Northern Baptists)
            • Southern Baptist Convention [ENG31-08106921-n] (an association of Southern Baptists)
            • cooperative [ENG31-08244009-n] (an association formed and operated for the benefit of those using it)
            • club [ENG31-08244135-n] (a formal association of people with similar interests)

              • athenaeum [ENG31-08245326-n] (a literary or scientific association for the promotion of learning)
              • bookclub [ENG31-08245459-n] (a club that people join in order to buy selected books at reduced prices)
              • chapter [ENG31-08245586-n] (a local branch of some fraternity or association)
              • chess club [ENG31-08246196-n] (a club of people to play chess)
              • country club [ENG31-08246283-n] (a suburban club for recreation and socializing)
              • fraternity [ENG31-08246388-n] (a social club for male undergraduates)
              • glee club [ENG31-08246526-n] (a club organized to sing together)
              • golf club [ENG31-08246615-n] (a club of people to play golf)
              • hunt [ENG31-08246700-n] (an association of huntsmen who hunt for sport)
              • investors club [ENG31-08246808-n] (a club of small investors who buy and sell securities jointly)
              • jockey club [ENG31-08246930-n] (a club to promote and regulate horse racing)
              • racket club [ENG31-08247031-n] (club for players of racket sports)

                • tennis club [ENG31-08247511-n] (a club of people to play tennis)
              • rowing club [ENG31-08247140-n] (a club for rowers)
              • slate club [ENG31-08247215-n] (a group of people who save money in a common fund for a specific purpose (usually distributed at Christmas))
              • sorority [ENG31-08247398-n] (a social club for female undergraduates)
              • turnverein [ENG31-08247600-n] (a club of tumblers or gymnasts)
              • yacht club [ENG31-08247706-n] (club that promotes and supports yachting and boating)
              • service club [ENG31-08252749-n] (a club of professional or business people organized for their coordination and active in public services)

                • Lions Club [ENG31-08252948-n] (club dedicated to promoting responsible citizenship and good government and community and national and international welfare)
                • Rotary Club [ENG31-08253172-n] (a group of businessmen in a town organized as a service club and to promote world peace)
            • family [ENG31-08244837-n] (an association of people who share common beliefs or activities)

              • koinonia [ENG31-08245150-n] (Christian fellowship or communion with God or with fellow Christians)
            • American Legion [ENG31-08245901-n] (the largest organization of United States war veterans)
            • Veterans of Foreign Wars [ENG31-08246055-n] (an organization of United States war veterans)
            • league [ENG31-08248105-n] (an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members)

              • major league [ENG31-08248420-n] (the most important league in any sport (especially baseball))
              • minor league [ENG31-08248599-n] (a league of teams that do not belong to a major league (especially baseball))
              • baseball league [ENG31-08248795-n] (a league of baseball teams)

                • little league [ENG31-08248920-n] (a commercially sponsored baseball league for players between 8 and 12 years of age)
              • basketball league [ENG31-08249220-n] (a league of basketball teams)
              • bowling league [ENG31-08249331-n] (a league of bowling teams)
              • football league [ENG31-08249417-n] (a league of football teams)
              • hockey league [ENG31-08249524-n] (a league of hockey teams)
              • Ivy League [ENG31-08249627-n] (a league of universities and colleges in the northeastern United States that have a reputation for scholastic achievement and social prestige)
              • class [ENG31-08256729-n] (a league ranked by quality)
            • secret society [ENG31-08252264-n] (a society that conceals its activities from nonmembers)

              • Freemasonry [ENG31-08252434-n] (Freemasons collectively)
              • Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [ENG31-08252544-n] (an all-male organization begun in 1925 to foster nationalism in India's Hindus)
            • consortium [ENG31-08253359-n] (an association of companies for some definite purpose)

              • trust [ENG31-08253542-n] (a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service)

                • drug cartel [ENG31-08253884-n] (an illicit cartel formed to control the production and distribution of narcotic drugs)
                • oil cartel [ENG31-08254620-n] (a cartel of companies or nations formed to control the production and distribution of oil)

                  • Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries [ENG31-08193929-n] (an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum)
            • professional association [ENG31-08259596-n] (an association of practitioners of a given profession)
            • Fabian Society [ENG31-08260772-n] (an association of British socialists who advocate gradual reforms within the law leading to democratic socialism)
            • gang [ENG31-08260983-n] (an association of criminals)

              • nest [ENG31-08261267-n] (a gang of people (criminals or spies or terrorists) assembled in one locality)

                • sleeper nest [ENG31-08261453-n] (a nest of sleepers awaiting a prearranged signal)
              • youth gang [ENG31-08261668-n] (a gang whose members are teenagers)
            • legion [ENG31-08289169-n] (association of ex-servicemen)
            • chamber of commerce [ENG31-08335991-n] (an association of businessmen to protect and promote business interests)
            • institute [ENG31-08424287-n] (an association organized to promote art or science or education)
            • sisterhood [ENG31-08424406-n] (an association or society of women who are linked together by a common religion or trade or interest)
            • Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons [ENG31-08504159-n] (an association of people to promote the welfare of senior citizens)
            • National Association of Realtors [ENG31-08504329-n] (a United States association of real estate agents which follows a strict code of ethics)
            • Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ENG31-08504514-n] (an association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism)
          • polity [ENG31-08067137-n] (a politically organized unit)

            • government [ENG31-08067430-n] (the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit)

              • authoritarian state [ENG31-08068136-n] (a government that concentrates political power in an authority not responsible to the people)
              • bureaucracy [ENG31-08068317-n] (a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials)
              • ancien regime [ENG31-08068491-n] (a political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution))
              • court [ENG31-08068698-n] (the sovereign and his advisers who are the governing power of a state)

                • Court of Saint James's [ENG31-08068887-n] (the British royal court)
                • Porte [ENG31-08068979-n] (the Ottoman court in Constantinople)
              • Downing Street [ENG31-08069082-n] (the British government)
              • empire [ENG31-08069165-n] (a group of countries under a single authority)
              • federal government [ENG31-08069301-n] (a government with strong central powers)

                • United States government [ENG31-08372718-n] (the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States)
              • government-in-exile [ENG31-08069442-n] (a temporary government moved to or formed in a foreign land by exiles who hope to rule when their country is liberated)
              • local government [ENG31-08069626-n] (the government of a local area)

                • municipal government [ENG31-08242657-n] (the government of a municipality)

                  • commission plan [ENG31-08242774-n] (a municipal government that combines legislative and executive authority in the members of a commission)
                • town meeting [ENG31-08329171-n] (government of a town by an assembly of the qualified voters)
              • military government [ENG31-08069755-n] (government by the military and an army)
              • palace [ENG31-08069873-n] (the governing group of a kingdom)
              • papacy [ENG31-08070012-n] (the government of the Roman Catholic Church)
              • puppet government [ENG31-08195239-n] (a government that is appointed by and whose affairs are directed by an outside authority that may impose hardships on those governed)
              • state [ENG31-08195465-n] (the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state)

                • Soviets [ENG31-08070159-n] (the government of the Soviet Union)
                • welfare state [ENG31-08195003-n] (a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.)
              • state government [ENG31-08242939-n] (the government of a state in the United States)
              • totalitarian state [ENG31-08243048-n] (a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures)
          • quango [ENG31-08067236-n] (a quasi nongovernmental organization)
          • institution [ENG31-08070328-n] (an organization founded and united for a specific purpose)

            • medical institution [ENG31-08070657-n] (an institution created for the practice of medicine)

              • clinic [ENG31-08070828-n] (a medical establishment run by a group of medical specialists)

                • eye clinic [ENG31-08071365-n] (a clinic where specialist care for a patient's eyes)
              • extended care facility [ENG31-08070978-n] (a medical institution that provides prolonged care (as in cases of prolonged illness or rehabilitation from acute illness))
              • hospital [ENG31-08071169-n] (a medical institution where sick or injured people are given medical or surgical care)
            • financial institution [ENG31-08071473-n] (an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets)

              • giro [ENG31-08072073-n] (a British financial system in which a bank or a post office transfers money from one account to another when they receive authorization to do so)
              • clearing house [ENG31-08072268-n] (a central collection place where banks exchange checks or drafts)
              • lending institution [ENG31-08072470-n] (a financial institution that makes loans)
              • central bank [ENG31-08366843-n] (a government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government)

                • European Central Bank [ENG31-08367171-n] (the central bank of those members of the European Union who share a common currency)
                • Federal Reserve System [ENG31-08367397-n] (the central bank of the United States)
                • Bank of England [ENG31-08368962-n] (the central bank of England and Wales)
                • Bundesbank [ENG31-08369061-n] (the central bank of Germany)
                • Bank of Japan [ENG31-08369145-n] (the central bank of Japan)
              • foundation [ENG31-08423443-n] (an institution supported by an endowment)

                • charity [ENG31-08423576-n] (a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals))

                  • philanthropic foundation [ENG31-08423782-n] (a foundation that provides funds for science or art or education or religion or relief from disease etc.)
                  • private foundation [ENG31-08423957-n] (a charity that does not receive a major part of its support from the public)
                  • public charity [ENG31-08424097-n] (a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public (rather than from a small group of individuals))
              • acquirer [ENG31-08436311-n] (the financial institution that dispenses cash in automated teller machines and collects a fee from the bank that issued the credit card)
              • nondepository financial institution [ENG31-08436941-n] (a financial institution that funds their investment activities from the sale of securities or insurance)

                • brokerage [ENG31-08086714-n] (a stock broker's business)

                  • bucket shop [ENG31-08086966-n] (an unethical or overly aggressive brokerage firm)
                  • marriage brokerage [ENG31-08087177-n] (a business that arranges marriage contracts)
                • insurance company [ENG31-08087301-n] (a financial institution that sells insurance)
                • pension fund [ENG31-08087510-n] (a financial institution that collects regular contributions from employers to provide retirement income for employees)
                • investment company [ENG31-08087686-n] (a financial institution that sells shares to individuals and invests in securities issued by other companies)

                  • hedge fund [ENG31-08088065-n] (a flexible investment company for a small number of large investors (usually the minimum investment is $1 million))
                  • mutual fund [ENG31-08088352-n] (a regulated investment company with a pool of assets that regularly sells and redeems its shares)

                    • index fund [ENG31-08088592-n] (a mutual fund that invests in the stocks that are the basis of a well-known stock or bond index)
                  • closed-end fund [ENG31-08088744-n] (a regulated investment company that issues a fixed number of shares which are listed on a stock market)
                  • face-amount certificate company [ENG31-08088940-n] (a regulated investment company that pays a stated amount to certificate holders on a stated maturity date)
                  • Real Estate Investment Trust [ENG31-08089123-n] (an investment trust that owns and manages a pool of commercial properties and mortgages and other real estate assets)
                  • unit investment trust [ENG31-08089372-n] (a regulated investment company consisting of professional managers who issue redeemable securities representing a portfolio of many different securities)
                  • nondiscretionary trust [ENG31-13383907-n] (an investment trust that can buy only those securities listed when the trust was organized)
                • finance company [ENG31-08437796-n] (a financial institution (often affiliated with a holding company or manufacturer) that makes loans to individuals or businesses)

                  • consumer finance company [ENG31-08438057-n] (a finance company that makes loans to people who have trouble getting a bank loan)

                    • industrial bank [ENG31-08438248-n] (a finance company that makes small loans to industrial workers)
                  • captive finance company [ENG31-08438398-n] (a finance company owned by a manufacturer to finance dealers' inventories or to make loans to consumers buying the company's products)
                  • sales finance company [ENG31-08438601-n] (a finance company that buys (at a discount) the installment sales contracts of retail merchants)
                  • commercial finance company [ENG31-08438764-n] (a finance company that makes loans to manufacturers and wholesalers)
              • depository financial institution [ENG31-08437235-n] (a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities)

                • credit union [ENG31-08251549-n] (a cooperative depository financial institution whose members can obtain loans from their combined savings)
                • Federal Reserve Bank [ENG31-08367846-n] (one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region)
                • agent bank [ENG31-08435273-n] (a bank that acts as an agent for a foreign bank)
                • commercial bank [ENG31-08435377-n] (a financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public)

                  • national bank [ENG31-08435588-n] (a commercial bank chartered by the federal government)
                • state bank [ENG31-08435720-n] (a bank chartered by a state rather than by the federal government)
                • lead bank [ENG31-08435842-n] (a bank named by a lending syndicate of several banks to protect their interests)
                • member bank [ENG31-08435990-n] (a bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System)
                • merchant bank [ENG31-08436120-n] (a credit card processing bank)
                • acquirer [ENG31-08436519-n] (a corporation gaining financial control over another corporation or financial institution through a payment in cash or an exchange of stock)
                • thrift institution [ENG31-08439481-n] (a depository financial institution intended to encourage personal savings and home buying)

                  • savings and loan [ENG31-08439671-n] (a thrift institution that is required by law to make a certain percentage of its loans as home mortgages)

                    • building society [ENG31-08439887-n] (British equivalent of United States savings and loan association)
                  • savings bank [ENG31-08440014-n] (a thrift institution in the northeastern United States)

                    • mutual savings bank [ENG31-08441458-n] (a state-chartered savings bank owned by its depositors and managed by a board of trustees)
                    • federal savings bank [ENG31-08441619-n] (a federally chartered savings bank)
                • Home Loan Bank [ENG31-08440255-n] (one of 11 regional banks that monitor and make short-term credit advances to thrift institutions in their region)
              • Federal Home Loan Bank System [ENG31-08440447-n] (the central credit system for thrift institutions)
              • trust company [ENG31-08441179-n] (an organization (usually with a commercial bank) that is engaged as a trustee or fiduciary or agent in handling trust funds or estates of custodial arrangements or stock transfers or related services)
            • issuer [ENG31-08071902-n] (an institution that issues something (securities or publications or currency etc.))
            • charity [ENG31-08072576-n] (an institution set up to provide help to the needy)

              • community chest [ENG31-08072716-n] (a charity supported by individual subscriptions)
              • soup kitchen [ENG31-08072880-n] (a place where food is dispensed to the needy)
            • company [ENG31-08074934-n] (an institution created to conduct business)

              • broadcasting company [ENG31-08018457-n] (a company that manages tv or radio stations)
              • bureau de change [ENG31-08018567-n] ((French) an establishment where you can exchange foreign money)
              • car company [ENG31-08018711-n] (a company that makes and sells automobiles)
              • dot-com [ENG31-08018826-n] (a company that operates its business primarily on the internet using a URL that ends in `.com')
              • drug company [ENG31-08019020-n] (a company that makes and sells pharmaceuticals)
              • East India Company [ENG31-08019159-n] (an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia)
              • electronics company [ENG31-08019477-n] (a company that makes and sells electronic instruments)
              • film company [ENG31-08019615-n] (a company that makes, advertises, and distributes movies)

                • indie [ENG31-08019748-n] (an independent film company not associated with an established studio)
              • food company [ENG31-08019869-n] (a company that processes and sells food)
              • furniture company [ENG31-08019967-n] (a company that sells furniture)
              • mining company [ENG31-08020061-n] (a company that owns and manages mines)
              • shipping company [ENG31-08020159-n] (a company that provides shipping services)

                • trucking company [ENG31-08020652-n] (a company that ships goods or possessions by truck)
              • steel company [ENG31-08020281-n] (a company that makes and sells steel)
              • subsidiary company [ENG31-08020377-n] (a company that is completely controlled by another company)
              • transportation company [ENG31-08020531-n] (a company providing transportation)

                • bus company [ENG31-08203679-n] (a public utility providing local transportation)
              • distributor [ENG31-08078741-n] (a company that markets merchandise)

                • direct mailer [ENG31-08078928-n] (a distributor who uses direct mail to sell merchandise)
                • retail chain [ENG31-08079042-n] (a chain of retail stores)
              • oil company [ENG31-08086077-n] (a company that sells oil)
              • packaging company [ENG31-08086178-n] (a company that packages goods for sale or shipment or storage)
              • pipeline company [ENG31-08086323-n] (a company that operates oil pipelines for the oil industry)
              • printing concern [ENG31-08086463-n] (a company that does commercial printing)
              • corporate investor [ENG31-08092765-n] (a company that invests in (acquires control of) other companies)

                • raider [ENG31-08093089-n] (a corporate investor who intends to take over a company by buying a controlling interest in its stock and installing new management)
              • target company [ENG31-08092911-n] (a company that has been chosen as attractive for takeover by a potential acquirer)

                • sleeping beauty [ENG31-08093291-n] (a potential takeover target that has not yet been put in play)
              • white knight [ENG31-08093541-n] (a company that is a friendly acquirer in a takeover)

                • white squire [ENG31-08093669-n] (a white knight that buys less than a majority interest)
              • limited company [ENG31-08202129-n] (a company that is organized to give its owners limited liability)
              • holding company [ENG31-08202287-n] (a company with controlling shares in other companies)

                • bank holding company [ENG31-08202419-n] (a holding company owning or controlling one or more banks)

                  • multibank holding company [ENG31-08202561-n] (a bank holding company owning several banks)
              • service [ENG31-08202965-n] (a company or agency that performs a public service)

                • utility [ENG31-08202676-n] (a company that performs a public service)

                  • telephone company [ENG31-08203139-n] (a public utility that provides telephone service)
                  • power company [ENG31-08203311-n] (a public utility that provides electricity)
                  • water company [ENG31-08203464-n] (a public utility that provides water)
                  • gas company [ENG31-08203573-n] (a public utility that provides gas)
              • livery company [ENG31-08203816-n] (one of the chartered companies of London originating with the craft guilds)
              • open shop [ENG31-08251856-n] (a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union)
              • closed shop [ENG31-08251997-n] (a company that hires only union members)
              • union shop [ENG31-08252094-n] (a company allowed to hire nonunion workers on the condition that they will join the union within a specified time)
              • stock company [ENG31-08400041-n] (a company whose capital is represented by stock)
              • joint-stock company [ENG31-08400148-n] (a company (usually unincorporated) which has the capital of its members pooled in a common fund)
              • record company [ENG31-08495272-n] (a company that makes and sells musical recordings)
              • mover [ENG31-08495493-n] (a company that moves the possessions of a family or business from one site to another)
              • think tank [ENG31-08495713-n] (a company that does research for hire and issues reports on the implications)
              • shipper [ENG31-08498726-n] (a company in the business of shipping freight)
            • religion [ENG31-08098545-n] (an institution to express belief in a divine power)

              • church [ENG31-08099479-n] (one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship)

                • Armenian Church [ENG31-08099960-n] (an independent Christian church established in Armenia since 300)
                • Catholic Church [ENG31-08100197-n] (any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church)

                  • Roman Catholic [ENG31-08100476-n] (the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy)
                  • Old Catholic Church [ENG31-08103016-n] (Catholic churches that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 18th century)
                  • Eastern Church [ENG31-08103185-n] (the Catholic Church as it existed in the Byzantine Empire)
                  • Orthodox Church [ENG31-08103322-n] (derived from the Byzantine Church and adhering to Byzantine rites)

                    • Greek Orthodox Church [ENG31-08103612-n] (state church of Greece)
                    • Russian Orthodox Church [ENG31-08103787-n] (an independent church with its own Patriarch)
                  • Uniat Church [ENG31-08103953-n] (any of several churches in eastern Europe or the Middle East that acknowledge papal authority but retain their own liturgy)
                • Nestorian Church [ENG31-08102274-n] (a Christian Church in the Middle East that followed Nestorianism)
                • Coptic Church [ENG31-08104169-n] (the ancient Christian church of Egypt)
                • Protestant Church [ENG31-08104536-n] (the Protestant churches and denominations collectively)

                  • Pentecostal religion [ENG31-08104285-n] (any fundamentalist Protestant Church that uses revivalistic methods to achieve experiences comparable to the Pentecostal experiences of the first Christian disciples)
                • Unification Church [ENG31-08110387-n] (a Christian church (with some Buddhist elements) founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon and known for staging mass weddings and other communal activities)
              • Judaism [ENG31-08110979-n] (Jews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud)

                • Orthodox Judaism [ENG31-08111625-n] (Jews who strictly observe the Mosaic law as interpreted in the Talmud)

                  • Hasidim [ENG31-08111832-n] (a sect of Orthodox Jews that arose out of a pietistic movement originating in eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th century)
                • Conservative Judaism [ENG31-08112126-n] (Jews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic law but allow for adaptation of other requirements (as some of the dietary laws) to fit modern circumstances)
                • Reform Judaism [ENG31-08112392-n] (the most liberal Jews)
              • Hinduism [ENG31-08113590-n] (the religion of most people in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal)

                • Brahmanism [ENG31-08113916-n] (the religious and social system of orthodox Hinduism)
              • Taoism [ENG31-08115312-n] (religion adhering to the teaching of Lao-tzu)
              • Buddhism [ENG31-08115674-n] (a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha)

                • Zen [ENG31-08115995-n] (school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith)
                • Mahayana [ENG31-08116230-n] (a major school of Buddhism teaching social concern and universal salvation)
                • Hinayana [ENG31-08116441-n] (a major school of Buddhism teaching personal salvation through one's own efforts)
                • Tantrism [ENG31-08116613-n] (movement within Buddhism combining elements of Hinduism and paganism)
              • Khalsa [ENG31-08116791-n] (the group of initiated Sikhs to which devout orthodox Sikhs are ritually admitted at puberty)
              • Scientology [ENG31-08116999-n] (a new religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1955 and characterized by a belief in the power of a person's spirit to clear itself of past painful experiences through self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment)
              • Shinto [ENG31-08117286-n] (the native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan)
              • established church [ENG31-08117744-n] (the church that is recognized as the official church of a nation)
              • sect [ENG31-08166788-n] (a subdivision of a larger religious group)

                • sisterhood [ENG31-08092483-n] (a religious society of women who live together as sisters (especially an order of nuns))
                • Albigenses [ENG31-08102074-n] (a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries)
                • High Church [ENG31-08105929-n] (a group in the Anglican Church that emphasizes the Catholic tradition (especially in sacraments and rituals and obedience to church authority))
                • Abecedarian [ENG31-08110619-n] (a 16th century sect of Anabaptists centered in Germany who had an absolute disdain for human knowledge)
                • Amish sect [ENG31-08110779-n] (an orthodox Anabaptist sect separated from the Mennonites in late 17th century)
                • Karaites [ENG31-08111352-n] (a Jewish sect that recognizes only the Hebrew Scriptures as the source of divinely inspired legislation and denies the authority of the postbiblical tradition of the Talmud)
                • Shiah [ENG31-08113267-n] (one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam)
                • Sunni [ENG31-08113440-n] (one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam)
                • Shivaism [ENG31-08114038-n] (a Hindu sect worshiping Shiva)
                • Shaktism [ENG31-08114188-n] (a Hindu sect worshiping Shakti)
                • Vaishnavism [ENG31-08114357-n] (Hindu sect worshiping of Vishnu)
                • Haredi [ENG31-08114497-n] (any of several sects of Orthodox Judaism that reject modern secular culture and many of whom do not recognize the spiritual authority of the modern state of Israel)
                • Hare Krishna [ENG31-08114732-n] (a religious sect founded in the United States in 1966)
                • Jainism [ENG31-08115158-n] (sect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism)
                • Taoism [ENG31-08115465-n] (a Chinese sect claiming to follow the teaching of Lao-tzu but incorporating pantheism and sorcery in addition to Taoism)
                • Kokka Shinto [ENG31-08117447-n] (the branch of Shinto recognized as the official state religion of Japan)
                • Shuha Shinto [ENG31-08117622-n] (any branch of Shinto other than Kokka)
                • brethren [ENG31-08164677-n] ((plural) the lay members of a male religious order)
                • order [ENG31-08164801-n] (a group of person living under a religious rule)

                  • Augustinian order [ENG31-08165074-n] (any of several monastic orders observing a rule derived from the writings of St. Augustine)

                    • Augustinian Canons [ENG31-08165301-n] (an Augustinian monastic order)
                    • Augustinian Hermits [ENG31-08165395-n] (a monastic order of friars established in 1256 by the Pope)
                    • Austin Friars [ENG31-08165519-n] (an Augustinian monastic order)
                  • Benedictine order [ENG31-08165608-n] (a Roman Catholic monastic order founded in the 6th century)
                  • Carmelite order [ENG31-08165834-n] (a Roman Catholic mendicant order founded in the 12th century)
                  • Carthusian order [ENG31-08166011-n] (an austere contemplative Roman Catholic order founded by St. Bruno in 1084)
                  • Dominican order [ENG31-08166167-n] (a Roman Catholic order of mendicant preachers founded in the 13th century)
                  • Franciscan order [ENG31-08166321-n] (a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century)
                  • Society of Jesus [ENG31-08166480-n] (a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen)
                • Religious Society of Friends [ENG31-08167384-n] (a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660)
                • Shakers [ENG31-08167583-n] (a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States)
                • Waldenses [ENG31-08167899-n] (a Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France in the late 12th century adopted Calvinist doctrines in the 16th century)
                • Zurvanism [ENG31-08168103-n] (a Zoroastrian sect that claims Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe)
              • cult [ENG31-08168236-n] (followers of an unorthodox, extremist, or false religion or sect who often live outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader)

                • cargo cult [ENG31-08168750-n] ((Melanesia) the followers of one of several millenarian cults that believe salvation will come in the form of wealth (`cargo') brought by westerners)
              • cult [ENG31-08168497-n] (followers of an exclusive system of beliefs and practices)

                • macumba [ENG31-08169066-n] ((Brazil) followers of a religious cult of African origin)
                • obeah [ENG31-08169195-n] ((West Indies) followers of a religious system involving witchcraft and sorcery)
                • Rastafarian [ENG31-08169350-n] ((Ethiopia) adherents of an African religion that regards Ras Tafari as divine)
                • voodoo [ENG31-08169504-n] ((Haiti) followers of a religion that involves witchcraft and animistic deities)
                • Wicca [ENG31-08502987-n] (a community of followers of the Wicca religion)
            • vicariate [ENG31-08117873-n] (the religious institution under the authority of a vicar)
            • educational institution [ENG31-08293263-n] (an institution dedicated to education)

              • preschool [ENG31-08293460-n] (an educational institution for children too young for elementary school)

                • kindergarten [ENG31-08429093-n] (a preschool for children age 4 to 6 to prepare them for primary school)
                • nursery school [ENG31-08429222-n] (a small preschool for small children)
                • playschool [ENG31-08429319-n] (a small informal nursery group meeting for half-day sessions)
              • school [ENG31-08293641-n] (an educational institution)

                • academy [ENG31-08294726-n] (a school for special training)

                  • yeshiva [ENG31-08294953-n] (an academy for the advanced study of Jewish texts (primarily the Talmud))
                  • police academy [ENG31-08296345-n] (an academy for training police officers)
                  • military academy [ENG31-08296445-n] (an academy for training military officers)

                    • United States Military Academy [ENG31-08412422-n] (a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Army)
                  • naval academy [ENG31-08296586-n] (an academy for training naval officers)

                    • United States Naval Academy [ENG31-08211014-n] (a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Navy)
                  • air force academy [ENG31-08296721-n] (an academy for training air force officers)

                    • United States Air Force Academy [ENG31-08211867-n] (a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Air Force)
                  • Plato's Academy [ENG31-08296864-n] (a school established by Plato in ancient Athens)
                • correspondence school [ENG31-08295510-n] (a school that teaches nonresident students by mail)
                • crammer [ENG31-08295628-n] (a special school where students are crammed)
                • dancing school [ENG31-08295743-n] (a school in which students learn to dance)
                • direct-grant school [ENG31-08295845-n] (formerly a school that charged tuition fees and also received government grants in return for admitting certain non-paying students who were nominated by the local authorities)
                • driving school [ENG31-08296105-n] (a school where people are taught to drive automobiles)
                • finishing school [ENG31-08299030-n] (a private school for girls that emphasizes training in cultural and social activities)
                • flying school [ENG31-08299178-n] (a school for teaching students to fly airplanes)
                • graduate school [ENG31-08299617-n] (a school in a university offering study leading to degrees beyond the bachelor's degree)

                  • business school [ENG31-08298733-n] (a graduate school offering study leading to a degree of Master in Business Administration)
                  • dental school [ENG31-08298884-n] (a graduate school offering study leading to degrees in dentistry)
                  • law school [ENG31-08299972-n] (a graduate school offering study leading to a law degree)
                  • medical school [ENG31-08300428-n] (a graduate school offering study leading to a medical degree)
                • language school [ENG31-08299871-n] (a school for teaching foreign languages)
                • nursing school [ENG31-08300678-n] (a school for training nurses)
                • religious school [ENG31-08300975-n] (a school run by a religious body)

                  • madrasa [ENG31-08300101-n] (Muslim schools in Bangladesh and Pakistan)
                  • pesantran [ENG31-08300787-n] (a Muslim school in Indonesia operated by religious leaders)
                  • church school [ENG31-08301142-n] (a private religious school run by a church or parish)

                    • Catholic school [ENG31-08428326-n] (a parochial school maintained by the Catholic Church)
                  • seminary [ENG31-08302030-n] (a theological school for training ministers or priests or rabbis)
                • riding school [ENG31-08301291-n] (a school where horsemanship is taught and practiced)
                • secondary school [ENG31-08301402-n] (a school for students intermediate between elementary school and college)

                  • academy [ENG31-08296219-n] (a secondary school (usually private))
                  • trade school [ENG31-08302515-n] (a secondary school teaching the skilled trades)
                  • senior high school [ENG31-08426574-n] (a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12)
                  • junior high school [ENG31-08426792-n] (a secondary school usually including 7th and 8th grades)
                  • preparatory school [ENG31-08426926-n] (a private secondary school)

                    • choir school [ENG31-08427049-n] (a school that is part of a cathedral or monastery where boys with singing ability can receive a general education)
                  • public school [ENG31-08427645-n] (private independent secondary school in Great Britain supported by endowment and tuition)

                    • Eton College [ENG31-08427848-n] (a public school for boys founded in 1440)
                    • Winchester College [ENG31-08427988-n] (the oldest English public school)
                  • grammar school [ENG31-08429915-n] (a secondary school emphasizing Latin and Greek in preparation for college)
                  • secondary modern school [ENG31-08430049-n] (a former British secondary school emphasizing practical rather than academic education)
                  • comprehensive school [ENG31-08430205-n] (a large British or Canadian secondary school for children of all abilities)
                • secretarial school [ENG31-08301768-n] (a school where secretarial skills (typing and shorthand and filing etc) are taught)
                • technical school [ENG31-08302167-n] (a school teaching mechanical and industrial arts and the applied sciences)

                  • polytechnic institute [ENG31-08302328-n] (a technical school offering instruction in many industrial arts and applied sciences)
                • training school [ENG31-08302960-n] (a school providing practical vocational and technical training)
                • veterinary school [ENG31-08304256-n] (a school teaching veterinary medicine)
                • conservatory [ENG31-08304357-n] (the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine arts)

                  • music school [ENG31-08300570-n] (a school for the study of music)
                • alma mater [ENG31-08419296-n] (your alma mater is a school you graduated from)
                • public school [ENG31-08427239-n] (a tuition free school in the United States supported by taxes and controlled by a school board)

                  • charter school [ENG31-08427411-n] (an experimental public school for kindergarten through grade 12)
                • private school [ENG31-08428127-n] (a school established and controlled privately and supported by endowment and tuition)

                  • seminary [ENG31-08301915-n] (a private place of education for the young)
                  • day school [ENG31-08428542-n] (a private school taking day students only)
                  • boarding school [ENG31-08428658-n] (a private school where students are lodged and fed as well as taught)
                • dance school [ENG31-08428440-n] (a school where students are taught to dance)
                • day school [ENG31-08428806-n] (a school giving instruction during the daytime)
                • night school [ENG31-08428927-n] (a school that holds classes in the evenings for students who cannot attend during the day)
                • Sunday school [ENG31-08429449-n] (school meeting on Sundays for religious instruction)
                • grade school [ENG31-08429706-n] (a school for young children)

                  • junior school [ENG31-08294533-n] (British school for children aged 7-11)
                  • infant school [ENG31-08294630-n] (British school for children aged 5-7)
              • school [ENG31-08294314-n] (an educational institution's faculty and students)
              • college [ENG31-08295245-n] (an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees)

                • business college [ENG31-08298603-n] (a school for teaching the clerical aspects of business and commerce)
                • junior college [ENG31-08299285-n] (a college that offers only the first two years terminating in an associate degree)

                  • community college [ENG31-08299463-n] (a nonresidential junior college offering a curriculum fitted to the needs of the community)
                  • normal school [ENG31-08429577-n] (a two-year school for training elementary teachers)
                • training college [ENG31-08302817-n] (a school providing training for a special field or profession)
              • university [ENG31-08303490-n] (a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees)

                • multiversity [ENG31-08303722-n] (a university system having several separate campuses and colleges and research centers)
                • Open University [ENG31-08303867-n] (a British university that is open to people without formal academic qualifications and where teaching is by correspondence or broadcasting or summer school)
            • academy [ENG31-08297045-n] (an institution for the advancement of art or science or literature)

              • Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences [ENG31-08297383-n] (an academy that gives annual awards for achievements in motion picture production and performance)
              • Academy of Television Arts and Sciences [ENG31-08297570-n] (an academy that gives annual awards for outstanding achievements in television)
              • French Academy [ENG31-08297734-n] (an honorary group of French writers and thinkers supported by the French government)
              • National Academy of Sciences [ENG31-08297950-n] (an honorary American society of scientists created by President Lincoln during the American Civil War)
              • Royal Academy [ENG31-08298126-n] (an honorary academy in London (founded in 1768) intended to cultivate painting and sculpture and architecture in Britain)
              • Royal Society [ENG31-08298330-n] (an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a royal charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science)
          • enterprise [ENG31-08072983-n] (an organization created for business ventures)

            • giant [ENG31-08073223-n] (an unusually large enterprise)
            • collective [ENG31-08073353-n] (members of a cooperative enterprise)

              • collective farm [ENG31-08073499-n] (a farm operated collectively)

                • kibbutz [ENG31-08073625-n] (a collective farm or settlement owned by its members in modern Israel)
                • kolkhoz [ENG31-08073820-n] (a collective farm owned by the communist state)
            • business [ENG31-08077878-n] (a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it)

              • agency [ENG31-08073958-n] (a business or organization that provides a particular service, especially the mediation of transactions between two parties)

                • advertising agency [ENG31-08370839-n] (an agency that designs advertisement to call public attention to its clients)
                • credit bureau [ENG31-08370992-n] (a private firm that maintains consumer credit data files and provides credit information to authorized users for a fee)
                • detective agency [ENG31-08371170-n] (an agency that makes inquiries for its clients)
                • employment agency [ENG31-08371279-n] (an agency that finds people to fill particular jobs or finds jobs for unemployed people)
                • mercantile agency [ENG31-08371769-n] (an organization that provides businesses with credit ratings of other firms)
                • news agency [ENG31-08372002-n] (an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically)

                  • syndicate [ENG31-08372251-n] (a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication)
                • service agency [ENG31-08372433-n] (a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee)
                • travel agency [ENG31-08372619-n] (an agency that arranges personal travel)
                • transfer agent [ENG31-08436731-n] (an agency (usually a bank) that is appointed by a corporation to keep records of its stock and bond owners and to resolve problems about certificates)
              • brokerage [ENG31-08074296-n] (the business of a broker)

                • commodity brokerage [ENG31-08087072-n] (a brokerage firm dealing in commodities)
              • carrier [ENG31-08074469-n] (a person or firm in the business of transporting people or goods or messages)

                • line [ENG31-03676799-n] (a commercial organization serving as a common carrier)

                  • airline [ENG31-02692940-n] (a commercial enterprise that provides scheduled flights for passengers)
                  • railway [ENG31-04055680-n] (line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight)

                    • cable railway [ENG31-02938025-n] (a railway up the side of a mountain pulled by a moving cable and having counterbalancing ascending and descending cars)
                    • cog railway [ENG31-03069067-n] (railway for steep mountains)
                    • elevated railway [ENG31-03285724-n] (a railway that is powered by electricity and that runs on a track that is raised above the street level)
                    • metro [ENG31-03762667-n] (an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city))
                    • monorail [ENG31-03789586-n] (a railway having a single track)
                    • rail [ENG31-04053903-n] (short for railway)
                    • scenic railway [ENG31-04152387-n] (small railway in an amusement park)
                  • steamship company [ENG31-04317485-n] (a line responsible for the operation of a fleet of steamships)

                    • fleet [ENG31-08310257-n] (a group of steamships operating together under the same ownership)

                      • argosy [ENG31-08403011-n] (one or more large merchant ships)
                  • transit line [ENG31-04479333-n] (a line providing public transit)

                    • bus line [ENG31-02929285-n] (an organization responsible for operating a bus transportation system)
                    • trolley line [ENG31-04494524-n] (a transit line using streetcars or trolley buses)
              • chain [ENG31-08074652-n] ((business) a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership)

                • apparel chain [ENG31-08078445-n] (a chain of clothing stores)
                • discount chain [ENG31-08078531-n] (a chain of discount stores)
                • restaurant chain [ENG31-08078637-n] (a chain of restaurants)
              • firm [ENG31-08076706-n] (the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments)

                • corporation [ENG31-08076248-n] (a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state)

                  • conglomerate [ENG31-08075773-n] (a group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization)

                    • publishing conglomerate [ENG31-08079678-n] (a conglomerate of publishing companies)
                  • large cap [ENG31-08075961-n] (a corporation with a large capitalization)
                  • small cap [ENG31-08076086-n] (a corporation with a small capitalization)
                  • closed corporation [ENG31-08400421-n] (a corporation owned by a few people)

                    • family business [ENG31-08400640-n] (a corporation that is entirely owned by the members of a single family)
                  • closely held corporation [ENG31-08400772-n] (stock is publicly traded but most is held by a few shareholders who have no plans to sell)
                  • shell corporation [ENG31-08400932-n] (a company that is incorporated but has no assets or operations)
                  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [ENG31-08401073-n] (a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions)
                  • Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation [ENG31-08401270-n] (a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages)
                  • Federal National Mortgage Association [ENG31-08401469-n] (a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages)
                  • Boy Scouts of America [ENG31-08487939-n] (a corporation that operates through a national council that charters local councils all over the United States)
                • accounting firm [ENG31-08079162-n] (a firm of accountants who provide accounting and auditing services for a fee)
                • consulting firm [ENG31-08079300-n] (a firm of experts providing professional advice to an organization for a fee)
                • publisher [ENG31-08079459-n] (a firm in the publishing business)

                  • newspaper [ENG31-08079806-n] (a business firm that publishes newspapers)
                  • magazine [ENG31-08080139-n] (a business firm that publishes magazines)
                • dealer [ENG31-08080282-n] (a firm engaged in trading)

                  • car dealer [ENG31-08080486-n] (a firm that sells and buys cars)
                  • computer dealer [ENG31-08080574-n] (a firm that sells and buys computers)
                  • jewelry dealer [ENG31-08080672-n] (a firm that sells and buys jewelry)
                  • truck dealer [ENG31-08080783-n] (a firm that sells and buys trucks)
                • law firm [ENG31-08080875-n] (a firm of lawyers)
                • auction house [ENG31-08093782-n] (a firm that conducts auctions)
              • franchise [ENG31-08077029-n] (a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area)
              • manufacturer [ENG31-08077282-n] (a business engaged in manufacturing some product)

                • armorer [ENG31-08082931-n] (a manufacturer of firearms)
                • bottler [ENG31-08083480-n] (a manufacturer that makes and bottles beverages)
                • car manufacturer [ENG31-08083599-n] (a business engaged in the manufacture of automobiles)
                • computer business [ENG31-08083801-n] (a business that manufactures and sells computers)
              • partnership [ENG31-08077530-n] (the members of a business venture created by contract)

                • copartnership [ENG31-08077714-n] (a partnership in which employees get a share of the profits in addition to their wages)
              • processor [ENG31-08082773-n] (a business engaged in processing agricultural products and preparing them for market)
              • shipbuilder [ENG31-08090828-n] (a business that builds and repairs ships)
              • underperformer [ENG31-08093414-n] (a business that is less successful than expected)
            • commercial enterprise [ENG31-08081929-n] (an enterprise connected with commerce)

              • cooperative [ENG31-01102782-n] (a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners)
              • industry [ENG31-08082070-n] (the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise)

                • aluminum business [ENG31-08083022-n] (manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group)
                • apparel industry [ENG31-08083153-n] (makers and sellers of fashionable clothing)
                • banking industry [ENG31-08083327-n] (banks collectively)

                  • Farm Credit System [ENG31-08438932-n] (a cooperative nationwide system of banks and associations providing credit to farmers and related businesses)
                  • hawala [ENG31-08439204-n] (an underground banking system based on trust whereby money can be made available internationally without actually moving it or leaving a record of the transaction)
                • automobile industry [ENG31-08083913-n] (the manufacturers of automobiles considered collectively)
                • aviation [ENG31-08084054-n] (the operation of aircraft to provide transportation)
                • chemical industry [ENG31-08084178-n] (the manufacturers of chemicals considered collectively)
                • coal industry [ENG31-08084296-n] (the producers of coal considered collectively)
                • computer industry [ENG31-08084401-n] (the manufacturers of computers considered collectively)
                • construction industry [ENG31-08084519-n] (an industry that builds housing)
                • electronics industry [ENG31-08084637-n] (the manufacturers of electronic products considered collectively)
                • entertainment industry [ENG31-08084787-n] (those involved in providing entertainment: radio and television and films and theater)
                • film industry [ENG31-08084987-n] (the entertainment industries involved in producing and distributing movies)

                  • Bollywood [ENG31-08085211-n] (the film industry of India)
                  • filmdom [ENG31-08085293-n] (the personnel of the film industry)
                  • Hollywood [ENG31-08085433-n] (the film industry of the United States)
                • growth industry [ENG31-08085527-n] (an industry that is growing rapidly)
                • lighting industry [ENG31-08085624-n] (an industry devoted to manufacturing and selling and installing lighting)
                • munitions industry [ENG31-08085760-n] (an industry that manufacturers weapons of war)
                • oil industry [ENG31-08085886-n] (an industry that produces and delivers oil and oil products)
                • plastics industry [ENG31-08086604-n] (an industry that manufactures plastic articles)
                • market [ENG31-08089673-n] (the securities markets in the aggregate)

                  • bear market [ENG31-08089966-n] (a market characterized by falling prices for securities)
                  • bull market [ENG31-08090079-n] (a market characterized by rising prices for securities)
                  • the City [ENG31-08090191-n] (used to allude to the securities industry of Great Britain)
                  • Wall Street [ENG31-08090304-n] (used to allude to the securities industry of the United States)
                  • money market [ENG31-08090437-n] (a market for short-term debt instruments)
                • service industry [ENG31-08090536-n] (an industry that provides services rather than tangible objects)

                  • management consulting [ENG31-08090680-n] (a service industry that provides advice to those in charge of running a business)
                • shipbuilding industry [ENG31-08090945-n] (an industry that builds ships)
                • shoe industry [ENG31-08091061-n] (an industry that manufactures and sells shoes)
                • sign industry [ENG31-08091166-n] (an industry that produces signs)
                • steel industry [ENG31-08091418-n] (the industry that makes steel and steel products)
                • sunrise industry [ENG31-08091527-n] (a new industry that is expanding rapidly (especially telecommunications or electronics))
                • tobacco industry [ENG31-08091715-n] (an industry that manufactures and sells products containing tobacco)
                • toy industry [ENG31-08091845-n] (an industry that manufactures and sells toys for children)
                • trucking industry [ENG31-08091976-n] (an industry that provides transportation for commercial products)
          • defense [ENG31-08080966-n] (an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack)

            • bastion [ENG31-08081208-n] (a group that defends a principle)
          • establishment [ENG31-08092683-n] (any large organization)
          • fire brigade [ENG31-08138369-n] (a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight fires)
          • company [ENG31-08203951-n] (organization of performers and associated personnel (especially theatrical))

            • opera company [ENG31-08204288-n] (a company that produces operas)
            • theater company [ENG31-08204378-n] (a company that produces plays)

              • stock company [ENG31-08204487-n] (a theatrical company that performs plays from a repertoire)
            • ballet company [ENG31-08204637-n] (a company that produces ballets)
            • chorus [ENG31-08204918-n] (a company of actors who comment (by speaking or singing in unison) on the action in a classical Greek play)
            • circus [ENG31-08206141-n] (a travelling company of entertainers)
            • minstrel show [ENG31-08206301-n] (a troupe of performers in blackface typically giving a comic program of negro songs and jokes)
            • minstrelsy [ENG31-08206511-n] (a troupe of minstrels)
          • unit [ENG31-08206589-n] (an organization regarded as part of a larger social group)

            • klavern [ENG31-08046537-n] (a local unit of the Ku Klux Klan)
            • administrative unit [ENG31-08094128-n] (a unit with administrative responsibilities)

              • Inland Revenue [ENG31-08160486-n] (a board of the British government that administers and collects major direct taxes)
              • Ordnance Survey [ENG31-08170773-n] (the official cartography agency of the British government)
              • division [ENG31-08237635-n] (an administrative unit in government or business)

                • department [ENG31-08131836-n] (a specialized division of a large organization)

                  • academic department [ENG31-08132179-n] (a division of a school that is responsible for a given subject)

                    • anthropology department [ENG31-08132577-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in anthropology)
                    • art department [ENG31-08132753-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching art and art appreciation)
                    • biology department [ENG31-08132887-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in biology)
                    • chemistry department [ENG31-08133048-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in chemistry)
                    • department of computer science [ENG31-08133215-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in computer science)
                    • economics department [ENG31-08133373-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in economics)
                    • English department [ENG31-08133540-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching English and American literature)
                    • history department [ENG31-08133709-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching history)
                    • linguistics department [ENG31-08133854-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in linguistics)
                    • mathematics department [ENG31-08134027-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in mathematics)
                    • philosophy department [ENG31-08134200-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching philosophy)
                    • physics department [ENG31-08134354-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in physics)
                    • music department [ENG31-08134515-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching music and music appreciation)
                    • psychology department [ENG31-08134677-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in psychology)
                    • sociology department [ENG31-08134847-n] (the academic department responsible for teaching and research in sociology)
                  • business department [ENG31-08135014-n] (a division of a business firm)

                    • advertising department [ENG31-08135235-n] (the division of a business that is responsible for advertising)
                    • editorial department [ENG31-08135389-n] (the department of a publishing business that edits material for publication)

                      • city desk [ENG31-08135567-n] (the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the local news)
                      • sports desk [ENG31-08135700-n] (the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the sports news)
                    • parts department [ENG31-08135824-n] (the division of a business (e.g. a service garage) that sells replacement parts)
                    • plant department [ENG31-08136201-n] (the division of a business responsible for building and maintaining the physical plant)
                    • purchasing department [ENG31-08136372-n] (the division of a business that is responsible for purchases)
                    • sales department [ENG31-08136500-n] (the division of a business that is responsible for selling products or services)
                    • service department [ENG31-08136673-n] (the division of a business that provides customer services)
                  • personnel department [ENG31-08135966-n] (the department responsible for hiring and training and placing employees and for setting policies for personnel management)
                  • government department [ENG31-08136796-n] (a department of government)

                    • ministry [ENG31-08130970-n] (a government department under the direction of a minister of state)

                      • Foreign Office [ENG31-08131127-n] (the government department in charge of foreign relations)

                        • French Foreign Office [ENG31-08131375-n] (the French department in charge of foreign affairs)
                      • Home Office [ENG31-08131262-n] (the government department in charge of domestic affairs)
                    • treasury [ENG31-08137210-n] (the government department responsible for collecting and managing and spending public revenues)
                    • local department [ENG31-08137359-n] (a permanent department created to perform the work of a local government)

                      • corrections [ENG31-08137599-n] (the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders)
                      • fire department [ENG31-08138092-n] (the department of local government responsible for preventing and extinguishing fires)

                        • fire brigade [ENG31-08138276-n] (British name for a fire department)
                      • police department [ENG31-08138517-n] (the department of local government concerned with enforcing the law and preventing crime)
                      • sanitation department [ENG31-08138669-n] (the department of local government responsible for collecting and disposing of garbage)
                    • Special Branch [ENG31-08138842-n] (a government police department dealing with political security)
                    • State Department [ENG31-08138984-n] (a department of government in one of the 50 states)
                    • federal department [ENG31-08139116-n] (a department of the federal government of the United States)

                      • executive department [ENG31-08140150-n] (a federal department in the executive branch of the government of the United States)

                        • White House [ENG31-08145819-n] (the chief executive department of the United States government)
                        • Department of Agriculture [ENG31-08145946-n] (the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy))
                        • Department of Commerce [ENG31-08146250-n] (the United States federal department that promotes and administers domestic and foreign trade (including management of the census and the patent office))
                        • Department of Defense [ENG31-08148512-n] (the federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the United States)
                        • Department of Education [ENG31-08149619-n] (the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students))
                        • Department of Energy [ENG31-08149937-n] (the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States)
                        • Department of Health and Human Services [ENG31-08150518-n] (the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare)
                        • Department of Homeland Security [ENG31-08151789-n] (the federal department that administers all matters relating to homeland security)
                        • Department of Housing and Urban Development [ENG31-08152044-n] (the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal)
                        • Department of Justice [ENG31-08152324-n] (the United States federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (including the enforcement of all civil rights legislation))
                        • Department of Labor [ENG31-08154495-n] (the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States)
                        • Department of State [ENG31-08154738-n] (the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies)

                          • Foggy Bottom [ENG31-08155079-n] (United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River)
                        • Department of the Interior [ENG31-08156000-n] (the United States federal department charged with conservation and the development of natural resources)
                        • Department of the Treasury [ENG31-08156795-n] (the federal department that collects revenue and administers federal finances)
                        • Department of Transportation [ENG31-08160653-n] (the United States federal department that institutes and coordinates national transportation programs)
                        • Department of Veterans Affairs [ENG31-08161130-n] (the United States federal department responsible for the interests of military veterans)
                        • Department of Commerce and Labor [ENG31-08161532-n] (a former executive department of the United States government)
                        • Department of Health Education and Welfare [ENG31-08161728-n] (a former executive department of the United States government)
                        • Navy Department [ENG31-08161915-n] (a former executive department of the United States government)
                        • War Department [ENG31-08162100-n] (a former executive department of the United States government)
                    • admiralty [ENG31-08366475-n] (the department in charge of the navy (as in Great Britain))
                  • payroll [ENG31-08137054-n] (the department that determines the amounts of wage or salary due to each employee)
                  • security [ENG31-08137885-n] (a department responsible for the security of the institution's property and workers)
                • branch [ENG31-08418205-n] (a division of some larger or more complex organization)

                  • post office [ENG31-08162561-n] (a local branch where postal services are available)
                  • executive branch [ENG31-08373001-n] (the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws)
                  • legislative branch [ENG31-08373302-n] (the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating)
                  • judicial branch [ENG31-08373830-n] (the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice)
              • United Nations agency [ENG31-08316414-n] (an agency of the United Nations)

                • United Nations Children's Fund [ENG31-08316832-n] (an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries)
                • Food and Agriculture Organization [ENG31-08317111-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture)
                • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [ENG31-08317350-n] (a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas)
                • International Atomic Energy Agency [ENG31-08317562-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy)
                • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [ENG31-08317704-n] (a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments)
                • International Civil Aviation Organization [ENG31-08317926-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation)
                • International Development Association [ENG31-08318076-n] (an agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank)
                • International Finance Corporation [ENG31-08318228-n] (a United Nations agency that invests directly in companies and guarantees loans to private investors)
                • International Labor Organization [ENG31-08318446-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor)
                • International Maritime Organization [ENG31-08318630-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with international maritime activities)
                • International Monetary Fund [ENG31-08318792-n] (a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies)
                • United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization [ENG31-08318973-n] (an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts)
                • United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention [ENG31-08319178-n] (an agency of the United Nations that promotes drug control and crime prevention)
                • United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice [ENG31-08319389-n] (the United Nations office responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice and law reform)
                • World Health Organization [ENG31-08319645-n] (a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services)
                • World Meteorological Organization [ENG31-08319849-n] (the United Nations agency concerned with the international collection of meteorological data)
              • council [ENG31-08327879-n] (a body serving in an administrative capacity)

                • Sanhedrin [ENG31-08111228-n] (the supreme judicial and ecclesiastical council of ancient Jerusalem)
                • Security Council [ENG31-08313253-n] (a permanent council of the United Nations)
                • Trusteeship Council [ENG31-08313421-n] (a permanent council of the United Nations that commissions a country (or countries) to undertake the administration of a territory)
                • Economic and Social Council [ENG31-08313641-n] (a permanent council of the United Nations)
                • North Atlantic Council [ENG31-08327652-n] (a council consisting of permanent representatives of all the member countries of NATO)
                • city council [ENG31-08328212-n] (a municipal body that can pass ordinances and appropriate funds etc.)
                • executive council [ENG31-08328339-n] (a council that shares the supreme executive power)
                • panchayat [ENG31-08328452-n] (a village council in India or southern Pakistan)
                • privy council [ENG31-08328617-n] (an advisory council to a ruler (especially to the British Crown))

                  • divan [ENG31-08328778-n] (a Muslim council of state)
                • works council [ENG31-08328863-n] ((chiefly Brit) a council representing employer and employees of a plant or business to discuss working conditions etc)
                • soviet [ENG31-08337131-n] (an elected governmental council in a communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics))
                • world council [ENG31-08339555-n] (a council with representatives from different nations)

                  • World Council of Churches [ENG31-08497314-n] (an ecumenical organization of Protestant and eastern churches)
              • secretariat [ENG31-08341204-n] (an administrative unit responsible for maintaining records and other secretarial duties)

                • Pan American Union [ENG31-08193800-n] (the administrative agency of the Organization of American States)
                • United Nations Secretariat [ENG31-08313117-n] (the administrative arm of the United Nations)
              • committee [ENG31-08341444-n] (a special group delegated to consider some matter)

                • Economic and Social Council commission [ENG31-08313832-n] (a commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations)

                  • Commission on Human Rights [ENG31-08314205-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with human rights)
                  • Commission on Narcotic Drugs [ENG31-08314385-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with drug traffic)
                  • Commission on the Status of Women [ENG31-08314567-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with the status of women in different societies)
                  • Economic Commission for Africa [ENG31-08314784-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations)
                  • Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East [ENG31-08314995-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of countries in Asia and the Far East)
                  • Economic Commission for Europe [ENG31-08315240-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Europe)
                  • Economic Commission for Latin America [ENG31-08315442-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Latin America)
                  • Population Commission [ENG31-08315658-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with population control)
                  • Social Development Commission [ENG31-08315839-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with social development)
                  • Statistical Commission [ENG31-08316028-n] (the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with statistical data from member nations)
                • blue ribbon commission [ENG31-08339686-n] (an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue)
                • board [ENG31-08339911-n] (a committee having supervisory powers)

                  • appeal board [ENG31-08340231-n] (a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals)
                  • board of selectmen [ENG31-08340401-n] (a board of officials elected to administer the public business of a New England town)
                  • Federal Reserve Board [ENG31-08340910-n] (the seven-member board governing the Federal Reserve System)
                  • governing board [ENG31-08341037-n] (a board that manages the affairs of an institution)

                    • board of regents [ENG31-08340588-n] (a committee of university officers who have general supervision over the welfare and conduct of students)
                    • board of trustees [ENG31-08340755-n] (a governing board elected or appointed to direct the policies of an educational institution)
                  • directorate [ENG31-08397499-n] (a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution)

                    • staggered board of directors [ENG31-08397706-n] (a board of directors a portion of whose members are elected each year instead of all members being elected annually)
                  • advisory board [ENG31-08398367-n] (a board appointed to advise the chief administrator)

                    • cabinet [ENG31-08398551-n] (persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers)

                      • British Cabinet [ENG31-08398787-n] (the senior ministers of the British government)
                      • shadow cabinet [ENG31-08399028-n] (a group of senior members of the political party that is out of power)
                      • United States Cabinet [ENG31-08399301-n] (a board to advise the President)
                    • Kashag [ENG31-08399916-n] (the advisory board of the Tibetan government-in-exile)
                  • draft board [ENG31-08399798-n] (a board to select personnel for involuntary military service)
                  • school board [ENG31-08430365-n] (a board in charge of local public schools)
                  • zoning board [ENG31-08430486-n] (a board of officials who divide an area into zones that are subject to different restrictions)
                • election commission [ENG31-08342054-n] (a commission delegated to supervise an election)
                • fairness commission [ENG31-08342167-n] (a commission delegated to ensure opportunities for the expression of opposing views)
                • planning commission [ENG31-08342316-n] (a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments)
                • conservancy [ENG31-08342460-n] (a commission with jurisdiction over fisheries and navigation in a port or river)
                • select committee [ENG31-08342781-n] (a parliamentary committee appointed for some special purpose)
                • subcommittee [ENG31-08342923-n] (a subset of committee members organized for a specific purpose)
                • standing committee [ENG31-08343313-n] (a permanent committee)

                  • Ways and Means Committee [ENG31-08343417-n] (a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the US House on all bills that would raise revenue)
                • steering committee [ENG31-08343636-n] (a committee to arrange the order of business for some larger (legislative) body)
                • ethics committee [ENG31-08343780-n] (a committee appointed to consider ethical issues)
                • finance committee [ENG31-08343906-n] (a committee appointed to consider financial issues)
                • politburo [ENG31-08344020-n] (the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party)
                • political action committee [ENG31-08344142-n] (committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates)
                • presidium [ENG31-08344320-n] (a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session)
                • zoning commission [ENG31-08430638-n] (a commission delegated to supervise the zoning of areas for residential or commercial use)
                • jury [ENG31-08431764-n] (a committee appointed to judge a competition)
                • vestry [ENG31-08495862-n] (in the Protestant Episcopal Church: a committee elected by the congregation to work with the churchwardens in managing the temporal affairs of the church)
              • agency [ENG31-08354251-n] (an administrative unit of government)

                • executive agency [ENG31-08140679-n] (an agency of the executive branch of government)

                  • Atomic Energy Commission [ENG31-08139333-n] (a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States)
                  • Manhattan Project [ENG31-08139743-n] (a former United States executive agency that was responsible for developing atomic bombs during World War II)
                  • Council of Economic Advisors [ENG31-08141478-n] (an executive agency responsible for providing economic advice to the President)
                  • National Security Council [ENG31-08144742-n] (a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security)
                  • Council on Environmental Policy [ENG31-08144986-n] (the executive agency that advises the President on protecting the environment)
                  • Joint Chiefs of Staff [ENG31-08145141-n] (the executive agency that advises the President on military questions)
                  • Office of Management and Budget [ENG31-08145474-n] (the executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget)
                  • United States Trade Representative [ENG31-08145627-n] (the executive agency that administers the President's policies on international trade)
                • Food and Drug Administration [ENG31-08141238-n] (a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products)
                • Center for Disease Control and Prevention [ENG31-08141631-n] (a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services)
                • Counterterrorist Center [ENG31-08142402-n] (an agency that helps the Director of Central Intelligence coordinate counterterrorist efforts in order to preempt and disrupt and defeat terrorist activities at the earliest possible stage)
                • Nonproliferation Center [ENG31-08142704-n] (an agency that serves as the focal point for all Intelligence Community activities related to nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems)
                • Bureau of the Census [ENG31-08146603-n] (the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census)
                • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [ENG31-08146865-n] (an agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources)
                • National Climatic Data Center [ENG31-08147274-n] (the part of NOAA that maintains the world's largest active archive of weather data)
                • National Weather Service [ENG31-08147458-n] (the federal agency in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that is responsible for weather forecast and preparation of weather maps)
                • Technology Administration [ENG31-08147694-n] (an agency in the Department of Commerce that works with United States industries to promote competitiveness and maximize the impact of technology on economic growth)
                • National Institute of Standards and Technology [ENG31-08147987-n] (an agency in the Technology Administration that makes measurements and sets standards as needed by industry or government programs)
                • National Technical Information Service [ENG31-08148236-n] (an agency in the Technology Administration that is a primary resource for government-funded scientific and technical and engineering and business related information)
                • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [ENG31-08149028-n] (the central research and development organization for the United States Department of Defense)
                • Department of Defense Laboratory System [ENG31-08149305-n] (a defense laboratory that provides essential services in fundamental science for national security and environmental protection and provides technologies that contribute to industrial competitiveness)
                • Department of Energy Intelligence [ENG31-08150171-n] (an agency that collects political and economic and technical information about energy matters and makes the Department of Energy's technical and analytical expertise available to other members of the Intelligence Community)
                • United States Public Health Service [ENG31-08150837-n] (an agency that serves as the office of Surgeon General)
                • National Institutes of Health [ENG31-08151063-n] (an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health)
                • Bureau of Justice Assistance [ENG31-08152752-n] (the bureau in the Department of Justice that assists local criminal justice systems to reduce or prevent crime and violence and drug abuse)
                • Bureau of Justice Statistics [ENG31-08153009-n] (the agency in the Department of Justice that is the primary source of criminal justice statistics for federal and local policy makers)
                • Immigration and Naturalization Service [ENG31-08153484-n] (an agency in the Department of Justice that enforces laws and regulations for the admission of foreign-born persons to the United States)
                • United States Border Patrol [ENG31-08153749-n] (the mobile law enforcement arm of the Immigration and Naturalization Service that detects and prevents illegal entry of aliens into the United States)
                • Bureau of Diplomatic Security [ENG31-08155259-n] (the bureau in the State Department that is responsible for the security of diplomats and embassies overseas)
                • Foreign Service [ENG31-08155466-n] (the part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world)
                • Bureau of Intelligence and Research [ENG31-08155686-n] (an agency that is the primary source in the State Department for interpretive analyses of global developments and focal point for policy issues and activities of the Intelligence Community)
                • United States Fish and Wildlife Service [ENG31-08156270-n] (an agency in the Department of the Interior that conserves and protects fish and wildlife and their habitats)
                • National Park Service [ENG31-08156637-n] (an agency of the Interior Department responsible for the national parks)
                • Financial Management Service [ENG31-08157506-n] (the federal agency in the Treasury Department that manages the government's disbursement and collection systems and provides central accounting and financial reporting)
                • Office of Intelligence Support [ENG31-08157767-n] (agency that oversees the intelligence relationships of the Treasury's offices and bureaus and provides a link between the Intelligence Community and officials responsible for international economic policy)
                • Comptroller of the Currency [ENG31-08159801-n] (the agency of the Treasury Department responsible for controlling the currency)
                • Bureau of Customs [ENG31-08159972-n] (the agency of the Treasury Department that enforces import tariffs)
                • Bureau of Engraving and Printing [ENG31-08160163-n] (the agency of the Treasury Department that produces currency)
                • Internal Revenue Service [ENG31-08160321-n] (the bureau of the Treasury Department responsible for tax collections)
                • Federal Aviation Administration [ENG31-08160926-n] (an agency in the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the safety of civilian aviation)
                • Transportation Security Administration [ENG31-08161316-n] (an agency established in 2001 to safeguard United States transportation systems and insure safe air travel)
                • Government Accounting Office [ENG31-08179144-n] (an independent nonpartisan federal agency that acts as the investigative arm of Congress making the executive branch accountable to Congress and the government accountable to citizens of the United States)
                • United States Navy [ENG31-08208917-n] (the navy of the United States of America)
                • United States Coast Guard [ENG31-08209487-n] (an agency of the Department of Transportation responsible for patrolling shores and facilitating nautical commerce)
                • Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division [ENG31-08210152-n] (the principal agency of the United States Navy for research and development for air warfare and missile weapon systems)
                • Naval Special Warfare [ENG31-08210388-n] (the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfare)
                • Naval Surface Warfare Center [ENG31-08210585-n] (the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for all aspects of surface warfare)
                • Naval Underwater Warfare Center [ENG31-08210794-n] (the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for submarine and undersea warfare systems)
                • Office of Naval Intelligence [ENG31-08211206-n] (the military intelligence agency that provides for the intelligence and counterintelligence and investigative and security requirements of the United States Navy)
                • Marine Corps Intelligence Activity [ENG31-08211486-n] (an agency of the United States Marine Corps that provides responsive and broad intelligence support for the worldwide Marine Corps organization)
                • United States Air Force [ENG31-08213170-n] (the airforce of the United States of America)
                • Air Force Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance [ENG31-08214326-n] (an agency focused on ensuring that the United States military attains information superiority)
                • independent agency [ENG31-08355774-n] (an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive departments)

                  • Nuclear Regulatory Commission [ENG31-08139571-n] (an independent federal agency created in 1974 to license and regulate nuclear power plants)
                  • Environmental Protection Agency [ENG31-08139934-n] (an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment)
                  • Federal Emergency Management Agency [ENG31-08140952-n] (an independent agency of the United States government that provides a single point of accountability for all federal emergency preparedness and mitigation and response activities)
                  • Central Intelligence Agency [ENG31-08141953-n] (an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest)
                  • Interstate Commerce Commission [ENG31-08142975-n] (a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states)
                  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration [ENG31-08143272-n] (an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight)
                  • National Archives and Records Administration [ENG31-08143465-n] (the independent agency that oversees management of federal government records including presidential libraries and historic collections)
                  • National Labor Relations Board [ENG31-08143698-n] (an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions)
                  • National Science Foundation [ENG31-08143903-n] (an independent agency of the federal government responsible for the promotion of progress in science and engineering by supporting programs in research and education)
                  • Postal Rate Commission [ENG31-08144148-n] (an independent federal agency that recommends changes in postal rates)
                  • United States Postal Service [ENG31-08144286-n] (an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and businesses in the United States)
                  • United States Postal Inspection Service [ENG31-08144539-n] (the primary law enforcement arm of the United States Postal Service)
                  • Federal Communications Commission [ENG31-08151397-n] (an independent government agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite)
                  • Social Security Administration [ENG31-08151631-n] (an independent government agency responsible for the Social Security system)
                  • United States Post Office [ENG31-08162285-n] (an independent agency of the federal government responsible for mail delivery (and sometimes telecommunications) between individuals and businesses in the United States)
                  • Federal Trade Commission [ENG31-08368034-n] (an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition)
                  • Office of Inspector General [ENG31-08368307-n] (the investigative arm of the Federal Trade Commission)
                  • General Services Administration [ENG31-08368459-n] (a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management)
                  • Federal Protective Service [ENG31-08368704-n] (an agency in the General Services Administration that is a security organization to provide a safe environment where Federal agencies can conduct their business)
                  • Small Business Administration [ENG31-08369921-n] (an independent agency of the United States government that protects the interests of small businesses and ensures that they receive a fair share of government contracts)
                  • Selective Service [ENG31-08370490-n] (an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service)
                  • Securities and Exchange Commission [ENG31-08441001-n] (an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors)
                • Advanced Research and Development Activity [ENG31-08357680-n] (an agency of the Intelligence Community that conducts advanced research and development related to information technology)
                • Defense Logistics Agency [ENG31-08358257-n] (a logistics combat support agency in the Department of Defense)
                • Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service [ENG31-08358478-n] (the organization in the Defense Logistics Agency that inventories and evaluates and sells reusable United States government surplus)
                • Defense Technical Information Center [ENG31-08358725-n] (the agency in the Department of Defense that provides scientific and technical information to federal agencies and their contractors)
                • law enforcement agency [ENG31-08365742-n] (an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws)

                  • Federal Bureau of Investigation [ENG31-08153242-n] (a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice)
                  • Federal Law Enforcement Training Center [ENG31-08154010-n] (a center in the Department of Homeland Security that trains law enforcement professionals for more than seventy federal agencies)
                  • Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [ENG31-08154251-n] (a law enforcement agency of the Treasury Department responsible for establishing and implementing policies to detect money laundering)
                  • Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms [ENG31-08157219-n] (the law enforcement and tax collection agency of the Treasury Department that enforces federal laws concerning alcohol and tobacco products and firearms and explosives and arson)
                  • Criminal Investigation Command [ENG31-08158092-n] (the United States Army's principal law enforcement agency responsible for the conduct of criminal investigations for all levels of the Army anywhere in the world)
                  • Drug Enforcement Administration [ENG31-08158374-n] (federal agency responsible for enforcing laws and regulations governing narcotics and controlled substances)
                  • Federal Bureau of Prisons [ENG31-08158664-n] (the law enforcement agency of the Justice Department that operates a nationwide system of prisons and detention facilities to incarcerate inmates sentenced to imprisonment for federal crimes)
                  • Federal Judiciary [ENG31-08158951-n] (the judiciary of the United States which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws)
                  • National Institute of Justice [ENG31-08159170-n] (the law enforcement agency that is the research and development branch of the Department of Justice)
                  • United States Marshals Service [ENG31-08159370-n] (the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency is responsible today for protecting the Federal Judiciary and transporting federal prisoners and protecting federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminals and generally ensuring the effective operation of the federal judicial system)
                  • police [ENG31-08226608-n] (the force of policemen and officers)

                    • Europol [ENG31-08226963-n] (police organization for the European Union)
                    • gendarmerie [ENG31-08227175-n] (French police force)
                    • Mutawa'een [ENG31-08227332-n] (religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct)
                    • Royal Canadian Mounted Police [ENG31-08227591-n] (the federal police force of Canada)
                    • Scotland Yard [ENG31-08227756-n] (the detective department of the metropolitan police force of London)
                    • secret police [ENG31-08228505-n] (a police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition))

                      • Gestapo [ENG31-08228681-n] (the secret state police in Nazi Germany)
                    • Schutzstaffel [ENG31-08228845-n] (special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925)
                    • posse [ENG31-08422447-n] (a temporary police force)
                • Occupational Safety and Health Administration [ENG31-08366065-n] (a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment)
                • organ [ENG31-08366277-n] (a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function)
                • Patent and Trademark Office Database [ENG31-08366608-n] (the government bureau in the Department of Commerce that keeps a record of patents and trademarks and grants new ones)
                • United States Government Printing Office [ENG31-08373500-n] (an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government)
                • National Guard Bureau [ENG31-08408653-n] (the agency that administers the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard)
                • United States Army [ENG31-08411879-n] (the army of the United States of America)
                • Army Intelligence [ENG31-08412639-n] (an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders)
                • Ballistic Missile Defense Organization [ENG31-08412948-n] (an agency in the Department of Defense that is responsible for making ballistic missile defense a reality)
                • Defense Information Systems Agency [ENG31-08413164-n] (a combat support agency in the Department of Defense responsible for developing and operating and supporting information systems to serve the needs of the President and the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff)
                • National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency [ENG31-08413494-n] (a combat support agency that provides geographic intelligence in support of national security)
                • Casualty Care Research Center [ENG31-08413717-n] (an agency in the Department of Defense that is a national center for research on all aspects of injury control and casualty care)
                • Federal Housing Administration [ENG31-08440591-n] (the federal agency in the Department of Housing and Urban Development that insures residential mortgages)
                • local authority [ENG31-08499588-n] (an administrative unit of local government)
              • intelligence [ENG31-08356381-n] (a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy)

                • military intelligence [ENG31-08356633-n] (an agency of the armed forces that obtains and analyzes and uses information of strategic or tactical military value)

                  • Defense Intelligence Agency [ENG31-08357916-n] (an intelligence agency of the United States in the Department of Defense)
                • United States intelligence agency [ENG31-08356866-n] (an intelligence service in the United States)

                  • National Reconnaissance Office [ENG31-08364631-n] (an intelligence agency in the United States Department of Defense that designs and builds and operates space reconnaissance systems to detect trouble spots worldwide and to monitor arms control agreements and environmental issues and to help plan military operations)
                  • National Security Agency [ENG31-08365018-n] (the United States cryptologic organization that coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect United States information systems and to produce foreign intelligence information)
                  • United States Secret Service [ENG31-08365327-n] (the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors)
                • Intelligence Community [ENG31-08357080-n] (a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government)
                • international intelligence agency [ENG31-08358966-n] (an intelligence agency outside the United States)

                  • Canadian Security Intelligence Service [ENG31-08359346-n] (Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that gathers and analyzes information to provide security intelligence for the Canadian government)
                  • Central Intelligence Machinery [ENG31-08359597-n] (the United Kingdom's central unit for the tasking and coordination and funding of intelligence and security agencies)
                  • Communications Security Establishment [ENG31-08359815-n] (Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence and assist law enforcement and security agencies)
                  • Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada [ENG31-08360029-n] (an agency of the Canadian government that unifies the intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies)
                  • Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ENG31-08360461-n] (the Pakistan intelligence agency)
                  • Foreign Intelligence Service [ENG31-08360832-n] (Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information)
                  • International Relations and Security Network [ENG31-08361228-n] (Switzerland's information network for security and defense studies and for peace and conflict research and for international relations)
                  • Iraqi Intelligence Service [ENG31-08361844-n] (the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq's security system)
                  • A'man [ENG31-08363213-n] (the Israeli military intelligence which produces comprehensive national intelligence briefings for the prime minister and the cabinet)
                  • Mossad [ENG31-08363417-n] (the Israeli foreign intelligence agency)
                  • Secret Intelligence Service [ENG31-08363582-n] (the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas)
                  • Security Intelligence Review Committee [ENG31-08363832-n] (an agency of the Canadian government that oversees the activities of the Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada and has the power to intrude on the privacy of suspected terrorists or spies)
                  • Security Service [ENG31-08364133-n] (the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory)
                  • Shin Bet [ENG31-08364384-n] (the Israeli domestic counterintelligence and internal security agency)
              • international law enforcement agency [ENG31-08361478-n] (an international administrative unit responsible for law enforcement)

                • Department of Justice Canada [ENG31-08360251-n] (an agency of the Canadian government that provides litigation and legal advice and opinions to the government)
                • Interpol [ENG31-08361683-n] (an international intelligence agency permitting collaboration among intelligence agencies around the world)
              • redevelopment authority [ENG31-08370171-n] (a public administrative unit given responsibility for the renovation of blighted urban areas)
              • regulatory agency [ENG31-08370333-n] (a governmental agency that regulates businesses in the public interest)
              • weather bureau [ENG31-08370661-n] (an administrative unit responsible for gathering and interpreting meteorological data for weather study and forecasts)
              • placement office [ENG31-08371450-n] (an office that finds suitable employment for applicants)

                • hiring hall [ENG31-08371605-n] (a union-operated placement office where jobs are allotted to applicants according to seniority or rotation)
              • child welfare agency [ENG31-08440797-n] (an administrative unit responsible for social work concerned with the welfare and vocational training of children)
              • Russian agency [ENG31-08502840-n] (an administrative agency of the Russian government)

                • Committee for State Security [ENG31-08502444-n] (formerly the predominant security police organization of Soviet Russia)
                • Federal Security Bureau [ENG31-08502608-n] (the internal counterintelligence agency of the Russian Federation and successor to the Soviet KGB)
            • company [ENG31-08094547-n] (a unit of firefighters including their equipment)
            • family [ENG31-08094856-n] (a social unit living together)

              • broken home [ENG31-07989820-n] (a family in which the parents have separated or divorced)
              • nuclear family [ENG31-07989934-n] (a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner)
              • extended family [ENG31-07990100-n] (a family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives)
              • foster family [ENG31-07990229-n] (the family of a fosterling)
              • foster home [ENG31-07990315-n] (a household in which an orphaned or delinquent child is placed (usually by a social-service agency))
              • menage a trois [ENG31-08095330-n] (household for three)
            • general delivery [ENG31-08162708-n] (the part of a post office that handles mail for persons who call for it)
            • instrumentality [ENG31-08163142-n] (a subsidiary organ of government created for a special purpose)
            • intensive care unit [ENG31-08163600-n] (a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care)

              • coronary care unit [ENG31-08094678-n] (a hospital unit specially staffed and equipped to treat patients with serious cardiac problems)
              • neonatal intensive care unit [ENG31-08163417-n] (an intensive care unit designed with special equipment to care for premature or seriously ill newborn)
            • member [ENG31-08187585-n] (an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations))
            • military unit [ENG31-08215338-n] (a unit that is part of some military service)

              • trip wire [ENG31-08002823-n] (a small military force that serves as a first line of defense)
              • command [ENG31-08207222-n] (a military unit or region under the control of a single officer)

                • Air Combat Command [ENG31-08213562-n] (a command that is the primary provider of air combat weapon systems to the United States Air Force)
                • Air Force Space Command [ENG31-08213832-n] (a command of the United States Air Force that is responsible for defending the United States through its space and intercontinental ballistic missile operations)
              • enemy [ENG31-08207412-n] (an opposing military force)
              • task force [ENG31-08207539-n] (a temporary military unit formed to accomplish a particular objective)
              • army unit [ENG31-08207684-n] (a military unit that is part of an army)

                • corps [ENG31-08229448-n] (an army unit usually consisting of two or more divisions and their support)

                  • Women's Army Corps [ENG31-08229661-n] (an army corps that was organized in World War II but is no longer a separate branch of the United States Army)
                  • Reserve Officers Training Corps [ENG31-08229841-n] (a training program to prepare college students to be commissioned officers)
                • division [ENG31-08230126-n] (an army unit large enough to sustain combat)

                  • Special Forces [ENG31-08230345-n] (a division of the United States Army that is specially trained for guerilla fighting)
                • battle group [ENG31-08230592-n] (an army unit usually consisting of five companies)
                • regiment [ENG31-08230738-n] (army unit smaller than a division)
                • brigade [ENG31-08230899-n] (army unit smaller than a division)
                • battalion [ENG31-08231004-n] (an army unit usually consisting of a headquarters and three or more companies)

                  • United States Army Rangers [ENG31-08412255-n] (a specially trained elite unit of the United States Army)
                • company [ENG31-08231193-n] (small military unit)

                  • trainband [ENG31-08302640-n] (a company of militia in England or America from the 16th century to the 18th century)
                • platoon [ENG31-08231391-n] (a military unit that is a subdivision of a company)
                • detachment [ENG31-08232169-n] (a small unit of troops of special composition)

                  • bodyguard [ENG31-08232722-n] (a group of men who escort and protect some important person)

                    • Praetorian Guard [ENG31-08446303-n] (the elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor in ancient Rome)
                  • patrol [ENG31-08233097-n] (a detachment used for security or reconnaissance)
                  • picket [ENG31-08233216-n] (a detachment of troops guarding an army from surprise attack)
                  • press gang [ENG31-08233329-n] (a detachment empowered to force civilians to serve in the army or navy)
                  • provost guard [ENG31-08233456-n] (a detachment under the command of a provost marshall)
                  • rearguard [ENG31-08233568-n] (a detachment assigned to protect the rear of a (retreating) military body)
                • vanguard [ENG31-08232416-n] (the leading units moving at the head of an army)
                • section [ENG31-08233716-n] (a small army unit usually having a special function)
                • squad [ENG31-08235043-n] (a smallest army unit)

                  • firing squad [ENG31-08441726-n] (a squad formed to fire volleys at a military funeral or to carry out a military execution)
                • troop [ENG31-08291275-n] (a group of soldiers)

                  • shock troops [ENG31-08290925-n] (soldiers who are specially trained and armed to lead an assault)
                • troop [ENG31-08291364-n] (a cavalry unit corresponding to an infantry company)
                • artillery [ENG31-08406028-n] (an army unit that uses big guns)

                  • battery [ENG31-08406303-n] (group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place)
                • musketry [ENG31-08406169-n] (musketeers and their muskets collectively)
                • cavalry [ENG31-08406441-n] (a highly mobile army unit)

                  • squadron [ENG31-08237010-n] (a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms)
                  • zumbooruk [ENG31-08406649-n] (a camel cavalry used in the early modern era by Arab, Afghan, Persian, and Indian armies)
                  • horse cavalry [ENG31-08406857-n] (an army unit mounted on horseback)
                  • mechanized cavalry [ENG31-08406969-n] (an armored unit of a modern army equipped with motor vehicles)
                • infantry [ENG31-08407114-n] (an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot)

                  • paratroops [ENG31-08407331-n] (infantry trained and equipped to parachute)
              • naval unit [ENG31-08208462-n] (a military unit that is part of a navy)

                • division [ENG31-08236147-n] (a group of ships of similar type)
                • squadron [ENG31-08237149-n] (a naval unit that is detached from the fleet for a particular task)

                  • escadrille [ENG31-08237288-n] (a small squadron)
              • air unit [ENG31-08212737-n] (a military unit that is part of the airforce)

                • division [ENG31-08236251-n] (a unit of the United States Air Force usually comprising two or more wings)
                • wing [ENG31-08236414-n] (a unit of military aircraft)
                • air group [ENG31-08236549-n] (a unit of the United States Air Force larger than a squadron and smaller than a wing)
                • squadron [ENG31-08236689-n] (an air force unit larger than a flight and smaller than a group)

                  • escadrille [ENG31-08236844-n] (an air force squadron typically containing six airplanes (as in France during World War I))
                • flight [ENG31-08237361-n] (an air force unit smaller than a squadron)
              • armor [ENG31-08214682-n] (a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles)
              • mujahidin [ENG31-08223584-n] (a military force of Muslim guerilla warriors engaged in a jihad)

                • Mujahedeen Khalq [ENG31-08223922-n] (Iranian guerillas based in Iraq)
              • guard [ENG31-08232524-n] (a military unit serving to protect some place or person)

                • home guard [ENG31-08407978-n] (a volunteer unit formed to defend the homeland while the regular army is fighting elsewhere)

                  • yeomanry [ENG31-08232910-n] (a British volunteer cavalry force organized in 1761 for home defense later incorporated into the Territorial Army)
                • territorial [ENG31-08408163-n] (a territorial military unit)

                  • National Guard [ENG31-08408344-n] (United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government)

                    • Air National Guard [ENG31-08214089-n] (a civilian reserve component of the United States Air Force that provides prompt mobilization during war and assistance during national emergencies)
                    • Army National Guard [ENG31-08413947-n] (a civilian reserve component of the United States Army comprised of guardsmen who serve during overseas peacekeeping missions and during local emergencies)
                  • Territorial Army [ENG31-08408910-n] (British unit of nonprofessional soldiers organized for the defense of Great Britain)
              • legion [ENG31-08288722-n] (a large military unit)

                • foreign legion [ENG31-08288862-n] (a military unit composed of foreign volunteers who serve the state)

                  • French Foreign Legion [ENG31-08289007-n] (a former foreign legion in the French army that was used for military duties outside of France)
              • echelon [ENG31-08289273-n] (a body of troops arranged in a line)
              • phalanx [ENG31-08289381-n] (a body of troops in close array)
              • Republican Guard [ENG31-08362116-n] (formerly Iraq's elite military unit whose primary role was to protect the government in Baghdad)
              • Haganah [ENG31-08362293-n] (the clandestine military wing of the Jewish leadership during the British rule over the mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948)
              • Israeli Defense Force [ENG31-08362540-n] (the ground and air and naval forces of Israel)
              • militia [ENG31-08407468-n] (civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army)

                • SA [ENG31-08229067-n] (Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943)
              • commando [ENG31-08421330-n] (an amphibious military unit trained for raids into enemy territory)

                • Sayeret Matkal [ENG31-08362697-n] (Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions)
                • Special Air Service [ENG31-08362958-n] (a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups))
              • contingent [ENG31-08421506-n] (a temporary military unit)
              • headquarters [ENG31-08421852-n] ((plural) a military unit consisting of a commander and the headquarters staff)

                • Allied Command Atlantic [ENG31-08191894-n] (a major strategic headquarters of NATO located in the United States)
                • Allied Command Europe [ENG31-08192397-n] (a major strategic headquarters of NATO)
              • spearhead [ENG31-08432618-n] (the leading military unit in an attack)
            • task force [ENG31-08225365-n] (a semipermanent unit created to carry out a continuing task)
            • team [ENG31-08225481-n] (a cooperative unit (especially in sports))

              • A-team [ENG31-08093871-n] (a group of elite soldiers or a leadership group of advisors or workers in an organization)
              • battery [ENG31-08094013-n] (a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher)
              • flying squad [ENG31-08095521-n] (a mobile group of trained people (police or executives or officials) able to move quickly in the case of emergencies)
              • major-league team [ENG31-08095696-n] (a team that plays in a major league)
              • minor-league team [ENG31-08095853-n] (a team that plays in a minor league)

                • farm team [ENG31-08096028-n] (a minor-league team that is owned by a major-league team (especially in baseball))
              • baseball team [ENG31-08096196-n] (a team that plays baseball)

                • baseball club [ENG31-08096490-n] (a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together)
              • basketball team [ENG31-08096729-n] (a team that plays basketball)
              • football team [ENG31-08096902-n] (a team that plays football)
              • hockey team [ENG31-08097263-n] (a team that plays ice hockey)
              • junior varsity [ENG31-08097387-n] (a college or university team that competes at a level below the varsity team)
              • varsity [ENG31-08097529-n] (a team representing a college or university)
              • second string [ENG31-08097639-n] (a squad of players that are available either individually or as a team to relieve or replace the players who started the game)
              • police squad [ENG31-08097824-n] (a small squad of policemen trained to deal with a particular kind of crime)

                • vice squad [ENG31-08228090-n] (a police group to enforce laws against gambling and prostitution)
                • platoon [ENG31-08231619-n] (a team of policemen working under the military platoon system)
                • SWAT team [ENG31-08291047-n] (a squad of policemen who have been trained to deal with violent and dangerous situations)
              • powerhouse [ENG31-08098019-n] (a team considered to be the best of its class)
              • offense [ENG31-08098121-n] (the team that has the ball (or puck) and is trying to score)
              • defense [ENG31-08098280-n] ((sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring)
              • hit squad [ENG31-08225997-n] (a team of assassins)

                • death squad [ENG31-08226108-n] (a clandestine military or paramilitary team who murder political dissidents or petty criminals (usually with the government's tacit approval))
                • Sparrow Unit [ENG31-08226307-n] (a hit squad of the New People's Army in the Philippines)
              • section [ENG31-08231753-n] (a small team of policemen working as part of a police platoon)
              • little-league team [ENG31-08249081-n] (a team that plays in a little league)
              • crew [ENG31-08290657-n] (the team of men manning a racing shell)
            • den [ENG31-08231887-n] (a unit of 8 to 10 cub scouts)
            • gang [ENG31-08259720-n] (an organized group of workmen)

              • shift [ENG31-08235314-n] (a crew of workers who work for a specific period of time)

                • day shift [ENG31-08235513-n] (workers who work during the day (as 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.))
                • evening shift [ENG31-08235634-n] (workers who work during the evening (as 4 p.m. to midnight))
                • night shift [ENG31-08235753-n] (workers who work during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.))
                • relay [ENG31-08235886-n] (a crew of workers who relieve another crew)
              • detail [ENG31-08260002-n] (a crew of workers selected for a particular task)
              • chain gang [ENG31-08260169-n] (a gang of convicts chained together)
              • ground crew [ENG31-08260261-n] (the crew of technicians and mechanics who service aircraft on the ground)
              • road gang [ENG31-08260413-n] (a gang of road workers)
              • section gang [ENG31-08260491-n] (a work crew assigned to a section of a railroad)
              • stage crew [ENG31-08260616-n] (crew of workers who move scenery or handle properties in a theatrical production)
            • combination [ENG31-08289882-n] (a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose)
            • crew [ENG31-08290088-n] (the men and women who man a vehicle (ship, aircraft, etc.))

              • aircrew [ENG31-08290327-n] (the crew of an aircraft)

                • bomber crew [ENG31-08290452-n] (the crew of a bomber)
              • merchant marine [ENG31-08290566-n] (the crew of a merchant vessel)
            • troop [ENG31-08291639-n] (a unit of Girl or Boy Scouts)
            • outfit [ENG31-08291747-n] (any cohesive unit such as a military company)
            • fifth column [ENG31-08376680-n] (a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage or sabotage)
            • political unit [ENG31-08376876-n] (a unit with political responsibilities)

              • state [ENG31-08185877-n] (a politically organized body of people under a single government)

                • commonwealth country [ENG31-08183830-n] (any of the countries in the British Commonwealth)
                • developing country [ENG31-08183945-n] (a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economically)
                • Dominion [ENG31-08184148-n] (one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealth)
                • foreign country [ENG31-08185266-n] (any state of which one is not a citizen)
                • Reich [ENG31-08186472-n] (the German state)

                  • Hohenzollern empire [ENG31-08186818-n] (the Reich when Hohenzollern monarchs ruled Germany (from 1871 to 1919))
                  • Third Reich [ENG31-08187154-n] (the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945))
                • rogue state [ENG31-08187273-n] (a state that does not respect other states in its international actions)
                • suzerain [ENG31-08187434-n] (a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairs)
                • sea power [ENG31-08194405-n] (a nation that possesses formidable naval strength)
                • world power [ENG31-08194510-n] (a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world)

                  • hegemon [ENG31-08194699-n] (a leading or paramount power)
                • city state [ENG31-08194876-n] (a state consisting of a sovereign city)
                • ally [ENG31-08322872-n] (a friendly nation)
              • Holy Roman Empire [ENG31-08186576-n] (a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon)
              • union [ENG31-08321825-n] (a political unit formed from previously independent people or organizations)

                • confederation [ENG31-08320205-n] (a union of political organizations)

                  • nation [ENG31-08320622-n] (a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes))

                    • tribe [ENG31-08185430-n] (a federation (as of American Indians))
                  • Creek Confederacy [ENG31-08320792-n] (a North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma)
                  • Hanseatic League [ENG31-08321065-n] (a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas)
                • enosis [ENG31-08321674-n] (the union of Greece and Cyprus (which is the goal of a group of Greek Cypriots))
                • league [ENG31-08322044-n] (an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action)

                  • Iroquois League [ENG31-08322207-n] (a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations))
                • customs union [ENG31-08322498-n] (an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members)

                  • Benelux [ENG31-08322696-n] (a customs union comprising Belgium and Netherlands and Luxembourg)
              • Palestine National Authority [ENG31-08337853-n] (combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force)
              • cell [ENG31-08375521-n] (a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement)

                • sleeper cell [ENG31-08375751-n] (a cell of sleepers)
                • terrorist cell [ENG31-08375890-n] (a cell of terrorists (usually 3 to 5 members))

                  • operational cell [ENG31-08376243-n] (a terrorist cell that performs clandestine activities)
                  • intelligence cell [ENG31-08376359-n] (a terrorist cell whose members are trained to perform reconnaissance and surveillance)
                  • auxiliary cell [ENG31-08376508-n] (a terrorist cell responsible for logistics)
              • amphictyony [ENG31-08377175-n] (an association of neighboring states or tribes in ancient Greece)
              • lunatic fringe [ENG31-08377357-n] (a political unit with extreme and fanatical views)
              • revolutionary group [ENG31-08377467-n] (a political unit organized to promote revolution)

                • underground [ENG31-08377599-n] (a secret group organized to overthrow a government or occupation force)

                  • Maquis [ENG31-08377776-n] (the French underground that fought against the German occupation in World War II)
            • side [ENG31-08425666-n] (one of two or more contesting groups)
            • working group [ENG31-08425857-n] (a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved)

              • expedition [ENG31-08426087-n] (an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose)
          • Peace Corps [ENG31-08212576-n] (a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government)
          • force [ENG31-08224937-n] (group of people willing to obey orders)

            • guerrilla force [ENG31-08214835-n] (an irregular armed force that fights by sabotage and harassment)
            • military service [ENG31-08215077-n] (a force that is a branch of the armed forces)

              • army [ENG31-08208160-n] (a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state)

                • host [ENG31-08200720-n] (archaic terms for army)

                  • Roman Legion [ENG31-08200838-n] (a division of from 3000 to 6000 men (including cavalry) in the Roman army)
                  • Sabaoth [ENG31-08200970-n] ((plural) hosts or armies)
                • standing army [ENG31-08411380-n] (a permanent army of paid soldiers)
                • Union Army [ENG31-08411492-n] (the northern army during the American Civil War)
                • Confederate Army [ENG31-08411614-n] (the southern army during the American Civil War)
                • Continental Army [ENG31-08411768-n] (the American army during the American Revolution)
              • navy [ENG31-08208631-n] (an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare)
              • coastguard [ENG31-08209291-n] (a military service responsible for the safety of maritime traffic in coastal waters)
              • Marines [ENG31-08209747-n] (members of a body of troops trained to serve on land or at sea)

                • United States Marine Corps [ENG31-08209900-n] (an amphibious division of the United States Navy)
              • air force [ENG31-08212964-n] (the airborne branch of a country's armed forces)

                • Air Corps [ENG31-08211755-n] (formerly the airborne division of the United States Army)
                • Royal Air Force [ENG31-08212072-n] (the airforce of Great Britain)
                • Luftwaffe [ENG31-08212169-n] (the German airforce)
            • military [ENG31-08215965-n] (the military forces of a nation)

              • military reserve [ENG31-08223381-n] (armed forces that are not on active duty but can be called in an emergency)
            • paramilitary [ENG31-08224130-n] (a group of civilians organized in a military fashion (especially to operate in place of or to assist regular army troops))

              • fedayeen [ENG31-08224461-n] ((plural) Arab guerrillas who operate mainly against Israel)
              • Fedayeen Saddam [ENG31-08224593-n] (a feared paramilitary unit formed in 1995 by young soldiers to serve Saddam Hussein against domestic opponents)
            • security force [ENG31-08227903-n] (a privately employed group hired to protect the security of a business or industry)
            • military police [ENG31-08228211-n] (a military corps that enforces discipline and guards prisoners)

              • shore patrol [ENG31-08228396-n] (the military police of the navy)
            • work force [ENG31-08229268-n] (the force of workers available)

              • complement [ENG31-08235133-n] (number needed to make up a whole force)

                • ship's company [ENG31-08235980-n] (crew of a ship including the officers)
            • patrol [ENG31-08346040-n] (a group that goes through a region at regular intervals for the purpose of security)

              • border patrol [ENG31-08345803-n] (a group of officers who patrol the borders of a country)
              • harbor patrol [ENG31-08345937-n] (patrol of officers who police a harbor area)
            • military personnel [ENG31-08414212-n] (soldiers collectively)

              • friendly [ENG31-08414446-n] (troops belonging to or allied with your own military forces)
              • hostile [ENG31-08414632-n] (troops belonging to the enemy's military forces)
              • cavalry [ENG31-08414813-n] (troops trained to fight on horseback)
              • garrison [ENG31-08414993-n] (the troops who maintain and guard a fortified place)
            • rank and file [ENG31-08415136-n] (the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army))
            • staff [ENG31-08456947-n] (personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task)

              • newsroom [ENG31-08079965-n] (the staff of a newspaper or the news department of a periodical)
              • office [ENG31-08369230-n] (professional or clerical workers in an office)
              • research staff [ENG31-08369400-n] (a group of associated research workers in a university or library or laboratory)
              • sales staff [ENG31-08369540-n] (those in a business who are responsible for sales)
              • security staff [ENG31-08369647-n] (those in an organization responsible for preventing spying or theft)
              • service staff [ENG31-08369775-n] (those in a business responsible for maintaining the physical plant)
              • general staff [ENG31-08421692-n] (military officers assigned to assist a senior officer in planning military policy)
              • headquarters staff [ENG31-08422081-n] (military staff stationed at headquarters)
            • line personnel [ENG31-08457374-n] (personnel having direct job performance responsibilities)
            • management personnel [ENG31-08457491-n] (personnel having overall planning and direction responsibilities)
          • union [ENG31-08249977-n] (an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer)

            • industrial union [ENG31-08250347-n] (a labor union that admits all workers in a given industry irrespective of their craft)

              • Teamsters Union [ENG31-08250548-n] (an industrial union of truck drivers and chauffeurs and warehouse workers)
              • United Mine Workers of America [ENG31-08250683-n] (an industrial union of mine workers in North America)
            • craft union [ENG31-08251414-n] (a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft)
            • company union [ENG31-08251713-n] (a union of workers for a single company)
            • Industrial Workers of the World [ENG31-08490184-n] (a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States)
          • musical organization [ENG31-08263534-n] (an organization of musicians who perform together)

            • chorus [ENG31-08204767-n] (a group of people assembled to sing together)

              • choir [ENG31-08205568-n] (a chorus that sings as part of a religious ceremony)
            • ensemble [ENG31-08205165-n] (a group of musicians playing or singing together)

              • gamelan [ENG31-08265442-n] (a traditional Indonesian ensemble typically including many tuned percussion instruments including bamboo xylophones and wooden or bronze chimes and gongs)
              • jug band [ENG31-08266529-n] (a musical group that uses jugs and washboards and kazoos and other improvised instruments)
              • pop group [ENG31-08266673-n] (a group that plays pop music)

                • indie [ENG31-08266775-n] (a pop group not affiliated with a major record company)
              • mariachi [ENG31-08267330-n] (a group of street musicians in Mexico)
              • skiffle group [ENG31-08267556-n] (a band of musicians who play skiffle)
            • section [ENG31-08233821-n] (a division of an orchestra containing all instruments of the same class)

              • brass section [ENG31-08234056-n] (the section of a band or orchestra that plays brass instruments)

                • trumpet section [ENG31-08234659-n] (the section of a band or orchestra that plays trumpets or cornets)
              • string section [ENG31-08234223-n] (the section of an orchestra that plays stringed instruments)

                • violin section [ENG31-08234371-n] (the section of an orchestra that plays violins)
              • percussion section [ENG31-08234478-n] (the section of a band or orchestra that plays percussion instruments)
              • reed section [ENG31-08234786-n] (the section of a band or orchestra that plays reed instruments)

                • clarinet section [ENG31-08234925-n] (the section of a band or orchestra that plays clarinets)
            • duet [ENG31-08263942-n] (two performers or singers who perform together)
            • trio [ENG31-08264073-n] (three performers or singers who perform together)
            • quartet [ENG31-08264172-n] (four performers or singers who perform together)

              • barbershop quartet [ENG31-08264321-n] (an unaccompanied quartet of (usually male) voices singing sentimental songs in four-part harmony)
              • string quartet [ENG31-08264482-n] (an instrumental quartet with 2 violins and a viola and a cello)
            • quintet [ENG31-08264624-n] (five performers or singers who perform together)
            • sextet [ENG31-08264737-n] (six performers or singers who perform together)
            • septet [ENG31-08264856-n] (seven performers or singers who perform together)
            • octet [ENG31-08264968-n] (eight performers or singers who perform together)
            • orchestra [ENG31-08265078-n] (a musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players)

              • chamber orchestra [ENG31-08265332-n] (small orchestra)
              • string orchestra [ENG31-08265668-n] (an orchestra playing only stringed instruments)
              • symphony orchestra [ENG31-08265777-n] (a large orchestra)
            • band [ENG31-08265959-n] (instrumentalists not including string players)

              • marching band [ENG31-08266128-n] (a band that marches (as in a parade) and plays music at the same time)
              • brass band [ENG31-08266257-n] (a group of musicians playing only brass and percussion instruments)
              • concert band [ENG31-08266380-n] (a group of musicians playing brass and woodwind and percussion instruments)
            • dance band [ENG31-08266881-n] (a group of musicians playing popular music for dancing)

              • big band [ENG31-08267089-n] (a large dance or jazz band usually featuring improvised solos by lead musicians)
              • jazz band [ENG31-08267223-n] (a small band of jazz musicians)
              • rock group [ENG31-08267422-n] (a band of musicians who play rock'n'roll music)
              • steel band [ENG31-08267671-n] (a band that plays instruments made from the heads of oil drums (Caribbean Islands))
          • party [ENG31-08273889-n] (an organization to gain political power)

            • American Labor Party [ENG31-08274700-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • American Party [ENG31-08274892-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Anti-Masonic Party [ENG31-08275105-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Black Panthers [ENG31-08275279-n] (a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites)
            • Communist Party [ENG31-08275444-n] (a political party that actively advocates a communist form of government)
            • Conservative Party [ENG31-08275665-n] (a political party (especially in Great Britain or Australia) that believes in the importance of a capitalist economy with private ownership rather than state control)
            • Constitutional Union Party [ENG31-08275895-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Democratic Party [ENG31-08276077-n] (the older of two major political parties in the United States)
            • Democratic-Republican Party [ENG31-08276239-n] (a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century)
            • Farmer-Labor Party [ENG31-08276532-n] (a former minor political party in the United States in the early 20th century)
            • Federalist Party [ENG31-08276674-n] (a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century)
            • Free Soil Party [ENG31-08276923-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Gironde [ENG31-08277141-n] (the French moderate political party that was in power (1791-1793) during the French Revolution)
            • Green Party [ENG31-08277307-n] (an environmentalist political party)
            • Greenback Party [ENG31-08277419-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Kuomintang [ENG31-08277612-n] (the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen)
            • labor party [ENG31-08277882-n] (a left-of-center political party formed to represent the interest of ordinary working people)

              • Australian Labor Party [ENG31-08278083-n] (the oldest political party in Australia, founded in 1891)
              • British Labour Party [ENG31-08278241-n] (a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900)
            • Liberal Democrat Party [ENG31-08278510-n] (a political party in Great Britain)
            • Liberal Party [ENG31-08278731-n] (a political party in Australia, Canada, and other nations, and formerly in Great Britain)
            • Liberty Party [ENG31-08278879-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Militant Tendency [ENG31-08279075-n] (a Trotskyist political organization in Great Britain set up in 1964 inside the Labour Party)
            • National Socialist German Workers' Party [ENG31-08279230-n] (the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933)
            • People's Party [ENG31-08279415-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Progressive Party [ENG31-08279616-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • Prohibition Party [ENG31-08279858-n] (a political party in the United States)
            • Republican Party [ENG31-08280034-n] (the younger of two major political parties in the United States)
            • Social Democratic Party [ENG31-08280224-n] (a political party in Germany and Britain (and elsewhere) founded in late 19th century)
            • Socialist Labor Party [ENG31-08280481-n] (a political party in the United States)
            • Socialist Party [ENG31-08280654-n] (a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism)
            • States' Rights Democratic Party [ENG31-08280791-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • war party [ENG31-08281031-n] (a political party that supports a war)
            • Whig Party [ENG31-08281124-n] (a former political party in the United States)
            • third party [ENG31-08281362-n] (a political party organized in opposition to the major parties in a two-party system)
            • Opposition [ENG31-08421145-n] (the major political party opposed to the party in office and prepared to replace it if elected)
          • machine [ENG31-08281504-n] (a group that controls the activities of a political party)
          • machine [ENG31-08281680-n] (an intricate organization that accomplishes its goals efficiently)
          • professional organization [ENG31-08282991-n] (an organization of and for professional people)
          • alliance [ENG31-08310903-n] (an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty)

            • combination [ENG31-07981109-n] (an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes))

              • combination in restraint of trade [ENG31-07981423-n] ((law) any monopoly or contract or combination or conspiracy intended to restrain commerce (which are illegal according to antitrust laws of the United States))
            • allies [ENG31-08187877-n] (an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy)
            • bloc [ENG31-08187993-n] (a group of countries in special alliance)

              • sterling area [ENG31-08320027-n] (the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling)
            • Allies [ENG31-08188109-n] (in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers)
            • Central Powers [ENG31-08188314-n] (in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies)
            • Allies [ENG31-08188491-n] (the alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World War II and which (with subsequent additions) signed the charter of the United Nations in 1945)
            • Axis [ENG31-08188691-n] (in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations)
            • entente [ENG31-08188891-n] (an informal alliance between countries)
            • popular front [ENG31-08311502-n] (a leftist coalition organized against a common opponent)
            • world organization [ENG31-08311617-n] (an international alliance involving many different countries)

              • Arab League [ENG31-08189002-n] (an international organization of independent Arab states formed in 1945 to promote cultural and economic and military and political and social cooperation)
              • European Union [ENG31-08190414-n] (an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members)
              • North Atlantic Treaty Organization [ENG31-08191297-n] (an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security)
              • Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons [ENG31-08192774-n] (international organization for chemical disarmament)
              • Organization of American States [ENG31-08192976-n] (an association including most countries in the western hemisphere)
              • League of Nations [ENG31-08212263-n] (an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations)
              • community [ENG31-08241195-n] (a group of nations having common interests)
              • Commonwealth of Independent States [ENG31-08312059-n] (an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991)
              • United Nations [ENG31-08312501-n] (an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security)
              • commonwealth [ENG31-08392081-n] (a world organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another)

                • British Commonwealth [ENG31-08066741-n] (an association of nations consisting of the United Kingdom and several former British colonies that are now sovereign states but still pay allegiance to the British Crown)
              • World Trade Organization [ENG31-08503981-n] (an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade)
            • Northern Alliance [ENG31-08493436-n] (a multiethnic alliance in Afghanistan who practice a moderate form of Islam and are united in their opposition to the Taliban)
          • federation [ENG31-08320434-n] (an organization formed by merging several groups or parties)

            • American Federation of Labor [ENG31-08250834-n] (a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955)
            • American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations [ENG31-08251024-n] (the largest federation of North American labor unions)
            • Congress of Industrial Organizations [ENG31-08251219-n] (a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955)
          • hierarchy [ENG31-08392782-n] (the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body)
          • deputation [ENG31-08419399-n] (a group of representatives or delegates)

            • diplomatic mission [ENG31-08419650-n] (a mission serving diplomatic ends)

              • legation [ENG31-08420039-n] (a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister)
            • embassy [ENG31-08419785-n] (an ambassador and his entourage collectively)

              • High Commission [ENG31-08419901-n] (an embassy of one British Commonwealth country to another)
          • Girl Scouts [ENG31-08488196-n] (an organization of young women and girls founded in 1912 for character development and citizenship training)
          • blue [ENG31-08497858-n] (any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue)
          • grey [ENG31-08498020-n] (any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are grey)
          • host [ENG31-08498195-n] (any organization that provides resources and facilities for a function or event)
          • pool [ENG31-08498380-n] (an organization of people or resources that can be shared)

            • typing pool [ENG31-08498615-n] (a group of typists who can work for different persons)
        • phylum [ENG31-08120601-n] ((linguistics) a large group of languages that are historically related)
        • force [ENG31-08224784-n] (a group of people having the power of effective action)
        • platoon [ENG31-08231965-n] (a group of persons who are engaged in a common activity)
        • revolving door [ENG31-08256943-n] (an organization or institution with a high rate of turnover of personnel or membership)
        • set [ENG31-08257090-n] (an unofficial association of people or groups)

          • car pool [ENG31-08257405-n] (a small group of car drivers who arrange to take turns driving while the others are passengers)
          • clique [ENG31-08257554-n] (an exclusive circle of people with a common purpose)

            • Bloomsbury Group [ENG31-08257887-n] (an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles)
            • bohemia [ENG31-08258230-n] (a group of artists and writers with real or pretended artistic or intellectual aspirations and usually an unconventional life style)
            • kitchen cabinet [ENG31-08258433-n] (an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government)
            • loop [ENG31-08258575-n] (an inner circle of advisors (especially under President Reagan))
            • cabal [ENG31-08258719-n] (a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue)
            • military junta [ENG31-08258885-n] (a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power)
            • mafia [ENG31-08262346-n] (any tightly knit group of trusted associates)
            • faction [ENG31-08268798-n] (a dissenting clique)

              • splinter group [ENG31-08269004-n] (a faction or sect that has broken away from its parent organization)
              • left [ENG31-08433285-n] (those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare)
              • right [ENG31-08433609-n] (those who support political or social or economic conservatism)

                • religious right [ENG31-08433847-n] (United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools)
                • hard right [ENG31-08434056-n] (the extreme right wing)
              • old guard [ENG31-08434135-n] (a faction that is unwilling to accept new ideas)
              • pro-choice faction [ENG31-08434238-n] (those who argue that the decision to have an induced abortion should be made by the mother)
              • pro-life faction [ENG31-08434393-n] (those who argue that induced abortion is killing and should be prohibited)
            • galere [ENG31-08423216-n] (a coterie of undesirable people)
            • hard core [ENG31-08423318-n] (the most dedicated and intensely loyal nucleus of a group or movement)
          • cohort [ENG31-08268025-n] (a band of warriors (originally a unit of a Roman Legion))
          • conspiracy [ENG31-08268224-n] (a group of conspirators banded together to achieve some harmful or illegal purpose)
          • Four Hundred [ENG31-08268414-n] (the exclusive social set of a city)
          • horsy set [ENG31-08268526-n] (a set of people sharing a devotion to horses and horseback riding and horse racing)
          • jet set [ENG31-08268677-n] (a set of rich and fashionable people who travel widely for pleasure)
          • party [ENG31-08281818-n] (a band of people associated temporarily in some activity)

            • fatigue party [ENG31-08282173-n] (a group of soldiers on fatigue duty)
            • landing party [ENG31-08282268-n] (a part of a ship's company organized for special duties ashore)
            • party to the action [ENG31-08282390-n] (a party of people taking a role in legal proceedings)
            • rescue party [ENG31-08282535-n] (a party of rescuers)
            • search party [ENG31-08282613-n] (a party of people to search for someone)
            • stretcher party [ENG31-08282711-n] (a party of people with stretchers to carry an injured person)
            • war party [ENG31-08282833-n] (a band of warriors who raid or fight an enemy (used especially of Native Americans))
        • organized crime [ENG31-08262093-n] (underworld organizations)

          • yakuza [ENG31-08247827-n] (organized crime in Japan)
          • Mafia [ENG31-08262470-n] (a secret terrorist group in Sicily)
          • Black Hand [ENG31-08262957-n] (a secret terrorist society in the United States early in the 20th century)
          • Camorra [ENG31-08263106-n] (a secret society in Naples notorious for violence and blackmail)
          • syndicate [ENG31-08263223-n] (a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities)

            • Mafia [ENG31-08262723-n] (a crime syndicate in the United States)
        • subculture [ENG31-08305674-n] (a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs)

          • suburbia [ENG31-08305898-n] (suburbanites considered as a cultural class or subculture)
          • psychedelia [ENG31-08309219-n] (the subculture of users of psychedelic drugs)
        • nonalignment [ENG31-08311316-n] (people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty)
        • political system [ENG31-08384807-n] (the members of a social organization who are in power)

          • autocracy [ENG31-08377928-n] (a political system governed by a single individual)

            • monarchy [ENG31-08380739-n] (an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority)

              • parliamentary monarchy [ENG31-08380971-n] (a monarchy having a parliament)
              • kingdom [ENG31-08422560-n] (a monarchy with a king or queen as head of state)
              • empire [ENG31-08422680-n] (a monarchy with an emperor as head of state)

                • Mogul empire [ENG31-08422830-n] (an empire established by the Mogul conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857)
                • Second Empire [ENG31-08422993-n] (the imperial government of Napoleon III in France from 1852-1870)
            • dictatorship [ENG31-08457622-n] (a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.))

              • police state [ENG31-08458031-n] (a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police))
          • constitutionalism [ENG31-08378099-n] (a constitutional system of government (usually with a written constitution))
          • democracy [ENG31-08378256-n] (a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them)

            • Weimar Republic [ENG31-08186969-n] (the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919)
            • parliamentary democracy [ENG31-08380638-n] (a democracy having a parliament)
          • diarchy [ENG31-08378539-n] (a form of government having two joint rulers)
          • gerontocracy [ENG31-08378647-n] (a political system governed by old men)
          • gynecocracy [ENG31-08378744-n] (a political system governed by a woman)
          • hegemony [ENG31-08378851-n] (the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others)
          • mobocracy [ENG31-08379229-n] (a political system in which a mob is the source of control)
          • oligarchy [ENG31-08379382-n] (a political system governed by a few people)
          • plutocracy [ENG31-08379702-n] (a political system governed by the wealthy people)
          • republic [ENG31-08379844-n] (a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch)
          • technocracy [ENG31-08380033-n] (a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control)
          • theocracy [ENG31-08380355-n] (a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided))

            • church-state [ENG31-08194781-n] (a state ruled by religious authority)
            • hierocracy [ENG31-08380549-n] (a ruling body composed of clergy)
        • moiety [ENG31-08389226-n] (one of two basic subdivisions of a tribe)
        • tribe [ENG31-08389338-n] (a social division of (usually preliterate) people)

          • phyle [ENG31-08390896-n] (a tribe of ancient Athenians)
        • movement [ENG31-08481612-n] (a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals)

          • Free French [ENG31-08131556-n] (a French movement during World War II that was organized in London by Charles de Gaulle to fight for the liberation of France from German control and for the restoration of the republic)
          • artistic movement [ENG31-08483654-n] (a group of artists who agree on general principles)

            • Abstract Expressionism [ENG31-02671377-n] (a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions)
            • Ash Can [ENG31-02750384-n] (early 20th-century United States painting)
            • Impressionism [ENG31-03570231-n] (a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light)
            • Pop Art [ENG31-03989426-n] (a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s)
            • deco [ENG31-08482129-n] (a style of design that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s)
            • avant-garde [ENG31-08482569-n] (any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts))
            • constructivism [ENG31-08482787-n] (an abstractionist artistic movement in Russia after World War I)
            • suprematism [ENG31-08483021-n] (a geometric abstractionist movement originated by Kazimir Malevich in Russia that influenced constructivism)
            • cubism [ENG31-08483186-n] (an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes)

              • analytical cubism [ENG31-08493999-n] (the early phase of cubism)
              • synthetic cubism [ENG31-08494088-n] (the late phase of cubism)
            • dada [ENG31-08483423-n] (a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century)
            • expressionism [ENG31-08484269-n] (an art movement early in the 20th century)

              • neoexpressionism [ENG31-08484587-n] (an art movement based on expressionism)
              • supra expressionism [ENG31-08484768-n] (a movement that tried to go beyond expressionism)
            • fauvism [ENG31-08484882-n] (an art movement launched in 1905 whose work was characterized by bright and nonnatural colors and simple forms)
            • futurism [ENG31-08485095-n] (an artistic movement in Italy around 1910 that tried to express the energy and values of the machine age)
            • Hudson River school [ENG31-08485272-n] (the first coherent school of American art)
            • imagism [ENG31-08485510-n] (a movement by American and English poets early in the 20th century in reaction to Victorian sentimentality)
            • luminism [ENG31-08485969-n] (an artistic movement in the United States that was derived from the Hudson River school)
            • minimalism [ENG31-08486244-n] (an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color)
            • naturalism [ENG31-08486468-n] (an artistic movement in 19th century France)
            • neoromanticism [ENG31-08486796-n] (an art movement based on a revival of Romanticism in art and literature)
            • New Wave [ENG31-08486928-n] (an art movement in French cinema in the 1960s)
            • surrealism [ENG31-08487221-n] (a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams)
            • symbolism [ENG31-08487518-n] (an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images)
          • Boy Scouts [ENG31-08487721-n] (an international (but decentralized) movement started in 1908 in England with the goal of teaching good citizenship to boys)
          • Civil Rights movement [ENG31-08488380-n] (movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens)
          • common front [ENG31-08488600-n] (a movement in which several individuals or groups with different interests join together)
          • cultural movement [ENG31-08488810-n] (a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals)

            • humanism [ENG31-08493840-n] (the cultural movement of the Renaissance)
          • ecumenism [ENG31-08488960-n] (a movement promoting union between religions (especially between Christian churches))
          • falun gong [ENG31-08489131-n] (a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices)
          • political movement [ENG31-08489346-n] (a group of people working together to achieve a political goal)

            • Palestine Liberation Organization [ENG31-08337315-n] (a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine)
            • Sinn Fein [ENG31-08338148-n] (an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland)
            • Red Guard [ENG31-08338399-n] (a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles)
            • syndicalism [ENG31-08338551-n] (a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions)
            • terrorist organization [ENG31-08409094-n] (a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals)
          • reform movement [ENG31-08490634-n] (a movement intended to bring about social and humanitarian reforms)

            • Enlightenment [ENG31-08489601-n] (a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine)
            • labor movement [ENG31-08489901-n] (an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement)

              • unionism [ENG31-08490493-n] (the system or principles and theory of labor unions)
          • religious movement [ENG31-08490798-n] (a movement intended to bring about religious reforms)

            • Islamism [ENG31-08112993-n] (a fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Koran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life)
            • Akhbari [ENG31-08491131-n] (a religious movement by Arab Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iraq that is opposed to the Usuli)
            • Usuli [ENG31-08491352-n] (a religious movement by Persian Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iran that is opposed to the Akhbari)
            • Counter Reformation [ENG31-08491634-n] (the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected))
            • ecumenical movement [ENG31-08491886-n] (a movement aimed to promote understanding and cooperation among Christian churches)
            • Gallicanism [ENG31-08492081-n] (a religious movement originating among the French Roman Catholic clergy that favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual administrative autonomy of the church)
            • Lubavitch [ENG31-08492343-n] (a large missionary Hasidic movement known for their hospitality, technological expertise, optimism and emphasis on religious study)
            • Oxford movement [ENG31-08492597-n] (19th-century movement in the Church of England opposing liberal tendencies)
            • Pietism [ENG31-08492733-n] (17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion)
            • Reformation [ENG31-08492940-n] (a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches)
            • Taliban [ENG31-08493176-n] (a fundamentalist Islamic militia)
            • Nation of Islam [ENG31-08493640-n] (a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans)
          • Zionism [ENG31-08496213-n] (a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine)
        • Jewry [ENG31-08496106-n] (Jews collectively)
        • wing [ENG31-08503316-n] (a group within a political party or legislature or other organization that holds distinct views or has a particular function)
      • collection [ENG31-07968050-n] (several things grouped together or considered as a whole)

        • pharmacopoeia [ENG31-03927331-n] (a collection or stock of drugs)
        • string [ENG31-04345456-n] (a collection of objects threaded on a single strand)

          • beads [ENG31-02818735-n] (several beads threaded together on a string)

            • rosary [ENG31-04116429-n] (a string of beads used in counting prayers (especially by Catholics))
            • wampum [ENG31-04556693-n] (small cylindrical beads made from polished shells and fashioned into strings or belts)
        • wardrobe [ENG31-04557712-n] (collection of clothing belonging to one person)
        • wardrobe [ENG31-04557832-n] (collection of costumes belonging to a theatrical company)
        • population [ENG31-06035684-n] ((statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn)

          • subpopulation [ENG31-06035916-n] (a population that is part of a larger population)

            • stratum [ENG31-06036690-n] (a subpopulation divided into a stratified sampling)
        • armamentarium [ENG31-07969953-n] (the collection of equipment and methods used in the practice of medicine)
        • art collection [ENG31-07970085-n] (a collection of art works)

          • loan collection [ENG31-07972455-n] (a number of pictures loaned by their owners for exhibition)
        • backlog [ENG31-07970189-n] (an accumulation of jobs not done or materials not processed that are yet to be dealt with (especially unfilled customer orders for products or services))
        • battery [ENG31-07970413-n] (a collection of related things intended for use together)
        • block [ENG31-07970600-n] (a number or quantity of related things dealt with as a unit)
        • book [ENG31-07970797-n] (a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made)
        • book [ENG31-07971027-n] (a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game)
        • bottle collection [ENG31-07971162-n] (a collection of bottles)
        • bunch [ENG31-07971317-n] (any collection in its entirety)
        • coin collection [ENG31-07971449-n] (a collection of coins)
        • collage [ENG31-07971532-n] (any collection of diverse things)
        • content [ENG31-07971643-n] ((usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something)
        • ensemble [ENG31-07971894-n] (an assemblage of parts or details (as in a work of art) considered as forming a whole)
        • corpus [ENG31-07972069-n] (a collection of writings)
        • crop [ENG31-07972180-n] (a collection of people or things appearing together)
        • tenantry [ENG31-07972340-n] (tenants of an estate considered as a group)
        • findings [ENG31-07972575-n] (a collection of tools and other articles used by an artisan to make jewelry or clothing or shoes)
        • flagging [ENG31-07972726-n] (flagstones collectively)
        • flinders [ENG31-07972864-n] (bits and splinters and fragments)
        • pack [ENG31-07973040-n] (a complete collection of similar things)

          • disk pack [ENG31-07973166-n] ((computer science) a portable pack of magnetic disks used in a disk storage device)
          • pack of cards [ENG31-07973335-n] (a pack of 52 playing cards)
        • hand [ENG31-07973501-n] (the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time)

          • bridge hand [ENG31-07973941-n] (the cards held in a game of bridge)

            • chicane [ENG31-07974070-n] (a bridge hand that is void of trumps)
          • poker hand [ENG31-07974269-n] (the 5 cards held in a game of poker)

            • royal flush [ENG31-07974469-n] (a poker hand with the ace, king, queen, jack, and 10 all in the same suit)
            • straight flush [ENG31-07974600-n] (a poker hand with consecutive cards in the same suit)
            • full house [ENG31-07974713-n] (a poker hand with 3 of a kind and a pair)
            • flush [ENG31-07974810-n] (a poker hand with all 5 cards in the same suit)
            • straight [ENG31-07974908-n] (a poker hand with 5 consecutive cards (regardless of suit))
            • pair [ENG31-07975021-n] (a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value)
        • long suit [ENG31-07973807-n] (in a hand, the suit having the most cards)

          • strong suit [ENG31-07974160-n] (a long suit including high cards)
        • herbarium [ENG31-07975115-n] (a collection of dried plants that are mounted and systematically classified for study)
        • stamp collection [ENG31-07975256-n] (a collection of stamps)
        • statuary [ENG31-07975341-n] (statues collectively)

          • Elgin Marbles [ENG31-07975434-n] (a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures and fragments of architecture created by Phidias)
        • sum [ENG31-07975630-n] (the final aggregate)

          • aggregate [ENG31-08435060-n] (a sum total of many heterogenous things taken together)
        • agglomeration [ENG31-07975883-n] (a jumbled collection or mass)

          • bunch [ENG31-07976557-n] (a grouping of a number of similar things)

            • knot [ENG31-07976998-n] (a tight cluster of people or things)
            • swad [ENG31-07977280-n] (a bunch)
            • tuft [ENG31-07977383-n] (a bunch of hair or feathers or growing grass)

              • wisp [ENG31-07977542-n] (a small tuft or lock)
              • witches' broom [ENG31-12542129-n] (an abnormal tufted growth of small branches on a tree or shrub caused by fungi or insects or other physiological disturbance)
              • coma [ENG31-13111155-n] ((botany) a usually terminal tuft of bracts (as in the pineapple) or tuft of hairs (especially on certain seeds))
          • ball [ENG31-07977630-n] (a compact mass)

            • clot [ENG31-05409434-n] (a lump of material formed from the content of a liquid)

              • thrombus [ENG31-14396651-n] (a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin)
              • embolus [ENG31-14396812-n] (an abnormal particle (e.g. an air bubble or part of a clot) circulating in the blood)
            • gob [ENG31-07977884-n] (a lump of slimy stuff)
            • clew [ENG31-07977993-n] (a ball of yarn or cord or thread)
        • gimmickry [ENG31-07976477-n] (a collection of gimmicks)
        • nuclear club [ENG31-07977183-n] (the nations possessing nuclear weapons)
        • pile [ENG31-07978094-n] (a collection of objects laid on top of each other)

          • compost heap [ENG31-07978570-n] (a heap of manure and vegetation and other organic residues that are decaying to become compost)
          • dunghill [ENG31-07978909-n] (a heap of dung or refuse)
          • scrapheap [ENG31-07979242-n] (pile of discarded metal)
          • shock [ENG31-07979321-n] (a pile of sheaves of grain set on end in a field to dry)
          • slagheap [ENG31-07979605-n] (pile of waste matter from coal mining etc)
          • stack [ENG31-07979701-n] (an orderly pile)

            • haystack [ENG31-07979822-n] (a stack of hay)

              • haycock [ENG31-07979944-n] (a small cone-shaped pile of hay that has been left in the field until it is dry enough to carry to the hayrick)
          • pyre [ENG31-07980108-n] (wood heaped for burning a dead body as a funeral rite)
          • woodpile [ENG31-07980227-n] (a pile or stack of wood to be used for fuel)
          • stockpile [ENG31-08479216-n] (a storage pile accumulated for future use)
        • mass [ENG31-07978738-n] (an ill-structured collection of similar things (objects or people))

          • logjam [ENG31-07979019-n] (an immovable mass of logs blocking a river)
          • shock [ENG31-07979114-n] (a bushy thick mass (especially hair))
        • combination [ENG31-07980325-n] (a collection of things that have been combined)

          • haplotype [ENG31-05447158-n] ((genetics) a combination of alleles (for different genes) that are located closely together on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together)
          • amalgam [ENG31-07980601-n] (a combination or blend of diverse things)
          • color scheme [ENG31-07980758-n] (a planned combination of colors)
          • complexion [ENG31-07980938-n] (a combination that results from coupling or interlinking)
        • congregation [ENG31-07992628-n] (an assemblage of people or animals or things collected together)
        • hit parade [ENG31-07993555-n] (a collection of the best or most popular people or items of a given kind)
        • Judaica [ENG31-07993684-n] (materials relating to Judaism)
        • kludge [ENG31-07993767-n] (a badly assembled collection of parts hastily assembled to serve some particular purpose (often used to refer to computing systems or software that has been badly put together))
        • library [ENG31-07994015-n] ((computing) a collection of standard programs and subroutines that are stored and available for immediate use)
        • library [ENG31-07994293-n] (a collection of literary documents or records kept for reference or borrowing)

          • bibliotheca [ENG31-07994478-n] (a collection of books)
          • public library [ENG31-07994593-n] (a nonprofit library maintained for public use)
          • rental collection [ENG31-07994699-n] (a collection of books that can be rented by readers in return for a small daily fee)
        • mythology [ENG31-07994846-n] (myths collectively)

          • classical mythology [ENG31-07995347-n] (the system of mythology of the Greeks and Romans together)

            • Greek mythology [ENG31-07995848-n] (the mythology of the ancient Greeks)
            • Roman mythology [ENG31-07999593-n] (the mythology of the ancient Romans)
          • Norse mythology [ENG31-08000298-n] (the mythology of Scandinavia (shared in part by Britain and Germany) until the establishment of Christianity)
        • biota [ENG31-08009551-n] (all the plant and animal life of a particular region)
        • fauna [ENG31-08009721-n] (all the animal life in a particular region or period)

          • avifauna [ENG31-08010085-n] (the birds of a particular region or period)
        • petting zoo [ENG31-08009968-n] (a collection of docile animals for children to pet and feed)
        • set [ENG31-08013131-n] (a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used)

          • dentition [ENG31-05289932-n] (the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal)

            • primary dentition [ENG31-05289746-n] (dentition of deciduous teeth)
            • secondary dentition [ENG31-05289838-n] (dentition of permanent teeth)
          • singleton [ENG31-08001577-n] (a set containing a single member)
          • pair [ENG31-08001665-n] (a set of two similar things considered as a unit)

            • Tweedledum and Tweedledee [ENG31-08005158-n] (any two people who are hard to tell apart)
          • trio [ENG31-08002640-n] (a set of three similar things considered as a unit)

            • trilogy [ENG31-08002267-n] (a set of three literary or dramatic works related in subject or theme)
            • triplicity [ENG31-08003213-n] ((astrology) one of four groups of the zodiac where each group consists of three signs separated from each other by 120 degrees)
          • quartet [ENG31-08004531-n] (a set of four similar things considered as a unit)
          • quintet [ENG31-08004671-n] (a set of five similar things considered as a unit)
          • sextet [ENG31-08004811-n] (a set of six similar things considered as a unit)
          • septet [ENG31-08004932-n] (a set of seven similar things considered as a unit)
          • octet [ENG31-08005046-n] (a set of eight similar things considered as a unit)
          • chess set [ENG31-08013780-n] (checkerboard and a set of 32 pieces used to play chess)
          • manicure set [ENG31-08013928-n] (a set of implements used to manicure)
          • union [ENG31-08015154-n] (a set containing all and only the members of two or more given sets)

            • direct sum [ENG31-08015346-n] (a union of two disjoint sets in which every element is the sum of an element from each of the disjoint sets)
          • intersection [ENG31-08015510-n] (the set of elements common to two or more sets)
          • field [ENG31-08015913-n] (all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event)
          • field [ENG31-08016026-n] (all of the horses in a particular horse race)
          • field [ENG31-08022022-n] ((computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information)

            • bit field [ENG31-08022203-n] (a field containing only binary characters)
          • bracket [ENG31-08022536-n] (a category falling within certain defined limits)

            • income bracket [ENG31-08022692-n] (a category of taxpayers based on the amount of their income)
            • price bracket [ENG31-08022847-n] (a category of merchandise based on their price)
          • conjugation [ENG31-08023310-n] (the complete set of inflected forms of a verb)
          • suite [ENG31-08023976-n] (a matching set of furniture)

            • bedroom suite [ENG31-08024109-n] (a suite of furniture for the bedroom)
            • dining-room suite [ENG31-08024219-n] (a suite of furniture for the dining room)
            • livingroom suite [ENG31-08024379-n] (a suite of furniture for the living room)
          • choir [ENG31-08205744-n] (a family of similar musical instrument playing together)
          • core [ENG31-08259144-n] (a small group of indispensable persons or things)

            • cadre [ENG31-08259021-n] (a nucleus of military personnel capable of expansion)
          • portfolio [ENG31-08259349-n] (a set of pieces of creative work collected to be shown to potential customers or employers)
          • score [ENG31-08289573-n] (a set of twenty members)
          • threescore [ENG31-08289695-n] (a set with 3 times 20 members)
          • synset [ENG31-08289781-n] (a set of one or more synonyms)
        • Victoriana [ENG31-08014023-n] (collection of materials of or characteristic of the Victorian era)
        • class [ENG31-08014145-n] (a collection of things sharing a common attribute)

          • grammatical category [ENG31-06320373-n] ((grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties)

            • case [ENG31-06321935-n] (nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence)

              • nominative [ENG31-06322150-n] (the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb)
              • oblique [ENG31-06322324-n] (any grammatical case other than the nominative)

                • accusative [ENG31-06322547-n] (the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb)
                • dative [ENG31-06322713-n] (the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb)
                • genitive [ENG31-06322842-n] (the case expressing ownership)

                  • attributive genitive [ENG31-06322991-n] (a word in the genitive case that is used as an attributive adjective)
                • vocative [ENG31-06323227-n] (the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed)
                • ablative [ENG31-06323408-n] (the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb)
            • part of speech [ENG31-06328457-n] (one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context)

              • major form class [ENG31-06328665-n] (any of the major parts of speech of traditional grammar)

                • noun [ENG31-06328855-n] (the word class that can serve as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition)
                • verb [ENG31-06329055-n] (the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence)

                  • auxiliary verb [ENG31-06329506-n] (a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase to help form tense, mood, voice, or condition of the verb it combines with)

                    • modal auxiliary verb [ENG31-06329715-n] (an auxiliary verb (such as `can' or `will') that is used to express modality)
                  • infinitive [ENG31-06329897-n] (the uninflected form of the verb)

                    • split infinitive [ENG31-06328100-n] (an infinitive with an adverb between `to' and the verb (e.g., `to boldly go'))
                  • participle [ENG31-06341521-n] (a non-finite form of the verb)

                    • present participle [ENG31-06342007-n] (a participle expressing present action)
                    • past participle [ENG31-06342147-n] (a participle that expresses completed action)
                  • phrasal verb [ENG31-06341757-n] (an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit)
                  • transitive verb [ENG31-06342274-n] (a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical)

                    • doubly transitive verb [ENG31-06342470-n] (a transitive verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object)
                  • intransitive verb [ENG31-06342634-n] (a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object)
                • adjective [ENG31-06330022-n] (the word class that qualifies nouns)
                • adverb [ENG31-06330150-n] (the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses)
            • number [ENG31-06337519-n] (the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural))
            • person [ENG31-06337790-n] (a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party)

              • first person [ENG31-06338711-n] (pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur)
              • second person [ENG31-06338863-n] (pronouns and verbs used to refer to the person addressed by the language in which they occur)
              • third person [ENG31-06339015-n] (pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur)
            • gender [ENG31-06339636-n] (a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives)

              • feminine [ENG31-06339989-n] (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female)
              • masculine [ENG31-06340158-n] (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male)
              • neuter [ENG31-06340306-n] (a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine))
            • tense [ENG31-06340499-n] (a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time)

              • present [ENG31-06340727-n] (a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking)

                • historical present [ENG31-06340902-n] (the use of the present tense to describe past actions or states)
              • aorist [ENG31-06341030-n] (a verb tense in some languages (classical Greek and Sanskrit) expressing action (especially past action) without indicating its completion or continuation)
              • past [ENG31-06341255-n] (a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past)

                • preterit [ENG31-13828826-n] (a term formerly used to refer to the simple past tense)
              • future [ENG31-06341394-n] (a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future)
              • progressive [ENG31-13827946-n] (a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going)

                • present progressive [ENG31-13828186-n] (a tense used to express action that is on-going at the time of utterance)
                • past progressive [ENG31-13829176-n] (a progressive tense used to describe on-going action in the past)
                • future progressive [ENG31-13829615-n] (a progressive tense used to express action that will be on-going in the future)
              • perfective [ENG31-13828352-n] (a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed (sometimes regarded as perfective aspect))

                • present perfect [ENG31-13828616-n] (a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present)
                • past perfect [ENG31-13828947-n] (a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past)
                • future perfect [ENG31-13829390-n] (a perfective tense used to describe action that will be completed in the future)
            • semantic role [ENG31-06342796-n] ((linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause)

              • affected role [ENG31-06343129-n] (the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause)
              • agentive role [ENG31-06343357-n] (the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause)
              • benefactive role [ENG31-06343538-n] (the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause)
              • instrumental role [ENG31-06343724-n] (the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process)
              • locative role [ENG31-06343912-n] (the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb)
              • recipient role [ENG31-06344088-n] (the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause)
              • resultant role [ENG31-06344278-n] (the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause)
              • temporal role [ENG31-06344471-n] (the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb)
          • substitution class [ENG31-06320674-n] (the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another))
          • brass family [ENG31-08014648-n] ((music) the family of brass instruments)
          • violin family [ENG31-08014765-n] ((music) the family of bowed stringed instruments)
          • woodwind family [ENG31-08014892-n] ((music) the family of woodwind instruments)
          • stamp [ENG31-08015015-n] (a type or class)
          • sex [ENG31-08015733-n] (either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided)
          • declension [ENG31-08022953-n] (a class of nouns or pronouns or adjectives in Indo-European languages having the same (or very similar) inflectional forms)
          • conjugation [ENG31-08023183-n] (a class of verbs having the same inflectional forms)
          • denomination [ENG31-08023431-n] (a class of one kind of unit in a system of numbers or measures or weights or money)
          • histocompatibility complex [ENG31-08023646-n] (a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response)
        • job lot [ENG31-08023872-n] (a miscellaneous collection of things sold together)
        • package [ENG31-08024575-n] (a collection of things wrapped or boxed together)

          • wisp [ENG31-08024812-n] (a small bundle of straw or hay)
        • defense [ENG31-08081359-n] (the defendant and his legal advisors collectively)
        • prosecution [ENG31-08081578-n] (the lawyers acting for the state to put the case against the defendant)
        • planting [ENG31-08081724-n] (a collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area)
        • signage [ENG31-08091257-n] (signs collectively (especially commercial signs or posters))
        • generally accepted accounting principles [ENG31-08162878-n] (a collection of rules and procedures and conventions that define accepted accounting practice)
        • pantheon [ENG31-08170236-n] (all the gods of a religion)
        • Free World [ENG31-08185636-n] (anti-communist countries collectively)
        • Third World [ENG31-08185730-n] (underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively)
        • Europe [ENG31-08189594-n] (the nations of the European continent collectively)
        • Asia [ENG31-08189776-n] (the nations of the Asian continent collectively)
        • North America [ENG31-08189929-n] (the nations of the North American continent collectively)
        • Central America [ENG31-08190064-n] (the nations of Central America collectively)
        • South America [ENG31-08190188-n] (the nations of the South American continent collectively)
        • Oort cloud [ENG31-08287583-n] ((astronomy) a hypothetical huge collection of comets orbiting the sun far beyond the orbit of Pluto)
        • galaxy [ENG31-08287859-n] (a splendid assemblage (especially of famous people))
        • galaxy [ENG31-08287963-n] ((astronomy) a collection of star systems)

          • spiral galaxy [ENG31-08288378-n] (a galaxy having a spiral structure)

            • Andromeda galaxy [ENG31-08288577-n] (a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda that is visible to the naked eye)
          • Great Attractor [ENG31-09314687-n] (a massive grouping of galaxies in the direction of Centaurus and Hydra whose gravitational attraction is believed to cause deviations in the paths of other galaxies)
          • Milky Way [ENG31-09377881-n] (the galaxy containing the solar system)
        • fleet [ENG31-08309677-n] (a group of warships organized as a tactical unit)

          • flotilla [ENG31-03372509-n] (a fleet of small craft)
          • flotilla [ENG31-03372586-n] (a United States Navy fleet consisting of two or more squadrons of small warships)
          • armada [ENG31-08309924-n] (a large fleet)
          • battle fleet [ENG31-08310159-n] (a fleet of warships prepared for battle)
          • wolf pack [ENG31-08494522-n] (a group of submarines operating together in attacking enemy convoys)
        • fleet [ENG31-08310411-n] (group of motor vehicles operating together under the same ownership)

          • motor pool [ENG31-08310605-n] (a fleet of military vehicles controlled by a single agency and available for use as needed)
        • fleet [ENG31-08310752-n] (group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership)
        • repertoire [ENG31-08353554-n] (a collection of works (plays, songs, operas, ballets) that an artist or company can perform and do perform for short intervals on a regular schedule)
        • repertory [ENG31-08353771-n] (the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or occupation)
        • assortment [ENG31-08415730-n] (a collection containing a variety of sorts of things)

          • grab bag [ENG31-08416244-n] (an assortment of miscellaneous items)
          • witches' brew [ENG31-08416335-n] (a fearsome mixture)
          • range [ENG31-08416543-n] (a variety of different things or activities)

            • band [ENG31-06271171-n] (a range of frequencies between two limits)

              • frequency band [ENG31-06271281-n] (a band of adjacent radio frequencies (e.g., assigned for transmitting radio or television signals))
          • selection [ENG31-08416775-n] (an assortment of things from which a choice can be made)
          • odds and ends [ENG31-08416934-n] (a motley assortment of things)
          • alphabet soup [ENG31-08417148-n] (a confusing assortment)
          • sampler [ENG31-08480828-n] (an assortment of various samples)
        • batch [ENG31-08417409-n] (a collection of things or persons to be handled together)

          • schmeer [ENG31-08417562-n] ((Yiddish) a batch of things that go together)
        • batch [ENG31-08417729-n] (all the loaves of bread baked at the same time)
        • rogue's gallery [ENG31-08423117-n] (a collection of pictures of criminals)
        • exhibition [ENG31-08424576-n] (a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display)

          • art exhibition [ENG31-08424796-n] (an exhibition of art objects (paintings or statues))

            • retrospective [ENG31-08424926-n] (an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work)
          • peepshow [ENG31-08425072-n] (an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or magnifying glass)
          • fair [ENG31-08425224-n] (a competitive exhibition of farm products)
        • convoy [ENG31-08434630-n] (a collection of merchant ships with an escort of warships)
        • traffic [ENG31-08442260-n] (the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time)

          • air traffic [ENG31-08442513-n] (traffic created by the movement of aircraft)
          • commuter traffic [ENG31-08442614-n] (traffic created by people going to or returning from work)
          • pedestrian traffic [ENG31-08442734-n] (people coming and going on foot)
          • vehicular traffic [ENG31-08442845-n] (the aggregation of vehicles coming and going in a particular locality)

            • automobile traffic [ENG31-08443068-n] (cars coming and going)
            • bicycle traffic [ENG31-08443168-n] (bicycles coming and going)
            • bus traffic [ENG31-08443255-n] (buses coming and going)
            • truck traffic [ENG31-08443335-n] (trucks coming and going)
        • aviation [ENG31-08450737-n] (the aggregation of a country's military aircraft)
        • vegetation [ENG31-08453769-n] (all the plant life in a particular region or period)

          • browse [ENG31-08454309-n] (vegetation (such as young shoots, twigs, and leaves) that is suitable for animals to eat)
          • brush [ENG31-08454507-n] (a dense growth of bushes)

            • brake [ENG31-08454713-n] (an area thickly overgrown usually with one kind of plant)
            • canebrake [ENG31-08454839-n] (a dense growth of cane (especially giant cane))
            • spinney [ENG31-08454960-n] (a copse that shelters game)
            • underbrush [ENG31-08456468-n] (the brush (small trees and bushes and ferns etc.) growing beneath taller trees in a wood or forest)

              • groundcover [ENG31-13133055-n] (small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor)
          • growth [ENG31-08455059-n] (vegetation that has grown)
          • scrub [ENG31-08455215-n] (dense vegetation consisting of stunted trees or bushes)
          • stand [ENG31-08455376-n] (a growth of similar plants (usually trees) in a particular area)
          • forest [ENG31-08455525-n] (the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area)

            • bosk [ENG31-08455832-n] (a small wooded area)
            • grove [ENG31-08455920-n] (a small growth of trees without underbrush)
            • jungle [ENG31-08456014-n] (an impenetrable equatorial forest)
            • rain forest [ENG31-08456118-n] (a forest with heavy annual rainfall)

              • temperate rain forest [ENG31-08456260-n] (a rain forest in a temperate area)
              • tropical rain forest [ENG31-08456361-n] (a rain forest in a tropical area)
            • old growth [ENG31-13260923-n] (forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity)
            • second growth [ENG31-13261101-n] (a second growth of trees covering an area where the original stand was destroyed by fire or cutting)
          • shrubbery [ENG31-08456686-n] (a collection of shrubs growing together)
          • garden [ENG31-08456800-n] (the flowers or vegetables or fruits or herbs that are cultivated in a garden)
          • brier [ENG31-12642597-n] (tangled mass of prickly plants)
          • groundcover [ENG31-13133186-n] (low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow)

            • rupturewort [ENG31-11831197-n] (common prostrate Old World herb often used as a ground cover)
            • whitlowwort [ENG31-11833959-n] (any of various low-growing tufted plants of the genus Paronychia having tiny greenish flowers and usually whorled leaves)
            • pearlwort [ENG31-11834707-n] (any of various low-growing plants of the genus Sagina having small spherical flowers resembling pearls)
            • baby's tears [ENG31-12414240-n] (prostrate or creeping Corsican herb with moss-like small round short-stemmed leaves)
        • law [ENG31-08458195-n] (the collection of rules imposed by authority)

          • administrative law [ENG31-08470119-n] (the body of rules and regulations and orders and decisions created by administrative agencies of government)
          • canon law [ENG31-08470310-n] (the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church)
          • civil law [ENG31-08470475-n] (the body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation)

            • case law [ENG31-06547026-n] ((civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions)
            • legislation [ENG31-06547213-n] (law enacted by a legislative body)

              • enabling legislation [ENG31-06547467-n] (legislation that gives appropriate officials the authority to implement or enforce the law)
              • occupational safety and health act [ENG31-06547643-n] (a law passed by the United States Congress that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to prevent employees from being injured or contracting diseases in the course of their employment)
          • common law [ENG31-08470733-n] (a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws)
          • international law [ENG31-08471014-n] (the body of laws governing relations between nations)

            • maritime law [ENG31-08471202-n] (the branch of international law that deals with territorial and international waters or with shipping or with ocean fishery etc.)
          • law of the land [ENG31-08471456-n] (a phrase used in the Magna Carta to refer to the then established law of the kingdom (as distinct from Roman or civil law))
          • martial law [ENG31-08471829-n] (the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis))
          • mercantile law [ENG31-08472048-n] (the body of rules applied to commercial transactions)
          • military law [ENG31-08472282-n] (the body of laws and rules of conduct administered by military courts for the discipline, trial, and punishment of military personnel)
          • Mosaic law [ENG31-08472531-n] (the laws (beginning with the Ten Commandments) that God gave to the Israelites through Moses)
          • shariah [ENG31-08472840-n] (the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed)

            • hudud [ENG31-08473189-n] (Islamic laws stating the limits ordained by Allah and including the deterrent punishments for serious crimes)
          • statutory law [ENG31-08473358-n] (the body of laws created by legislative statutes)
          • securities law [ENG31-08473485-n] (the body of laws governing the issuance and selling of securities)
          • tax law [ENG31-08473630-n] (the body of laws governing taxation)
        • menagerie [ENG31-08473899-n] (a collection of live animals for study or display)
        • data [ENG31-08479331-n] (a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn)

          • accounting data [ENG31-08479545-n] (all the data (ledgers and journals and spreadsheets) that support a financial statement)
          • metadata [ENG31-08479732-n] (data about data)
          • raw data [ENG31-08479869-n] (unanalyzed data)
        • ana [ENG31-08479975-n] (a collection of anecdotes about a person or place)
        • mail [ENG31-08480074-n] (any particular collection of letters or packages that is delivered)

          • fan mail [ENG31-08480356-n] (mail sent to public figures from their admirers)
          • hate mail [ENG31-08480520-n] (mail that expresses the writer's dislike or hatred (usually in offensive language))
          • mailing [ENG31-08480658-n] (mail sent by a sender at one time)
        • treasure [ENG31-08480980-n] (a collection of precious things)
        • treasure trove [ENG31-08481109-n] (any collection of valuables that is discovered)
        • trinketry [ENG31-08481335-n] (trinkets and other ornaments of dress collectively)
        • troponymy [ENG31-08481460-n] (the place names of a region or a language considered collectively)
        • smithereens [ENG31-08499877-n] (a collection of small fragments considered as a whole)
      • edition [ENG31-07976007-n] (all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time)
      • electron shell [ENG31-07976273-n] (a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom)
      • ethnic group [ENG31-07983996-n] (people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture)

        • ethnic minority [ENG31-07984350-n] (a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population)

          • Berbers [ENG31-08500511-n] (an ethnic minority descended from Berbers and Arabs and living in northern Africa)
          • Dagestani [ENG31-08500661-n] (an ethnic minority living on the Caspian Sea in southwestern Russia and Azerbaijan)
          • Maori [ENG31-08501250-n] (an ethnic minority of Polynesian and Melanesian descent who speak Maori and live in New Zealand)
          • Maya [ENG31-08501397-n] (an ethnic minority speaking Mayan languages and living in Yucatan and adjacent areas)
          • Pathan [ENG31-08501658-n] (an ethnic minority speaking Pashto and living in northwestern Pakistan and southeastern Afghanistan)
        • Azeri [ENG31-08500276-n] (an ethnic group living in Azerbaijan)
        • Bengali [ENG31-08500364-n] (an ethnic group speaking Bengali and living in Bangladesh and eastern India)
        • Flemish [ENG31-08500799-n] (an ethnic group speaking Flemish and living in northern and western Belgium)
        • Mbundu [ENG31-08501532-n] (an ethnic group speaking Umbundu and living in western Angola)
        • Tajik [ENG31-08501820-n] (an ethnic group (mostly Moslem) living in Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China)
        • Walloons [ENG31-08501996-n] (an ethnic group speaking a dialect of French and living in southern and eastern Belgium and neighboring parts of France)
      • race [ENG31-07984596-n] (people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock)

        • master race [ENG31-07984842-n] (a race that considers itself superior to all others and fitted to rule the others)
      • association [ENG31-08006819-n] ((ecology) a group of organisms (plants and animals) that live together in a certain geographical region and constitute a community with a few dominant species)

        • antibiosis [ENG31-08007090-n] (an association between organisms that is harmful to one of them or between organisms and a metabolic product of another)
      • swarm [ENG31-08012591-n] (a group of many things in the air or on the ground)

        • infestation [ENG31-08012854-n] (a swarm of insects that attack plants)
      • subgroup [ENG31-08017525-n] (a distinct and often subordinate group within a group)

        • bench [ENG31-08226440-n] (the reserve players on a team)
      • sainthood [ENG31-08169654-n] (saints collectively)
      • citizenry [ENG31-08177175-n] (the body of citizens of a state or country)

        • country people [ENG31-07961955-n] (people living in the same country)
        • Achaean [ENG31-08177485-n] (the ancient Greek inhabitants of Achaea)
        • Aeolian [ENG31-08177596-n] (the ancient Greek inhabitants of Aeolia)
        • Dorian [ENG31-08177707-n] (the ancient Greek inhabitants of Doris who entered Greece from the north about 1100 BC)
        • Ionian [ENG31-08177846-n] (the ancient Greek inhabitants of Attica and related regions in Ionia)
        • electorate [ENG31-08177967-n] (the body of enfranchised citizens)
        • governed [ENG31-08178157-n] (the body of people who are citizens of a particular government)
      • population [ENG31-08195659-n] (a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area)

        • overpopulation [ENG31-08195853-n] (too much population)
      • multitude [ENG31-08197108-n] (the common people generally)

        • laity [ENG31-08170001-n] (in Christianity, members of a religious community that do not have the priestly responsibilities of ordained clergy)
        • audience [ENG31-08239214-n] (the part of the general public interested in a source of information or entertainment)

          • readership [ENG31-08239492-n] (the audience reached by written communications (books or magazines or newspapers etc.))
          • viewing audience [ENG31-08239671-n] (the audience reached by television)
        • following [ENG31-08240184-n] (a group of followers or enthusiasts)

          • claque [ENG31-08240058-n] (a group of followers hired to applaud at a performance)
          • faithful [ENG31-08240396-n] (any loyal and steadfast following)
          • fandom [ENG31-08240502-n] (the fans of a sport or famous person)
      • varna [ENG31-08323595-n] ((Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis))

        • brahman [ENG31-08323889-n] (the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category)
        • rajanya [ENG31-08324075-n] (the second highest of the four varnas: the noble or warrior category)
        • vaisya [ENG31-08324197-n] (the third of the four varnas: the commoners or yeoman farmers or mercantile and professional category)
        • sudra [ENG31-08324370-n] (the lowest of the four varnas: the servants and workers of low status)
      • circuit [ENG31-08347441-n] ((law) a judicial division of a state or the United States (so-called because originally judges traveled and held court in different locations))
      • system [ENG31-08452398-n] (a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole)

        • language system [ENG31-07293750-n] (a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language)

          • accentual system [ENG31-07127513-n] (the system of accentuation used in a particular language)
          • morphophonemic system [ENG31-07127788-n] (the morphophonemics of a particular language)
          • phonemic system [ENG31-07127900-n] (the system of phonemes recognized in a language)

            • consonant system [ENG31-07127650-n] (the system of consonants used in a particular language)
            • vowel system [ENG31-07128611-n] (the system of vowels used in a particular language)
          • phonological system [ENG31-07128045-n] (the system of phones used in a particular language)

            • tone system [ENG31-07128440-n] (the system of tones used in a particular language or dialect of a tone language)
          • syllabicity [ENG31-07128199-n] (the pattern of syllable formation in a particular language)
          • tense system [ENG31-07128333-n] (a system of tenses used in a particular language)
        • judiciary [ENG31-08183217-n] (the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of government)
        • economy [ENG31-08383680-n] (the system of production and distribution and consumption)

          • industrialism [ENG31-08381684-n] (an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship)
          • market economy [ENG31-08381886-n] (an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices)

            • capitalism [ENG31-08381070-n] (an economic system based on private ownership of capital)

              • venture capitalism [ENG31-08381294-n] (capitalism that invests in innovative enterprises (especially high technology) where the potential profits are large)
          • mixed economy [ENG31-08382149-n] (an economic system that combines private and state enterprises)
          • non-market economy [ENG31-08382271-n] (an economy that is not a market economy)

            • managed economy [ENG31-08384027-n] (a non-market economy in which government intervention is important in allocating goods and resources and determining prices)

              • socialism [ENG31-08383129-n] (an economic system based on state ownership of capital)

                • communism [ENG31-08382782-n] (a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership)

                  • Bolshevism [ENG31-08385235-n] (Soviet communism)

                    • revisionism [ENG31-08385443-n] (a moderate evolutionary form of Marxism)
                    • revisionism [ENG31-08385558-n] (any dangerous departure from the teachings of Marx)
                • International [ENG31-08382998-n] (any of several international socialist organizations)
              • mercantilism [ENG31-08384266-n] (an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests)
              • communist economy [ENG31-08384506-n] (the managed economy of a communist state)
          • state capitalism [ENG31-08382411-n] (an economic system that is primarily capitalistic but there is some degree of government ownership of the means of production)
          • state socialism [ENG31-08382599-n] (an economic system in which the government owns most means of production but some degree of private capitalism is allowed)
        • ecosystem [ENG31-08385684-n] (a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment)
        • social organization [ENG31-08395550-n] (the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships)

          • feudalism [ENG31-07988872-n] (the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century)
          • patriarchy [ENG31-07989121-n] (a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line)
          • matriarchy [ENG31-07989335-n] (a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line)
          • meritocracy [ENG31-07989535-n] (a form of social system in which power goes to those with superior intellects)
          • pluralism [ENG31-08384610-n] (a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is tolerated)
          • class structure [ENG31-08395286-n] (the organization of classes within a society)

            • caste system [ENG31-08395429-n] (a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity)
          • segregation [ENG31-08397071-n] (a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups)

            • racial segregation [ENG31-08396084-n] (segregation by race)

              • petty apartheid [ENG31-08396186-n] (racial segregation enforced primarily in public transportation and hotels and restaurants and other public places)
            • de facto segregation [ENG31-08396361-n] (segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law)
            • de jure segregation [ENG31-08396513-n] (segregation that is imposed by law)
            • purdah [ENG31-08396613-n] (the traditional Hindu or Muslim system of keeping women secluded)
            • white separatism [ENG31-08397337-n] (a social system in which white people live separately from members of other races)
        • dragnet [ENG31-08450871-n] (a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals))
        • machinery [ENG31-08451039-n] (a system of means and activities whereby a social institution functions)
        • network [ENG31-08451269-n] (an interconnected system of things or people)

          • reticulum [ENG31-05509136-n] (any fine network (especially one in the body composed of cells or blood vessels))

            • neural network [ENG31-05509362-n] (any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body)

              • reticular formation [ENG31-05509741-n] (a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem)
              • reticular activating system [ENG31-05510026-n] (the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function)
          • espionage network [ENG31-08451632-n] (a network of spies)
          • old boy network [ENG31-08451714-n] (an exclusive informal network linking members of a social class or profession or organization in order to provide connections and information and favors (especially in business or politics))
          • support system [ENG31-08452034-n] (a network of facilities and people who interact and remain in informal communication for mutual assistance)
        • nonlinear system [ENG31-08452256-n] (a system whose performance cannot be described by equations of the first degree)
        • subsystem [ENG31-08452947-n] (a system that is part of some larger system)
        • organism [ENG31-08453046-n] (a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body)
        • syntax [ENG31-08453213-n] (a systematic orderly arrangement)
        • body [ENG31-08453298-n] (a collection of particulars considered as a system)
        • shebang [ENG31-08453462-n] (an entire system)
        • solar system [ENG31-09462337-n] (the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field)
        • water system [ENG31-09499141-n] (a river and all of its tributaries)
        • rootage [ENG31-13145762-n] (a developed system of roots)
      • series [ENG31-08475515-n] (a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection)
      • actinoid [ENG31-14608290-n] (any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103)
      • rare earth [ENG31-14648921-n] (any element of the lanthanide series (atomic numbers 57 through 71))

        • terbium metal [ENG31-14649122-n] (a separate group of related lanthanides, including terbium, europium, gadolinium, and sometimes dysprosium)
      • halogen [ENG31-14928812-n] (any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine) that are all monovalent and readily form negative ions)
    • relation [ENG31-00032220-n] (an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together)

      • possession [ENG31-00032912-n] (anything owned or possessed)

        • property [ENG31-13265007-n] (something owned)

          • tangible possession [ENG31-13265650-n] (property or belongings that are tangible)
          • worldly possessions [ENG31-13265778-n] (all the property that someone possesses)
          • ratables [ENG31-13265975-n] (property that provides tax income for local governments)
          • hereditament [ENG31-13266116-n] (any property (real or personal or mixed) that can be inherited)
          • intellectual property [ENG31-13266237-n] (intangible property that is the result of creativity (such as patents or trademarks or copyrights))
          • community property [ENG31-13266403-n] (property and income belonging jointly to a married couple)
          • personal property [ENG31-13266525-n] (movable property (as distinguished from real estate))

            • chattel [ENG31-13266745-n] (personal as opposed to real property)
            • effects [ENG31-13266978-n] (property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business)
            • stuff [ENG31-13272053-n] (informal terms for personal possessions)
          • things [ENG31-13267231-n] (any movable possession (especially articles of clothing))
          • real property [ENG31-13267374-n] (property consisting of houses and land)

            • estate [ENG31-13267561-n] (extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use)

              • freehold [ENG31-13264159-n] (an estate held in fee simple or for life)
              • glebe [ENG31-13268127-n] (plot of land belonging to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical office)
              • leasehold [ENG31-13270053-n] (land or property held under a lease)
              • smallholding [ENG31-13270144-n] (a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivation)
              • homestead [ENG31-13270299-n] (land acquired from the United States public lands by filing a record and living on and cultivating it under the homestead law)
              • fief [ENG31-13270826-n] (a piece of land held under the feudal system)
              • barony [ENG31-13272805-n] (the estate of a baron)
              • countryseat [ENG31-13272879-n] (an estate in the country)
              • Crown land [ENG31-13272961-n] (land that belongs to the Crown)
              • manor [ENG31-13273067-n] (the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it))
              • seigneury [ENG31-13273192-n] (the estate of a seigneur)
              • hacienda [ENG31-13273294-n] (a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries)
              • plantation [ENG31-13273412-n] (an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas))
              • entail [ENG31-13309965-n] (land received by fee tail)
            • land [ENG31-13270947-n] (the land on which real estate is located)

              • farmstead [ENG31-13270498-n] (the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farm)
              • homestead [ENG31-13270598-n] (the home and adjacent grounds occupied by a family)
              • no man's land [ENG31-13270704-n] (land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable))
            • mortmain [ENG31-13271143-n] (real property held inalienably (as by an ecclesiastical corporation))
          • commonage [ENG31-13268048-n] (property held in common)
          • landholding [ENG31-13268257-n] (a holding in the form of land)
          • shareholding [ENG31-13268611-n] (a holding in the form of shares of corporations)
          • spiritualty [ENG31-13268717-n] (property or income owned by a church)

            • temporalty [ENG31-13268880-n] (the worldly possessions of a church)
            • benefice [ENG31-13268986-n] (an endowed church office giving income to its holder)

              • sinecure [ENG31-13269173-n] (a benefice to which no spiritual or pastoral duties are attached)
          • lease [ENG31-13269292-n] (property that is leased or rented out or let)

            • car rental [ENG31-13269497-n] (a rented car)
            • sublease [ENG31-13269827-n] (a lease from one lessee to another)
          • trade-in [ENG31-13269691-n] (an item of property that is given in part payment for a new one)
          • public property [ENG31-13269961-n] (property owned by a government)
          • wealth [ENG31-13271297-n] (property that has economic utility: a monetary value or an exchange value)

            • money [ENG31-13271441-n] (wealth reckoned in terms of money)

              • pile [ENG31-13271579-n] (a large sum of money (especially as pay or profit))
          • estate [ENG31-13271829-n] (everything you own)

            • gross estate [ENG31-13272188-n] (the total valuation of the estate's assets at the time of the person's death)
            • net estate [ENG31-13272323-n] (the estate remaining after debts and funeral expenses and administrative expenses have been deducted from the gross estate)
            • life estate [ENG31-13272614-n] ((law) an estate whose duration is limited to the life of the person holding it)

              • dower [ENG31-13285102-n] (a life estate to which a wife is entitled on the death of her husband)
            • jointure [ENG31-13285241-n] ((law) an estate secured to a prospective wife as a marriage settlement in lieu of a dower)
          • heirloom [ENG31-13285693-n] ((law) any property that is considered by law or custom as inseparable from an inheritance is inherited with that inheritance)
          • stockholding [ENG31-13355507-n] (a specific number of stocks or shares owned)
          • trust [ENG31-13381671-n] (something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary))

            • active trust [ENG31-13382123-n] (a trust in which the trustee must perform certain duties)
            • blind trust [ENG31-13382256-n] (a trust that enables a person to avoid possible conflict of interest by transferring assets to a fiduciary)
            • passive trust [ENG31-13382506-n] (a trust in which the trustee performs no active duties)
            • charitable trust [ENG31-13382638-n] (a trust created for charitable or religious or educational or scientific purposes)
            • Clifford trust [ENG31-13382797-n] (a trust established to shift the income to someone who is taxed at a lower rate than the grantor for a period of 10 years or more)
            • implied trust [ENG31-13383003-n] (a trust inferred by operation of law)

              • constructive trust [ENG31-13383135-n] (a trust created by a court (regardless of the intent of the parties) to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights)
              • resulting trust [ENG31-13383355-n] (a trust created by a court when it is judged that it was the intention of the parties to create a trust)
            • direct trust [ENG31-13383520-n] (a trust created by the free and deliberate act of the parties involved (usually on the basis of written documentation))
            • discretionary trust [ENG31-13383713-n] (a trust that gives the trustee discretion to pay the beneficiary as much of the trust income as the trustee believes appropriate)
            • living trust [ENG31-13384091-n] (a trust created and operating during the grantor's lifetime)
            • spendthrift trust [ENG31-13384229-n] (a trust created to maintain a beneficiary but to be secure against the beneficiary's improvidence)
            • testamentary trust [ENG31-13384390-n] (a trust that is created under a will and that becomes active after the grantor dies)
            • savings account trust [ENG31-13384538-n] (a savings account deposited by someone who makes themselves the trustee for a beneficiary and who controls it during their lifetime)
            • voting trust [ENG31-13384877-n] (an agreement whereby persons owning stock with voting powers retain ownership while transferring the voting rights to the trustees)
        • white elephant [ENG31-13273752-n] (a valuable possession whose upkeep is excessively expensive)
        • transferred property [ENG31-13273872-n] (a possession whose ownership changes or lapses)

          • acquisition [ENG31-13274154-n] (something acquired)

            • accession [ENG31-13274322-n] (something added to what you already have)
            • purchase [ENG31-13274511-n] (something acquired by purchase)

              • stock buyback [ENG31-13264364-n] (a corporation's purchase of its own outstanding stock)
              • bargain [ENG31-13274650-n] (an advantageous purchase)

                • song [ENG31-13274910-n] (a very small sum)
                • travel bargain [ENG31-13275004-n] (a bargain rate for travellers on commercial routes (usually air routes))
            • gift [ENG31-13285910-n] (something acquired without compensation)

              • bequest [ENG31-13284678-n] ((law) a gift of personal property by will)
              • devise [ENG31-13284975-n] ((law) a gift of real property by will)
              • free lunch [ENG31-13285421-n] (something acquired without effort or payment or obligation)
              • dowry [ENG31-13286324-n] (money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage)
              • bride price [ENG31-13286502-n] (money or property given (in some societies) by the bridegroom to the family of his bride)
              • largess [ENG31-13286648-n] (a gift or money given (as for service or out of benevolence))
              • aid [ENG31-13286803-n] (gift of money or other material help to support a person or cause)

                • social welfare [ENG31-01088869-n] (governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need)

                  • social insurance [ENG31-01089102-n] (government provision for unemployed, injured, or aged people)

                    • national insurance [ENG31-01089422-n] (social insurance program in Britain)
                    • supplementary benefit [ENG31-01089664-n] (benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law)
                    • Social Security [ENG31-01089863-n] (social welfare program in the U.S.)

                      • old-age insurance [ENG31-01090487-n] (insurance paid to the elderly)
                      • survivors insurance [ENG31-01090580-n] (insurance paid to surviving spouses)
                    • unemployment compensation [ENG31-01090361-n] (payment by a United States agency to unemployed people)
                    • disability insurance [ENG31-01090681-n] (social insurance for the disabled)
                    • health care [ENG31-01090781-n] (social insurance for the ill and injured)

                      • Medicare [ENG31-01090933-n] (health care for the aged)
                      • Medicaid [ENG31-01091103-n] (health care for the needy)
                      • primary health care [ENG31-01091221-n] (health care that is provided by a health care professional in the first contact of a patient with the health care system)
                  • relief [ENG31-01090092-n] (aid for the aged or indigent or handicapped)
                  • dole [ENG31-01090228-n] (money received from the state)
                • philanthropy [ENG31-01091407-n] (voluntary promotion of human welfare)
                • scholarship [ENG31-13287193-n] (financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit)
                • fellowship [ENG31-13287371-n] (money granted (by a university or foundation or other agency) for advanced study or research)
                • foreign aid [ENG31-13287538-n] (aid (such as economic or military assistance) provided to one nation by another)
                • grant [ENG31-13287915-n] (any monetary aid)

                  • subsidy [ENG31-13288037-n] (a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the public)

                    • subvention [ENG31-13288286-n] (grant of financial aid as from a government to an educational institution)
                    • price support [ENG31-13288434-n] (a government subsidy used to maintain prices at a certain level)
                  • grant-in-aid [ENG31-13288557-n] (a grant to a person or school for some educational project)

                    • postdoctoral [ENG31-13288710-n] (a grant that funds postdoctoral study or research)
                • traineeship [ENG31-13288839-n] (financial aid that enables you to get trained for a specified job)
              • prize [ENG31-13289169-n] (something given for victory or superiority in a contest or competition or for winning a lottery)

                • gratuity [ENG31-13289043-n] (an award (as for meritorious service) given without claim or obligation)
                • door prize [ENG31-13289507-n] (tickets are passed out at the entrance to a dance or party or other social function and a prize is awarded to the holder of the winning ticket)
                • jackpot [ENG31-13289706-n] (any outstanding award)
                • prize money [ENG31-13289781-n] (any money given as a prize)
                • premium [ENG31-13293306-n] (a prize, bonus, or award given as an inducement to purchase products, enter competitions initiated by business interests, etc.)
              • present [ENG31-13289865-n] (something presented as a gift)

                • birthday present [ENG31-13290077-n] (a present given in celebration of a person's birthday)
                • Christmas present [ENG31-13290209-n] (a present given at Christmas time)

                  • stocking filler [ENG31-13290341-n] (a small Christmas present included in the Christmas stocking)
                • wedding present [ENG31-13290482-n] (a present given to someone getting married)

                  • bride-gift [ENG31-13290619-n] (a wedding present to the bride)
              • contribution [ENG31-13291061-n] (a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause)

                • benefaction [ENG31-13291283-n] (a contribution of money or assistance)
                • offering [ENG31-13291396-n] (money contributed to a religious organization)

                  • tithe [ENG31-13291568-n] (an offering of a tenth part of some personal income)
                  • offertory [ENG31-13291671-n] (the offerings of the congregation at a religious service)
                  • hearth money [ENG31-13291783-n] (an annual contribution made by Roman Catholics to support the papal see)
                  • thank offering [ENG31-13294073-n] (an offering made as an expression of thanks)
                • political contribution [ENG31-13291929-n] (a contribution made to a politician or a political campaign or a political party)

                  • soft money [ENG31-13292117-n] (political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee))
              • enrichment [ENG31-13292521-n] (a gift that significantly increases the recipient's wealth)
              • lagniappe [ENG31-13292820-n] (a small gift (especially one given by a merchant to a customer who makes a purchase))
              • bestowal [ENG31-13292960-n] (a gift that is bestowed or conferred)
              • freebie [ENG31-13293568-n] (something that is free (usually provided as part of a promotional scheme))
              • giveaway [ENG31-13293735-n] (a gift of public land or resources for the private gain of a limited group)
              • gift horse [ENG31-13293883-n] (a gift (usually of inferior quality) that should be accepted uncritically)
          • grant [ENG31-13275136-n] ((law) a transfer of property by deed of conveyance)

            • appanage [ENG31-13275342-n] (a grant (by a sovereign or a legislative body) of resources to maintain a dependent member of a ruling family)
            • land grant [ENG31-13275596-n] (a grant of public land (as to a railway or college))
          • escheat [ENG31-13277498-n] (the property that reverts to the state)
          • stolen property [ENG31-13283234-n] (property that has been stolen)

            • spoil [ENG31-13283361-n] ((usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war))
            • loot [ENG31-13283562-n] (goods or money obtained illegally)
          • inheritance [ENG31-13283812-n] (that which is inherited)

            • primogeniture [ENG31-13284156-n] (right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son)
            • borough English [ENG31-13284274-n] (a former English custom by which the youngest son inherited land to the exclusion of his older brothers)
            • accretion [ENG31-13284439-n] ((law) an increase in a beneficiary's share in an estate (as when a co-beneficiary dies or fails to meet some condition or rejects the inheritance))
            • birthright [ENG31-13284819-n] (an inheritance coming by right of birth (especially by primogeniture))
            • heirloom [ENG31-13285587-n] (something that has been in a family for generations)
          • outgo [ENG31-13296311-n] (money paid out)

            • cost [ENG31-13296870-n] (the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor)

              • expense [ENG31-13296518-n] (amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures))

                • business expense [ENG31-13297353-n] (ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in a taxpayer's business or trade)

                  • organization expense [ENG31-13298515-n] (the cost (over a period of five years) of organizing a new corporation or partnership)
                  • promotional expense [ENG31-13298812-n] (the cost of promoting a product)
                • interest expense [ENG31-13297542-n] (interest paid on loans)
                • lobbying expense [ENG31-13297627-n] (expenses incurred in promoting or evaluating legislation)
                • medical expense [ENG31-13297801-n] (amount spent for diagnosis or treatment or prevention of medical problems)
                • non-cash expense [ENG31-13297936-n] (an expense (such as depreciation) that is not paid for in cash)

                  • depreciation [ENG31-13349379-n] (decrease in value of an asset due to obsolescence or use)

                    • straight-line method [ENG31-13349600-n] ((accounting) a method of calculating depreciation by taking an equal amount of the asset's cost as an expense for each year of the asset's useful life)
                    • write-off [ENG31-13349875-n] ((accounting) reduction in the book value of an asset)

                      • tax write-off [ENG31-13350069-n] (a reduction in the gross amount on which a tax is calculated)

                        • tax benefit [ENG31-13319560-n] (a tax deduction that is granted in order to encourage a particular type of commercial activity)
                        • business deduction [ENG31-13331880-n] (tax write-off for expenses of doing business)

                          • entertainment deduction [ENG31-13332239-n] (deduction allowed for some (limited) kinds of entertainment for business purposes)
                        • exemption [ENG31-13332007-n] (a deduction allowed to a taxpayer because of his status (having certain dependents or being blind or being over 65 etc.))
                • moving expense [ENG31-13298079-n] (the cost of moving your residence from one location to another)
                • operating expense [ENG31-13298202-n] (the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance))
                • personal expense [ENG31-13298667-n] (the cost of personal or family living)
              • capital expenditure [ENG31-13299298-n] (the cost of long-term improvements)
              • payment [ENG31-13299398-n] (a sum of money paid or a claim discharged)

                • royalty [ENG31-13278881-n] (payment to the holder of a patent or copyright or resource for the right to use their property)
                • bonus [ENG31-13294177-n] (an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output)

                  • dividend [ENG31-13294859-n] (a bonus)
                  • sales incentive [ENG31-13294972-n] (remuneration offered to a salesperson for exceeding some predetermined sales goal)
                • overpayment [ENG31-13300069-n] (a payment larger than needed or expected)
                • underpayment [ENG31-13300185-n] (a payment smaller than needed or expected)
                • subscription [ENG31-13302153-n] (a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time)
                • regular payment [ENG31-13302298-n] (a payment made at regular times)

                  • wage [ENG31-13300285-n] (something that remunerates)

                    • combat pay [ENG31-13300832-n] (extra pay for soldiers engaged in active combat)
                    • double time [ENG31-13300936-n] (a doubled wage (for working overtime))
                    • found [ENG31-13301031-n] (food and lodging provided in addition to money)
                    • half-pay [ENG31-13301162-n] (reduced wage paid to someone who is not working full time)
                    • living wage [ENG31-13301274-n] (a wage sufficient for a worker and family to subsist comfortably)
                    • merit pay [ENG31-13301396-n] (extra pay awarded to an employee on the basis of merit (especially to school teachers))
                    • minimum wage [ENG31-13301538-n] (the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay)
                    • pay envelope [ENG31-13301681-n] (wages enclosed in an envelope for distribution to the wage earner)
                    • sick pay [ENG31-13301818-n] (wages paid to an employee who is on sick leave)
                    • strike pay [ENG31-13301919-n] (money paid to strikers from union funds)
                    • take-home pay [ENG31-13302015-n] (what is left of your pay after deductions for taxes and dues and insurance etc)
                  • stipend [ENG31-13315158-n] (a sum of money allotted on a regular basis)

                    • prebend [ENG31-13315426-n] (the stipend assigned by a cathedral to a canon)
                  • annuity [ENG31-13315526-n] (income from capital investment paid in a series of regular payments)

                    • annuity in advance [ENG31-13315786-n] (an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the beginning of equally spaced periods)

                      • rent [ENG31-13316680-n] (a payment or series of payments made by the lessee to an owner for use of some property, facility, equipment, or service)

                        • ground rent [ENG31-13316995-n] (payment for the right to occupy and improve a piece of land)
                        • peppercorn rent [ENG31-13317112-n] (very low or nominal rent)
                        • rack rent [ENG31-13317217-n] (an extortionate rent)
                    • ordinary annuity [ENG31-13316048-n] (an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the end of equally spaced periods)
                    • reversionary annuity [ENG31-13316206-n] (an annuity payable to one person in the event that someone else is unable to receive it)
                    • tontine [ENG31-13316383-n] (an annuity scheme wherein participants share certain benefits and on the death of any participant his benefits are redistributed among the remaining participants)
                  • installment plan [ENG31-13317616-n] (a system for paying for goods by installments)

                    • hire-purchase [ENG31-13317775-n] (installment plan)
                  • disability check [ENG31-13405028-n] (a monthly payment made to someone who has become disabled and is unable to work)
                  • pension [ENG31-13405337-n] (a regular payment to a person that is intended to allow them to subsist without working)

                    • old-age pension [ENG31-13405514-n] (a monthly payment made to someone who is retired from work)
                • blood money [ENG31-13302948-n] (paid to a hired murderer)
                • recompense [ENG31-13303030-n] (payment or reward (as for service rendered))

                  • allowance [ENG31-13295115-n] (an amount added or deducted on the basis of qualifying circumstances)

                    • cost-of-living allowance [ENG31-13295387-n] (an allowance for changes in the consumer price index)
                    • depreciation allowance [ENG31-13295510-n] (an allowance for loss due to depreciation)
                    • deduction [ENG31-13295620-n] (an amount or percentage deducted)

                      • trade discount [ENG31-13295755-n] (a discount from the list price of a commodity allowed by a manufacturer or wholesaler to a merchant)
                    • seasonal adjustment [ENG31-13295915-n] (a statistical adjustment made to accommodate predictable fluctuations as a function of the season of the year)
                    • tare [ENG31-13296160-n] (an adjustment made for the weight of the packaging in order to determine the net weight of the goods)
                  • compensation [ENG31-13303573-n] (something (such as money) given or received as payment or reparation (as for a service or loss or injury))

                    • overcompensation [ENG31-13303971-n] (excessive compensation)
                    • workmen's compensation [ENG31-13304056-n] (compensation for death or injury suffered by a worker in the course of his employment)
                    • reimbursement [ENG31-13311025-n] (compensation paid (to someone) for damages or losses or money already spent etc.)

                      • allowance [ENG31-13314400-n] (a sum granted as reimbursement for expenses)

                        • per diem [ENG31-13314775-n] (a daily allowance for living expenses (especially while traveling in connection with your job))
                        • travel allowance [ENG31-13314924-n] (a sum allowed for travel)

                          • mileage [ENG31-13315052-n] (a travel allowance at a given rate per mile traveled)
                      • breakage [ENG31-13314535-n] (reimbursement for goods damaged while in transit or in use)
                      • costs [ENG31-13314648-n] (pecuniary reimbursement to the winning party for the expenses of litigation)
                    • emolument [ENG31-13311308-n] (compensation received by virtue of holding an office or having employment (usually in the form of wages or fees))
                    • blood money [ENG31-13311589-n] (compensation paid to the family of a murdered person)
                    • damages [ENG31-13311699-n] (a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury)

                      • relief [ENG31-13312014-n] ((law) redress awarded by a court)
                      • actual damages [ENG31-13312379-n] ((law) compensation for losses that can readily be proven to have occurred and for which the injured party has the right to be compensated)
                      • nominal damages [ENG31-13312637-n] ((law) a trivial sum (usually $1.00) awarded as recognition that a legal injury was sustained (as for technical violations of a contract))
                      • punitive damages [ENG31-13312854-n] ((law) compensation in excess of actual damages (a form of punishment awarded in cases of malicious or willful misconduct))

                        • double damages [ENG31-13313127-n] (twice the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to)
                        • treble damages [ENG31-13313267-n] (three times the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to)
                      • atonement [ENG31-13313810-n] (compensation for a wrong)
                    • counterbalance [ENG31-13312212-n] (a compensating equivalent)
                    • reparation [ENG31-13313413-n] ((usually plural) compensation exacted from a defeated nation by the victors)
                    • reparation [ENG31-13313636-n] (compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury)
                • refund [ENG31-13303184-n] (money returned to a payer)

                  • rebate [ENG31-13303298-n] (a refund of some fraction of the amount paid)

                    • rent-rebate [ENG31-13303442-n] (a rebate on rent given by a local government authority)
                • conscience money [ENG31-13304210-n] (payment made voluntarily to reduce guilt over dishonest dealings)
                • support payment [ENG31-13304337-n] (a payment made by one person for the support of another)

                  • palimony [ENG31-13304508-n] (support paid by one half of an unmarried partnership after the relationship ends)
                  • alimony [ENG31-13304643-n] (court-ordered support paid by one spouse to another after they are separated)
                  • child support [ENG31-13320094-n] (court-ordered support paid by one spouse to the other who has custody of the children after the parents are separated)
                • reward [ENG31-13304787-n] (payment made in return for a service rendered)

                  • bounty [ENG31-13293082-n] (payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military)
                  • honorarium [ENG31-13304975-n] (a fee paid for a nominally free service)
                  • blood money [ENG31-13305207-n] (a reward for information about a murderer)
                  • guerdon [ENG31-13305306-n] (a reward or payment)
                  • meed [ENG31-13305379-n] (a fitting reward)
                • bribe [ENG31-13305585-n] (payment made to a person in a position of trust to corrupt his judgment)

                  • hush money [ENG31-13305465-n] (a bribe paid to someone to insure that something is kept secret)
                  • kickback [ENG31-13305807-n] (a commercial bribe paid by a seller to a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into the transaction)
                  • payola [ENG31-13305996-n] (a bribe given to a disc jockey to induce him to promote a particular record)
                  • soap [ENG31-13306124-n] (money offered as a bribe)
                • residual [ENG31-13314012-n] ((often plural) a payment that is made to a performer or writer or director of a television show or commercial that is paid for every repeat showing)
                • benefit [ENG31-13317922-n] (financial assistance in time of need)

                  • stock option [ENG31-13262838-n] (a benefit given by a company to an employee in the form of an option to buy stock in the company at a discount or at a fixed price)
                  • cost-of-living benefit [ENG31-13318120-n] (a benefit that goes to anyone whose money receipts increase automatically as prices rise)
                  • death benefit [ENG31-13318277-n] (insurance or pension money payable to a beneficiary of a deceased)

                    • advance death benefit [ENG31-13318420-n] (a percentage of death benefits paid directly to policy holders having a short life expectancy (usually 6 months))

                      • viatical settlement [ENG31-13318618-n] (cash derived from sale of an insurance policy by a terminally ill policy holder)
                  • disability benefit [ENG31-13318763-n] (insurance benefits paid in case of disability)
                  • sick benefit [ENG31-13318873-n] (money paid (by the government) to someone who is too ill to work)
                  • fringe benefit [ENG31-13319034-n] (an incidental benefit awarded for certain types of employment (especially if it is regarded as a right))

                    • appanage [ENG31-13319310-n] (any customary and rightful perquisite appropriate to your station in life)
                    • gratuity [ENG31-13319724-n] (a relatively small amount of money given for services rendered (as by a waiter))

                      • Christmas box [ENG31-13319958-n] (a present given at Christmas for services during the year)
                • lump sum [ENG31-13320271-n] (a complete payment consisting of a single sum of money)
                • payoff [ENG31-13320380-n] (the final payment of a debt)
                • remittance [ENG31-13320476-n] (a payment of money sent to a person in another place)
                • repayment [ENG31-13320674-n] (payment of a debt or obligation)

                  • redemption [ENG31-13320827-n] (repayment of the principal amount of a debt or security at or before maturity (as when a corporation repurchases its own stock))
                • token payment [ENG31-13321048-n] (a small payment made in acknowledgement of an obligation)
                • penalty [ENG31-13321578-n] (a payment required for not fulfilling a contract)

                  • retribution [ENG31-13321851-n] (a justly deserved penalty)
                  • forfeit [ENG31-13321945-n] (a penalty for a fault or mistake that involves losing or giving up something)
                  • fine [ENG31-13322350-n] (money extracted as a penalty)

                    • library fine [ENG31-13322522-n] (fine imposed by a library on books that overdue when returned)
                • pittance [ENG31-13321734-n] (an inadequate payment)
                • premium [ENG31-13322642-n] (payment for insurance)
                • installment [ENG31-13322737-n] (a payment of part of a debt)
                • down payment [ENG31-13370849-n] (a partial payment made at the time of purchase)

                  • margin [ENG31-13372293-n] (the amount of collateral a customer deposits with a broker when borrowing from the broker to buy securities)
                • satisfaction [ENG31-13371012-n] ((law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation)
                • credit [ENG31-13395454-n] (arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services)
                • cash [ENG31-13407638-n] (prompt payment for goods or services in currency or by check)
              • ransom [ENG31-13305071-n] (money demanded for the return of a captured person)
              • cost overrun [ENG31-13322857-n] (excess of cost over budget)
              • cost of living [ENG31-13323023-n] (average cost of basic necessities of life (as food and shelter and clothing))
              • borrowing cost [ENG31-13323223-n] (the cost of borrowing something)
              • distribution cost [ENG31-13323315-n] (any cost incurred by a producer or wholesaler or retailer or distributor (as for advertising and shipping etc))
              • handling cost [ENG31-13323489-n] (the cost of handling (especially the cost of packaging and mailing an order))
              • marketing cost [ENG31-13323643-n] (the cost of marketing (e.g., the cost of transferring title and moving goods to the customer))
              • production cost [ENG31-13323797-n] (combined costs of raw material and labor incurred in producing goods)
              • replacement cost [ENG31-13323927-n] (current cost of replacing a fixed asset with a new one of equal effectiveness)
              • reproduction cost [ENG31-13324067-n] (cost of reproducing physical property minus various allowances (especially depreciation))
              • unit cost [ENG31-13324236-n] (calculated cost for a given unit of a product)
              • price [ENG31-13324337-n] (the amount of money needed to purchase something)

                • asking price [ENG31-13325031-n] (the price at which something is offered for sale)

                  • offer price [ENG31-13325530-n] ((stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to sell a certain security)
                  • upset price [ENG31-13325687-n] ((auction) the minimum price at which a seller of property will entertain bids)
                  • list price [ENG31-13326092-n] (the selling price of something as stated in a catalogue or price list)
                • bid price [ENG31-13325208-n] ((stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to buy a certain security)
                • closing price [ENG31-13325362-n] ((stock market) the price of the last transaction completed during a day's trading session)
                • factory price [ENG31-13325841-n] (price charged for goods picked up at the factory)
                • highway robbery [ENG31-13325949-n] (an exorbitant price)
                • purchase price [ENG31-13326284-n] (the price at which something is actually purchased)
                • spot price [ENG31-13326395-n] (the current delivery price of a commodity traded in the spot market)
                • support level [ENG31-13326532-n] ((stock market) the price at which a certain security becomes attractive to investors)
                • valuation [ENG31-13326695-n] (assessed price)
              • price [ENG31-13324781-n] (cost of bribing someone)
              • opportunity cost [ENG31-13326816-n] (cost in terms of foregoing alternatives)

                • cost of capital [ENG31-13326954-n] (the opportunity cost of the funds employed as the result of an investment decision)
                • carrying cost [ENG31-13327212-n] (the opportunity cost of unproductive assets)
              • portage [ENG31-13327368-n] (the cost of carrying or transporting)
              • charge [ENG31-13327892-n] (the price charged for some article or service)

                • carrying charge [ENG31-13328392-n] (charge made for carrying an account or for merchandise sold on an installment plan)
                • depreciation charge [ENG31-13328536-n] (an amount periodically charged to expense or against revenue in compensation for depreciation of property)
                • undercharge [ENG31-13328707-n] (a price that is too low)
                • overcharge [ENG31-13328806-n] (a price that is too high)

                  • extortion [ENG31-13328923-n] (an exorbitant charge)
                • fare [ENG31-13329169-n] (the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance)

                  • airfare [ENG31-13329358-n] (the fare charged for traveling by airplane)
                  • bus fare [ENG31-13329454-n] (the fare charged for riding a bus or streetcar)
                  • cab fare [ENG31-13329565-n] (the fare charged for riding in a taxicab)
                  • train fare [ENG31-13329772-n] (the fare charged for traveling by train)

                    • subway fare [ENG31-13329672-n] (the fare charged for riding a subway train)
                • fixed charge [ENG31-13339169-n] (a periodic charge that does not vary with business volume (as insurance or rent or mortgage payments etc.))

                  • cover charge [ENG31-13339433-n] (a fixed charge by a restaurant or nightclub over and above the charge for food and drink)
                  • interest [ENG31-13339606-n] (a fixed charge for borrowing money)

                    • compound interest [ENG31-13339826-n] (interest calculated on both the principal and the accrued interest)
                    • simple interest [ENG31-13339956-n] (interest paid on the principal alone)
                  • fee [ENG31-13341190-n] (a fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services)

                    • anchorage [ENG31-13341713-n] (a fee for anchoring)
                    • cellarage [ENG31-13341788-n] (a charge for storing goods in a cellar)
                    • commission [ENG31-13341882-n] (a fee for services rendered based on a percentage of an amount received or collected or agreed to be paid (as distinguished from a salary))
                    • contingency fee [ENG31-13342103-n] (a fee that is payable only if the outcome is successful (as for an attorney's services))
                    • dockage [ENG31-13342252-n] (a fee charged for a vessel to use a dock)
                    • drop-off charge [ENG31-13342360-n] (a fee added for returning a rented car to a location different from the one where it was rented)
                    • entrance fee [ENG31-13342517-n] (the fee charged for admission)
                    • finder's fee [ENG31-13342744-n] (a fee that is paid to someone who finds a source of financial backing or to someone who brings people together for business purposes)
                    • legal fee [ENG31-13343014-n] (a fee paid for legal service)

                      • refresher [ENG31-13343365-n] (a fee (in addition to that marked on the brief) paid to counsel in a case that lasts more than one day)
                    • licensing fee [ENG31-13343135-n] (a fee paid to the government for the privilege of being licensed to do something (as selling liquor or practicing medicine))
                    • lighterage [ENG31-13343542-n] (the fee charged for carrying goods in lighters)
                    • lockage [ENG31-13343663-n] (a fee charged for passage through a lock in a canal or waterway)
                    • mintage [ENG31-13343780-n] (fee paid to a mint by the government for minting a coin)
                    • moorage [ENG31-13343889-n] (a fee for mooring)
                    • origination fee [ENG31-13343960-n] (a fee charged to a borrower (especially for a mortgage loan) to cover the costs of initiating the loan)
                    • pipage [ENG31-13344124-n] (a fee charged for the use of pipes)
                    • poundage [ENG31-13344229-n] (a fee charged for the recovery of impounded animals)
                    • retainer [ENG31-13344335-n] (a fee charged in advance to retain the services of someone)

                      • quid pro quo [ENG31-13344482-n] (something for something)
                    • seigniorage [ENG31-13344670-n] (charged by a government for coining bullion)
                    • toll [ENG31-13344771-n] (a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance))
                    • truckage [ENG31-13344907-n] (a fee charged for transporting goods by truckage)
                    • tuition [ENG31-13345010-n] (a fee paid for instruction (especially for higher education))
                    • wharfage [ENG31-13345210-n] (a fee charged for the use of a wharf or quay)
                  • due [ENG31-13418034-n] (a payment that is due (e.g., as the price of membership))
                • agio [ENG31-13345319-n] (a fee charged for exchanging currencies)
                • demurrage [ENG31-13345449-n] (a charge required as compensation for the delay of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure)
                • installation charge [ENG31-13345631-n] (the charge for installing something)
                • porterage [ENG31-13345732-n] (the charge for carrying burdens by porters)
                • postage [ENG31-13345848-n] (the charge for mailing something)
                • poundage [ENG31-13345934-n] (a charge based on weight measured in pounds)
                • rate [ENG31-13346032-n] (amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis)

                  • pay rate [ENG31-13302499-n] (amount of money received per unit time)

                    • time and a half [ENG31-13302664-n] (a rate of pay that is 1.5 times the regular rate)
                  • payment rate [ENG31-13302793-n] (the amount of money paid out per unit time)
                  • tax rate [ENG31-13330887-n] (rate used to calculate tax liability)
                  • interest rate [ENG31-13340054-n] (the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use)

                    • discount rate [ENG31-13340275-n] (interest on an annual basis deducted in advance on a loan)

                      • bank rate [ENG31-13340437-n] (the discount rate fixed by a central bank)
                    • discount rate [ENG31-13340534-n] (the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when they borrow money through the Federal Reserve System)
                    • base rate [ENG31-13340748-n] (the interest rate set by the Bank of England for lending to other banks)
                    • prime interest rate [ENG31-13340894-n] (the interest rate on short-term loans that banks charge their commercial customers with high credit ratings)
                    • usury [ENG31-13341067-n] (an exorbitant or unlawful rate of interest)
                  • freight [ENG31-13347220-n] (the charge for transporting something by common carrier)
                  • rate of depreciation [ENG31-13347472-n] (the rate at which the value of property is reduced)
                  • rate of exchange [ENG31-13347642-n] (the charge for exchanging currency of one country for currency of another)
                  • excursion rate [ENG31-13347794-n] (a reduced rate for a round-trip ticket)
                  • footage [ENG31-13347893-n] (a rate of charging by the linear foot of work done)
                  • linage [ENG31-13347997-n] (a rate of payment for written material that is measured according to the number of lines submitted)
                  • room rate [ENG31-13348158-n] (the rate charged daily for a hotel room)
                • water-rate [ENG31-13346404-n] (rate per quarter for water from a public supply)
                • surcharge [ENG31-13346527-n] (an additional charge (as for items previously omitted or as a penalty for failure to exercise common caution or common skill))

                  • single supplement [ENG31-13346744-n] (a surcharge added to the cost per person when traveling alone)
                • service charge [ENG31-13346869-n] (a percentage of a bill (as at a hotel or restaurant) added in payment for service)

                  • corkage [ENG31-13329017-n] (a charge added at a restaurant for every bottle of wine served that was not bought on the premises)
                • stowage [ENG31-13347043-n] (the charge for stowing goods)
                • tankage [ENG31-13347125-n] (the charge for storing something in tanks)
            • expense [ENG31-13298909-n] (money spent to perform work and usually reimbursed by an employer)

              • incidental expense [ENG31-13327458-n] ((frequently plural) an expense not budgeted or not specified)
              • travel expense [ENG31-13327691-n] ((frequently plural) expenses incurred by an employee in the performance of the job and usually reimbursed by the employer)
            • transfer payment [ENG31-13299123-n] (a public expenditure (as for unemployment compensation or veteran's benefits) that is not for goods and services)
          • loss [ENG31-13348698-n] (something that is lost)

            • forfeit [ENG31-13322197-n] (something that is lost or surrendered as a penalty)
            • financial loss [ENG31-13348918-n] (loss of money or decrease in financial value)

              • nonpayment [ENG31-13321164-n] (loss resulting from failure of a debt to be paid)

                • delinquency [ENG31-13321347-n] (nonpayment of a debt when due)
              • capital loss [ENG31-13333032-n] (the amount by which the purchase price of an asset exceeds the selling price)
              • losings [ENG31-13350344-n] (something lost (especially money lost at gambling))
            • sacrifice [ENG31-13349095-n] (a loss entailed by giving up or selling something at less than its value)
            • wastage [ENG31-13349295-n] (anything lost by wear or waste)
          • security [ENG31-13370410-n] (property that your creditor can claim in case you default on your obligation)

            • deposit [ENG31-13370677-n] (money given as security for an article acquired for temporary use)
            • earnest [ENG31-13371197-n] (something of value given by one person to another to bind a contract)

              • earnest money [ENG31-13371337-n] (money given by a buyer to a seller to bind a contract)
            • recognizance [ENG31-13371458-n] ((law) a security entered into before a court with a condition to perform some act required by law)

              • bail [ENG31-13371991-n] ((criminal law) money that must be forfeited by the bondsman if an accused person fails to appear in court for trial)
            • warrant [ENG31-13439392-n] (a type of security issued by a corporation (usually together with a bond or preferred stock) that gives the holder the right to purchase a certain amount of common stock at a stated price)

              • perpetual warrant [ENG31-13439789-n] (a warrant with no expiration date)
              • subscription warrant [ENG31-13439886-n] (a warrant that expires on a stipulated date)
        • circumstances [ENG31-13350511-n] (a person's financial situation (good or bad))
        • assets [ENG31-13350663-n] (anything of material value or usefulness that is owned by a person or company)

          • share [ENG31-13306199-n] (assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group)

            • tranche [ENG31-13306642-n] (a portion of something (especially money))
            • dispensation [ENG31-13306737-n] (a share that has been dispensed or distributed)
            • dole [ENG31-13306878-n] (a share of money or food or clothing that has been charitably given)
            • way [ENG31-13306996-n] (a portion of something divided into shares)
            • ration [ENG31-13307122-n] (a fixed portion that is allotted (especially in times of scarcity))
            • allowance [ENG31-13307277-n] (an amount allowed or granted (as during a given period))

              • privy purse [ENG31-13315325-n] (allowance for a monarch's personal expenses)
            • slice [ENG31-13307547-n] (a share of something)
            • split [ENG31-13307663-n] (a promised or claimed share of loot or money)
            • interest [ENG31-13307824-n] ((law) a right or legal share of something)

              • grubstake [ENG31-13308262-n] (funds advanced to a prospector or to someone starting a business in return for a share of the profits)
              • controlling interest [ENG31-13308437-n] (ownership of more than 50% of a corporation's voting shares)
              • insurable interest [ENG31-13308563-n] (an interest in a person or thing that will support the issuance of an insurance policy)
              • vested interest [ENG31-13308810-n] ((law) an interest in which there is a fixed right to present or future enjoyment and that can be conveyed to another)
              • security interest [ENG31-13309007-n] (any interest in a property that secures the payment of an obligation)

                • pledge [ENG31-13371717-n] (a deposit of personal property as security for a debt)

                  • pawn [ENG31-13371890-n] (an article deposited as security)
                • mortgage [ENG31-13373153-n] (a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan)

                  • first mortgage [ENG31-13373479-n] (a mortgage that has priority over all mortgages and liens except those imposed by law)
                  • second mortgage [ENG31-13373625-n] (a mortgage that is subordinate to a first mortgage)
                  • chattel mortgage [ENG31-13373737-n] (a loan to buy some personal item)
                • conditional sale [ENG31-13373356-n] (a security interest taken by the seller in return for credit)
                • collateral [ENG31-13373880-n] (a security pledged for the repayment of a loan)

                  • guarantee [ENG31-13374019-n] (a collateral agreement to answer for the debt of another in case that person defaults)
                • lien [ENG31-13422186-n] (the right to take another's property if an obligation is not discharged)

                  • artisan's lien [ENG31-13422434-n] (lien permitting an artisan to retain possession of a piece of work until has been paid for)
                  • general lien [ENG31-13422783-n] (a lien on all the property owned by a debtor and not just a specific property)
                  • judgment lien [ENG31-13422919-n] (lien on a debtor's property that is granted to a creditor by court judgment)
                  • landlord's lien [ENG31-13423143-n] (lien on a tenant's property for the satisfaction of unpaid rent or property damage)
                  • mechanic's lien [ENG31-13423382-n] (lien to secure payment for work and materials in erecting or repairing a building or other structure)

                    • garageman's lien [ENG31-13423562-n] (the extension of a mechanic's lien to include payment for work on automobiles)
                  • tax lien [ENG31-13423863-n] (lien of which a tax collector may avail himself in default of taxes (analogous to a judgment lien))

                    • federal tax lien [ENG31-13422585-n] (lien of the United States on all property of a taxpayer who fails to pay the federal government the taxes for which he or she is liable)
                    • state tax lien [ENG31-13423702-n] (a lien on the property of a taxpayer that the tax collector can use upon default of payment of taxes)
                  • warehouseman's lien [ENG31-13424052-n] (right of a warehouseman to retain goods until all storage charges have been paid)
              • terminable interest [ENG31-13309229-n] (an interest in property that terminates under specific conditions)
              • undivided interest [ENG31-13309360-n] (the interest in property owned by tenants whereby each tenant has an equal right to enjoy the entire property)
              • fee [ENG31-13309552-n] (an interest in land capable of being inherited)

                • fee simple [ENG31-13309684-n] (a fee without limitation to any class of heirs)
                • fee tail [ENG31-13309821-n] (a fee limited to a particular line of heirs)
              • equity [ENG31-13354435-n] (the ownership interest of shareholders in a corporation)

                • sweat equity [ENG31-13354561-n] (interest in a building that a tenant earns by contributing to its renovation or maintenance)
              • reversion [ENG31-13362365-n] ((law) an interest in an estate that reverts to the grantor (or his heirs) at the end of some period (e.g., the death of the grantee))

                • escheat [ENG31-13362608-n] (a reversion to the state (as the ultimate owner of property) in the absence of legal heirs)
              • right [ENG31-13362771-n] ((frequently plural) the interest possessed by law or custom in some intangible thing)
            • profit sharing [ENG31-13310043-n] (a system in which employees receive a share of the net profits of the business)
            • cut [ENG31-13310182-n] (a share of the profits)

              • rake-off [ENG31-13310329-n] (a percentage (of winnings or loot or profit) taken by an operator or gangster)
            • allotment [ENG31-13310490-n] (a share set aside for a specific purpose)

              • reallocation [ENG31-13310653-n] (a share that has been allocated again)
              • quota [ENG31-13310767-n] (a proportional share assigned to each participant)
          • tax base [ENG31-13330798-n] (collective value of taxable assets)
          • receivables [ENG31-13351305-n] (money that you currently expect to receive from notes or accounts)
          • crown jewel [ENG31-13351447-n] (the most desirable assets of a corporation)
          • deep pockets [ENG31-13351613-n] ((plural) a source of substantial wealth)
          • reserve assets [ENG31-13351779-n] (capital held back from investment in order to meet probable or possible demands)

            • special drawing rights [ENG31-13351956-n] (reserve assets in the International Monetary Fund)
          • sum [ENG31-13352213-n] (a quantity of money)

            • gain [ENG31-13275704-n] (the amount by which the revenue of a business exceeds its cost of operating)

              • financial gain [ENG31-13275884-n] (the amount of monetary gain)

                • income [ENG31-13276044-n] (the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time)

                  • disposable income [ENG31-13276461-n] (income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending)
                  • double dipping [ENG31-13276612-n] (two incomes received from the same source (as by holding a government job and receiving a government pension))
                  • easy money [ENG31-13276782-n] (income obtained with a minimum of effort)
                  • EBITDA [ENG31-13276893-n] (income before interest and taxes and depreciation and amortization have been subtracted)
                  • net income [ENG31-13279261-n] (the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses))

                    • earning per share [ENG31-13280380-n] (the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock)
                    • windfall profit [ENG31-13280529-n] (profit that occurs unexpectedly as a consequence of some event not controlled by those who profit from it)
                    • killing [ENG31-13280696-n] (a very large profit)
                    • fast buck [ENG31-13281409-n] (quick or easy earnings)
                    • filthy lucre [ENG31-13281544-n] (shameful profit)
                    • gross profit [ENG31-13281661-n] ((finance) the net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold)
                    • markup [ENG31-13324902-n] (the amount added to the cost to determine the asking price)
                    • accumulation [ENG31-13387866-n] ((finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation)

                      • store [ENG31-13388243-n] (a supply of something available for future use)

                        • infrastructure [ENG31-03575144-n] (the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area)
                        • hoard [ENG31-13388085-n] (a secret store of valuables or money)
                        • provision [ENG31-13388621-n] (a store or supply of something (especially of food or clothing or arms))
                        • issue [ENG31-13388766-n] (supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government)
                        • seed stock [ENG31-13388960-n] (a supply of seeds (or tubers) reserved for planting)

                          • seed corn [ENG31-13389086-n] (good quality seeds (as kernels of corn) that are reserved for planting)
                      • reserve [ENG31-13389225-n] (something kept back or saved for future use or a special purpose)

                        • bank [ENG31-13389491-n] (a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies))

                          • blood bank [ENG31-13389690-n] (a place for storing whole blood or blood plasma)
                          • eye bank [ENG31-13389848-n] (a place for storing and preserving corneas that are obtained from human corpses immediately after death)
                          • food bank [ENG31-13390073-n] (a place where food is contributed and made available to those in need)
                          • soil bank [ENG31-13390455-n] (land retired from crop cultivation and planted with soil-building crops)
                        • fuel level [ENG31-13390247-n] (the amount of fuel remaining)
                        • reserve account [ENG31-13391187-n] (funds taken out of earnings to provide for anticipated future payments)

                          • hidden reserve [ENG31-13390740-n] (reserves that do not show up on the balance sheet (as by understating values))

                            • cookie jar reserve [ENG31-13390896-n] (a hidden reserve that can be used to adjust quarterly earning reports)
                          • pool [ENG31-13391030-n] (any communal combination of funds)
                          • valuation reserve [ENG31-13391388-n] (a reserve fund created by a charge against profits in order to provide for changes in the value of a company's assets)
                    • dividend [ENG31-13429196-n] (that part of the earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its shareholders)

                      • stock dividend [ENG31-13429429-n] (a dividend paid in stock rather than in cash)
                      • extra dividend [ENG31-13429534-n] (a dividend paid in addition to the regular dividend)
                      • equalizing dividend [ENG31-13429646-n] (a dividend paid to compensate shareholders for losses resulting from a change in the dividend schedule)
                      • divvy [ENG31-13429814-n] (short for dividend)
                  • cash flow [ENG31-13280098-n] (the excess of cash revenues over cash outlays in a give period of time (not including non-cash expenses))
                  • personal income [ENG31-13280258-n] (the income received by a single individual)

                    • poverty line [ENG31-13314269-n] (a level of personal income defining the state of poverty)
                  • rental income [ENG31-13280991-n] (income received from rental properties)
                  • return [ENG31-13281089-n] (the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property)

                    • economic rent [ENG31-13317293-n] (the return derived from cultivated land in excess of that derived from the poorest land cultivated under similar conditions)
                    • payback [ENG31-13317483-n] (financial return or reward (especially returns equal to the initial investment))
                  • gross sales [ENG31-13281835-n] (income (at invoice values) received for goods and services over some given period of time)
                  • net sales [ENG31-13282006-n] (gross sales reduced by customer discounts, returns, freight out, and allowances)
                  • unearned income [ENG31-13282279-n] ((accounting) income received but not yet earned (usually considered a current liability on a company's balance sheet))
                  • unearned income [ENG31-13282496-n] (personal income that you did not earn (e.g., dividends or interest or rent income))
                  • government income [ENG31-13282678-n] (income available to the government)

                    • tax income [ENG31-13282815-n] (government income due to taxation)

                      • internal revenue [ENG31-13282976-n] (government revenue from domestic sources (excluding customs))
                  • per capita income [ENG31-13283099-n] (the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation)
                • winnings [ENG31-13280816-n] (something won (especially money))
                • unearned increment [ENG31-13332701-n] (an unearned rise in the market value of property resulting from general market factors)
                • capital gain [ENG31-13332852-n] (the amount by which the selling price of an asset exceeds the purchase price)
              • paper profit [ENG31-13279724-n] (an unrealized gain on an investment calculated by subtracting the investor's cost from the current market price)
            • gross [ENG31-13277590-n] (the entire amount of income before any deductions are made)

              • box office [ENG31-13279066-n] (total admission receipts for an entertainment)
              • gate [ENG31-13279168-n] (total admission receipts at a sports event)
            • cash surrender value [ENG31-13290706-n] (the amount that the insurance company will pay on a given life insurance policy if the policy is cancelled prior to the death of the insured)
            • contribution [ENG31-13290913-n] (an amount of money contributed)
            • deductible [ENG31-13294573-n] ((taxes) an amount that can be deducted (especially for the purposes of calculating income tax))
            • defalcation [ENG31-13294761-n] (the sum of money that is misappropriated)
            • loss [ENG31-13348253-n] (the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue)

              • paper loss [ENG31-13279912-n] (an unrealized loss on an investment calculated by subtracting the current market price from the investor's cost)
              • squeeze [ENG31-13348525-n] (a situation in which increased costs cannot be passed on to the customer)
            • figure [ENG31-13352649-n] (an amount of money expressed numerically)
            • coverage [ENG31-13365679-n] (the total amount and type of insurance carried)
            • advance [ENG31-13397064-n] (an amount paid before it is earned)
            • payroll [ENG31-13434050-n] (the total amount of money paid in wages)
            • peanuts [ENG31-13434189-n] (an insignificant sum of money)
            • purse [ENG31-13434332-n] (a sum of money offered as a prize)
            • purse [ENG31-13434467-n] (a sum of money spoken of as the contents of a money purse)
          • resource [ENG31-13352793-n] (available source of wealth)

            • natural resource [ENG31-13353024-n] (resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature)

              • land resources [ENG31-13353305-n] (natural resources in the form of arable land)
              • mineral resources [ENG31-13353410-n] (natural resources in the form of minerals)
              • renewable resource [ENG31-13353515-n] (any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time)
            • labor resources [ENG31-13353212-n] (resources of available manpower)
            • support [ENG31-13386459-n] (the financial means whereby one lives)

              • comforts [ENG31-13387310-n] (things that make you comfortable and at ease)
              • maintenance [ENG31-13387484-n] (means of maintenance of a family or group)
              • meal ticket [ENG31-13387601-n] (a source of income or livelihood)
              • subsistence [ENG31-13387710-n] (minimal (or marginal) resources for subsisting)
            • support [ENG31-13386871-n] (financial resources provided to make some project possible)
            • ways and means [ENG31-13387151-n] (resources available to meet expenses (especially legislation for raising revenue for a government))
          • intangible [ENG31-13353685-n] (assets that are saleable though not material or physical)

            • good will [ENG31-13353835-n] ((accounting) an intangible asset valued according to the advantage or reputation a business has acquired (over and above its tangible assets))
          • liquid assets [ENG31-13354062-n] (assets in the form of cash (or easily convertible into cash))
          • investment [ENG31-13354252-n] (money that is invested with an expectation of profit)

            • speculation [ENG31-13363707-n] (an investment that is very risky but could yield great profits)

              • gamble [ENG31-13364002-n] (money that is risked for possible monetary gain)

                • stake [ENG31-13364541-n] (the money risked on a gamble)

                  • pot [ENG31-13364789-n] (the cumulative amount involved in a game (such as poker))
                  • ante [ENG31-13364932-n] ((poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot)
                  • pool [ENG31-13390647-n] (the combined stakes of the betters)
              • smart money [ENG31-13364138-n] (money bet or invested by experienced gamblers or investors (especially if they have inside information))
              • pyramid [ENG31-13364299-n] ((stock market) a series of transactions in which the speculator increases his holdings by using the rising market value of those holdings as margin for further purchases)
          • equity [ENG31-13354711-n] (the difference between the market value of a property and the claims held against it)
          • security [ENG31-13365086-n] (defense against financial failure)

            • easy street [ENG31-13365401-n] (financial security)
            • hedge [ENG31-13365477-n] (any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk)
            • insurance [ENG31-13365819-n] (promise of reimbursement in the case of loss)

              • assurance [ENG31-13366301-n] (a British term for some kinds of insurance)
              • automobile insurance [ENG31-13366418-n] (insurance against loss due to theft or traffic accidents)

                • no fault insurance [ENG31-13366575-n] (a system of automobile insurance where a party who is injured in an automobile accident recovers damages up to a specific amount against his own insurance company regardless of who was responsible for the accident)
              • business interruption insurance [ENG31-13366977-n] (insurance that provides protection for the loss of profits and continuing fixed expenses resulting from a break in commercial activities due to the occurrence of a peril)
              • coinsurance [ENG31-13367224-n] (insurance issued jointly by two or more underwriters)
              • fire insurance [ENG31-13367352-n] (insurance against loss due to fire)
              • group insurance [ENG31-13367447-n] (insurance that is purchased by a group (such as the employees of a company) usually at a reduced rate to individual members of the group)
              • hazard insurance [ENG31-13367645-n] (insurance that provides protection against certain risks such as storms or fires)
              • health insurance [ENG31-13367788-n] (insurance against loss due to ill health)

                • hospitalization insurance [ENG31-13367927-n] (insurance that pays all or part of a patient's hospital expense)
                • health maintenance organization [ENG31-13370223-n] (group insurance that entitles members to services of participating hospitals and clinics and physicians)
              • liability insurance [ENG31-13368080-n] (insurance that provides protection from claims arising from injuries or damage to other people or property)
              • life insurance [ENG31-13368252-n] (insurance paid to named beneficiaries when the insured person dies)

                • endowment insurance [ENG31-13368504-n] (life insurance for a specified amount which is payable to the insured person at the expiration of a certain period of time or to a designated beneficiary immediately upon the death of the insured)
                • tontine [ENG31-13368765-n] (a form of life insurance whereby on the death or default of a participant his share is distributed to the remaining members)
                • whole life insurance [ENG31-13368962-n] (insurance on the life of the insured for a fixed amount at a definite premium that is paid each year in the same amount during the entire lifetime of the insured)
              • malpractice insurance [ENG31-13369242-n] (insurance purchased by physicians and hospitals to cover the cost of being sued for malpractice)
              • reinsurance [ENG31-13369471-n] (sharing the risk by insurance companies)
              • self-insurance [ENG31-13369807-n] (insuring yourself by setting aside money to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy)
              • term insurance [ENG31-13369979-n] (low-cost insurance that is valid only for a stated period of time and has no cash surrender value or loan value)
          • material resource [ENG31-13374171-n] (assets in the form of material possessions)

            • wealth [ENG31-13374295-n] (an abundance of material possessions and resources)

              • gold [ENG31-13374461-n] (great wealth)
              • treasure [ENG31-13391842-n] (accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.)

                • fortune [ENG31-13392111-n] (a large amount of wealth or prosperity)
                • valuable [ENG31-13392203-n] (something of value)

                  • swag [ENG31-13392363-n] (valuable goods)
                  • precious metal [ENG31-13392662-n] (any of the less common and valuable metals often used to make coins or jewelry)

                    • bullion [ENG31-13392855-n] (a mass of precious metal)
                    • gold [ENG31-13392933-n] (coins made of gold)
                    • silver [ENG31-13393039-n] (coins made of silver)
                • king's ransom [ENG31-13392447-n] (a very large treasure)
                • treasure trove [ENG31-13392528-n] (treasure of unknown ownership found hidden (usually in the earth))
          • capital [ENG31-13374622-n] (wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value)

            • endowment [ENG31-13292343-n] (the capital that provides income for an institution)

              • patrimony [ENG31-13292654-n] (a church endowment)
              • chantry [ENG31-13292728-n] (an endowment for the singing of Masses)
            • means [ENG31-13374873-n] (considerable capital (wealth or income))

              • pocketbook [ENG31-13375036-n] (your personal financial means)
              • wherewithal [ENG31-13375169-n] (the necessary means (especially financial means))
            • principal [ENG31-13376883-n] (capital as contrasted with the income derived from it)
          • capital [ENG31-13375435-n] (assets available for use in the production of further assets)

            • stock [ENG31-13354848-n] (the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest (equity))

              • common stock [ENG31-13356187-n] (stock other than preferred stock)

                • blue chip [ENG31-13355782-n] (a common stock of a nationally known company whose value and dividends are reliable)
                • classified stock [ENG31-13356023-n] (common stock classified as A or B where A has certain advantages (e.g., voting power) that B does not)
                • stock of record [ENG31-13356536-n] (stock held by stockholders of record on a given date)
              • no-par-value stock [ENG31-13356823-n] (stock with no par value specified in the corporate charter or on the stock certificate)
              • preferred stock [ENG31-13356989-n] (stock whose holders are guaranteed priority in the payment of dividends but whose holders have no voting rights)

                • cumulative preferred [ENG31-13357219-n] (preferred stock whose dividends if omitted accumulate until paid out)
              • float [ENG31-13357383-n] (the number of shares outstanding and available for trading by the public)
              • common stock equivalent [ENG31-13357507-n] (preferred stock or convertible bonds or warrants that can be converted into common stock)
              • control stock [ENG31-13357665-n] (shares owned by shareholders who have a controlling interest)
              • growth stock [ENG31-13357785-n] (stock of a corporation that has had faster than average gains in earnings and is expected to continue to)
              • hot stock [ENG31-13357948-n] (newly issued stock that is in great public demand)
              • authorized shares [ENG31-13363413-n] (the maximum number of shares authorized under the terms of a corporation's articles of incorporation)
              • quarter stock [ENG31-13363612-n] (stock with a par value of $25/share)
              • treasury stock [ENG31-13441124-n] (stock that has been bought back by the issuing corporation and is available for retirement or resale)
              • voting stock [ENG31-13441394-n] (shares in a corporation that entitle the shareholder to voting and proxy rights)
              • watered stock [ENG31-13441532-n] (stock representing ownership of overvalued assets)
            • venture capital [ENG31-13375275-n] (wealth available for investment in new or speculative enterprises)
            • operating capital [ENG31-13375784-n] (capital available for the operations of a firm (e.g. manufacturing or transportation) as distinct from financial transactions and long-term improvements)
            • seed money [ENG31-13377017-n] (capital needed to set up a new business or enterprise)
          • funds [ENG31-13377127-n] (assets in the form of money)

            • bank [ENG31-13377435-n] (the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games)
            • purse strings [ENG31-13377602-n] (financial resources or support)
            • bankroll [ENG31-13377742-n] (a roll of currency notes (often taken as the resources of a person or business etc.))
            • pocket [ENG31-13377947-n] (a supply of money)
            • Medicaid funds [ENG31-13378060-n] (public funds used to pay for Medicaid)
            • treasury [ENG31-13378158-n] (the funds of a government or institution or individual)

              • public treasury [ENG31-13379064-n] (a treasury for government funds)
              • bursary [ENG31-13379324-n] (the treasury of a public institution or religious order)
              • subtreasury [ENG31-13379433-n] (a subordinate treasury or place of deposit)
              • fisc [ENG31-13379533-n] (a state treasury or exchequer or a royal treasury)
            • money supply [ENG31-13378351-n] (the total stock of money in the economy)

              • M1 [ENG31-13378583-n] (a measure of the money supply)
              • M2 [ENG31-13378745-n] (a measure of the money supply)
              • M3 [ENG31-13378893-n] (a measure of the money supply)
            • escrow funds [ENG31-13435943-n] (funds held in escrow)
            • matching funds [ENG31-13444291-n] (funds that will be supplied in an amount matching the funds available from other sources)
          • hole card [ENG31-13390332-n] (any assets that are concealed until they can be used advantageously)
          • credit [ENG31-13399691-n] (money available for a client to borrow)

            • cheap money [ENG31-13399890-n] (credit available at low rates of interest)
            • export credit [ENG31-13400279-n] (a credit opened by an importer with a bank in an exporter's country to finance an export operation)
            • import credit [ENG31-13400437-n] (credit opened by an importer at a bank in his own country upon which an exporter may draw)
            • credit line [ENG31-13400586-n] (the maximum credit that a customer is allowed)

              • consumer credit [ENG31-13395599-n] (a line of credit extended for personal or household use)

                • home loan [ENG31-13396152-n] (a loan secured by equity value in the borrower's home)
                • installment credit [ENG31-13396340-n] (a loan repaid with interest in equal periodic payments)
                • open-end credit [ENG31-13396496-n] (a consumer credit line that can be used up to a certain limit or paid down at any time)

                  • credit account [ENG31-13396777-n] (credit extended by a business to a customer)

                    • revolving charge account [ENG31-13396931-n] (a charge account that does not have to be paid to zero balance)
                  • credit card [ENG31-13397185-n] (a card (usually plastic) that assures a seller that the person using it has a satisfactory credit rating and that the issuer will see to it that the seller receives payment for the merchandise delivered)

                    • bank card [ENG31-13397599-n] (a credit card issued by a bank)
                    • calling card [ENG31-13397685-n] (a card that is used instead of cash to make telephone calls)
                    • cash card [ENG31-13397816-n] (a credit card that entitles the holder to receive cash)
                  • debit card [ENG31-13397937-n] (a card (usually plastic) that enables the holder to withdraw money or to have the cost of purchases charged directly to the holder's bank account)
                  • smart card [ENG31-13398176-n] (a plastic card containing a microprocessor that enables the holder to perform operations requiring data that is stored in the microprocessor)
                  • overdraft credit [ENG31-13402169-n] (credit provided by a bank in honoring a customer's overdrafts)
            • commercial credit [ENG31-13400792-n] (credit granted by a bank to a business concern for commercial purposes)
            • letter of credit [ENG31-13400926-n] (a document issued by a bank that guarantees the payment of a customer's draft)

              • commercial letter of credit [ENG31-13401177-n] (a letter of credit given to a business concern for commercial purposes)
              • traveler's letter of credit [ENG31-13401321-n] (a letter of credit given to a traveler)

                • traveler's check [ENG31-13401482-n] (a letter of credit issued by a bank or express company that is payable on presentation to any correspondent of the issuer)
          • overage [ENG31-13399989-n] (a surplus or excess of money or merchandise that is actually on hand and that exceeds expectations)
          • accounts receivable [ENG31-13428381-n] (a creditor's accounts of money owed to him)
        • treasure [ENG31-13391621-n] (any possession that is highly valued by its owner)
        • liabilities [ENG31-13417227-n] (anything that is owed to someone else)

          • tax liability [ENG31-13330978-n] (the amount of tax owed)
          • payables [ENG31-13351190-n] (money that you currently expect to pay on notes and accounts)
          • deficit [ENG31-13417449-n] (an excess of liabilities over assets (usually over a certain period))

            • budget deficit [ENG31-13417658-n] (an excess of expenditures over revenues)

              • federal deficit [ENG31-13417776-n] (an excess of the federal government's spending over its revenue)
            • trade deficit [ENG31-13417941-n] (an excess of imports over exports)
          • debt [ENG31-13418347-n] (money or goods or services owed by one person to another)

            • arrears [ENG31-13418616-n] (an unpaid overdue debt)
            • national debt [ENG31-13418692-n] (the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions))
            • public debt [ENG31-13418878-n] (the total of the nation's debts: debts of local and state and national governments)
            • debt limit [ENG31-13419105-n] (the maximum borrowing power of a governmental entity)

              • national debt ceiling [ENG31-13419247-n] (a limit set by Congress beyond which the national debt cannot rise)
            • bad debt [ENG31-13419941-n] (a debt that is unlikely to be repaid)
            • installment debt [ENG31-13420032-n] (debt to be paid by installments)
            • loan [ENG31-13420126-n] (the temporary provision of money (usually at interest))

              • bank loan [ENG31-13395770-n] (a loan made by a bank)

                • business loan [ENG31-13395937-n] (a bank loan granted for the use of a business)
                • interbank loan [ENG31-13396060-n] (a loan from one bank to another)
              • call loan [ENG31-13420448-n] (a loan that is repayable on demand)
              • direct loan [ENG31-13420552-n] (a loan by a lender to a customer without the use of a third party)
              • participation loan [ENG31-13420743-n] (a loan that is shared by a group of banks that join to make a loan too big for any one of them alone)
              • personal loan [ENG31-13420955-n] (a loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use)

                • automobile loan [ENG31-13421197-n] (a personal loan to purchase an automobile)
              • point [ENG31-13421323-n] (one percent of the total principal of a loan)
              • real estate loan [ENG31-13421507-n] (a loan on real estate that is usually secured by a mortgage)
              • time loan [ENG31-13421645-n] (a loan that is payable on or before a specified date)
            • principal [ENG31-13421835-n] (the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated)
            • score [ENG31-14514618-n] (an amount due (as at a restaurant or bar))
          • charge [ENG31-13421971-n] (financial liabilities (such as a tax))

            • levy [ENG31-13329886-n] (a charge imposed and collected)

              • tax [ENG31-13330021-n] (charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government)

                • single tax [ENG31-13331113-n] (a system of taxation in which a tax is levied on a single commodity (usually land))
                • income tax [ENG31-13331252-n] (a personal tax levied on annual income)

                  • bracket creep [ENG31-13331437-n] (a movement into a higher tax bracket as taxable income increases)
                  • estimated tax [ENG31-13331561-n] (income tax paid periodically on income that is not subject to withholding taxes)
                  • FICA [ENG31-13331749-n] (a tax on employees and employers that is used to fund the Social Security system)
                  • withholding tax [ENG31-13332390-n] (income tax withheld from employees' wages and paid directly to the government by the employer)

                    • PAYE [ENG31-13332595-n] (the British system of withholding tax)
                  • surtax [ENG31-13336386-n] (an additional tax on certain kinds of income that has already been taxed)
                • capital gains tax [ENG31-13333212-n] (a tax on capital gains)
                • capital levy [ENG31-13333351-n] (a tax on capital or property)

                  • property tax [ENG31-13333591-n] (a capital tax on property imposed by municipalities)

                    • council tax [ENG31-13333776-n] (a tax levied on households by local authorities)
                • departure tax [ENG31-13333456-n] (a tax that is levied when you are departing a country by land or sea or air)
                • franchise tax [ENG31-13333984-n] (a tax that is imposed by states on corporations)
                • gift tax [ENG31-13334210-n] (a tax imposed on transfers of property by gift during the lifetime of the giver)
                • direct tax [ENG31-13334486-n] (a tax paid directly by the person or organization on whom it is levied)
                • indirect tax [ENG31-13334921-n] (a tax levied on goods or services rather than on persons or organizations)

                  • hidden tax [ENG31-13335107-n] (a tax paid unwittingly by the consumer (such as ad valorem taxes))
                  • duty [ENG31-13337021-n] (a government tax on imports or exports)

                    • customs [ENG31-13338024-n] (money collected under a tariff)

                      • ship money [ENG31-13338159-n] (an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense)
                    • tonnage [ENG31-13338291-n] (a tax imposed on ships that enter the US)
                    • octroi [ENG31-13338444-n] (a tax on various goods brought into a town)
                    • revenue tariff [ENG31-13338539-n] (a tariff imposed to raise revenue)
                    • protective tariff [ENG31-13338633-n] (a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition)

                      • anti-dumping duty [ENG31-13338781-n] (a tariff imposed to prevent dumping)
                    • import duty [ENG31-13338880-n] (a duty imposed on imports)
                    • export duty [ENG31-13338963-n] (a duty imposed on exports)
                    • countervailing duty [ENG31-13339046-n] (a duty imposed to offset subsidies by foreign governments)
                  • excise [ENG31-13337354-n] (a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate))

                    • sales tax [ENG31-13337590-n] (a tax based on the cost of the item purchased and collected directly from the buyer)
                    • VAT [ENG31-13337744-n] (a tax levied on the difference between a commodity's price before taxes and its cost of production)
                    • gasoline tax [ENG31-13337927-n] (a tax on every gallon of gasoline sold)
                • capitation [ENG31-13335248-n] (a tax levied on the basis of a fixed amount per person)

                  • poll tax [ENG31-13335377-n] (a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote)
                • progressive tax [ENG31-13335517-n] (any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases)
                • proportional tax [ENG31-13335674-n] (any tax in which the rate is constant as the amount subject to taxation increases)
                • degressive tax [ENG31-13335818-n] (any tax in which the rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases)
                • rates [ENG31-13335958-n] (a local tax on property (usually used in the plural))

                  • poor rates [ENG31-13336099-n] (a local tax for the relief of the poor)
                • stamp tax [ENG31-13336213-n] (a tax collected by requiring a stamp to be purchased and attached (usually on documents or publications))
                • pavage [ENG31-13336540-n] (a tax toward paving streets)
                • transfer tax [ENG31-13336638-n] (any tax levied on the passing of title to property)

                  • inheritance tax [ENG31-13334344-n] (a tax on the estate of the deceased person)
                • special assessment [ENG31-13336849-n] (an additional tax levied on private property for public improvements that enhance the value of the property)
              • tithe [ENG31-13336765-n] (a levy of one tenth of something)
            • encumbrance [ENG31-13424198-n] (a charge against property (as a lien or mortgage))
            • assessment [ENG31-13424319-n] (an amount determined as payable)
          • accounts payable [ENG31-13428734-n] (a debtor's accounts of money he owes)
      • social relation [ENG31-00033122-n] (a relation between living organisms (especially between people))

        • relations [ENG31-13802661-n] (mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups)
        • professional relation [ENG31-13859638-n] (the relation that exists when one person requests and is granted professional help from a qualified source)

          • medical relation [ENG31-13859866-n] (the professional relation between a health care professional and a patient)

            • doctor-patient relation [ENG31-13860039-n] (the responsibility of a physician to act in the best interests of the patient)
            • nurse-patient relation [ENG31-13860224-n] (the responsibility of a nurse to act in the best interests of the patient)
          • legal relation [ENG31-13860404-n] (a professional relation that is regulated by law (as between a lawyer and a client))

            • fiduciary relation [ENG31-13860585-n] (the legal relation that exists when one person justifiably places reliance on another whose aid or protection is sought in some matter)

              • bank-depositor relation [ENG31-13860965-n] (the responsibility of a bank to act in the best interests of the depositors)
              • confidential adviser-advisee relation [ENG31-13861129-n] (the responsibility of a confidential adviser to act in the best interest of the advisee)
              • conservator-ward relation [ENG31-13861319-n] (the responsibility of a conservator to act in the best interests of the ward)
              • director-stockholder relation [ENG31-13861486-n] (the responsibility of corporate directors to act in the best interests of stockholders)
              • executor-heir relation [ENG31-13861667-n] (the responsibility of an executor (or administrator) of an estate to act in the best interests of the heir)
              • lawyer-client relation [ENG31-13861861-n] (the responsibility of a lawyer to act in the best interests of the client)
              • partner relation [ENG31-13862087-n] (the responsibility of partners to act in one another's best interests)
              • receiver-creditor relation [ENG31-13862238-n] (the responsibility of receiver or trustee in bankruptcy to act in the best interests of the creditor)
              • trustee-beneficiary relation [ENG31-13862430-n] (the responsibility of a trustee to act in the best interests of the beneficiary)
          • academic relation [ENG31-13862603-n] (a professional relation between instructors and those they instruct)

            • teacher-student relation [ENG31-13862752-n] (the academic relation between teachers and their students)
        • politics [ENG31-13862918-n] (social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power)
        • chemistry [ENG31-13863157-n] (the way two individuals relate to each other)
      • position [ENG31-05081943-n] (the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated)

        • occlusion [ENG31-05075097-n] ((dentistry) the normal spatial relation of the teeth when the jaws are closed)
        • tilt [ENG31-05075249-n] (the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the vertical)
        • gradient [ENG31-05075630-n] (the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal)

          • grade [ENG31-05075885-n] (the gradient of a slope or road or other surface)

            • upgrade [ENG31-05076087-n] (the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises)
            • downgrade [ENG31-05076254-n] (the property possessed by a slope or surface that descends)
          • pitch [ENG31-05076368-n] (degree of deviation from a horizontal plane)

            • loft [ENG31-05076616-n] ((golf) the backward slant on the head of some golf clubs that is designed to drive the ball high in the air)
          • abruptness [ENG31-05076793-n] (the property possessed by a slope that is very steep)
          • gradualness [ENG31-05077022-n] (the property possessed by a slope that is very gradual)
        • placement [ENG31-05082771-n] (the spatial property of the way in which something is placed)

          • formation [ENG31-03389963-n] (a particular spatial arrangement)

            • raster [ENG31-04061907-n] (the rectangular formation of parallel scanning lines that guide the electron beam on a television screen or a computer monitor)
            • rig [ENG31-04098359-n] (formation of masts, spars, sails, etc., on a vessel)

              • Bermuda rig [ENG31-02834639-n] (a rig of triangular sails for a yacht)
              • cat rig [ENG31-02989213-n] (rig of a catboat)
              • fore-and-aft rig [ENG31-03386510-n] (rig in which the principal sails are fore-and-aft)
              • lateen-rig [ENG31-03651044-n] (the rig on a lateen-rigged sailing vessel)
            • split [ENG31-04289802-n] ((tenpin bowling) a divided formation of pins left standing after the first bowl)
          • columniation [ENG31-05083238-n] ((architecture) the arrangement of columns (especially freestanding columns) in a structure)
          • composition [ENG31-05083641-n] (the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole)
          • fenestration [ENG31-05083878-n] (the arrangement of windows in a building)
          • proportion [ENG31-05083996-n] (harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design))
          • alignment [ENG31-05084315-n] (the spatial property possessed by an arrangement or position of things in a straight line or in parallel lines)

            • true [ENG31-05084517-n] (proper alignment)
          • misalignment [ENG31-05084693-n] (the spatial property of things that are not properly aligned)
          • ramification [ENG31-05090407-n] (an arrangement of branching parts)
          • spacing [ENG31-05090535-n] (the property possessed by an array of things that have space between them)

            • openness [ENG31-05091112-n] (without obstructions to passage or view)

              • patency [ENG31-05091274-n] (the openness (lack of obstruction) of a bodily passage or duct)
            • distance [ENG31-05091408-n] (the property created by the space between two objects or points)

              • way [ENG31-05091940-n] (the property of distance in general)
              • piece [ENG31-05092096-n] (a distance)
              • mean distance [ENG31-05092189-n] (the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum distances of a celestial body (satellite or secondary star) from its primary)
              • farness [ENG31-05092372-n] (the property of being remote)

                • far cry [ENG31-05092643-n] (distance estimated in terms of the audibility of a cry)
              • nearness [ENG31-05092779-n] (the spatial property resulting from a relatively small distance)

                • proximity [ENG31-05093074-n] (the property of being close together)
                • adjacency [ENG31-05093198-n] (the attribute of being so near as to be touching)
              • wavelength [ENG31-05093476-n] (the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave)
              • focal distance [ENG31-05093657-n] (the distance from a lens to its focus)
              • hyperfocal distance [ENG31-05093770-n] (the distance in front of a lens that is focused at infinity beyond which all objects are well defined and clear)
              • leap [ENG31-05093947-n] (the distance leaped (or to be leaped))

                • elevation [ENG31-05094110-n] ((ballet) the height of a dancer's leap or jump)
              • span [ENG31-05094268-n] (the distance or interval between two points)
              • wheelbase [ENG31-05094380-n] (the distance from the center of a car's front wheel to the rear axle)
              • interval [ENG31-05097154-n] (the distance between things)

                • clearance [ENG31-05097318-n] (the distance by which one thing clears another)
              • remove [ENG31-05097462-n] (degree of figurative distance or separation)
              • yardage [ENG31-05138140-n] (distance measured in the aggregate number of yards)
              • hour [ENG31-05138288-n] (distance measured by the time taken to cover it)
              • mileage [ENG31-05138459-n] (distance measured in miles)
              • elevation [ENG31-05138548-n] (distance of something above a reference point (such as sea level))

                • isometry [ENG31-05138802-n] (equality of elevation above sea level)
                • altitude [ENG31-05138912-n] (elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface)

                  • level [ENG31-05139167-n] (height above ground)
                  • ceiling [ENG31-05139807-n] ((meteorology) altitude of the lowest layer of clouds)
                  • ceiling [ENG31-05139932-n] (maximum altitude at which a plane can fly (under specified conditions))

                    • absolute ceiling [ENG31-05140092-n] (the maximum altitude at which an airplane can maintain horizontal flight)
                    • combat ceiling [ENG31-05140227-n] (altitude above which a plane cannot climb faster than a given rate)
                • grade [ENG31-05139310-n] (the height of the ground on which something stands)
                • water level [ENG31-05139486-n] (the level of the surface of a body of water)

                  • sea level [ENG31-05139605-n] (level of the ocean's surface (especially that halfway between mean high and low tide))
              • hour angle [ENG31-08604064-n] (the angular distance along the celestial equator from the observer's meridian to the hour circle of a given celestial body)
            • distribution [ENG31-05094504-n] (the spatial or geographic property of being scattered about over a range, area, or volume)

              • complementary distribution [ENG31-05094871-n] ((linguistics) a distribution of related speech sounds or forms in such a way that they only appear in different contexts)
              • diaspora [ENG31-05095101-n] (the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture))
              • dissemination [ENG31-05095263-n] (the property of being diffused or dispersed)
              • innervation [ENG31-05095396-n] (the distribution of nerve fibers to an organ or body region)
              • scatter [ENG31-05095531-n] (a haphazard distribution in all directions)

                • diffuseness [ENG31-05095852-n] (the spatial property of being spread out over a wide area or through a large volume)
            • concentration [ENG31-05096011-n] (the spatial property of being crowded together)
          • tandem [ENG31-05090774-n] (an arrangement of two or more objects or persons one behind another)
        • point of view [ENG31-05083406-n] (the spatial property of the position from which something is observed)

          • camera angle [ENG31-05083553-n] (the point of view of a camera)
        • coincidence [ENG31-05084830-n] (the quality of occupying the same position or area in space)
        • dead center [ENG31-05085032-n] (the position of a crank when it is in line with the connecting rod and not exerting torque)
        • centrality [ENG31-05085232-n] (the property of being central)
        • marginality [ENG31-05085354-n] (the property of being marginal or on the fringes)
        • anteriority [ENG31-05085496-n] (the quality of being in front or (in lower animals) toward the head)
        • posteriority [ENG31-05085657-n] (the quality of being toward the back or toward the rear end)
        • outwardness [ENG31-05085830-n] (the quality or state of being outside or directed toward or relating to the outside or exterior)

          • worldliness [ENG31-04628881-n] (concern with worldly affairs to the neglect of spiritual needs)
        • inwardness [ENG31-05086101-n] (the quality or state of being inward or internal)
        • malposition [ENG31-05086281-n] (faulty position)
        • northernness [ENG31-05086387-n] (the property of being to the north)
        • southernness [ENG31-05086516-n] (the property of being to the south)
        • horizontality [ENG31-05086681-n] (the quality of being parallel to the horizon)
        • verticality [ENG31-05086845-n] (position at right angles to the horizon)
        • slot [ENG31-06295226-n] (a position in a grammatical linguistic construction in which a variety of alternative units are interchangeable)
        • room [ENG31-13799976-n] (space for movement)

          • seating [ENG31-04170059-n] (an area that includes places where several people can sit)

            • circle [ENG31-03037004-n] (a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house)
            • orchestra [ENG31-03858698-n] (seating on the main floor in a theater)
            • parquet [ENG31-03897732-n] (seating on the main floor between the orchestra and the parquet circle)
            • parquet circle [ENG31-03897970-n] (seating at the rear of the main floor (beneath the balconies))
            • ringside [ENG31-04100572-n] (first row of seating)
            • stall [ENG31-04306837-n] (seating in the forward part of the main level of a theater)
            • tiered seat [ENG31-04441419-n] (seating that is arranged in sloping tiers so that spectators in the back can see over the heads of those in front)

              • stand [ENG31-04307879-n] (tiered seats consisting of a structure (often made of wood) where people can sit to watch an event (game or parade))

                • bleachers [ENG31-02853790-n] ((used in the plural) an outdoor grandstand without a roof)
                • grandstand [ENG31-03457897-n] (a stand at a racecourse or stadium consisting of tiers with rows of individual seats that are under a protective roof)
                • reviewing stand [ENG31-04093262-n] (a stand from which a parade or military force can be reviewed)
          • standing room [ENG31-04309472-n] (room for passengers or spectators to stand)
          • breathing room [ENG31-13800301-n] (sufficient room for easy breathing or movement)
          • headroom [ENG31-13800473-n] (vertical space available to allow easy passage under something)
          • houseroom [ENG31-13800612-n] (space for accommodation in a house)
          • living space [ENG31-13800742-n] (space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding)
          • parking [ENG31-13800883-n] (space in which vehicles can be parked)
          • sea room [ENG31-13801039-n] (space for maneuver at sea)
        • direction [ENG31-13849639-n] (the spatial relation between something and the course along which it points or moves)

          • frontage [ENG31-13850156-n] (the direction in which something (such as a building) faces)
          • orientation [ENG31-13850288-n] (position or alignment relative to points of the compass or other specific directions)

            • attitude [ENG31-13850556-n] (position of aircraft or spacecraft relative to a frame of reference (the horizon or direction of motion))

              • trim [ENG31-13850733-n] (attitude of an aircraft in flight when allowed to take its own orientation)
            • horizontal [ENG31-13850894-n] (something that is oriented horizontally)
            • vertical [ENG31-13851008-n] (something that is oriented vertically)
            • quarter [ENG31-13852365-n] (one of the four major division of the compass)
          • opposition [ENG31-13851118-n] (a direction opposite to another)

            • orthogonality [ENG31-13851260-n] (the relation of opposition between things at right angles)
            • antipodal [ENG31-13851456-n] (the relation of opposition along a diameter)
            • enantiomorphism [ENG31-13851621-n] (the relation of opposition between crystals or molecules that are reflections of one another)
          • windward [ENG31-13851799-n] (the direction from which the wind is coming)

            • windward side [ENG31-13851933-n] (the side toward the wind)
          • leeward [ENG31-13852047-n] (the direction in which the wind is blowing)

            • to leeward [ENG31-13852179-n] (the side sheltered from the wind)
          • seaward [ENG31-13852283-n] (the direction toward the sea)
          • compass point [ENG31-13852504-n] (any of 32 horizontal directions indicated on the card of a compass)

            • cardinal compass point [ENG31-13853199-n] (one of the four main compass points)

              • north [ENG31-13853375-n] (the cardinal compass point that is at 0 or 360 degrees)
              • east [ENG31-13854554-n] (the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees)
              • south [ENG31-13855574-n] (the cardinal compass point that is at 180 degrees)
              • west [ENG31-13856598-n] (the cardinal compass point that is a 270 degrees)
            • north by east [ENG31-13853509-n] (the compass point that is one point east (clockwise) of due north)
            • north northeast [ENG31-13853771-n] (the compass point that is midway between north and northeast)
            • northeast by north [ENG31-13853916-n] (the compass point that is one point north of northeast)
            • northeast [ENG31-13854042-n] (the compass point midway between north and east)
            • northeast by east [ENG31-13854193-n] (the compass point that is one point east of northeast)
            • east northeast [ENG31-13854317-n] (the compass point midway between northeast and east)
            • east by north [ENG31-13854435-n] (the compass point that is one point north of due east)
            • east by south [ENG31-13854679-n] (the compass point that is one point south of due east)
            • east southeast [ENG31-13854798-n] (the compass point midway between east and southeast)
            • southeast by east [ENG31-13854916-n] (the compass point that is one point east of southeast)
            • southeast [ENG31-13855040-n] (the compass point midway between south and east)
            • southeast by south [ENG31-13855192-n] (the compass point that is one point south of southeast)
            • south southeast [ENG31-13855318-n] (the compass point midway between south and southeast)
            • south by east [ENG31-13855455-n] (the compass point that is one point east of due south)
            • south by west [ENG31-13855703-n] (the compass point that is one point west of due south)
            • south southwest [ENG31-13855822-n] (the compass point midway between south and southwest)
            • southwest by south [ENG31-13855959-n] (the compass point that is one point south of southwest)
            • southwest [ENG31-13856085-n] (the compass point midway between south and west)
            • southwest by west [ENG31-13856237-n] (the compass point that is one point west of southwest)
            • west southwest [ENG31-13856361-n] (the compass point midway between west and southwest)
            • west by south [ENG31-13856479-n] (the compass point that is one point south of due west)
            • west by north [ENG31-13856723-n] (the compass point that is one point north of due west)
            • west northwest [ENG31-13856842-n] (the compass point midway between west and northwest)
            • northwest by west [ENG31-13856960-n] (the compass point that is one point west of northwest)
            • northwest [ENG31-13857084-n] (the compass point midway between north and west)
            • northwest by north [ENG31-13857236-n] (the compass point that is one point north of northwest)
            • north northwest [ENG31-13857362-n] (the compass point that is midway between north and northwest)
            • north by west [ENG31-13857507-n] (the compass point that is one point west of due north)
          • north [ENG31-13853640-n] (the direction in which a compass needle points)
          • north [ENG31-13857626-n] (the direction corresponding to the northward cardinal compass point)
          • northeast [ENG31-13857745-n] (the direction corresponding to the northeastward compass point)
          • east [ENG31-13857863-n] (the direction corresponding to the eastward cardinal compass point)
          • southeast [ENG31-13857980-n] (the direction corresponding to the southeastward compass point)
          • south [ENG31-13858098-n] (the direction corresponding to the southward cardinal compass point)
          • southwest [ENG31-13858217-n] (the direction corresponding to the southwestward compass point)
          • west [ENG31-13858335-n] (the direction corresponding to the westward cardinal compass point)
          • northwest [ENG31-13858452-n] (the direction corresponding to the northwestward compass point)
        • angular position [ENG31-13858570-n] (relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established)

          • elevation [ENG31-13858749-n] (angular distance above the horizon (especially of a celestial object))
          • depression [ENG31-13858914-n] (angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object))
      • ownership [ENG31-13261412-n] (the relation of an owner to the thing possessed)

        • community [ENG31-13261737-n] (common ownership)
        • severalty [ENG31-13261869-n] (exclusive individual ownership)
        • property right [ENG31-13261955-n] (the legal right of ownership)

          • public domain [ENG31-13264566-n] (property rights that are held by the public at large)
          • accession [ENG31-13362977-n] ((civil law) the right to all of that which your property produces whether by growth or improvement)
        • proprietorship [ENG31-13264678-n] (an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits)
        • employee ownership [ENG31-13264889-n] (ownership of a business by the people who work for it)
        • landholding [ENG31-13268344-n] (ownership of land)
        • stockholding [ENG31-13355322-n] (ownership of stocks)
      • causality [ENG31-13802818-n] (the relation between causes and effects)
      • relationship [ENG31-13802931-n] (a relation between people)

        • partnership [ENG31-13803560-n] (a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal)
        • personal relation [ENG31-13803882-n] (a relation between persons)

          • bonding [ENG31-13804032-n] (a close personal relationship that forms between people (as between husband and wife or parent and child))

            • female bonding [ENG31-13804420-n] (the formation of a close personal relationship between women)
            • male bonding [ENG31-13804541-n] (the formation of a close personal relationship between men)
            • maternal-infant bonding [ENG31-13804745-n] (the attachment that forms between an infant and its mother beginning at birth)
          • obligation [ENG31-13804245-n] (a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor)
      • function [ENG31-13803376-n] (a relation such that one thing is dependent on another)
      • association [ENG31-13804981-n] (a relation resulting from interaction or dependence)
      • logical relation [ENG31-13805250-n] (a relation between propositions)

        • contradictory [ENG31-13805471-n] (two propositions are contradictories if both cannot be true (or both cannot be false) at the same time)
        • contrary [ENG31-13805633-n] (a logical relation such that two propositions are contraries if both cannot be true but both can be false)
        • transitivity [ENG31-13820703-n] ((logic and mathematics) a relation between three elements such that if it holds between the first and second and it also holds between the second and third it must necessarily hold between the first and third)
        • reflexivity [ENG31-13821026-n] ((logic and mathematics) a relation such that it holds between an element and itself)
        • modality [ENG31-13824846-n] (a classification of propositions on the basis of whether they claim necessity or possibility or impossibility)
        • implication [ENG31-13882478-n] (a logical relation between propositions p and q of the form `if p then q')
      • mathematical relation [ENG31-13805793-n] (a relation between mathematical expressions (such as equality or inequality))

        • function [ENG31-13806028-n] ((mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function))

          • polynomial [ENG31-05870439-n] (a mathematical function that is the sum of a number of terms)

            • biquadratic [ENG31-05870697-n] (a polynomial of the fourth degree)
            • homogeneous polynomial [ENG31-05870852-n] (a polynomial consisting of terms all of the same degree)

              • quantic [ENG31-05871197-n] (a homogeneous polynomial having at least two variables)
            • monic polynomial [ENG31-05870994-n] (a polynomial in one variable)
            • quadratic [ENG31-05871085-n] (a polynomial of the second degree)
            • series [ENG31-05871305-n] ((mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions)

              • power series [ENG31-05871554-n] (the sum of terms containing successively higher integral powers of a variable)
              • convergence [ENG31-05871690-n] (the approach of an infinite series to a finite limit)
              • divergence [ENG31-05871886-n] (an infinite series that has no limit)
              • geometric series [ENG31-05872064-n] (a geometric progression written as a sum)
              • Fourier series [ENG31-05872167-n] (the sum of a series of trigonometric expressions)
              • exponential series [ENG31-13812216-n] (a series derived from the expansion of an exponential expression)
          • expansion [ENG31-13806578-n] (a function expressed as a sum or product of terms)
          • inverse function [ENG31-13806749-n] (a function obtained by expressing the dependent variable of one function as the independent variable of another)
          • Kronecker delta [ENG31-13806975-n] (a function of two variables i and j that equals 1 when i=j and equals 0 otherwise)
          • metric function [ENG31-13807118-n] (a function of a topological space that gives, for any two points in the space, a value equal to the distance between them)
          • transformation [ENG31-13807348-n] ((mathematics) a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system)

            • reflection [ENG31-13807616-n] ((mathematics) a transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed)
            • rotation [ENG31-13807769-n] ((mathematics) a transformation in which the coordinate axes are rotated by a fixed angle about the origin)
            • translation [ENG31-13807948-n] ((mathematics) a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the same)
            • affine transformation [ENG31-13808177-n] ((mathematics) a transformation that is a combination of single transformations such as translation or rotation or reflection on an axis)
          • isometry [ENG31-13808399-n] (a one-to-one mapping of one metric space into another metric space that preserves the distances between each pair of points)
          • operator [ENG31-13808625-n] ((mathematics) a symbol or function representing a mathematical operation)

            • linear operator [ENG31-13808807-n] (an operator that obeys the distributive law: A(f+g) = Af + Ag (where f and g are functions))
            • identity [ENG31-13808960-n] (an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates)
          • trigonometric function [ENG31-13809172-n] (function of an angle expressed as a ratio of the length of the sides of right-angled triangle containing the angle)

            • sine [ENG31-13809591-n] (ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc sine [ENG31-13809763-n] (the inverse function of the sine)
            • cosine [ENG31-13809935-n] (ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc cosine [ENG31-13810065-n] (the inverse function of the cosine)
            • tangent [ENG31-13810247-n] (ratio of the opposite to the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc tangent [ENG31-13810394-n] (the inverse function of the tangent)
            • cotangent [ENG31-13810581-n] (ratio of the adjacent to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc cotangent [ENG31-13810714-n] (the inverse function of the cotangent)
            • secant [ENG31-13810902-n] (ratio of the hypotenuse to the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc secant [ENG31-13811032-n] (the inverse function of the secant)
            • cosecant [ENG31-13811214-n] (ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle)
            • arc cosecant [ENG31-13811348-n] (the angle that has a cosecant equal to a given number)
          • threshold function [ENG31-13811493-n] (a function that takes the value 1 if a specified function of the arguments exceeds a given threshold and 0 otherwise)
          • exponential [ENG31-13811674-n] (a function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent)
        • parity [ENG31-13812345-n] ((mathematics) a relation between a pair of integers: if both integers are odd or both are even they have the same parity)

          • evenness [ENG31-13812704-n] (the parity of even numbers (divisible by two))
          • oddness [ENG31-13812804-n] (the parity of odd numbers (not divisible by two))
      • foundation [ENG31-13812924-n] (the basis on which something is grounded)

        • footing [ENG31-13813124-n] (a relation that provides the foundation for something)

          • common ground [ENG31-13813334-n] (a basis agreed to by all parties for reaching a mutual understanding)
        • grass roots [ENG31-13813462-n] (the essential foundation or source)
      • connection [ENG31-13813601-n] (a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it))

        • series [ENG31-13814122-n] ((electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other)
        • alliance [ENG31-13814395-n] (a connection based on kinship or marriage or common interest)

          • silver cord [ENG31-13814680-n] (the emotional bond between a mother and her offspring)
        • linkage [ENG31-13814791-n] (an associative relation)

          • link [ENG31-13814904-n] (the means of connection between things linked in series)
        • communication [ENG31-13815054-n] (a connection allowing access between persons or places)
        • concatenation [ENG31-13815339-n] (the linking together of a consecutive series of symbols or events or ideas etc)
        • bridge [ENG31-13815542-n] (something resembling a bridge in form or function)
        • involvement [ENG31-13815716-n] (a connection of inclusion or containment)

          • implication [ENG31-13815988-n] (a relation implicated by virtue of involvement or close connection (especially an incriminating involvement))
          • inclusion [ENG31-13816246-n] (the relation of comprising something)
        • relevance [ENG31-13816629-n] (the relation of something to the matter at hand)

          • materiality [ENG31-13816870-n] (relevance requiring careful consideration)
          • cogency [ENG31-13817005-n] (persuasive relevance)
          • point [ENG31-13817097-n] (a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect)
          • applicability [ENG31-13817392-n] (relevance by virtue of being applicable to the matter at hand)

            • germaneness [ENG31-13817254-n] (pertinence by virtue of a close relation to the matter at hand)
        • relatedness [ENG31-13817701-n] (a particular manner of connectedness)

          • bearing [ENG31-13817907-n] (relevant relation or interconnection)
      • unconnectedness [ENG31-13816438-n] (the lack of a connection between things)

        • irrelevance [ENG31-13818046-n] (the lack of a relation of something to the matter at hand)

          • inapplicability [ENG31-13818265-n] (irrelevance by virtue of being inapplicable to the matter at hand)
          • immateriality [ENG31-13818428-n] (complete irrelevance requiring no further consideration)
        • unrelatedness [ENG31-13818615-n] (the lack of any particular manner of connectedness)

          • extraneousness [ENG31-13818797-n] (unrelatedness by virtue of falling outside the matter at hand)
      • linguistic relation [ENG31-13819354-n] (a relation between linguistic forms or constituents)

        • grammatical relation [ENG31-13818991-n] (a linguistic relation established by grammar)

          • agreement [ENG31-13819525-n] (the determination of grammatical inflection on the basis of word relations)

            • number agreement [ENG31-13819773-n] (agreement in number between words in the same grammatical construction (e.g., between adjectives and the nouns they modify))
            • person agreement [ENG31-13819959-n] (agreement in person between pronouns and verbs)
            • case agreement [ENG31-13820068-n] (agreement in grammatical case between words in the same construction)
            • gender agreement [ENG31-13820197-n] (agreement in grammatical gender between words in the same construction)
          • transitivity [ENG31-13820330-n] (the grammatical relation created by a transitive verb)
          • intransitivity [ENG31-13820513-n] (the grammatical relation created by an intransitive verb)
          • coreference [ENG31-13821275-n] (the grammatical relation between two words that have a common referent)

            • reflexivity [ENG31-13821457-n] (the coreferential relation between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent)
          • conjunction [ENG31-13821604-n] (the grammatical relation between linguistic units (words or phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction)

            • coordinating conjunction [ENG31-13821867-n] (the coordination by conjunction of linguistic units of the same status)
            • subordinating conjunction [ENG31-13822008-n] (the subordination that occurs when a conjunction makes one linguistic unit a constituent of another)
            • copulative conjunction [ENG31-13822179-n] (the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the addition of their meanings)
            • disjunctive conjunction [ENG31-13822327-n] (the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the disjunction of their meanings)
            • adversative conjunction [ENG31-13822479-n] (the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the opposition of their meanings)
          • complementation [ENG31-13822630-n] (the grammatical relation of a word or phrase to a predicate)
          • coordination [ENG31-13822751-n] (the grammatical relation of two constituents having the same grammatical form)
          • subordination [ENG31-13822887-n] (the grammatical relation of a modifying word or phrase to its head)
          • modification [ENG31-13823013-n] (the grammatical relation that exists when a word qualifies the meaning of the phrase)

            • restrictiveness [ENG31-13823252-n] (a grammatical qualification that makes the meaning more specific (`red hat' has a more specific meaning than `hat'))
            • apposition [ENG31-13823429-n] (a grammatical relation between a word and a noun phrase that follows)
          • mood [ENG31-13823636-n] (verb inflections that express how the action or state is conceived by the speaker)

            • indicative mood [ENG31-13823912-n] (a mood (grammatically unmarked) that represents the act or state as an objective fact)
            • subjunctive mood [ENG31-13824149-n] (a mood that represents an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible)
            • optative mood [ENG31-13824310-n] (a mood (as in Greek or Sanskrit) that expresses a wish or hope)
            • imperative mood [ENG31-13824518-n] (a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior)
            • interrogative mood [ENG31-13824697-n] (some linguists consider interrogative sentences to constitute a mood)
          • anaphoric relation [ENG31-13825017-n] (the relation between an anaphor and its antecedent)
          • voice [ENG31-13825132-n] ((linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes)

            • active voice [ENG31-13825370-n] (the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb)
            • passive voice [ENG31-13825643-n] (the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb)
          • inflection [ENG31-13825994-n] (a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function)

            • conjugation [ENG31-13826297-n] (the inflection of verbs)
            • declension [ENG31-13826415-n] (the inflection of nouns and pronouns and adjectives in Indo-European languages)
            • paradigm [ENG31-13826587-n] (systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word)
            • pluralization [ENG31-13826719-n] (the act of pluralizing or attributing plurality to)
          • aspect [ENG31-13826881-n] (the beginning or duration or completion or repetition of the action of a verb)

            • perfective [ENG31-13827101-n] (the aspect of a verb that expresses a completed action)
            • durative [ENG31-13827391-n] (the aspect of a verb that expresses its duration)

              • imperfective [ENG31-13827232-n] (aspect without regard to the beginning or completion of the action of the verb)
              • progressive aspect [ENG31-13827548-n] (the aspect of a verb that expresses its on-going action)
            • inchoative [ENG31-13827668-n] (aspect with regard to the beginning of the action of the verb)
            • iterative [ENG31-13827806-n] (the aspect of the verb that expresses the repetition of an action)
        • semantic relation [ENG31-13829848-n] (a relation between meanings)

          • hyponymy [ENG31-13830065-n] (the semantic relation of being subordinate or belonging to a lower rank or class)
          • hypernymy [ENG31-13830216-n] (the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class)
          • synonymy [ENG31-13830373-n] (the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express the same meaning)
          • antonymy [ENG31-13830617-n] (the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings)
          • holonymy [ENG31-13830778-n] (the semantic relation that holds between a whole and its parts)
          • meronymy [ENG31-13830920-n] (the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole)
          • troponymy [ENG31-13831080-n] (the semantic relation of being a manner of does something)
        • homonymy [ENG31-13831193-n] (the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning)
      • part [ENG31-13831419-n] (something determined in relation to something that includes it)

        • language unit [ENG31-06294878-n] (one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed)

          • discourse [ENG31-06295430-n] (extended verbal expression in speech or writing)

            • context [ENG31-06295551-n] (discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation)
          • word [ENG31-06297048-n] (a unit of language that native speakers can identify)

            • anagram [ENG31-06298291-n] (a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase)

              • antigram [ENG31-06304928-n] (an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase)
            • anaphor [ENG31-06298530-n] (a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition)
            • antonym [ENG31-06298695-n] (a word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other)

              • direct antonym [ENG31-06316706-n] (antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry'))
              • indirect antonym [ENG31-06316828-n] (antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry'))
            • paronym [ENG31-06299021-n] (a word that strongly resembles another word in spelling)
            • back-formation [ENG31-06299130-n] (a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it)
            • charade [ENG31-06299727-n] (a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades)
            • cognate [ENG31-06299854-n] (a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language)
            • content word [ENG31-06300030-n] (a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned)

              • headword [ENG31-06302934-n] (a content word that can be qualified by a modifier)
              • noun [ENG31-06330286-n] (a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action)

                • collective noun [ENG31-06330568-n] (a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things)
                • mass noun [ENG31-06330703-n] (a noun that does not form plurals)
                • count noun [ENG31-06330792-n] (a noun that forms plurals)
                • generic noun [ENG31-06330874-n] (a noun that does not specify either masculine or feminine gender)
                • proper noun [ENG31-06330997-n] (a noun that denotes a particular thing)
                • common noun [ENG31-06331146-n] (a noun that denotes any or all members of a class)

                  • verbal noun [ENG31-06331307-n] (a noun that is derived from a verb)

                    • gerund [ENG31-06329345-n] (a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun))
                  • adnoun [ENG31-06331433-n] (an adjective used as a noun)
              • verb [ENG31-06331562-n] (a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence)

                • reflexive verb [ENG31-06339379-n] (a verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at the agent)
                • copula [ENG31-06484495-n] (an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence)
                • frequentative [ENG31-06484712-n] (a verb form that serves to express frequent repetition of an action)
              • modifier [ENG31-06331794-n] (a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb)

                • intensifier [ENG31-06332047-n] (a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies)
                • adjective [ENG31-06332695-n] (a word that expresses an attribute of something)

                  • descriptive adjective [ENG31-06332925-n] (an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice'))
                  • relational adjective [ENG31-06333150-n] (an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument'))

                    • pertainym [ENG31-06333350-n] (meaning relating to or pertaining to)
                  • positive [ENG31-06333461-n] (the primary form of an adjective or adverb)
                  • comparative [ENG31-06333686-n] (the comparative form of an adjective or adverb)
                  • superlative [ENG31-06334277-n] (the superlative form of an adjective or adverb)
                • adverb [ENG31-06334605-n] (a word that modifies something other than a noun)

                  • adverbial [ENG31-06335348-n] (a word or group of words function as an adverb)
                • dangling modifier [ENG31-06334815-n] (a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us')

                  • dangling participle [ENG31-06335079-n] (a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view')
            • contraction [ENG31-06300252-n] (a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds)
            • deictic [ENG31-06300473-n] (a word specifying identity or spatial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs)
            • derivative [ENG31-06300831-n] ((linguistics) a word that is derived from another word)
            • diminutive [ENG31-06301026-n] (a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness)
            • dirty word [ENG31-06301181-n] (a word that is considered to be unmentionable)
            • disyllable [ENG31-06301319-n] (a word having two syllables)
            • form [ENG31-06301417-n] (the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something)

              • plural [ENG31-06306016-n] (the form of a word that is used to denote more than one)
              • singular [ENG31-06310906-n] (the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton)
              • ghost word [ENG31-06311048-n] (a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error)
              • root [ENG31-06311183-n] ((linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed)
              • etymon [ENG31-06311435-n] (a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes)
              • citation form [ENG31-06311622-n] (the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary)
              • abbreviation [ENG31-07105779-n] (a shortened form of a word or phrase)

                • apocope [ENG31-07105947-n] (abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds)
                • initialism [ENG31-07106112-n] (an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced separately)
              • acronym [ENG31-07106330-n] (a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word)
            • four-letter word [ENG31-06301902-n] (any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive)
            • function word [ENG31-06302098-n] (a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning)

              • determiner [ENG31-06335468-n] (one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases)

                • article [ENG31-06335662-n] ((grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase)

                  • definite article [ENG31-06335857-n] (a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference)
                  • indefinite article [ENG31-06335994-n] (a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates nonspecific reference)
              • preposition [ENG31-06336138-n] (a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word)
              • pronoun [ENG31-06336363-n] (a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase)

                • anaphoric pronoun [ENG31-06336569-n] (a pronoun that refers to an antecedent)
                • demonstrative pronoun [ENG31-06336671-n] (a pronoun that points out an intended referent)
                • personal pronoun [ENG31-06338129-n] (a pronoun expressing a distinction of person)

                  • reflexive pronoun [ENG31-06339200-n] (a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent)
                • reciprocal pronoun [ENG31-06338254-n] (a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject)
                • relative pronoun [ENG31-06338544-n] (a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent)
              • conjunction [ENG31-06336819-n] (an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences)

                • coordinating conjunction [ENG31-06337047-n] (a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents)
                • subordinating conjunction [ENG31-06337219-n] (a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause)
              • particle [ENG31-06337399-n] (a function word that can be used in English to form phrasal verbs)
            • guide word [ENG31-06302383-n] (a word printed at the top of the page of a dictionary or other reference book to indicate the first or last item on that page)
            • head [ENG31-06302589-n] ((grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent)
            • headword [ENG31-06302780-n] (a word placed at the beginning of a line or paragraph (as in a dictionary entry))
            • heteronym [ENG31-06303070-n] (two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation)
            • holonym [ENG31-06303258-n] (a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part)
            • homonym [ENG31-06303429-n] (two words are homonyms if they are pronounced and spelled the same way but have different meanings)

              • homograph [ENG31-07145730-n] (two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair))
              • homophone [ENG31-07145877-n] (two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear))
            • hypernym [ENG31-06303617-n] (a word that is more generic than a given word)
            • hyponym [ENG31-06303754-n] (a word that is more specific than a given word)
            • key word [ENG31-06303887-n] (a significant word used in indexing or cataloging)
            • loanblend [ENG31-06304010-n] (a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root))
            • loanword [ENG31-06304241-n] (a word borrowed from another language)

              • Latinism [ENG31-06304436-n] (a word or phrase borrowed from Latin)
              • Gallicism [ENG31-07095838-n] (a word or phrase borrowed from French)
            • meronym [ENG31-06304527-n] (a word that names a part of a larger whole)
            • metonym [ENG31-06304679-n] (a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing)
            • monosyllable [ENG31-06305090-n] (a word or utterance of one syllable)
            • neologism [ENG31-06305222-n] (a newly invented word or phrase)

              • blend [ENG31-06299307-n] (a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings)
            • nonce word [ENG31-06305365-n] (a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion)
            • oxytone [ENG31-06305497-n] (word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable)
            • palindrome [ENG31-06305609-n] (a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward)
            • primitive [ENG31-06305722-n] (a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms)
            • paroxytone [ENG31-06312662-n] (word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable)
            • partitive [ENG31-06312782-n] (word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole)
            • polysemant [ENG31-06312943-n] (a word having more than one meaning)
            • polysyllable [ENG31-06313073-n] (a word of more than three syllables)

              • jawbreaker [ENG31-06316375-n] (a word that is hard to pronounce)
              • sesquipedalian [ENG31-06316464-n] (a very long word (a foot and a half long))
            • proparoxytone [ENG31-06313259-n] (word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult)
            • quantifier [ENG31-06313371-n] ((grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or `many'))

              • universal quantifier [ENG31-06313957-n] (a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things)
            • quantifier [ENG31-06313532-n] ((logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition)

              • existential quantifier [ENG31-06313745-n] (a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true)
            • reduplication [ENG31-06314140-n] (a word formed by or containing a repeated syllable or speech sound (usually at the beginning of the word))
            • retronym [ENG31-06314305-n] (a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate)
            • substantive [ENG31-06314530-n] (any word or group of words functioning as a noun)
            • synonym [ENG31-06314672-n] (two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context)
            • term [ENG31-06314878-n] (a word or expression used for some particular thing)

              • referent [ENG31-06615483-n] (something that refers)
            • terminology [ENG31-06315049-n] (a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline)

              • markup language [ENG31-06800692-n] (a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document)

                • standard generalized markup language [ENG31-06800864-n] ((computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents)
                • hypertext markup language [ENG31-06801119-n] (a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents)
              • toponymy [ENG31-06801320-n] (the nomenclature of regional anatomy)
            • trisyllable [ENG31-06315328-n] (a word having three syllables)
            • troponym [ENG31-06315415-n] (a word that denotes a manner of doing something)
            • vocable [ENG31-06315566-n] (a word that is spoken aloud)
            • classifier [ENG31-06319426-n] (a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class to which the counted item belongs)
            • written word [ENG31-06371721-n] (the written form of a word)

              • bigram [ENG31-06372006-n] (a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system)
              • trigram [ENG31-06372130-n] (a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system)
              • tetragram [ENG31-06372257-n] (a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system)

                • Tetragrammaton [ENG31-06372403-n] (four Hebrew letters usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh) or JHVH (Jehovah) signifying the Hebrew name for God which the Jews regarded as too holy to pronounce)
            • syncategorem [ENG31-06765409-n] (a syncategorematic expression)
          • syllable [ENG31-06315661-n] (a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme)

            • ultima [ENG31-06316019-n] (the last syllable in a word)
            • penult [ENG31-06316099-n] (the next to last syllable in a word)
            • antepenult [ENG31-06316213-n] (the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end)
            • reduplication [ENG31-06316600-n] (the syllable added in a reduplicated word form)
            • solfa syllable [ENG31-06881093-n] (one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization)

              • do [ENG31-06881359-n] (the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization)
              • re [ENG31-06881495-n] (the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization)
              • mi [ENG31-06881632-n] (the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization)
              • fa [ENG31-06881759-n] (the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization)
              • sol [ENG31-06881894-n] (the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization)
              • la [ENG31-06882036-n] (the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization)
              • ti [ENG31-06882179-n] (the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization)
          • lexeme [ENG31-06317024-n] (a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language)
          • morpheme [ENG31-06317223-n] (minimal meaningful language unit)

            • allomorph [ENG31-06317596-n] (a variant phonological representation of a morpheme)

              • morphophoneme [ENG31-07126218-n] ((linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme)
            • free morpheme [ENG31-06317832-n] (a morpheme that can occur alone)
            • bound morpheme [ENG31-06317935-n] (a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction)

              • combining form [ENG31-06318142-n] (a bound form used only in compounds)
              • affix [ENG31-06319039-n] (a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form)

                • prefix [ENG31-06319294-n] (an affix that is added in front of the word)

                  • alpha privative [ENG31-06319664-n] (the negative prefix a- or un-)
                • suffix [ENG31-06319977-n] (an affix that is added at the end of the word)
                • infix [ENG31-06320262-n] (an affix that is inserted inside the word)
            • ending [ENG31-06319755-n] (the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme))

              • inflectional ending [ENG31-06320121-n] (an inflection that is added at the end of a root word)
          • formative [ENG31-06317470-n] (minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function)
          • name [ENG31-06344646-n] (a language unit by which a person or thing is known)

            • agnomen [ENG31-06345388-n] (an additional name or an epithet appended to a name (as in `Ferdinand the Great'))
            • assumed name [ENG31-06345523-n] ((law) a name under which a corporation conducts business that is not the legal name of the corporation as shown in its articles of incorporation)
            • eponym [ENG31-06345789-n] (the name derived from a person (real or imaginary))
            • eponym [ENG31-06345996-n] (the person for whom something is named)
            • filename [ENG31-06346543-n] ((computer science) the name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files)
            • geographical indication [ENG31-06346843-n] ((law) a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin)

              • appellation [ENG31-06347064-n] (a geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine are grown)
            • patronymic [ENG31-06347202-n] (a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor (especially with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor))
            • matronymic [ENG31-06347519-n] (a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor)
            • street name [ENG31-06347655-n] (the name of a street)
            • street name [ENG31-06347733-n] (the name of a brokerage firm in which stock is held on behalf of a customer)
            • street name [ENG31-06347907-n] (slang for something (especially for an illegal drug))
            • surname [ENG31-06348274-n] (the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name))

              • maiden name [ENG31-06348481-n] (a woman's surname before marriage)
            • middle name [ENG31-06348572-n] (a name between your first name and your surname)
            • first name [ENG31-06348677-n] (the name that precedes the surname)

              • Christian name [ENG31-06348828-n] (the first name given to Christians at birth or christening)
              • praenomen [ENG31-06348964-n] (the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome)
            • nickname [ENG31-06349373-n] (a descriptive name for a place or thing)
            • alias [ENG31-06349528-n] (a name that has been assumed temporarily)
            • pseudonym [ENG31-06349648-n] (a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role)

              • stage name [ENG31-06349941-n] (the pseudonym of an actor)
              • pen name [ENG31-06350023-n] (an author's pseudonym)
            • misnomer [ENG31-06349855-n] (an incorrect or unsuitable name)
            • writer's name [ENG31-06350114-n] (the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work)
            • appellation [ENG31-06350278-n] (identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others)

              • street name [ENG31-06348093-n] (an alternative name that a person chooses or is given (especially in inner city neighborhoods))
              • nickname [ENG31-06349063-n] (a familiar name for a person (often a shortened version of a person's given name))
              • title [ENG31-06350786-n] (an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. `Mr.' or `General')

                • Aga [ENG31-06351417-n] (title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey))
                • Defender of the Faith [ENG31-06351552-n] (a title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII and later withdrew)
                • Don [ENG31-06351765-n] (a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for men that is prefixed to the forename)
                • Dona [ENG31-06351933-n] (a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for a woman)
                • Frau [ENG31-06352077-n] (a German courtesy title or form of address for an adult woman)
                • Fraulein [ENG31-06352208-n] (a German courtesy title or form of address for an unmarried woman)
                • Herr [ENG31-06352497-n] (a German courtesy title or form of address for a man)
                • Miss [ENG31-06352619-n] (a form of address for an unmarried woman)
                • Mister [ENG31-06352710-n] (a form of address for a man)
                • Mrs [ENG31-06352801-n] (a form of address for a married woman)
                • Ms [ENG31-06352895-n] (a form of address for a woman)
                • Rabbi [ENG31-06352979-n] (a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher)
                • Reverend [ENG31-06353143-n] (a title of respect for a clergyman)
                • Senor [ENG31-06353232-n] (a Spanish title or form of address for a man)
                • Senora [ENG31-06353385-n] (a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman)
                • Senorita [ENG31-06353552-n] (a Spanish title or form of address used to or of an unmarried girl or woman)
                • Signora [ENG31-06353732-n] (an Italian title or form of address for a married woman)
                • Signorina [ENG31-06353860-n] (an Italian title or form of address for an unmarried woman)
                • Very Reverend [ENG31-06353993-n] (a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others))
              • title [ENG31-06354487-n] (an appellation signifying nobility)

                • Lordship [ENG31-06354151-n] (a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge)
                • Ladyship [ENG31-06354347-n] (a title used to address any peeress except a duchess)
                • baronetcy [ENG31-06354734-n] (the title of a baron)
                • viscountcy [ENG31-06354810-n] (the title of a viscount)
            • pet name [ENG31-06350614-n] (a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix))
            • title [ENG31-06354890-n] (the name of a work of art or literary composition etc.)

              • masthead [ENG31-06356216-n] (the title of a newspaper or magazine)
              • rubric [ENG31-06356368-n] (a title or heading that is printed in red or in a special type)
            • place name [ENG31-06355208-n] (the name by which a geographical place is known)
            • signature [ENG31-06416225-n] (your name written in your own handwriting)

              • allograph [ENG31-06416449-n] (a signature written by one person for another)
              • autograph [ENG31-06416550-n] (a person's own signature)
              • countersignature [ENG31-06416663-n] (a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed)
              • endorsement [ENG31-06416841-n] (a signature that validates something)

                • blank endorsement [ENG31-06417066-n] (an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer)
              • sign manual [ENG31-06417232-n] (the signature of a sovereign on an official document)
            • company name [ENG31-06858249-n] (the name by which a corporation is identified)
            • domain name [ENG31-06858353-n] (strings of letters and numbers (separated by periods) that are used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet)
            • trade name [ENG31-06858649-n] (a name given to a product or service)

              • label [ENG31-06864566-n] (trade name of a company that produces musical recordings)
          • collocation [ENG31-07028265-n] (a grouping of words in a sentence)
          • phone [ENG31-07125755-n] ((phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language)

            • phoneme [ENG31-07126419-n] ((linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language)

              • allophone [ENG31-07126641-n] ((linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme)
            • vowel [ENG31-07127258-n] (a speech sound made with the vocal tract open)

              • ablaut [ENG31-07126811-n] (a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song))

                • grade [ENG31-07126990-n] (a degree of ablaut)
              • diphthong [ENG31-07127072-n] (a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another)
              • schwa [ENG31-07128731-n] (a neutral middle vowel)

                • murmur vowel [ENG31-07128862-n] (a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant)
              • stem vowel [ENG31-07128992-n] (a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection)
            • semivowel [ENG31-07129117-n] (a vowellike sound that serves as a consonant)

              • palatal [ENG31-07129243-n] (a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast'))
            • consonant [ENG31-07129729-n] (a speech sound that is not a vowel)

              • alveolar consonant [ENG31-07130201-n] (a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge)
              • obstruent [ENG31-07130392-n] (a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth)

                • stop consonant [ENG31-07130622-n] (a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it)

                  • labial stop [ENG31-07132180-n] (a stop consonant that is produced with the lips)
                  • glottal stop [ENG31-07132303-n] (a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis)
                  • suction stop [ENG31-07132918-n] (a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu))
                • continuant consonant [ENG31-07133075-n] (consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract)

                  • fricative consonant [ENG31-07133262-n] (a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract)

                    • sibilant [ENG31-07133455-n] (a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh))
                • affricate [ENG31-07133698-n] (a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy'))
              • aspirate [ENG31-07131466-n] (a consonant pronounced with aspiration)
              • labial consonant [ENG31-07131715-n] (a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips)

                • bilabial [ENG31-07132041-n] (a consonant that is articulated using both lips)
              • labiodental consonant [ENG31-07131901-n] (a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth)
              • nasal consonant [ENG31-07133919-n] (a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed)
              • lingual [ENG31-07134229-n] (a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs)
              • liquid [ENG31-07134351-n] (a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r'))
              • geminate [ENG31-07134484-n] (a doubled or long consonant)
              • surd [ENG31-07134605-n] (a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords)
              • velar [ENG31-07134733-n] (a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate)
              • guttural [ENG31-07134884-n] (a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat)
            • orinasal phone [ENG31-07134066-n] (a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels))
            • sonant [ENG31-07135072-n] (a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords)
          • sign [ENG31-07290723-n] (a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified)
        • item [ENG31-06494090-n] (a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list)

          • agenda item [ENG31-06494557-n] (one of the items to be considered)
          • incidental [ENG31-06494667-n] (an item that is incidental)
          • inventory item [ENG31-06494750-n] (an item listed in an inventory)
          • line item [ENG31-06494860-n] (an item in an appropriation bill)
          • news item [ENG31-06495028-n] (an item in a newspaper)

            • factoid [ENG31-06496576-n] (a brief (usually one sentence and usually trivial) news item)
          • place [ENG31-06495143-n] (an item on a list or in a sequence)

            • postposition [ENG31-06495391-n] ((linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached))
            • preposition [ENG31-06495681-n] ((linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached))
        • butt [ENG31-13145614-n] (the part of a plant from which the roots spring or the part of a stalk or trunk nearest the roots)
        • basis [ENG31-13831981-n] (the most important or necessary part of something)
        • detail [ENG31-13832132-n] (a small part that can be considered separately from the whole)

          • highlight [ENG31-13832353-n] (the most interesting or memorable part)
        • unit [ENG31-13832535-n] (an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole)
        • member [ENG31-13832827-n] (anything that belongs to a set or class)
        • remainder [ENG31-13833030-n] (something left after other parts have been taken away)

          • leftover [ENG31-13833396-n] (a small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists)
        • subpart [ENG31-13833552-n] (a part of a part)
      • affinity [ENG31-13833622-n] (a close connection marked by community of interests or similarity in nature or character)

        • rapport [ENG31-13833952-n] (a relationship of mutual understanding or trust and agreement between people)
        • sympathy [ENG31-13834112-n] (a relation of affinity or harmony between people)

          • mutual understanding [ENG31-13834385-n] (sympathy of each person for the other)
      • kinship [ENG31-13834819-n] ((anthropology) relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption)

        • affinity [ENG31-13834508-n] ((biology) state of relationship between organisms or groups of organisms resulting in resemblance in structure or structural parts)
        • descent [ENG31-13835254-n] (the kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors)

          • bilateral descent [ENG31-13836668-n] (line of descent traced through both the maternal and paternal sides of the family)
          • unilateral descent [ENG31-13836813-n] (line of descent traced through one side of the family)

            • matrilineage [ENG31-13836967-n] (line of descent traced through the maternal side of the family)
            • patrilineage [ENG31-13837110-n] (line of descent traced through the paternal side of the family)
        • affinity [ENG31-13835495-n] ((anthropology) kinship by marriage or adoption)

          • steprelationship [ENG31-13835695-n] (a family relationship by virtue of remarriage)
        • consanguinity [ENG31-13835803-n] ((anthropology) related by blood)
        • parentage [ENG31-13835977-n] (the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents)
        • fatherhood [ENG31-13836110-n] (the kinship relation between an offspring and the father)
        • motherhood [ENG31-13836253-n] (the kinship relation between an offspring and the mother)
        • sisterhood [ENG31-13836396-n] (the kinship relation between a female offspring and the siblings)
        • brotherhood [ENG31-13836548-n] (the kinship relation between a male offspring and the siblings)
        • marital relationship [ENG31-13837242-n] (the relationship between wife and husband)
      • magnitude relation [ENG31-13837364-n] (a relation between magnitudes)

        • scale [ENG31-13837554-n] (relative magnitude)
        • proportion [ENG31-13837661-n] (the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree)
        • ratio [ENG31-13841419-n] (the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient))

          • margin of profit [ENG31-13282141-n] (the ratio gross profits divided by net sales)
          • abundance [ENG31-13842212-n] ((chemistry) the ratio of the total mass of an element in the earth's crust to the total mass of the earth's crust)
          • abundance [ENG31-13842451-n] ((physics) the ratio of the number of atoms of a specific isotope of an element to the total number of isotopes present)
          • albedo [ENG31-13842644-n] (the ratio of reflected to incident light)
          • aspect ratio [ENG31-13842756-n] (the ratio of the width to the height of a tv picture)
          • average [ENG31-13842867-n] ((sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities)

            • batting average [ENG31-13840084-n] ((baseball) a measure of a batter's performance)
            • fielding average [ENG31-13840566-n] ((baseball) a measure of a fielder's performance)
          • cephalic index [ENG31-13843038-n] (ratio (in percent) of the maximum breadth to the maximum length of a skull)
          • efficiency [ENG31-13843205-n] (the ratio of the output to the input of any system)

            • figure of merit [ENG31-13843330-n] (a numerical expression representing the efficiency of a given system, material, or procedure)
          • facial index [ENG31-13843484-n] (the ratio (in percent) of the maximum width to the maximum height of the face)
          • focal ratio [ENG31-13843620-n] (the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of a (camera) lens system)
          • frequency [ENG31-13843782-n] (the ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations)

            • incidence [ENG31-13849172-n] (the relative frequency of occurrence of something)

              • morbidity [ENG31-13849316-n] (the relative incidence of a particular disease)
          • hematocrit [ENG31-13843978-n] (the ratio of the volume occupied by packed red blood cells to the volume of the whole blood as measured by a hematocrit)
          • intelligence quotient [ENG31-13844189-n] (a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test)

            • adult intelligence [ENG31-13844461-n] (the average IQ of the adults in a given population)
            • borderline intelligence [ENG31-13844576-n] (the minimal IQ required for someone to function normally and independently in the world (without some form of institutional assistance))
          • load factor [ENG31-13844781-n] ((aeronautics) the ratio of an external load to the weight of the aircraft (measured in g))
          • loss ratio [ENG31-13844947-n] (the ratio of the annual claims paid by an insurance company to the premiums received)
          • Mach number [ENG31-13845088-n] (the ratio of the speed of a moving body to the speed of sound)
          • magnification [ENG31-13845207-n] (the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object)
          • mechanical advantage [ENG31-13845362-n] (the ratio of the force exerted by a machine to the force applied to it)
          • mileage [ENG31-13845499-n] (the ratio of the number of miles traveled to the number of gallons of gasoline burned)
          • odds [ENG31-13845695-n] (the ratio by which one better's wager is greater than that of another)
          • order of magnitude [ENG31-13845863-n] (a number assigned to the ratio of two quantities)
          • output-to-input ratio [ENG31-13846180-n] (the output power of a transducer divided by the input power)
          • prevalence [ENG31-13846326-n] ((epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population)
          • price-to-earnings ratio [ENG31-13846552-n] ((stock market) the price of a stock divided by its earnings)
          • productivity [ENG31-13846712-n] ((economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time)
          • proportionality [ENG31-13846887-n] (a ratio of two quantities that is constant)

            • commensurateness [ENG31-13839491-n] (the relation of corresponding in degree or size or amount)
          • quotient [ENG31-13847027-n] (the ratio of two quantities to be divided)

            • proportion [ENG31-13837954-n] (the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole)

              • case-fatality proportion [ENG31-13838283-n] (the number of cases of a disease ending in death divided by the number of cases of the disease)
              • case-to-infection proportion [ENG31-13838525-n] (the number of cases of a disease divided by the number of infections with the agent that causes the disease)
              • content [ENG31-13838733-n] (the proportion of a substance that is contained in a mixture or alloy etc.)
              • rate [ENG31-13838861-n] (a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure)
              • scale [ENG31-13839074-n] (the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it)
              • golden section [ENG31-13839278-n] (the proportional relation between two divisions of line or two dimension of a plane figure such that short : long :: long : (short + long))
              • percentage [ENG31-13839738-n] (a proportion in relation to a whole (which is usually the amount per hundred))

                • absentee rate [ENG31-13839973-n] (the percentage of workers who do not report to work)
                • occupancy rate [ENG31-13840763-n] (the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) are occupied or rented at a given time)

                  • hospital occupancy [ENG31-13840948-n] (occupancy rate for hospitals)
                  • hotel occupancy [ENG31-13841041-n] (occupancy rate for hotels)
                • vacancy rate [ENG31-13841128-n] (the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) that are unoccupied or not rented at a given time)
                • unemployment rate [ENG31-13841286-n] (the percentage of the work force that is unemployed at any given date)
              • batting average [ENG31-13840355-n] ((an extension of the baseball term) the proportion of times some effort succeeds)
          • refractive index [ENG31-13847141-n] (the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium)
          • relative humidity [ENG31-13847292-n] (the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature)
          • respiratory quotient [ENG31-13847505-n] (the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expired to the volume of oxygen consumed by an organism or cell in a given period of time)
          • safety factor [ENG31-13847703-n] (the ratio of the breaking stress of a structure to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary use)
          • signal-to-noise ratio [ENG31-13847877-n] (the ratio of signal intensity to noise intensity)
          • stoichiometry [ENG31-13848053-n] ((chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers))
          • time constant [ENG31-13848297-n] (the ratio of the inductance of a circuit in henries to its resistance in ohms)
          • employee turnover [ENG31-13848434-n] (the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers)
          • loading [ENG31-13848639-n] (the ratio of the gross weight of an airplane to some factor determining its lift)

            • power loading [ENG31-13848827-n] (the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its engine power)
            • span loading [ENG31-13848945-n] (the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wingspan)
            • wing loading [ENG31-13849058-n] (the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wing area)
          • eccentricity [ENG31-13899768-n] ((geometry) a ratio describing the shape of a conic section)
        • rate [ENG31-15311467-n] (a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit)

          • acceleration [ENG31-15300837-n] ((physics) a rate of increase of velocity)

            • angular acceleration [ENG31-11489508-n] ((physics) the rate of change of the angular velocity of a rotating body)
            • centripetal acceleration [ENG31-15301009-n] (the acceleration toward the center that holds a satellite in elliptical orbit)
          • deceleration [ENG31-15301157-n] ((physics) a rate of decrease in velocity)
          • attrition rate [ENG31-15301293-n] (the rate of shrinkage in size or number)
          • birthrate [ENG31-15301413-n] (the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area)
          • bits per second [ENG31-15301628-n] ((computer science) the rate at which data is transferred (as by a modem))
          • crime rate [ENG31-15301787-n] (the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area)
          • data rate [ENG31-15301945-n] (the rate at which circuits or other devices operate when handling digital information)

            • channel capacity [ENG31-15312309-n] (the maximum data rate that can be attained over a given channel)
          • deathrate [ENG31-15302104-n] (the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area)

            • infant deathrate [ENG31-15310840-n] (the death rate during the first year of life)
            • neonatal mortality [ENG31-15310990-n] (the death rate during the first 28 days of life)
          • dose rate [ENG31-15302344-n] (the quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time)
          • erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ENG31-15302448-n] (the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of blood under standardized conditions)
          • flow [ENG31-15302716-n] (the amount of fluid that flows in a given time)

            • cardiac output [ENG31-15302912-n] (the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time)
          • flux [ENG31-15303118-n] (the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface)

            • neutron flux [ENG31-15312435-n] (the rate of flow of neutrons)
            • radiant flux [ENG31-15312587-n] (the rate of flow of radiant energy (electromagnetic waves))

              • luminous flux [ENG31-15312722-n] (the rate of flow of light energy)
          • frequency [ENG31-15303267-n] (the number of occurrences within a given time period)

            • audio [ENG31-05063537-n] (an audible acoustic wave frequency)
            • radio frequency [ENG31-05063641-n] (an electromagnetic wave frequency between audio and infrared)

              • station [ENG31-05064212-n] (the frequency assigned to a broadcasting station)
              • extremely low frequency [ENG31-05064314-n] (below 3 kilohertz)
              • very low frequency [ENG31-05064426-n] (3 to 30 kilohertz)
              • low frequency [ENG31-05064533-n] (30 to 300 kilohertz)
              • medium frequency [ENG31-05064636-n] (300 to 3000 kilohertz)
              • high frequency [ENG31-05064744-n] (3 to 30 megahertz)
              • very high frequency [ENG31-05064846-n] (30 to 300 megahertz)
              • ultrahigh frequency [ENG31-05064956-n] (300 to 3000 megahertz)
              • superhigh frequency [ENG31-05065068-n] (3 to 30 gigahertz)
              • extremely high frequency [ENG31-05065176-n] (30 to 300 gigahertz)
            • infrared [ENG31-05063962-n] (the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum)
            • wave number [ENG31-13665526-n] (the reciprocal of the wavelength of a wave)

              • rydberg [ENG31-13665373-n] (a wave number characteristic of the wave spectrum of each element)
            • attendance [ENG31-15310217-n] (the frequency with which a person is present)
            • count per minute [ENG31-15310398-n] (frequency per minute)
            • sampling frequency [ENG31-15310497-n] ((telecommunication) the frequency of sampling a continuously varying signal)

              • Nyquist frequency [ENG31-15310674-n] ((telecommunication) twice the maximum frequency occurring in the transmitted signal)
          • gigahertz [ENG31-15303677-n] (1,000,000,000 periods per second)
          • growth rate [ENG31-15303811-n] (the rate of increase in size per unit time)

            • isometry [ENG31-15303946-n] (the growth rates in different parts of a growing organism are the same)
          • hertz [ENG31-15304090-n] (the unit of frequency)
          • inflation rate [ENG31-15304320-n] (the rate of change of prices (as indicated by a price index) calculated on a monthly or annual basis)
          • jerk [ENG31-15304501-n] ((mechanics) the rate of change of acceleration)
          • knot [ENG31-15304617-n] ((of ships and wind) a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour or about 1.15 statute miles per hour)
          • kilohertz [ENG31-15304776-n] (one thousand periods per second)
          • kilometers per hour [ENG31-15304947-n] (the ratio of the distance traveled (in kilometers) to the time spent traveling (in hours))
          • megahertz [ENG31-15305175-n] (one million periods per second)
          • terahertz [ENG31-15305326-n] (one trillion periods per second)
          • metabolic rate [ENG31-15305419-n] (rate of metabolism)

            • basal metabolic rate [ENG31-13458783-n] (the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state)
          • miles per hour [ENG31-15305564-n] (the ratio of the distance traveled (in miles) to the time spent traveling (in hours))
          • pace [ENG31-15305715-n] (the rate of moving (especially walking or running))

            • quick time [ENG31-15308442-n] (a normal marching pace of 120 steps per minute)
            • double time [ENG31-15308545-n] (a fast marching pace (180 steps/min) or slow jog)
          • rate of return [ENG31-15306394-n] (the amount returned per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the cost)

            • return on invested capital [ENG31-15306547-n] ((corporate finance) the amount, expressed as a percentage, that is earned on a company's total capital calculated by dividing the total capital into earnings before interest, taxes, or dividends are paid)
          • revolutions per minute [ENG31-15307088-n] (rate of revolution of a motor)
          • sampling rate [ENG31-15307250-n] ((telecommunication) the frequency of sampling per unit time)

            • Nyquist rate [ENG31-15307406-n] ((telecommunication) the lowest sampling rate that will permit accurate reconstruction of a sampled analog signal)
          • solar constant [ENG31-15307596-n] (the rate at which radiant solar energy is received at the outer layer of the earth's atmosphere)
          • spacing [ENG31-15307752-n] (the time between occurrences of a repeating event)
          • speed [ENG31-15307914-n] (distance travelled per unit time)

            • angular velocity [ENG31-11489665-n] ((physics) the rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body)
            • airspeed [ENG31-15308651-n] (the speed of an aircraft relative to the air in which it is flying)
            • escape velocity [ENG31-15308772-n] (the minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field)
            • groundspeed [ENG31-15308893-n] (the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground)
            • hypervelocity [ENG31-15308998-n] (excessive velocity)
            • muzzle velocity [ENG31-15309138-n] (the velocity of a projectile as it leaves the muzzle of a gun)
            • peculiar velocity [ENG31-15309261-n] (velocity with respect to the local standard of rest)
            • radial velocity [ENG31-15309376-n] (velocity along the line of sight toward or away from the observer)
            • speed of light [ENG31-15309503-n] (the speed at which light travels in a vacuum)
            • steerageway [ENG31-15309771-n] ((nautical) the minimum rate of motion needed for a vessel to be maneuvered)
            • terminal velocity [ENG31-15309922-n] (the constant maximum velocity reached by a body falling through the atmosphere under the attraction of gravity)
          • tempo [ENG31-15308315-n] (the rate of some repeating event)

            • beats per minute [ENG31-15311260-n] (the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds)
          • words per minute [ENG31-15311128-n] (the rate at which words are produced (as in speaking or typing))
      • control [ENG31-13849418-n] (a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another)
      • business relation [ENG31-13859040-n] (a relation between different business enterprises)

        • competition [ENG31-13859208-n] (a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers)

          • price war [ENG31-13859399-n] (intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business)
        • clientage [ENG31-13859550-n] (relation of a client to a patron)
      • reciprocality [ENG31-13863412-n] (a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence)

        • complementarity [ENG31-13863666-n] (the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other)
        • correlation [ENG31-13863850-n] (a reciprocal relation between two or more things)
        • mutuality [ENG31-13864062-n] (a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups))

          • commensalism [ENG31-13864440-n] (the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it)
          • parasitism [ENG31-13864614-n] (the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage))
          • symbiosis [ENG31-13864821-n] (the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent)

            • trophobiosis [ENG31-13865040-n] (a symbiotic relation in which one organism protects the other in return for some kind of food product)
          • sharing [ENG31-13865983-n] (having in common)
          • sharing [ENG31-13866117-n] (using or enjoying something jointly with others)

            • time sharing [ENG31-13866254-n] ((computer science) the use of a central computer by many users simultaneously)
        • mutuality [ENG31-13865600-n] (a reciprocality of sentiments)
        • reciprocal [ENG31-13865800-n] (something (a term or expression or concept) that has an inverse relation to something else)
      • interrelation [ENG31-13866409-n] (mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness)

        • psychodynamics [ENG31-13866715-n] (the interrelation of conscious and unconscious processes and emotions that determine personality and motivation)
      • temporal relation [ENG31-13866887-n] (a relation involving time)

        • antecedent [ENG31-13867120-n] (anything that precedes something similar in time)
        • chronology [ENG31-13867311-n] (an arrangement of events in time)
        • synchronism [ENG31-13867436-n] (the relation that exists when things occur at the same time)
        • asynchronism [ENG31-13868035-n] (the relation that exists when things occur at unrelated times)
      • comparison [ENG31-13876005-n] (relation based on similarities and differences)

        • imaginative comparison [ENG31-13876144-n] (the kind of mental comparison that is expressed in similes or metaphors or allegories)
      • opposition [ENG31-13876846-n] (the relation between opposed entities)

        • antipode [ENG31-13877297-n] (direct opposite)
        • antithesis [ENG31-13877427-n] (exact opposite)
        • conflict [ENG31-13877574-n] (opposition in a work of drama or fiction between characters or forces (especially an opposition that motivates the development of the plot))
        • contrast [ENG31-13877824-n] (the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared)
        • flip side [ENG31-13878025-n] (a different aspect of something (especially the opposite aspect))
        • mutual opposition [ENG31-13878307-n] (a relation between two opposite attributes or tendencies)
        • gradable opposition [ENG31-13878517-n] (an opposition that is capable of being graded)

          • polar opposition [ENG31-13878646-n] (an opposition that can be graded between two extremes or poles)
        • polarity [ENG31-13878771-n] (having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges))

          • positivity [ENG31-13879054-n] (the character of the positive electric pole)
          • negativity [ENG31-13879205-n] (the character of the negative electric pole)
        • ungradable opposition [ENG31-13879356-n] (an opposition that has no intermediate grade)

          • complementarity [ENG31-13879511-n] (a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities)
        • contradictoriness [ENG31-13879683-n] (the relation that exists when opposites cannot coexist)

          • incompatibility [ENG31-13880242-n] (the relation between propositions that cannot both be true at the same time)
        • contradiction [ENG31-13879873-n] (opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas)

          • dialectic [ENG31-13880001-n] (a contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction)
        • contrary [ENG31-13880467-n] (exact opposition)
        • contrariety [ENG31-13880589-n] (the relation between contraries)
        • tertium quid [ENG31-13880678-n] (some third thing similar to two opposites but distinct from both)
        • reverse [ENG31-13880801-n] (a relation of direct opposition)
        • inverse [ENG31-13881030-n] (something inverted in sequence or character or effect)

          • additive inverse [ENG31-13865200-n] ((mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose sum is zero)
          • multiplicative inverse [ENG31-13865372-n] ((mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose product is 1: the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2)
        • antagonism [ENG31-13882745-n] (the relation between opposing principles or forces or factors)
      • change [ENG31-13881240-n] (a relational difference between states)

        • difference [ENG31-13881504-n] (a significant change)
        • gradient [ENG31-13881709-n] (a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension)

          • concentration gradient [ENG31-13881889-n] (a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution)
          • gravity gradient [ENG31-13882122-n] (a gradient in the gravitational forces acting on different parts of a nonspherical object)
          • temperature gradient [ENG31-13882342-n] (change in temperature as a function of distance (especially altitude))
    • communication [ENG31-00033319-n] (something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups)

      • publication [ENG31-01104341-n] (the communication of something to the public)
      • message [ENG31-06263820-n] (a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled)

        • broadcast [ENG31-06264137-n] (message that is transmitted by radio or television)

          • rebroadcast [ENG31-06632258-n] (a broadcast that repeated at a later time)
          • radio broadcast [ENG31-06634873-n] (a broadcast via radio)
          • simulcast [ENG31-06634956-n] (a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio))
          • telecast [ENG31-06635102-n] (a television broadcast)
          • newscast [ENG31-06696104-n] (a broadcast of news or commentary on the news)

            • radio news [ENG31-06696258-n] (a radio broadcast of news)
            • sportscast [ENG31-06696340-n] (a broadcast of sports news or commentary)
        • cipher [ENG31-06264369-n] (a message written in a secret code)
        • heliogram [ENG31-06264501-n] (a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays)
        • mail [ENG31-06286287-n] (the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service)

          • first class [ENG31-06275925-n] (mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection)

            • correspondence [ENG31-06636121-n] (communication by the exchange of letters)

              • card [ENG31-06639513-n] (a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures))

                • get-well card [ENG31-06639864-n] (a card expressing get-well wishes)
                • greeting card [ENG31-06639957-n] (a card sent to express personal greetings)

                  • birthday card [ENG31-06639767-n] (a card expressing a birthday greeting)
                  • Christmas card [ENG31-06640130-n] (a card expressing a Christmas greeting)
                  • Easter card [ENG31-06640229-n] (a card expressing an Easter greeting)
                  • Valentine [ENG31-06640323-n] (a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day)
                • postcard [ENG31-06640445-n] (a card for sending messages by post without an envelope)

                  • lettercard [ENG31-06640632-n] (a postcard that folds so the message is inside)
                  • picture postcard [ENG31-06640735-n] (a postcard with a picture on one side)
                • sympathy card [ENG31-06640835-n] (a card expressing sympathy)

                  • Mass card [ENG31-06640957-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a card sent to a bereaved family that says the sender has arranged for a Mass to be said in memory of the deceased)
                  • spiritual bouquet [ENG31-06641170-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another)
          • express [ENG31-06276128-n] (mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system)

            • pony express [ENG31-06276468-n] (express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback)
          • parcel post [ENG31-06276636-n] (postal service that handles packages)
          • bulk mail [ENG31-06276730-n] (mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot)
          • third-class mail [ENG31-06286630-n] (mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates)

            • junk mail [ENG31-06286794-n] (third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant')
          • airmail [ENG31-06635500-n] (letters and packages that are transported by aircraft)
          • air mail [ENG31-06635607-n] (mail that is sent by air transport)
          • surface mail [ENG31-06635714-n] (mail that is sent by land or sea)
          • registered mail [ENG31-06635823-n] (mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery)
          • special delivery [ENG31-06635988-n] (mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge))
        • phone message [ENG31-06286940-n] (a message transmitted by telephone)
        • radiogram [ENG31-06287054-n] (a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy)
        • dedication [ENG31-06417960-n] (a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something)
        • telegram [ENG31-06635216-n] (a message transmitted by telegraph)

          • cable [ENG31-06285748-n] (a telegram sent abroad)
          • letter telegram [ENG31-06285872-n] (a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day)
          • night letter [ENG31-06635384-n] (a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day)
        • packet [ENG31-07295804-n] ((computer science) a message or message fragment)
      • contagion [ENG31-06293036-n] (the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people)
      • language [ENG31-06293304-n] (a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols)

        • usage [ENG31-06294112-n] (the customary manner in which a language (or a form of a language) is spoken or written)
        • dead language [ENG31-06294300-n] (a language that is no longer learned as a native language)
        • words [ENG31-06294417-n] (language that is spoken or written)
        • source language [ENG31-06294565-n] (a language that is to be translated into another language)

          • application-oriented language [ENG31-06911886-n] (a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user)

            • high-level language [ENG31-06912621-n] (a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run)
            • job-control language [ENG31-06912781-n] (a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system)
          • command language [ENG31-06912222-n] (a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed)
        • object language [ENG31-06294720-n] (the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated)
        • sign language [ENG31-06888747-n] (language expressed by visible hand gestures)

          • finger spelling [ENG31-06888933-n] (an alphabet of manual signs)
          • ASL [ENG31-06889057-n] (the sign language used in the United States)
        • artificial language [ENG31-06907583-n] (a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose)

          • Antido [ENG31-06908197-n] (an artificial language related to Ido)
          • Arulo [ENG31-06908287-n] (an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language)
          • Basic English [ENG31-06908417-n] (a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication)
          • Blaia Zimondal [ENG31-06908622-n] (an artificial language)
          • Esperantido [ENG31-06908705-n] (an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido)
          • Esperanto [ENG31-06908812-n] (an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages)
          • Europan [ENG31-06908961-n] (an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language)
          • Idiom Neutral [ENG31-06909080-n] (an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language)
          • Interlingua [ENG31-06909325-n] (an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language)
          • Ido [ENG31-06909521-n] (an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto)
          • Latinesce [ENG31-06909644-n] (an artificial language based on Latin)
          • Lingualumina [ENG31-06909737-n] (an artificial language)
          • Lingvo Kosmopolita [ENG31-06909818-n] (an artificial language)
          • Monario [ENG31-06909905-n] (an artificial language)
          • Nov-Esperanto [ENG31-06909981-n] (an artificial language based on Esperanto)
          • Novial [ENG31-06910082-n] (an artificial language)
          • Nov-Latin [ENG31-06910157-n] (an artificial language based on Latin)
          • Occidental [ENG31-06910250-n] (an artificial language)
          • Optez [ENG31-06910329-n] (an artificial language)
          • Pasigraphy [ENG31-06910403-n] (an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas)
          • Ro [ENG31-06910573-n] (an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas)
          • Romanal [ENG31-06910752-n] (an artificial language)
          • Solresol [ENG31-06910828-n] (an artificial language)
          • Volapuk [ENG31-06910905-n] (one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language)
          • programming language [ENG31-06911128-n] ((computer science) a language designed for programming computers)

            • algorithmic language [ENG31-06911748-n] (an artificial language designed to express algorithms)

              • algebraic language [ENG31-06911570-n] (an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions)

                • ALGOL [ENG31-06914540-n] ((from a combination of ALGOrithmic and Language))
                • FORTRAN [ENG31-06915138-n] (a high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes)
            • assembly language [ENG31-06912086-n] (a low-level programing language)
            • computer language [ENG31-06912409-n] (a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers)
            • multidimensional language [ENG31-06913058-n] (a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension)

              • decision table [ENG31-06594135-n] (a table of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each)
              • flow chart [ENG31-06594261-n] (a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program or an accounting system)
              • logic diagram [ENG31-06594443-n] (a graphical representation of a program using formal logic)
            • object language [ENG31-06913283-n] (a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated)
            • object-oriented programming language [ENG31-06913460-n] ((computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure)

              • Java [ENG31-06913829-n] (a platform-independent object-oriented programming language)
            • one-dimensional language [ENG31-06913939-n] (a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters)
            • stratified language [ENG31-06914109-n] (a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage)
            • unstratified language [ENG31-06914367-n] (a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage)
            • LISP [ENG31-06914712-n] (a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists)
            • Prolog [ENG31-06914969-n] (a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing)
            • COBOL [ENG31-06915387-n] (common business-oriented language)
            • C [ENG31-06915472-n] (a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system)
            • BASIC [ENG31-06915685-n] (a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn)
            • Pascal [ENG31-06915891-n] (a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach)
          • pidgin [ENG31-06918456-n] (an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages)

            • Chinook Jargon [ENG31-06918604-n] (a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words)
        • metalanguage [ENG31-06912932-n] (a language that can be used to describe languages)

          • syntax language [ENG31-06914247-n] (a language used to describe the syntax of another language)
        • native language [ENG31-06916172-n] (the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood)
        • indigenous language [ENG31-06916295-n] (a language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere)

          • substrate [ENG31-06916475-n] (an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population)
        • superstrate [ENG31-06916748-n] (the language of a later invading people that is imposed on an indigenous population and contributes features to their language)
        • natural language [ENG31-06916947-n] (a human written or spoken language used by a community)

          • mother tongue [ENG31-06917524-n] (one's native language)
          • tone language [ENG31-06917719-n] (a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings)

            • contour language [ENG31-06917917-n] (a tone language that uses pitch changes)
            • register language [ENG31-06918019-n] (a tone language that uses different voice registers)
          • creole [ENG31-06918134-n] (a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages)

            • Haitian Creole [ENG31-06918289-n] (a creole language spoken by most Haitians)
          • Amerind [ENG31-06919215-n] (any of the languages spoken by Amerindians)

            • Algonquian [ENG31-06919747-n] (family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains)

              • Abnaki [ENG31-06920824-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot)
              • Algonkian [ENG31-06920935-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian)
              • Arapaho [ENG31-06921067-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho)
              • Blackfoot [ENG31-06921270-n] (any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot)
              • Cheyenne [ENG31-06921476-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne)
              • Cree [ENG31-06922074-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree)
              • Delaware [ENG31-06922347-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware)
              • Fox [ENG31-06922624-n] (the Algonquian language of the Fox)
              • Illinois [ENG31-06922910-n] (the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami)
              • Kickapoo [ENG31-06923199-n] (the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo)
              • Malecite [ENG31-06923293-n] (the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody)
              • Massachuset [ENG31-06923415-n] (the Algonquian language of the Massachuset)
              • Menomini [ENG31-06923531-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini)
              • Micmac [ENG31-06923644-n] (the Algonquian language of the Micmac)
              • Mohican [ENG31-06923734-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican)
              • Nanticoke [ENG31-06923843-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy)
              • Ojibwa [ENG31-06924142-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa)
              • Pamlico [ENG31-06924442-n] (the Algonquian language of the Pamlico)
              • Potawatomi [ENG31-06924633-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi)
              • Powhatan [ENG31-06924738-n] (the Algonquian language of the Powhatan)
              • Shawnee [ENG31-06924925-n] (the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee)
            • Atakapa [ENG31-06920343-n] (a language spoken by the Atakapa of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas)
            • Athapaskan [ENG31-06920504-n] (a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir))

              • Apache [ENG31-06932210-n] (the language of the Apache)

                • Chiricahua Apache [ENG31-06932325-n] (an Apache language)
                • San Carlos Apache [ENG31-06932407-n] (an Apache language)
              • Navaho [ENG31-06932489-n] (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho)
              • Hupa [ENG31-06932595-n] (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa)
              • Mattole [ENG31-06932688-n] (the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole)
              • Chipewyan [ENG31-06932787-n] (the language spoken by the Chipewyan)
            • Muskhogean [ENG31-06926089-n] (a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States)

              • Alabama [ENG31-06925024-n] (the Muskhogean language of the Alabama)
              • Chickasaw [ENG31-06925116-n] (the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw)
              • Choctaw [ENG31-06925212-n] (the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw)
              • Hitchiti [ENG31-06925313-n] (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti)
              • Koasati [ENG31-06925414-n] (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati)
              • Muskogee [ENG31-06925513-n] (the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee)
              • Seminole [ENG31-06925707-n] (the Muskhogean language of the Seminole)
            • Na-Dene [ENG31-06926411-n] (a family of North American Indian languages)

              • Haida [ENG31-06923014-n] (the Na-Dene language of the Haida)
              • Tlingit [ENG31-06925801-n] (the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit)
            • Mosan [ENG31-06926544-n] (a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia)

              • Chemakuan [ENG31-06926724-n] (a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington)

                • Chemakum [ENG31-06926845-n] (a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum)
              • Salish [ENG31-06926943-n] (a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada)

                • Skagit [ENG31-06927107-n] (a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit)
              • Wakashan [ENG31-06927199-n] (a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington)

                • Kwakiutl [ENG31-06927388-n] (a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl)
                • Nootka [ENG31-06927485-n] (a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka)
            • Caddo [ENG31-06928377-n] (a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the Midwest by the Caddo)

              • Arikara [ENG31-06928597-n] (the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara)
              • Pawnee [ENG31-06928703-n] (the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee)
              • Wichita [ENG31-06928797-n] (the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita)
            • Iroquoian [ENG31-06929579-n] (a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois)

              • Cherokee [ENG31-06928893-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee)
              • Cayuga [ENG31-06928993-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga)
              • Mohawk [ENG31-06929089-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk)
              • Seneca [ENG31-06929185-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca)
              • Oneida [ENG31-06929281-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida)
              • Onondaga [ENG31-06929377-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga)
              • Tuscarora [ENG31-06929477-n] (the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora)
            • Quechua [ENG31-06929859-n] (the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas)
            • Maraco [ENG31-06930168-n] (the language spoken by the Maraco)
            • Tupi-Guarani [ENG31-06930378-n] (a family of South American Indian languages)

              • Guarani [ENG31-06930056-n] (the language spoken by the Guarani of Paraguay and Bolivia)
              • Tupi [ENG31-06930273-n] (the language spoken by the Tupi of Brazil and Paraguay)
            • Arawak [ENG31-06930540-n] (a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America)
            • Carib [ENG31-06930702-n] (the family of languages spoken by the Carib)
            • Uto-Aztecan [ENG31-06931172-n] (a family of American Indian languages)

              • Shoshonean [ENG31-06928089-n] (a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States)

                • Shoshone [ENG31-06927578-n] (the language spoken by the Shoshone (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family))
                • Comanche [ENG31-06927706-n] (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche)
                • Hopi [ENG31-06927807-n] (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi)
                • Paiute [ENG31-06927900-n] (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute)
                • Ute [ENG31-06927997-n] (the Shoshonean language spoken by the Utes)
              • Pima [ENG31-06931416-n] (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima)
              • Aztecan [ENG31-06931510-n] (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec)
              • Nahuatl [ENG31-06931608-n] (the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl)
              • Cahita [ENG31-06931708-n] (the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita)
              • Tatahumara [ENG31-06931799-n] (the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara)
              • Zapotec [ENG31-06931898-n] (the language of the Zapotec)
            • Maya [ENG31-06931991-n] (a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayas)

              • Kekchi [ENG31-06938520-n] (a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi)
              • Mam [ENG31-06938610-n] (a Mayan language spoken by the Mam)
              • Yucatec [ENG31-06938694-n] (a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec)
              • Quiche [ENG31-06938797-n] (the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche)
              • Cakchiquel [ENG31-06938889-n] (the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel)
            • Siouan [ENG31-06932906-n] (a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux)

              • Biloxi [ENG31-06921177-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi)
              • Catawba [ENG31-06921381-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba)
              • Chiwere [ENG31-06921577-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri)

                • Iowa [ENG31-06921744-n] (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa)
                • Missouri [ENG31-06921855-n] (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri)
                • Oto [ENG31-06921966-n] (a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto)
              • Crow [ENG31-06922167-n] (a Siouan language spoken by the Crow)
              • Dakota [ENG31-06922254-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota)
              • Dhegiha [ENG31-06922448-n] (a branch of the Siouan languages)

                • Kansa [ENG31-06923099-n] (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa)
                • Omaha [ENG31-06924260-n] (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha)
                • Osage [ENG31-06924351-n] (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage)
                • Ponca [ENG31-06924534-n] (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca)
                • Quapaw [ENG31-06924832-n] (the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw)
              • Hidatsa [ENG31-06922708-n] (a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa)
              • Hunkpapa [ENG31-06922815-n] (a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa)
              • Ofo [ENG31-06923956-n] (a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo)
              • Oglala [ENG31-06924041-n] (a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala)
              • Santee [ENG31-06925614-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Santee)
              • Tutelo [ENG31-06925897-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo)
              • Winnebago [ENG31-06925990-n] (the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago)
            • Tanoan [ENG31-06933274-n] (a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States)

              • Kiowa [ENG31-06933442-n] (the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa)
            • Hokan [ENG31-06933533-n] (a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California)

              • Chimariko [ENG31-06933771-n] (the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko)
              • Esselen [ENG31-06933869-n] (the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen)
              • Kulanapan [ENG31-06933963-n] (a group of languages of the Hokan family)

                • Pomo [ENG31-06934077-n] (the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo)
              • Quoratean [ENG31-06934169-n] (a group of languages of the Hokan family)

                • Karok [ENG31-06934283-n] (the Quoratean language of the Karok)
              • Shastan [ENG31-06934370-n] (a group of languages of the Hokan family in California)

                • Achomawi [ENG31-06934532-n] (the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi)
                • Atsugewi [ENG31-06934630-n] (the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi)
                • Shasta [ENG31-06934728-n] (the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta)
              • Yuman [ENG31-06934822-n] (a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico)

                • Akwa'ala [ENG31-06935166-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala)
                • Cochimi [ENG31-06935262-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi)
                • Cocopa [ENG31-06935356-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa)
                • Diegueno [ENG31-06935458-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno)
                • Havasupai [ENG31-06935554-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai)
                • Kamia [ENG31-06935652-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia)
                • Kiliwa [ENG31-06935742-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa)
                • Maricopa [ENG31-06935843-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma)
                • Mohave [ENG31-06935959-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave)
                • Walapai [ENG31-06936060-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai)
                • Yavapai [ENG31-06936175-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai)
                • Yuma [ENG31-06936269-n] (the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma)
              • Yanan [ENG31-06936357-n] (a language group of the Hokan family)

                • Yahi [ENG31-06936481-n] (the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi)
                • Yana [ENG31-06936569-n] (the Yanan language spoken by the Yana)
            • Penutian [ENG31-06936657-n] (a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California)

              • Copehan [ENG31-06936991-n] (a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river)

                • Patwin [ENG31-06937153-n] (a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin)
                • Wintun [ENG31-06937245-n] (a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun)
              • Costanoan [ENG31-06937337-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan)
              • Mariposan [ENG31-06937436-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley)
              • Moquelumnan [ENG31-06937567-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok)
              • Pujunan [ENG31-06937672-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu)
              • Chinookan [ENG31-06937773-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook)
              • Kalapooian [ENG31-06937880-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya)
              • Kusan [ENG31-06937991-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan)
              • Shahaptian [ENG31-06938082-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian)

                • Nez Perce [ENG31-06938212-n] (the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce)
              • Takilman [ENG31-06938315-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma)
              • Tsimshian [ENG31-06938421-n] (a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian)
          • Eskimo-Aleut [ENG31-06930818-n] (the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut)

            • Eskimo [ENG31-06930991-n] (the language spoken by the Eskimo)
            • Aleut [ENG31-06931088-n] (the language spoken by the Aleut)
          • Chukchi [ENG31-06941011-n] (an indigenous and isolated language of unknown origin spoken by the Chukchi that is pronounced differently by men and women)
          • Sino-Tibetan [ENG31-06943711-n] (the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia)

            • Sinitic [ENG31-06942395-n] (a group of Sino-Tibetan languages)

              • Chinese [ENG31-06942519-n] (any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China)

                • Mandarin [ENG31-06942870-n] (the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China)
                • Wu [ENG31-06943075-n] (a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta)
                • Yue [ENG31-06943204-n] (the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China)
                • Min [ENG31-06943410-n] (any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province)
                • Hakka [ENG31-06943581-n] (a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China by the Hakka)
            • Tibeto-Burman [ENG31-06943976-n] (a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay Peninsula)

              • Qiang [ENG31-06944276-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan)
              • Bai [ENG31-06944382-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan)
              • Himalayish [ENG31-06944501-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim)

                • Tibetan [ENG31-06946708-n] (Himalayish language spoken in Tibet)
                • Newari [ENG31-06946797-n] (Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal)
              • Kamarupan [ENG31-06944668-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma)

                • Kuki [ENG31-06946056-n] (Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India)
                • Naga [ENG31-06946206-n] (Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma)
                • Mikir-Meithei [ENG31-06946323-n] (Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India)
                • Bodo-Garo [ENG31-06946466-n] (Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India)
                • Miri [ENG31-06946601-n] (little known Kamarupan languages)
              • Karen [ENG31-06944907-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands)
              • Lolo-Burmese [ENG31-06945042-n] (the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan)

                • Burmese [ENG31-06945212-n] (the official language of Burma)
                • Loloish [ENG31-06945314-n] (languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas)

                  • Lisu [ENG31-06945511-n] (a Loloish language)
                  • Hani [ENG31-06945580-n] (a Loloish language)
                  • Lahu [ENG31-06945656-n] (a Loloish language)
                  • Lolo [ENG31-06945725-n] (a Loloish language)
              • Kachin [ENG31-06945799-n] (Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India)

                • Jinghpo [ENG31-06945962-n] (a Kachinic language)
            • Kadai [ENG31-06946909-n] (a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia)

              • Kam-Sui [ENG31-06947086-n] (a group of Kadai languages)
              • Tai [ENG31-06947166-n] (the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages)

                • White Tai [ENG31-06947625-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Red Tai [ENG31-06947710-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tai Dam [ENG31-06947793-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tai Nuea [ENG31-06947888-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tai Long [ENG31-06948000-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tai Lue [ENG31-06948091-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tai Yuan [ENG31-06948194-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Khuen [ENG31-06948290-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Lao [ENG31-06948371-n] (the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos)
                • Khamti [ENG31-06948518-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Southern Tai [ENG31-06948600-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tay [ENG31-06948688-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Nung [ENG31-06948767-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Tho [ENG31-06948847-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Thai [ENG31-06948926-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Bouyei [ENG31-06949067-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Zhuang [ENG31-06949156-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Yay [ENG31-06949238-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
                • Saek [ENG31-06949317-n] (a branch of the Tai languages)
          • Austro-Asiatic [ENG31-06949397-n] (a family of languages spoken in southern and southeastern Asia)

            • Munda [ENG31-06949600-n] (a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India)
            • Mon-Khmer [ENG31-06949725-n] (a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages)

              • Vietnamese [ENG31-06950006-n] (the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam)
              • Khmer [ENG31-06950125-n] (the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia)
              • Mon [ENG31-06950218-n] (the Mon-Khmer language spoken by the Mon)
          • Hmong [ENG31-06949875-n] (a language of uncertain affiliation spoken by the Hmong)
          • Austronesian [ENG31-06950308-n] (the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia)

            • Malayo-Polynesian [ENG31-06950545-n] (the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific)

              • Oceanic [ENG31-06950762-n] (an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages)

                • Tahitian [ENG31-06951071-n] (the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti)
                • Maori [ENG31-06951163-n] (the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori in New Zealand)
                • Hawaiian [ENG31-06951270-n] (the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii)
                • Fijian [ENG31-06951400-n] (the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji)
              • Tongan [ENG31-06950967-n] (the Polynesian language spoken by the Tongan people)
              • Western Malayo-Polynesian [ENG31-06951506-n] (a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages)

                • Malay [ENG31-06951664-n] (a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages)

                  • Malaysian [ENG31-06951828-n] (the Malay language spoken in Malaysia)
                  • Indonesian [ENG31-06951975-n] (the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia)

                    • Javanese [ENG31-06952208-n] (the Indonesian language spoken on Java)
                    • Sundanese [ENG31-06952319-n] (the Indonesian language spoken on West Java)
                    • Balinese [ENG31-06952418-n] (the Indonesian language of the people of Bali)
                • Philippine [ENG31-06952518-n] (official language of the Philippines)

                  • Tagalog [ENG31-06952763-n] (the language of the Tagalog on which Filipino is based)
                  • Cebuan [ENG31-06952871-n] (language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines)
            • Australian [ENG31-06953052-n] (the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines)

              • Dyirbal [ENG31-06953264-n] (a language of Australian aborigines)
              • Walbiri [ENG31-06953363-n] (a language of Australian aborigines)
            • Formosan [ENG31-06953463-n] (the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa)

              • Tayalic [ENG31-06953616-n] (a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa)
              • Tsouic [ENG31-06953731-n] (a Formosan language)
              • Paiwanic [ENG31-06953803-n] (a Formosan language)
          • Papuan [ENG31-06953877-n] (any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages)
          • Khoisan [ENG31-06954103-n] (a family of languages spoken in southern Africa)

            • Khoikhoin [ENG31-06954241-n] (any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa)
          • Indo-European [ENG31-06954406-n] (the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia)

            • Proto-Indo European [ENG31-06954856-n] (a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages)
            • Albanian [ENG31-06955014-n] (the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania)

              • Gheg [ENG31-06955181-n] (the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia)
              • Tosk [ENG31-06955312-n] (the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy)
            • Armenian [ENG31-06955461-n] (the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia, but also in Azerbaijan)
            • Illyrian [ENG31-06955636-n] (a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages)
            • Thraco-Phrygian [ENG31-06955789-n] (an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian)

              • Thracian [ENG31-06955983-n] (a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages)
              • Phrygian [ENG31-06956140-n] (a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions)
            • Balto-Slavic [ENG31-06956320-n] (a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages)

              • Slavic [ENG31-06956533-n] (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages)

                • Old Church Slavonic [ENG31-06956918-n] (the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century)
                • Russian [ENG31-06957110-n] (the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia)
                • Belarusian [ENG31-06957242-n] (the Slavic language spoken in Belarus)
                • Ukrainian [ENG31-06957385-n] (the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine)
                • Polish [ENG31-06957482-n] (the Slavic language of Poland)
                • Slovak [ENG31-06957582-n] (the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia)
                • Czech [ENG31-06957673-n] (the Slavic language of Czechs)
                • Slovene [ENG31-06957772-n] (the Slavic language of Slovenes)
                • Serbo-Croat [ENG31-06957857-n] (the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats)
                • Sorbian [ENG31-06958106-n] (a Slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany)
                • Macedonian [ENG31-06958235-n] (the Slavic language of modern Macedonia)
                • Bulgarian [ENG31-06958331-n] (a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria)
              • Baltic [ENG31-06958441-n] (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages)

                • Old Prussian [ENG31-06958779-n] (a dead language of the (non-German) Prussians (extinct after 1700))
                • Lithuanian [ENG31-06958961-n] (the official language of Lithuania)
                • Latvian [ENG31-06959117-n] (the official language of Latvia)
            • Germanic [ENG31-06959259-n] (a branch of the Indo-European family of languages)

              • West Germanic [ENG31-06959585-n] (a branch of the Germanic languages)

                • English [ENG31-06959794-n] (an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch)

                  • American English [ENG31-06960241-n] (the English language as used in the United States)

                    • African American Vernacular English [ENG31-06960420-n] (a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by African Americans in the United States)
                  • cockney [ENG31-06960779-n] (the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London)
                  • geordie [ENG31-06960911-n] (the nonstandard dialect of natives of Newcastle-upon-Tyne)
                  • King's English [ENG31-06961022-n] (English as spoken by educated persons in southern England)
                  • Received Pronunciation [ENG31-06961158-n] (the approved pronunciation of British English)
                  • Middle English [ENG31-06961523-n] (English from about 1100 to 1450)

                    • East Midland [ENG31-06961705-n] (the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English)
                    • West Midland [ENG31-06961883-n] (a dialect of Middle English)
                    • Northern [ENG31-06961969-n] (a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans)
                    • Kentish [ENG31-06962088-n] (a dialect of Middle English)
                    • Southwestern [ENG31-06962169-n] (a dialect of Middle English)
                  • Modern English [ENG31-06962268-n] (English since about 1450)
                  • Old English [ENG31-06962353-n] (English prior to about 1100)

                    • West Saxon [ENG31-06962524-n] (a literary dialect of Old English)
                    • Anglian [ENG31-06962614-n] (one of the major dialects of Old English)
                    • Kentish [ENG31-06962708-n] (one of the major dialects of Old English)
                  • Oxford English [ENG31-06962811-n] (the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious)
                  • Scottish [ENG31-06962971-n] (the dialect of English used in Scotland)

                    • Lallans [ENG31-06963162-n] (a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland)
                • German [ENG31-06963290-n] (the standard German language)

                  • Old High German [ENG31-06963648-n] (High German prior to 1200)
                  • Middle High German [ENG31-06963735-n] (High German from 1100 to 1500)
                  • Yiddish [ENG31-06963829-n] (a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words)
                  • Pennsylvania Dutch [ENG31-06964877-n] (a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland)
                • Low German [ENG31-06965011-n] (a German dialect spoken in northern Germany)

                  • Old Saxon [ENG31-06965162-n] (Low German prior to 1200)
                  • Middle Low German [ENG31-06965242-n] (Low German from 1100 to 1500)
                • Dutch [ENG31-06965334-n] (the West Germanic language of the Netherlands)

                  • Flemish [ENG31-06965467-n] (one of two official languages of Belgium)
                  • Afrikaans [ENG31-06965623-n] (an official language of the Republic of South Africa)
                • Frisian [ENG31-06967982-n] (a West Germanic language spoken in Friesland in the northwestern Netherlands)

                  • Old Frisian [ENG31-06968158-n] (the Frisian language until the 16th century)
              • Proto-Norse [ENG31-06965794-n] (the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700)
              • Old Norse [ENG31-06965907-n] (the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350)

                • Old Icelandic [ENG31-06966072-n] (the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600)
              • Scandinavian [ENG31-06966471-n] (the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland)

                • Danish [ENG31-06966788-n] (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark)
                • Icelandic [ENG31-06966923-n] (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland)
                • Norwegian [ENG31-06967043-n] (a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway)

                  • Bokmal [ENG31-06967201-n] (book language)

                    • Riksmal [ENG31-06967380-n] (in 1929 this dialect of Norwegian was officially renamed Bokmal)
                  • Nynorsk [ENG31-06967508-n] (one of two official languages of Norway)
                • Swedish [ENG31-06967665-n] (a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland)
                • Faroese [ENG31-06967827-n] (a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands)
              • East Germanic [ENG31-06968300-n] (an extinct branch of the Germanic languages)

                • Gothic [ENG31-06968446-n] (extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths)
            • Celtic [ENG31-06973038-n] (a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era)

              • Gaelic [ENG31-06973306-n] (any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland)

                • Irish [ENG31-06973518-n] (the Celtic language of Ireland)

                  • Old Irish [ENG31-06973688-n] (Irish Gaelic up to about 1100)
                  • Middle Irish [ENG31-06973773-n] (Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500)
                • Scottish Gaelic [ENG31-06973862-n] (the Gaelic of Scotland)
                • Manx [ENG31-06973961-n] (the ancient Gaelic formerly spoken on the Isle of Man)
              • Brythonic [ENG31-06974139-n] (a southern group of Celtic languages)

                • Welsh [ENG31-06974297-n] (a Celtic language of Wales)
                • Cornish [ENG31-06974421-n] (a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall)
                • Breton [ENG31-06974511-n] (a Celtic language of Brittany)
            • Italic [ENG31-06974593-n] (a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative)

              • Osco-Umbrian [ENG31-06974800-n] (a group of dead languages of ancient Italy)

                • Umbrian [ENG31-06974984-n] (an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy)
                • Oscan [ENG31-06975090-n] (an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy)
                • Sabellian [ENG31-06975194-n] (an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions)
              • Latin [ENG31-06975340-n] (any dialect of the language of ancient Rome)

                • Old Latin [ENG31-06975694-n] (the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.))
                • classical Latin [ENG31-06975822-n] (the language of educated people in ancient Rome)
                • Low Latin [ENG31-06976032-n] (any dialect of Latin other than classical Latin)

                  • Vulgar Latin [ENG31-06976171-n] (nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire)
                  • Medieval Latin [ENG31-06976446-n] (Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages)
                • Late Latin [ENG31-06976313-n] (the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries)
                • Neo-Latin [ENG31-06976564-n] (Latin since the Renaissance)
                • Romance [ENG31-06976693-n] (the group of languages derived from Latin)

                  • Italian [ENG31-06976989-n] (the Romance language spoken in Italy)

                    • Old Italian [ENG31-06977227-n] (the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century)
                    • Sardinian [ENG31-06977342-n] (the Italian dialect spoken in Sardinia)
                    • Tuscan [ENG31-06977530-n] (a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence))
                  • French [ENG31-06977643-n] (the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France)

                    • Langue d'oil [ENG31-06978029-n] (medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France)
                    • Langue d'oc [ENG31-06978186-n] (medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France)

                      • Provencal [ENG31-06978970-n] (the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc (southern France))
                    • Old French [ENG31-06978360-n] (the earliest form of the French language)
                    • Norman-French [ENG31-06978478-n] (the medieval Norman dialect of Old French)
                    • Anglo-French [ENG31-06978614-n] (the French (Norman) language used in medieval England)
                    • Canadian French [ENG31-06978741-n] (the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada)
                    • Walloon [ENG31-06978850-n] (a dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France)
                  • Portuguese [ENG31-06979090-n] (the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil)
                  • Galician [ENG31-06979234-n] (a language spoken in Galicia, an Autonomus Community of Spain)
                  • Spanish [ENG31-06979499-n] (the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain)

                    • Castilian [ENG31-06979859-n] (the Spanish language as spoken in Castile)
                    • Judeo-Spanish [ENG31-06979956-n] (the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews but written in the Hebrew script)
                    • Mexican Spanish [ENG31-06980102-n] (the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico)
                  • Catalan [ENG31-06980203-n] (the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan))
                  • Rhaeto-Romance [ENG31-06980384-n] (Romance dialects spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Tyrol)

                    • Friulian [ENG31-06980609-n] (a Rhaeto-Romance dialect spoken in northeastern Italy)
                    • Ladin [ENG31-06980726-n] (a Rhaeto-Romance dialect of Romansh spoken in southeastern Switzerland)
                    • Romansh [ENG31-06980848-n] (the Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in southeastern Switzerland)
                  • Romanian [ENG31-06981017-n] (an eastern Romance language spoken in Romania)
            • Tocharian [ENG31-06981381-n] (a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.)

              • Turfan [ENG31-06981583-n] (a dialect of Tocharian)
              • Kuchean [ENG31-06981692-n] (a dialect of Tocharian)
            • Indo-Iranian [ENG31-06984532-n] (the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups)

              • Indic [ENG31-06984750-n] (a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages)

                • Sanskrit [ENG31-06981803-n] ((Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism))

                  • Romany [ENG31-06982496-n] (the Indic language of the Gypsies)
                  • Urdu [ENG31-06982590-n] (the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi)
                  • Hindi [ENG31-06982777-n] (the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars)

                    • Hindustani [ENG31-06983047-n] (a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi)
                  • Bihari [ENG31-06983184-n] (the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh))
                  • Magadhan [ENG31-06983319-n] (a subfamily of Indic languages)

                    • Assamese [ENG31-06983458-n] (the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people)
                    • Bengali [ENG31-06983620-n] (a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people)
                    • Oriya [ENG31-06983797-n] (a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa)
                  • Marathi [ENG31-06983955-n] (an Indic language)
                  • Gujarati [ENG31-06984128-n] (the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India)
                  • Punjabi [ENG31-06984279-n] (the Indic language spoken by people in Pakistan and Punjab)
                  • Sinhalese [ENG31-06984401-n] (the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka)
                • Sindhi [ENG31-06982379-n] (the Indic language of Sind which is spoken also in western India)
                • Dard [ENG31-06984971-n] (any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan)

                  • Shina [ENG31-06985218-n] (a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir)
                  • Khowar [ENG31-06985314-n] (a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan)
                  • Kafiri [ENG31-06985416-n] (a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir in northeastern Afghanistan)
                  • Kashmiri [ENG31-06985534-n] (the official state language of Kashmir)
                • Nepali [ENG31-06985645-n] (the official state language of Nepal)
                • Prakrit [ENG31-06985752-n] (any of the vernacular Indic languages of north and central India (as distinguished from Sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD)

                  • Pali [ENG31-06985994-n] (an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism)
                • Prakrit [ENG31-06986165-n] (any of the modern Indic languages)
              • Iranian [ENG31-06986270-n] (the modern Persian language spoken in Iran)

                • Avestan [ENG31-06986601-n] (an ancient Iranian language)
                • Gathic [ENG31-06986707-n] (an ancient Iranian language)
                • Persian [ENG31-06986787-n] (the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms)
                • Dari [ENG31-06986943-n] (an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan)
                • Tajiki [ENG31-06987050-n] (the Iranian language of the Tajik that is closely related to Farsi)
                • Kurdish [ENG31-06987218-n] (an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia)
                • Balochi [ENG31-06987347-n] (an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf)
                • Pahlavi [ENG31-06987506-n] (the Iranian language of the Zoroastrian literature of the 3rd to 10th centuries)

                  • Parthian [ENG31-06987667-n] (the Iranian language spoken in the Parthian kingdom (250 BC to AD 226))
                • Pashto [ENG31-06987792-n] (an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan)
                • Ossete [ENG31-06988028-n] (a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia)
                • Scythian [ENG31-06988129-n] (the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians)
            • Anatolian [ENG31-06988254-n] (an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European)

              • Hittite [ENG31-06988562-n] (the language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages)
              • Lycian [ENG31-06988747-n] (an Anatolian language)
              • Luwian [ENG31-06988821-n] (an Anatolian language)
              • Lydian [ENG31-06988904-n] (an Anatolian language)
              • Palaic [ENG31-06988978-n] (an Anatolian language)
            • Greek [ENG31-06989052-n] (the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages)

              • Modern Greek [ENG31-06989340-n] (the Greek language as spoken and written today)

                • Romaic [ENG31-06989493-n] (the modern Greek vernacular)
                • Katharevusa [ENG31-06989619-n] (literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine)
              • Late Greek [ENG31-06989747-n] (the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries)
              • Medieval Greek [ENG31-06989850-n] (the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD)
              • Koine [ENG31-06989988-n] (a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire)
              • Ancient Greek [ENG31-06990094-n] (the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire)

                • Attic [ENG31-06990270-n] (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens and Ionia)
                • Aeolic [ENG31-06990460-n] (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis)
                • Arcadic [ENG31-06990608-n] (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians)
                • Doric [ENG31-06990728-n] (the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Doris)
          • Ural-Altaic [ENG31-06968671-n] (a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian))

            • Altaic [ENG31-06938989-n] (a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe)

              • Turki [ENG31-06939235-n] (a subfamily of Altaic languages)

                • Turkish [ENG31-06939575-n] (a Turkic language spoken by the Turks)
                • Turkmen [ENG31-06939666-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman)
                • Azerbaijani [ENG31-06939784-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani)
                • Kazak [ENG31-06939905-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak)
                • Tatar [ENG31-06940005-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains)
                • Uzbek [ENG31-06940140-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek)
                • Uighur [ENG31-06940263-n] (the Turkic language spoken by approximately 7,000,000 Uighur in extreme northwestern China)
                • Yakut [ENG31-06940422-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut)
                • Kirghiz [ENG31-06940513-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz)
                • Karakalpak [ENG31-06940628-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak)
                • Chuvash [ENG31-06940729-n] (the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash)
                • Chagatai [ENG31-06940824-n] (a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan))
              • Tungusic [ENG31-06941207-n] (a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas)

                • Tungus [ENG31-06941387-n] (the Tungusic language of the Evenki in eastern Siberia)
                • Manchu [ENG31-06941521-n] (the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu)
              • Mongolian [ENG31-06941616-n] (a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia)

                • Khalkha [ENG31-06941785-n] (the language of the Khalkha that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic)
              • Korean [ENG31-06941948-n] (the Altaic language spoken by Koreans)
              • Japanese [ENG31-06942056-n] (the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese)

                • Ryukyuan [ENG31-06942236-n] (the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands)
            • Uralic [ENG31-06968869-n] (a family of Ural-Altaic languages)

              • Finno-Ugric [ENG31-06969027-n] (a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions))

                • Fennic [ENG31-06969284-n] (one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages)

                  • Permic [ENG31-06969636-n] (a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals)

                    • Udmurt [ENG31-06969534-n] (the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak)
                    • Komi [ENG31-06969782-n] (the Finnic language spoken by the Komi)
                  • Volgaic [ENG31-06969880-n] (a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river)

                    • Cheremis [ENG31-06970027-n] (the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis)
                    • Mordva [ENG31-06970143-n] (the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvinians)
                  • Baltic-Finnic [ENG31-06970264-n] (a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian)

                    • Livonian [ENG31-06970508-n] (the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia)
                    • Estonian [ENG31-06970636-n] (the official language of Estonia)
                    • Karelian [ENG31-06970803-n] (a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia)
                    • Ludian [ENG31-06970918-n] (a Baltic-Finnic language)
                    • Finnish [ENG31-06970995-n] (the official language of Finland)
                    • Veps [ENG31-06971157-n] (a Finnic language spoken by the Veps)
                    • Ingrian [ENG31-06971262-n] (a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian)
                • Ugric [ENG31-06971355-n] (one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages)

                  • Hungarian [ENG31-06971576-n] (the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania))
                  • Khanty [ENG31-06971758-n] (a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak)
                  • Mansi [ENG31-06971880-n] (the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul)
              • Lappic [ENG31-06972001-n] (any of the languages spoken by the Lapps and generally assumed to be Uralic languages)

                • Lapp [ENG31-06972167-n] (the language of nomadic Lapps in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula)
              • Samoyedic [ENG31-06972324-n] (the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed in northwestern Siberia)

                • Nenets [ENG31-06972528-n] (a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed of northern Siberia)
                • Enets [ENG31-06972672-n] (the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian)
                • Nganasan [ENG31-06972823-n] (the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan)
                • Selkup [ENG31-06972920-n] (the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed)
          • Basque [ENG31-06979369-n] (the language of the Basque people)
          • Elamitic [ENG31-06981128-n] (an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities)
          • Kassite [ENG31-06981275-n] (an ancient language spoken by the Kassites)
          • Caucasian [ENG31-06990840-n] (a number of languages spoken in the Caucasus that are unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere)

            • Chechen [ENG31-06991082-n] (a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Chechen)
            • Circassian [ENG31-06991187-n] (a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian)

              • Abkhazian [ENG31-06991316-n] (a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz)
            • Georgian [ENG31-06991426-n] (a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition)
            • Ubykh [ENG31-06991564-n] (an extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey)
          • Dravidian [ENG31-06991674-n] (a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka)

            • South Dravidian [ENG31-06991909-n] (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India)

              • Irula [ENG31-06992152-n] (a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India)
              • Kota [ENG31-06992305-n] (a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota)
              • Toda [ENG31-06992403-n] (the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda in southern India)
              • Kannada [ENG31-06992617-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in southern India)

                • Badaga [ENG31-06992513-n] (the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga)
              • Tulu [ENG31-06992745-n] (a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu)
              • Malayalam [ENG31-06992835-n] (a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India)
              • Tamil [ENG31-06992975-n] (the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil in southern India and Sri Lanka)
            • South-Central Dravidian [ENG31-06993125-n] (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India)

              • Telugu [ENG31-06993381-n] (a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu in southeastern India)
              • Savara [ENG31-06993497-n] (a Dravidian language spoken by the Savara in southeastern India (north of Madras))
              • Gondi [ENG31-06993631-n] (a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond in south central India)
              • Pengo [ENG31-06993745-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India)
              • Manda [ENG31-06993847-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India)
              • Kui [ENG31-06993949-n] (the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui in southeastern India)
              • Kuvi [ENG31-06994061-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India)
            • Central Dravidian [ENG31-06994158-n] (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India)

              • Kolami [ENG31-06994366-n] (the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam in central India)
              • Naiki [ENG31-06994478-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India)
              • Parji [ENG31-06994580-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India)
              • Ollari [ENG31-06994682-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in south central India)
              • Gadaba [ENG31-06994785-n] (the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba)
            • North Dravidian [ENG31-06994881-n] (a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India)

              • Kurux [ENG31-06995051-n] (a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India)
              • Malto [ENG31-06995147-n] (the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto)
              • Brahui [ENG31-06995241-n] (an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui in Pakistan)
          • Afroasiatic [ENG31-06999218-n] (a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa)

            • Chad [ENG31-06998936-n] (a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa)

              • West Chadic [ENG31-06996181-n] (a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria)

                • Hausa [ENG31-06995357-n] (the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages)
                • Bole [ENG31-06995515-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa)
                • Angas [ENG31-06995649-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa)
                • Ron [ENG31-06995774-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria)
                • Bade [ENG31-06995885-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria)
                • Warji [ENG31-06995980-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria)
                • Zaar [ENG31-06996076-n] (a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria)
              • Biu-Mandara [ENG31-06997613-n] (a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad)

                • Tera [ENG31-06996455-n] (a three-tone Chadic language)
                • Bura [ENG31-06996555-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Higi [ENG31-06996657-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Mandara [ENG31-06996761-n] (a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon)
                • Matakam [ENG31-06996907-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Sukur [ENG31-06997011-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Daba [ENG31-06997106-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Bata [ENG31-06997216-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Kotoko [ENG31-06997310-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Musgu [ENG31-06997406-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
                • Gidar [ENG31-06997518-n] (a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad)
              • East Chadic [ENG31-06998552-n] (a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad)

                • Somrai [ENG31-06997970-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
                • Nancere [ENG31-06998064-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
                • Kera [ENG31-06998150-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
                • Dangla [ENG31-06998233-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
                • Mokulu [ENG31-06998382-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
                • Sokoro [ENG31-06998467-n] (a Chadic language spoken in Chad)
              • Masa [ENG31-06998760-n] (an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages)
            • Semitic [ENG31-06999554-n] (a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family)

              • Akkadian [ENG31-07000185-n] (an ancient branch of the Semitic languages)

                • Assyrian Akkadian [ENG31-07000319-n] (an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia)
              • Amharic [ENG31-07000472-n] (the dominant and official language of Ethiopia)
              • Arabic [ENG31-07000717-n] (the Semitic language of the Arabs)
              • Aramaic [ENG31-07000967-n] (a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia)

                • Biblical Aramaic [ENG31-07001200-n] (the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament)
                • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [ENG31-07001344-n] (the language of modern Iraq)
                • Mandaean [ENG31-07001468-n] (the form of Aramaic used by the Mandeans)
              • Maltese [ENG31-07001573-n] (the national language of the Republic of Malta)
              • Canaanitic [ENG31-07001806-n] (a group of Semitic languages)

                • Hebrew [ENG31-06999784-n] (the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel)

                  • Modern Hebrew [ENG31-07000069-n] (Hebrew used in Israel today)
                • Canaanite [ENG31-07001985-n] (the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest)
                • Phoenician [ENG31-07002133-n] (the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world)

                  • Punic [ENG31-07002317-n] (the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage)
                • Ugaritic [ENG31-07002429-n] (an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria)
            • Hamitic [ENG31-07002529-n] (a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic)
            • Egyptian [ENG31-07002660-n] (the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs)

              • Coptic [ENG31-07003031-n] (the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia)
            • Berber [ENG31-07003204-n] (a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt)

              • Tuareg [ENG31-07003401-n] (the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg)
            • Cushitic [ENG31-07003496-n] (a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions)

              • Somali [ENG31-07003664-n] (the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali)
            • Omotic [ENG31-07003777-n] (a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia)
          • Niger-Kordofanian [ENG31-07003937-n] (the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara)

            • Kordofanian [ENG31-07004282-n] (a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan)
            • Niger-Congo [ENG31-07004424-n] (a family of African language spoken in west Africa)

              • Sango [ENG31-06918804-n] (a trade language widely used in Chad)
              • Bantu [ENG31-07004640-n] (a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent)

                • Chichewa [ENG31-07005260-n] (the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa)
                • ChiMwini [ENG31-07005369-n] (a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia)
                • Chishona [ENG31-07005467-n] (a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe)
                • Fang [ENG31-07005589-n] (a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon)
                • Gikuyu [ENG31-07005675-n] (a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya)
                • Giriama [ENG31-07005768-n] (a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya)
                • Herero [ENG31-07005885-n] (a Banto language spoken by the Herero in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola)
                • Kamba [ENG31-07006008-n] (a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya)
                • Kichaga [ENG31-07006105-n] (a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania)
                • Kinyarwanda [ENG31-07006233-n] (a Bantu language)
                • Kiswahili [ENG31-07006307-n] (a Bantu language)
                • Kongo [ENG31-07006379-n] (the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola)
                • Luba [ENG31-07006530-n] (a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Congo)
                • LuGanda [ENG31-07006637-n] (the Bantu language of the Buganda people)
                • Luyia [ENG31-07006749-n] (a Bantu language)
                • Mashi [ENG31-07006817-n] (a Bantu language)
                • Mwera [ENG31-07006885-n] (a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania)
                • Nguni [ENG31-07006989-n] (a group of southern Bantu languages)

                  • Ndebele [ENG31-07007148-n] (a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu)
                  • Swazi [ENG31-07007268-n] (a Bantu language closely related to Zulu)
                  • Xhosa [ENG31-07007360-n] (a Bantu language closely related to Zulu)
                  • Zulu [ENG31-07007452-n] (a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa)
                • Nyamwezi [ENG31-07007578-n] (a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania)
                • Pokomo [ENG31-07007676-n] (a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa)
                • Shona [ENG31-07007795-n] (a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe)
                • Sotho [ENG31-07007882-n] (any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho)

                  • Sesotho [ENG31-07008186-n] (the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho)
                  • Tswana [ENG31-07008324-n] (the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana in Botswana)
                • Umbundu [ENG31-07008099-n] (a Bantu language spoken in Angola)
                • Swahili [ENG31-07008452-n] (the most widely spoken Bantu languages)
                • Tonga [ENG31-07008689-n] (the language of the Tongan people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia))
              • Gur [ENG31-07008820-n] (a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana)
              • West African [ENG31-07008969-n] (a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa)

                • Fula [ENG31-07009170-n] (a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad)
                • Serer [ENG31-07009415-n] (a West African language closely related to Fula)
                • Wolof [ENG31-07009554-n] (the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal)
              • Mande [ENG31-07009672-n] (a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast)
              • Kwa [ENG31-07009828-n] (a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria)

                • Yoruba [ENG31-07010028-n] (a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria)
                • Akan [ENG31-07010146-n] (a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast)
                • Ewe [ENG31-07010247-n] (a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe in Ghana and Togo and Benin)
          • Nilo-Saharan [ENG31-07010357-n] (a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania)

            • Chari-Nile [ENG31-07010598-n] (a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania)

              • Nilotic [ENG31-07010768-n] (a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group)

                • Dinka [ENG31-07010982-n] (a Nilotic language)
                • Luo [ENG31-07011052-n] (a Nilotic language)
                • Masai [ENG31-07011120-n] (a Nilotic language)
            • Saharan [ENG31-07011190-n] (a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad)
            • Songhai [ENG31-07011291-n] (a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger)
        • lingua franca [ENG31-06918892-n] (a common language used by speakers of different languages)
        • barrage [ENG31-07097633-n] (the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written))
        • slanguage [ENG31-07296228-n] (language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant)
      • written communication [ENG31-06360590-n] (communication by means of written symbols (either printed or handwritten))

        • transcription [ENG31-06360967-n] (something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation)

          • transliteration [ENG31-06361198-n] (a transcription from one alphabet to another)
          • phonetic transcription [ENG31-06361322-n] (a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol)
        • writing [ENG31-06371284-n] (letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language)

          • orthography [ENG31-06362609-n] (a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols)

            • script [ENG31-06363020-n] (a particular orthography or writing system)

              • Aramaic [ENG31-06363295-n] (an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language)
              • Avestan [ENG31-06363708-n] (the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written)
              • Brahmi [ENG31-06364025-n] (a script (probably adapted from the Aramaic about the 7th century BC) from which later Indian scripts developed)
              • Devanagari [ENG31-06364189-n] (a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi)
              • Pahlavi [ENG31-06364361-n] (the script (derived from the Aramaic alphabet) used to write the Pahlavi language)
              • Uighur [ENG31-06364496-n] (the script (derived from Aramaic) used to write the Uighur language)
              • uncial [ENG31-06364632-n] (a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters)
              • cuneiform [ENG31-06373042-n] (an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia)

                • Babylonian [ENG31-06363853-n] (the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written)
              • syllabary [ENG31-06373177-n] (a writing system whose characters represent syllables)
              • alphabet [ENG31-06509450-n] (a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language)

                • Armenian [ENG31-06363524-n] (a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written)
                • Roman alphabet [ENG31-06509863-n] (the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe)
                • Hebrew alphabet [ENG31-06510560-n] (a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino))
                • Greek alphabet [ENG31-06511235-n] (the alphabet used by ancient Greeks)
                • Cyrillic alphabet [ENG31-06511787-n] (an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages))
                • Arabic alphabet [ENG31-06512053-n] (the alphabet of 28 characters derived from Aramaic and used for writing Arabic languages (and borrowed for writing Urdu))
                • phonetic alphabet [ENG31-06512439-n] (an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech)

                  • visible speech [ENG31-06512630-n] (a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century)
                • manual alphabet [ENG31-06512756-n] (an alphabet used by the deaf)
            • spelling [ENG31-06364852-n] (forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage)

              • misspelling [ENG31-06365060-n] (a spelling that is incorrect)
            • picture writing [ENG31-06372625-n] (a writing system using pictographs)
            • alphabetic writing [ENG31-06372721-n] (a writing system based on alphabetic characters)
            • boustrophedon [ENG31-06372853-n] (an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions)
            • ideography [ENG31-06373579-n] (the use of ideograms in writing)
            • hieroglyph [ENG31-06373848-n] (a writing system using picture symbols)

              • hieratic [ENG31-06373667-n] (a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics)

                • Demotic [ENG31-07002853-n] (a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script)
            • point system [ENG31-06374035-n] (a system of writing or printing using patterns of raised dots that can be read by touch)

              • braille [ENG31-06374199-n] (a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals)
          • coding system [ENG31-06365164-n] (a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages)

            • code [ENG31-06365341-n] (a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy)

              • access [ENG31-06365611-n] (a code (a series of characters or digits) that must be entered in some way (typed or dialed or spoken) to get the use of something (a telephone line or a computer or a local area network etc.))

                • back door [ENG31-06365888-n] (an undocumented way to get access to a computer system or the data it contains)
              • area code [ENG31-06366033-n] (a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the United States and Canada)
              • bar code [ENG31-06366181-n] (code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser)
              • color code [ENG31-06366485-n] (system using colors to designate classifications)
              • cipher [ENG31-06366714-n] (a secret method of writing)
              • Morse [ENG31-06366866-n] (a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals))
              • ZIP code [ENG31-06367112-n] (a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail)
            • code [ENG31-06367301-n] ((computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions)

              • address [ENG31-06367922-n] ((computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored)

                • URL [ENG31-06370154-n] (the address of a web page on the world wide web)
              • American Standard Code for Information Interchange [ENG31-06368162-n] ((computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies)
              • binary code [ENG31-06368711-n] (code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters)
              • error correction code [ENG31-06368831-n] ((telecommunication) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors)

                • cyclic redundancy check [ENG31-06369039-n] (an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data)
              • firmware [ENG31-06369221-n] ((computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory)
              • machine code [ENG31-06369392-n] (a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation)
              • object code [ENG31-06369566-n] (the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer)
              • operation code [ENG31-06369718-n] (the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed)
              • software [ENG31-06578068-n] ((computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory)

                • plug-in [ENG31-06578832-n] (a software module that extends or enhances the capabilities of an existing application)
                • alpha software [ENG31-06578981-n] (a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers)
                • authoring language [ENG31-06579125-n] (software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming)
                • beta software [ENG31-06579319-n] (software that has not yet been released but has received an alpha test and still has more bugs than a regular release)
                • compatible software [ENG31-06579576-n] (software that can run on different computers without modification)
                • compatible software [ENG31-06579707-n] (application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together)
                • computer-aided design [ENG31-06579865-n] (software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing)
                • freeware [ENG31-06580041-n] (software that is provided without charge)
                • groupware [ENG31-06580136-n] (software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space)
                • operating system [ENG31-06580310-n] ((computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services)

                  • DOS [ENG31-06580598-n] (an operating system that is on a disk)
                  • UNIX [ENG31-06580882-n] (trademark for a powerful operating system)
                  • Windows [ENG31-06593999-n] ((trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface)
                • program [ENG31-06581154-n] ((computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute)

                  • anti-virus program [ENG31-06582142-n] (a computer program that checks a computer for viruses and prevents their spread)
                  • application [ENG31-06582286-n] (a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task)

                    • active application [ENG31-06582696-n] (an application that is currently running and in the foreground)
                    • applet [ENG31-06582823-n] (a Java application)
                    • frame [ENG31-06582981-n] (an application that divides the user's display into two or more windows that can be scrolled independently)
                    • browser [ENG31-06583477-n] (a program used to view HTML documents)
                    • natural language processor [ENG31-06584187-n] (an application program that deals with natural language text)

                      • disambiguator [ENG31-06584380-n] ((computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used)
                    • job [ENG31-06584658-n] ((computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit)
                    • word processor [ENG31-06584830-n] (an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer)
                    • editor program [ENG31-06587017-n] ((computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data)

                      • linkage editor [ENG31-06588552-n] (an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules)
                      • text editor [ENG31-06588903-n] ((computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files)
                  • binary [ENG31-06583139-n] (a pre-compiled, pre-linked program that is ready to run under a given operating system)
                  • loop [ENG31-06585033-n] (a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied)
                  • malevolent program [ENG31-06585196-n] (a computer program designed to have undesirable or harmful effects)

                    • logic bomb [ENG31-06597379-n] (a set of instructions inserted into a program that are designed to execute (or `explode') if a particular condition is satisfied)
                    • trojan [ENG31-06597728-n] (a program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful)
                    • virus [ENG31-06597992-n] (a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer)
                    • worm [ENG31-06598274-n] (a software program capable of reproducing itself that can spread from one computer to the next over a network)
                  • patch [ENG31-06585399-n] (a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program)
                  • assembler [ENG31-06585513-n] (a program to convert assembly language into machine language)
                  • checking program [ENG31-06585648-n] (a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors)
                  • compiler [ENG31-06585776-n] ((computer science) a program that decodes instructions written in a higher order language and produces an assembly language program)

                    • C compiler [ENG31-06586110-n] (a compiler for programs written in C)
                    • Fortran compiler [ENG31-06586203-n] (a compiler for programs written in FORTRAN)
                    • LISP compiler [ENG31-06586308-n] (a compiler for programs written in LISP)
                    • Pascal compiler [ENG31-06586407-n] (a compiler for programs written in Pascal)
                  • debugger [ENG31-06586510-n] (a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors)
                  • interface [ENG31-06587403-n] ((computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system)

                    • command line interface [ENG31-06587681-n] (a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon)
                    • graphical user interface [ENG31-06587857-n] (a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text)
                  • interpreter [ENG31-06588108-n] ((computer science) a program that translates and executes source language statements one line at a time)
                  • job control [ENG31-06588329-n] (a program that is called to prepare each job to be run)
                  • library program [ENG31-06588441-n] (a program in a program library)
                  • monitor program [ENG31-06588715-n] (a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system)
                  • object program [ENG31-06589069-n] (a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer)
                  • source program [ENG31-06589239-n] (a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language)
                  • parser [ENG31-06589545-n] (a computer program that divides code up into functional components)
                  • tagger [ENG31-06589761-n] (a computer program that attaches labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter)

                    • sense tagger [ENG31-06589957-n] (a tagging program whose labels indicate the meanings of words or expressions)
                    • part-of-speech tagger [ENG31-06590092-n] (a tagging program whose labels indicate a word's part of speech)
                  • relocatable program [ENG31-06590236-n] (a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times)
                  • reusable program [ENG31-06590379-n] (a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly)
                  • Web Map Service [ENG31-06590499-n] (a computer program that produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic information)
                  • search engine [ENG31-06590830-n] (a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet))
                  • self-adapting program [ENG31-06591628-n] (a program that can change its performance in response to its environment)
                  • spider [ENG31-06591891-n] (a computer program that prowls the internet looking for publicly accessible resources that can be added to a database)
                  • spreadsheet [ENG31-06592128-n] (a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen)
                  • stored program [ENG31-06592395-n] (a program that is stored in the memory of the computer that executes it)
                  • supervisory program [ENG31-06592527-n] (a program that controls the execution of other programs)
                  • syntax checker [ENG31-06592719-n] (a program to check natural language syntax)
                  • system program [ENG31-06592822-n] (a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer)
                  • text-matching [ENG31-06593244-n] (a computer program that looks for text that matches a given text)
                  • translator [ENG31-06593444-n] (a program that translates one programming language into another)
                  • utility program [ENG31-06593586-n] ((computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer)

                    • driver [ENG31-06586649-n] ((computer science) a program that determines how a computer will communicate with a peripheral device)
                    • diagnostic program [ENG31-06586856-n] (a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program)
                    • input program [ENG31-06587268-n] (a utility program that organizes the input to a computer)
                    • output program [ENG31-06589408-n] (a utility program that organizes the output of a computer)
                    • sort program [ENG31-06592279-n] (a utility program that sorts data items)
                    • trace program [ENG31-06593042-n] (a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program)

                      • snapshot program [ENG31-06591768-n] (a trace program that produces output for selected conditions)
                  • LISP program [ENG31-06914885-n] (a program written in LISP)
                  • FORTRAN program [ENG31-06915297-n] (a program written in FORTRAN)
                  • C program [ENG31-06915607-n] (a program written in C)
                • routine [ENG31-06594579-n] (a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program)

                  • cataloged procedure [ENG31-06595354-n] (a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name)
                  • contingency procedure [ENG31-06595530-n] (an alternative to the normal procedure)
                  • library routine [ENG31-06595966-n] (a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library)
                  • random number generator [ENG31-06596225-n] (a routine designed to yield a random number)
                  • recursive routine [ENG31-06596338-n] (a routine that can call itself)
                  • reusable routine [ENG31-06596432-n] (a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly)
                  • supervisory routine [ENG31-06596552-n] (a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines)
                  • tracing routine [ENG31-06596712-n] (a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program)
                  • utility routine [ENG31-06596878-n] (a routine that can be used as needed)

                    • dump routine [ENG31-06595694-n] (a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium)
                    • input routine [ENG31-06595821-n] (a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store)
                    • output routine [ENG31-06596105-n] (a routine that controls an output device)
                • shareware [ENG31-06599772-n] (software that is available free of charge)
                • shrink-wrapped software [ENG31-06599966-n] (software on CD-ROMs that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform))
                • spyware [ENG31-06600156-n] (computer software that obtains information from a user's computer without the user's knowledge or consent)
                • malware [ENG31-06600315-n] (malicious software, designed to break into a system)
                • supervisory software [ENG31-06600420-n] (specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs)
                • software documentation [ENG31-06600607-n] (program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs)
                • database management system [ENG31-06601066-n] (a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database)

                  • relational database management system [ENG31-06601279-n] (a database management system designed to manage a relational database)
                  • object-oriented database management system [ENG31-06601432-n] (a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database)

                    • hypertext system [ENG31-06601633-n] (a database management system that allows strings of text (`objects') to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way)
                • upgrade [ENG31-06916031-n] (software that provides better performance than an earlier version did)
              • instruction [ENG31-06597067-n] ((computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program)

                • call [ENG31-06594937-n] (an instruction that interrupts the program being executed)

                  • function call [ENG31-06595162-n] (a call that passes control to a subroutine)
                  • system call [ENG31-06599393-n] (an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor)
                • command line [ENG31-06598531-n] (commands that a user types in order to run an application)
                • link [ENG31-06598647-n] ((computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list)

                  • hyperlink [ENG31-06598848-n] (a link from a hypertext file to another location or file)
                • macro [ENG31-06599062-n] (a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language)
                • system error [ENG31-06599224-n] (an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules)
                • toggle [ENG31-06599575-n] (any instruction that works first one way and then the other)
          • capitalization [ENG31-06414068-n] (writing in capital letters)
          • typing [ENG31-06414208-n] (writing done with a typewriter)

            • double-spacing [ENG31-06414413-n] (typing that leaves alternate lines blank)
            • single-spacing [ENG31-06414514-n] (typing that does not leave lines blank)
            • triple-spacing [ENG31-06414613-n] (typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing)
            • touch typing [ENG31-06414750-n] (typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys)
          • printing [ENG31-06414934-n] (text handwritten in the style of printed matter)
          • handwriting [ENG31-06415036-n] (something written by hand)

            • shorthand [ENG31-06361497-n] (a method of writing rapidly using an abbreviated symbolic system)
            • longhand [ENG31-06361681-n] (rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper)

              • minuscule [ENG31-06361999-n] (a small cursive script developed from uncial between the 7th and 9th centuries and used in medieval manuscripts)
              • copperplate [ENG31-06362184-n] (a graceful style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings)
              • italic [ENG31-06362325-n] (a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right)
              • round hand [ENG31-06362493-n] (a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves)
            • calligraphy [ENG31-06415612-n] (beautiful handwriting)
            • scribble [ENG31-06415790-n] (poor handwriting)

              • chicken scratch [ENG31-06415965-n] (cramped or illegible handwriting)
              • squiggle [ENG31-06416059-n] (an illegible scrawl)
          • hieroglyph [ENG31-06415322-n] (writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible))
          • skywriting [ENG31-06415495-n] (writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane)
          • printing [ENG31-06690047-n] (reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication)

            • typography [ENG31-06690719-n] (art and technique of printing with movable type)
            • relief printing [ENG31-06691409-n] (printing from a plate with raised characters)
            • intaglio printing [ENG31-06691529-n] (a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate)

              • photogravure [ENG31-06691912-n] (printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods)

                • rotogravure [ENG31-06692053-n] (printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press)
            • process printing [ENG31-06691786-n] (a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates)
            • planographic printing [ENG31-06692202-n] (the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent))

              • collotype [ENG31-06692471-n] (a photomechanical printing process that uses a glass plate with a gelatin surface that carries the image to be reproduced)
              • lithography [ENG31-06692747-n] (a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface)

                • photolithography [ENG31-06692940-n] (a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image)
                • chromolithography [ENG31-06693078-n] (single- or multi-color lithography)
                • offset lithography [ENG31-06693563-n] (offset printing by lithography)
            • offset [ENG31-06693315-n] (a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper)

              • photo-offset printing [ENG31-06693176-n] (a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates)
              • letterset printing [ENG31-06693658-n] (image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller)
            • carbon process [ENG31-06693780-n] (a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment)
          • notation [ENG31-06821351-n] (a technical system of symbols used to represent special things)

            • mathematical notation [ENG31-06821578-n] (a notation used by mathematicians)

              • numeration system [ENG31-06821932-n] (any notation for the representation of numbers)

                • positional notation [ENG31-06822279-n] (a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position)

                  • binary numeration system [ENG31-06822878-n] (a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of two)
                  • octal numeration system [ENG31-06823096-n] (a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of eight)
                  • decimal numeration system [ENG31-06823648-n] (a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of ten)

                    • algorism [ENG31-06823549-n] (the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration)
                  • duodecimal number system [ENG31-06823967-n] (a positional system of numeration that uses duodecimal digits and a radix of twelve)
                  • hexadecimal number system [ENG31-06824277-n] (a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of sixteen)
              • binary notation [ENG31-06822763-n] (any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1))
              • decimal notation [ENG31-06823265-n] (any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9))
              • octal notation [ENG31-06823402-n] (any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7))
              • duodecimal notation [ENG31-06823855-n] (any notation that uses 12 different characters)
              • hexadecimal notation [ENG31-06824141-n] (any notation that uses 16 different characters)
              • sign [ENG31-06824483-n] (a character indicating a relation between quantities)

                • equal sign [ENG31-06824725-n] (a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal)
                • plus sign [ENG31-06824844-n] (a sign indicating the operation of addition)
                • minus sign [ENG31-06824943-n] (a sign indicating the operation of subtraction)
                • radical sign [ENG31-06825046-n] (a sign indicating the extraction of a root)
              • decimal point [ENG31-06825147-n] (the dot at the left of a decimal fraction)
              • exponent [ENG31-06825275-n] (a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself)

                • degree [ENG31-05869901-n] (the highest power of a term or variable)

                  • degree of a term [ENG31-05870047-n] (the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term)
                  • degree of a polynomial [ENG31-05870163-n] (the degree of the term in the polynomial that has the highest degree)
                  • first degree [ENG31-05870300-n] (a degree of one)
                • logarithm [ENG31-06825489-n] (the exponent required to produce a given number)

                  • common logarithm [ENG31-06825773-n] (a logarithm to the base 10)
                  • natural logarithm [ENG31-06825862-n] (a logarithm to the base e)
              • fixed-point notation [ENG31-06826364-n] (a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention)
              • floating-point notation [ENG31-06826558-n] (a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix)
              • infix notation [ENG31-06826879-n] (a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence)
              • parenthesis-free notation [ENG31-06827094-n] (a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components)

                • prefix notation [ENG31-06827301-n] (a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands)
                • postfix notation [ENG31-06827513-n] (a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands)
            • musical notation [ENG31-06827728-n] ((music) notation used by musicians)

              • bar line [ENG31-06813556-n] (a vertical line before the accented beat marking the boundary between musical bars)

                • double bar [ENG31-06877950-n] (notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition)
              • tablature [ENG31-06829193-n] (a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used)
              • scale [ENG31-06869618-n] ((music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave))

                • gamut [ENG31-06870537-n] (the entire scale of musical notes)
                • diatonic scale [ENG31-06873373-n] (a scale with eight notes in an octave)

                  • mode [ENG31-06874680-n] (any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave)

                    • ecclesiastical mode [ENG31-06873531-n] (any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600)
                    • Greek mode [ENG31-06873749-n] (any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece)
                    • major scale [ENG31-06873876-n] (a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th)

                      • C major [ENG31-06879492-n] ((music) the major scale having no sharps or flats)
                    • minor scale [ENG31-06874070-n] (a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th)
                • chromatic scale [ENG31-06874246-n] (a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave)
                • gapped scale [ENG31-06874365-n] (a musical scale with fewer than seven notes)

                  • pentatonic scale [ENG31-06874485-n] (a gapped scale with five notes)
              • interval [ENG31-06871829-n] (the difference in pitch between two notes)

                • tone [ENG31-06872106-n] (a musical interval of two semitones)
                • semitone [ENG31-06872225-n] (the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument)
                • quarter tone [ENG31-06872359-n] (half of a semitone)
                • octave [ENG31-06872451-n] (a musical interval of eight tones)
                • third [ENG31-06872554-n] (the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it)
                • fourth [ENG31-06872724-n] (the musical interval between one note and another four notes away from it)
                • fifth [ENG31-06872850-n] (the musical interval between one note and another five notes away from it)
                • sixth [ENG31-06872975-n] (the musical interval between one note and another six notes away from it)
                • seventh [ENG31-06873099-n] (the musical interval between one note and another seven notes away from it)
              • staff [ENG31-06874910-n] ((music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written)
              • clef [ENG31-06875612-n] (a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it)

                • treble clef [ENG31-06875855-n] (a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff)
                • bass clef [ENG31-06876004-n] (a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff)
                • alto clef [ENG31-06876136-n] (a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff)
                • C clef [ENG31-06876259-n] (a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff)
                • soprano clef [ENG31-06876376-n] (a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff)
                • tenor clef [ENG31-06876492-n] (a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff)
              • key signature [ENG31-06876668-n] (the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key)
              • key [ENG31-06876801-n] (any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music)

                • major key [ENG31-06877242-n] (a key whose harmony is based on the major scale)
                • minor key [ENG31-06877358-n] (a key based on the minor scale)
                • tonic key [ENG31-06877457-n] (the basic key in which a piece of music is written)
              • atonality [ENG31-06877064-n] (the absence of a key)
              • time signature [ENG31-06877574-n] (a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat)

                • alla breve [ENG31-06878099-n] (a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure)
              • measure [ENG31-06877775-n] (musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats)
              • rest [ENG31-06878227-n] (a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration)

                • whole rest [ENG31-06883776-n] (a musical rest equal in duration to four beats in common time)
                • half rest [ENG31-06884015-n] (a musical rest having the time value of half a whole rest or equal in duration to two beats in common time)
                • quarter rest [ENG31-06884312-n] (a musical rest having one-fourth the time value of a whole rest)
              • note [ENG31-06878395-n] (a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound)

                • tonic [ENG31-06870776-n] ((music) the first note of a diatonic scale)

                  • C [ENG31-06879382-n] ((music) the keynote of the scale of C major)
                • supertonic [ENG31-06870917-n] ((music) the second note of a diatonic scale)
                • mediant [ENG31-06871036-n] ((music) the third note of a diatonic scale)
                • subdominant [ENG31-06871194-n] ((music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale)
                • dominant [ENG31-06871316-n] ((music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale)
                • submediant [ENG31-06871434-n] ((music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic))
                • subtonic [ENG31-06871589-n] ((music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale)
                • pedal point [ENG31-06871724-n] (a sustained bass note)
                • trill [ENG31-06873227-n] (a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it)
                • middle C [ENG31-06882865-n] (the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff)
                • chord [ENG31-06883001-n] (a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together)

                  • arpeggio [ENG31-06882660-n] (a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously)
                  • sforzando [ENG31-06882792-n] (an accented chord)
                  • common chord [ENG31-06883261-n] (a three-note major or minor chord)
                  • seventh chord [ENG31-06883399-n] (a triad with a seventh added)
                • passing note [ENG31-06883487-n] (a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes)
                • whole note [ENG31-06883626-n] (a musical note having the longest time value (equal to four beats in common time))
                • half note [ENG31-06883894-n] (a musical note having the time value of half a whole note)
                • quarter note [ENG31-06884177-n] (a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note)
                • eighth note [ENG31-06884434-n] (a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note)
                • sixteenth note [ENG31-06884584-n] (a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note)
                • thirty-second note [ENG31-06884725-n] (a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note)
                • sixty-fourth note [ENG31-06884878-n] (a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note)
                • grace note [ENG31-06885033-n] (an embellishing note usually written in smaller size)
                • blue note [ENG31-07065557-n] (a flattened third or seventh)
                • monotone [ENG31-07098939-n] (a single tone repeated with different words or different rhythms (especially in rendering liturgical texts))
              • slur [ENG31-06879003-n] ((music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato)

                • tie [ENG31-06879174-n] ((music) a slur over two notes of the same pitch)
              • sharp [ENG31-06879649-n] (a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named)

                • double sharp [ENG31-06879807-n] (a musical notation of two sharps in front of a note indicating that it is to be raised by two semitones)
              • flat [ENG31-06879969-n] (a musical notation indicating one half step lower than the note named)

                • double flat [ENG31-06880107-n] (a musical notation of two flats in front of a note indicating that it is to be lowered by two semitones)
              • natural [ENG31-06880268-n] (a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat)
              • accidental [ENG31-06880395-n] (a musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature)
              • fermata [ENG31-06880560-n] (a musical notation (over a note or chord or rest) that indicates it is to be prolonged by an unspecified amount)
              • solmization [ENG31-06880725-n] (a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters)

                • tonic solfa [ENG31-06880930-n] (a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti)
              • segno [ENG31-06882321-n] ((music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated)
              • sforzando [ENG31-06882478-n] ((music) a notation written above a note and indicating that it is to be played with a strong initial attack)
            • choreography [ENG31-06829303-n] (a notation used by choreographers)

              • Labanotation [ENG31-06829413-n] (a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics)
            • chemical notation [ENG31-06829643-n] (a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry)
        • writing [ENG31-06374360-n] (the work of a writer)

          • bowdlerization [ENG31-00397999-n] (written material that has been bowdlerized)
          • title [ENG31-06357590-n] ((usually plural) written material introduced into a movie or TV show to give credits or represent dialogue or explain an action)
          • cryptogram [ENG31-06366590-n] (a piece of writing in code or cipher)
          • rewrite [ENG31-06375556-n] (something that has been written again)
          • literary composition [ENG31-06375736-n] (imaginative or creative writing)

            • acrostic [ENG31-06377575-n] (verse in which certain letters such as the first in each line form a word or message)
            • belles-lettres [ENG31-06377714-n] (creative writing valued for esthetic content)
            • dialogue [ENG31-06377836-n] (a literary composition in the form of a conversation between two people)
            • fiction [ENG31-06378552-n] (a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact)

              • dystopia [ENG31-06379147-n] (a work of fiction describing an imaginary place where life is extremely bad because of deprivation or oppression or terror)
              • novel [ENG31-06379324-n] (an extended fictional work in prose)

                • manga [ENG31-06379605-n] (graphic novel that originated in Japan, usually intended for adults and characterized by highly stylized art)
                • detective novel [ENG31-06379765-n] (novel in which the reader is challenged to solve a puzzle before the detective explains it at the end)
                • dime novel [ENG31-06379944-n] (a melodramatic paperback novel)
                • novelette [ENG31-06380585-n] (a short novel)
                • roman a clef [ENG31-06380700-n] (a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters)
                • romance [ENG31-06380839-n] (a novel dealing with idealized events remote from everyday life)

                  • Gothic romance [ENG31-06381028-n] (a romance that deals with desolate and mysterious and grotesque events)
                  • bodice ripper [ENG31-06381177-n] (a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated)
                • roman fleuve [ENG31-06381313-n] (a French novel in the form of a long chronicle of a family or other social group)
              • fantasy [ENG31-06380048-n] (fiction with a large amount of imagination in it)

                • science fiction [ENG31-06380251-n] (literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society)

                  • cyberpunk [ENG31-06380437-n] (a genre of fast-paced science fiction involving oppressive futuristic computerized societies)
              • story [ENG31-06381452-n] (a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events)

                • adventure story [ENG31-06381891-n] (a story of an adventure)

                  • thriller [ENG31-06382026-n] (a suspenseful adventure story or play or movie)
                  • saga [ENG31-06382145-n] (a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family)
                • mystery [ENG31-06382415-n] (a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie)

                  • detective story [ENG31-06382608-n] (a narrative about someone who investigates crimes and obtains evidence leading to their resolution)
                  • murder mystery [ENG31-06382768-n] (a narrative about a murder and how the murderer is discovered)
                • love story [ENG31-06382890-n] (a story dealing with love)
                • legend [ENG31-06383036-n] (a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events)

                  • Arthurian legend [ENG31-06383357-n] (the legend of King Arthur and his court at Camelot)
                • short story [ENG31-06383622-n] (a prose narrative shorter than a novel)
                • fable [ENG31-06383718-n] (a short moral story (often with animal characters))

                  • Aesop's fables [ENG31-06384051-n] (a collection of fables believed to have been written by the Greek storyteller Aesop)
                • myth [ENG31-06384303-n] (a traditional story accepted as history)

                  • Gotterdammerung [ENG31-06384548-n] (myth about the ultimate destruction of the gods in a battle with evil)
                • parable [ENG31-06384713-n] ((New Testament) any of the stories told by Jesus to convey his religious message)
                • plot [ENG31-06384937-n] (the story that is told in a novel or play or movie etc.)

                  • action [ENG31-06385136-n] (the series of events that form a plot)
                  • storyline [ENG31-06385268-n] (the plot of a book or play or film)
              • utopia [ENG31-06381801-n] (a work of fiction describing a utopia)
            • fictionalization [ENG31-06378818-n] (a literary work based partly or wholly on fact but written as if it were fiction)
            • hagiology [ENG31-06388623-n] (literature narrating the lives (and legends) of the saints)
            • lucubration [ENG31-06388756-n] (a solemn literary work that is the product of laborious cogitation)
            • pastoral [ENG31-06388898-n] (a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds))

              • eclogue [ENG31-06391062-n] (a short poem descriptive of rural or pastoral life)
            • poem [ENG31-06389065-n] (a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines)

              • abecedarius [ENG31-06389594-n] (a poem having lines beginning with letters of the alphabet in regular order)
              • Alcaic [ENG31-06389727-n] (verse in the meter used in Greek and Latin poetry consisting of strophes of 4 tetrametric lines)
              • ballad [ENG31-06389921-n] (a narrative poem of popular origin)

                • Edda [ENG31-06966211-n] (either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200)
              • ballade [ENG31-06390050-n] (a poem consisting of 3 stanzas and an envoy)
              • blank verse [ENG31-06390147-n] (unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter))
              • elegy [ENG31-06391191-n] (a mournful poem)
              • epic poem [ENG31-06391344-n] (a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds)

                • chanson de geste [ENG31-06394129-n] (Old French epic poems)
                • rhapsody [ENG31-06394213-n] ((in ancient Greece) an epic poem adapted for recitation)
                • heroic verse [ENG31-06397799-n] (a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes)
              • free verse [ENG31-06391996-n] (unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern)
              • haiku [ENG31-06392118-n] (an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines)
              • lyric [ENG31-06392349-n] (a short poem of songlike quality)

                • ode [ENG31-06395302-n] (a lyric poem with complex stanza forms)

                  • epithalamium [ENG31-06395462-n] (an ode honoring a bride and bridegroom)

                    • prothalamion [ENG31-07067404-n] (a song in celebration of a marriage)
                  • Horatian ode [ENG31-06395577-n] (an ode with several stanzas)
                  • Pindaric ode [ENG31-06395677-n] (an ode form used by Pindar)
                  • choral ode [ENG31-06395808-n] (ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama)
              • rondeau [ENG31-06392502-n] (a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes)

                • roundel [ENG31-06392757-n] (English form of rondeau having three triplets with a refrain after the first and third)
                • rondelet [ENG31-06392897-n] (a shorter form of rondeau)
              • sonnet [ENG31-06392995-n] (a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme)

                • Petrarchan sonnet [ENG31-06394359-n] (a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd)
                • Shakespearean sonnet [ENG31-06394750-n] (a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg)
                • Spenserian sonnet [ENG31-06394977-n] (a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee)
              • tanka [ENG31-06393217-n] (a form of Japanese poetry)
              • terza rima [ENG31-06393384-n] (a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.)
              • verse [ENG31-06393492-n] (a piece of poetry)

                • clerihew [ENG31-06390250-n] (a witty satiric verse containing two rhymed couplets and mentioning a famous person)
                • doggerel [ENG31-06390876-n] (a comic verse of irregular measure)
                • limerick [ENG31-06392226-n] (a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba)
              • versicle [ENG31-06396887-n] (a short verse said or sung by a priest or minister in public worship and followed by a response from the congregation)

                • sursum corda [ENG31-06397077-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a Latin versicle meaning `lift up your hearts')
            • potboiler [ENG31-06398696-n] (a literary composition of poor quality that was written quickly to make money (to boil the pot))
            • tushery [ENG31-06398847-n] (writing of poor quality)
          • literature [ENG31-06376048-n] (creative writing of recognized artistic value)

            • Sanskrit literature [ENG31-06475017-n] (Hindu literature written in Sanskrit)

              • Hastinapura [ENG31-06475229-n] (one of two classical Hindu epics)
              • Purana [ENG31-06475456-n] (a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances)
              • tantra [ENG31-06475911-n] (any of a fairly recent class of Hindu or Buddhist religious literature concerned with ritual acts of body and speech and mind)
              • sutra [ENG31-06636504-n] (a rule or aphorism in Sanskrit literature or a group of aphoristic doctrinal summaries prepared for memorization)
          • literature [ENG31-06376547-n] (published writings in a particular style on a particular subject)

            • historiography [ENG31-06376802-n] (a body of historical literature)
          • matter [ENG31-06376912-n] (written works (especially in books or magazines))

            • dictation [ENG31-06398975-n] (matter that has been dictated and transcribed)
            • text [ENG31-06399623-n] (the words of something written)

              • column [ENG31-06279010-n] (a page or text that is vertically divided)
              • cookie [ENG31-06399181-n] (a short line of text that a web site puts on your computer's hard drive when you access the web site)

                • session cookie [ENG31-06399370-n] (a cookie that is stored temporarily and is destroyed when you close the link)
                • precision cookie [ENG31-06399507-n] (a cookie that is saved permanently on your hard drive)
              • copy [ENG31-06402155-n] (matter to be printed)

                • dump [ENG31-06401870-n] ((computer science) a copy of the contents of a computer storage device)

                  • core dump [ENG31-06401694-n] ((computer science) dump of the contents of the chief registers in the CPU)
                • fair copy [ENG31-06402066-n] (a clean copy of a corrected draft)
                • filler [ENG31-06688999-n] (copy to fill space between more important articles in the layout of a magazine or newspaper)
              • draft [ENG31-06402605-n] (any of the various versions in the development of a written work)
              • electronic text [ENG31-06402814-n] (text that is in a form that computer can store or display on a computer screen)

                • machine-displayable text [ENG31-06400420-n] (electronic text that is stored and used in the form of a digital image)
                • machine-readable text [ENG31-06400561-n] (electronic text that is stored as strings of characters and that can be displayed in a variety of formats)

                  • hypertext [ENG31-06272829-n] (machine-readable text that is not sequential but is organized so that related items of information are connected)
              • installment [ENG31-06403409-n] (a part of a published serial)

                • fascicle [ENG31-06403545-n] (an installment of a printed work)
              • line [ENG31-07025650-n] (text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen)

                • opening line [ENG31-06281708-n] (the first line of a piece of writing (as a newspaper story))
                • heading [ENG31-06355341-n] (a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about)

                  • crossheading [ENG31-06355699-n] (a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text)
                  • headline [ENG31-06355831-n] (the heading or caption of a newspaper article)

                    • dropline [ENG31-06356936-n] (a headline with the top line flush left and succeeding lines indented to the right)
                    • screamer [ENG31-06357143-n] (a sensational newspaper headline)
                    • streamer [ENG31-06357248-n] (a newspaper headline that runs across the full page)
                  • lemma [ENG31-06356061-n] (the heading that indicates the subject of an annotation or a literary composition or a dictionary entry)
                  • running head [ENG31-06356501-n] (a heading printed at the top of every page (or every other page) of a book)

                    • running title [ENG31-06356811-n] (the title (or a shortened title) of a book used as a running head)
                  • subheading [ENG31-06356690-n] (a heading of a subdivision of a text)

                    • title [ENG31-06357831-n] (a general or descriptive heading for a section of a written work)

                      • credit [ENG31-06358051-n] (an entry on a list of persons who contributed to a film or written work)
                      • caption [ENG31-06358261-n] (brief description accompanying an illustration)
                      • subtitle [ENG31-06358407-n] (secondary or explanatory title)
                  • title [ENG31-06357363-n] (a heading that names a statute or legislative bill)
                • line of poetry [ENG31-06359366-n] (a single line of words in a poem)

                  • acatalectic [ENG31-06359585-n] ((prosody) a line of verse that has the full number of syllables)
                  • Alexandrine [ENG31-06359743-n] ((prosody) a line of verse that has six iambic feet)
                  • catalectic [ENG31-06359870-n] ((prosody) a line of verse that lacks a syllable in the last metrical foot)
                  • hypercatalectic [ENG31-06360055-n] ((prosody) a line of poetry having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of the last metrical foot)
                • by-line [ENG31-06360255-n] (a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article)
                • dateline [ENG31-06360400-n] (a line at the beginning of a news article giving the date and place of origin of the news dispatch)
                • verse [ENG31-06396351-n] (a line of metrical text)

                  • iambic [ENG31-06396638-n] (a verse line consisting of iambs)
                  • Adonic [ENG31-06396723-n] (a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee)
                  • tetrameter [ENG31-07110695-n] (a verse line having four metrical feet)
                  • pentameter [ENG31-07110808-n] (a verse line having five metrical feet)
                  • hexameter [ENG31-07110903-n] (a verse line having six metrical feet)
                  • octameter [ENG31-07110996-n] (a verse line having eight metrical feet)
                  • octosyllable [ENG31-07111091-n] (a verse line having eight syllables or a poem of octosyllabic lines)
                  • decasyllable [ENG31-07111235-n] (a verse line having ten syllables)
                • punch line [ENG31-06791616-n] (the point of a joke or humorous story)
                • actor's line [ENG31-07023937-n] (words making up the dialogue of a play)

                  • aside [ENG31-07024191-n] (a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage)
                  • cue [ENG31-07024325-n] (an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some action or speech)

                    • prompt [ENG31-07024919-n] (a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken))
                  • monologue [ENG31-07024503-n] (a (usually long) dramatic speech by a single actor)
                  • soliloquy [ENG31-07024645-n] (a (usually long) dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections)
                  • throwaway [ENG31-07024805-n] (words spoken in a casual way with conscious under-emphasis)
                • orphan [ENG31-07026385-n] (the first line of a paragraph that is set as the last line of a page or column)
                • sound bite [ENG31-07166859-n] (a very short speech)
                • bottom line [ENG31-13444440-n] (the last line in an audit)
              • lipogram [ENG31-07027301-n] (a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet)
              • lyric [ENG31-07066015-n] (the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number)

                • love lyric [ENG31-07066659-n] (the lyric of a love song)
              • stanza [ENG31-07066331-n] (a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem)

                • couplet [ENG31-06390540-n] (a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse)

                  • closed couplet [ENG31-06397371-n] (a rhymed couplet that forms a complete syntactic unit)
                  • heroic couplet [ENG31-06397485-n] (a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style)
                • octave [ENG31-06394566-n] (a rhythmic group of eight lines of verse)
                • sestet [ENG31-06394659-n] (a rhythmic group of six lines of verse)
                • envoy [ENG31-06396014-n] (a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry)
                • quatrain [ENG31-06396123-n] (a stanza of four lines)

                  • elegiac stanza [ENG31-06396236-n] (a quatrain in iambic pentameter with abab rhyme scheme)
                  • heroic stanza [ENG31-06397640-n] (a quatrain consisting of two heroic couplets written in an elevated style)
                • Spenserian stanza [ENG31-06398083-n] (a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c)
                • strophe [ENG31-06398336-n] (one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama)
                • antistrophe [ENG31-06398475-n] (the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama)
                • rhyme royal [ENG31-07112497-n] (a stanza form having seven lines of iambic pentameter)
                • ottava rima [ENG31-07112631-n] (a stanza of eight lines of heroic verse with the rhyme scheme abababcc)
            • text [ENG31-06400222-n] (the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.))
            • typescript [ENG31-06400752-n] (typewritten matter especially a typewritten copy of a manuscript)
            • front matter [ENG31-06402331-n] (written matter preceding the main text of a book)
            • back matter [ENG31-06402448-n] (written matter following the main text of a book)
            • soft copy [ENG31-06402990-n] ((computer science) matter that is in a form that a computer can store or display it on a computer screen)
            • hard copy [ENG31-06403209-n] ((computer science) matter that is held in a computer and is typed or printed on paper)
            • addendum [ENG31-06411274-n] (textual matter that is added onto a publication)

              • appendix [ENG31-06410980-n] (supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book)

                • shirttail [ENG31-06411513-n] (a brief addendum at the end of a newspaper article)
                • codicil [ENG31-06556648-n] (a supplement to a will)
              • sequel [ENG31-06411146-n] (a part added to a book or play that continues and extends it)
            • recitation [ENG31-07249878-n] (written matter that is recited from memory)
          • criticism [ENG31-06386210-n] (a written evaluation of a work of literature)

            • explication de texte [ENG31-06386457-n] (a method of literary criticism that analyzes details of a text in order to reveal its structure and meaning)
            • textual criticism [ENG31-06386631-n] (comparison of a particular text with related materials in order to establish authenticity)

              • higher criticism [ENG31-06386952-n] (the scientific study of biblical writings to determine their origin and meaning)
              • lower criticism [ENG31-06387094-n] (the study of existing manuscripts of the Scriptures in order to determine the original text)
              • Masorah [ENG31-06387247-n] (a vast body of textual criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures including notes on features of writing and on the occurrence of certain words and on variant sources and instructions for pronunciation and other comments that were written between AD 600 and 900 by Jewish scribes in the margins or at the end of texts)
            • new criticism [ENG31-06386838-n] (literary criticism based on close analysis of the text)
            • analysis [ENG31-06387637-n] (a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed)
            • review [ENG31-06422034-n] (an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play))

              • book review [ENG31-06422298-n] (a critical review of a book (usually a recently published book))
              • notice [ENG31-06422419-n] (a short critical review)
              • rave [ENG31-06706489-n] (an extravagantly enthusiastic review)
          • section [ENG31-06403644-n] (a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical))

            • lead [ENG31-06281532-n] (the introductory section of a story)
            • canto [ENG31-06395912-n] (a major division of a long poem)
            • above [ENG31-06404303-n] (an earlier section of a written text)
            • sports section [ENG31-06404430-n] (the section of a newspaper that reports on sports)
            • article [ENG31-06404578-n] (a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will))

              • arbitration clause [ENG31-06404896-n] (a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract)
              • deductible [ENG31-06405067-n] (a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount)
              • double indemnity [ENG31-06405263-n] (a clause in an insurance policy that provides for double the face value of the policy in the case of accidental death)
              • escalator clause [ENG31-06405443-n] (a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index))
              • joker [ENG31-06405694-n] (an inconspicuous clause in a document or bill that affects its meaning in a way that is not immediately apparent)
              • reserve clause [ENG31-06405925-n] (a clause that used to be part of the contract with a professional athlete extending the contract for a year beyond its expiration)
              • rider [ENG31-06406207-n] (a clause that is appended to a legislative bill)
            • book [ENG31-06406508-n] (a major division of a long written composition)

              • Epistle [ENG31-06454286-n] (a book of the New Testament written in the form of a letter from an Apostle)
            • chapter [ENG31-06407785-n] (a subdivision of a written work)
            • episode [ENG31-06407973-n] (a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series)
            • spot [ENG31-06408111-n] (a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance)
            • spot [ENG31-06408287-n] (a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising)
            • insert [ENG31-06408455-n] (a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication)
            • introduction [ENG31-06408573-n] (the first section of a communication)

              • exordium [ENG31-06408814-n] ((rhetoric) the introductory section of an oration or discourse)
              • opening [ENG31-06409119-n] (the initial part of the introduction)

                • teaser [ENG31-06409288-n] (an attention-getting opening presented at the start of a television show)
                • salutation [ENG31-06409432-n] (word of greeting used to begin a letter)
              • foreword [ENG31-06409546-n] (a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book)
              • preamble [ENG31-06409733-n] (a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose))
              • prolegomenon [ENG31-06409913-n] (a preliminary discussion inserted at the beginning of a book or treatise)
              • prologue [ENG31-07022537-n] (an introduction to a play)
            • narration [ENG31-06408950-n] ((rhetoric) the second section of an oration in which the facts are set forth)
            • conclusion [ENG31-06410044-n] (the last section of a communication)

              • anticlimax [ENG31-06385614-n] (a change from a serious subject to a disappointing one)
              • epilogue [ENG31-06410403-n] (a short passage added at the end of a literary work)
              • epilogue [ENG31-06410606-n] (a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play)
              • peroration [ENG31-06410769-n] ((rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration)
              • finale [ENG31-07053224-n] (the closing section of a musical composition)
            • passage [ENG31-06411914-n] (a section of text)

              • excerpt [ENG31-06412153-n] (a passage selected from a larger work)

                • chrestomathy [ENG31-06412492-n] (a selection of passages from different authors that is compiled as an aid in learning a language)
                • analects [ENG31-06624891-n] (a collection of excerpts from a literary work)
                • clipping [ENG31-06625002-n] (an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine)
                • cut [ENG31-06625218-n] (a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc)
                • quotation [ENG31-06625409-n] (a passage or expression that is quoted or cited)

                  • epigraph [ENG31-06625693-n] (a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing)
                  • mimesis [ENG31-06625801-n] (the representation of another person's words in a speech)
                  • misquotation [ENG31-06625929-n] (an incorrect quotation)
              • locus classicus [ENG31-06412647-n] (an authoritative and often-quoted passage)
              • place [ENG31-06412750-n] (the passage that is being read)
              • purple passage [ENG31-06412865-n] (a passage full of ornate and flowery language)
              • transition [ENG31-06412971-n] (a passage that connects a topic to one that follows)

                • flashback [ENG31-06413169-n] (a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story)
                • flash-forward [ENG31-06413430-n] (a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to a later event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story)
                • dissolve [ENG31-06630542-n] ((film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next)
                • cut [ENG31-06630741-n] ((film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next)

                  • jump cut [ENG31-06631056-n] (an immediate transition from one scene to another)
                • jump [ENG31-06630934-n] ((film) an abrupt transition from one scene to another)
              • text [ENG31-07187208-n] (a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon)
            • mezuzah [ENG31-06445342-n] (religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law)
            • sura [ENG31-06473500-n] (one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran)
            • exposition [ENG31-06754688-n] ((music) the section of a movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes first occur)
            • obbligato [ENG31-06828828-n] (a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission)
            • recapitulation [ENG31-07052984-n] ((music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated)
            • development [ENG31-07082671-n] ((music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated)
          • paragraph [ENG31-06411638-n] (one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas)
          • diary [ENG31-06413674-n] (a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations)

            • web log [ENG31-06413845-n] (a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies)
          • inscription [ENG31-06417342-n] (letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something)

            • superscription [ENG31-06417820-n] (an inscription written above something else)
            • epigraph [ENG31-06418190-n] (an engraved inscription)
            • epitaph [ENG31-06418268-n] (an inscription on a tombstone or monument in memory of the person buried there)
          • manuscript [ENG31-06418622-n] (the form of a literary work submitted for publication)
          • autograph [ENG31-06418737-n] (something written by one's own hand)

            • manuscript [ENG31-06418864-n] (handwritten book or document)

              • codex [ENG31-06419015-n] (an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll))
              • palimpsest [ENG31-06419157-n] (a manuscript (usually written on papyrus or parchment) on which more than one text has been written with the earlier writing incompletely erased and still visible)
              • scroll [ENG31-06419376-n] (a document that can be rolled up (as for storage))

                • Megillah [ENG31-06419882-n] ((Judaism) the scroll of parchment that contains the biblical story of Esther)
                • Torah [ENG31-06420085-n] ((Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written)
          • treatise [ENG31-06420294-n] (a formal exposition)

            • dissertation [ENG31-06420728-n] (a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research)
            • tract [ENG31-06420933-n] (a brief treatise on a subject of interest)
            • monograph [ENG31-06421091-n] (a detailed and documented treatise on a particular subject)
          • adaptation [ENG31-06420422-n] (a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form)

            • modernization [ENG31-06420633-n] (a modernized version (as of a play))
            • versification [ENG31-07108425-n] (a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text))
          • essay [ENG31-06421205-n] (an analytic or interpretive literary composition)

            • composition [ENG31-06421395-n] (an essay (especially one written as an assignment))

              • term paper [ENG31-06421580-n] (a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term)
            • disquisition [ENG31-06421713-n] (an elaborate analytical or explanatory essay or discussion)
            • memoir [ENG31-06421830-n] (an essay on a scientific or scholarly topic)
            • thanatopsis [ENG31-06421926-n] (an essay expressing a view on the subject of death)
          • editing [ENG31-06439501-n] (putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form)

            • copy editing [ENG31-06439775-n] (putting something into a form suitable for a printer)
            • deletion [ENG31-06439886-n] (the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage)
            • correction [ENG31-06440207-n] (something substituted for an error)

              • erasure [ENG31-06440316-n] (a correction made by erasing)
            • rewriting [ENG31-06440462-n] (editing that involves writing something again)

              • revision [ENG31-06440646-n] (the act of rewriting something)
              • rewording [ENG31-06440815-n] (changing a particular word or phrase)

                • paraphrase [ENG31-06440986-n] (rewording for the purpose of clarification)

                  • translation [ENG31-06441153-n] (rewording something in less technical terminology)
          • sacred text [ENG31-06441260-n] (writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity)

            • scripture [ENG31-06442055-n] (any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group)

              • canon [ENG31-06442207-n] (a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired)
            • Bible [ENG31-06443410-n] (the sacred writings of the Christian religions)

              • family Bible [ENG31-06459953-n] (a large Bible with pages to record marriages and births)
            • Paralipomenon [ENG31-06447064-n] ((Old Testament) an obsolete name for the Old Testament books of I Chronicles and II Chronicles which were regarded as supplementary to Kings)
            • Testament [ENG31-06465393-n] (either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible)
            • Gospel [ENG31-06466808-n] (the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings)

              • Word of God [ENG31-06467352-n] (the message of the Gospel of Christ)
            • Synoptic Gospels [ENG31-06467167-n] (the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view)
            • prayer [ENG31-06467660-n] (a fixed text used in praying)

              • Agnus Dei [ENG31-06467946-n] (a liturgical prayer beginning with these Latin words)
              • Mass [ENG31-07047100-n] (a sequence of prayers constituting the Christian Eucharistic rite)
              • Shema [ENG31-07047522-n] (a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith)
            • service book [ENG31-06468715-n] (a book setting forth the forms of church service)
            • Apocrypha [ENG31-06469622-n] (14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible)
            • sapiential book [ENG31-06472747-n] (any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom)
            • Pseudepigrapha [ENG31-06473076-n] (52 texts written between 200 BC and AD 200 but ascribed to various prophets and kings in the Hebrew scriptures)
            • Talmudic literature [ENG31-06473889-n] ((Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings)

              • Haggadah [ENG31-06474681-n] (Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition)
              • Halakah [ENG31-06474840-n] (Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures)
            • Vedic literature [ENG31-06476089-n] ((from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit)
            • mantra [ENG31-06478150-n] ((Sanskrit) literally a `sacred utterance' in Vedism)
            • psalm [ENG31-06478348-n] (any sacred song used to praise the deity)
          • screed [ENG31-06441979-n] (a long piece of writing)
          • document [ENG31-06481744-n] (writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature))

            • ballot [ENG31-06482593-n] (a document listing the alternatives that is used in voting)

              • absentee ballot [ENG31-06488244-n] ((election) a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day))
            • brevet [ENG31-06482740-n] (a document entitling a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily (but without higher pay))
            • capitulation [ENG31-06482913-n] (a document containing the terms of surrender)
            • certificate [ENG31-06483016-n] (a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts)

              • certificate of incorporation [ENG31-06488412-n] (state approval of the articles of incorporation of a corporation)
              • birth certificate [ENG31-06490123-n] (a copy of the official document giving details of a person's birth)
              • diploma [ENG31-06490253-n] (a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study)

                • Higher National Diploma [ENG31-06490405-n] (a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area)
              • commission [ENG31-06490659-n] (an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces)
              • bill of health [ENG31-06490875-n] (a certificate saying that a departing ship's company is healthy (to be presented at the next port of arrival))
              • registration [ENG31-06491045-n] (a document certifying an act of registering)
              • teaching certificate [ENG31-06491165-n] (a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools)
              • probate [ENG31-06556423-n] (a judicial certificate saying that a will is genuine and conferring on the executors the power to administer the estate)
            • charter [ENG31-06483408-n] (a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights)

              • bank charter [ENG31-06488570-n] (a charter authorizing the operation of a bank)
              • royal charter [ENG31-06488880-n] (a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain))
            • commercial document [ENG31-06483696-n] (a document of or relating to commerce)

              • statement [ENG31-06528586-n] (a document showing credits and debits)

                • bank statement [ENG31-06528773-n] (a periodic statement prepared by a bank for each client)
                • bill [ENG31-06528946-n] (an itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered)

                  • electric bill [ENG31-06529336-n] (a bill for money owed for electricity used)
                  • hotel bill [ENG31-06529438-n] (statement of charges for staying in a hotel)
                  • medical bill [ENG31-06529538-n] (statement of charges for medical services)
                  • phone bill [ENG31-06529654-n] (statement of charges for telephone service)
                  • reckoning [ENG31-06529770-n] (a bill for an amount due)
                  • tax bill [ENG31-06529858-n] (money owed for taxes)
                  • check [ENG31-06529933-n] (the bill in a restaurant)
                • account [ENG31-13376000-n] (a statement of recent transactions and the resulting balance)

                  • capital account [ENG31-13376519-n] ((finance) an account of the net value of a business at a specified date)
                  • capital account [ENG31-13376671-n] ((economics) that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's outflow and inflow of financial securities)
                  • profit and loss [ENG31-13429017-n] (an account compiled at the end of an accounting period to show gross and net profit or loss)
                  • suspense account [ENG31-13429949-n] (an account used temporarily to carry doubtful receipts and disbursements or discrepancies pending their analysis and permanent classification)
                  • expense account [ENG31-13433116-n] (an account to which salespersons or executives can charge travel and entertainment expenses)
                • income statement [ENG31-13376316-n] (a financial statement that gives operating results for a specific period)
              • coupon [ENG31-06530059-n] (a negotiable certificate that can be detached and redeemed as needed)

                • book token [ENG31-06530244-n] (a gift voucher that can be exchanged for books costing up to an amount given on the voucher)
                • meal ticket [ENG31-06530411-n] (coupon redeemable at a restaurant and entitling the holder to a meal)
                • twofer [ENG31-06530556-n] (a coupon that allows the holder to purchase two items (as two tickets to a play) for the price of one)
              • ticket [ENG31-06530710-n] (a commercial document showing that the holder is entitled to something (as to ride on public transportation or to enter a public entertainment))

                • commutation ticket [ENG31-06531068-n] (a ticket good for several trips or to attend a season of entertainments)
                • plane ticket [ENG31-06531244-n] (a ticket good for a trip on an airplane)
                • pass [ENG31-06531360-n] (a complimentary ticket)
                • transfer [ENG31-06531471-n] (a ticket that allows a passenger to change conveyances)
                • railroad ticket [ENG31-06531598-n] (a ticket good for a ride on a railroad train)
                • theater ticket [ENG31-06531719-n] (a ticket good for admission to a theater)
                • bus ticket [ENG31-06531837-n] (a ticket good for a ride on a bus)
                • round-trip ticket [ENG31-06531927-n] (a ticket to a place and back (usually over the same route))

                  • day return [ENG31-06532083-n] (a return ticket (at reduced fare) for traveling both ways in the same day)
              • appraisal [ENG31-06540774-n] (a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation))

                • overestimate [ENG31-06540983-n] (an appraisal that is too high)
              • order [ENG31-06541210-n] (a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities)

                • credit order [ENG31-06541621-n] (an order that is received without payment)

                  • open account [ENG31-06541789-n] (an unpaid credit order)
                • indent [ENG31-06541870-n] (an order for goods to be exported or imported)
                • market order [ENG31-06541987-n] (an order to a broker to sell or buy stocks or commodities at the prevailing market price)
                • production order [ENG31-06542134-n] (an order that initiates the manufacturing process)
                • reorder [ENG31-06542246-n] (a repeated order for the same merchandise)
                • stop order [ENG31-06542403-n] (an order to a broker to sell (buy) when the price of a security falls (rises) to a designated level)
                • stop payment [ENG31-06542577-n] (a depositor's order to a bank to refuse payment on a check)
                • mail order [ENG31-06542694-n] (a purchase negotiated by mail)
            • confession [ENG31-06483913-n] (a written document acknowledging an offense and signed by the guilty party)
            • enclosure [ENG31-06485052-n] (something (usually a supporting document) that is enclosed in an envelope with a covering letter)
            • form [ENG31-06485234-n] (a printed document with spaces in which to write)

              • application form [ENG31-06485508-n] (a form to use when making an application)
              • claim form [ENG31-06485611-n] (a form to use when filing a claim)
              • order form [ENG31-06485701-n] (a form to use when placing an order)
              • questionnaire [ENG31-06485793-n] (a form containing a set of questions)
              • requisition [ENG31-06487871-n] (an official form on which a request in made)
              • tax form [ENG31-06488055-n] (a form to use when paying your taxes)
              • telegraph form [ENG31-06488146-n] (a form to use when sending a telegram)
            • legal document [ENG31-06491336-n] ((law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right)

              • articles of incorporation [ENG31-06482359-n] (a legal document that creates a corporation)
              • derivative instrument [ENG31-06492177-n] (a financial instrument whose value is based on another security)

                • futures contract [ENG31-06492394-n] (an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date)

                  • stock-index futures [ENG31-06492662-n] (a futures contract based on a stock index)
                • option [ENG31-13262498-n] (the right to buy or sell property at an agreed price)

                  • naked option [ENG31-00081294-n] (a put or call option for which the seller or buyer has no underlying security position)
                  • covered option [ENG31-00081439-n] (a put or call option backed by the shares underlying the option)
                  • call option [ENG31-00081563-n] (the option to buy a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date)
                  • put option [ENG31-00081788-n] (the option to sell a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date)
                  • straddle [ENG31-00081994-n] (the option to buy or sell a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date)
                  • incentive option [ENG31-00082215-n] (an option granted to corporate executives if the company achieves certain financial goals)
                  • stock option [ENG31-13263137-n] (the right to buy or sell a stock at a specified price within a stated period)

                    • call option [ENG31-13263308-n] (an option to buy)
                    • put option [ENG31-13263382-n] (an option to sell)
                  • lock-up option [ENG31-13263456-n] (an option to buy the crown jewels offered to a white knight in order to forestall a hostile takeover)
              • negotiable instrument [ENG31-06492827-n] (an unconditional order or promise to pay an amount of money)

                • draft [ENG31-13398441-n] (a document ordering the payment of money)

                  • overdraft [ENG31-13398827-n] (a draft in excess of the credit balance)
                  • foreign bill [ENG31-13398922-n] (a bill of exchange that is drawn in one country and made payable in another)
                  • inland bill [ENG31-13399072-n] (a bill of exchange that is both drawn and made payable in the same country)
                  • redraft [ENG31-13399204-n] (a draft for the amount of a dishonored draft plus the costs and charges of drafting again)
                  • trade acceptance [ENG31-13399347-n] (a bill of exchange for a specific purchase)
                  • bank draft [ENG31-13401703-n] (a draft drawn by a bank against funds deposited in another bank)
                  • dividend warrant [ENG31-13401840-n] (an order of payment (such as a check payable to a shareholder) in which a dividend is paid)
                  • money order [ENG31-13401993-n] (a written order for the payment of a sum to a named individual)
                  • acceptance [ENG31-13402775-n] (banking: a time draft drawn on and accepted by a bank)
                  • check [ENG31-13402907-n] (a written order directing a bank to pay money)

                    • bad check [ENG31-13403294-n] (a check that is dishonored on presentation because of insufficient funds)
                    • kite [ENG31-13403479-n] (a bank check drawn on insufficient funds at another bank in order to take advantage of the float)
                    • kite [ENG31-13403644-n] (a bank check that has been fraudulently altered to increase its face value)
                    • counter check [ENG31-13403787-n] (a blank check provided by a bank for the convenience of customers who are making withdrawals)
                    • giro [ENG31-13403939-n] (a check given by the British government to someone who is unemployed)
                    • paycheck [ENG31-13404148-n] (a check issued in payment of wages or salary)
                    • certified check [ENG31-13404263-n] (a check containing certification that the person who issued the check has sufficient funds on deposit to cover payment)
                    • personal check [ENG31-13404462-n] (a check drawn against funds deposited in your personal checking account)
                    • cashier's check [ENG31-13404612-n] (a check issued by the officer of a bank on the banks own account (not that of a private person))
                    • blank check [ENG31-13404869-n] (a check that has been signed but with the amount payable left blank)
                    • medicare check [ENG31-13405191-n] (a check reimbursing an aged person for the expenses of health care)
                  • sight draft [ENG31-13444078-n] (a draft payable on presentation)
                  • time draft [ENG31-13444180-n] (a draft payable at a specified future date)
              • passport [ENG31-06512928-n] (a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and re-enter the home country)
              • ship's papers [ENG31-06513739-n] (official papers which a ship is legally required to have)
              • manifest [ENG31-06513909-n] (a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane)
              • debenture [ENG31-06537995-n] (a certificate or voucher acknowledging a debt)
              • power of attorney [ENG31-06542780-n] (a legal instrument authorizing someone to act as the grantor's agent)

                • stock power [ENG31-06542967-n] (a power of attorney document to transfer ownership of a registered security from the owner to another party)
                • proxy [ENG31-06543132-n] (a power of attorney document given by shareholders of a corporation authorizing a specific vote on their behalf at a corporate meeting)
              • letters of administration [ENG31-06543472-n] (legal document naming someone to administer an estate when no executor has been named)
              • letters testamentary [ENG31-06543648-n] (a legal document from a probate court or court officer informing you of your appointment as executor of a will and empowering you to discharge those responsibilities)
              • working papers [ENG31-06543899-n] (a legal document giving information required for employment of certain people in certain countries)
              • act [ENG31-06544086-n] (a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body)

                • nullity [ENG31-06544754-n] (something that is null (especially an enactment that has no legal validity))
                • decree [ENG31-06551761-n] (a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge))

                  • consent decree [ENG31-06552275-n] (an agreement between two parties that is sanctioned by the court)
                  • curfew [ENG31-06552518-n] (an order that after a specific time certain activities (as being outside on the streets) are prohibited)
                  • decree nisi [ENG31-06552693-n] (a decree issued on a first petition for divorce)
                  • imperial decree [ENG31-06553158-n] (a decree issued by a sovereign ruler)

                    • ukase [ENG31-06553292-n] (an edict of the Russian tsar)
                    • pragmatic sanction [ENG31-06553569-n] (an imperial decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land)
                  • legal separation [ENG31-06553372-n] (a judicial decree regulating the rights and responsibilities of a married couple living apart)
                  • programma [ENG31-06553717-n] (an edict that has been publicly posted)
                  • prohibition [ENG31-06554038-n] (a decree that prohibits something)

                    • banning-order [ENG31-06554733-n] (an order that bans something)
                    • injunction [ENG31-06554821-n] ((law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity)

                      • mandatory injunction [ENG31-06555237-n] (injunction requiring the performance of some specific act)
                      • permanent injunction [ENG31-06555380-n] (injunction issued on completion of a trial)
                      • temporary injunction [ENG31-06555527-n] (injunction issued during a trial to maintain the status quo or preserve the subject matter of the litigation until the trial is over)
                    • interdict [ENG31-06570079-n] (a court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity)
                  • stay [ENG31-06554258-n] (a judicial order forbidding some action until an event occurs or the order is lifted)

                    • stay of execution [ENG31-06554560-n] (an order whereby a judgment is precluded from being executed for a specific period of time)
                  • bull [ENG31-06739510-n] (a formal proclamation issued by the pope (usually written in antiquated characters and sealed with a leaden bulla))
                • legislative act [ENG31-06576378-n] (an act passed by a legislative body)

                  • fair-trade act [ENG31-06576631-n] (formerly a state law that protected manufacturers from price-cutting by allowing them to set minimum retail prices for their merchandise)
                  • Stamp Act [ENG31-06576878-n] (an act passed by the British Parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American Colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents)
                  • enabling act [ENG31-06577192-n] (a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law)
                  • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act [ENG31-06577388-n] (an act passed by Congress in 1978 to establish procedures for requesting judicial authorization for foreign intelligence surveillance and to create the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court)
                  • ordinance [ENG31-06577779-n] (a statute enacted by a city government)
                  • special act [ENG31-06577910-n] (a legislative act that applies only to a particular person or particular district)
              • law [ENG31-06544321-n] (legal document setting forth rules governing a particular kind of activity)

                • anti-drug law [ENG31-06544901-n] (a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs)
                • anti-racketeering law [ENG31-06545030-n] (law intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions)
                • antitrust legislation [ENG31-06545288-n] (law intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies)
                • statute of limitations [ENG31-06545475-n] (a statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken)
                • fundamental law [ENG31-06545639-n] (law determining the fundamental political principles of a government)
                • public law [ENG31-06546539-n] (a law affecting the public at large)
                • blue law [ENG31-06550096-n] (a statute regulating work on Sundays)
                • blue sky law [ENG31-06550206-n] (a state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises)
                • gag law [ENG31-06550403-n] (any law that limits freedom of the press)
                • homestead law [ENG31-06550646-n] (a law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads)
                • poor law [ENG31-06550776-n] (a law providing support for the poor)
                • Riot Act [ENG31-06550886-n] (a former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them)
                • prohibition [ENG31-06553811-n] (a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages)
              • bill [ENG31-06548844-n] (a statute in draft before it becomes law)

                • appropriation bill [ENG31-06549115-n] (a legislative act proposing to authorize the expenditure of public funds for a specified purpose)
                • bill of attainder [ENG31-06549314-n] (a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial)
                • bottle bill [ENG31-06549553-n] (a statute that would require merchants to reclaim used bottles)
                • farm bill [ENG31-06549692-n] (a statute that would regulate farm production and prices)
                • trade bill [ENG31-06549823-n] (a statute that would regulate foreign trade)
              • brief [ENG31-06555772-n] (a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case)

                • amicus curiae brief [ENG31-06555940-n] (a brief presented by someone interested in influencing the outcome of a lawsuit but who is not a party to it)
              • will [ENG31-06556133-n] (a legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property when they die)

                • Old Testament [ENG31-06461405-n] (the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people)
                • New Testament [ENG31-06465519-n] (the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation)
                • devise [ENG31-13437414-n] (a will disposing of real property)
              • living will [ENG31-06556832-n] (a document written by someone still legally capable requesting that he should be allowed to die if subsequently severely disabled or suffering terminal illness)
              • deed [ENG31-06557128-n] (a legal document signed and sealed and delivered to effect a transfer of property and to show the legal right to possess it)

                • bill of sale [ENG31-06557719-n] (a deed transferring personal property)
                • deed poll [ENG31-06557834-n] (a deed made and executed by only one party)
                • enfeoffment [ENG31-06557951-n] (under the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service)
                • mortgage deed [ENG31-06558148-n] (deed embodying a mortgage)
                • title deed [ENG31-06558252-n] (a legal document proving a person's right to property)

                  • muniments [ENG31-06558922-n] (deeds and other documentary evidence of title to land)
              • assignment [ENG31-06557519-n] (the instrument by which a claim or right or interest or property is transferred from one person to another)
              • trust deed [ENG31-06558399-n] (a written instrument legally conveying property to a trustee often used to secure an obligation such as a mortgage or promissory note)
              • conveyance [ENG31-06558624-n] (document effecting a property transfer)

                • quitclaim [ENG31-06558774-n] (document transferring title or right or claim to another)
              • tax return [ENG31-06560662-n] (document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability)

                • amended return [ENG31-06560982-n] (a tax return that corrects the information in an earlier return)
                • declaration of estimated tax [ENG31-06561106-n] (return required of a taxpayer whose tax withheld from income does not meet the tax liability for the year)
                • false return [ENG31-06561309-n] (an incorrect income tax return)
                • information return [ENG31-06561398-n] (a return that provides information to the tax collector but does not compute the tax liability)
                • joint return [ENG31-06561557-n] (a return filed by a husband and wife)
              • license [ENG31-06561652-n] (a legal document giving official permission to do something)

                • building permit [ENG31-06562037-n] (a document authorizing the holder to construct a building of a particular kind on a particular lot)
                • driver's license [ENG31-06562197-n] (a license authorizing the bearer to drive a motor vehicle)
                • fishing license [ENG31-06562372-n] (a license authorizing the bearer to fish during a specified period of time)
                • hunting license [ENG31-06562543-n] (a license authorizing the bearer to kill a certain type of animal during a specified period of time)
                • learner's permit [ENG31-06562754-n] (a document authorizing the bearer to learn to drive an automobile)
                • letter of marque [ENG31-06562882-n] (a license to a private citizen to seize property of another nation)
                • liquor license [ENG31-06563061-n] (a license authorizing the holder to sell alcoholic beverages)

                  • on-license [ENG31-06563217-n] (a license to sell liquor for consumption on the premises)
                • marriage license [ENG31-06563330-n] (a license authorizing two people to marry)
                • occupation license [ENG31-06563489-n] (a license to pursue a particular occupation)
                • pass [ENG31-06702971-n] (a permit to enter or leave a military installation)
              • patent [ENG31-06563618-n] (an official document granting a right or privilege)
              • opinion [ENG31-06563775-n] (the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision)

                • concurring opinion [ENG31-06564107-n] (an opinion that agrees with the court's disposition of the case but is written to express a particular judge's reasoning)
                • dissenting opinion [ENG31-06564311-n] (an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case)
                • majority opinion [ENG31-06564461-n] (the opinion joined by a majority of the court (generally known simply as `the opinion'))
                • fatwah [ENG31-06778447-n] ((Islam) a legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar)
                • obiter dictum [ENG31-06778678-n] (an opinion voiced by a judge on a point of law not directly bearing on the case in question and therefore not binding)
              • acquittance [ENG31-06564805-n] (a legal document evidencing the discharge of a debt or obligation)
              • writ [ENG31-06564975-n] ((law) a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer)

                • court order [ENG31-06551493-n] (a writ issued by a court of law requiring a person to do something or to refrain from doing something)

                  • divestiture [ENG31-06552854-n] (an order to an offending party to rid itself of property)
                  • execution [ENG31-06565837-n] (a routine court order that attempts to enforce the judgment that has been granted to a plaintiff by authorizing a sheriff to carry it out)
                  • gag order [ENG31-06569576-n] (a court order restricting information or comment by the participants involved in a lawsuit)
                  • garnishment [ENG31-06569818-n] (a court order to an employer to withhold all or part of an employee's wages and to send the money to the court or to the person who won a lawsuit against the employee)
                • warrant [ENG31-06559050-n] (a writ from a court commanding police to perform specified acts)

                  • search warrant [ENG31-06559312-n] (a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court)
                  • bench warrant [ENG31-06559606-n] (a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to apprehend an offender and bring that person to court)

                    • pickup [ENG31-06559823-n] (a warrant to take someone into custody)
                  • death warrant [ENG31-06559983-n] (a warrant to execute the death sentence)
                  • cachet [ENG31-06560101-n] (a warrant formerly issued by a French king who could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal)
                  • reprieve [ENG31-06560308-n] (a warrant granting postponement (usually to postpone the execution of the death sentence))
                  • commutation [ENG31-06560489-n] (a warrant substituting a lesser punishment for a greater one)
                  • pardon [ENG31-06564630-n] (a warrant granting release from punishment for an offense)
                • assize [ENG31-06565463-n] (an ancient writ issued by a court of assize to the sheriff for the recovery of property)
                • certiorari [ENG31-06565622-n] (a common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case)
                • habeas corpus [ENG31-06566364-n] (a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge)
                • venire facias [ENG31-06566522-n] (a judicial writ ordering a sheriff to summon people for jury duty)
                • mandamus [ENG31-06566666-n] (an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion)
                • attachment [ENG31-06566972-n] (a writ authorizing the seizure of property that may be needed for the payment of a judgment in a judicial proceeding)
                • fieri facias [ENG31-06567182-n] (a writ ordering a levy on the belongings of a debtor to satisfy the debt)
                • scire facias [ENG31-06567332-n] (a judicial writ based on some record and requiring the party against whom it is brought to show cause why the record should not be enforced or annulled)
                • sequestration [ENG31-06567561-n] (a writ that authorizes the seizure of property)
                • writ of detinue [ENG31-06567686-n] (a writ ordering the release of goods that have been unlawfully detained)
                • writ of election [ENG31-06567838-n] (a writ ordering the holding of an election)
                • writ of error [ENG31-06567962-n] (a judicial writ from an appellate court ordering the court of record to produce the records of trial)
                • writ of prohibition [ENG31-06568141-n] (a judicial writ from a higher court ordering a lower court not to exercise jurisdiction in a particular case)
                • writ of right [ENG31-06568334-n] (a writ ordering that land be restored to its rightful owner)
                • summons [ENG31-06568683-n] (a writ issued by authority of law)

                  • citation [ENG31-06570268-n] (a summons that commands the appearance of a party at a proceeding)
                  • monition [ENG31-06570425-n] (a summons issued after the filing of a libel or claim directing all parties concerned to show cause why the judgment asked for should not be granted)
                  • ticket [ENG31-06570669-n] (a summons issued to an offender (especially to someone who violates a traffic regulation))

                    • speeding ticket [ENG31-06570884-n] (a ticket issued for driving above the speed limit)
                    • parking ticket [ENG31-06570995-n] (a ticket issued for parking in a restricted place)
                • subpoena [ENG31-06569038-n] (a writ issued by court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding)
                • subpoena duces tecum [ENG31-06569308-n] (a writ issued by a court at the request of one of the parties to a suit)
              • mandate [ENG31-06568472-n] (a document giving an official instruction or command)
              • affidavit [ENG31-06749278-n] (written declaration made under oath)

                • verification [ENG31-06749518-n] ((law) an affidavit attached to a statement confirming the truth of that statement)
              • written agreement [ENG31-06784454-n] (a legal document summarizing the agreement between parties)

                • contract [ENG31-06532935-n] (a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law)

                  • adhesion contract [ENG31-06533869-n] (a contract that heavily restricts one party while leaving the other free (as some standard form printed contracts))
                  • aleatory contract [ENG31-06534110-n] (a contract whose performance by one party depends on the occurrence of an uncertain contingent event (but if it is contingent on the outcome of a wager it is not enforceable))
                  • bilateral contract [ENG31-06534348-n] (a contract involving mutual promises (each party is both promisor and promisee))
                  • charter [ENG31-06534492-n] (a contract to hire or lease transportation)
                  • conditional contract [ENG31-06534624-n] (a contract whose performance depends on a fact or event that affects legal relations)
                  • cost-plus contract [ENG31-06534775-n] (a contract in which the contractor is paid his total cost plus a stated percentage of profit)
                  • gambling contract [ENG31-06534932-n] (a contract whose performance by one party is contingent on the outcome of a bet)
                  • lease [ENG31-06535123-n] (a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment)
                  • marriage contract [ENG31-06535344-n] (a prenuptial agreement or contract)
                  • output contract [ENG31-06535464-n] (a contract in which you promise to deliver your entire output to the other party who promises to accept it)
                  • policy [ENG31-06535632-n] (written contract or certificate of insurance)

                    • floater [ENG31-06538115-n] (an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location)
                  • purchase contract [ENG31-06535833-n] (a contract stating the terms of a purchase)
                  • quasi contract [ENG31-06535960-n] (a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent)
                  • requirements contract [ENG31-06536102-n] (a contract in which you agree to purchase all your requirements of a particular sort from one party)
                  • sealed instrument [ENG31-06536269-n] (a contract that is signed and has the (wax) seal of the signer attached)
                  • service contract [ENG31-06536445-n] (a contract for maintenance services)
                  • severable contract [ENG31-06536543-n] (a contract which, in the event of a breach by one of the parties, can be considered as several independent agreements expressed in a single instrument)
                  • subcontract [ENG31-06536758-n] (a contract assigning to another party some obligations of a prior contract)
                  • partnership [ENG31-06538282-n] (a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profits or losses)
                  • articles of agreement [ENG31-06538477-n] (a contract between crew and captain of a ship)
                  • concession [ENG31-06538610-n] (a contract granting the right to operate a subsidiary business)

                    • franchise [ENG31-06538802-n] (an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place)
                  • labor contract [ENG31-06538952-n] (contract between labor and management governing wages and benefits and working conditions)

                    • yellow-dog contract [ENG31-06539161-n] (a labor contract (now illegal) whereby the employee agrees not to join a trade union)
                  • employment contract [ENG31-06539311-n] (contract between employer and employee)
                  • distribution agreement [ENG31-06539438-n] (a contract governing the marketing of an item of merchandise)
                  • licensing agreement [ENG31-06539567-n] (contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark)
                  • merger agreement [ENG31-06539701-n] (contract governing the merger of two or more companies)
                  • sale in gross [ENG31-06540394-n] (a sale of a tract of land as a whole without a warranty as to the acreage)
                  • indenture [ENG31-06785638-n] (a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term)
                • submission [ENG31-06784895-n] (a legal document summarizing an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter)
                • covenant [ENG31-06785061-n] (a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action)
                • indenture [ENG31-06785807-n] (formal agreement between the issuer of bonds and the bondholders as to terms of the debt)
                • obligation [ENG31-06785951-n] (a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply)

                  • debt [ENG31-06786148-n] (an obligation to pay or do something)
                • treaty [ENG31-06786235-n] (a written agreement between two states or sovereigns)

                  • alliance [ENG31-06786485-n] (a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim)
                  • commercial treaty [ENG31-06786658-n] (a treaty governing commerce between two or more nations)
                  • peace [ENG31-06786777-n] (a treaty to cease hostilities)
                  • convention [ENG31-06787117-n] ((diplomacy) an international agreement)
                • escrow [ENG31-13435727-n] (a written agreement (or property or money) delivered to a third party or put in trust by one party to a contract to be returned after fulfillment of some condition)
              • indictment [ENG31-07249995-n] (a formal document written for a prosecuting attorney charging a person with some offense)

                • murder charge [ENG31-07250234-n] (an indictment charging someone with murder)
                • true bill [ENG31-07250356-n] (an indictment endorsed by a grand jury)
              • impeachment [ENG31-07250450-n] (a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office)
              • arraignment [ENG31-07250596-n] (a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment)
              • security [ENG31-13437518-n] (a formal declaration that documents a fact of relevance to finance and investment)

                • government security [ENG31-13361095-n] (a security issued by United States government agencies or the Farm Credit System)
                • mortgage-backed security [ENG31-13361259-n] (a security created when a group of mortgages are gathered together and bonds are sold to other institutions or the public)
                • registered security [ENG31-13361594-n] (a security whose owner's name is recorded on the books of the issuer (or issuer's agent))

                  • registered bond [ENG31-13360340-n] (a bond whose owner is recorded on the books of the issuer)
                • scrip [ENG31-13438070-n] (a certificate whose value is recognized by the payer and payee)
                • stock certificate [ENG31-13438244-n] (a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation)

                  • share [ENG31-13363150-n] (any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided and ownership of which is evidenced by a stock certificate)
                • tax-exempt security [ENG31-13438462-n] (a security that is not subject to taxation)
                • bond [ENG31-13438583-n] (a certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money)

                  • bond issue [ENG31-13358486-n] (bonds sold by a corporation or government agency at a particular time and identifiable by date of maturity)
                  • convertible bond [ENG31-13358649-n] (a bond that can be converted to other securities under certain conditions)
                  • corporate bond [ENG31-13358785-n] (a bond issued by a corporation)
                  • coupon bond [ENG31-13359081-n] (a bond issued with detachable coupons that must be presented to the issuer for interest payments)
                  • government bond [ENG31-13359249-n] (a bond that is an IOU of the United States Treasury)

                    • savings bond [ENG31-13361766-n] (non-negotiable government bond)
                    • Treasury [ENG31-13415499-n] (negotiable debt obligations of the United States government which guarantees that interest and principal payments will be paid on time)

                      • Treasury bill [ENG31-13415765-n] (a short-term obligation that is not interest-bearing (it is purchased at a discount))
                      • Treasury bond [ENG31-13415965-n] (a debt instrument with maturities of 10 years or longer)
                      • Treasury note [ENG31-13416080-n] (securities with maturities of 1 to 10 years)
                  • junk bond [ENG31-13359454-n] (a (speculative) bond with a credit rating of BB or lower)
                  • municipal bond [ENG31-13359672-n] (a bond issued by a state or local government)

                    • utility bond [ENG31-13361917-n] (a bond issued to finance the construction of public utility services)
                  • noncallable bond [ENG31-13359795-n] (a bond containing a provision that the holder cannot redeem the security before a specific date (usually at maturity))
                  • performance bond [ENG31-13359975-n] (a bond given to protect the recipient against loss in case the terms of a contract are not filled)
                  • post-obit bond [ENG31-13360204-n] (a bond made by a reversioner to secure a loan)
                  • revenue bond [ENG31-13360557-n] (a bond issued by an agency that is commissioned to finance public works)
                  • secured bond [ENG31-13360749-n] (a bond that is back by collateral)
                  • unsecured bond [ENG31-13360859-n] (the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future)
                  • zero coupon bond [ENG31-13362067-n] (a bond that is issued at a deep discount from its value at maturity and pays no interest during the life of the bond)
                  • Premium Bond [ENG31-13439220-n] (a government bond that bears no interest or capital gains but enters the holder into lotteries)
                • zero-coupon security [ENG31-13439996-n] (a security that makes no interest payments but instead is sold at a deep discount from its face value)
                • partnership certificate [ENG31-13440205-n] (a certificate showing the interests of all parties in a business partnership)
                • proprietorship certificate [ENG31-13440351-n] (a certificate showing who is responsible in an individually owned business)
                • convertible [ENG31-13440498-n] (a corporate security (usually bonds or preferred stock) that can be exchanged for another form of security (usually common stock))
                • letter security [ENG31-13440708-n] (a stock or bond that is not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold in the public market)

                  • letter stock [ENG31-13441717-n] (stock that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public)
                  • letter bond [ENG31-13441895-n] (a bond that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public)
                • listed security [ENG31-13442073-n] (a security that has been accepted for trading by one of the organized and registered securities exchanges in the US)
                • unlisted security [ENG31-13442268-n] (a security traded in the over-the-counter market)

                  • over the counter stock [ENG31-13442459-n] (stock that is not listed and traded on an organized exchange)

                    • penny stock [ENG31-13358065-n] (a stock selling for less that $1/share)
            • papyrus [ENG31-06496867-n] (a document written on papyrus)
            • patent [ENG31-06513132-n] (a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention)
            • platform [ENG31-06513302-n] (a document stating the aims and principles of a political party)
            • resignation [ENG31-06523551-n] (a formal document giving notice of your intention to resign)

              • abdication [ENG31-06523753-n] (the act of abdicating)
            • resolution [ENG31-06523865-n] (a formal expression by a meeting)

              • joint resolution [ENG31-06524315-n] (a resolution passed by both houses of Congress which becomes legally binding when signed by the Chief Executive (or passed over the Chief Executive's veto))
            • source [ENG31-06687867-n] (a document (or organization) from which information is obtained)

              • source materials [ENG31-06688326-n] (publications from which information is obtained)
              • well [ENG31-06688724-n] (an abundant source)
            • specification [ENG31-06688083-n] ((patent law) a document drawn up by the applicant for a patent of invention that provides an explicit and detailed description of the nature and use of an invention)
            • voucher [ENG31-06688436-n] (a document that serves as evidence of some expenditure)
            • report [ENG31-07233130-n] (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group)

              • assay [ENG31-07233822-n] (a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance)
              • case study [ENG31-07233957-n] (a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure)
              • white book [ENG31-07234190-n] (a government report)
              • blue book [ENG31-07234296-n] (a report published by the British government)
              • green paper [ENG31-07234411-n] (a preliminary report of government proposals that is published in order to stimulate discussion)
              • progress report [ENG31-07234583-n] (a report of work accomplished during a specified time period)
              • position paper [ENG31-07234705-n] (a report that explains or justifies or recommends some particular policy)
              • medical report [ENG31-07234838-n] (a report of the results of a medical examination of a patient)
          • dramatic composition [ENG31-07020800-n] (a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.)

            • play [ENG31-07021061-n] (a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage)

              • Grand Guignol [ENG31-07021965-n] (a play of a macabre or horrific nature)
              • theater of the absurd [ENG31-07022277-n] (plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless)
              • playlet [ENG31-07022654-n] (a short play)
              • miracle play [ENG31-07031427-n] (a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint or martyr)
              • morality play [ENG31-07031558-n] (an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)
              • mystery play [ENG31-07031718-n] (a medieval play representing episodes from the life of Christ)
              • Passion play [ENG31-07031838-n] (a play representing the Passion of Christ)
              • satyr play [ENG31-07031938-n] (an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs)
            • act [ENG31-07022756-n] (a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet)
            • scene [ENG31-07022924-n] (a subdivision of an act of a play)
            • script [ENG31-07023062-n] (a written version of a play or other dramatic composition)

              • promptbook [ENG31-07023391-n] (the copy of the playscript used by the prompter)
              • continuity [ENG31-07023509-n] (a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot)
              • dialogue [ENG31-07023657-n] (the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction)

                • duologue [ENG31-07023808-n] (a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors)
              • libretto [ENG31-07025141-n] (the words of an opera or musical play)
              • scenario [ENG31-07025251-n] (an outline or synopsis of a play (or, by extension, of a literary work))
              • screenplay [ENG31-07025395-n] (a script for a film including dialogue and descriptions of characters and sets)
              • shooting script [ENG31-07025530-n] (the final detailed script for making a movie or TV program)
          • plagiarism [ENG31-07291863-n] (a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work)
          • transcript [ENG31-07292089-n] (something that has been transcribed)
        • prescription [ENG31-06377253-n] (written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient)
        • prescription [ENG31-06377447-n] (written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person)
        • reading [ENG31-06610383-n] (written material intended to be read)

          • bumf [ENG31-06610597-n] (reading materials (documents, written information) that you must read and deal with but that you think are extremely boring)
        • code [ENG31-06680062-n] (a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones))

          • Bushido [ENG31-06680370-n] (traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living)
          • legal code [ENG31-06680537-n] (a code of laws adopted by a state or nation)

            • Roman law [ENG31-06546650-n] (the legal code of ancient Rome)
            • Salic law [ENG31-06546909-n] (the code of laws of the Salian Franks and other German tribes)
            • criminal law [ENG31-06551169-n] (the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment)
            • penal code [ENG31-06680764-n] (the legal code governing crimes and their punishment)
            • United States Code [ENG31-06680892-n] (a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States)
          • building code [ENG31-06681177-n] (set of standards established and enforced by local government for the structural safety of buildings)
          • dress code [ENG31-06681356-n] (a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited))
          • fire code [ENG31-06681558-n] (set of standards established and enforced by government for fire prevention and safety in case of fire as in fire escapes etc)
          • omerta [ENG31-06681758-n] (a code of silence practiced by the Mafia)
          • sanitary code [ENG31-06681938-n] (set of standards established and enforced by government for health requirements as in plumbing etc)
          • Highway Code [ENG31-06682129-n] (the code of rules governing the use of public roads)
        • print [ENG31-06691047-n] (the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication)

          • small print [ENG31-06691251-n] (material printed in small type)
      • message [ENG31-06611268-n] (what a communication that is about something is about)

        • body [ENG31-06406344-n] (the central message of a communication)
        • corker [ENG31-06518594-n] ((dated slang) a remarkable or excellent thing or person)
        • reminder [ENG31-06518748-n] (a message that helps you remember something)

          • phylactery [ENG31-06869239-n] ((Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin))
        • request [ENG31-06525357-n] (a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority)

          • application [ENG31-06524571-n] (a verbal or written request for assistance or employment or admission to a school)

            • job application [ENG31-06524848-n] (an application for a job)
            • credit application [ENG31-06524934-n] (an application for a line of credit)
            • loan application [ENG31-06525034-n] (an application to borrow money)

              • mortgage application [ENG31-06525145-n] (an application for a mortgage loan)
            • patent application [ENG31-06525246-n] (an application for sole rights to an invention)
          • solicitation [ENG31-06525755-n] (request for a sum of money)

            • whip-round [ENG31-06525944-n] ((British) solicitation of money usually for a benevolent purpose)
          • demand [ENG31-07205939-n] (an urgent or peremptory request)

            • challenge [ENG31-07206229-n] (a demand by a sentry for a password or identification)
            • ultimatum [ENG31-07206356-n] (a final peremptory demand)
            • insistence [ENG31-07206437-n] (continual and persistent demands)

              • purism [ENG31-07206610-n] (scrupulous or exaggerated insistence on purity or correctness (especially in language))
            • call [ENG31-07206789-n] (a demand especially in the phrase "the call of duty")
            • requisition [ENG31-07206900-n] (the act of requiring)
            • call [ENG31-07207171-n] (a demand for a show of hands in a card game)
            • margin call [ENG31-07207321-n] (a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement)
            • wage claim [ENG31-07207505-n] (the wage demanded from management for workers by their union representatives)
        • memorial [ENG31-06525615-n] (a written statement of facts submitted in conjunction with a petition to an authority)
        • latent content [ENG31-06612008-n] ((psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream)
        • subject [ENG31-06612141-n] (the subject matter of a conversation or discussion)

          • bone of contention [ENG31-06612492-n] (the subject of a dispute)
          • precedent [ENG31-06612635-n] (a subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time))
          • question [ENG31-06796625-n] (the subject matter at issue)

            • problem [ENG31-06796860-n] (a question raised for consideration or solution)

              • puzzle [ENG31-06797496-n] (a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution)

                • sudoku [ENG31-06798869-n] (a number puzzle in which the numbers 1 through 9 must be placed into a grid of cells so that each row or column contains only one of each number)
                • word square [ENG31-06799066-n] (a puzzle where you fill a square grid with words reading the same down as across)
              • case [ENG31-06797823-n] (a problem requiring investigation)
              • homework problem [ENG31-06797958-n] (a problem that students are assigned to do outside of class)
              • riddle [ENG31-06798080-n] (a difficult problem)
              • poser [ENG31-06798224-n] (a particularly difficult or baffling question or problem)
              • Gordian knot [ENG31-06798398-n] (any very difficult problem)
              • koan [ENG31-06798697-n] (a paradoxical anecdote or a riddle that has no solution)
              • pons asinorum [ENG31-06799215-n] (a problem that severely tests the ability of an inexperienced person)
              • rebus [ENG31-06799343-n] (a puzzle where you decode a message consisting of pictures representing syllables and words)
            • question of fact [ENG31-06797174-n] (a disputed factual contention that is generally left for a jury to decide)
            • question of law [ENG31-06797327-n] (a disputed legal contention that is generally left for a judge to decide)
          • keynote [ENG31-07254938-n] (the principal theme in a speech or literary work)
        • digression [ENG31-06613037-n] (a message that departs from the main subject)
        • meaning [ENG31-06613680-n] (the message that is intended or expressed or signified)

          • lexical meaning [ENG31-06614326-n] (the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express)
          • grammatical meaning [ENG31-06614501-n] (the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence)
          • symbolization [ENG31-06614677-n] (the use of symbols to convey meaning)
          • sense [ENG31-06614825-n] (the meaning of a word or expression)

            • word meaning [ENG31-06615154-n] (the accepted meaning of a word)
          • intension [ENG31-06615288-n] (what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression)
          • referent [ENG31-06615847-n] (something referred to)

            • antecedent [ENG31-06616004-n] (the referent of an anaphor)
            • denotatum [ENG31-06616169-n] (an actual object referred to by a linguistic expression)
            • designatum [ENG31-06616280-n] (something (whether existing or not) that is referred to by a linguistic expression)
          • effect [ENG31-06616419-n] (the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work)
          • intent [ENG31-06618250-n] (the intended meaning of a communication)
          • moral [ENG31-06618397-n] (the significance of a story or event)
          • nuance [ENG31-06618544-n] (a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude)
          • overtone [ENG31-06618817-n] ((usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality)
          • point [ENG31-06619161-n] (a brief version of the essential meaning of something)

            • bottom line [ENG31-06618971-n] (the decisive point)
            • crux [ENG31-06619047-n] (the most important point)

              • alpha and omega [ENG31-06616562-n] (the basic meaning of something)
            • rallying point [ENG31-06619420-n] (a point or principle on which scattered or opposing groups can come together)
            • talking point [ENG31-06619557-n] (an especially persuasive point helping to support an argument or discussion)
        • nonsense [ENG31-06619692-n] (a message that seems to convey no meaning)

          • absurdity [ENG31-06620162-n] (a message whose content is at variance with reason)
          • amphigory [ENG31-06620388-n] (nonsensical writing (usually verse))
          • balderdash [ENG31-06620496-n] (trivial nonsense)
          • buzzword [ENG31-06620630-n] (stock phrases that have become nonsense through endless repetition)
          • cobblers [ENG31-06620758-n] (nonsense)
          • crock [ENG31-06620878-n] (nonsense)
          • fa la [ENG31-06620970-n] (meaningless syllables in the refrain of a partsong)
          • gibberish [ENG31-06621081-n] (unintelligible talking)

            • abracadabra [ENG31-06622416-n] (gibberish and nonsense)
            • babble [ENG31-06622496-n] (gibberish resembling the sounds of a baby)
            • blather [ENG31-06622685-n] (foolish gibberish)
            • double Dutch [ENG31-06622789-n] (an incomprehensible talk)
            • double talk [ENG31-06623250-n] (deliberately unintelligible gibberish)
            • jabber [ENG31-06623345-n] (rapid and indistinct speech)
            • mumbo jumbo [ENG31-06624773-n] (language or ritual causing, or intending to cause, confusion)
          • incoherence [ENG31-06621330-n] (nonsense that is simply incoherent and unintelligible)

            • word salad [ENG31-06621529-n] (jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia)
          • jabberwocky [ENG31-06621649-n] (nonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll))
          • mummery [ENG31-06621756-n] (meaningless ceremonies and flattery)
          • palaver [ENG31-06621856-n] (loud and confused and empty talk)
          • rigmarole [ENG31-06622025-n] (a set of confused and meaningless statements)
          • shmegegge [ENG31-06622138-n] ((Yiddish) baloney)
          • stuff [ENG31-06622262-n] (senseless talk)
          • baloney [ENG31-06623500-n] (pretentious or silly talk or writing)
        • drivel [ENG31-06624619-n] (a worthless message)

          • bunk [ENG31-06624034-n] (unacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements))

            • bullshit [ENG31-06623729-n] (obscene words for unacceptable behavior)
          • chickenshit [ENG31-06624209-n] (a false statement that is considered to indicate timidity or fear)
          • folderol [ENG31-06624351-n] (nonsensical talk or writing)
          • pap [ENG31-06624527-n] (worthless or oversimplified ideas)
        • acknowledgment [ENG31-06641368-n] (a statement acknowledging something or someone)

          • credits [ENG31-06501959-n] (a list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film))
          • receipt [ENG31-06532213-n] (an acknowledgment (usually tangible) that payment has been made)

            • stub [ENG31-06532420-n] (a torn part of a ticket returned to the holder as a receipt)

              • rain check [ENG31-06532562-n] (a ticket stub entitling the holder to admission to a future event if the scheduled event was cancelled due to rain)
            • bill of lading [ENG31-06532733-n] (a receipt given by the carrier to the shipper acknowledging receipt of the goods being shipped and specifying the terms of delivery)
            • pawn ticket [ENG31-13435616-n] (a pawnbroker's receipt for articles taken as security)
          • farewell [ENG31-06641899-n] (an acknowledgment or expression of goodwill at parting)

            • adieu [ENG31-06642117-n] (a farewell remark)
            • bon voyage [ENG31-06642365-n] (an organized expression of goodwill at the start of a trip or new venture)
            • good morning [ENG31-06645178-n] (a conventional expression of greeting or farewell)
            • good afternoon [ENG31-06645314-n] (a conventional expression of greeting or farewell)
            • good night [ENG31-06645454-n] (a conventional expression of farewell)
          • greeting [ENG31-06642524-n] ((usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting))

            • well-wishing [ENG31-06642966-n] (an expression of good will from one person to another)
            • regard [ENG31-06643134-n] ((usually plural) a polite expression of desire for someone's welfare)
            • reception [ENG31-06643359-n] (the manner in which something is greeted)
            • hail [ENG31-06643557-n] (enthusiastic greeting)
            • pax [ENG31-06643647-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a greeting signifying Christian love for those assisting at the Eucharist)
            • welcome [ENG31-06643829-n] (a greeting or reception)

              • cordial reception [ENG31-06644013-n] (kindness in welcoming guests or strangers)
              • inhospitality [ENG31-06644168-n] (unkind and inconsiderate welcome)
              • glad hand [ENG31-06644340-n] (a warm welcome)
            • salute [ENG31-06644865-n] (an act of greeting with friendly words and gestures like bowing or lifting the hat)
            • hello [ENG31-06645018-n] (an expression of greeting)
            • salute [ENG31-06645548-n] (a formal military gesture of respect)
            • calling card [ENG31-06645712-n] (a printed or written greeting that is left to indicate that you have visited)
          • aloha [ENG31-06644428-n] (an acknowledgment that can be used to say hello or goodbye (aloha is Hawaiian and ciao is Italian))
          • handshake [ENG31-06644604-n] (grasping and shaking a person's hand (as to acknowledge an introduction or to agree on a contract))
          • apology [ENG31-06645870-n] (an expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone)
          • mea culpa [ENG31-06646103-n] (an acknowledgment of your error or guilt)
          • condolence [ENG31-06646199-n] (an expression of sympathy with another's grief)
          • declination [ENG31-06646746-n] (a polite refusal of an invitation)
          • admission [ENG31-07230608-n] (an acknowledgment of the truth of something)

            • confession [ENG31-07230743-n] (an admission of misdeeds or faults)

              • self-accusation [ENG31-07230888-n] (an admission that you have failed to do or be something you know you should do or be)
          • thanks [ENG31-07243631-n] (an acknowledgment of appreciation)

            • appreciation [ENG31-07243771-n] (an expression of gratitude)
            • thank you [ENG31-07243905-n] (a conversational expression of gratitude)
            • bow [ENG31-07244001-n] (an appearance by actors or performers at the end of the concert or play in order to acknowledge the applause of the audience)
        • refusal [ENG31-06646602-n] (a message refusing to accept something that is offered)
        • information [ENG31-06646883-n] (a message received and understood)

          • ammunition [ENG31-06496385-n] (information that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint)
          • factoid [ENG31-06496690-n] (something resembling a fact)
          • misinformation [ENG31-06647485-n] (information that is incorrect)

            • blowback [ENG31-06647629-n] (misinformation resulting from the recirculation into the source country of disinformation previously planted abroad by that country's intelligence service)
            • disinformation [ENG31-06647838-n] (misinformation that is deliberately disseminated in order to influence or confuse rivals (foreign enemies or business competitors etc.))
          • material [ENG31-06648034-n] (information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form)

            • rehash [ENG31-06648284-n] (old material that is slightly reworked and used again)
            • copy [ENG31-06688854-n] (material suitable for a journalistic account)
          • details [ENG31-06648469-n] (true confidential information)

            • dope [ENG31-06648638-n] (slang terms for inside information)
          • fact [ENG31-06648784-n] (a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened)

            • record [ENG31-06649049-n] (a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone)

              • logbook [ENG31-06516040-n] (a book in which the log is written)

                • bell book [ENG31-06516317-n] (a logbook in which all orders concerning the main engines of a ship are recorded)
              • won-lost record [ENG31-06519583-n] ((sports) a record of win versus losses)
              • card [ENG31-06519932-n] ((golf) a record of scores (as in golf))
            • basics [ENG31-06652212-n] (a statement of fundamental facts or principles)
            • index [ENG31-06652323-n] (a number or ratio (a value on a scale of measurement) derived from a series of observed facts)

              • body mass index [ENG31-06652665-n] (a measure of someone's weight in relation to height)
              • business index [ENG31-06652966-n] (a statistical compilation that provides a context for economic or financial conditions)
              • leading indicator [ENG31-06653626-n] (one of 11 indicators for different sections of the economy)
              • price index [ENG31-06653830-n] (an index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time)

                • retail price index [ENG31-06654072-n] (an index of changes in retail prices)
                • producer price index [ENG31-06654173-n] (an index of changes in wholesale prices)
                • consumer price index [ENG31-06654303-n] (an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer)
              • short account [ENG31-06654467-n] (the aggregate of short sales on an open market)
              • stock index [ENG31-06654573-n] (index based on a statistical compilation of the share prices of a number of representative stocks)
          • format [ENG31-06649331-n] (the organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing))

            • high-level formatting [ENG31-06649674-n] ((computer science) the format for the root directory and the file allocation tables and other basic configurations)
            • low-level formatting [ENG31-06649875-n] ((computer science) the format of sectors on the surface of a hard disk drive so that the operating system can access them and setting a starting position)
          • gen [ENG31-06650202-n] (informal term for information)
          • database [ENG31-06650349-n] (an organized body of related information)

            • list [ENG31-06492991-n] (a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics))

              • agenda [ENG31-06496950-n] (a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting))

                • order of the day [ENG31-06497489-n] (the order of business for an assembly on a given day)

                  • order paper [ENG31-06497622-n] (a printed copy of the order of the day)
              • A-list [ENG31-06497120-n] (a list of names of specially favored people)
              • bibliography [ENG31-06498467-n] (a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.))
              • bill [ENG31-06498711-n] (a list of particulars (as a playbill or bill of fare))

                • bill of entry [ENG31-06498887-n] (a list of goods received at a customhouse for export or import)
                • bill of goods [ENG31-06499009-n] (a consignment of merchandise)
                • menu [ENG31-06504930-n] (a list of dishes available at a restaurant)

                  • a la carte [ENG31-06509108-n] (a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices)
                  • prix fixe [ENG31-06509224-n] (a menu listing fixed meals at fixed prices)
                  • table d'hote [ENG31-06509322-n] (a menu offering a complete meal with limited choices at a fixed price)
                • playbill [ENG31-06761417-n] (a theatrical program)
              • blacklist [ENG31-06499097-n] (a list of people who are out of favor)
              • calendar [ENG31-06499232-n] (a list or register of events (appointments or social events or court cases etc))

                • docket [ENG31-06497282-n] ((law) the calendar of a court)
              • calorie chart [ENG31-06499447-n] (a list of foods and information about their caloric content)
              • canon [ENG31-06499566-n] (a complete list of saints that have been recognized by the Roman Catholic Church)
              • catalog [ENG31-06499734-n] (a complete list of things)

                • discography [ENG31-06500061-n] (a descriptive catalog of musical recordings)
                • library catalog [ENG31-06500162-n] (an enumeration of all the resources of a library)

                  • card catalog [ENG31-06500310-n] (a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card)
                • parts catalog [ENG31-06500466-n] (a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices)
                • seed catalog [ENG31-06500600-n] (a list advertising seeds and their prices)
              • character set [ENG31-06500717-n] (an ordered list of characters that are used together in writing or printing)

                • alphanumerics [ENG31-06512253-n] (a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation)
              • chart [ENG31-06500907-n] ((usually plural) a listing of best-selling recorded music)
              • checklist [ENG31-06501061-n] (a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted)
              • class list [ENG31-06501181-n] (a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations)
              • codex [ENG31-06501551-n] (an official list of chemicals or medicines etc.)
              • corrigenda [ENG31-06501838-n] (a list of printing errors in a book along with their corrections)
              • criminal record [ENG31-06502164-n] (a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted)
              • directory [ENG31-06502442-n] ((computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk))

                • subdirectory [ENG31-06502734-n] ((computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory)
              • distribution list [ENG31-06502618-n] (list of names to whom a communication should be sent)
              • enumeration [ENG31-06502878-n] (a numbered list)
              • FAQ [ENG31-06503017-n] (a list of questions that are frequently asked (about a given topic) along with their answers)
              • free list [ENG31-06503159-n] (a list of commodities that are not subject to tariffs)
              • grocery list [ENG31-06503362-n] (a list of heterogenous items that someone wants)
              • hit list [ENG31-06503552-n] (a list of victims to be eliminated (as by murder))
              • hit parade [ENG31-06503656-n] (a ranked list of the songs that are most popular at a given time)
              • index [ENG31-06503777-n] (an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed)

                • concordance [ENG31-06504031-n] (an index of all main words in a book along with their immediate contexts)
              • key [ENG31-06504179-n] (a list of words or phrases that explain symbols or abbreviations)

                • key word [ENG31-06504311-n] (a word that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message)
              • key [ENG31-06504429-n] (a list of answers to a test)
              • inventory [ENG31-06504655-n] (a detailed list of all the items in stock)

                • parts inventory [ENG31-06504560-n] (an inventory of replacement parts)
              • mailing list [ENG31-06504802-n] (a list of names and addresses to which advertising material is mailed)
              • masthead [ENG31-06505149-n] (a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc.)
              • menu [ENG31-06505383-n] ((computer science) a list of options available to a computer user)

                • drop-down menu [ENG31-06505570-n] (a menu of options that appears below the item when the computer user clicks on it)
                • hierarchical menu [ENG31-06505712-n] (a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu)
              • necrology [ENG31-06505917-n] (a list of people who died recently)
              • playlist [ENG31-06506007-n] (a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio)
              • portfolio [ENG31-06506144-n] (a list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank or other financial institution)
              • posting [ENG31-06506364-n] ((bookkeeping) a listing on the company's records)
              • price list [ENG31-06506529-n] (a listing of prices for different goods or services)
              • push-down list [ENG31-06506637-n] (a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO))
              • queue [ENG31-06506807-n] ((information processing) an ordered list of tasks to be performed or messages to be transmitted)

                • push-down queue [ENG31-06514045-n] (a queue in which the last item to go in is the first item to come out (LIFO))
              • roll [ENG31-06506991-n] (a list of names)

                • batting order [ENG31-06497998-n] ((baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat)
                • death-roll [ENG31-06507211-n] (a list of persons killed in a war or other disaster)
                • muster roll [ENG31-06508615-n] (a list of names of officers and men in a military unit or ship's company)
                • church roll [ENG31-06508764-n] (a list of the members of church)
                • rota [ENG31-06508853-n] (a roster of names showing the order in which people should perform certain duties)
                • waiting list [ENG31-06509004-n] (a roster of those waiting to obtain something)
              • schedule [ENG31-06507319-n] (an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur)

                • network programming [ENG31-06497731-n] (the schedule of programs to be broadcast on a network)

                  • lineup [ENG31-06497868-n] (the schedule of programs for a particular period)
                • timetable [ENG31-06508388-n] (a schedule of times of arrivals and departures)
                • timetable [ENG31-06508490-n] (a schedule listing events and the times at which they will take place)
              • shopping list [ENG31-06507507-n] (a list of items to be purchased)

                • grocery list [ENG31-06503268-n] (a list of groceries to be purchased)
              • short list [ENG31-06507616-n] (a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen)
              • sick list [ENG31-06507815-n] (a list of those who are ill (e.g. on a warship or in a regiment etc))
              • slate [ENG31-06507939-n] (a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices)
              • standing [ENG31-06508107-n] (an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event)
              • wish list [ENG31-06508290-n] (a list of events that you wish would occur)
            • electronic database [ENG31-06600792-n] ((computer science) a database that can be accessed by computers)

              • relational database [ENG31-06650498-n] (a database in which relations between information items are explicitly specified as accessible attributes)
              • object-oriented database [ENG31-06651052-n] (a database in which the operations carried out on information items (data objects) are considered part of their definition)
              • lexical database [ENG31-06651393-n] (a database of information about words)

                • machine readable dictionary [ENG31-06651548-n] (a machine-readable version of a standard dictionary)
                • wordnet [ENG31-06652077-n] (any of the machine-readable lexical databases modeled after the Princeton WordNet)
            • subdata base [ENG31-06651264-n] (a subset of data in a database that are used in a specific application)
          • news [ENG31-06654787-n] (information about recent and important events)

            • good word [ENG31-06655751-n] (good news)
            • latest [ENG31-06655816-n] (the most recent news or development)
          • news [ENG31-06654987-n] (informal information of any kind that is not previously known to someone)
          • nuts and bolts [ENG31-06655149-n] (detailed practical information about how something works or how something can be accomplished)
          • intelligence [ENG31-06655303-n] (secret information about an enemy (or potential enemy))

            • military intelligence [ENG31-06655530-n] (information about the armed forces of another country that is useful in planning and conducting military policy or military operations)
          • update [ENG31-06655934-n] (information or data that updates)
          • confirmation [ENG31-06662815-n] (information that confirms or verifies)

            • reinforcement [ENG31-06662983-n] (information that makes more forcible or convincing)
            • documentation [ENG31-06663176-n] (confirmation that some fact or statement is true through the use of documentary evidence)
          • insider information [ENG31-06664599-n] (important information about the plans or condition of a corporation that has not been released to the public)
          • secret [ENG31-06685698-n] (information known only to a special group)

            • esoterica [ENG31-06686416-n] (secrets known only to an initiated minority)
            • cabala [ENG31-06686515-n] (an esoteric or occult matter resembling the Kabbalah that is traditionally secret)
            • password [ENG31-06686933-n] (a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group)
          • secret [ENG31-06685887-n] (something that should remain hidden from others (especially information that is not to be passed on))

            • confidence [ENG31-06686180-n] (a secret that is confided or entrusted to another)
            • open secret [ENG31-06686773-n] (something that is supposed to be secret but is generally known)
            • trade secret [ENG31-06687130-n] (a secret (method or device or formula) that gives a manufacturer an advantage over the competition)
          • propaganda [ENG31-06687287-n] (information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause)

            • agitprop [ENG31-06687536-n] (political propaganda (especially communist propaganda) communicated via art and literature and cinema)
          • course of study [ENG31-06689161-n] (an integrated course of academic studies)

            • crash course [ENG31-06689454-n] (a rapid and intense course of training or research (usually undertaken in an emergency))
            • reading program [ENG31-06689834-n] (a program designed to teach literacy skills)
            • degree program [ENG31-06689939-n] (a course of study leading to an academic degree)
          • news [ENG31-06693922-n] (information reported in a newspaper or news magazine)

            • business news [ENG31-06694199-n] (news about businesses and investments)
            • report [ENG31-06694296-n] (a short account of the news)

              • newsletter [ENG31-06694721-n] (report or open letter giving informal or confidential news of interest to a special group)

                • market letter [ENG31-06694897-n] (a newsletter written by an analyst of the stock market and sold to subscribers)
              • bulletin [ENG31-06695035-n] (a brief report (especially an official statement issued for immediate publication or broadcast))

                • news bulletin [ENG31-06695239-n] (a short news announcement concerning some on-going news story)
                • information bulletin [ENG31-06695428-n] (a bulletin containing the latest information)
              • dispatch [ENG31-06695539-n] (an official report (usually sent in haste))
              • urban legend [ENG31-06695697-n] (a story that appears mysteriously and spreads spontaneously in various forms and is usually false)
              • exclusive [ENG31-06695928-n] (a news report that is reported first by one news organization)
            • coverage [ENG31-06696529-n] (the news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television)
            • hard news [ENG31-06696797-n] (news that deals with serious topics or events)
            • soft news [ENG31-06696898-n] (news that does not deal with serious topics or events)
            • stop press [ENG31-06697007-n] (late news that is inserted into the newspaper at the last minute)
          • evidence [ENG31-06746688-n] ((law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved)

            • exhibit [ENG31-06747071-n] (an object or statement produced before a court of law and referred to while giving evidence)
            • testimony [ENG31-06747216-n] (a solemn statement made under oath)

              • witness [ENG31-06747451-n] (testimony by word or deed to your religious faith)
              • declaration [ENG31-06748966-n] ((law) unsworn statement that can be admitted in evidence in a legal transaction)
              • attestation [ENG31-06749154-n] (the action of bearing witness)
              • subornation [ENG31-06749695-n] (perjured testimony that someone was persuaded to give)
            • corpus delicti [ENG31-06747572-n] (the body of evidence that constitute the offence)
            • direct evidence [ENG31-06747826-n] (evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute)
            • circumstantial evidence [ENG31-06748282-n] (evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute)
            • corroborating evidence [ENG31-06748480-n] (additional evidence or evidence of different kind that supports a proof already offered in a proceeding)
            • hearsay evidence [ENG31-06748671-n] (evidence based on what someone has told the witness and not of direct knowledge)
            • state's evidence [ENG31-06748832-n] (evidence for the prosecution in criminal proceedings)
          • readout [ENG31-06832564-n] (the information displayed or recorded on an electronic device)
          • tabulation [ENG31-07016108-n] (information set out in tabular form)
          • skinny [ENG31-07233513-n] (confidential information about a topic or person)
          • stuff [ENG31-07233664-n] (information in some unspecified form)
          • report card [ENG31-07234960-n] (a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment)
        • guidance [ENG31-06663446-n] (something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action)

          • career counseling [ENG31-06663792-n] (counseling on career opportunities)
          • cynosure [ENG31-06663890-n] (something that provides guidance (as Polaris guides mariners))
          • genetic counseling [ENG31-06664047-n] (guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children)
          • marriage counseling [ENG31-06664208-n] (counseling on marital problems and disagreements)
          • tip [ENG31-06664322-n] (an indication of potential opportunity)
        • commitment [ENG31-06697128-n] (a message that makes a pledge)

          • oath [ENG31-06697317-n] (a commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law))
          • affirmation [ENG31-06697543-n] ((religion) a solemn declaration that serves the same purpose as an oath (if an oath is objectionable to the person on religious or ethical grounds))

            • profession [ENG31-06697785-n] (affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith)
          • assurance [ENG31-07242432-n] (a binding commitment to do or give or refrain from something)

            • guarantee [ENG31-06698201-n] (a written assurance that some product or service will be provided or will meet certain specifications)

              • security [ENG31-06698499-n] (a guarantee that an obligation will be met)
              • deposit [ENG31-06698605-n] (a payment given as a guarantee that an obligation will be met)
              • stock warrant [ENG31-06698720-n] (a written certificate that gives the holder the right to purchase shares of a stock for a specified price within a specified period of time)
            • guarantee [ENG31-06698919-n] (an unconditional commitment that something will happen or that something is true)

              • safety net [ENG31-06699212-n] (a guarantee of professional or financial security)
              • full faith and credit [ENG31-06699318-n] (a guarantee to pay interest and principal on debt)
            • plight [ENG31-07242765-n] (a solemn pledge of fidelity)
            • vow [ENG31-07243411-n] (a solemn pledge (to oneself or to another or to a deity) to do something or to behave in a certain manner)
        • approval [ENG31-06699481-n] (a message expressing a favorable opinion)

          • approbation [ENG31-06699923-n] (official recognition or approval)
          • sanction [ENG31-06700103-n] (formal and explicit approval)

            • O.K. [ENG31-06700446-n] (an endorsement)
            • visa [ENG31-06700628-n] (an endorsement made in a passport that allows the bearer to enter the country issuing it)
            • nihil obstat [ENG31-06700804-n] (the phrase used by the official censor of the Roman Catholic Church to say that a publication has been examined and contains nothing offensive to the church)
          • recognition [ENG31-06701019-n] (approval)

            • memorial [ENG31-06701267-n] (a recognition of meritorious service)

              • epitaph [ENG31-06418400-n] (a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person)
              • festschrift [ENG31-06418508-n] (a collection of writings published in honor of a scholar)
            • ovation [ENG31-06701496-n] (enthusiastic recognition (especially one accompanied by loud applause))
            • salute [ENG31-06701658-n] (an act of honor or courteous recognition)
          • connivance [ENG31-06701870-n] ((law) tacit approval of someone's wrongdoing)
          • permission [ENG31-06702042-n] (approval to do something)

            • authority [ENG31-05184134-n] (official permission or approval)
            • all clear [ENG31-06702299-n] (permission to proceed because obstacles have been removed)
            • consent [ENG31-06702412-n] (permission to do something)

              • informed consent [ENG31-07190514-n] (consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved)
            • dismissal [ENG31-06702574-n] (permission to go)
            • green light [ENG31-06702693-n] (permission to proceed with a project or to take action)
            • leave [ENG31-06702859-n] (permission to do something)
            • pass [ENG31-06703153-n] (a document indicating permission to do something without restrictions)

              • boarding card [ENG31-06703392-n] (a pass that allows you to board a ship or plane)
              • hall pass [ENG31-06703515-n] (written permission from a teacher for a student to be out the classroom and in the halls of the school)
              • ticket-of-leave [ENG31-06703673-n] (a permit formerly given to convicts allowing them to leave prison under specific restrictions)
            • pass [ENG31-06703828-n] (any authorization to pass or go somewhere)

              • safe-conduct [ENG31-06704012-n] (a document or escort providing safe passage through a region especially in time of war)
          • encouragement [ENG31-06704187-n] (the expression of approval and support)

            • abetment [ENG31-07266287-n] (the verbal act of urging on)
            • cheering [ENG31-07266447-n] (encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators)
            • promotion [ENG31-07266652-n] (encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something)
            • fostering [ENG31-07266874-n] (encouragement)
            • goad [ENG31-07267046-n] (a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something)
            • provocation [ENG31-07267432-n] (needed encouragement)

              • subornation [ENG31-07267635-n] (underhandedly or improperly inducing someone to do something improper or unlawful)

                • subornation of perjury [ENG31-07267810-n] ((law) inducing someone to make a false oath as part of a judicial proceeding)
            • vote of confidence [ENG31-07268150-n] (an expression of approval and encouragement)
          • acclaim [ENG31-06704429-n] (enthusiastic approval)
          • applause [ENG31-06704734-n] (a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together)

            • hand [ENG31-06704983-n] (a round of applause to signify approval)
            • handclap [ENG31-06705114-n] (a clap of the hands to indicate approval)
            • round [ENG31-06705209-n] (an outburst of applause)
          • cheer [ENG31-06705317-n] (a cry or shout of approval)

            • banzai [ENG31-06705485-n] (a Japanese cheer of enthusiasm or triumph)
            • bravo [ENG31-06705579-n] (a cry of approval as from an audience at the end of great performance)
            • hurrah [ENG31-06705718-n] (a victory cheer)
            • salvo [ENG31-06705831-n] (a sudden outburst of cheers)
          • praise [ENG31-06705943-n] (an expression of approval and commendation)

            • superlative [ENG31-06706615-n] (an exaggerated expression (usually of praise))
            • encomium [ENG31-06706894-n] (a formal expression of praise)
            • eulogy [ENG31-06707104-n] (a formal expression of praise for someone who has died recently)
            • recommendation [ENG31-06707285-n] (something that recommends (or expresses commendation of) a person or thing as worthy or desirable)

              • character [ENG31-06707541-n] (a formal recommendation by a former employer to a potential future employer describing the person's qualifications and dependability)
              • puff [ENG31-06707855-n] (exaggerated praise (as for promotional purposes))
            • compliment [ENG31-06707972-n] (a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration)

              • trade-last [ENG31-06708169-n] (a compliment that I heard about you that I offer to trade for a compliment you have heard about me)
              • flattery [ENG31-06708324-n] (excessive or insincere praise)

                • adulation [ENG31-06708498-n] (servile flattery)
                • blandishment [ENG31-06708607-n] (flattery intended to persuade)
                • blarney [ENG31-06708770-n] (flattery designed to gain favor)
                • puffery [ENG31-06708926-n] (a flattering commendation (especially when used for promotional purposes))
              • unction [ENG31-06709053-n] (excessive but superficial compliments given with affected charm)
          • tribute [ENG31-06709958-n] (something given or done as an expression of esteem)
        • disapproval [ENG31-06722472-n] (the expression of disapproval)

          • disapprobation [ENG31-06722631-n] (an expression of strong disapproval)

            • censure [ENG31-06722937-n] (harsh criticism or disapproval)

              • interdict [ENG31-06723269-n] (an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district)
            • demonization [ENG31-06723091-n] (to represent as diabolically evil)
          • criticism [ENG31-06723485-n] (disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings)

            • attack [ENG31-01223108-n] (strong criticism)

              • aspersion [ENG31-01222825-n] (an abusive attack on a person's character or good name)
            • brickbat [ENG31-06723899-n] (blunt criticism)
            • faultfinding [ENG31-06723969-n] (persistent petty and unjustified criticism)
            • fire [ENG31-06724098-n] (intense adverse criticism)
            • thrust [ENG31-06724343-n] (verbal criticism)
            • potshot [ENG31-06724478-n] (criticism aimed at an easy target and made without careful consideration)
            • rebuke [ENG31-06724794-n] (an act or expression of criticism and censure)

              • riot act [ENG31-06551067-n] (a vigorous reprimand)
              • chiding [ENG31-06725772-n] (rebuking a person harshly)

                • wig [ENG31-06726038-n] (British slang for a scolding)
              • what for [ENG31-06725965-n] (a strong reprimand)
              • castigation [ENG31-06726126-n] (a severe scolding)
              • berating [ENG31-06726316-n] (a severe rebuke)
              • reproach [ENG31-06726451-n] (a mild rebuke or criticism)

                • self-reproach [ENG31-06726589-n] (the act of blaming yourself)
                • blame [ENG31-06726691-n] (a reproach for some lapse or misdeed)
              • lecture [ENG31-06726869-n] (a lengthy rebuke)

                • sermon [ENG31-06725264-n] (a moralistic rebuke)
                • curtain lecture [ENG31-06727123-n] (a private lecture to a husband by his wife)
              • correction [ENG31-06727227-n] (a rebuke for making a mistake)
              • admonition [ENG31-06727359-n] (a firm rebuke)
            • slating [ENG31-06725437-n] (a severely critical attack)
            • static [ENG31-06725564-n] (angry criticism)
            • stricture [ENG31-06725700-n] (severe criticism)
          • discouragement [ENG31-07268305-n] (the expression of opposition and disapproval)

            • disheartenment [ENG31-07268482-n] (a communication that leaves you disheartened or daunted)
            • dissuasion [ENG31-07268616-n] (a communication that dissuades you)
            • determent [ENG31-07268725-n] (a communication that makes you afraid to try something)
        • respects [ENG31-06727491-n] ((often used with `pay') a formal expression of esteem)
        • disrespect [ENG31-06727915-n] (an expression of lack of respect)

          • abuse [ENG31-06728162-n] (a rude expression intended to offend or hurt)

            • low blow [ENG31-06734018-n] (unscrupulous abuse)
            • scurrility [ENG31-06734091-n] (foul-mouthed or obscene abuse)
            • stinger [ENG31-06734210-n] (a remark capable of wounding mentally)
            • vituperation [ENG31-06734353-n] (abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will)
          • derision [ENG31-06728577-n] (contemptuous laughter)

            • jeer [ENG31-06729173-n] (showing your contempt by derision)
            • put-down [ENG31-06729735-n] (a crushing remark)
            • stultification [ENG31-06729931-n] (derision of someone or something as foolish or absurd or inconsistent)
          • ridicule [ENG31-06728725-n] (language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate)
          • contempt [ENG31-06728866-n] (open disrespect for a person or thing)

            • fleer [ENG31-06729056-n] (contempt expressed by mockery in looks or words)
            • sneer [ENG31-06729422-n] (a facial expression of contempt or scorn)
            • sneer [ENG31-06729614-n] (a contemptuous or scornful remark)
          • disparagement [ENG31-06730109-n] (a communication that belittles somebody or something)

            • cold water [ENG31-06731113-n] (disparagement of a plan or hope or expectation)
            • denigration [ENG31-06731278-n] (a belittling comment)
            • aspersion [ENG31-06731387-n] (a disparaging remark)

              • ethnic slur [ENG31-06731706-n] (a slur on someone's race or language)
            • detraction [ENG31-06731952-n] (a petty disparagement)
            • sour grapes [ENG31-06732048-n] (disparagement of something that is unattainable)
            • condescension [ENG31-06732153-n] (a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient)
            • defamation [ENG31-06732328-n] (a false accusation of an offense or a malicious misrepresentation of someone's words or actions)

              • character assassination [ENG31-06732723-n] (an attack intended to ruin someone's reputation)
              • smear [ENG31-06732965-n] (slanderous defamation)
              • libel [ENG31-06733120-n] (a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person)
              • name calling [ENG31-06733533-n] (verbal abuse)
              • name [ENG31-06733713-n] (a defamatory or abusive word or phrase)

                • smear word [ENG31-06733830-n] (an epithet that can be used to smear someone's reputation)
          • impudence [ENG31-06734562-n] (an impudent statement)
          • blasphemy [ENG31-07138880-n] (blasphemous language (expressing disrespect for God or for something sacred))
        • interpolation [ENG31-06734935-n] (a message (spoken or written) that is introduced or inserted)
        • statement [ENG31-06735202-n] (a message that is stated or declared)

          • summary [ENG31-06478678-n] (a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form)

            • argument [ENG31-06479351-n] (a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie)
            • capitulation [ENG31-06479539-n] (a summary that enumerates the main parts of a topic)

              • recapitulation [ENG31-06481048-n] (a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion)

                • epanodos [ENG31-07114631-n] (recapitulation of the main ideas of a speech (especially in reverse order))
            • compendium [ENG31-06479667-n] (a concise but comprehensive summary of a larger work)
            • condensation [ENG31-06479794-n] (a shortened version of a written work)
            • conspectus [ENG31-06479999-n] (an overall summary)
            • curriculum vitae [ENG31-06480074-n] (a summary of your academic and work history)
            • line score [ENG31-06480194-n] (a summary of the scoring in a game (usually in tabular form))
            • outline [ENG31-06480622-n] (a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory)

              • brief [ENG31-06480311-n] (a condensed written summary or abstract)
              • apercu [ENG31-06480420-n] (a short synopsis)
              • epitome [ENG31-06480489-n] (a brief abstract (as of an article or book))
            • overview [ENG31-06480894-n] (a general summary of a subject)
            • roundup [ENG31-06481268-n] (a summary list)
            • sketch [ENG31-06481365-n] (short descriptive summary (of events))
            • summation [ENG31-06481545-n] (a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court))
          • pleading [ENG31-06571356-n] ((law) a statement in legal and logical form stating something on behalf of a party to a legal proceeding)

            • affirmative pleading [ENG31-06571823-n] (any defensive pleading that affirms facts rather than merely denying the facts alleged by the plaintiff)
            • alternative pleading [ENG31-06572012-n] (a pleading that alleges facts so separate that it is difficult to determine which facts the person intends to rely on)
            • answer [ENG31-06572245-n] (the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint)

              • evasive answer [ENG31-06572749-n] ((law) an answer by a defendant that fails to admit or deny the allegations set forth in the complaint)
              • nolo contendere [ENG31-06572930-n] ((law) an answer of `no contest' by a defendant who does not admit guilt but that subjects him to conviction)
              • plea [ENG31-06573129-n] ((law) a defendant's answer by a factual matter (as distinguished from a demurrer))

                • counterplea [ENG31-06573334-n] (a plaintiff's reply to a defendant's plea)
                • dilatory plea [ENG31-06573452-n] (a plea that delays the action without settling the cause of action)
                • insanity plea [ENG31-06573735-n] ((criminal law) a plea in which the defendant claims innocence due to mental incompetence at the time)
            • charge [ENG31-06573933-n] ((criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense)

              • accusation [ENG31-07248890-n] (a formal charge of wrongdoing brought against a person)

                • recrimination [ENG31-07249317-n] (mutual accusations)
                • allegation [ENG31-07250737-n] ((law) a formal accusation against somebody (often in a court of law))

                  • grievance [ENG31-07251126-n] (an allegation that something imposes an illegal obligation or denies some legal right or causes injustice)
                  • lodgment [ENG31-07251287-n] (bringing a charge or accusation against someone)
                  • plaint [ENG31-07251419-n] ((United Kingdom) a written statement of the grounds of complaint made to court of law asking for the grievance to be redressed)
                • blame game [ENG31-07250967-n] (accusations exchanged among people who refuse to accept sole responsibility for some undesirable event)
                • imprecation [ENG31-07251617-n] (a slanderous accusation)
                • imputation [ENG31-07251698-n] (a statement attributing something dishonest (especially a criminal offense))

                  • finger-pointing [ENG31-07251894-n] (the imputation of blame)
                • indictment [ENG31-07252069-n] (an accusation of wrongdoing)
                • information [ENG31-07252221-n] (formal accusation of a crime)
                • preferment [ENG31-07252307-n] (the act of making accusations)
                • incrimination [ENG31-07252418-n] (an accusation that you are responsible for some lapse or misdeed)

                  • self-incrimination [ENG31-07253249-n] (an accusation that incriminates yourself)
                • implication [ENG31-07252762-n] (an accusation that brings into intimate and usually incriminating connection)

                  • unspoken accusation [ENG31-07252968-n] (an accusation that is understood without needing to be spoken)
                  • insinuation [ENG31-07253115-n] (an indirect (and usually malicious) implication)
            • complaint [ENG31-06574208-n] ((civil law) the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim for relief is based)

              • libel [ENG31-06574427-n] (the written statement of a plaintiff explaining the cause of action (the defamation) and any relief he seeks)
            • defective pleading [ENG31-06574606-n] (any pleading that fails to conform in form or substance to minimum standards of accuracy or sufficiency)
            • demurrer [ENG31-06574793-n] ((law) any pleading that attacks the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleadings)
            • rebutter [ENG31-06574984-n] ((law) a pleading by the defendant in reply to a plaintiff's surrejoinder)
            • replication [ENG31-06575159-n] ((law) a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendant's plea or answer)
            • rejoinder [ENG31-06575315-n] ((law) a pleading made by a defendant in response to the plaintiff's replication)
            • special pleading [ENG31-06575469-n] ((law) a pleading that alleges new facts in avoidance of the opposing allegations)
            • surrebutter [ENG31-06575631-n] ((law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rebutter)
            • surrejoinder [ENG31-06575792-n] ((law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rejoinder)
          • amendment [ENG31-06736384-n] (a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.))
          • thing [ENG31-06736657-n] (a statement regarded as an object)
          • truth [ENG31-06736815-n] (a true statement)

            • gospel [ENG31-06737072-n] (an unquestionable truth)
            • tautology [ENG31-07105577-n] ((logic) a statement that is necessarily true)
            • truism [ENG31-07168951-n] (an obvious truth)

              • platitude [ENG31-07168754-n] (a trite or obvious remark)
          • description [ENG31-06737512-n] (a statement that represents something in words)

            • job description [ENG31-06737691-n] (description of the responsibilities associated with a given job)
            • specification [ENG31-06737816-n] (a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work)

              • computer architecture [ENG31-06737998-n] (the art of assembling logical elements into a computing device)

                • neural network [ENG31-06738216-n] (computer architecture in which processors are connected in a manner suggestive of connections between neurons)
              • network architecture [ENG31-06738429-n] (specification of design principles (including data formats and procedures) for creating a network configuration of data processors)
            • word picture [ENG31-07216464-n] (a graphic or vivid verbal description)

              • epithet [ENG31-07216971-n] (descriptive word or phrase)
              • portrayal [ENG31-07217051-n] (a word picture of a person's appearance and character)
          • declaration [ENG31-06738626-n] (a statement that is emphatic and explicit (spoken or written))

            • bastardization [ENG31-06739227-n] (declaring or rendering bastard)
            • confession [ENG31-06739882-n] (a public declaration of your faith)
            • manifesto [ENG31-06739973-n] (a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government))
            • pronouncement [ENG31-06740365-n] (an authoritative declaration)

              • directive [ENG31-07184731-n] (a pronouncement encouraging or banning some activity)

                • Presidential Directive [ENG31-07184933-n] (a directive issued by the President of the United States)
            • assertion [ENG31-06742248-n] (a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary))

              • claim [ENG31-06742613-n] (an assertion of a right (as to money or property))

                • cause of action [ENG31-06742817-n] (a claim sufficient to demand judicial attention)
                • dibs [ENG31-06742990-n] (a claim of rights)
                • pretension [ENG31-06743120-n] (the advancing of a claim)
              • claim [ENG31-06743312-n] (an assertion that something is true or factual)

                • allegation [ENG31-06743935-n] (statements affirming or denying certain matters of fact that you are prepared to prove)

                  • bill of Particulars [ENG31-06571105-n] (the particular events to be dealt with in a criminal trial)
              • accusation [ENG31-06743529-n] (an assertion that someone is guilty of a fault or offence)

                • countercharge [ENG31-06743818-n] (a charge brought by an accused person against the accuser)
              • contention [ENG31-06744127-n] (a point asserted as part of an argument)

                • submission [ENG31-06744259-n] ((law) a contention presented by a lawyer to a judge or jury as part of the case he is arguing)
              • ipse dixit [ENG31-06744446-n] (an unsupported dogmatic assertion)
              • avowal [ENG31-06745099-n] (a statement asserting the existence or the truth of something)

                • reassertion [ENG31-06745330-n] (renewed affirmation)
                • profession [ENG31-06745674-n] (an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion)
                • affirmative [ENG31-07218356-n] (a reply of affirmation)

                  • yes [ENG31-07218560-n] (an affirmative)
                  • yea [ENG31-07218668-n] (an affirmative)
                  • double negative [ENG31-07220099-n] (an affirmative constructed from two negatives)
              • testimony [ENG31-06745459-n] (an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact)
              • denial [ENG31-07218900-n] (the act of asserting that something alleged is not true)

                • negation [ENG31-07221121-n] (the speech act of negating)

                  • contradiction [ENG31-07221256-n] (the speech act of contradicting someone)

                    • self-contradiction [ENG31-07221460-n] (contradicting yourself)
                  • cancellation [ENG31-07221802-n] (the speech act of revoking or annulling or making void)
            • protestation [ENG31-06745868-n] (a strong declaration of protest)
            • postulation [ENG31-06745976-n] ((logic) a declaration of something self-evident)
            • threat [ENG31-06746225-n] (declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another)

              • commination [ENG31-06746431-n] (a threat of divine punishment or vengeance)
              • menace [ENG31-06746531-n] (a threat or the act of threatening)
          • announcement [ENG31-06738907-n] (a formal public statement)

            • edict [ENG31-06739420-n] (a formal or authoritative proclamation)
            • promulgation [ENG31-06739688-n] (the official announcement of a new law or ordinance whereby the law or ordinance is put into effect)
          • Bill of Rights [ENG31-06740507-n] (a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution))
          • formula [ENG31-06744762-n] (a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle)
          • mathematical statement [ENG31-06744918-n] (a statement of a mathematical relation)

            • equation [ENG31-06682609-n] (a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal)

              • regression equation [ENG31-06037790-n] (the equation representing the relation between selected values of one variable (x) and observed values of the other (y))
              • linear equation [ENG31-06682882-n] (a polynomial equation of the first degree)
              • quadratic equation [ENG31-06682985-n] (an equation in which the highest power of an unknown quantity is a square)
              • biquadratic equation [ENG31-06683135-n] (an equation of the fourth degree)
              • differential equation [ENG31-06683266-n] (an equation containing differentials of a function)

                • Maxwell's equations [ENG31-06683456-n] (four differential equations that summarize classical properties of electromagnetic fields)
                • partial differential equation [ENG31-06683611-n] (a differential equation involving a functions of more than one variable)
                • Schrodinger equation [ENG31-06683758-n] (the fundamental equation of wave mechanics)
                • wave equation [ENG31-06684084-n] (a differential equation that describes the passage of harmonic waves through a medium)
              • simultaneous equations [ENG31-06683895-n] (a set of equations in two or more variables for which there are values that can satisfy all the equations simultaneously)
              • exponential equation [ENG31-13811839-n] (an equation involving exponential functions of a variable)
            • formula [ENG31-06744551-n] (a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement)

              • sentential function [ENG31-06296883-n] (formal expression containing variables)
              • primitive [ENG31-06305894-n] (a mathematical expression from which another expression is derived)
              • exponential expression [ENG31-13812061-n] (a mathematical expression consisting of a constant (especially e) raised to some power)
          • bid [ENG31-06749861-n] ((bridge) the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make)

            • contract [ENG31-06750143-n] ((contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make)
            • takeout [ENG31-06750377-n] ((bridge) a bid that asks your partner to bid another suit)
            • overbid [ENG31-06750507-n] ((bridge) a bid that is higher than your opponent's bid (especially when your partner has not bid at all and your bid exceeds the value of your hand))
            • preemptive bid [ENG31-06750757-n] (a high bid that is intended to prevent the opposing players from bidding)
          • word [ENG31-06750911-n] (a brief statement)
          • explanation [ENG31-06751030-n] (a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.)

            • simplification [ENG31-06751929-n] (an explanation that omits superfluous details and reduces complexity)

              • oversimplification [ENG31-06752094-n] (a simplification that goes too far (to the point of misrepresentation))
            • accounting [ENG31-06752258-n] (a convincing explanation that reveals basic causes)
            • reason [ENG31-06752739-n] (an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon)
            • justification [ENG31-06752932-n] (a statement in explanation of some action or belief)

              • cause [ENG31-06753097-n] (a justification for something existing or happening)
              • defense [ENG31-06753339-n] (the justification for some act or belief)

                • apology [ENG31-06753614-n] (a formal written defense of something you believe in strongly)
                • alibi [ENG31-06753794-n] ((law) a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in question)
                • excuse [ENG31-06754000-n] (a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.)

                  • extenuation [ENG31-06754423-n] (a partial excuse to mitigate censure)
            • exposition [ENG31-06754868-n] (an account that sets forth the meaning or intent of a writing or discourse)
            • explication [ENG31-06756057-n] (a detailed explanation of the meaning of something)
            • gloss [ENG31-06756695-n] (an explanation or definition of an obscure word in a text)
            • deriving [ENG31-06756849-n] ((historical linguistics) an explanation of the historical origins of a word or phrase)
            • definition [ENG31-06757091-n] (a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol)

              • contextual definition [ENG31-06757358-n] (a definition in which the term is used by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation)
              • dictionary definition [ENG31-06757710-n] (a definition that reports the standard uses of a word or phrase or symbol)
              • explicit definition [ENG31-06757851-n] (a definition that gives an exact equivalent of the term defined)
              • ostensive definition [ENG31-06757980-n] (a definition that points out or exhibits instances of the term defined)
              • recursive definition [ENG31-06758117-n] ((mathematics) a definition of a function from which values of the function can be calculated in a finite number of steps)
              • redefinition [ENG31-06758323-n] (the act of giving a new definition)
              • stipulative definition [ENG31-06758556-n] (a definition that is stipulated by someone and that is not a standard usage)
            • interpretation [ENG31-07185404-n] (an explanation that results from interpreting something)

              • exposition [ENG31-06755121-n] (a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic)

                • philosophizing [ENG31-06755467-n] (the exposition (often superficially) of a particular philosophy)

                  • moralizing [ENG31-06755627-n] (indulgence in moral pronouncements)

                    • preachification [ENG31-06755925-n] (moralization delivered tediously in a preachy manner)
              • construal [ENG31-06755325-n] (an interpretation of the meaning of something)
              • clarification [ENG31-07185857-n] (an interpretation that removes obstacles to understanding)

                • disambiguation [ENG31-07186164-n] (clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity)

                  • lexical disambiguation [ENG31-07186317-n] (disambiguation of the sense of a polysemantic word)
              • eisegesis [ENG31-07186436-n] (personal interpretation of a text (especially of the Bible) using your own ideas)
              • exegesis [ENG31-07186591-n] (an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible))
              • ijtihad [ENG31-07186768-n] (the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars)
              • literal interpretation [ENG31-07187909-n] (an interpretation based on the exact wording)

                • letter [ENG31-07188040-n] (a strictly literal interpretation (as distinct from the intention))
              • version [ENG31-07188236-n] (an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint)

                • approximation [ENG31-06796299-n] (an imprecise or incomplete account)
              • reading [ENG31-07188417-n] (a particular interpretation or performance)
              • construction [ENG31-07188610-n] (an interpretation of a text or action)
              • reconstruction [ENG31-07188789-n] (an interpretation formed by piecing together bits of evidence)
              • popularization [ENG31-07188911-n] (an interpretation that easily understandable and acceptable)
              • misinterpretation [ENG31-07189084-n] (putting the wrong interpretation on)

                • imbroglio [ENG31-07189436-n] (a very embarrassing misunderstanding)
                • misconstrual [ENG31-07189528-n] (a kind of misinterpretation resulting from putting a wrong construction on words or actions (often deliberately))
                • misreading [ENG31-07189753-n] (misinterpretation caused by inaccurate reading)
            • walk-through [ENG31-07296994-n] (a thorough explanation (usually accompanied by a demonstration) of each step in a procedure or process)
          • explicandum [ENG31-06751572-n] ((logic) a statement of something (a fact or thing or expression) to be explained)
          • explanans [ENG31-06751762-n] ((logic) statements that explain the explicandum)
          • value statement [ENG31-06752425-n] (a statement of the desirability of something)
          • representation [ENG31-06752531-n] (a statement of facts and reasons made in appealing or protesting)
          • solution [ENG31-06756201-n] (a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem)

            • denouement [ENG31-06756562-n] (the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work)
          • answer [ENG31-06758700-n] (a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation)

            • rescript [ENG31-06759060-n] (a reply by a Pope to an inquiry concerning a point of law or morality)
            • feedback [ENG31-06759184-n] (response to an inquiry or experiment)
          • announcement [ENG31-06759293-n] (a public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen)

            • advisory [ENG31-06759721-n] (an announcement that usually advises or warns the public of some threat)
            • banns [ENG31-06760082-n] (a public announcement of a proposed marriage)
            • handout [ENG31-06760197-n] (an announcement distributed to members of the press in order to supplement or replace an oral presentation)
            • notice [ENG31-06760383-n] (an announcement containing information about an event)

              • caveat [ENG31-06760621-n] ((law) a formal notice filed with a court or officer to suspend a proceeding until filer is given a hearing)
              • obituary [ENG31-06760847-n] (a notice of someone's death)
            • program [ENG31-06761180-n] (an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event)

              • racecard [ENG31-06761555-n] (a program for a race meeting)
            • wanted notice [ENG31-07291243-n] (a public announcement by a law enforcement agency that they desire to question or arrest some person)

              • International Wanted Notice [ENG31-07291437-n] (an Interpol notice describing a wanted person and asking that he or she be arrested with a view to extradition)
          • prediction [ENG31-06761683-n] (a statement made about the future)

            • extropy [ENG31-06761981-n] (the prediction that human intelligence and technology will enable life to expand in an orderly way throughout the entire universe)
            • fortunetelling [ENG31-06762182-n] (the practice of predicting people's futures (usually for payment))
            • horoscope [ENG31-06762308-n] (a prediction of someone's future based on the relative positions of the planets)
            • meteorology [ENG31-06762443-n] (predicting what the weather will be)
            • prognosis [ENG31-06762595-n] (a prediction about how something (as the weather) will develop)

              • financial forecast [ENG31-06763228-n] (a forecast of the expected financial position and the results of operations and cash flows based on expected conditions)
              • weather forecast [ENG31-06763412-n] (a forecast of the weather)
            • prophecy [ENG31-06762868-n] (a prediction uttered under divine inspiration)

              • oracle [ENG31-06763053-n] (a prophecy (usually obscure or allegorical) revealed by a priest or priestess)
          • proposition [ENG31-06763518-n] ((logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false)

            • particular [ENG31-06763856-n] ((logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class)
            • universal [ENG31-06764081-n] ((logic) a proposition that asserts something of all members of a class)
            • negation [ENG31-06764286-n] ((logic) a proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false)
            • converse [ENG31-06764456-n] (a proposition obtained by conversion)
            • lemma [ENG31-06764547-n] (a subsidiary proposition that is assumed to be true in order to prove another proposition)
            • theorem [ENG31-06765007-n] (a proposition deducible from basic postulates)

              • binomial theorem [ENG31-06046451-n] (a theorem giving the expansion of a binomial raised to a given power)
            • conclusion [ENG31-06765744-n] (the proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism))
            • postulate [ENG31-06766013-n] ((logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning)

              • Bayes' postulate [ENG31-05927298-n] ((statistics) the difficulty of applying Bayes' theorem is that the probabilities of the different causes are seldom known, in which case it may be postulated that they are all equal (sometimes known as postulating the equidistribution of ignorance))
              • premise [ENG31-06766514-n] (a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn)

                • major premise [ENG31-06766895-n] (the premise of a syllogism that contains the major term (which is the predicate of the conclusion))
                • minor premise [ENG31-06767126-n] (the premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion))
                • thesis [ENG31-06768165-n] (an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument)
                • condition [ENG31-06768279-n] (an assumption on which rests the validity or effect of something else)

                  • boundary condition [ENG31-06768487-n] ((mathematics) a condition specified for the solution to a set of differential equations)
                  • provision [ENG31-06768658-n] (a stipulated condition)
                • scenario [ENG31-06768822-n] (a postulated sequence of possible events)
            • axiom [ENG31-06766264-n] ((logic) a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof)

              • Euclid's axiom [ENG31-06015041-n] ((mathematics) any of five axioms that are generally recognized as the basis for Euclidean geometry)

                • Euclid's first axiom [ENG31-06015348-n] (a straight line can be drawn between any two points)
                • Euclid's second axiom [ENG31-06015466-n] (any terminated straight line can be projected indefinitely)
                • Euclid's third axiom [ENG31-06015592-n] (a circle with any radius can be drawn around any point)
                • Euclid's fourth axiom [ENG31-06015713-n] (all right angles are equal)
                • Euclid's fifth axiom [ENG31-06015807-n] (only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to another line)
          • quotation [ENG31-06768978-n] (a statement of the current market price of a security or commodity)
          • falsehood [ENG31-06769118-n] (a false statement)

            • dodge [ENG31-06769391-n] (a statement that evades the question by cleverness or trickery)
            • lie [ENG31-06769542-n] (a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth)

              • fib [ENG31-06769768-n] (a trivial lie)

                • fairytale [ENG31-06770000-n] (an interesting but highly implausible story)
              • jactitation [ENG31-06770190-n] ((law) a false boast that can harm others)
              • whopper [ENG31-06770387-n] (a gross untruth)
              • white lie [ENG31-06770482-n] (an unimportant lie (especially one told to be tactful or polite))
            • fabrication [ENG31-06770602-n] (a deliberately false or improbable account)

              • canard [ENG31-06770846-n] (a deliberately misleading fabrication)
            • misrepresentation [ENG31-06770936-n] (a misleading falsehood)

              • bill of goods [ENG31-06622910-n] (communication (written or spoken) that persuades someone to accept something untrue or undesirable)
              • humbug [ENG31-06623132-n] (communication (written or spoken) intended to deceive)
              • half-truth [ENG31-06771295-n] (a partially true statement intended to deceive or mislead)
              • facade [ENG31-06771409-n] (a showy misrepresentation intended to conceal something unpleasant)
              • exaggeration [ENG31-06771546-n] (making to seem more important than it really is)
              • snow job [ENG31-06771967-n] (a long and elaborate misrepresentation)
              • pretense [ENG31-06772060-n] (pretending with intention to deceive)

                • bluff [ENG31-06772313-n] (pretense that your position is stronger than it really is)
                • pretext [ENG31-06772487-n] (something serving to conceal plans)

                  • putoff [ENG31-06772685-n] (a pretext for delay or inaction)
                • hypocrisy [ENG31-06772787-n] (an expression of agreement that is not supported by real conviction)

                  • crocodile tears [ENG31-06772960-n] (a hypocritical display of sorrow)
              • subterfuge [ENG31-06773219-n] (something intended to misrepresent the true nature of an activity)
              • trickery [ENG31-06773433-n] (verbal misrepresentation intended to take advantage of you in some way)
              • fraudulence [ENG31-06773680-n] (a fraudulent or duplicitous representation)
              • evasion [ENG31-06773810-n] (a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth)

                • circumlocution [ENG31-06774053-n] (an indirect way of expressing something)
                • doublespeak [ENG31-06774193-n] (any language that pretends to communicate but actually does not)
                • hedge [ENG31-06774314-n] (an intentionally noncommittal or ambiguous statement)
                • quibble [ENG31-06774509-n] (an evasion of the point of an argument by raising irrelevant distinctions or objections)
            • contradiction [ENG31-07221547-n] ((logic) a statement that is necessarily false)

              • antinomy [ENG31-06737186-n] (a contradiction between two statements that seem equally reasonable)
              • paradox [ENG31-06737308-n] ((logic) a statement that contradicts itself)
          • understatement [ENG31-06771774-n] (a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said)

            • litotes [ENG31-07118958-n] (understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary))
          • reservation [ENG31-06775091-n] (a statement that limits or restricts some claim)

            • fine print [ENG31-06774705-n] (the part of a contract that contains reservations and qualifications that are often printed in small type)
            • weasel word [ENG31-06774956-n] (an equivocal qualification)
          • cautious statement [ENG31-06775313-n] (a statement made with careful qualifications)
          • comment [ENG31-06775422-n] (a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material)

            • Midrash [ENG31-06775763-n] ((Judaism) an ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures that is based on Jewish methods of interpretation and attached to the biblical text)
            • note [ENG31-06775984-n] (a comment or instruction (usually added))

              • poste restante [ENG31-06276289-n] (a notation written on mail that is to be held at the post office until called for (not in the United States or Canada))
              • citation [ENG31-06776392-n] (a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage)

                • photo credit [ENG31-06777462-n] (a note acknowledging the source of a published photograph)
                • cross-reference [ENG31-06777578-n] (a reference at one place in a work to information at another place in the same work)
              • footnote [ENG31-06776955-n] (a printed note placed below the text on a printed page)
              • nota bene [ENG31-06777091-n] (a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something)
              • postscript [ENG31-06777334-n] (a note appended to a letter after the signature)
          • remark [ENG31-06777755-n] (a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information)

            • ad-lib [ENG31-06727636-n] (remark made spontaneously without prior preparation)
            • courtesy [ENG31-06727813-n] (a courteous or respectful or considerate remark)
            • gambit [ENG31-06778322-n] (an opening remark intended to secure an advantage for the speaker)
            • obiter dictum [ENG31-06778883-n] (an incidental remark)
            • mention [ENG31-06778981-n] (a remark that calls attention to something or someone)

              • allusion [ENG31-06779335-n] (passing reference or indirect mention)
              • retrospection [ENG31-06779445-n] (reference to things past)
              • name-dropping [ENG31-06779603-n] (the practice of casually mentioning important people in order to impress your listener)
            • observation [ENG31-06779826-n] (a remark expressing careful consideration)
            • rib [ENG31-06780484-n] (a teasing remark)
            • wisecrack [ENG31-06780568-n] (witty remark)
            • shot [ENG31-06780713-n] (an aggressive remark directed at a person like a missile and intended to have a telling effect)

              • cheap shot [ENG31-06781050-n] (an unnecessarily aggressive and unfair remark directed at a defenseless person)
            • conversation stopper [ENG31-06781185-n] (a remark to which there is no polite conversational reply)
            • zinger [ENG31-07297400-n] (a striking or amusing or caustic remark)
          • rhetorical question [ENG31-06781319-n] (a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered)
          • misstatement [ENG31-06781526-n] (a statement that contains a mistake)

            • error [ENG31-06782183-n] (part of a statement that is not correct)

              • corrigendum [ENG31-06782369-n] (a printer's error)
              • misprint [ENG31-06782461-n] (a mistake in printed matter resulting from mechanical failures of some kind)
            • malapropism [ENG31-06782674-n] (the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar)
            • slip of the tongue [ENG31-06782819-n] (an accidental and usually trivial mistake in speaking)

              • spoonerism [ENG31-06782955-n] (transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words)
          • restatement [ENG31-06781692-n] (a revised statement)

            • demythologization [ENG31-06781823-n] (the restatement of a message (as a religious one) in rational terms)
            • mythologization [ENG31-06782029-n] (the restatement of a message as a myth)
          • agreement [ENG31-06783066-n] (the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises)

            • conspiracy [ENG31-06536926-n] (a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act)

              • conspiracy of silence [ENG31-06537397-n] (a conspiracy not to talk about some situation or event)
            • fair-trade agreement [ENG31-06537123-n] (an agreement (illegal in the United States) between the manufacturer of a trademarked item of merchandise and its retail distributors to sell the item at a price at or above the price set by the manufacturer)
            • covenant [ENG31-06537579-n] ((Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return)
            • unilateral contract [ENG31-06537804-n] (a one-sided agreement whereby you promise to do (or refrain from doing) something in return for a performance (not a promise))
            • sale [ENG31-06539842-n] (an agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller (vendor) to the buyer (vendee) for a fixed price in money (paid or agreed to be paid by the buyer))

              • conditional sale [ENG31-06540182-n] (a sale in which the buyer receives title to the property only upon the performance of some condition (usually the full payment of the purchase price))
              • sheriff's sale [ENG31-06540548-n] (a sale of property by the sheriff under authority of a court's writ of execution in order satisfy an unpaid obligation)
            • bargain [ENG31-06783960-n] (an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each)
            • working agreement [ENG31-06784225-n] (an informal agreement to work together)
            • gentlemen's agreement [ENG31-06784327-n] (a personal agreement based on honor and not legally binding)
            • submission [ENG31-06784758-n] (an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter)
            • entente [ENG31-06785262-n] (a friendly understanding between political powers)
            • oral contract [ENG31-06785384-n] (an agreement that is not in writing and is not signed by the parties but is a real existing contract that lacks only the formal requirement of a memorandum to render it enforceable in litigation)
            • reservation [ENG31-07192432-n] (the written record or promise of an arrangement by which accommodations are secured in advance)
            • settlement [ENG31-07192584-n] (a conclusive resolution of a matter and disposition of it)

              • accommodation [ENG31-07192097-n] (a settlement of differences)

                • modus vivendi [ENG31-07193852-n] (a temporary accommodation of a disagreement between parties pending a permanent settlement)
                • compromise [ENG31-07194002-n] (an accommodation in which both sides make concessions)
              • conclusion [ENG31-07192282-n] (a final settlement)
              • out-of-court settlement [ENG31-07192842-n] (resolution of a dispute prior to the rendering of a final decision by the trial court)
              • property settlement [ENG31-07192997-n] ((matrimonial law) the division of property owned or acquired by marriage partners during their marriage)
              • accord and satisfaction [ENG31-07193185-n] (the settlement of a debt by paying less than the amount demanded in exchange for extinguishing the debt)
            • severance agreement [ENG31-07193358-n] (an agreement on the terms on which an employee will leave)

              • golden handshake [ENG31-07193499-n] (a lucrative severance agreement offered to an employee (usually as an incentive to retire))
            • suicide pact [ENG31-07193652-n] (an agreement by two or more people to commit suicide together at a given place and time)
          • condition [ENG31-06783666-n] ((usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an agreement)
          • estimate [ENG31-06796455-n] (a statement indicating the likely cost of some job)
          • formula [ENG31-06829793-n] (a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements)

            • molecular formula [ENG31-06830031-n] (a chemical formula based on analysis and molecular weight)

              • structural formula [ENG31-06830170-n] (an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule)
            • empirical formula [ENG31-06830317-n] (a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms)
          • representation [ENG31-07218048-n] (a factual statement made by one party in order to induce another party to enter into a contract)
          • declaration [ENG31-07218770-n] (a statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties)
          • assurance [ENG31-07242066-n] (a statement intended to inspire confidence)

            • clean bill of health [ENG31-07242249-n] (an assurance that someone is healthy or something is in good condition)
          • recital [ENG31-07249395-n] (a detailed statement giving facts and figures)
          • negation [ENG31-07295646-n] (a negative statement)
        • statement [ENG31-06736201-n] (a nonverbal message)
        • wit [ENG31-06788939-n] (a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter)

          • jeu d'esprit [ENG31-06789518-n] (a witty comment or writing)
          • bon mot [ENG31-06789622-n] (a clever remark)
          • esprit de l'escalier [ENG31-06789716-n] (a witty remark that occurs to you too late)
          • pungency [ENG31-06789825-n] (wit having a sharp and caustic quality)
          • sarcasm [ENG31-06790003-n] (witty language used to convey insults or scorn)
          • repartee [ENG31-06790526-n] (adroitness and cleverness in reply)

            • banter [ENG31-06790633-n] (light teasing repartee)

              • badinage [ENG31-06790800-n] (frivolous banter)
              • persiflage [ENG31-06790871-n] (light teasing)
          • joke [ENG31-06790941-n] (a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter)

            • belly laugh [ENG31-06791764-n] (a joke that seems extremely funny)
            • dirty joke [ENG31-06791935-n] (an indelicate joke)
            • ethnic joke [ENG31-06792049-n] (a joke at the expense of some ethnic group)
            • funny story [ENG31-06792149-n] (an account of an amusing incident (usually with a punch line))
            • in-joke [ENG31-06792350-n] (a joke that is appreciated only by members of some particular group of people)
            • one-liner [ENG31-06792481-n] (a one-line joke)
            • shaggy dog story [ENG31-06792552-n] (a long rambling joke whose humor derives from its pointlessness)
            • sick joke [ENG31-06792678-n] (a joke in bad taste)
            • sight gag [ENG31-06792753-n] (a joke whose effect is achieved by visual means rather than by speech (as in a movie))
          • caricature [ENG31-06792908-n] (a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect)

            • mock-heroic [ENG31-06397988-n] (a satirical imitation of heroic verse)
            • parody [ENG31-06793148-n] (a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way)
          • cartoon [ENG31-06793517-n] (a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine)

            • anime [ENG31-06629056-n] (a style of animation developed in Japan, characterized by stylized colorful art and often adult themes)
            • comic strip [ENG31-07016468-n] (a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book)
          • fun [ENG31-06793739-n] (verbal wit or mockery (often at another's expense but not to be taken seriously))

            • jocosity [ENG31-06794008-n] (fun characterized by humor)
            • waggery [ENG31-06794138-n] (waggish behavior)
            • drollery [ENG31-06794240-n] (a comic incident or series of incidents)
            • pun [ENG31-06794438-n] (a humorous play on words)
          • ribaldry [ENG31-06794668-n] (ribald humor)
          • topper [ENG31-06794735-n] (an exceedingly good witticism that surpasses all that have gone before)
        • opinion [ENG31-06794876-n] (a message expressing a belief about something)

          • adverse opinion [ENG31-06795240-n] (an opinion concerning financial statements (usually based on an audit by a CPA) that the statements as a whole do not present results fairly or are not in conformity with the generally accepted accounting practices of the United States)
          • guess [ENG31-06795537-n] (a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence)

            • divination [ENG31-06796012-n] (successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck)
          • side [ENG31-06796122-n] (an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute)
        • direction [ENG31-06799486-n] (a message describing how something is to be done)

          • rule [ENG31-06664809-n] (any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order)
          • rule [ENG31-06664987-n] (prescribed guide for conduct or action)

            • bylaw [ENG31-06549942-n] (a rule adopted by an organization in order to regulate its own affairs and the behavior of its members)
            • rubric [ENG31-06665359-n] (an authoritative rule of conduct or procedure)
            • order [ENG31-06665623-n] (a body of rules followed by an assembly)

              • interpellation [ENG31-06665905-n] ((parliament) a parliamentary procedure of demanding that a government official explain some act or policy)
              • standing order [ENG31-06667722-n] (a rule of order permanently in force)
              • closure [ENG31-06679574-n] (a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body)

                • closure by compartment [ENG31-06679772-n] (closure imposed on the debate of specific sections of a bill)
              • point of order [ENG31-06679914-n] (a question as to whether the current proceedings are allowed by parliamentary procedure)
              • previous question [ENG31-07178454-n] (a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly)
            • rule of evidence [ENG31-06666108-n] ((law) a rule of law whereby any alleged matter of fact that is submitted for investigation at a judicial trial is established or disproved)

              • best evidence rule [ENG31-06666472-n] (a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required)
              • estoppel [ENG31-06666656-n] (a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled)
              • exclusionary rule [ENG31-06666819-n] (a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct)
              • fruit of the poisonous tree [ENG31-06667020-n] (a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used)
              • hearsay rule [ENG31-06667235-n] (a rule that declares not admissible as evidence any statement other than that by a witness)
              • parol evidence rule [ENG31-06667384-n] (a rule that oral evidence cannot be used to contradict the terms of a written contract)
              • res ipsa loquitur [ENG31-06667536-n] (a rule of evidence whereby the negligence of an alleged wrongdoer can be inferred from the fact that the accident happened)
              • res gestae [ENG31-06748010-n] (rule of evidence that covers words that are so closely associated with an occurrence that the words are considered part of the occurrence and as such their report does not violate the hearsay rule)
            • Miranda rule [ENG31-06667819-n] (the rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer))
            • principle [ENG31-06668133-n] (rule of personal conduct)

              • higher law [ENG31-06668314-n] (a principle that takes precedent over the laws of society)
              • moral principle [ENG31-06668428-n] (the principle that conduct should be moral)

                • categorical imperative [ENG31-06668888-n] (the moral principle that behavior should be determined by duty)
              • hypothetical imperative [ENG31-06669019-n] (a principle stating the action required to attain a desired goal)
              • caveat emptor [ENG31-06676530-n] (a commercial principle that without a warranty the buyer takes upon himself the risk of quality)
            • golden rule [ENG31-06668550-n] (any important rule)
            • GIGO [ENG31-06668672-n] ((computer science) a rule stating that the quality of the output is a function of the quality of the input)
            • dictate [ENG31-06676685-n] (an authoritative rule)
            • regulation [ENG31-06676796-n] (an authoritative rule)

              • game law [ENG31-06550516-n] (a regulation intended to manage or preserve game animals)
              • age limit [ENG31-06676958-n] (regulation establishing the maximum age for doing something or holding some position)
              • assize [ENG31-06677098-n] (the regulation of weights and measures of articles offered for sale)
              • speed limit [ENG31-06677218-n] (regulation establishing the top speed permitted on a given road)
            • canon [ENG31-06677339-n] (a rule or especially body of rules or principles generally established as valid and fundamental in a field of art or philosophy)
            • etiquette [ENG31-06677590-n] (rules governing socially acceptable behavior)

              • protocol [ENG31-06677726-n] (forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats and heads of state)
              • punctilio [ENG31-06679474-n] (a fine point of etiquette or petty formality)
            • protocol [ENG31-06677853-n] ((computer science) rules determining the format and transmission of data)

              • file transfer protocol [ENG31-06678115-n] (protocol that allows users to copy files between their local system and any system they can reach on the network)

                • anonymous ftp [ENG31-06678357-n] (a common way to make software available)
              • hypertext transfer protocol [ENG31-06678592-n] (a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers)
              • musical instrument digital interface [ENG31-06678775-n] (a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments and computers)
              • transmission control protocol [ENG31-06678955-n] (a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another)
              • transmission control protocol/internet protocol [ENG31-06679231-n] (a set of protocols (including TCP) developed for the internet in the 1970s to get data from one network device to another)
          • rubric [ENG31-06665457-n] (directions for the conduct of Christian church services (often printed in red in a prayer book))
          • misdirection [ENG31-06799894-n] (incorrect directions or instructions)
          • address [ENG31-06800007-n] (written directions for finding some location)

            • return address [ENG31-06800286-n] (the address of the sender of a letter or parcel indicating where it should be returned if it cannot be delivered)
          • markup [ENG31-06800459-n] (detailed stylistic instructions for typesetting something that is to be printed)
          • prescription [ENG31-06801422-n] (directions prescribed beforehand)
          • recipe [ENG31-06801642-n] (directions for making something)
          • rule [ENG31-06801754-n] (directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted)

            • ground rule [ENG31-07290528-n] ((baseball) a special rule (as in baseball) dealing with situations that arise due to the nature of the playing grounds)
          • stage direction [ENG31-06801937-n] (an instruction written as part of the script of a play)
          • style [ENG31-06802072-n] (editorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display)
          • system command [ENG31-07290947-n] (a computer user's instruction (not part of a program) that calls for action by the computer's executive program)
        • proposal [ENG31-07176845-n] (something proposed (such as a plan or assumption))

          • advice [ENG31-06684229-n] (a proposal for an appropriate course of action)

            • recommendation [ENG31-06684382-n] (something (as a course of action) that is recommended as advisable)

              • referral [ENG31-06684785-n] (a recommendation to consult the (professional) person or group to whom one has been referred)
            • indication [ENG31-06684563-n] (something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary)
            • admonition [ENG31-06685042-n] (cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger or other unpleasantness))

              • example [ENG31-06685497-n] (punishment intended as a warning to others)
          • counterproposal [ENG31-07177075-n] (a proposal offered as an alternative to an earlier proposal)
          • hypothesis [ENG31-07177196-n] (a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations)
          • suggestion [ENG31-07177331-n] (a proposal offered for acceptance or rejection)

            • hint [ENG31-07178639-n] (an indirect suggestion)
            • touch [ENG31-07178814-n] (a suggestion of some quality)
            • overture [ENG31-07179000-n] (a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others)
          • introduction [ENG31-07177626-n] (a new proposal)
          • re-introduction [ENG31-07177761-n] (a proposal of something previously rejected)
          • motion [ENG31-07178244-n] (a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote)
        • offer [ENG31-07179197-n] (something offered (as a proposal or bid))

          • contract offer [ENG31-07176264-n] (offer by an employer to contract to pay an employee at a given rate)
          • marriage proposal [ENG31-07176392-n] (an offer of marriage)

            • question [ENG31-07176710-n] (an informal reference to a marriage proposal)
          • proposition [ENG31-07176563-n] (an offer for a private bargain (especially a request for sexual favors))
          • counteroffer [ENG31-07179623-n] (an offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer)
          • bid [ENG31-07179737-n] (a formal proposal to buy at a specified price)

            • overbid [ENG31-07179949-n] (a bid that is higher than preceding bids)
            • buyout bid [ENG31-07180061-n] (a bid to buy all of a person's holdings)
          • prospectus [ENG31-07180157-n] (a formal written offer to sell securities (filed with the SEC) that sets forth a plan for a (proposed) business enterprise)
          • tender offer [ENG31-07180752-n] (an offer to buy shares in a corporation (usually above the market price) for cash or securities or both)

            • takeover bid [ENG31-00792008-n] (an offer to buy shares in order to take over the company)

              • two-tier bid [ENG31-00792159-n] (a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to pay more for the shares needed to gain control than for the remaining shares)
              • any-and-all bid [ENG31-00792338-n] (a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to buy any and all shares outstanding)
          • reward [ENG31-07180932-n] (the offer of money for helping to find a criminal or for returning lost property)

            • price [ENG31-07181692-n] (a monetary reward for helping to catch a criminal)
          • rights offering [ENG31-07181083-n] (an offering of common stock to existing shareholders who hold subscription rights or pre-emptive rights that entitle them to buy newly issued shares at a discount from the price at which they will be offered to the public later)
          • special [ENG31-07181502-n] (a special offering (usually temporary and at a reduced price) that is featured in advertising)
          • peace offering [ENG31-07181837-n] (something offered to an adversary in the hope of obtaining peace)
          • twofer [ENG31-07181977-n] (an offer of two for the price of one)
        • submission [ENG31-07182229-n] (something (manuscripts or architectural plans and models or estimates or works of art of all genres etc.) submitted for the judgment of others (as in a competition))

          • filing [ENG31-07182605-n] (the entering of a legal document into the public record)
        • narrative [ENG31-07235754-n] (a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events)

          • tearjerker [ENG31-06385771-n] (an excessively sentimental narrative)
          • tall tale [ENG31-07236599-n] (an improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story)
          • folktale [ENG31-07236710-n] (a tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk)
          • sob story [ENG31-07237093-n] (a sentimental story (or drama) of personal distress)
          • fairytale [ENG31-07237241-n] (a story about fairies)
          • nursery rhyme [ENG31-07237388-n] (a tale in rhymed verse for children)
        • promotion [ENG31-07261731-n] (a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution)

          • buildup [ENG31-07262119-n] (highly favorable publicity and praise)
          • public relations [ENG31-07262593-n] (a promotion intended to create goodwill for a person or institution)
          • endorsement [ENG31-07262728-n] (a promotional statement (as found on the dust jackets of books))
          • ballyhoo [ENG31-07263175-n] (blatant or sensational promotion)
          • sales talk [ENG31-07263321-n] (promotion by means of an argument and demonstration)
          • ad [ENG31-07263469-n] (a public promotion of some product or service)

            • direct mail [ENG31-06276949-n] (advertising sent directly to prospective customers via the mail)
            • preview [ENG31-06901724-n] (an advertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in the near future)
            • advertorial [ENG31-07263848-n] (an advertisement that is written and presented in the style of an editorial or journalistic report)
            • mailer [ENG31-07264004-n] (an advertisement that is sent by mail)
            • newspaper ad [ENG31-07264094-n] (a printed advertisement that is published in a newspaper)

              • classified ad [ENG31-07264253-n] (a short ad in a newspaper or magazine (usually in small print) and appearing along with other ads of the same type)

                • want ad [ENG31-07264600-n] (a newspaper advertisement stating what is wanted)
            • commercial [ENG31-07264702-n] (a commercially sponsored ad on radio or television)

              • infomercial [ENG31-07264866-n] (a television commercial presented in the form of a short documentary)
            • circular [ENG31-07265007-n] (an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution)

              • stuffer [ENG31-07265395-n] (an advertising circular that is enclosed with other material and (usually) sent by mail)
            • teaser [ENG31-07265536-n] (an advertisement that offers something free in order to arouse customers' interest)
            • top billing [ENG31-07265671-n] (the advertisement of a star's name at the top of a theatrical poster)
          • sales promotion [ENG31-07264485-n] (promotion that supplements or coordinates advertising)
        • sensationalism [ENG31-07262270-n] (subject matter that is calculated to excite and please vulgar tastes)
        • shocker [ENG31-07262471-n] (a sensational message (in a film or play or novel))
      • didacticism [ENG31-06612774-n] (communication that is suitable for or intended to be instructive)
      • signal [ENG31-06804229-n] (any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message)

        • recording [ENG31-04070773-n] (a signal that encodes something (e.g., picture or sound) that has been recorded)

          • bologram [ENG31-02868448-n] (record or recording made by a bolometer)
          • chromatogram [ENG31-03030424-n] (the recording (column or paper strip) on which the constituents of a mixture are adsorbed in chromatography)
          • oscillogram [ENG31-03863108-n] (the recording produced by an oscillograph)
          • spirogram [ENG31-04287741-n] (a recording of breathing made with a spirograph)
        • phone number [ENG31-06437781-n] (the number is used in calling a particular telephone)
        • starting signal [ENG31-06805045-n] (a signal to begin (as in a race))
        • storm signal [ENG31-06805221-n] (a signal announcing the approach of a storm (particularly a storm of marked violence))

          • storm cone [ENG31-06805383-n] (a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds)
        • radio beam [ENG31-06805502-n] (a signal transmitted along a narrow path)
        • ticktack [ENG31-06805807-n] (system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks)
        • time signal [ENG31-06805948-n] (a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time)
        • dog-ear [ENG31-06808025-n] (a corner of a page turned down to mark your place)
        • animal communication [ENG31-06809364-n] (communication between animals (of the same species))

          • birdcall [ENG31-06809500-n] (the characteristic sound produced by a bird)

            • bell-like call [ENG31-06809800-n] (a birdcall that resembles the tone of a bell)
            • two-note call [ENG31-06809905-n] (a birdcall having two notes)
        • alarm [ENG31-06816015-n] (an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger)

          • air alert [ENG31-06815881-n] (the warning signal that begins a period of preparation for an enemy air attack)
          • burglar alarm [ENG31-06816336-n] (a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm)
          • fire alarm [ENG31-07279982-n] (a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out)
          • foghorn [ENG31-07280087-n] (a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fogbound ships)
          • horn [ENG31-07280214-n] (a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning)
          • red flag [ENG31-07280324-n] (a flag that serves as a warning signal)
          • siren [ENG31-07280494-n] (a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound)
          • tocsin [ENG31-07280591-n] (the sound of an alarm (usually a bell))
        • distress signal [ENG31-06816494-n] (an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed)

          • SOS [ENG31-06816703-n] (an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code)
          • Mayday [ENG31-06816812-n] (an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider))
        • all clear [ENG31-06816955-n] (a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over)
        • bugle call [ENG31-06817057-n] (a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle)

          • recall [ENG31-06817246-n] (a bugle call that signals troops to return)
          • taps [ENG31-06817341-n] ((military) signal to turn the lights out)
          • reveille [ENG31-06817586-n] ((military) signal to wake up)
          • retreat [ENG31-06817705-n] ((military) a bugle call signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset)
          • tattoo [ENG31-06818355-n] (a drumbeat or bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters)
        • curfew [ENG31-06817464-n] (a signal (usually a bell) announcing the start of curfew restrictions)
        • retreat [ENG31-06817846-n] ((military) a signal to begin a withdrawal from a dangerous position)
        • drumbeat [ENG31-06817986-n] ((military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown)
        • telegraphic signal [ENG31-06818523-n] (a signal transmitted by telegraphy)

          • dot [ENG31-06818684-n] (the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code)
          • dash [ENG31-06818820-n] (the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code)
        • whistle [ENG31-06818956-n] (the act of signalling (e.g., summoning) by whistling or blowing a whistle)
        • high sign [ENG31-06819176-n] (a silent signal of warning or recognition)
        • symbol [ENG31-06819327-n] (an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance)

          • stock symbol [ENG31-06543318-n] (the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded)
          • award [ENG31-06709228-n] (a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction)

            • trophy [ENG31-04495252-n] (something given as a token of victory)

              • apple of discord [ENG31-02732289-n] ((classical mythology) a golden apple thrown into a banquet of the gods by Eris (goddess of discord--who had not been invited))
              • booby prize [ENG31-02873326-n] (a prize given to one who finishes last in a contest)

                • wooden spoon [ENG31-04605337-n] (a booby prize consisting of a spoon made of wood)
              • bronze medal [ENG31-02909579-n] (a trophy made of bronze (or having the appearance of bronze) that is usually awarded for winning third place in a competition)
              • cup [ENG31-03152567-n] (a large metal vessel with two handles that is awarded as a trophy to the winner of a competition)

                • Davis Cup [ENG31-03169475-n] (cup awarded for the annual international team tennis competition)
              • gold medal [ENG31-03449875-n] (a trophy made of gold (or having the appearance of gold) that is usually awarded for winning first place in a competition)
              • silver medal [ENG31-04227590-n] (a trophy made of silver (or having the appearance of silver) that is usually awarded for winning second place in a competition)
            • aliyah [ENG31-06709754-n] ((Judaism) the honor of being called up to the reading desk in the synagogue to read from the Torah)
            • academic degree [ENG31-06710094-n] (an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study)

              • associate degree [ENG31-06710466-n] (a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies)

                • Associate in Arts [ENG31-06710698-n] (an associate degree in arts)
                • Associate in Applied Science [ENG31-06710794-n] (an associate degree in applied science)
                • Associate in Nursing [ENG31-06710913-n] (an associate degree in nursing)
              • bachelor's degree [ENG31-06711015-n] (an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies)

                • Bachelor of Arts [ENG31-06711403-n] (a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences)
                • Bachelor of Arts in Library Science [ENG31-06711538-n] (a bachelor's degree in library science)
                • Bachelor of Arts in Nursing [ENG31-06711665-n] (a bachelor's degree in nursing)
                • Bachelor of Divinity [ENG31-06711775-n] (a bachelor's degree in religion)
                • Bachelor of Literature [ENG31-06711878-n] (a bachelor's degree in literature)
                • Bachelor of Medicine [ENG31-06711988-n] ((a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine)
                • Bachelor of Music [ENG31-06712129-n] (a bachelor's degree in music)
                • Bachelor of Naval Science [ENG31-06712228-n] (a bachelor's degree in naval science)
                • Bachelor of Science [ENG31-06712342-n] (a bachelor's degree in science)
                • Bachelor of Science in Architecture [ENG31-06712448-n] (a bachelor's degree in architecture)
                • Bachelor of Science in Engineering [ENG31-06712574-n] (a bachelor's degree in engineering)
                • Bachelor of Theology [ENG31-06712689-n] (a bachelor's degree in theology)
              • honours [ENG31-06712793-n] (a university degree with honors)

                • first [ENG31-06712932-n] (an honours degree of the highest class)

                  • double first [ENG31-06713088-n] (a first-class honours degree in two subjects)
              • master's degree [ENG31-06713210-n] (an academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree)

                • Master of Architecture [ENG31-06713607-n] (a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture)
                • Master of Arts [ENG31-06713764-n] (a master's degree in arts and sciences)
                • Master of Arts in Library Science [ENG31-06713891-n] (a master's degree in library science)
                • Master of Arts in Teaching [ENG31-06714014-n] (a master's degree in teaching)
                • Master in Business [ENG31-06714122-n] (a master's degree in business)
                • Master of Divinity [ENG31-06714258-n] (a master's degree in religion)
                • Master of Education [ENG31-06714359-n] (a master's degree in education)
                • Master of Fine Arts [ENG31-06714461-n] (a master's degree in fine arts)
                • Master of Literature [ENG31-06714563-n] (a master's degree in literature)
                • Master of Library Science [ENG31-06714669-n] (a master's degree in library science)
                • Master in Public Affairs [ENG31-06714783-n] (a master's degree in questions of public concern)
                • Master of Science [ENG31-06714902-n] (a master's degree in science)
                • Master of Science in Engineering [ENG31-06715010-n] (a master's degree in engineering)
                • Master of Theology [ENG31-06715121-n] (a master's degree in theology)
              • doctor's degree [ENG31-06715221-n] (one of the highest earned academic degrees conferred by a university)

                • Doctor of Dental Medicine [ENG31-06715651-n] (a doctor's degree in dental medicine)
                • Doctor of Dental Surgery [ENG31-06715765-n] (a doctor's degree in dental surgery)
                • Doctor of Divinity [ENG31-06715877-n] (a doctor's degree in religion)
                • Doctor of Education [ENG31-06715976-n] (a doctor's degree in education)
                • Doctor of Medicine [ENG31-06716084-n] (a doctor's degree in medicine)
                • Doctor of Music [ENG31-06716183-n] (a doctor's degree in music)
                • Doctor of Musical Arts [ENG31-06716285-n] (a doctor's degree in musical arts)
                • Doctor of Optometry [ENG31-06716395-n] (a doctor's degree in optometry)
                • Doctor of Osteopathy [ENG31-06716496-n] (doctor's degree in osteopathy)
                • Doctor of Arts [ENG31-06716597-n] (a doctor's degree with a special disciplinary focus)
                • Doctor of Philosophy [ENG31-06716716-n] (a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge)

                  • Ph.D. [ENG31-06716878-n] (a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation)
                  • DPhil [ENG31-06717058-n] (a British doctorate)
                • Doctor of Public Health [ENG31-06717129-n] (a doctor's degree in preventive medicine)
                • Doctor of Theology [ENG31-06717245-n] (a doctor's degree in theology)
                • Doctor of Sacred Theology [ENG31-06717345-n] (a doctor's degree in theology)
              • law degree [ENG31-06717503-n] (degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school)

                • Bachelor of Laws [ENG31-06717661-n] (a three-year law degree)
                • Master of Laws [ENG31-06717753-n] (an advanced law degree)
              • honorary degree [ENG31-06717842-n] (a degree conferred to honor the recipient)

                • Doctor of Arts [ENG31-06718069-n] (an honorary arts degree)
                • Doctor of Fine Arts [ENG31-06718161-n] (an honorary degree in fine arts)
                • Doctor of Humane Letters [ENG31-06718258-n] (an honorary degree in letters)
                • Doctor of Humanities [ENG31-06718358-n] (an honorary degree in the humanities)
                • Doctor of Laws [ENG31-06718461-n] (an honorary law degree)
                • Doctor of Science [ENG31-06718550-n] (an honorary degree in science)
            • pennant [ENG31-06718654-n] (the award given to the champion)
            • cachet [ENG31-06718747-n] (an indication of approved or superior status)
            • citation [ENG31-06718888-n] (an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement)
            • distinction [ENG31-06719080-n] (an honor awarded to someone in recognition of achievement or superiority)
            • mention [ENG31-06719256-n] (an official recognition of merit)
            • letter [ENG31-06719443-n] (an award earned by participation in a school sport)
            • decoration [ENG31-06719615-n] (an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event)

              • Medal of Honor [ENG31-06720117-n] (the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty')
              • Distinguished Service Medal [ENG31-06720321-n] (a United States military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility)
              • Distinguished Service Cross [ENG31-06720494-n] (a United States Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy)
              • Navy Cross [ENG31-06720648-n] (a United States Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy)
              • Distinguished Flying Cross [ENG31-06720785-n] (a United States Air Force decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight)
              • Air Medal [ENG31-06720946-n] (a United States Air Force decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight)
              • Silver Star Medal [ENG31-06721106-n] (a United States military decoration for gallantry in action)
              • Bronze Star Medal [ENG31-06721243-n] (a United States military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight))
              • Order of the Purple Heart [ENG31-06721414-n] (a United States military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action)
              • Oak Leaf Cluster [ENG31-06721603-n] (a United States military decoration consisting of bronze or silver oak leaves and acorns awarded to anyone who has won a given medal before)
              • Victoria Cross [ENG31-06721805-n] (a British military decoration for gallantry)
              • Distinguished Conduct Medal [ENG31-06721909-n] (a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field)
              • Distinguished Service Order [ENG31-06722051-n] (a British military decoration for special service in action)
              • Croix de Guerre [ENG31-06722184-n] (a French military decoration for gallantry)
              • Medaille Militaire [ENG31-06722288-n] (a French military decoration)
            • trophy [ENG31-06722381-n] (an award for success in war or hunting)
            • Emmy [ENG31-07283308-n] (an annual award by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in television)
            • Nobel prize [ENG31-07283464-n] (an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace)
            • Academy Award [ENG31-07283672-n] (an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance)
            • Prix de Rome [ENG31-07283868-n] (an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects)
            • Prix Goncourt [ENG31-07284135-n] (an award given annually for contributions to French literature)
          • mark [ENG31-06807523-n] (a symbol of disgrace or infamy)

            • demerit [ENG31-06807837-n] (a mark against a person for misconduct or failure)
            • cloven hoof [ENG31-06808514-n] (the mark of Satan)
          • token [ENG31-06808603-n] (an individual instance of a type of symbol)

            • postage [ENG31-06808977-n] (a small adhesive token stuck on a letter or package to indicate that that postal fees have been paid)
            • trading stamp [ENG31-06809191-n] (a token resembling a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer)
          • type [ENG31-06808825-n] (all of the tokens of the same symbol)
          • nose [ENG31-06819914-n] (a symbol of inquisitiveness)
          • numeral [ENG31-06820056-n] (a symbol used to represent a number)

            • Arabic numeral [ENG31-06820359-n] (one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
            • Roman numeral [ENG31-06820515-n] (a symbol in the old Roman notation)
            • antilogarithm [ENG31-06825652-n] (the number of which a given number is the logarithm)
          • symbolism [ENG31-06820707-n] (a system of symbols and symbolic representations)
          • lingam [ENG31-06821266-n] (the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva)
          • pound [ENG31-06822614-n] (a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain))
          • written symbol [ENG31-06830481-n] (a written or printed symbol)

            • mark [ENG31-06830640-n] (a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation))

              • arrow [ENG31-06830979-n] (a mark to indicate a direction or relation)
              • broad arrow [ENG31-06831175-n] (a mark shaped like an arrowhead)
              • call mark [ENG31-06831297-n] (a mark consisting of characters written on a book)
              • caret [ENG31-06831461-n] (a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text)
              • check mark [ENG31-06831605-n] (a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.)
              • diacritical mark [ENG31-06833830-n] (a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation)

                • accent [ENG31-06835082-n] (a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation)

                  • stress mark [ENG31-06835360-n] (a mark indicating the stress on a syllable)
                  • acute accent [ENG31-06835460-n] (a mark placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation)
                  • grave accent [ENG31-06835587-n] (a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation)
                • breve [ENG31-06835711-n] (a diacritical mark (U-shaped) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound)
                • cedilla [ENG31-06835838-n] (a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s)
                • circumflex [ENG31-06835982-n] (a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality)
                • hacek [ENG31-06836139-n] (a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation)
                • macron [ENG31-06836320-n] (a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound)
                • tilde [ENG31-06836441-n] (a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization)
                • umlaut [ENG31-06836640-n] (a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate a change in sound in some languages)
                • dieresis [ENG31-06836790-n] (a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate that it does not form a diphthong with an adjacent vowel)
              • ditto mark [ENG31-06834163-n] (a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated)
              • dollar mark [ENG31-06834306-n] (a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars)
              • point [ENG31-06834918-n] (a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer)
              • punctuation [ENG31-06854415-n] (the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases)

                • ampersand [ENG31-06854923-n] (a punctuation mark used to represent conjunction (and))
                • apostrophe [ENG31-06855037-n] (the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word)
                • brace [ENG31-06855215-n] (either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material)
                • bracket [ENG31-06855340-n] (either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material)
                • bracket [ENG31-06855502-n] (either of two punctuation marks used in computer programming and sometimes used to enclose textual material)
                • colon [ENG31-06855710-n] (a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter))
                • comma [ENG31-06855902-n] (a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence)
                • exclamation mark [ENG31-06856067-n] (a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation)
                • hyphen [ENG31-06856198-n] (a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text)
                • parenthesis [ENG31-06856443-n] (either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material)
                • period [ENG31-06856570-n] (a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations)

                  • suspension point [ENG31-06856888-n] ((usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete)
                • question mark [ENG31-06857090-n] (a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question)
                • quotation mark [ENG31-06857249-n] (a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else)

                  • single quote [ENG31-06857477-n] (a single quotation mark)
                  • double quotes [ENG31-06857559-n] (a pair of quotation marks)
                  • scare quote [ENG31-06857644-n] (the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology)
                • semicolon [ENG31-06857789-n] (a punctuation mark (`)
                • solidus [ENG31-06857953-n] (a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information)
                • swung dash [ENG31-06858126-n] (a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word)
            • character [ENG31-06831828-n] (a written symbol that is used to represent speech)

              • allograph [ENG31-06832423-n] (a variant form of a grapheme, as `m' or `M' or a handwritten version of that grapheme)
              • check character [ENG31-06832690-n] (a character that is added to the end of a block of transmitted data and used to check the accuracy of the transmission)
              • superscript [ENG31-06832889-n] (a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character)
              • subscript [ENG31-06833078-n] (a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character)
              • ASCII character [ENG31-06833291-n] (any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers)

                • control character [ENG31-06833467-n] (ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace)

                  • backspace character [ENG31-06833703-n] (a control character that indicates moving a space to the left)
              • ligature [ENG31-06836975-n] (character consisting of two or more letters combined into one)
              • capital [ENG31-06837277-n] (one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in writing or printing proper names and sometimes for emphasis)

                • small capital [ENG31-06838005-n] (a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters)
              • small letter [ENG31-06837807-n] (the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case)
              • type [ENG31-06838170-n] (printed characters)

                • type family [ENG31-06838323-n] (a complete set of type suitable for printing text)
                • font [ENG31-06838449-n] (a specific size and style of type within a type family)

                  • unicameral script [ENG31-06838786-n] (a script with a single case)
                  • bicameral script [ENG31-06838913-n] (a script having two distinct cases)
                  • typewriter font [ENG31-06839046-n] (a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter))
                  • proportional font [ENG31-06839264-n] (any font whose different characters have different widths)

                    • modern [ENG31-06839776-n] (a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes)
                    • old style [ENG31-06840024-n] (a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes)
                    • roman [ENG31-06840553-n] (a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions)
                  • font cartridge [ENG31-06839457-n] (any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer)
                  • Gothic [ENG31-06839639-n] (a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries)
                  • boldface [ENG31-06840269-n] (a typeface with thick heavy lines)
                  • italic [ENG31-06840394-n] (a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right)
                  • screen font [ENG31-06840729-n] (the font that is displayed on a computer screen)
                  • sans serif [ENG31-06840997-n] (a typeface in which characters have no serifs)
              • percent sign [ENG31-06841249-n] (a sign (`%') used to indicate that the number preceding it should be understood as a proportion multiplied by 100)
              • asterisk [ENG31-06841439-n] (a star-shaped character * used in printing)
              • dagger [ENG31-06841579-n] (a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote)
              • double dagger [ENG31-06841712-n] (a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote)
              • letter [ENG31-06841868-n] (the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech)

                • ascender [ENG31-06843611-n] (a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters)
                • descender [ENG31-06843758-n] (a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters)
                • digraph [ENG31-06843888-n] (two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe'))
                • initial [ENG31-06844047-n] (the first letter of a word (especially a person's name))
                • A [ENG31-06844227-n] (the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • B [ENG31-06844334-n] (the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • C [ENG31-06844441-n] (the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • D [ENG31-06844548-n] (the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • E [ENG31-06844655-n] (the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • F [ENG31-06844762-n] (the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • G [ENG31-06844869-n] (the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • H [ENG31-06844976-n] (the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • I [ENG31-06845083-n] (the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • J [ENG31-06845190-n] (the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • K [ENG31-06845298-n] (the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • L [ENG31-06845406-n] (the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • M [ENG31-06845514-n] (the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • N [ENG31-06845622-n] (the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • O [ENG31-06845730-n] (the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • P [ENG31-06845838-n] (the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • Q [ENG31-06845946-n] (the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • R [ENG31-06846054-n] (the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • S [ENG31-06846162-n] (the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • T [ENG31-06846270-n] (the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • U [ENG31-06846378-n] (the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • V [ENG31-06846486-n] (the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • W [ENG31-06846594-n] (the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • X [ENG31-06846713-n] (the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • Y [ENG31-06846826-n] (the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • Z [ENG31-06846940-n] (the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet)
                • alpha [ENG31-06847188-n] (the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • beta [ENG31-06847295-n] (the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • gamma [ENG31-06847401-n] (the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • delta [ENG31-06847508-n] (the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • epsilon [ENG31-06847615-n] (the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • zeta [ENG31-06847724-n] (the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • eta [ENG31-06847830-n] (the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • theta [ENG31-06847935-n] (the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • iota [ENG31-06848042-n] (the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • kappa [ENG31-06848148-n] (the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • lambda [ENG31-06848256-n] (the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • mu [ENG31-06848365-n] (the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • nu [ENG31-06848470-n] (the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • xi [ENG31-06848575-n] (the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • omicron [ENG31-06848680-n] (the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • pi [ENG31-06848790-n] (the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • rho [ENG31-06848895-n] (the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • sigma [ENG31-06849001-n] (the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • tau [ENG31-06849109-n] (the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • upsilon [ENG31-06849215-n] (the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • phi [ENG31-06849325-n] (the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • chi [ENG31-06849431-n] (the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • psi [ENG31-06849543-n] (the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • omega [ENG31-06849649-n] (the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet)
                • aleph [ENG31-06849764-n] (the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • beth [ENG31-06849872-n] (the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • gimel [ENG31-06849979-n] (the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • daleth [ENG31-06850087-n] (the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • he [ENG31-06850196-n] (the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • waw [ENG31-06850301-n] (the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • zayin [ENG31-06850407-n] (the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • heth [ENG31-06850515-n] (the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • teth [ENG31-06850622-n] (the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • yodh [ENG31-06850729-n] (the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • kaph [ENG31-06850837-n] (the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • lamedh [ENG31-06850945-n] (the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • mem [ENG31-06851055-n] (the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • nun [ENG31-06851162-n] (the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • samekh [ENG31-06851269-n] (the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • ayin [ENG31-06851379-n] (the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • pe [ENG31-06851487-n] (the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • sadhe [ENG31-06851593-n] (the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • qoph [ENG31-06851702-n] (the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • resh [ENG31-06851810-n] (the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • sin [ENG31-06851918-n] (the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • shin [ENG31-06852025-n] (the 22nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • taw [ENG31-06852133-n] (the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
                • polyphone [ENG31-06852461-n] (a letter that has two or more pronunciations)
                • block letter [ENG31-06852687-n] (a plain hand-drawn letter)
                • vowel [ENG31-07129420-n] (a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel)

                  • vowel point [ENG31-07129578-n] (a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel)
                • consonant [ENG31-07130089-n] (a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant)
              • space [ENG31-06852240-n] (a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing)
              • phonetic symbol [ENG31-06852908-n] (a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound)
              • mathematical symbol [ENG31-06853097-n] (a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation)
              • rune [ENG31-06853237-n] (any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages)

                • thorn [ENG31-06853492-n] (a Germanic character of runic origin)
              • pictograph [ENG31-06853580-n] (a graphic character used in picture writing)
              • ideogram [ENG31-06853698-n] (a graphic character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it)

                • logogram [ENG31-06853940-n] (a single written symbol that represents an entire word or phrase without indicating its pronunciation)
              • radical [ENG31-06854209-n] (a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram)
              • stenograph [ENG31-06854337-n] (a shorthand character)
            • phonogram [ENG31-06834773-n] (any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word)
          • dollar [ENG31-06834465-n] (a symbol of commercialism or greed)
          • monogram [ENG31-06837091-n] (a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials))
          • stamp [ENG31-06868257-n] (a symbol that is the result of printing or engraving)

            • imprint [ENG31-06868482-n] (an impression produced by pressure or printing)
            • seal [ENG31-06869035-n] (a stamp affixed to a document (as to attest to its authenticity or to seal it))
          • mantle [ENG31-06897006-n] (the cloak as a symbol of authority)
          • Crown [ENG31-06897147-n] (the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy)
          • staff [ENG31-07281865-n] (a rod carried as a symbol)

            • crosier [ENG31-07282014-n] (a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office)
            • mace [ENG31-07282166-n] (a ceremonial staff carried as a symbol of office or authority)
            • scepter [ENG31-07282278-n] (a ceremonial or emblematic staff)

              • bauble [ENG31-07282407-n] (a mock scepter carried by a court jester)
            • tipstaff [ENG31-07282500-n] (staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable)
          • icon [ENG31-07284621-n] ((computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface)
          • marker [ENG31-07284884-n] (a distinguishing symbol)

            • earmark [ENG31-06808295-n] (identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal)
            • brand [ENG31-06808400-n] (identification mark on skin, made by burning)
            • trademark [ENG31-06864792-n] (a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product)

              • logo [ENG31-07286789-n] (a company emblem or device)
            • authentication [ENG31-06868085-n] (a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity)
            • postmark [ENG31-07285423-n] (a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials)
            • watermark [ENG31-07285598-n] (a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture)
            • broad arrow [ENG31-07285757-n] (an arrowhead mark identifying British government property)
            • milestone [ENG31-07285872-n] (stone post at side of a road to show distances)
            • peg [ENG31-07286496-n] (small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc.)
            • spot [ENG31-07286647-n] (a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit))
            • label [ENG31-07286877-n] (an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object)

              • gummed label [ENG31-07287250-n] (an adhesive label)

                • bookplate [ENG31-07287121-n] (a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted)
              • tag [ENG31-07287841-n] (a label written or printed on paper, cardboard, or plastic that is attached to something to indicate its owner, nature, price, etc.)

                • dog tag [ENG31-07287399-n] (metal plate on a dog collar bearing its registration number)
                • dog tag [ENG31-07287512-n] (military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck)
                • name tag [ENG31-07287625-n] (a tag showing the name of the person who wears it)
                • price tag [ENG31-07287729-n] (a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to)
              • tag [ENG31-07288121-n] (a label associated with something for the purpose of identification)
              • title bar [ENG31-07288321-n] ((computer science) a horizontal label at the top of a window, bearing the name of the currently active document)
            • cairn [ENG31-07288507-n] (a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path)
          • identifier [ENG31-07285306-n] (a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it)
          • variable [ENG31-07285985-n] (a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity)

            • placeholder [ENG31-07286183-n] (a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set)
            • unknown [ENG31-07286353-n] (a variable whose values are solutions of an equation)
        • visual signal [ENG31-06886621-n] (a signal that involves visual communication)

          • watch fire [ENG31-06886977-n] (a fire lighted at night as a signal)
          • light [ENG31-06887069-n] (a visual warning signal)

            • traffic light [ENG31-06887235-n] (a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections)

              • green light [ENG31-06887441-n] (a signal to proceed)
              • red light [ENG31-06887547-n] (the signal to stop)
              • yellow light [ENG31-06887887-n] (the signal to proceed with caution)
          • red light [ENG31-06887621-n] (a cautionary sign of danger)

            • idiot light [ENG31-06887738-n] (a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure))
          • flare [ENG31-06887980-n] (a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate)

            • star shell [ENG31-07279052-n] (an artillery shell containing an illuminant)
            • Bengal light [ENG31-07279152-n] (a steady bright blue light)
            • Very light [ENG31-07279283-n] (a colored flare fired from a Very pistol)
          • flag [ENG31-06888144-n] (a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device)

            • pennant [ENG31-06888338-n] (a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering))
            • code flag [ENG31-06888442-n] (one of an international code of flag signals used between ships)

              • blue peter [ENG31-06888602-n] (a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail)
          • windsock [ENG31-07272250-n] (a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast)
          • post [ENG31-07272483-n] (a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track))

            • starting post [ENG31-07272777-n] (a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race))
            • winning post [ENG31-07272906-n] (the post at the end of a racecourse)
          • blinker [ENG31-07277372-n] (a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn)
          • armband [ENG31-07277610-n] (worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning)
          • rocket [ENG31-07277721-n] (propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon)
          • beacon [ENG31-07278881-n] (a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance)

            • signal fire [ENG31-07279393-n] (a fire set as a signal)
          • stoplight [ENG31-07280695-n] (a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop)
          • barber's pole [ENG31-07281772-n] (striped pole outside a barbershop)
        • indicator [ENG31-07277247-n] (a signal for attracting attention)

          • reference point [ENG31-07273000-n] (an indicator that orients you generally)

            • benchmark [ENG31-07273813-n] (a surveyor's mark on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point)
            • landmark [ENG31-07273987-n] (a mark showing the boundary of a piece of land)

              • merestone [ENG31-07274106-n] (an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab)
            • lubber's line [ENG31-07274278-n] (a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading)
            • target [ENG31-07276776-n] (a reference point to shoot at)

              • clout [ENG31-07276946-n] (a target used in archery)
              • drogue [ENG31-07277022-n] (a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane)
            • white line [ENG31-07277130-n] (a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes)
            • buoy [ENG31-07280883-n] (bright-colored)

              • acoustic buoy [ENG31-07281147-n] (a buoy that can be heard (at night))

                • bell buoy [ENG31-07281278-n] (a buoy with a bell on it)
                • whistle buoy [ENG31-07281370-n] (a buoy that makes a whistling noise)
              • can [ENG31-07281481-n] (a buoy with a round bottom and conical top)
              • conical buoy [ENG31-07281584-n] (a buoy resembling a cone)
              • spar buoy [ENG31-07281684-n] (a buoy resembling a vertical log)
        • electronic signal [ENG31-07277888-n] (a signal generated by electronic means)

          • radar echo [ENG31-07278171-n] (an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna)

            • blip [ENG31-07278026-n] (a radar echo displayed so as to show the position of a reflecting surface)
          • radar beacon [ENG31-07278565-n] (a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position)
        • radio beacon [ENG31-07278754-n] (a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation)
        • input signal [ENG31-07279488-n] (signal going into an electronic system)
        • output signal [ENG31-07279593-n] (signal that comes out of an electronic system)

          • printout [ENG31-07279743-n] (the output of a computer in printed form)
          • readout [ENG31-07279857-n] (the output of a computer in readable form)
      • sign [ENG31-06806088-n] (a public display of a message)

        • poster [ENG31-06806283-n] (a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement)

          • show bill [ENG31-06806674-n] (a poster advertising a show or play)
          • flash card [ENG31-06806816-n] (a card with words or numbers or pictures that is flashed to a class by the teacher)
        • street sign [ENG31-06806967-n] (a sign visible from the street)

          • address [ENG31-06807073-n] (a sign in front of a house or business carrying the conventional form by which its location is described)
        • signpost [ENG31-06807231-n] (a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way)

          • fingerpost [ENG31-06807394-n] (a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger)
      • indication [ENG31-06810027-n] (something that serves to indicate or suggest)

        • gesture [ENG31-01230869-n] (something done as an indication of intention)

          • beau geste [ENG31-01231033-n] (a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture)
        • evidence [ENG31-06656171-n] (an indication that makes something evident)

          • smoking gun [ENG31-06290897-n] (indisputable evidence (especially of a crime))
          • clue [ENG31-06656526-n] (evidence that helps to solve a problem)

            • sign [ENG31-06659006-n] (a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened))

              • token [ENG31-06659294-n] (something serving as a sign of something else)
          • footprint evidence [ENG31-06658029-n] (evidence in the form of footprints)
          • record [ENG31-06659969-n] (anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events)

            • written record [ENG31-06514369-n] (a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events)

              • blotter [ENG31-06514849-n] (the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station)
              • casebook [ENG31-06515025-n] (a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work)
              • chronology [ENG31-06515215-n] (a record of events in the order of their occurrence)

                • timeline [ENG31-06516956-n] (a sequence of related events arranged in chronological order and displayed along a line (usually drawn left to right or top to bottom))
              • dossier [ENG31-06515542-n] (a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record))
              • entry [ENG31-06515715-n] (an item inserted in a written record)

                • lexical entry [ENG31-06311813-n] (the entry in a dictionary of information about a word)
                • nolle prosequi [ENG31-06517243-n] (an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed)
                • notebook entry [ENG31-06517425-n] (an entry in a notebook)
              • log [ENG31-06515875-n] (a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane))
              • log [ENG31-06516146-n] (a written record of messages sent or received)
              • note [ENG31-06516453-n] (a brief written record)

                • jotting [ENG31-06517790-n] (a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note)
                • marginalia [ENG31-06517926-n] (notes written in the margin)

                  • scholium [ENG31-06518028-n] (a marginal note written by a scholiast (a commentator on ancient or classical literature))
                • memo [ENG31-06518182-n] (a written proposal or reminder)

                  • aide-memoire [ENG31-06518421-n] (a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement (used especially in diplomatic communications))
                • minute [ENG31-06518306-n] (a short note)
              • paper trail [ENG31-06516653-n] (the written evidence of someone's activities)
              • timecard [ENG31-06516829-n] (a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day)
              • time sheet [ENG31-06517145-n] (a record of the hours worked by employees)
              • transcript [ENG31-06517508-n] (a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record))
              • register [ENG31-06519032-n] (an official written record of names or events or transactions)

                • cadaster [ENG31-06514183-n] (a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land)
                • check register [ENG31-06518917-n] (a register of checks issued (usually in numeric order))
                • studbook [ENG31-06519321-n] (official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses)
                • rent-roll [ENG31-06519445-n] (a register of rents)
              • minutes [ENG31-06520103-n] (a written account of what transpired at a meeting)

                • Congressional Record [ENG31-06520408-n] (a published written account of the speeches and debates and votes of the United States Congress)
                • Hansard [ENG31-06520570-n] (the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body)
              • minute book [ENG31-06520290-n] (a book in which minutes have been written)
              • statute book [ENG31-06548218-n] (a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction)
              • translation [ENG31-06548380-n] (a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language)

                • mistranslation [ENG31-06358492-n] (an incorrect translation)
                • pony [ENG31-06358595-n] (a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly))
                • retroversion [ENG31-06358758-n] (translation back into the original language)
                • subtitle [ENG31-06358958-n] (translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program)
                • supertitle [ENG31-06359181-n] (translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage)
              • worksheet [ENG31-06548728-n] (a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project)
            • memorabilia [ENG31-06517696-n] (a record of things worth remembering)
            • stub [ENG31-06519806-n] (the part of a check that is retained as a record)
            • file [ENG31-06520807-n] (a set of related records (either written or electronic) kept together)

              • computer file [ENG31-06521201-n] ((computer science) a file maintained in computer-readable form)

                • backup file [ENG31-06521504-n] ((computer science) a computer file dedicated to storing and updating computer backups)
                • binary file [ENG31-06521666-n] ((computer science) a computer file containing machine-readable information that must be read by an application)
                • master file [ENG31-06521893-n] ((computer science) a computer file that is used as the authority in a given job and that is relatively permanent)
                • disk file [ENG31-06522094-n] ((computer science) a computer file stored on a magnetic disk and identified by a unique label)
                • transaction file [ENG31-06522262-n] ((computer science) a computer file containing relatively transient data about a particular data processing task)
                • input file [ENG31-06522469-n] ((computer science) a computer file that contains data that serve as input to a device or program)
                • output file [ENG31-06522654-n] ((computer science) a computer file that contains data that are the output of a device or program)
                • read-only file [ENG31-06522827-n] ((computer science) a file that you can read but cannot change)
                • text file [ENG31-06522968-n] ((computer science) a computer file that contains text (and possibly formatting instructions) using seven-bit ASCII characters)

                  • web page [ENG31-06370307-n] (a document connected to the World Wide Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet who has a web browser)

                    • home page [ENG31-06370503-n] (the opening page of a web site)
                  • ASCII text file [ENG31-06523233-n] (a text file that contains only ASCII characters without special formatting)

                    • source code [ENG31-06369920-n] (program instructions written as an ASCII text file)
              • mug file [ENG31-06523387-n] (a file of mug shots (pictures of criminals that are kept on file by the police))
              • tickler [ENG31-06805675-n] (a file of memoranda or notices that remind of things to be done)
            • history [ENG31-06526084-n] (a record or narrative description of past events)

              • ancient history [ENG31-06526520-n] (a history of the ancient world)
              • etymology [ENG31-06526612-n] (a history of a word)

                • folk etymology [ENG31-06526777-n] (a popular but erroneous etymology)
              • case history [ENG31-06526871-n] (detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment)

                • family history [ENG31-06527045-n] (part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases)
                • medical history [ENG31-06527288-n] (the case history of a medical patient as recalled by the patient)
              • historical document [ENG31-06527480-n] (writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.))
              • annals [ENG31-06527653-n] (a chronological account of events in successive years)
              • biography [ENG31-06527818-n] (an account of the series of events making up a person's life)

                • autobiography [ENG31-06528078-n] (a biography of yourself)

                  • memoir [ENG31-06528486-n] (an account of the author's personal experiences)
                • hagiography [ENG31-06528233-n] (a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint))
                • profile [ENG31-06528395-n] (biographical sketch)
              • recital [ENG31-07236416-n] (a detailed account or description of something)
            • working papers [ENG31-06688544-n] (records kept of activities involved in carrying out a project)
          • testimony [ENG31-06660952-n] (something that serves as evidence)

            • good authority [ENG31-06661207-n] (testimony by someone who should know)
            • testament [ENG31-06661335-n] (strong evidence for something)
          • argument [ENG31-06661469-n] (a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true)

            • proof [ENG31-06660359-n] (a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it)

              • mathematical proof [ENG31-06660609-n] (proof of a mathematical theorem)
              • logical proof [ENG31-06660705-n] (proof of a logical theorem)
              • demonstration [ENG31-06660791-n] (proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusion)
            • counterargument [ENG31-06661853-n] (an argument offered in opposition to another argument)
            • pro [ENG31-06661968-n] (an argument in favor of a proposal)
            • con [ENG31-06662070-n] (an argument opposed to a proposal)
            • case [ENG31-06662171-n] (a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument)
            • clincher [ENG31-06662312-n] (an argument that is conclusive)
            • adducing [ENG31-06662449-n] (citing as evidence or proof)
            • last word [ENG31-06662531-n] (the final statement in a verbal argument)
            • specious argument [ENG31-06767867-n] (an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious)

              • vicious circle [ENG31-06768053-n] (an argument that assumes that which is to be proved)
              • straw man [ENG31-07197027-n] (a weak or sham argument set up to be easily refuted)
              • special pleading [ENG31-07197548-n] (an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence)
          • attestation [ENG31-06662660-n] (the evidence by which something is attested)
          • identification [ENG31-06898133-n] (evidence of identity)

            • ballistic identification [ENG31-06435637-n] (identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it)
            • biometric identification [ENG31-06435918-n] (the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics)

              • DNA fingerprint [ENG31-06656646-n] (biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs)
              • face recognition [ENG31-06656868-n] (biometric identification by scanning a person's face and matching it against a library of known faces)
              • fingerprint [ENG31-06657156-n] (a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger)

                • loop [ENG31-06657586-n] (the basic pattern of the human fingerprint)
                • thumbprint [ENG31-06657679-n] (fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb))
              • finger scan [ENG31-06657421-n] (biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's fingerprints electronically)
              • iris scanning [ENG31-06658221-n] (biometric identification by scanning the iris of the eye)
              • signature recognition [ENG31-06658386-n] (biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's signature and matching it electronically against a library of known signatures)
              • retinal scanning [ENG31-06658594-n] (biometric identification by scanning the retina of the eye)
              • voiceprint [ENG31-06658785-n] (biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a person's voice)
            • imprint [ENG31-06868613-n] (an identification of a publisher)
            • positive identification [ENG31-06898439-n] (evidence proving that you are who you say you are)

              • key [ENG31-06436512-n] (a generic term for any device whose possession entitles the holder to a means of access)
              • number [ENG31-06436708-n] (a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification and may be attached to accounts, memberships, etc.)

                • bank identification number [ENG31-06437204-n] (an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations)
                • license number [ENG31-06437478-n] (the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it)
                • Social Security number [ENG31-06437630-n] (the number of a particular individual's Social Security account)
                • personal identification number [ENG31-06900491-n] (a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts)
              • card [ENG31-06489042-n] (a card certifying the identity of the bearer)

                • business card [ENG31-06437074-n] (a card on which are printed the person's name and business affiliation)
                • donor card [ENG31-06489316-n] (a card that you carry on your person and that authorizes the use of your organs for transplantation after your death)
                • keycard [ENG31-06489489-n] (a plastic card that has a magnetically coded strip that is scanned in order to operate a mechanism)
                • membership card [ENG31-06489641-n] (a card certifying membership in an organization)

                  • union card [ENG31-06489768-n] (a card certifying membership in a labor union)
                • library card [ENG31-06489870-n] (a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library)
                • ration card [ENG31-06490002-n] (a card certifying the bearer's right to purchase rationed goods)
              • green card [ENG31-06900105-n] (a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States)
            • negative identification [ENG31-06898956-n] (evidence proving that you are not who you say you are not)
            • facial profiling [ENG31-06899323-n] (identification of criminals and terrorist by means of videotapes of their faces)
            • fingerprint [ENG31-06899538-n] (a generic term for any identifying characteristic)
            • linguistic profiling [ENG31-06899705-n] (using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class)
            • profiling [ENG31-06899868-n] (recording a person's behavior and analyzing psychological characteristics in order to predict or assess their ability in a certain sphere or to identify a particular group of people)
        • trace [ENG31-06659391-n] (an indication that something has been present)

          • footprint [ENG31-06659617-n] (a trace suggesting that something was once present or felt or otherwise important)
        • symptom [ENG31-06811045-n] (anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence)
        • signalization [ENG31-06811194-n] (a conspicuous indication)
        • pointing out [ENG31-06811330-n] (indication by demonstration)
        • manifestation [ENG31-06811416-n] (a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing)
        • mark [ENG31-06811608-n] (a visible indication made on a surface)

          • footprint [ENG31-06657802-n] (a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface)
          • trace [ENG31-06659799-n] (a visible mark (as a footprint) left by the passage of person or animal or vehicle)
          • mintmark [ENG31-06812000-n] (a mark on a coin that identifies the mint where it was produced)
          • stroke [ENG31-06812118-n] (a mark made on a surface by a pen, pencil, or paintbrush)

            • downstroke [ENG31-06812343-n] (a stroke normally made in a downward direction)
            • upstroke [ENG31-06812446-n] (a stroke normally made in an upward direction)
            • flick [ENG31-06812546-n] (a short stroke)
            • underscore [ENG31-06814276-n] (a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter))
          • hoofprint [ENG31-06812612-n] (a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal)
          • line [ENG31-06812755-n] (a mark that is long relative to its width)

            • cross hair [ENG31-03141424-n] (either of two fine mutually perpendicular lines that cross in the focus plane of an optical instrument and are use for sighting or calibration)
            • dotted line [ENG31-06813202-n] (a line made up of dots or dashes)
            • ascender [ENG31-06813390-n] ((printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters)
            • descender [ENG31-06813729-n] ((printing) the part of lowercase letters that extends below the other lowercase letters)
            • squiggle [ENG31-06813891-n] (a short twisting line)
            • spectrum line [ENG31-06813996-n] (an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency)

              • fine structure [ENG31-11478003-n] (the presence of groups of closely spaced spectrum lines observed in the atomic spectrum of certain elements)
            • trend line [ENG31-06814171-n] (a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend)
            • isometric line [ENG31-06814598-n] (a line connecting isometric points)

              • contour [ENG31-06814438-n] (a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height)

                • thalweg [ENG31-06814723-n] (a line following the lowest points of a valley)
            • graduation [ENG31-06814823-n] (a line (as on a vessel or ruler) that marks a measurement)
            • guideline [ENG31-06814996-n] (a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters)
            • hairline [ENG31-06815116-n] (a very thin line)

              • hair stroke [ENG31-06815205-n] (a very fine line in writing or printing)
            • shaft [ENG31-06834654-n] (a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer)
            • serif [ENG31-06841111-n] (a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character)
            • staff line [ENG31-06875109-n] (any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff)
            • ledger line [ENG31-06875449-n] (a short line)
          • line [ENG31-08611480-n] (in games or sports)

            • balkline [ENG31-08533408-n] (line across a billiard table behind which the cue balls are placed at the start of a game)
            • foul line [ENG31-08590273-n] (lines through 1st and 3rd base indicating the boundaries of a baseball field)
            • foul line [ENG31-08590424-n] (a line across a bowling alley that a bowler must not cross)
            • foul line [ENG31-08590557-n] (a line from which basketball players take penalty shots)
            • baseline [ENG31-08590687-n] (the lines a baseball player must follow while running the bases)
            • goal line [ENG31-08596662-n] (a line marking each end of the playing field or pitch)
            • red line [ENG31-08647497-n] (a line that is colored red and that bisects an ice hockey rink)
            • scrimmage line [ENG31-08668252-n] (line parallel to the goal lines where football linesmen line up at the start of each play in American football)
            • service line [ENG31-08668494-n] (the back line bounding each end of a tennis or handball court)
            • sideline [ENG31-08668679-n] (a line that marks the side boundary of a playing field)

              • touchline [ENG31-08671604-n] (either of the sidelines in soccer or rugby)
            • start [ENG31-08671448-n] (a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game)
            • yard line [ENG31-08671702-n] (in football)
        • glimpse [ENG31-06815302-n] (a vague indication)
        • harbinger [ENG31-06815429-n] (something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone)
        • hint [ENG31-06815643-n] (a slight indication)
        • smoke [ENG31-06815738-n] (an indication of some hidden activity)
      • visual communication [ENG31-06886302-n] (communication that relies on vision)

        • video [ENG31-06288456-n] (the visible part of a television transmission)
        • video [ENG31-06288645-n] ((computer science) the appearance of text and graphics on a video display)
        • gesture [ENG31-06889359-n] (the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals)

          • sign [ENG31-06889194-n] (a gesture that is part of a sign language)
          • gesticulation [ENG31-06889821-n] (a deliberate and vigorous gesture or motion)
          • beck [ENG31-06890058-n] (a beckoning gesture)
          • facial expression [ENG31-06890128-n] (a gesture executed with the facial muscles)

            • emoticon [ENG31-06290592-n] (a representation of a facial expression (as a smile or frown) created by typing a sequence of characters in sending email)

              • smiley [ENG31-06290815-n] (an emoticon of a smiling face)
            • gape [ENG31-06890431-n] (an expression of openmouthed astonishment)

              • rictus [ENG31-06890559-n] (a gaping grimace)
            • grimace [ENG31-06890628-n] (a contorted facial expression)

              • pout [ENG31-06890792-n] (a disdainful grimace)
            • frown [ENG31-06890899-n] (a facial expression of dislike or displeasure)
            • smile [ENG31-06891121-n] (a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth)

              • simper [ENG31-06891040-n] (a silly self-conscious smile)
              • smirk [ENG31-06891630-n] (a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure)
            • laugh [ENG31-06891454-n] (a facial expression characteristic of a person laughing)
            • snarl [ENG31-06891756-n] (an angry vicious expression)
            • straight face [ENG31-06891853-n] (a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement)
            • wink [ENG31-06891984-n] (closing one eye quickly as a signal)
            • wince [ENG31-06892106-n] (the facial expression of sudden pain)
          • flourish [ENG31-06903520-n] (a showy gesture)
          • high-five [ENG31-07028356-n] (a gesture of greeting or elation)
          • shrug [ENG31-07288629-n] (a gesture involving the shoulders)
          • wave [ENG31-07288732-n] (the act of signaling by a movement of the hand)

            • flourish [ENG31-06903304-n] (the act of waving)
          • V sign [ENG31-07288902-n] (a sign (for victory))
          • nod [ENG31-07289021-n] (a sign of assent or salutation or command)
          • sign of the cross [ENG31-07289435-n] (a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross)
        • body language [ENG31-06889942-n] (communication via the movements or attitudes of the body)
        • demonstration [ENG31-06892230-n] (a visual presentation showing how something works)

          • display [ENG31-06892571-n] (something intended to communicate a particular impression)

            • big stick [ENG31-06893063-n] (a display of force or power)
            • gaudery [ENG31-06893184-n] (cheap or pretentious or vain display)
          • expression [ENG31-06893299-n] (expression without words)

            • act [ENG31-07027143-n] (a manifestation of insincerity)
            • effusion [ENG31-07027434-n] (an unrestrained expression of emotion)

              • acting out [ENG31-07027710-n] (a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult)
              • cry [ENG31-07027866-n] (a fit of weeping)
              • explosion [ENG31-07027968-n] (a sudden outburst)
              • flare [ENG31-07028111-n] (a sudden outburst of emotion)
          • exemplification [ENG31-06893583-n] (showing by example)
        • eye contact [ENG31-06892816-n] (a meeting of the eyes between two people that expresses meaningful nonverbal communication)
        • projection [ENG31-06900649-n] (the projection of an image from a film onto a screen)
        • artwork [ENG31-07011408-n] (photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication)

          • illustration [ENG31-07011893-n] (artwork that helps make something clear or attractive)

            • picture [ENG31-07012096-n] (illustrations used to decorate or explain a text)
            • figure [ENG31-07012307-n] (a diagram or picture illustrating textual material)
          • drawing [ENG31-07016235-n] (an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper)

            • frame [ENG31-07016684-n] (a single drawing in a comic strip)
        • graphic design [ENG31-07011705-n] (visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.)
        • chart [ENG31-07012462-n] (a visual display of information)

          • plot [ENG31-07012805-n] (a chart or graph showing the movements or progress of an object)
          • organization chart [ENG31-07014082-n] (a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization)
          • color chart [ENG31-07014234-n] (a chart displaying colors)

            • color circle [ENG31-07014335-n] (a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle)
          • bar chart [ENG31-07014505-n] (a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities)

            • histogram [ENG31-07014653-n] (a bar chart representing a frequency distribution)
          • eye chart [ENG31-07014810-n] (a chart that is read from a fixed distance)
          • flip chart [ENG31-07014934-n] (a chart with several sheets hinged at the top)
          • pie chart [ENG31-07015428-n] (a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole)
          • star chart [ENG31-07015575-n] (a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky)
          • profile [ENG31-07015715-n] (an analysis (often in graphical form) representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics)

            • population profile [ENG31-07015979-n] (a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages)
        • graph [ENG31-07012937-n] (a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities, represented as points, plotted with reference to a set of axes)

          • seismogram [ENG31-04175777-n] (the graphical record of an earth tremor made by using a seismograph)
          • characteristic curve [ENG31-07013853-n] ((electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters)

            • frequency-response curve [ENG31-07013504-n] ((electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency)
          • ballistocardiogram [ENG31-07016788-n] (a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph)
          • echoencephalogram [ENG31-07016923-n] (a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph)
          • echocardiogram [ENG31-07017051-n] (a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph)
          • electrocardiogram [ENG31-07017173-n] (a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph)
          • electroencephalogram [ENG31-07017357-n] (a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain)
          • electroretinogram [ENG31-07017680-n] (a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye)
          • Laffer curve [ENG31-07017854-n] (a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income)
          • learning curve [ENG31-07018078-n] (a graph showing the rate of learning (especially a graph showing the amount recalled as a function of the number of attempts to recall))
          • myogram [ENG31-07018274-n] (a graphical recording of muscle activity)

            • electromyogram [ENG31-07017538-n] (a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions)
          • radiation pattern [ENG31-07018386-n] (graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle)
          • tachogram [ENG31-07019013-n] (a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph)
          • thermogram [ENG31-07019134-n] (a graphical record produced by a thermograph)
          • exponential curve [ENG31-13811963-n] (a graph of an exponential function)
      • display [ENG31-06900776-n] (exhibiting openly in public view)

        • acting out [ENG31-06901012-n] ((psychiatry) the display of previously inhibited emotions (often in actions rather than words))
        • array [ENG31-06901224-n] (an impressive display)
        • screening [ENG31-06901395-n] (the display of a motion picture)

          • preview [ENG31-06901556-n] (a screening for a select audience in advance of release for the general public)

            • sneak preview [ENG31-06901898-n] (a preview to test audience reactions)
        • sight [ENG31-06901994-n] (anything that is seen)

          • spectacle [ENG31-06902188-n] (something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight))
        • ostentation [ENG31-06902380-n] (a gaudy outward display)

          • bravado [ENG31-06902641-n] (a swaggering show of courage)
          • exhibitionism [ENG31-06902751-n] (extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself)
          • ritz [ENG31-06902925-n] (ostentatious display of elegance)
          • splurge [ENG31-06903050-n] (an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.))
          • pedantry [ENG31-06903178-n] (an ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning)
        • flaunt [ENG31-06903896-n] (the act of displaying something ostentatiously)
        • presentation [ENG31-06904072-n] (the act of making something publicly available)

          • unveiling [ENG31-06904389-n] (putting on display for the first time)
          • production [ENG31-07020067-n] (a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television)

            • theatrical production [ENG31-07020287-n] (the production of a drama on the stage)

              • coup de theatre [ENG31-07020457-n] (a highly successful theatrical production)
              • summer stock [ENG31-07020672-n] (theatrical productions performed by a stock company during the summer)
      • expressive style [ENG31-07080699-n] (a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period)

        • allegory [ENG31-06378026-n] (an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances)
        • analysis [ENG31-07081916-n] (the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father')
        • bathos [ENG31-07082088-n] (triteness or triviality of style)
        • black humor [ENG31-07082173-n] (the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect)
        • device [ENG31-07082884-n] (something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect)

          • conceit [ENG31-07082513-n] (an artistic device or effect)
          • rhetorical device [ENG31-07112859-n] (a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance))

            • anacoluthia [ENG31-07113655-n] (an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another)
            • asyndeton [ENG31-07113801-n] (the omission of conjunctions where they would normally be used)
            • repetition [ENG31-07113937-n] (the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device)

              • anadiplosis [ENG31-07114264-n] (repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next)
              • epanalepsis [ENG31-07114418-n] (repetition after intervening words)
              • epanodos [ENG31-07114510-n] (repetition of a group of words in reverse order)
              • epiphora [ENG31-07114779-n] (repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc.)
              • gemination [ENG31-07114919-n] (the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect))
              • ploce [ENG31-07115053-n] ((rhetoric) repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning)
              • polyptoton [ENG31-07115188-n] (repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence)
              • epanaphora [ENG31-07115344-n] (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses)
              • anaphora [ENG31-07115481-n] (using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier)
              • symploce [ENG31-07115608-n] (repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe)
            • anastrophe [ENG31-07115806-n] (the reversal of the normal order of words)
            • antiphrasis [ENG31-07115916-n] (the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony))
            • antithesis [ENG31-07116072-n] (the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance)
            • antinomasia [ENG31-07116223-n] (substitution of a title for a name)
            • apophasis [ENG31-07116315-n] (mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned)
            • aposiopesis [ENG31-07116444-n] (breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations))
            • apostrophe [ENG31-07116603-n] (address to an absent or imaginary person)
            • catachresis [ENG31-07116700-n] (strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths'))
            • chiasmus [ENG31-07116937-n] (inversion in the second of two parallel phrases)
            • climax [ENG31-07117039-n] (arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness)
            • conversion [ENG31-07117149-n] (interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition)
            • ecphonesis [ENG31-07117468-n] (an exclamatory rhetorical device)
            • emphasis [ENG31-07117611-n] (special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.)

              • topicalization [ENG31-06495968-n] ((linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence)
            • enallage [ENG31-07117772-n] (a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I'))
            • epanorthosis [ENG31-07117924-n] (immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification)
            • epiplexis [ENG31-07118068-n] (a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them)
            • hendiadys [ENG31-07118224-n] (use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier)
            • hypallage [ENG31-07118337-n] (reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face'))
            • hyperbaton [ENG31-07118468-n] (reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love'))
            • hypozeugma [ENG31-07118578-n] (use of a series of subjects with a single predicate)
            • hypozeuxis [ENG31-07118686-n] (use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered'))
            • hysteron proteron [ENG31-07118815-n] (reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born'))
            • onomatopoeia [ENG31-07119240-n] (using words that imitate the sound they denote)
            • paralepsis [ENG31-07119399-n] (suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted)
            • paregmenon [ENG31-07119578-n] (juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility'))
            • polysyndeton [ENG31-07119711-n] (using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy'))
            • prolepsis [ENG31-07119904-n] (anticipating and answering objections in advance)
            • wellerism [ENG31-07120008-n] (a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel)
            • trope [ENG31-07120141-n] (language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense)

              • conceit [ENG31-07120798-n] (an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things)
              • irony [ENG31-07120931-n] (a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs)

                • dramatic irony [ENG31-07117259-n] ((theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play)
              • hyperbole [ENG31-07121187-n] (extravagant exaggeration)
              • kenning [ENG31-07121336-n] (conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry)
              • metaphor [ENG31-07121485-n] (a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity)

                • dead metaphor [ENG31-07121768-n] (a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake'))
                • mixed metaphor [ENG31-07122066-n] (a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect)
                • synesthetic metaphor [ENG31-07122207-n] (a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities)
              • metonymy [ENG31-07122361-n] (substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads'))

                • metalepsis [ENG31-07122581-n] (substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another)
              • oxymoron [ENG31-07122695-n] (conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence'))
              • personification [ENG31-07122808-n] (representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature)
              • simile [ENG31-07122967-n] (a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as'))
              • synecdoche [ENG31-07123138-n] (substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa)
              • zeugma [ENG31-07123492-n] (use of a verb with two or more complements, playing on the verb's polysemy, for humorous effect)

                • syllepsis [ENG31-07123342-n] (use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one)
        • eloquence [ENG31-07083250-n] (powerful and effective language)
        • euphuism [ENG31-07083557-n] (any artificially elegant style of language)

          • Gongorism [ENG31-07082364-n] (an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora)
        • flatness [ENG31-07083787-n] (a want of animation or brilliance)
        • formulation [ENG31-07083988-n] (the style of expressing yourself)

          • sentimentalism [ENG31-06788613-n] (the excessive expression of tender feelings, nostalgia, or sadness in any form)

            • treacle [ENG31-06788770-n] (writing or music that is excessively sweet and sentimental)
          • honorific [ENG31-07084923-n] (an expression of respect)
          • archaism [ENG31-07087487-n] (the use of an archaic expression)
          • boilerplate [ENG31-07089027-n] (standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories)
          • colloquialism [ENG31-07089193-n] (a colloquial expression)
          • parlance [ENG31-07095369-n] (a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language)
          • Americanism [ENG31-07095537-n] (an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans)
          • Anglicism [ENG31-07095665-n] (an expression that is used in Great Britain (especially as contrasted with American English))
          • wording [ENG31-07095931-n] (the manner in which something is expressed in words)

            • mot juste [ENG31-07094970-n] (the appropriate word or expression)
            • verbalization [ENG31-07095235-n] (the words that are spoken in the activity of verbalization)
        • grandiosity [ENG31-07084469-n] (high-flown style)

          • flourish [ENG31-06903423-n] (a display of ornamental speech or language)
          • bombast [ENG31-07101969-n] (pompous or pretentious talk or writing)
        • headlinese [ENG31-07084819-n] (using the abbreviated style of headline writers)
        • jargon [ENG31-07085057-n] (specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject)

          • doctorspeak [ENG31-07083042-n] (medical jargon)
          • ecobabble [ENG31-07083114-n] (using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware)
          • Eurobabble [ENG31-07083672-n] (the jargon of European community documents and regulations)
          • gobbledygook [ENG31-07084361-n] (incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists)
          • psychobabble [ENG31-07086627-n] (using language loaded with psychological terminology)
          • technobabble [ENG31-07102511-n] (technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects)
        • journalese [ENG31-07085290-n] (the style in which newspapers are written)

          • sensationalism [ENG31-07102245-n] (the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes)
        • legalese [ENG31-07085406-n] (a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law)
        • manner of speaking [ENG31-07085523-n] (your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally)

          • address [ENG31-07081631-n] (the manner of speaking to another individual)
          • catch [ENG31-07081800-n] (a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion))
          • tongue [ENG31-07096390-n] (a manner of speaking)

            • sharp tongue [ENG31-07096538-n] (a bitter or critical manner of speaking)
          • shibboleth [ENG31-07096636-n] (a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people)
          • tone [ENG31-07096765-n] (the quality of a person's voice)

            • note [ENG31-07097011-n] (a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling)
            • roundness [ENG31-07097164-n] (the fullness of a tone of voice)
            • undertone [ENG31-07097328-n] (a quiet or hushed tone of voice)
          • elocution [ENG31-07097438-n] (an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture)
          • prosody [ENG31-07097924-n] (the patterns of stress and intonation in a language)

            • intonation [ENG31-07098358-n] (rise and fall of the voice pitch)

              • intonation pattern [ENG31-07098620-n] (intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements)
              • monotone [ENG31-07098752-n] (an unchanging intonation)
              • singsong [ENG31-07099119-n] (a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation)
            • caesura [ENG31-07099264-n] (a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line)
            • enjambment [ENG31-07099402-n] (the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause)
            • stress [ENG31-07099567-n] (the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch))

              • accentuation [ENG31-07099978-n] (the use or application of an accent)
              • tonic accent [ENG31-07100153-n] (emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness)
              • word stress [ENG31-07100280-n] (the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word)
              • sentence stress [ENG31-07100407-n] (the distribution of stresses within a sentence)
          • modulation [ENG31-07098150-n] (a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified)
        • music genre [ENG31-07085982-n] (an expressive style of music)

          • black music [ENG31-07039073-n] (music created by African-American musicians)

            • blues [ENG31-07065225-n] (a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century)

              • boogie [ENG31-07077289-n] (an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano))
            • soul [ENG31-07076008-n] (a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s)
            • rap [ENG31-07078095-n] (genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment)
            • rhythm and blues [ENG31-07078355-n] (a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians)
          • classical music [ENG31-07039369-n] (traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste)

            • chamber music [ENG31-07039708-n] (serious music performed by a small group of musicians)
            • opera [ENG31-07039821-n] (a drama set to music)

              • rock opera [ENG31-06604544-n] (an opera with rock music)
              • comic opera [ENG31-07040133-n] (opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken)

                • operetta [ENG31-07040577-n] (a short amusing opera)
              • grand opera [ENG31-07040314-n] (opera in which all the text is sung)
              • musical drama [ENG31-07040407-n] (opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important)
            • cantata [ENG31-07055995-n] (a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text)
            • concerto [ENG31-07057021-n] (a composition for orchestra and a soloist)

              • concerto grosso [ENG31-07057135-n] (a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments)
            • fugue [ENG31-07057421-n] (a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement)
            • rondo [ENG31-07057714-n] (a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata)
            • sonata [ENG31-07057834-n] (a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms)

              • piano sonata [ENG31-07058022-n] (a sonata for piano)
              • sonatina [ENG31-07058426-n] (a short and simple sonata)
              • symphony [ENG31-07058506-n] (a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra)
          • religious music [ENG31-07046494-n] (genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies)

            • antiphon [ENG31-07046732-n] (a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response)

              • gradual [ENG31-07046920-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass)
            • Mass [ENG31-07047240-n] (a musical setting for a Mass)

              • Requiem [ENG31-07047400-n] (a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead)
            • processional [ENG31-07047896-n] (religious music used in a procession)
            • antiphonary [ENG31-07048003-n] (bound collection of antiphons)
            • religious song [ENG31-07049166-n] (religious music for singing)

              • chant [ENG31-07048121-n] (a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone)

                • plainsong [ENG31-07048658-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a liturgical chant consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line)

                  • Gregorian chant [ENG31-07048857-n] (a variety of plainsong named after Pope Gregory I)
                • cantus firmus [ENG31-07048968-n] (a pre-existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition)
              • spiritual [ENG31-07049344-n] (a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States)
              • carol [ENG31-07049493-n] (joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ)
              • hymn [ENG31-07049616-n] (a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation))

                • dithyramb [ENG31-06390717-n] ((ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus))
                • doxology [ENG31-07049949-n] (a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God)
                • chorale [ENG31-07050074-n] (a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune)
                • canticle [ENG31-07050189-n] (a hymn derived from the Bible)
                • hymeneal [ENG31-07050445-n] (a wedding hymn)
                • paean [ENG31-07050608-n] ((ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity))
                • recessional [ENG31-07050978-n] (a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw)
          • marching music [ENG31-07072336-n] (genre of music written for marching)

            • military march [ENG31-07072508-n] (brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade)

              • quickstep [ENG31-07072708-n] (military march accompanying quick time)
              • pibroch [ENG31-07072802-n] (martial music with variations)
            • processional march [ENG31-07072911-n] (a march to be played for processions)

              • funeral march [ENG31-07073068-n] (a slow march to be played for funeral processions)
              • wedding march [ENG31-07073190-n] (a march to be played for a wedding procession)
          • popular music [ENG31-07073295-n] (any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time))

            • disco [ENG31-07073666-n] (popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s))
            • macumba [ENG31-07073861-n] (popular dance music of Brazil)
            • pop music [ENG31-07074002-n] (music of general appeal to teenagers)
            • folk music [ENG31-07074207-n] (the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community)

              • folk song [ENG31-07064992-n] (a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture)

                • fado [ENG31-07065481-n] (a sad Portuguese folksong)
              • schottische [ENG31-07071135-n] (music performed for dancing the schottische)
              • country music [ENG31-07074480-n] (a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States)

                • bluegrass [ENG31-07076230-n] (a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars)
                • hillbilly music [ENG31-07076355-n] (country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States)
                • zydeco [ENG31-07076590-n] (music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues)
              • gospel [ENG31-07075374-n] (folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response)

                • doo-wop [ENG31-07075717-n] (a genre (usually a cappella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing)
              • square-dance music [ENG31-07076491-n] (music performed for square dancing)
            • dance music [ENG31-07074737-n] (a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing)
            • jazz [ENG31-07076737-n] (a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles)

              • bop [ENG31-07077141-n] (an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940))
              • cool jazz [ENG31-07077453-n] (jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat)
              • funk [ENG31-07077625-n] (an earthy type of jazz combining it with blues and soul)
              • hot jazz [ENG31-07077815-n] (jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation)
              • modern jazz [ENG31-07077961-n] (any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940)
              • trad [ENG31-07079972-n] (traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s)
              • swing [ENG31-07080082-n] (a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s)
            • rockabilly [ENG31-07078577-n] (a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s)
            • rock 'n' roll [ENG31-07078755-n] (a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s)

              • heavy metal [ENG31-07079189-n] (loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat)
              • progressive rock [ENG31-07079373-n] (a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s)
              • psychedelic rock [ENG31-07079602-n] (a musical style that emerged in the 1960s)
              • punk rock [ENG31-07079780-n] (rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation)
            • reggae [ENG31-07080325-n] (popular music originating in the West Indies)
            • skiffle [ENG31-07080499-n] (a style of popular music in the 1950s)
        • officialese [ENG31-07086235-n] (the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure)
        • pathos [ENG31-07086377-n] (a style that has the power to evoke feelings)
        • prose [ENG31-07086474-n] (matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression)
        • rhetoric [ENG31-07086738-n] (using language effectively to please or persuade)
        • saltiness [ENG31-07086878-n] (language or humor that is down-to-earth)
        • self-expression [ENG31-07087111-n] (the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities))
        • sesquipedality [ENG31-07102132-n] (using long words)
        • terseness [ENG31-07102630-n] (a neatly short and concise expressive style)

          • conciseness [ENG31-07103216-n] (terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words)
          • crispness [ENG31-07103468-n] (an expressive style that is direct and to the point)
          • brevity [ENG31-07103623-n] (the use of brief expressions)
          • laconism [ENG31-07103723-n] (terseness of expression)
        • turn of phrase [ENG31-07102837-n] (a distinctive spoken or written expression)

          • conceit [ENG31-07103060-n] (a witty or ingenious turn of phrase)
        • vein [ENG31-07103814-n] (a distinctive style or manner)
        • verboseness [ENG31-07103943-n] (an expressive style that uses excessive or empty words)

          • verbiage [ENG31-07104211-n] (overabundance of words)
          • prolixity [ENG31-07104300-n] (boring verbosity)

            • turgidity [ENG31-07104765-n] (pompously embellished language)
          • circumlocution [ENG31-07104571-n] (a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things)
          • repetitiveness [ENG31-07104913-n] (verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions)

            • redundancy [ENG31-07105130-n] (repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission)
            • tautology [ENG31-07105406-n] (useless repetition)
          • pleonasm [ENG31-07105279-n] (using more words than necessary)
        • writing style [ENG31-07106786-n] (a style of expressing yourself in writing)

          • drama [ENG31-06387777-n] (the literary genre of works intended for the theater)

            • closet drama [ENG31-07028514-n] (drama more suitable for reading that for performing)
            • comedy [ENG31-07028624-n] (light and humorous drama with a happy ending)

              • black comedy [ENG31-07028955-n] (comedy that uses black humor)
              • commedia dell'arte [ENG31-07029042-n] (Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters)
              • dark comedy [ENG31-07029212-n] (a comedy characterized by grim or satiric humor)
              • farce [ENG31-07029364-n] (a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations)
              • high comedy [ENG31-07029542-n] (a sophisticated comedy)
              • low comedy [ENG31-07029656-n] (a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque)
              • melodrama [ENG31-07029762-n] (an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization)
              • seriocomedy [ENG31-07029911-n] (a comedy with serious elements or overtones)
              • situation comedy [ENG31-07030847-n] (a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life)
              • slapstick [ENG31-07030991-n] (a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes)
            • tragedy [ENG31-07030062-n] (drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance)

              • tragicomedy [ENG31-07030275-n] (a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating)
          • prose [ENG31-06388195-n] (ordinary writing as distinguished from verse)

            • euphuism [ENG31-06378324-n] (an elegant style of prose of the Elizabethan period)
            • nonfiction [ENG31-06379016-n] (prose writing that is not fictional)
            • interior monologue [ENG31-06385864-n] (a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue)
            • stream of consciousness [ENG31-06386031-n] (a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy)
            • prose poem [ENG31-06388399-n] (prose that resembles poetry)
            • polyphonic prose [ENG31-06388483-n] (a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance)
          • form [ENG31-07106984-n] (an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse)

            • versification [ENG31-07108269-n] (the form or metrical composition of a poem)

              • poetic rhythm [ENG31-07108561-n] ((prosody) a system of versification)

                • meter [ENG31-07108759-n] ((prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse)

                  • catalexis [ENG31-07109021-n] (the absence of a syllable in the last foot of a line or verse)
                  • scansion [ENG31-07109174-n] (analysis of verse into metrical patterns)
                  • common measure [ENG31-07109397-n] (the usual (iambic) meter of a ballad)
                  • metrical foot [ENG31-07109509-n] ((prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm)

                    • dactyl [ENG31-07109814-n] (a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables)
                    • iamb [ENG31-07109946-n] (a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables)
                    • anapest [ENG31-07110056-n] (a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables)
                    • amphibrach [ENG31-07110182-n] (a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed-unstressed syllables (e.g., `remember'))
                    • trochee [ENG31-07110319-n] (a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed syllables)
                    • spondee [ENG31-07110441-n] (a metrical unit with stressed-stressed syllables)
                    • pyrrhic [ENG31-07110561-n] (a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables)
                • sprung rhythm [ENG31-07109287-n] (a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech)
              • rhyme [ENG31-07111327-n] (correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds))

                • internal rhyme [ENG31-07111661-n] (a rhyme between words in the same line)
                • alliteration [ENG31-07111760-n] (use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse)
                • assonance [ENG31-07112012-n] (the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words)
                • consonance [ENG31-07112214-n] (the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words)
                • double rhyme [ENG31-07112373-n] (a two-syllable rhyme)
                • eye rhyme [ENG31-07112759-n] (an imperfect rhyme (e.g., `love' and `move'))
          • poetry [ENG31-07107220-n] (literature in metrical form)

            • epos [ENG31-06395166-n] (a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme)
            • heroic poetry [ENG31-07107824-n] (poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero)
        • poetry [ENG31-07107939-n] (any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling)
      • paralanguage [ENG31-07096217-n] (the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings)
      • auditory communication [ENG31-07123727-n] (communication that relies on hearing)

        • audio [ENG31-06288789-n] (the audible part of a transmitted signal)
        • music [ENG31-07034009-n] (an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner)

          • pizzicato [ENG31-07037891-n] (a note or passage that is played pizzicato)
          • monophony [ENG31-07037989-n] (music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment))
          • polyphony [ENG31-07038213-n] (music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments)

            • counterpoint [ENG31-07038888-n] (a musical form involving the simultaneous sound of two or more melodies)
          • polytonality [ENG31-07038435-n] (music that uses two or more different keys at the same time)
          • popularism [ENG31-07038586-n] (music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority)
          • rhapsody [ENG31-07038703-n] ((music) a free instrumental composition in one extended movement)
          • harmony [ENG31-07040667-n] (the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords)

            • harmonization [ENG31-07040945-n] (a piece of harmonized music)

              • reharmonization [ENG31-07041138-n] (a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised)
            • four-part harmony [ENG31-07041292-n] (harmony in which each chord has four notes that create four melodic lines)
            • preparation [ENG31-07041429-n] ((music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord)
            • resolution [ENG31-07041708-n] ((music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord)
          • tune [ENG31-07041860-n] (a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence)

            • flourish [ENG31-06869934-n] ((music) a short lively tune played on brass instruments)
            • glissando [ENG31-06870172-n] (a rapid series of ascending or descending notes on the musical scale)

              • swoop [ENG31-06870314-n] ((music) rapid sliding up or down the musical scale)
            • roulade [ENG31-06870641-n] ((music) an elaborate run of several notes sung to one syllable)
            • leitmotiv [ENG31-07042284-n] (a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas))
            • theme song [ENG31-07042451-n] (a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie)
            • signature [ENG31-07042575-n] (a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program)
            • theme [ENG31-07042734-n] ((music) melodic subject of a musical composition)

              • motif [ENG31-07043169-n] (a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music)

                • obbligato [ENG31-07043068-n] (a persistent but subordinate motif)
              • statement [ENG31-07043306-n] ((music) the presentation of a musical theme)

                • augmentation [ENG31-07043863-n] (the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original))
                • diminution [ENG31-07044036-n] (the statement of a theme in notes of lesser duration (usually half the length of the original))
              • variation [ENG31-07043499-n] (a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished)

                • inversion [ENG31-07043661-n] ((counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa)
                • partita [ENG31-07061333-n] (one of the variations contained in a partita)
            • part [ENG31-07044205-n] (the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music)

              • primo [ENG31-07044763-n] (the principal part of a duet (especially a piano duet))
              • secondo [ENG31-07044888-n] (the second or lower part of a duet (especially a piano duet))
              • voice part [ENG31-07045021-n] (a part written for a singer)

                • canto [ENG31-07045123-n] (the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music)
              • accompaniment [ENG31-07045239-n] (a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts)

                • descant [ENG31-07045513-n] (a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody)
                • vamp [ENG31-07045693-n] (an improvised musical accompaniment)
              • bass [ENG31-07045779-n] (the lowest part in polyphonic music)

                • ground bass [ENG31-07045913-n] (a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated)
                • figured bass [ENG31-07046043-n] (a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played)
          • part music [ENG31-07044463-n] (vocal music for several voices in independent parts (usually performed without accompaniment))

            • homophony [ENG31-07044631-n] (part music with one dominant voice (in a homophonic style))
          • musical composition [ENG31-07051211-n] (a musical work that has been created)

            • sheet music [ENG31-06828964-n] (a musical composition in printed or written form)

              • lead sheet [ENG31-06828316-n] (a sheet containing the words and melody for a song (and some indication of harmony) written in simple form)
              • piano music [ENG31-06828479-n] (sheet music to be played on a piano)
              • score [ENG31-06828572-n] (a written form of a musical composition)
            • musical arrangement [ENG31-07052146-n] (a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments)

              • orchestration [ENG31-07052361-n] (an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band)
              • instrumentation [ENG31-07052656-n] (the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra)
            • realization [ENG31-07052802-n] (a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer)
            • intermezzo [ENG31-07053366-n] (a short piece of instrumental music composed for performance between acts of a drama or opera)
            • allegro [ENG31-07053516-n] (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner)
            • allegretto [ENG31-07053695-n] (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro)
            • andante [ENG31-07053894-n] (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow)
            • introit [ENG31-07054159-n] (a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services)
            • solo [ENG31-07054685-n] (a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment))

              • voluntary [ENG31-07054871-n] (composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance)

                • postlude [ENG31-07055090-n] (a voluntary played at the end of a religious service)
            • duet [ENG31-07055197-n] (a musical composition for two performers)
            • trio [ENG31-07055341-n] (a musical composition for three performers)
            • quartet [ENG31-07055434-n] (a musical composition for four performers)
            • quintet [ENG31-07055541-n] (a musical composition for five performers)
            • sextet [ENG31-07055648-n] (a musical composition written for six performers)
            • septet [ENG31-07055769-n] (a musical composition written for seven performers)
            • octet [ENG31-07055883-n] (a musical composition written for eight performers)
            • bagatelle [ENG31-07056244-n] (a light piece of music for piano)
            • divertimento [ENG31-07056332-n] (a musical composition in several movements)
            • canon [ENG31-07056608-n] (a contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts)

              • enigma canon [ENG31-07056772-n] (a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries))
            • etude [ENG31-07057264-n] (a short composition for a solo instrument)
            • pastorale [ENG31-07057570-n] (a musical composition that evokes rural life)
            • toccata [ENG31-07058099-n] (a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style)
            • fantasia [ENG31-07058289-n] (a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes)
            • passage [ENG31-07058663-n] (a short section of a musical composition)

              • forte [ENG31-07059027-n] (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed loudly)
              • fortissimo [ENG31-07059160-n] (a musical composition or musical passage to be performed very loudly)
              • intro [ENG31-07059303-n] (a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music)
              • phrase [ENG31-07059411-n] (a short musical passage)

                • ligature [ENG31-07059577-n] ((music) a group of notes connected by a slur)
                • ostinato [ENG31-07059695-n] (a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition)

                  • riff [ENG31-07059846-n] (a jazz ostinato)
              • cadence [ENG31-07059986-n] (the close of a musical section)

                • plagal cadence [ENG31-07060088-n] (a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic)
              • cadenza [ENG31-07060276-n] (a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music)
              • largo [ENG31-07060601-n] ((music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner)
              • adagio [ENG31-07061862-n] ((music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully))
              • recitative [ENG31-07101538-n] (a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech)

                • arioso [ENG31-07101700-n] ((music) a short recitative that is melodic but is not an aria)
              • transition [ENG31-07101833-n] (a musical passage moving from one key to another)
              • impromptu [ENG31-07254587-n] (a short musical passage that seems to have been made spontaneously without advance preparation)
            • movement [ENG31-07060397-n] (a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata)

              • intermezzo [ENG31-07054038-n] (a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony)
              • scherzo [ENG31-07060975-n] (a fast movement (usually in triple time))
            • larghetto [ENG31-07060795-n] ((music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio)
            • suite [ENG31-07061069-n] (a musical composition of several movements only loosely connected)

              • partita [ENG31-07061223-n] ((music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century)
            • symphonic poem [ENG31-07061431-n] (an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales)
            • medley [ENG31-07061563-n] (a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources)
            • nocturne [ENG31-07061737-n] (a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano))
            • song [ENG31-07062058-n] (a short musical composition with words)

              • anthem [ENG31-07062968-n] (a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school))

                • national anthem [ENG31-07063095-n] (a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation)
              • aria [ENG31-07063554-n] (an elaborate song for solo voice)

                • arietta [ENG31-07063674-n] (a short aria)
              • ballad [ENG31-07063753-n] (a narrative song with a recurrent refrain)

                • minstrelsy [ENG31-07063889-n] (ballads sung by minstrels)
              • barcarole [ENG31-07063971-n] (a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers)
              • ditty [ENG31-07064543-n] (a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung))
              • dirge [ENG31-07064659-n] (a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person)

                • keen [ENG31-07056481-n] (a funeral lament sung with loud wailing)
              • drinking song [ENG31-07064867-n] (a song celebrating the joys of drinking)
              • lied [ENG31-07065660-n] (a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano)
              • love song [ENG31-07065768-n] (a song about love or expressing love for another person)
              • lullaby [ENG31-07065891-n] (a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep)
              • oldie [ENG31-07066740-n] (a song that was formerly popular)
              • partsong [ENG31-07066839-n] (a song with two or more voice parts)

                • madrigal [ENG31-07066965-n] (an unaccompanied partsong for 2 or 3 voices)
                • round [ENG31-07067129-n] (a partsong in which voices follow each other)
              • roundelay [ENG31-07067531-n] (a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain)
              • scolion [ENG31-07067646-n] (a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet)
              • serenade [ENG31-07067772-n] (a song characteristically played outside the house of a woman)

                • shivaree [ENG31-07068162-n] (a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple)
              • torch song [ENG31-07067924-n] (a popular song concerned with disappointment in love)
              • work song [ENG31-07068033-n] (a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work)

                • chantey [ENG31-07064082-n] (a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors)
            • study [ENG31-07062685-n] (a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique)
            • capriccio [ENG31-07295129-n] (an instrumental composition that doesn't adhere to rules for any specific musical form and is played with improvisation)
            • motet [ENG31-07295459-n] (an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics)
            • program music [ENG31-07295924-n] (musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events)
            • incidental music [ENG31-07296080-n] (music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes)
          • instrumental music [ENG31-07052513-n] (music intended to be performed by a musical instrument or group of instruments)
          • prelude [ENG31-07054289-n] (music that precedes a fugue or introduces an act in an opera)

            • chorale prelude [ENG31-07054439-n] (a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations)
          • overture [ENG31-07054566-n] (orchestral music played at the beginning of an opera or oratorio)
          • antiphony [ENG31-07062840-n] (alternate (responsive) singing by a choir in two parts)
          • refrain [ENG31-07064217-n] (the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers)

            • tra-la [ENG31-07064419-n] (a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain)
          • ballet [ENG31-07068376-n] (music written for a ballet)
          • dance music [ENG31-07068473-n] (music to dance to)

            • beguine [ENG31-07069034-n] (music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance)
            • bolero [ENG31-07069143-n] (music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance)
            • carioca [ENG31-07069243-n] (music composed for dancing the carioca)
            • conga [ENG31-07069335-n] (music composed for dancing the conga)
            • flamenco [ENG31-07069441-n] (guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco)
            • gavotte [ENG31-07069542-n] (music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte)
            • habanera [ENG31-07069652-n] (music composed in duple time for dancing the habanera)
            • hornpipe [ENG31-07069760-n] (music for dancing the hornpipe)
            • jig [ENG31-07069845-n] (music in three-four time for dancing a jig)
            • landler [ENG31-07069963-n] (music in triple time for dancing the landler)
            • mazurka [ENG31-07070061-n] (music composed for dancing the mazurka)
            • minuet [ENG31-07070153-n] (a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet)
            • paso doble [ENG31-07070305-n] (music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble)
            • pavane [ENG31-07070446-n] (music composed for dancing the pavane)
            • polka [ENG31-07070544-n] (music performed for dancing the polka)
            • quadrille [ENG31-07070633-n] (music for dancing the quadrille)
            • reel [ENG31-07070720-n] (music composed for dancing a reel)
            • rumba [ENG31-07070804-n] (syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba)
            • samba [ENG31-07070935-n] (music composed for dancing the samba)
            • saraband [ENG31-07071041-n] (music composed for dancing the saraband)
            • tango [ENG31-07071869-n] (music written in duple time for dancing the tango)
            • tarantella [ENG31-07071988-n] (music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella)
            • techno [ENG31-07072104-n] (a style of fast heavy electronic dance music usually without vocals)
            • waltz [ENG31-07072224-n] (music composed in triple time for waltzing)
            • ragtime [ENG31-07074884-n] (music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano))
            • jazz [ENG31-07075016-n] (a style of dance music popular in the 1920s)
            • kwela [ENG31-07075220-n] (a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans)
          • serialism [ENG31-07071236-n] (20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition)

            • twelve-tone music [ENG31-07071579-n] (a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg)
          • syncopation [ENG31-07071425-n] (music (especially dance music) that has a syncopated rhythm)
          • Bach [ENG31-07292620-n] (the music of Bach)
          • Beethoven [ENG31-07292719-n] (the music of Beethoven)
          • Brahms [ENG31-07292851-n] (the music of Brahms)
          • Chopin [ENG31-07292961-n] (the music of Chopin)
          • Gilbert and Sullivan [ENG31-07293070-n] (the music of Gilbert and Sullivan)
          • Handel [ENG31-07293215-n] (the music of Handel)
          • Haydn [ENG31-07293287-n] (the music of Haydn)
          • Mozart [ENG31-07293357-n] (the music of Mozart)
          • Stravinsky [ENG31-07293480-n] (the music of Stravinsky)
          • Wagner [ENG31-07293630-n] (the music of Wagner)
          • Ta'ziyeh [ENG31-07296340-n] ((Islam) a form of Iranian musical pageant that is the theatrical expression of religious passion)
          • vocal music [ENG31-07296711-n] (music intended to be performed by one or more singers, usually with instrumental accompaniment)
        • speech [ENG31-07123904-n] ((language) communication by word of mouth)

          • words [ENG31-07124438-n] (the words that are spoken)
          • pronunciation [ENG31-07143400-n] (the way a word or a language is customarily spoken)
          • conversation [ENG31-07148409-n] (the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.)

            • crossfire [ENG31-07148887-n] (a lively or heated interchange of ideas and opinions)
            • phatic speech [ENG31-07148995-n] (conversational speech used to communicate sociability more than information)
            • exchange [ENG31-07149414-n] (a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one))
            • chat [ENG31-07149558-n] (an informal conversation)

              • chitchat [ENG31-07149788-n] (light informal conversation for social occasions)
            • gossiping [ENG31-07150158-n] (a conversation that spreads personal information about other people)

              • scandalmongering [ENG31-07150335-n] (spreading malicious gossip)
            • talk [ENG31-07150442-n] (an exchange of ideas via conversation)

              • cant [ENG31-07150806-n] (insincere talk about religion or morals)
              • dialogue [ENG31-07150914-n] (a conversation between two persons)
              • heart-to-heart [ENG31-07151023-n] (an intimate talk in private)
              • shmooze [ENG31-07151177-n] ((Yiddish) a warm heart-to-heart talk)
              • shop talk [ENG31-07151286-n] (talk about your business that only others in the same business can understand)
              • wind [ENG31-07151419-n] (empty rhetoric or insincere or exaggerated talk)
              • yak [ENG31-07151648-n] (noisy talk)

                • prate [ENG31-07151837-n] (idle or foolish and irrelevant talk)
            • nothings [ENG31-07152023-n] (inconsequential conversation)

              • sweet nothings [ENG31-07152169-n] (inconsequential expressions of affection)
            • commerce [ENG31-07152330-n] (social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc.)
            • colloquy [ENG31-07152441-n] (formal conversation)
            • rap [ENG31-07156245-n] (voluble conversation)
            • rap session [ENG31-07156352-n] (conversation in a situation where feelings can be expressed and criticized or supported)
            • second-hand speech [ENG31-07156497-n] (overheard conversation (especially overheard cellphone conversation))
            • table talk [ENG31-07156630-n] (conversation during a meal)
            • telephone conversation [ENG31-07156713-n] (a conversation over the telephone)
            • tete-a-tete [ENG31-07156815-n] (a private conversation between two people)

              • pillow talk [ENG31-07156950-n] (intimate conversation between lovers (typically occurring in bed))
          • discussion [ENG31-07155367-n] (an exchange of views on some topic)

            • argument [ENG31-07155686-n] (a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal)

              • logomachy [ENG31-07156027-n] (argument about words or the meaning of words)
            • deliberation [ENG31-07157073-n] ((usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question)
            • conference [ENG31-07157274-n] (a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic)

              • bull session [ENG31-07157632-n] (an informal discussion (usually among men))
              • colloquy [ENG31-07157752-n] (a conversation especially a formal one)
              • consultation [ENG31-07157845-n] (a conference between two or more people to consider a particular question)

                • sidebar [ENG31-07158158-n] ((law) a courtroom conference between the lawyers and the judge that is held out of the jury's hearing)
              • consultation [ENG31-07158332-n] (a conference (usually with someone important))
              • huddle [ENG31-07159124-n] ((informal) a quick private conference)
              • press conference [ENG31-07159542-n] (a conference at which press and tv reporters ask questions of a politician or other celebrity)

                • backgrounder [ENG31-07159279-n] (a press conference or interview in which a government official explains to reporters the background of an action or policy)
              • pretrial [ENG31-07159734-n] ((law) a conference held before the trial begins to bring the parties together to outline discovery proceedings and to define the issues to be tried)
              • round table [ENG31-07160022-n] (a meeting of peers for discussion and exchange of views)
              • session [ENG31-07160216-n] (a meeting for execution of a group's functions)

                • sitting [ENG31-07160898-n] (a session as of a legislature or court)
                • clinic [ENG31-07161008-n] (meeting for diagnosis of problems and instruction or remedial work in a particular activity)

                  • reading clinic [ENG31-07161242-n] (a clinic for people with reading disabilities)
                  • basketball clinic [ENG31-07161348-n] (a meeting at which basketball players receive special evaluation and instruction)
                  • baseball clinic [ENG31-07161492-n] (a meeting at which baseball players receive special evaluation and instruction)
                  • hockey clinic [ENG31-07161688-n] (a meeting at which hockey players receive special evaluation and instruction)
                • executive session [ENG31-07161824-n] (a session (usually of a legislative body) that is closed to the public)
                • hearing [ENG31-07161975-n] (a session (of a committee or grand jury) in which witnesses are called and testimony is taken)

                  • confirmation hearing [ENG31-07162219-n] (a hearing held by the US Senate to gather information on whether to approve or reject candidates for high federal office who are nominated by the president)
                • skull session [ENG31-07162441-n] (a session (as of executives or advisors) to discuss policy or strategy or to solve problems or exchange ideas)
                • special session [ENG31-07162610-n] (a session that is held in addition to the regular sessions)
                • tutorial [ENG31-07162730-n] (a session of intensive tuition given by a tutor to an individual or to a small number of students)
              • teach-in [ENG31-07160491-n] (an extended session (as on a college campus) for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issue)
              • teleconference [ENG31-07160666-n] (a conference of people who are in different locations that is made possible by the use of such telecommunications equipment as closed-circuit television)
            • panel discussion [ENG31-07158577-n] (discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience)
            • postmortem [ENG31-07158747-n] (discussion of an event after it has occurred)
            • public discussion [ENG31-07158898-n] (free and open discussion of (or debate on) some question of public interest)
            • negotiation [ENG31-07162900-n] (a discussion intended to produce an agreement)

              • parley [ENG31-07156145-n] (a negotiation between enemies)
              • diplomacy [ENG31-07163281-n] (negotiation between nations)

                • dollar diplomacy [ENG31-07163536-n] (diplomacy influenced by economic considerations)
                • power politics [ENG31-07163646-n] (diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives)
                • recognition [ENG31-07163815-n] (the explicit and formal acknowledgement of a government or of the national independence of a country)
                • shuttle diplomacy [ENG31-07164056-n] (international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties)
              • bargaining [ENG31-07164544-n] (the negotiation of the terms of a transaction or agreement)

                • plea bargain [ENG31-06575941-n] ((criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge)
                • haggle [ENG31-07164846-n] (an instance of intense argument (as in bargaining))
                • holdout [ENG31-07165036-n] (a refusal by a negotiator to come to terms in the hope of obtaining a better deal)
              • collective bargaining [ENG31-07164731-n] (negotiation between an employer and trade union)
              • horse trading [ENG31-07165207-n] (negotiation accompanied by mutual concessions and shrewd bargaining)
              • mediation [ENG31-07165352-n] (a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party)

                • arbitration [ENG31-07165558-n] ((law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management))
                • conciliation [ENG31-07165830-n] (any of various forms of mediation whereby disputes may be settled short of arbitration)
                • umpirage [ENG31-07165993-n] (mediation by an umpire)
          • saying [ENG31-07166088-n] (a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations)

            • Beatitude [ENG31-06312002-n] (one of the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount)
            • logion [ENG31-06312292-n] (a saying of Jesus that is regarded as authentic although it is not recorded in the Gospels)
            • calque [ENG31-06312435-n] (an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language)
            • advice and consent [ENG31-06547971-n] (a legal expression in the United States Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making)
            • ambiguity [ENG31-06616672-n] (an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context)

              • loophole [ENG31-06616901-n] (an ambiguity (especially one in the text of a law or contract) that makes it possible to evade a difficulty or obligation)
              • amphibology [ENG31-06617096-n] (an ambiguous grammatical construction)
              • parisology [ENG31-06617316-n] (the use of ambiguous words)
              • double entendre [ENG31-06618133-n] (an ambiguity with one interpretation that is indelicate)
            • euphemism [ENG31-06617399-n] (an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh)
            • dysphemism [ENG31-06617749-n] (an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one)
            • shucks [ENG31-06618035-n] (an expression of disappointment or irritation)
            • tongue twister [ENG31-07148021-n] (an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly)
            • anatomical reference [ENG31-07166600-n] (an expression that relates to anatomy)
            • southernism [ENG31-07166735-n] (a locution or pronunciation peculiar to the southern United States)
            • motto [ENG31-07166967-n] (a favorite saying of a sect or political group)

              • mantra [ENG31-07167298-n] (a commonly repeated word or phrase)
              • war cry [ENG31-07167460-n] (a slogan used to rally support for a cause)
            • maxim [ENG31-07167656-n] (a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits)

              • aphorism [ENG31-07167838-n] (a short pithy instructive saying)
              • gnome [ENG31-07168093-n] (a short pithy saying expressing a general truth)

                • Murphy's Law [ENG31-07168210-n] (humorous axiom stating that anything that can go wrong will go wrong)
              • moralism [ENG31-07168349-n] (a moral maxim)
            • epigram [ENG31-07168435-n] (a witty saying)
            • proverb [ENG31-07168546-n] (a condensed but memorable saying embodying some important fact of experience that is taken as true by many people)
            • idiom [ENG31-07169038-n] (an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up)

              • ruralism [ENG31-07169374-n] (a rural idiom or expression)
            • agrapha [ENG31-07169468-n] (sayings of Jesus not recorded in the canonical Gospels)
            • sumpsimus [ENG31-07169576-n] (a correct expression that takes the place of a popular but incorrect expression)
          • non-standard speech [ENG31-07169789-n] (speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community)

            • baby talk [ENG31-07170134-n] (the developing speech of a young child)
            • baby talk [ENG31-07170239-n] (an adult's imitation of the speech of a young child)
            • dialect [ENG31-07170369-n] (the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people)

              • eye dialect [ENG31-07170799-n] (the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker)
              • patois [ENG31-07170927-n] (a regional dialect of a language (especially French))
            • localism [ENG31-07171083-n] (a phrase or pronunciation that is peculiar to a particular locality)
            • regionalism [ENG31-07171205-n] (a feature (as a pronunciation or expression or custom) that is characteristic of a particular region)
            • telegraphese [ENG31-07171708-n] (language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams)
            • vernacular [ENG31-07171831-n] (the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language))
            • slang [ENG31-07171981-n] (a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves))

              • rhyming slang [ENG31-07173927-n] (slang that replaces words with rhyming words or expressions and then typically omits the rhyming component)
            • slang [ENG31-07174118-n] (informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions)
          • idiolect [ENG31-07171401-n] (the language or speech of one individual at a particular period in life)
          • monologue [ENG31-07171527-n] (a long utterance by one person (especially one that prevents others from participating in the conversation))
          • spell [ENG31-07174442-n] (a verbal formula believed to have magical force)

            • incantation [ENG31-07174767-n] (a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect)

              • invocation [ENG31-07174947-n] (an incantation used in conjuring or summoning a devil)
            • hex [ENG31-07175075-n] (an evil spell)
          • dictation [ENG31-07175286-n] (speech intended for reproduction in writing)
          • soliloquy [ENG31-07175403-n] (speech you make to yourself)
        • utterance [ENG31-07124555-n] (the use of uttered sounds for auditory communication)

          • roll call [ENG31-01013825-n] (calling out an official list of names)

            • mail call [ENG31-01013972-n] (a call of names of those receiving mail)
            • muster call [ENG31-01014067-n] (a call of the names of personnel at a military assembly)
            • attendance check [ENG31-01014199-n] (a call of students' names in a classroom)
          • cry [ENG31-07135232-n] (a loud utterance)

            • bellow [ENG31-07136069-n] (a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal))
            • blue murder [ENG31-07136612-n] (an extravagantly loud outcry)
            • catcall [ENG31-07136726-n] (a cry expressing disapproval)
            • clamor [ENG31-07136826-n] (loud and persistent outcry from many people)
            • halloo [ENG31-07137117-n] (a shout to attract attention)
            • hoot [ENG31-07137263-n] (a loud raucous cry (as of an owl))
            • hosanna [ENG31-07137347-n] (a cry of praise or adoration (to God))
            • noise [ENG31-07137438-n] (a loud outcry of protest or complaint)
            • scream [ENG31-07137720-n] (sharp piercing cry)
            • whoop [ENG31-07137996-n] (a loud hooting cry of exultation or excitement)
            • war cry [ENG31-07138112-n] (a yell intended to rally a group of soldiers in battle)
            • yelling [ENG31-07138260-n] (uttering a loud inarticulate cry as of pain or excitement)
            • yodel [ENG31-07138418-n] (a songlike cry in which the voice fluctuates rapidly between the normal voice and falsetto)
            • boo [ENG31-07138578-n] (a cry or noise made to express displeasure or contempt)
          • cry [ENG31-07135865-n] (a loud utterance of emotion (especially when inarticulate))

            • complaint [ENG31-07223590-n] ((formerly) a loud cry (or repeated cries) of pain or rage or sorrow)

              • exclamation [ENG31-07224528-n] (a loud complaint or protest or reproach)
              • lament [ENG31-07226610-n] (a cry of sorrow and grief)
          • croak [ENG31-07140075-n] (a harsh hoarse utterance (as of a frog))
          • exclamation [ENG31-07140231-n] (an abrupt excited utterance)

            • devil [ENG31-07140494-n] (a word used in exclamations of confusion)
            • ejaculation [ENG31-07140666-n] (an abrupt emphatic exclamation expressing emotion)
            • expostulation [ENG31-07140824-n] (an exclamation of protest or remonstrance or reproof)
          • expletive [ENG31-07140936-n] (a word or phrase conveying no independent meaning but added to fill out a sentence or metrical line)
          • groan [ENG31-07141091-n] (an utterance expressing pain or disapproval)
          • hem [ENG31-07141229-n] (the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat)
          • howl [ENG31-07141442-n] (a long loud emotional utterance)
          • laugh [ENG31-07141714-n] (the sound of laughing)

            • cachinnation [ENG31-07142058-n] (loud convulsive laughter)
            • cackle [ENG31-07142159-n] (a loud laugh suggestive of a hen's cackle)
            • chortle [ENG31-07142271-n] (a soft partly suppressed laugh)
            • giggle [ENG31-07142401-n] (a foolish or nervous laugh)
            • guffaw [ENG31-07142498-n] (a burst of deep loud hearty laughter)
            • hee-haw [ENG31-07142619-n] (a loud laugh that sounds like a horse neighing)
            • snicker [ENG31-07142768-n] (a disrespectful laugh)
            • titter [ENG31-07142933-n] (a nervous restrained laugh)
          • mumble [ENG31-07141960-n] (a soft indistinct utterance)
          • paging [ENG31-07143030-n] (calling out the name of a person (especially by a loudspeaker system))
          • profanity [ENG31-07143235-n] (vulgar or irreverent speech or action)

            • obscenity [ENG31-07139048-n] (an offensive or indecent word or phrase)

              • bawdry [ENG31-07139444-n] (lewd or obscene talk or writing)
              • scatology [ENG31-07139636-n] (a preoccupation with obscenity (especially that dealing with excrement or excretory functions))
            • curse [ENG31-07139804-n] (profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger)
          • pronunciation [ENG31-07143654-n] (the manner in which someone utters a word)

            • sibilation [ENG31-07143910-n] (pronunciation with a sibilant (hissing or whistling) sound)
            • mispronunciation [ENG31-07145626-n] (incorrect pronunciation)
            • homophony [ENG31-07146074-n] (the same pronunciation for words of different origins)
            • accent [ENG31-07146219-n] (distinctive manner of oral expression)

              • drawl [ENG31-07146449-n] (a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels)
            • articulation [ENG31-07146562-n] (the aspect of pronunciation that involves bringing articulatory organs together so as to shape the sounds of speech)

              • affrication [ENG31-07131349-n] (the conversion of a simple stop consonant into an affricate)
              • aspiration [ENG31-07131577-n] (a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath)
              • epenthesis [ENG31-07132496-n] (the insertion of a vowel or consonant into a word to make its pronunciation easier)
              • nasalization [ENG31-07132710-n] (the act of nasalizing)
              • retroflection [ENG31-07146934-n] (an articulatory gesture made by turning the tip of the tongue back against the roof of the mouth)
              • enunciation [ENG31-07147123-n] (the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience)

                • mumbling [ENG31-07147342-n] (indistinct enunciation)
              • syncope [ENG31-07147437-n] ((phonology) the loss of sounds from within a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle'))
              • sandhi [ENG31-07147645-n] (the articulatory process whereby the pronunciation of a word or morpheme changes when it is followed immediately by another (especially in fluent speech))
              • thickness [ENG31-07147851-n] (indistinct articulation)
              • trill [ENG31-07148185-n] (the articulation of a consonant (especially the consonant `r') with a rapid flutter of the tongue against the palate or uvula)
          • exultation [ENG31-07144130-n] (the utterance of sounds expressing great joy)
          • sigh [ENG31-07144310-n] (an utterance made by exhaling audibly)
          • snarl [ENG31-07144466-n] (a vicious angry growl)
          • speaking [ENG31-07144575-n] (the utterance of intelligible speech)

            • speech [ENG31-07125165-n] (the exchange of spoken words)
            • whisper [ENG31-07145049-n] (speaking softly without vibration of the vocal cords)

              • stage whisper [ENG31-07145288-n] (a loud whisper that can be overheard)
          • speech [ENG31-07144758-n] (something spoken)
          • sputter [ENG31-07144891-n] (an utterance (of words) with spitting sounds (as in rage))
          • rasp [ENG31-07145482-n] (uttering in an irritated tone)
          • growling [ENG31-07225611-n] (a gruff or angry utterance (suggestive of the growling of an animal))
      • voice [ENG31-07125323-n] (the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract)

        • singing voice [ENG31-06885172-n] (the musical quality of the voice while singing)

          • bass [ENG31-06885404-n] (the lowest adult male singing voice)

            • basso profundo [ENG31-06885529-n] (a very deep bass voice)
          • baritone [ENG31-06885612-n] (the second lowest adult male singing voice)
          • tenor [ENG31-06885726-n] (the adult male singing voice above baritone)
          • countertenor [ENG31-06885835-n] (the highest adult male singing voice)
          • contralto [ENG31-06885955-n] (the lowest female singing voice)
          • mezzo-soprano [ENG31-06886067-n] (the female singing voice between contralto and soprano)
          • soprano [ENG31-06886189-n] (the highest female voice)
        • sprechgesang [ENG31-07296576-n] (a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking)
        • voice over [ENG31-07296871-n] (the voice on an unseen commentator in a film of television program)
      • psychic communication [ENG31-07270459-n] (communication by paranormal means)

        • telepathy [ENG31-07270666-n] (apparent communication from one mind to another without using sensory perceptions)
        • telegnosis [ENG31-07270898-n] (apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions)
        • psychic phenomena [ENG31-07271043-n] (phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes)

          • clairvoyance [ENG31-07271363-n] (apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses)

            • precognition [ENG31-07271600-n] (knowledge of an event before it occurs)
          • telekinesis [ENG31-07271713-n] (the power to move something by thinking about it without the application of physical force)
          • table rapping [ENG31-07271895-n] (alleged form of communication with spirits of the dead)
          • table tipping [ENG31-07272061-n] (manipulation of a table during a seance)
      • voice [ENG31-07292402-n] (something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression)
      • document [ENG31-13424504-n] (a written account of ownership or obligation)

        • debt instrument [ENG31-13419414-n] (a written promise to repay a debt)

          • cash equivalent [ENG31-13386157-n] (a highly liquid debt instrument with maturities of less than three months)

            • commercial paper [ENG31-13436022-n] (an unsecured and unregistered short-term obligation issued by an institutional borrower to investors who have temporarily idle cash)
          • certificate of deposit [ENG31-13386310-n] (a debt instrument issued by a bank)

            • time deposit [ENG31-13402601-n] (a certificate of deposit from which withdrawals can be made only after advance notice or at a specified future date)
          • note [ENG31-13419642-n] (a promise to pay a specified amount on demand or at a certain time)

            • demand note [ENG31-13421753-n] (a note payable on demand)
            • note receivable [ENG31-13428562-n] (your right in a promissory note in which the maker promises to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time)
            • note payable [ENG31-13428891-n] (a note promising to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time)
            • municipal note [ENG31-13436216-n] (a municipal debt instrument with a maturity of less than 2 years)
            • IOU [ENG31-13436341-n] (an informal debt instrument)
            • time note [ENG31-13436444-n] (a note that specifies the time (or times) of repayment)
          • floater [ENG31-13436554-n] (a debt instrument with a variable interest rate tied to some other interest rate (e.g. the rate paid by T-bills))
        • quittance [ENG31-13424693-n] (a document or receipt certifying release from an obligation or debt)
        • record [ENG31-13424816-n] (a document that can serve as legal evidence of a transaction)

          • balance sheet [ENG31-13425137-n] (a record of the financial situation of an institution on a particular date by listing its assets and the claims against those assets)
          • expense record [ENG31-13425329-n] (a written record of money spent)
          • ledger [ENG31-13425421-n] (a record in which commercial accounts are recorded)

            • cost ledger [ENG31-13425707-n] (ledger showing the accumulated costs classified in various ways)
            • general ledger [ENG31-13425828-n] (the ledger that contains all of the financial accounts of a business)
            • subsidiary ledger [ENG31-13426052-n] (details of an account supporting the amount stated in the general ledger)
            • daybook [ENG31-13426339-n] (a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred)
          • payslip [ENG31-13433304-n] (a slip of paper included with your pay that records how much money you have earned and how much tax or insurance etc. has been taken out)
          • register [ENG31-13433494-n] (a book in which names and transactions are listed)

            • accounting [ENG31-13427135-n] (a bookkeeper's chronological list of related debits and credits of a business)

              • control account [ENG31-13426188-n] (an account that shows totals of amounts entered in a subsidiary ledger)
              • entry [ENG31-13426469-n] (a written record of a commercial transaction)

                • adjusting entry [ENG31-13426653-n] (an accounting entry made at the end of an accounting period to allocate items between accounting periods)
                • credit [ENG31-13426819-n] (an accounting entry acknowledging income or capital items)
                • debit [ENG31-13426980-n] (an accounting entry acknowledging sums that are owing)
              • credit side [ENG31-13427547-n] (account of payments received)
              • debit side [ENG31-13427682-n] (account of payments owed)
              • accrual basis [ENG31-13427811-n] (a method of accounting in which each item is entered as it is earned or incurred regardless of when actual payments are received or made)
              • cash basis [ENG31-13428025-n] (a method of accounting in which each item is entered as payments are received or made)
              • pooling of interest [ENG31-13428185-n] (an accounting method used in the merging of companies)
              • audited account [ENG31-13432330-n] (an inspection of the accounting procedures and records by a trained accountant or CPA)

                • limited audit [ENG31-13432558-n] (an audit of limited scope (limited in time span or confined to particular accounts etc.))
              • review [ENG31-13432706-n] ((accounting) a service (less exhaustive than an audit) that provides some assurance to interested parties as to the reliability of financial data)

                • analytical review [ENG31-13432958-n] (an auditing procedure based on ratios among accounts and tries to identify significant changes)
            • inventory [ENG31-13433706-n] ((accounting) the value of a firm's current assets including raw materials and work in progress and finished goods)
            • payroll [ENG31-13433894-n] (a list of employees and their salaries)
          • bankbook [ENG31-13435332-n] (a record of deposits and withdrawals and interest held by depositors at certain banks)
          • checkbook [ENG31-13435483-n] (a book issued to holders of checking accounts)
    • measure [ENG31-00033914-n] (how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify)

      • probability [ENG31-05098974-n] (a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur)

        • conditional probability [ENG31-05099498-n] (the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred)
        • cross section [ENG31-05099683-n] ((physics) the probability that a particular interaction (as capture or ionization) will take place between particles)
        • exceedance [ENG31-05099897-n] ((geology) the probability that an earthquake will generate a level of ground motion that exceeds a specified reference level during a given exposure time)
        • fair chance [ENG31-05100231-n] (a reasonable probability of success)
        • fat chance [ENG31-05100342-n] (little or no chance of success)
        • joint probability [ENG31-05100443-n] (the probability of two events occurring together)
        • risk [ENG31-05100555-n] (the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent)
        • risk [ENG31-05100680-n] (the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred)
      • quantum [ENG31-05864101-n] ((physics) the smallest discrete quantity of some physical property that a system can possess (according to quantum theory))

        • quasiparticle [ENG31-06111723-n] (a quantum of energy (in a crystal lattice or other system) that has position and momentum and can in some respects be regarded as a particle)
      • value [ENG31-13434666-n] (the amount (of money or goods or services) that is considered to be a fair equivalent for something else)

        • mess of pottage [ENG31-13435013-n] (anything of trivial value)
        • premium [ENG31-13435159-n] (the amount that something in scarce supply is valued above its nominal value)
      • fundamental quantity [ENG31-13597072-n] (one of the four quantities that are the basis of systems of measurement)

        • time period [ENG31-15137796-n] (an amount of time)

          • trial period [ENG31-15140511-n] (a period of time during which someone or something is tested)

            • probation [ENG31-15322546-n] (a trial period during which an offender has time to redeem himself or herself)
            • probation [ENG31-15322715-n] (a trial period during which your character and abilities are tested to see whether you are suitable for work or for membership)
          • time frame [ENG31-15140680-n] (a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur)
          • grace [ENG31-15142101-n] (a period of time past the deadline for fulfilling an obligation during which a penalty that would be imposed for being late is waived, especially an extended period granted as a special favor)
          • hours [ENG31-15142458-n] (an indefinite period of time)
          • downtime [ENG31-15142563-n] (a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is not operating (especially as a result of malfunctions))
          • uptime [ENG31-15142751-n] (a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is functioning and available for use)

            • 24/7 [ENG31-15142953-n] (uptime is 24 hours a day 7 days a week)
          • work time [ENG31-15143170-n] (a time period when you are required to work)

            • hours [ENG31-15143042-n] (a period of time assigned for work)

              • shift [ENG31-15317037-n] (the time period during which you are at work)

                • go [ENG31-15317305-n] (a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else))
                • trick [ENG31-15317503-n] (a period of work or duty)
                • watch [ENG31-15317579-n] (a period of time (4 or 2 hours) during which some of a ship's crew are on duty)

                  • dogwatch [ENG31-15317860-n] (either of two short watches: from 4-6 pm or 6-8 pm)
                  • graveyard watch [ENG31-15318678-n] (a watch during the night (as from midnight to 8 a.m.))
                • day shift [ENG31-15317965-n] (the work shift during the day (as 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.))
                • evening shift [ENG31-15318072-n] (the work shift during the evening (as 4 p.m. to midnight))
                • night shift [ENG31-15318203-n] (the work shift during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.))
                • split shift [ENG31-15318334-n] (a working shift divided into two periods of time with several hours in between)
            • face time [ENG31-15143666-n] (work time spent at the location of or in the presence of other people)
            • workweek [ENG31-15160948-n] (hours or days of work in a calendar week)
            • day [ENG31-15161405-n] (the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working))

              • workday [ENG31-15161675-n] (the amount of time that a worker must work for an agreed daily wage)
            • overtime [ENG31-15162146-n] (work done in addition to regular working hours)
            • turnaround [ENG31-15162247-n] (time need to prepare a vessel or ship for a return trip)
          • time off [ENG31-15143395-n] (a time period when you are not required to work)

            • compensatory time [ENG31-15143877-n] (time off that is granted to a worker as compensation for working overtime)
            • spare time [ENG31-15162377-n] (time available for hobbies and other activities that you enjoy)
            • day off [ENG31-15162508-n] (a day when you are not required to work)
            • leisure [ENG31-15162628-n] (time available for ease and relaxation)

              • free time [ENG31-01067611-n] (time that is free from duties or responsibilities)
              • vacation [ENG31-15162842-n] (leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure)

                • half-term [ENG31-15163193-n] (a short vacation about halfway through a school term)
                • vac [ENG31-15163353-n] (informal term for vacation)
                • field day [ENG31-15163651-n] (a day devoted to an outdoor social gathering)
                • honeymoon [ENG31-15163863-n] (a holiday taken by a newly married couple)
                • paid vacation [ENG31-15163978-n] (a vacation from work by an employee with pay granted)
              • playtime [ENG31-15163560-n] (time for play or diversion)
            • leave [ENG31-15164090-n] (the period of time during which you are absent from work or duty)

              • furlough [ENG31-15164392-n] (a temporary leave of absence from military duty)
              • pass [ENG31-15164512-n] ((military) a written leave of absence)
              • compassionate leave [ENG31-15164651-n] ((military) leave granted in an emergency such as family sickness or death)
              • sabbatical [ENG31-15164809-n] (a leave usually taken every seventh year)

                • sabbatical year [ENG31-15164943-n] (a sabbatical leave lasting one year)
              • shore leave [ENG31-15165040-n] (leave granted to a sailor or naval officer)
              • sick leave [ENG31-15165150-n] (a leave of absence from work because of illness)
              • terminal leave [ENG31-15165254-n] (final leave before discharge from military service)
          • bout [ENG31-15144014-n] (a period of illness)
          • hospitalization [ENG31-15144127-n] (a period of time when you are confined to a hospital)
          • travel time [ENG31-15144316-n] (a period of time spent traveling)
          • times [ENG31-15145288-n] (a more or less definite period of time now or previously present)

            • modern times [ENG31-15145470-n] (the circumstances and ideas of the present age)
            • Roman times [ENG31-15145657-n] (the time period during which Rome dominated Europe)
          • time [ENG31-15147173-n] (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities))

            • day [ENG31-15148032-n] (some point or period in time)

              • Judgment Day [ENG31-15196354-n] ((New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives)
              • off-day [ENG31-15196785-n] (a day when things go poorly)
            • dead [ENG31-15148279-n] (a time when coldness (or some other quality associated with death) is intense)
            • hard times [ENG31-15148429-n] (a time of difficulty)
            • incarnation [ENG31-15148506-n] (time passed in a particular bodily form)
            • wee [ENG31-15271069-n] (a short time)
            • while [ENG31-15271164-n] (a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition)

              • cold spell [ENG31-15271494-n] (a spell of cold weather)
              • hot spell [ENG31-15271586-n] (a spell of hot weather)
              • snap [ENG31-15324340-n] (a spell of cold weather)
            • moment [ENG31-15271664-n] (an indefinitely short time)

              • blink of an eye [ENG31-15271921-n] (a very short time (as the time it takes the eye to blink or the heart to beat))
            • ephemera [ENG31-15272221-n] (something transitory)
            • space age [ENG31-15287605-n] (the age beginning with the first space travel)
          • elapsed time [ENG31-15156075-n] (the time that elapses while some event is occurring)

            • one-way light time [ENG31-15155701-n] (the elapsed time it takes for light (or radio signals) to travel between the Earth and a celestial object)
            • round-trip light time [ENG31-15155878-n] (the elapsed time it takes for a signal to travel from Earth to a spacecraft (or other body) and back to the starting point)
          • duration [ENG31-15158573-n] (the period of time during which something continues)

            • clocking [ENG31-15158855-n] (the time taken to traverse a measured course)
            • longueur [ENG31-15159006-n] (a period of dullness or boredom (especially in a work of literature or performing art))
            • residence time [ENG31-15159185-n] (the period of time spent in a particular place)
            • span [ENG31-15159292-n] (the complete duration of something)

              • attention span [ENG31-05710549-n] (the length of time you can concentrate on some idea or activity)
            • stretch [ENG31-15159442-n] (an unbroken period of time during which you do something)
            • time scale [ENG31-15159643-n] (an arrangement of events used as a measure of duration)

              • extended time scale [ENG31-15160009-n] ((simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is greater than one)
              • fast time scale [ENG31-15160210-n] ((simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is less than one)
            • value [ENG31-15159865-n] ((music) the relative duration of a musical note)
            • rule [ENG31-15320659-n] (the duration of a monarch's or government's power)

              • regency [ENG31-15324238-n] (the period of time during which a regent governs)
          • week [ENG31-15161099-n] (a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday)
          • midweek [ENG31-15161294-n] (the middle of a week)
          • field day [ENG31-15163769-n] (a time of unusual pleasure and success)
          • life [ENG31-15165365-n] (the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death))

            • afterlife [ENG31-15168824-n] (life after death)

              • kingdom come [ENG31-15168944-n] (the next world)
              • immortality [ENG31-15169054-n] (perpetual life after death)
          • life [ENG31-15165704-n] (the period between birth and the present time)
          • life [ENG31-15165852-n] (the period from the present until death)

            • days [ENG31-15166019-n] (the time during which someone's life continues)
          • millennium [ENG31-15166173-n] (a span of 1000 years)
          • bimillennium [ENG31-15166335-n] (a span of 2000 years)
          • occupation [ENG31-15166446-n] (the period of time during which a place or position or nation is occupied)
          • past [ENG31-15166653-n] (a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret))
          • shelf life [ENG31-15166854-n] (the length of time a packaged food or drug will last without deteriorating)
          • puerperium [ENG31-15167528-n] (time period following childbirth when the mother's uterus shrinks and the other functional and anatomic changes of pregnancy are resolved)
          • lactation [ENG31-15167796-n] (the period following birth during which milk is secreted)
          • time of life [ENG31-15169331-n] (a period of time during which a person is normally in a particular life state)

            • summer [ENG31-15169972-n] (the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty)
            • age [ENG31-15170131-n] (a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises)

              • age of consent [ENG31-15176724-n] (the minimum age for marrying without parental consent or the minimum age for consensual sexual relations)
              • majority [ENG31-15177022-n] (the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs)
              • drinking age [ENG31-15177491-n] (the age at which is legal for a person to buy alcoholic beverages)
              • voting age [ENG31-15177634-n] (the age at which a person is old enough to vote in public elections)
            • neonatal period [ENG31-15170459-n] (the first 28 days of life)
            • infancy [ENG31-15170546-n] (the early stage of growth or development)
            • childhood [ENG31-15172057-n] (the time of person's life when they are a child)

              • girlhood [ENG31-15172290-n] (the childhood of a girl)
              • boyhood [ENG31-15172464-n] (the childhood of a boy)
            • schooldays [ENG31-15172558-n] (the time of life when you are going to school)
            • youth [ENG31-15172673-n] (the time of life between childhood and maturity)
            • adolescence [ENG31-15172810-n] (the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood)
            • prepuberty [ENG31-15173041-n] (a period of two years immediately prior to the onset of puberty when growth and changes leading to sexual maturity occur)
            • puberty [ENG31-15173255-n] (the time of life when sex glands become functional)
            • teens [ENG31-15173427-n] (the time of life between the ages of 12 and 20)
            • twenties [ENG31-15173544-n] (the time of life between 20 and 30)
            • thirties [ENG31-15173998-n] (the time of life between 30 and 40)
            • forties [ENG31-15174311-n] (the time of life between 40 and 50)
            • fifties [ENG31-15174602-n] (the time of life between 50 and 60)
            • sixties [ENG31-15174973-n] (the time of life between 60 and 70)
            • golden years [ENG31-15175344-n] (the time of life after retirement from active work)
            • seventies [ENG31-15175453-n] (the time of life between 70 and 80)
            • eighties [ENG31-15175830-n] (the time of life between 80 and 90)
            • nineties [ENG31-15176215-n] (the time of life between 90 and 100)
            • bloom [ENG31-15176601-n] (the best time of youth)
            • adulthood [ENG31-15177777-n] (the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed)

              • prime [ENG31-15177369-n] (the time of maturity when power and vigor are greatest)
            • bachelorhood [ENG31-15178313-n] (the time of a man's life prior to marriage)
            • middle age [ENG31-15178432-n] (the time of life between youth and old age (e.g., between 40 and 60 years of age))
            • widowhood [ENG31-15178627-n] (the time of a woman's life when she is a widow)
            • old age [ENG31-15178747-n] (a late time of life)

              • dotage [ENG31-15179150-n] (mental infirmity as a consequence of old age)
            • deathbed [ENG31-15179336-n] (the last few hours before death)
          • calendar day [ENG31-15182001-n] (a day reckoned from midnight to midnight)

            • day [ENG31-15182185-n] (a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance)

              • Admission Day [ENG31-15183149-n] (in some states of the United States: a legal holiday commemorating the day the state was admitted to the Union)
              • Arbor Day [ENG31-15183319-n] (a day designated for planting trees)
              • Cinco de Mayo [ENG31-15183410-n] (the fifth of May which is observed in Mexico and Mexican-American communities in the United States to commemorate the Mexican victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla in 1862)
              • commencement day [ENG31-15183651-n] (the day on which university degrees are conferred)
              • November 5 [ENG31-15183776-n] (anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot)

                • Guy Fawkes Day [ENG31-15183957-n] (day for the celebration of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot)
                • Bonfire Night [ENG31-15184099-n] (effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned on this night)
              • Inauguration Day [ENG31-15184225-n] (the day designated for inauguration of the United States President)
              • leap day [ENG31-15184386-n] (the name of the day that is added during a leap year)
              • V-day [ENG31-15187687-n] (the day of a victory)
              • rag day [ENG31-15196055-n] (a day on which university students hold a rag)
              • red-letter day [ENG31-15196192-n] (a memorably happy or noteworthy day (from the custom of marking holy days in red on church calendars))
              • payday [ENG31-15197829-n] (the day on which you receive pay for your work)
              • polling day [ENG31-15197928-n] (the day appointed for an election)
              • field day [ENG31-15198306-n] (a day for outdoor athletic competition)
              • field day [ENG31-15198400-n] ((military) a day for military exercises and display)
              • ides [ENG31-15199021-n] (in the Roman calendar: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month)
              • market day [ENG31-15199169-n] (a fixed day for holding a public market)
              • Walpurgis Night [ENG31-15206812-n] (eve of May Day)
              • New Year's Eve [ENG31-15206888-n] (the last day of the year)

                • Hogmanay [ENG31-15207559-n] (New Year's Eve in Scotland)
              • Robert E Lee's Birthday [ENG31-15207404-n] (celebrated in southern United States)
              • Tet [ENG31-15208101-n] (the New Year in Vietnam)
              • holiday [ENG31-15208263-n] (a day on which work is suspended by law or custom)

                • half-holiday [ENG31-15163456-n] (a day on which half is free from work or duty)
                • feast day [ENG31-15186678-n] (a day designated for feasting)

                  • Rosh Hashanah [ENG31-15207640-n] ((Judaism) a solemn Jewish feast day celebrated on the 1st or 1st and 2nd of Tishri)
                  • movable feast [ENG31-15210125-n] (a religious holiday that falls on different dates in different years)

                    • Easter [ENG31-15212989-n] (a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ)

                      • Pasch [ENG31-15216236-n] (the Christian festival of Easter)
                    • Passover [ENG31-15220763-n] ((Judaism) a Jewish festival (traditionally 8 days from Nissan 15) celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt)

                      • Pasch [ENG31-15216329-n] (the Jewish feast of the Passover)
                  • Circumcision [ENG31-15218106-n] ((Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Church) feast day celebrating the circumcision of Jesus)
                  • Christmas [ENG31-15221021-n] (a Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Christ)
                  • Thanksgiving [ENG31-15225951-n] (fourth Thursday in November in the United States)
                  • Id al-Fitr [ENG31-15243244-n] (a Muslim day of feasting at the end of Ramadan)
                  • Id al-Adha [ENG31-15243818-n] (the 10th day of Dhu'l-Hijja)
                • religious holiday [ENG31-15208637-n] (a day specified for religious observance)

                  • fast day [ENG31-15186212-n] (a day designated for fasting)

                    • major fast day [ENG31-15186331-n] (one of two major fast days on the Jewish calendar)

                      • Yom Kippur [ENG31-15210306-n] ((Judaism) a solemn and major fast day on the Jewish calendar)
                      • Tishah b'Av [ENG31-15222493-n] ((Judaism) a major fast day on the Jewish calendar commemorating the destruction of the temples in Jerusalem)
                    • minor fast day [ENG31-15186477-n] (one of five minor fast days on the Jewish calendar)

                      • Fast of Gedaliah [ENG31-15222789-n] ((Judaism) a minor fast day on Tishri 3 that commemorates the killing of the Jewish governor of Judah)
                      • Fast of Tevet [ENG31-15222971-n] ((Judaism) a minor fast day on Tevet 10 commemorates the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem and has also been proclaimed a memorial day for the six million Jews who died in the Holocaust)
                      • Fast of Esther [ENG31-15223236-n] ((Judaism) a minor fast day on Adar 13 commemorates three days that Esther fasted before approaching the Persian king on behalf of the Jewish people)
                      • Fast of the Firstborn [ENG31-15223497-n] ((Judaism) a minor fast day on Nissan 14 that is observed only by firstborn males)
                      • Fast of Tammuz [ENG31-15223707-n] ((Judaism) a minor fast day on Tammuz 17 when the walls of Jerusalem were breached)
                  • Christian holy day [ENG31-15209005-n] (a religious holiday for Christians)

                    • quarter day [ENG31-15185913-n] (a Christian holy day)

                      • Martinmas [ENG31-15210672-n] (the feast of Saint Martin)
                      • Annunciation [ENG31-15210982-n] (a festival commemorating the announcement of the Incarnation by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary)
                      • Michaelmas [ENG31-15211247-n] (honoring the archangel Michael)
                      • Candlemas [ENG31-15211516-n] (feast day commemorating the presentation of Christ in the temple)
                      • Lammas [ENG31-15215063-n] (commemorates Saint Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison)
                      • Midsummer Day [ENG31-15246998-n] (a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland)
                      • Pentecost [ENG31-15267020-n] (seventh Sunday after Easter)
                    • holy day of obligation [ENG31-15209842-n] (a day when Catholics must attend Mass and refrain from servile work, and Episcopalians must take Communion)

                      • Solemnity of Mary [ENG31-15217725-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a holy day of obligation)
                      • Ascension [ENG31-15217887-n] ((Christianity) celebration of the Ascension of Christ into heaven)
                      • Assumption [ENG31-15218743-n] (celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended)
                      • All Saints' Day [ENG31-15219894-n] (a Christian feast day honoring all the saints)
                      • Immaculate Conception [ENG31-15220094-n] (Roman Catholic holy day first celebrated in 1854)
                    • Saint Agnes's Eve [ENG31-15210556-n] (a Christian holy day)
                    • Easter Sunday [ENG31-15213194-n] (the day (in March or April) on which the festival of Easter is celebrated)
                    • Palm Sunday [ENG31-15216496-n] (Sunday before Easter)
                    • Passion Sunday [ENG31-15216574-n] (second Sunday before Easter)
                    • Good Friday [ENG31-15216662-n] (Friday before Easter)
                    • Low Sunday [ENG31-15216759-n] (the Sunday following Easter)
                    • Holy Saturday [ENG31-15216843-n] (the Saturday before Easter)
                    • Holy Innocents' Day [ENG31-15216951-n] (December 28, commemorating Herod's slaughter of the children of Bethlehem)
                    • Septuagesima [ENG31-15217107-n] (the 3rd Sunday before Lent (or the 9th before Easter))
                    • Quinquagesima [ENG31-15217241-n] (the Sunday before Ash Wednesday (the beginning of Lent))
                    • Quadragesima [ENG31-15217379-n] (the first Sunday in Lent)
                    • Trinity Sunday [ENG31-15217484-n] (eighth Sunday after Easter)
                    • Rogation Day [ENG31-15217571-n] (one of the three days before Ascension Day)
                    • Maundy Thursday [ENG31-15218361-n] (the Thursday before Easter)
                    • Corpus Christi [ENG31-15218495-n] (Thursday after Trinity Sunday)
                    • Saints Peter and Paul [ENG31-15218611-n] (first celebrated in the 3rd century)
                    • Epiphany [ENG31-15219341-n] (twelve days after Christmas)
                    • Saint Joseph [ENG31-15219574-n] (a Christian holy day)
                    • Twelfth night [ENG31-15219775-n] (eve of Twelfth day)
                    • All Souls' Day [ENG31-15220312-n] (a day of supplication for all the souls in purgatory)
                    • Ash Wednesday [ENG31-15220457-n] (the 7th Wednesday before Easter)
                    • Ember Day [ENG31-15220669-n] (a day set aside for fasting and prayer)
                    • Advent Sunday [ENG31-15266452-n] (the first of the four Sundays during Advent)
                    • Mardi Gras [ENG31-15266695-n] (the last day before Lent)
                    • Transfiguration [ENG31-15324610-n] ((Christianity) a church festival held in commemoration of the Transfiguration of Jesus)
                  • Jewish holy day [ENG31-15209590-n] (a religious holiday for Jews)

                    • Succoth [ENG31-15186919-n] (a major Jewish festival beginning on the eve of the 15th of Tishri and commemorating the shelter of the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness)
                    • Rosh Hodesh [ENG31-15207920-n] ((Judaism) the beginning of each month in the Jewish calendar)
                    • High Holy Day [ENG31-15208843-n] (Jewish holy days observed with particular solemnity)
                    • Purim [ENG31-15221705-n] ((Judaism) a Jewish holy day commemorating their deliverance from massacre by Haman)
                    • Shavous [ENG31-15221877-n] ((Judaism) Jewish holy day celebrated on the sixth of Sivan to celebrate Moses receiving the Ten Commandments)
                    • Shimchath Torah [ENG31-15222137-n] ((Judaism) a Jewish holy day celebrated on the 22nd or 23rd of Tishri to celebrate the completion of the annual cycle of readings of the Torah)
                    • Hanukkah [ENG31-15223868-n] ((Judaism) an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC)
                    • Lag b'Omer [ENG31-15224241-n] ((Judaism) Jewish holy day)
                  • Dormition [ENG31-15219029-n] (celebration in the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended)
                • Christmas Eve [ENG31-15221279-n] (the day before Christmas)
                • legal holiday [ENG31-15224427-n] (authorized by law and limiting work or official business)

                  • New Year's Day [ENG31-15207024-n] (the first day of the year)
                  • Martin Luther King Jr's Birthday [ENG31-15207237-n] (observed on the Monday closest to January 15)
                  • Presidents' Day [ENG31-15212454-n] (the third Monday in February)
                  • Memorial Day [ENG31-15214287-n] (legal holiday in the United States, last Monday in May)
                  • Independence Day [ENG31-15214919-n] (a legal holiday in the United States)
                  • Labor Day [ENG31-15215355-n] (first Monday in September in the United States and Canada)
                  • Columbus Day [ENG31-15215730-n] (a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus)
                  • Boxing Day [ENG31-15221581-n] (first weekday after Christmas)
                  • bank holiday [ENG31-15224867-n] (any of several weekdays when banks are closed)
                  • Commonwealth Day [ENG31-15224999-n] (British, anniversary of Queen Victoria's birth)
                  • Dominion Day [ENG31-15225149-n] (a legal holiday in Canada commemorating receiving Dominion status in 1867)
                  • Bastille Day [ENG31-15225328-n] (a legal holiday in France celebrating the storming of the Paris bastille in 1789)
                  • Veterans Day [ENG31-15225731-n] (a legal holiday in the United States)
                  • Victoria Day [ENG31-15226219-n] (a public holiday in Canada on the Monday on or before May 24th)
                • Remembrance Day [ENG31-15225496-n] (the Sunday nearest to November 11 when those who died in World War I and World War II are commemorated)
                • Ramanavami [ENG31-15244670-n] (Hindu lunar holiday (on the 9th day of Caitra) to celebrate the birth of Rama)
                • Mesasamkranti [ENG31-15246082-n] (Hindu solar holiday at the beginning of the new astrological year when the sun enters the constellation Aries)
              • Groundhog Day [ENG31-15211706-n] (if the ground hog emerges and sees his shadow on this day, there will be 6 more weeks of winter)
              • Lincoln's Birthday [ENG31-15211912-n] (the day on which President Abraham Lincoln is remembered)
              • Valentine Day [ENG31-15212085-n] (a day for the exchange of tokens of affection)
              • Washington's Birthday [ENG31-15212286-n] (the day on which George Washington is remembered)
              • Texas Independence Day [ENG31-15212635-n] (Texans celebrate the anniversary of Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico in 1836)
              • St Patrick's Day [ENG31-15212823-n] (a day observed by the Irish to commemorate the patron saint of Ireland)
              • April Fools' [ENG31-15213340-n] (the first day of April which is celebrated by playing practical jokes)
              • Pan American Day [ENG31-15213523-n] (a day celebrating political and economic unity among American countries)
              • Patriot's Day [ENG31-15213687-n] (the 3rd Monday in April)
              • May Day [ENG31-15213868-n] (observed in many countries to celebrate the coming of spring)
              • Mother's Day [ENG31-15214084-n] (second Sunday in May)
              • Armed Forces Day [ENG31-15214182-n] (the 3rd Saturday in May)
              • Jefferson Davis' Birthday [ENG31-15214519-n] (celebrated in southern United States)
              • Flag Day [ENG31-15214673-n] (commemorating the adoption of the United States flag in 1777)
              • Father's Day [ENG31-15214817-n] (US: third Sunday in June)
              • Citizenship Day [ENG31-15215487-n] (celebrated in the United States)
              • American Indian Day [ENG31-15215614-n] (US: the 4th Friday in September)
              • United Nations Day [ENG31-15215915-n] (a day for celebrating the founding of the United Nations)
              • Halloween [ENG31-15216068-n] (the evening before All Saints' Day)
              • saint's day [ENG31-15246392-n] (a day commemorating a saint)

                • name day [ENG31-15246514-n] (the feast day of a saint whose name one bears)
              • Midsummer Eve [ENG31-15247165-n] (the night before Midsummer Day)
              • school day [ENG31-15247336-n] (any day on which school is in session)
              • speech day [ENG31-15247482-n] (an annual day in the schools when speeches are made and prizes are distributed)
              • washday [ENG31-15247636-n] (a day set aside for doing household laundry)
              • wedding day [ENG31-15247747-n] (the day of a wedding)
              • anniversary [ENG31-15274610-n] (the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it))

                • birthday [ENG31-15274989-n] (an anniversary of the day on which a person was born (or the celebration of it))
                • jubilee [ENG31-15275123-n] (a special anniversary (or the celebration of it))

                  • diamond jubilee [ENG31-15275279-n] (an anniversary celebrating the passage of 60 years)
                  • silver jubilee [ENG31-15275391-n] (an anniversary celebrating the passage of 25 years)
                • wedding anniversary [ENG31-15275502-n] (the anniversary of the day on which you were married (or the celebration of it))

                  • silver wedding anniversary [ENG31-15275701-n] (the 25th wedding anniversary)
                  • golden wedding anniversary [ENG31-15275802-n] (the 50th wedding anniversary)
                  • diamond wedding anniversary [ENG31-15275903-n] (the 60th wedding anniversary)
                • semicentennial [ENG31-15276023-n] (the 50th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • centennial [ENG31-15276147-n] (the 100th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • sesquicentennial [ENG31-15276300-n] (the 150th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • bicentennial [ENG31-15276411-n] (the 200th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • tercentennial [ENG31-15276568-n] (the 300th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • quatercentennial [ENG31-15276703-n] (the 400th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • quincentennial [ENG31-15276832-n] (the 500th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • millennium [ENG31-15276957-n] (the 1000th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
                • bimillennium [ENG31-15277111-n] (the 2000th anniversary (or the celebration of it))
            • date [ENG31-15185626-n] (the particular day, month, or year (usually according to the Gregorian calendar) that an event occurred)

              • epoch [ENG31-15321930-n] ((astronomy) an arbitrarily fixed date that is the point in time relative to which information (as coordinates of a celestial body) is recorded)
            • day of the week [ENG31-15188052-n] (any one of the seven days in a week)

              • rest day [ENG31-15161999-n] (a day set aside for rest)

                • Sunday [ENG31-15188844-n] (first day of the week)
                • Sabbath [ENG31-15189797-n] (a day of rest and worship: Sunday for most Christians)
              • weekday [ENG31-15188204-n] (any day except Sunday (and sometimes except Saturday))

                • workday [ENG31-15161875-n] (a day on which work is done)
                • feria [ENG31-15188455-n] (a weekday on which no festival or holiday is celebrated)
                • Monday [ENG31-15189026-n] (the second day of the week)

                  • Whitmonday [ENG31-15267243-n] (the day after Whitsunday)
                • Tuesday [ENG31-15189152-n] (the third day of the week)

                  • Whit-Tuesday [ENG31-15267410-n] (the day after Whitmonday)
                • Wednesday [ENG31-15189280-n] (the fourth day of the week)
                • Thursday [ENG31-15189401-n] (the fifth day of the week)
                • Friday [ENG31-15189510-n] (the sixth day of the week)
                • Saturday [ENG31-15189617-n] (the seventh and last day of the week)
          • festival [ENG31-15187435-n] (a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration)

            • religious festival [ENG31-15187257-n] (a festival having religious significance)

              • octave [ENG31-15321501-n] (a feast day and the seven days following it)
          • day [ENG31-15190004-n] (the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside)

            • afternoon [ENG31-15191238-n] (the part of the day between noon and evening)
            • midafternoon [ENG31-15191399-n] (the middle part of the afternoon)
            • evening [ENG31-15191509-n] (the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall))

              • guest night [ENG31-15191789-n] (an evening when members of a club or college can bring their friends as guests)
          • morning [ENG31-15190336-n] (the time period between dawn and noon)
          • night [ENG31-15192074-n] (the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside)

            • weeknight [ENG31-15192722-n] (any night of the week except Saturday or Sunday)
            • wedding night [ENG31-15247844-n] (the night after the wedding when bride and groom sleep together)
          • night [ENG31-15192396-n] (the time between sunset and midnight)
          • night [ENG31-15192521-n] (the period spent sleeping)
          • night [ENG31-15192624-n] (a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom)
          • eve [ENG31-15192825-n] (the period immediately before something)
          • evening [ENG31-15192953-n] (the early part of night (from dinner until bedtime) spent in a special way)
          • week [ENG31-15194920-n] (any period of seven consecutive days)

            • week from Monday [ENG31-15195225-n] (a time period of a week or more)
            • rag [ENG31-15195833-n] (a week at British universities during which side-shows and processions of floats are organized to raise money for charities)
            • Holy Week [ENG31-15206279-n] (the week before Easter)
            • shiva [ENG31-15321732-n] ((Judaism) a period of seven days of mourning after the death of close relative)
          • fortnight [ENG31-15195378-n] (a period of fourteen consecutive days)
          • weekend [ENG31-15195551-n] (a time period usually extending from Friday night through Sunday)
          • Indian summer [ENG31-15210831-n] (a period of unusually warm weather in the autumn)
          • year [ENG31-15226340-n] (the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun)

            • anomalistic year [ENG31-15226657-n] (time of the earth's revolution from perihelion to perihelion again)
            • solar year [ENG31-15227602-n] (the time for the earth to make one revolution around the sun, measured between two vernal equinoxes)
            • lunar year [ENG31-15227813-n] (a period of 12 lunar months)
          • school [ENG31-15228025-n] (the period of instruction in a school)
          • year [ENG31-15228587-n] (a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days)

            • church year [ENG31-15198111-n] (the year in the ecclesiastical calendar)
            • Holy Year [ENG31-15206391-n] ((Roman Catholic Church) a period of remission from sin (usually granted every 25 years))
            • New Year [ENG31-15207154-n] (the calendar year just begun)
            • common year [ENG31-15226966-n] (a year that is not a leap year)
            • leap year [ENG31-15227065-n] (a calendar year with an extra day added in February)
            • off year [ENG31-15227220-n] (a year in which no major political elections are held)
            • off year [ENG31-15227328-n] (a year in which productivity is low or inferior)
            • calendar year [ENG31-15227430-n] (the year (reckoned from January 1 to December 31) according to Gregorian calendar)
            • fiscal year [ENG31-15227916-n] (any accounting period of 12 months)
            • annum [ENG31-15228997-n] ((Latin) year)
            • year of grace [ENG31-15274269-n] (any year of the Christian era)
            • Y2K [ENG31-15274358-n] (the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar)
          • year [ENG31-15229093-n] (a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity)

            • school year [ENG31-15228361-n] (the period of time each year when the school is open and people are studying)
          • semester [ENG31-15229281-n] (half a year)
          • bimester [ENG31-15229405-n] (a period of 2 months)
          • Olympiad [ENG31-15229516-n] (one of the four-year intervals between Olympic Games)
          • lustrum [ENG31-15229703-n] (a period of five years)
          • decade [ENG31-15229779-n] (a period of 10 years)

            • 1900s [ENG31-15173667-n] (the decade from 1900 to 1909)
            • 1530s [ENG31-15173747-n] (the decade from 1530 to 1539)
            • twenties [ENG31-15173827-n] (the decade from 1920 to 1929)
            • 1820s [ENG31-15173918-n] (the decade from 1820 to 1829)
            • thirties [ENG31-15174140-n] (the decade from 1930 to 1939)
            • 1830s [ENG31-15174231-n] (the decade from 1830 to 1839)
            • forties [ENG31-15174432-n] (the decade from 1940 to 1949)
            • 1840s [ENG31-15174522-n] (the decade from 1840 to 1849)
            • fifties [ENG31-15174723-n] (the decade from 1950 to 1959)
            • 1850s [ENG31-15174813-n] (the decade from 1850 to 1859)
            • 1750s [ENG31-15174893-n] (the decade from 1750 to 1759)
            • sixties [ENG31-15175094-n] (the decade from 1960 to 1969)
            • 1860s [ENG31-15175184-n] (the decade from 1860 to 1869)
            • 1760s [ENG31-15175264-n] (the decade from 1760 to 1769)
            • seventies [ENG31-15175578-n] (the decade from 1970 to 1979)
            • 1870s [ENG31-15175670-n] (the decade from 1870 to 1879)
            • 1770s [ENG31-15175750-n] (the decade from 1770 to 1779)
            • eighties [ENG31-15175953-n] (the decade from 1980 to 1989)
            • eighties [ENG31-15176044-n] (the decade from 1880 to 1889)
            • 1780s [ENG31-15176135-n] (the decade from 1780 to 1789)
            • nineties [ENG31-15176339-n] (the decade from 1990 to 1999)
            • nineties [ENG31-15176430-n] (the decade from 1890 to 1899)
            • 1790s [ENG31-15176521-n] (the decade from 1790 to 1799)
          • century [ENG31-15230328-n] (a period of 100 years)

            • quattrocento [ENG31-15230676-n] (the 15th century in Italian art and literature)
            • twentieth century [ENG31-15230800-n] (the century from 1901 to 2000)
          • quadrennium [ENG31-15230515-n] (a period of four years)
          • quinquennium [ENG31-15230595-n] (a period of five years)
          • half-century [ENG31-15230893-n] (a period of 50 years)
          • quarter-century [ENG31-15230991-n] (a period of 25 years)
          • quarter [ENG31-15231386-n] (a fourth part of a year)
          • day [ENG31-15233336-n] (the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis)

            • lunar day [ENG31-15233536-n] (the period of time taken for the moon to make one full rotation on its axis (about 27.3 sidereal days))
          • calendar month [ENG31-15234209-n] (one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year)

            • Revolutionary calendar month [ENG31-15200687-n] (a month in the Revolutionary calendar)

              • Vendemiaire [ENG31-15201034-n] (first month of the Revolutionary calendar (September and October))
              • Brumaire [ENG31-15201208-n] (second month of the Revolutionary calendar (October and November))
              • Frimaire [ENG31-15201366-n] (third month of the Revolutionary calendar (November and December))
              • Nivose [ENG31-15201523-n] (fourth month of the Revolutionary calendar (December and January))
              • Pluviose [ENG31-15201677-n] (fifth month of the Revolutionary calendar (January and February))
              • Ventose [ENG31-15201832-n] (sixth month of the Revolutionary calendar (February and March))
              • Germinal [ENG31-15201984-n] (seventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (March and April))
              • Floreal [ENG31-15202138-n] (eighth month of the Revolutionary calendar (April and May))
              • Prairial [ENG31-15202291-n] (ninth month of the Revolutionary calendar (May and June))
              • Messidor [ENG31-15202443-n] (tenth month of the Revolutionary calendar (June and July))
              • Thermidor [ENG31-15202596-n] (eleventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (July and August))
              • Fructidor [ENG31-15202752-n] (twelfth month of the Revolutionary calendar (August and September))
            • Gregorian calendar month [ENG31-15234502-n] (a month in the Gregorian calendar)

              • January [ENG31-15234841-n] (the first month of the year)
              • February [ENG31-15235282-n] (the month following January and preceding March)
              • March [ENG31-15235666-n] (the month following February and preceding April)
              • April [ENG31-15235985-n] (the month following March and preceding May)
              • May [ENG31-15236280-n] (the month following April and preceding June)
              • June [ENG31-15236602-n] (the month following May and preceding July)
              • July [ENG31-15236963-n] (the month following June and preceding August)
              • August [ENG31-15237251-n] (the month following July and preceding September)
              • September [ENG31-15237535-n] (the month following August and preceding October)
              • October [ENG31-15237911-n] (the month following September and preceding November)
              • November [ENG31-15238202-n] (the month following October and preceding December)
              • December [ENG31-15238570-n] (the last (12th) month of the year)
            • Jewish calendar month [ENG31-15238864-n] (a month in the Jewish calendar)

              • Tishri [ENG31-15239215-n] (the first month of the civil year)
              • Heshvan [ENG31-15239435-n] (the second month of the civil year)
              • Kislev [ENG31-15239636-n] (the third month of the civil year)
              • Tebet [ENG31-15239864-n] (the fourth month of the civil year)
              • Shebat [ENG31-15240066-n] (the fifth month of the civil year: the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in January and February))
              • Adar [ENG31-15240276-n] (the sixth month of the civil year)
              • Veadar [ENG31-15240489-n] (included seven times in every 19 years)
              • Nisan [ENG31-15240612-n] (the seventh month of the civil year)
              • Iyar [ENG31-15240790-n] (the eighth month of the civil year)
              • Sivan [ENG31-15240985-n] (the ninth month of the civil year)
              • Tammuz [ENG31-15241182-n] (the tenth month of the civil year)
              • Ab [ENG31-15241359-n] (the eleventh month of the civil year)
              • Elul [ENG31-15241556-n] (the twelfth month of the civil year)
            • Islamic calendar month [ENG31-15241762-n] (any lunar month in the Muslim calendar)

              • Muharram [ENG31-15242104-n] (the first month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Safar [ENG31-15242239-n] (the second month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Rabi I [ENG31-15242359-n] (the third month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Rabi II [ENG31-15242470-n] (the fourth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Jumada I [ENG31-15242583-n] (the fifth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Jumada II [ENG31-15242707-n] (the sixth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Rajab [ENG31-15242833-n] (the seventh month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Sha'ban [ENG31-15242945-n] (the eighth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Ramadan [ENG31-15243068-n] (the ninth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Shawwal [ENG31-15243347-n] (the tenth month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Dhu'l-Qa'dah [ENG31-15243459-n] (the eleventh month of the Islamic calendar)
              • Dhu'l-Hijja [ENG31-15243594-n] (the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar and the season of the hajj)
            • Hindu calendar month [ENG31-15244147-n] (any lunisolar month in the Hindu calendar)

              • Chait [ENG31-15244490-n] (the first Hindu calendar month (corresponding to March in the Gregorian calendar))
              • Baisakh [ENG31-15244823-n] (the second month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Jeth [ENG31-15244945-n] (the third month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Asarh [ENG31-15245063-n] (the fourth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Sawan [ENG31-15245181-n] (the fifth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Bhadon [ENG31-15245299-n] (the sixth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Asin [ENG31-15245421-n] (the seventh month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Kartik [ENG31-15245539-n] (the eighth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Aghan [ENG31-15245660-n] (the ninth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Pus [ENG31-15245781-n] (the tenth month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Magh [ENG31-15245895-n] (the eleventh month of the Hindu calendar)
              • Phagun [ENG31-15246270-n] (the twelfth month of the Hindu calendar)
          • mid-January [ENG31-15235179-n] (the middle part of January)
          • mid-February [ENG31-15235561-n] (the middle part of February)
          • mid-March [ENG31-15235886-n] (the middle part of March)
          • mid-April [ENG31-15236181-n] (the middle part of April)
          • mid-May [ENG31-15236507-n] (the middle part of May)
          • mid-June [ENG31-15236866-n] (the middle part of June)
          • mid-July [ENG31-15237154-n] (the middle part of July)
          • mid-August [ENG31-15237434-n] (the middle part of August)
          • mid-September [ENG31-15237804-n] (the middle part of September)
          • mid-October [ENG31-15238099-n] (the middle part of October)
          • mid-November [ENG31-15238465-n] (the middle part of November)
          • mid-December [ENG31-15238759-n] (the middle part of December)
          • time limit [ENG31-15248952-n] (a time period within which something must be done or completed)

            • limitation [ENG31-15249089-n] ((law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought)
          • term [ENG31-15249282-n] (a limited period of time)

            • prison term [ENG31-15249488-n] (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned)

              • hard time [ENG31-15249774-n] (a term served in a maximum security prison)
              • life sentence [ENG31-15249872-n] (a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives)
            • school term [ENG31-15250045-n] (the time during which a school holds classes)

              • summer school [ENG31-15250322-n] (an academic session during the summer)
              • semester [ENG31-15250593-n] (one of two divisions of an academic year)
              • trimester [ENG31-15250725-n] (one of three divisions of an academic year)
              • quarter [ENG31-15250842-n] (one of four periods into which the school year is divided)
            • tenure [ENG31-15316734-n] (the term during which some position is held)

              • presidency [ENG31-15291076-n] (the tenure of a president)
              • vice-presidency [ENG31-15291379-n] (the tenure of a vice president)
              • episcopate [ENG31-15316950-n] (the term of office of a bishop)
          • trimester [ENG31-15251528-n] (a period of three months)

            • first trimester [ENG31-15251768-n] (time period extending from the first day of the last menstrual period through 12 weeks of gestation)
            • second trimester [ENG31-15251929-n] (time period extending from the 13th to the 27th week of gestation)
            • third trimester [ENG31-15252057-n] (time period extending from the 28th week of gestation until delivery)
          • hour [ENG31-15253706-n] (a special and memorable period)
          • silly season [ENG31-15255413-n] (a time usually late summer characterized by exaggerated news stories about frivolous matters for want of real news)
          • Golden Age [ENG31-15255586-n] ((classical mythology) the first and best age of the world, a time of ideal happiness, prosperity, and innocence)
          • silver age [ENG31-15255827-n] ((classical mythology) the second age of the world, characterized by opulence and irreligion)
          • bronze age [ENG31-15256059-n] ((classical mythology) the third age of the world, marked by war and violence)
          • iron age [ENG31-15256430-n] ((classical mythology) the last and worst age of the world)
          • great year [ENG31-15258411-n] (time required for one complete cycle of the precession of the equinoxes, about 25,800 years)
          • regulation time [ENG31-15258575-n] ((sports) the normal prescribed duration of a game)
          • overtime [ENG31-15258786-n] (playing time beyond regulation, to break a tie)

            • extra innings [ENG31-15259009-n] (overtime play until one team is ahead at the end of an inning)
            • overtime period [ENG31-15259145-n] (a period of overtime play to resolve a tie)
            • tiebreaker [ENG31-15259266-n] (overtime play in order to break a tie)
            • sudden death [ENG31-15259384-n] ((sports) overtime in which play is stopped as soon as one contestant scores)
          • season [ENG31-15261272-n] (one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions)

            • harvest [ENG31-00923604-n] (the season for gathering crops)
            • haying [ENG31-00923740-n] (the season for cutting and drying and storing grass as fodder)
            • fall [ENG31-15261656-n] (the season when the leaves fall from the trees)
            • spring [ENG31-15261841-n] (the season of growth)
            • summer [ENG31-15262047-n] (the warmest season of the year)
            • winter [ENG31-15262579-n] (the coldest season of the year)
            • rainy season [ENG31-15263692-n] (one of the two seasons in tropical climates)

              • monsoon [ENG31-15263830-n] (rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains)
            • dry season [ENG31-15263971-n] (one of the two seasons in tropical climates)
          • dog days [ENG31-15262364-n] (the hot period between early July and early September)
          • midwinter [ENG31-15262871-n] (the middle of winter)
          • season [ENG31-15264089-n] (a recurrent time marked by major holidays)

            • Michaelmastide [ENG31-15211431-n] (the season of Michaelmas)
            • Lammastide [ENG31-15215259-n] (the season of Lammas)
            • Eastertide [ENG31-15216422-n] (the Easter season)
            • Twelfthtide [ENG31-15219695-n] (the season of Epiphany)
            • Allhallowtide [ENG31-15220223-n] (the season of All Saints' Day)
            • Christmas [ENG31-15221372-n] (period extending from Dec. 24 to Jan. 6)
            • Advent [ENG31-15266304-n] (the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas)
            • Shrovetide [ENG31-15266574-n] (immediately preceding Lent)
            • Lent [ENG31-15266840-n] (a period of 40 weekdays from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday)
          • season [ENG31-15264376-n] (a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field)

            • growing season [ENG31-15262966-n] (the season during which a crop grows best)
            • seedtime [ENG31-15263068-n] (the time during which seeds should be planted)
            • sheepshearing [ENG31-15263168-n] (the time or season when sheep are sheared)
            • holiday season [ENG31-15263269-n] (a time when many people take holidays)
            • high season [ENG31-15263367-n] (the season when travel is most active and rates are highest)
            • off-season [ENG31-15263558-n] (the season when travel is least active and rates are lowest)
            • preseason [ENG31-15264916-n] (a period prior to the beginning of the regular season which is devoted to training and preparation)

              • spring training [ENG31-15265088-n] (preseason training during the spring)
            • baseball season [ENG31-15265186-n] (the season when baseball is played)

              • triple-crown season [ENG31-15265300-n] (a season of baseball during which a player wins the triple crown)
            • basketball season [ENG31-15265430-n] (the season when basketball is played)
            • exhibition season [ENG31-15265530-n] (the time before the regular games begin when football or baseball teams play practice games)
            • fishing season [ENG31-15265685-n] (the season during which it is legal to catch fish)
            • football season [ENG31-15265795-n] (the season when football is played)
            • hockey season [ENG31-15265891-n] (the season when hockey is played)
            • hunting season [ENG31-15265983-n] (the season during which it is legal to kill a particular species)
            • social season [ENG31-15266108-n] (the season for major social events)
            • theatrical season [ENG31-15266202-n] (the season when new plays are produced)
            • Whitsun [ENG31-15267530-n] (Christian holiday)
          • long time [ENG31-15267766-n] (a prolonged period of time)

            • month of Sundays [ENG31-15268013-n] (a time perceived as long)
            • eon [ENG31-15268401-n] (an immeasurably long period of time)
            • blue moon [ENG31-15269011-n] (a long time)
            • year dot [ENG31-15269162-n] (as long ago as anyone can remember)
          • long run [ENG31-15268162-n] (a period of time sufficient for factors to work themselves out)
          • drought [ENG31-15269316-n] (a prolonged shortage)
          • era [ENG31-15273375-n] (a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event)

            • day [ENG31-15274047-n] (an era of existence or influence)
            • historic period [ENG31-15278839-n] (an era of history having some distinctive feature)

              • antiquity [ENG31-15277950-n] (the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in Europe)
              • golden age [ENG31-15278706-n] (any period (sometimes imaginary) of great peace and prosperity and happiness)
              • Jazz Age [ENG31-15280250-n] (the 1920s in the United States characterized in the novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald as a period of wealth, youthful exuberance, and carefree hedonism)
              • reign [ENG31-15285625-n] (the period during which a monarch is sovereign)
              • turn of the century [ENG31-15285980-n] (the period from about ten years before to ten years after a new century)
            • modern era [ENG31-15279642-n] (the present or recent times)

              • information age [ENG31-15279744-n] (a period beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became easily accessible through publications and through the manipulation of information by computers and computer networks)
          • generation [ENG31-15274447-n] (the normal time between successive generations)
          • prehistory [ENG31-15279361-n] (the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word)
          • reign [ENG31-15285775-n] (a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful)

            • reign of terror [ENG31-15285462-n] (any period of brutal suppression thought to resemble the Reign of Terror in France)
          • run [ENG31-15286931-n] (the continuous period of time during which something (a machine or a factory) operates or continues in operation)

            • print run [ENG31-15286783-n] (the period that presses run to produce an issue of a newspaper)

              • split run [ENG31-15287435-n] (a print run of a newspaper during which some articles or advertisements are changed to produce a different edition)
            • run-time [ENG31-15287171-n] ((computer science) the length of time it takes to execute a software program)
          • youth [ENG31-15290845-n] (an early period of development)
          • dawn [ENG31-15292774-n] (an opening time period)
          • evening [ENG31-15292923-n] (a later concluding time period)
          • time [ENG31-15295388-n] (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something)
          • sleep [ENG31-15298612-n] (a period of time spent sleeping)

            • beauty sleep [ENG31-15298861-n] (sleep before midnight)
            • kip [ENG31-15298941-n] (sleep)
          • lease [ENG31-15299849-n] (the period of time during which a contract conveying property to a person is in effect)
          • half life [ENG31-15300080-n] (the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate))
          • tide [ENG31-15300713-n] (there are usually two high and two low tides each day)
          • phase [ENG31-15315573-n] (any distinct time period in a sequence of events)

            • diakinesis [ENG31-13486467-n] (the final stage of the prophase of meiosis)
            • diplotene [ENG31-13487652-n] (the fourth stage of the prophase of meiosis)
            • leptotene [ENG31-13528539-n] (the first stage of the prophase of meiosis)
            • pachytene [ENG31-13552521-n] (the third stage of the prophase of meiosis)
            • phase of cell division [ENG31-13557502-n] (a stage in meiosis or mitosis)

              • anaphase [ENG31-13452553-n] (the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle)
              • metaphase [ENG31-13536352-n] (the second stage of mitosis)
              • metaphase [ENG31-13536454-n] (the second stage of meiosis)
              • prophase [ENG31-13563577-n] (the first stage of mitosis)
              • prophase [ENG31-13563677-n] (the first stage of meiosis)
              • telophase [ENG31-13587143-n] (the final stage of mitosis)
              • telophase [ENG31-13587244-n] (the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle)
            • zygotene [ENG31-13596312-n] (the second stage of the prophase of meiosis)
            • anal stage [ENG31-15170742-n] ((psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's development during which bowel control is learned)
            • genital stage [ENG31-15170964-n] ((psychoanalysis) the fifth sexual and social stage in a person's development occurring during adolescence)
            • latency stage [ENG31-15171220-n] ((psychoanalysis) the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities)
            • oral stage [ENG31-15171505-n] ((psychoanalysis) the first sexual and social stage of an infant's development)
            • phallic stage [ENG31-15171788-n] ((psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure)
            • chapter [ENG31-15277718-n] (any distinct period in history or in a person's life)
            • incubation [ENG31-15312814-n] ((pathology) the phase in the development of an infection between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time the first symptoms appear)
            • fertile period [ENG31-15313725-n] (the time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization is most likely to be possible (7 days before to 7 days after ovulation))
            • menstrual phase [ENG31-15313943-n] (the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the lining of the uterus is shed (the first day of menstrual flow is considered day 1 of the menstrual cycle))
            • musth [ENG31-15314179-n] (an annual phase of heightened sexual excitement in the males of certain large mammals (especially elephants))
            • secretory phase [ENG31-15314444-n] (the second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation)
            • generation [ENG31-15316166-n] (a stage of technological development or innovation)
            • apogee [ENG31-15316435-n] (a final climactic stage)
            • seedtime [ENG31-15316652-n] (any time of new development)
            • safe period [ENG31-15321282-n] (that time during a woman's menstrual cycle during which conception is least likely to occur (usually immediately before of after menstruation))
          • multistage [ENG31-15316346-n] (occurring in more than one stage)
          • watch [ENG31-15317745-n] (the period during which someone (especially a guard) is on duty)
          • peacetime [ENG31-15318470-n] (a period of time during which there is no war)
          • wartime [ENG31-15318571-n] (a period of time during which there is armed conflict)
          • enlistment [ENG31-15318833-n] (a period of time spent in military service)
          • honeymoon [ENG31-15319031-n] (the early (usually calm and harmonious) period of a relationship)
          • indiction [ENG31-15319174-n] (a 15-year cycle used as a chronological unit in ancient Rome and adopted in some medieval kingdoms)
          • prohibition [ENG31-15319625-n] (the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment)
          • incubation period [ENG31-15319850-n] (the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the disease)
          • rainy day [ENG31-15319988-n] (a (future) time of financial need)
          • novitiate [ENG31-15320127-n] (the period during which you are a novice (especially in a religious order))
          • flower [ENG31-15320288-n] (the period of greatest prosperity or productivity)

            • golden age [ENG31-15320510-n] (a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak)
          • running time [ENG31-15321021-n] (the length of time that a movie or tv show runs)
          • clotting time [ENG31-15322163-n] (the time it takes for a sample of blood to clot)
          • air alert [ENG31-15323102-n] (the time period during which military and civilian agencies are prepared for an enemy air attack)
          • question time [ENG31-15323750-n] (a period during a parliamentary session when members of British Parliament may ask questions of the ministers)
          • real time [ENG31-15323938-n] ((computer science) the time it takes for a process under computer control to occur)
          • real time [ENG31-15324095-n] (the actual time that it takes a process to occur)
          • study hall [ENG31-15324468-n] (a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study)
          • usance [ENG31-15324828-n] (the period of time permitted by commercial usage for the payment of a bill of exchange (especially a foreign bill of exchange))
          • window [ENG31-15325026-n] (the time period that is considered best for starting or finishing something)
      • definite quantity [ENG31-13597304-n] (a specific measure of amount)

        • absolute value [ENG31-13602668-n] (a real number regardless of its sign)

          • modulus [ENG31-13752487-n] (the absolute value of a complex number)
        • acid value [ENG31-13602801-n] ((chemistry) the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it)
        • chlorinity [ENG31-13603074-n] (a measure of the quantity of chlorine or other halides in water (especially seawater))
        • number [ENG31-13603216-n] (a concept of quantity involving zero and units)

          • arity [ENG31-05866558-n] (the number of arguments that a function can take)
          • coordinate [ENG31-06020279-n] (a number that identifies a position relative to an axis)

            • Cartesian coordinate [ENG31-06020441-n] (one of the coordinates in a system of coordinates that locates a point on a plane or in space by its distance from two lines or three planes respectively)

              • dimension [ENG31-06020795-n] (one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space)
              • abscissa [ENG31-06020938-n] (the value of a coordinate on the horizontal axis)
              • ordinate [ENG31-06021041-n] (the value of a coordinate on the vertical axis)
            • polar coordinate [ENG31-06021252-n] (either of two values that locate a point on a plane by its distance from a fixed pole and its angle from a fixed line passing through the pole)
          • pagination [ENG31-06269333-n] (the system of numbering pages)
          • decimal [ENG31-13606512-n] (a number in the decimal system)
          • constant [ENG31-13606632-n] (a number representing a quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context)

            • Avogadro's number [ENG31-13607022-n] (the number of molecules in a mole of a substance (approximately 602,250,000,000,000,000,000,000))
            • Boltzmann's constant [ENG31-13607200-n] (constant used in the calculation of the ideal gas constant)
            • coefficient [ENG31-13607325-n] (a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic)

              • absorption coefficient [ENG31-13607658-n] (a measure of the rate of decrease in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (as light) as it passes through a given substance)
              • drag coefficient [ENG31-13608034-n] (the ratio of the drag on a body moving through air to the product of the velocity and the surface area of the body)
              • coefficient of friction [ENG31-13608233-n] (the ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface)
              • coefficient of mutual induction [ENG31-13608439-n] (a measure of the induction between two circuits)
              • coefficient of self induction [ENG31-13608728-n] (the ratio of the electromotive force produced in a circuit by self-induction to the rate of change of current producing it, expressed in henries)
              • modulus [ENG31-13608966-n] ((physics) a coefficient that expresses how much of a specified property is possessed by a specified substance)

                • coefficient of elasticity [ENG31-13609166-n] ((physics) the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body)

                  • bulk modulus [ENG31-13609436-n] (the ratio of the change in pressure acting on a volume to the fractional change in volume)
                  • modulus of rigidity [ENG31-13609584-n] (the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force)
                  • Young's modulus [ENG31-13609700-n] (a coefficient of elasticity applicable to the stretching of a wire)
              • coefficient of expansion [ENG31-13609828-n] (the fractional change in length or area or volume per unit change in temperature at a given constant pressure)
              • coefficient of reflection [ENG31-13610022-n] (the fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from a surface)
              • transmittance [ENG31-13610206-n] (the fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance)
              • coefficient of viscosity [ENG31-13610343-n] (a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid under an applied force)
              • weight [ENG31-13610524-n] ((statistics) a coefficient assigned to elements of a frequency distribution in order to represent their relative importance)
            • cosmological constant [ENG31-13610749-n] (an arbitrary constant in the equations of general relativity theory)
            • equilibrium constant [ENG31-13610884-n] ((chemistry) the ratio of concentrations when equilibrium is reached in a reversible reaction (when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction))

              • dissociation constant [ENG31-13611160-n] (the equilibrium constant for a reversible dissociation)
            • gas constant [ENG31-13611282-n] ((physics) the universal constant in the gas equation: pressure times volume = R times temperature)
            • gravitational constant [ENG31-13611530-n] ((physics) the universal constant relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation)
            • Hubble's constant [ENG31-13611801-n] ((cosmology) the ratio of the speed of recession of a galaxy (due to the expansion of the universe) to its distance from the observer)
            • ionic charge [ENG31-13612177-n] (the charge on an ion is equal to a constant charge e multiplied by an integer from 1 to 15)
            • factor of proportionality [ENG31-13614837-n] (the constant value of the ratio of two proportional quantities x and y)

              • Planck's constant [ENG31-13612326-n] (the constant of proportionality relating the energy of a photon to its frequency)
          • oxidation number [ENG31-13612517-n] (the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule)
          • cardinality [ENG31-13612789-n] ((mathematics) the number of elements in a set or group (considered as a property of that grouping))
          • count [ENG31-13612964-n] (the total number counted)

            • complement [ENG31-13613201-n] (a complete number or quantity)
            • blood count [ENG31-13613308-n] (the number of red and white corpuscles in a blood sample)
            • body count [ENG31-13613422-n] (a count of troops killed in an operation or time period)
            • circulation [ENG31-13613587-n] (number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold)
            • circulation [ENG31-13613801-n] ((library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period)
            • head count [ENG31-13613967-n] (number of people in a particular group)
            • pollen count [ENG31-13614074-n] (the number of pollen grains (usually ragweed) in a standard volume of air over a twenty-four hour period and a specified time and place)
            • sperm count [ENG31-13614268-n] (the number of sperm in an ejaculate)
          • factor [ENG31-13614422-n] (any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together)

            • deflator [ENG31-13278691-n] (a statistical factor designed to remove the effect of inflation)
            • conversion factor [ENG31-13614641-n] (factor by which a quantity that is expressed in one set of units must be multiplied in order to convert it into another set of units)
          • Fibonacci number [ENG31-13615111-n] (a number in the Fibonacci sequence)
          • prime [ENG31-13615208-n] (a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself)

            • prime number [ENG31-13615545-n] (an integer that has no integral factors but itself and 1)
          • composite number [ENG31-13615660-n] (an integer that is divisible without remainder by at least one positive integer other than itself and one)
          • score [ENG31-13615828-n] (a number that expresses the accomplishment of a team or an individual in a game or contest)

            • bowling score [ENG31-00187905-n] (the score in a bowling match)
            • football score [ENG31-00189190-n] (the score in a football game)
            • baseball score [ENG31-00190325-n] (the score of a baseball game)
            • basketball score [ENG31-00191187-n] (the score in a basketball game)
            • stroke [ENG31-13616337-n] ((golf) the unit of scoring in golf is the act of hitting the ball with a club)
            • birdie [ENG31-13616519-n] ((golf) a score of one stroke under par on a hole)
            • bogey [ENG31-13616657-n] ((golf) a score of one stroke over par on a hole)
            • deficit [ENG31-13616793-n] ((sports) the score by which a team or individual is losing)
            • double-bogey [ENG31-13616942-n] ((golf) a score of two strokes over par for a hole)
            • duck [ENG31-13617087-n] ((cricket) a score of nothing by a batsman)
            • eagle [ENG31-13617211-n] ((golf) a score of two strokes under par on a hole)
            • double eagle [ENG31-13617349-n] ((golf) a score of three strokes under par on a hole)
            • game [ENG31-13617478-n] ((games) the score at a particular point or the score needed to win)
            • lead [ENG31-13617665-n] ((sports) the score by which a team or individual is winning)
            • love [ENG31-13617812-n] (a score of zero in tennis or squash)
            • match [ENG31-13617916-n] (the score needed to win a match)
            • par [ENG31-13617999-n] ((golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for the entire course)
          • record [ENG31-13618229-n] (the number of wins versus losses and ties a team has had)
          • compound number [ENG31-13618390-n] (a quantity expressed in two different units)
          • ordinal number [ENG31-13618523-n] (the number designating place in an ordered sequence)

            • first [ENG31-13618687-n] (the first element in a countable series)
          • cardinal number [ENG31-13618828-n] (the number of elements in a mathematical set)

            • frequency [ENG31-13619480-n] (the number of observations in a given statistical category)
            • googol [ENG31-13619651-n] (a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by 100 zeros (ten raised to the power of a hundred))
            • googolplex [ENG31-13619799-n] (a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by a googol of zeros (ten raised to the power of a googol))
          • base [ENG31-13619037-n] ((numeration system) the positive integer that is equivalent to one in the next higher counting place)
          • floating-point number [ENG31-13619256-n] (a number represented in floating-point notation)
          • fixed-point number [ENG31-13619371-n] (a number represented in fixed-point notation)
          • atomic number [ENG31-13619958-n] (the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements)

            • magic number [ENG31-13620203-n] (the atomic number of an extra stable strongly bound atomic nucleus: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 or 126)
          • baryon number [ENG31-13620357-n] (a number equal to the difference between the number of baryons and the number of antibaryons in any subatomic structure)
          • quota [ENG31-13620591-n] (a prescribed number)
          • linage [ENG31-13735513-n] (the number of lines in a piece of printed material)
          • natural number [ENG31-13750477-n] (the number 1 and any other number obtained by adding 1 to it repeatedly)
          • integer [ENG31-13750609-n] (any of the natural numbers (positive or negative) or zero)

            • characteristic [ENG31-06826168-n] (the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm)
            • divisor [ENG31-13755542-n] (one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer)

              • prime factor [ENG31-13615379-n] (the prime factors of a quantity are all of the prime quantities that will exactly divide the given quantity)
              • equivalent-binary-digit factor [ENG31-13756489-n] (the average number of binary digits needed to express one radix digit in a numeration system that is not binary)
              • common divisor [ENG31-13757132-n] (an integer that divides two (or more) other integers evenly)

                • greatest common divisor [ENG31-13757303-n] (the largest integer that divides without remainder into a set of integers)
            • common multiple [ENG31-13757495-n] (an integer that is a multiple of two or more other integers)
            • modulus [ENG31-13757762-n] (an integer that can be divided without remainder into the difference between two other integers)
            • digit [ENG31-13763162-n] (one of the elements that collectively form a system of numeration)

              • binary digit [ENG31-13763652-n] (either 0 or 1 in binary notation)
              • octal digit [ENG31-13763743-n] (a digit from 0 to 7 in octal notation)
              • decimal digit [ENG31-13763838-n] (a digit from 0 to 9 in decimal notation)
              • duodecimal digit [ENG31-13763937-n] (a digit from 0 to 11 in duodecimal notation)
              • hexadecimal digit [ENG31-13764043-n] (a digit from 0 to 15 in hexadecimal notation)
              • significant digit [ENG31-13764151-n] (any digit of a number that is known with certainty)
              • zero [ENG31-13764498-n] (a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number)
              • one [ENG31-13764713-n] (the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number)

                • monad [ENG31-13764980-n] (a singular metaphysical entity from which material properties are said to derive)
                • singleton [ENG31-13765120-n] (a single object (as distinguished from a pair))

                  • mate [ENG31-13765240-n] (one of a pair)
              • two [ENG31-13765409-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number)

                • craps [ENG31-13765600-n] (expressions used when when two dice are thrown and both come up showing one spot)
                • couple [ENG31-13765745-n] (two items of the same kind)

                  • doubleton [ENG31-13766009-n] ((bridge) a pair of playing cards that are the only cards in their suit in the hand dealt to a player)
              • three [ENG31-13766184-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one)
              • four [ENG31-13766444-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one)
              • five [ENG31-13766661-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one)
              • six [ENG31-13766862-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one)
              • seven [ENG31-13767056-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one)
              • eight [ENG31-13767226-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one)
              • nine [ENG31-13767410-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one)
            • large integer [ENG31-13767560-n] (an integer equal to or greater than ten)

              • ten [ENG31-13768652-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one)
              • eleven [ENG31-13768812-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one)
              • twelve [ENG31-13768925-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one)

                • boxcars [ENG31-13769086-n] ((usually plural) an expression used when two dice are thrown and both come up showing six spots)
              • teens [ENG31-13769254-n] (all the numbers that end in -teen)
              • thirteen [ENG31-13769339-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one)
              • fourteen [ENG31-13769488-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one)
              • fifteen [ENG31-13769609-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one)
              • sixteen [ENG31-13769746-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of fifteen and one)
              • seventeen [ENG31-13769865-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of sixteen and one)
              • eighteen [ENG31-13770005-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of seventeen and one)
              • nineteen [ENG31-13770129-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of eighteen and one)
              • twenty [ENG31-13770268-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one)
              • twenty-one [ENG31-13770386-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty and one)
              • twenty-two [ENG31-13770507-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one)
              • twenty-three [ENG31-13770633-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-two and one)
              • twenty-four [ENG31-13770762-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one)
              • twenty-five [ENG31-13770903-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one)
              • twenty-six [ENG31-13771030-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-five and one)
              • twenty-seven [ENG31-13771157-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-six and one)
              • twenty-eight [ENG31-13771286-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-seven and one)
              • twenty-nine [ENG31-13771418-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-eight and one)
              • thirty [ENG31-13771547-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three)
              • forty [ENG31-13771667-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and four)
              • fifty [ENG31-13771784-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five)
              • sixty [ENG31-13771918-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and six)
              • seventy [ENG31-13772034-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and seven)
              • seventy-eight [ENG31-13772173-n] (the cardinal number that is the sum of seventy and eight)
              • eighty [ENG31-13772304-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and eight)
              • ninety [ENG31-13772437-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and nine)
              • hundred [ENG31-13772555-n] (ten 10s)
              • gross [ENG31-13772644-n] (twelve dozen)
              • long hundred [ENG31-13772714-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and twelve)
              • five hundred [ENG31-13772852-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five)
              • thousand [ENG31-13772984-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100)

                • millenary [ENG31-13773176-n] (a sum or aggregate of one thousand (especially one thousand years))
              • great gross [ENG31-13773298-n] (a cardinal number equal to one dozen gross)
              • ten thousand [ENG31-13773405-n] (the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand)
              • hundred thousand [ENG31-13773544-n] (the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten)
              • million [ENG31-13773673-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros)
              • crore [ENG31-13773826-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 7 zeros)
              • billion [ENG31-13773969-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros)

                • milliard [ENG31-13774173-n] (a billion)
              • billion [ENG31-13774312-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros)
              • trillion [ENG31-13774583-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros)
              • trillion [ENG31-13774819-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros)
              • quadrillion [ENG31-13775051-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 15 zeros)
              • quadrillion [ENG31-13775207-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros)
              • quintillion [ENG31-13775414-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros)
              • sextillion [ENG31-13775570-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 21 zeros)
              • septillion [ENG31-13775725-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros)
              • octillion [ENG31-13775880-n] (the number that is represented as a one followed by 27 zeros)
              • aleph-null [ENG31-13776034-n] (the smallest infinite integer)
            • double digit [ENG31-13768559-n] (a two-digit integer)
            • population [ENG31-13802016-n] (the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.))
          • addend [ENG31-13750928-n] (a number that is added to another number (the augend))
          • augend [ENG31-13751034-n] (a number to which another number (the addend) is added)
          • minuend [ENG31-13751141-n] (the number from which the subtrahend is subtracted)
          • subtrahend [ENG31-13751245-n] (the number to be subtracted from the minuend)
          • remainder [ENG31-13751346-n] (the number that remains after subtraction)

            • balance [ENG31-13430333-n] (the difference between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account)

              • balance of trade [ENG31-13430536-n] (the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise)
              • carry-over [ENG31-13430820-n] (the accumulated and undivided profits of a corporation after provision has been made for dividends and reserves)
              • compensating balance [ENG31-13431023-n] (a minimum credit balance that a bank may require a borrower to keep on deposit as a condition for granting a loan)
              • invisible balance [ENG31-13431442-n] (the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of services and payments of property incomes)
          • complex number [ENG31-13751538-n] ((mathematics) a number of the form a+bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1)

            • complex conjugate [ENG31-13751842-n] (either of two complex numbers whose real parts are identical and whose imaginary parts differ only in sign)
            • real number [ENG31-13752012-n] (any rational or irrational number)

              • scalar product [ENG31-05873468-n] (a real number (a scalar) that is the product of two vectors)
              • rational number [ENG31-13752579-n] (an integer or a fraction)

                • fraction [ENG31-13754218-n] (the quotient of two rational numbers)

                  • mantissa [ENG31-06825973-n] (the positive fractional part of the representation of a logarithm)
                  • common fraction [ENG31-13754435-n] (the quotient of two integers)

                    • one-half [ENG31-13758939-n] (one of two equal parts of a divisible whole)

                      • fifty percent [ENG31-13759137-n] (a half expressed as a percentage)
                      • moiety [ENG31-13759229-n] (one of two (approximately) equal parts)
                    • one-third [ENG31-13759330-n] (one of three equal parts of a divisible whole)
                    • two-thirds [ENG31-13759518-n] (two of three equal parts of a divisible whole)
                    • one-fourth [ENG31-13759620-n] (one of four equal parts)
                    • three-fourths [ENG31-13759840-n] (three of four equal parts)
                    • one-fifth [ENG31-13759970-n] (one part in five equal parts)
                    • one-sixth [ENG31-13760092-n] (one part in six equal parts)
                    • one-seventh [ENG31-13760183-n] (one part in seven equal parts)
                    • one-eighth [ENG31-13760280-n] (one part in eight equal parts)
                    • one-ninth [ENG31-13760375-n] (one part in nine equal parts)
                    • one-tenth [ENG31-13760467-n] (a tenth part)
                    • one-twelfth [ENG31-13760599-n] (one part in twelve equal parts)
                    • one-sixteenth [ENG31-13760725-n] (one part in sixteen equal parts)
                    • one-thirty-second [ENG31-13760845-n] (one part in thirty-two equal parts)
                    • one-sixtieth [ENG31-13760980-n] (one part in sixty equal parts)
                    • one-sixty-fourth [ENG31-13761079-n] (one part in sixty-four equal parts)
                    • one-hundredth [ENG31-13761191-n] (one part in a hundred equal parts)
                    • one-thousandth [ENG31-13761310-n] (one part in a thousand equal parts)
                    • one-ten-thousandth [ENG31-13761418-n] (one part in ten thousand equal parts)
                    • one-hundred-thousandth [ENG31-13761536-n] (one part in a hundred thousand equal parts)
                    • one-millionth [ENG31-13761647-n] (one part in a million equal parts)
                    • one-hundred-millionth [ENG31-13761752-n] (one part in a hundred million equal parts)
                    • one-billionth [ENG31-13761861-n] (one part in a billion equal parts)
                    • one-trillionth [ENG31-13761966-n] (one part in a trillion equal parts)
                    • one-quadrillionth [ENG31-13762074-n] (one part in a quadrillion equal parts)
                    • one-quintillionth [ENG31-13762191-n] (one part in a quintillion equal parts)
                  • improper fraction [ENG31-13757940-n] (a fraction whose numerator is larger than the denominator)
                  • proper fraction [ENG31-13758061-n] (a fraction with a numerator smaller than the denominator)

                    • decimal fraction [ENG31-13758337-n] (a proper fraction whose denominator is a power of 10)

                      • circulating decimal [ENG31-13758516-n] (a decimal with a sequence of digits that repeats itself indefinitely)
                  • complex fraction [ENG31-13758197-n] (a fraction with fractions in the numerator or denominator)
                  • continued fraction [ENG31-13758690-n] (a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction and so on)
              • irrational number [ENG31-13752694-n] (a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number)

                • transcendental number [ENG31-13752866-n] (an irrational number that is not algebraic)

                  • pi [ENG31-13776148-n] (the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle)
                  • e [ENG31-13776305-n] (the base of the natural system of logarithms)
                • algebraic number [ENG31-13753012-n] (root of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients)
            • pure imaginary number [ENG31-13752164-n] (an imaginary number of the form a+bi where a is 0)

              • imaginary part [ENG31-13752299-n] (the part of a complex number that has the square root of -1 as a factor)
          • square [ENG31-13753131-n] (the product of two equal terms)
          • cube [ENG31-13753351-n] (the product of three equal terms)
          • biquadrate [ENG31-13753484-n] (an algebraic equation or function of the fourth degree)
          • root [ENG31-13753809-n] (a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number)

            • square root [ENG31-13753980-n] (a number that when multiplied by itself equals a given number)
            • cube root [ENG31-13754099-n] (a number that when multiplied three times equals a given number)
          • dividend [ENG31-13755093-n] (a number to be divided by another number)

            • numerator [ENG31-13755011-n] (the dividend of a fraction)
          • divisor [ENG31-13755307-n] (the number by which a dividend is divided)

            • denominator [ENG31-13755206-n] (the divisor of a fraction)

              • common denominator [ENG31-13757616-n] (an integer that is a common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions)
            • aliquot [ENG31-13756769-n] (an integer that is an exact divisor of some quantity)
            • aliquant [ENG31-13756956-n] (an integer that is not an exact divisor of some quantity)
          • quotient [ENG31-13755456-n] (the number obtained by division)
          • remainder [ENG31-13755803-n] (the part of the dividend that is left over when the dividend is not evenly divisible by the divisor)
          • multiplier [ENG31-13755958-n] (the number by which a multiplicand is multiplied)

            • scale factor [ENG31-13756225-n] (a number used as a multiplier in scaling)

              • time-scale factor [ENG31-13756342-n] (the ratio of the simulation time to the time of the real process)
          • multiplicand [ENG31-13756119-n] (the number that is multiplied by the multiplier)
        • quire [ENG31-13604233-n] (a quantity of paper)
        • ream [ENG31-13604340-n] (a quantity of paper)
        • solubility [ENG31-13604475-n] (the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution))
        • toxicity [ENG31-13604681-n] (the degree to which something is poisonous)

          • cytotoxicity [ENG31-13604814-n] (the degree to which something is toxic to living cells)
        • unit of measurement [ENG31-13604927-n] (any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange)

          • measuring unit [ENG31-13605849-n] (a unit of measurement)
          • denier [ENG31-13605949-n] (a unit of measurement for the fineness of silk or nylon or rayon)
          • diopter [ENG31-13606121-n] (a unit of measurement of the refractive power of a lens which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters)
          • karat [ENG31-13606330-n] (the unit of measurement for the proportion of gold in an alloy)
          • absorption unit [ENG31-13621114-n] (a unit for measuring absorption)

            • sabin [ENG31-13632058-n] (a unit of acoustic absorption equivalent to the absorption by a square foot of a surface that absorbs all incident sound)
          • acceleration unit [ENG31-13621225-n] (a unit for measuring acceleration)

            • gal [ENG31-13670411-n] (a unit of gravitational acceleration equal to one centimeter per second per second (named after Galileo))
          • angular unit [ENG31-13621340-n] (a unit of measurement for angles)

            • mil [ENG31-13632325-n] (an angular unit used in artillery)
            • degree [ENG31-13632450-n] (a measure for arcs and angles)
            • second [ENG31-13632638-n] (a 60th part of a minute of arc)
            • minute [ENG31-13632810-n] (a unit of angular distance equal to a 60th of a degree)
            • microradian [ENG31-13632983-n] (a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a milliradian)
            • milliradian [ENG31-13633127-n] (a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a radian)
            • radian [ENG31-13633285-n] (the unit of plane angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites)
            • grad [ENG31-13633562-n] (one-hundredth of a right angle)
            • oxtant [ENG31-13633670-n] (a unit of angular distance equal to half a quadrant)
            • sextant [ENG31-13633793-n] (a unit of angular distance equal to 60 degrees)
            • straight angle [ENG31-13633931-n] (an angle of 180 degrees)
            • steradian [ENG31-13634034-n] (the unit of solid angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites)
          • area unit [ENG31-13621647-n] (a system of units used to measure areas)

            • square inch [ENG31-13634186-n] (a unit of area equal to one inch by one inch square)
            • square foot [ENG31-13634303-n] (a unit of area equal to one foot by one foot square)
            • square yard [ENG31-13634420-n] (a unit of area equal to one yard by one yard square)
            • square meter [ENG31-13634537-n] (a centare is 1/100th of an are)
            • square mile [ENG31-13634689-n] (an area of 640 acres)

              • section [ENG31-13634785-n] (a land unit equal to 1 square mile)
            • quarter section [ENG31-13634873-n] (a land unit equal to a quarter of a section (160 acres) and measuring 1/2 mile on a side)
            • acre [ENG31-13635023-n] (a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries)
            • are [ENG31-13635143-n] (a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters)
            • hectare [ENG31-13635266-n] ((abbreviated `ha') a unit of surface area equal to 100 ares (or 10,000 square meters))
            • arpent [ENG31-13635424-n] (a former French unit of area)
            • barn [ENG31-13635537-n] ((physics) a unit of nuclear cross section)
            • dessiatine [ENG31-13635748-n] (a former Russian unit of area equal to 2.7 acres)
            • morgen [ENG31-13635853-n] (a South African unit of measure equal to about 2 acres)
            • perch [ENG31-13635960-n] (a square rod of land)
            • em [ENG31-13734794-n] (a quad with a square body)
            • agate line [ENG31-13735108-n] (space for one line of print (one column wide and 1/14 inch deep) used to measure advertising)
            • column inch [ENG31-13735405-n] (a unit of measurement for advertising space)
          • volume unit [ENG31-13622065-n] (a unit of measurement of volume or capacity)

            • cubic inch [ENG31-13622613-n] (the volume equal to a cube one inch on each side)
            • cubic foot [ENG31-13622726-n] (the volume equal to a cube one foot on each side)
            • cord [ENG31-13623644-n] (a unit of amount of wood cut for burning)
            • liquid unit [ENG31-13636045-n] (a unit of capacity for liquids (for measuring the volumes of liquids or their containers))

              • United States liquid unit [ENG31-13636516-n] (a liquid unit officially adopted in the United States Customary System)

                • minim [ENG31-13639789-n] (a United States liquid unit equal to 1/60 fluidram)
                • fluidram [ENG31-13639910-n] (a unit of capacity or volume in the apothecary system equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce)
                • fluidounce [ENG31-13640130-n] (a United States unit of capacity or volume equal to 1.804 cubic inches)
                • gill [ENG31-13640309-n] (a United States liquid unit equal to 4 fluid ounces)
                • cup [ENG31-13640449-n] (a United States liquid unit equal to 8 fluid ounces)
                • pint [ENG31-13640588-n] (a United States liquid unit equal to 16 fluid ounces)
                • fifth [ENG31-13640756-n] (a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon)
                • quart [ENG31-13640873-n] (a United States liquid unit equal to 32 fluid ounces)
                • gallon [ENG31-13641045-n] (United States liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3.785 liters)
                • barrel [ENG31-13641201-n] (any of various units of capacity)
              • British capacity unit [ENG31-13636838-n] (a unit of measure for capacity officially adopted in the British Imperial System)

                • minim [ENG31-13642292-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 1/60th fluid dram or 0.059194 cubic centimeters)
                • fluidram [ENG31-13642471-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 60 minims or 3.5516 cubic centimeters)
                • fluidounce [ENG31-13642699-n] (a British imperial unit of capacity or volume (liquid or dry) equal to 8 fluid drams or 28.416 cubic centimeters (1.734 cubic inches))
                • gill [ENG31-13642941-n] (a British imperial capacity unit (liquid or dry) equal to 5 fluid ounces or 142.066 cubic centimeters)
                • pint [ENG31-13643131-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 gills or 568.26 cubic centimeters)
                • quart [ENG31-13643316-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 pints or 1.136 liters)
                • gallon [ENG31-13643490-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 quarts or 4.545 liters)
                • peck [ENG31-13643732-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 gallons)
                • bushel [ENG31-13643872-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 pecks)
                • firkin [ENG31-13644050-n] (a British unit of capacity equal to 9 imperial gallons)
                • kilderkin [ENG31-13644195-n] (an obsolete British unit of capacity equal to 18 Imperial gallons)
                • quarter [ENG31-13644335-n] (a quarter of a hundredweight (28 pounds))
                • hogshead [ENG31-13644486-n] (a British unit of capacity for alcoholic beverages)
                • chaldron [ENG31-13644610-n] (a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 36 bushels)
              • arroba [ENG31-13637708-n] (a liquid measure (with different values) used in some Spanish speaking countries)
              • bath [ENG31-13637841-n] (an ancient Hebrew liquid measure equal to about 10 gallons)
              • mutchkin [ENG31-13639579-n] (a Scottish unit of liquid measure equal to 0.9 United States pint)
              • oka [ENG31-13639699-n] (a Turkish liquid unit equal to 1.3 pints)
            • dry unit [ENG31-13636317-n] (a unit of capacity for dry commodities (as fruit or grain))

              • ardeb [ENG31-13637621-n] (a unit of dry measure used in Egypt)
              • ephah [ENG31-13638068-n] (an ancient Hebrew unit of dry measure equal to about a bushel)
              • United States dry unit [ENG31-13641435-n] (a unit of measurement of capacity for dry substances officially adopted in the United States Customary System)

                • pint [ENG31-13641685-n] (a United States dry unit equal to 0.5 quart or 33.6 cubic inches)
                • quart [ENG31-13641830-n] (a United States dry unit equal to 2 pints or 67.2 cubic inches)
                • peck [ENG31-13641994-n] (a United States dry measure equal to 8 quarts or 537.605 cubic inches)
                • bushel [ENG31-13642152-n] (a United States dry measure equal to 4 pecks or 2152.42 cubic inches)
            • metric capacity unit [ENG31-13637335-n] (a capacity unit defined in metric terms)

              • cubic millimeter [ENG31-13644736-n] (a metric measure of volume or capacity equal to a cube 1 millimeter on each edge)
              • milliliter [ENG31-13644955-n] (a metric unit of volume equal to one thousandth of a liter)
              • centiliter [ENG31-13645213-n] (a metric unit of volume equal to one hundredth of a liter)
              • deciliter [ENG31-13645383-n] (a metric unit of volume equal to one tenth of a liter)
              • liter [ENG31-13645547-n] (a metric unit of capacity, formerly defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water under standard conditions)
              • dekaliter [ENG31-13645904-n] (a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 10 liters)
              • hectoliter [ENG31-13646100-n] (a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 100 liters)
              • kiloliter [ENG31-13646268-n] (a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 1000 liters)
              • cubic kilometer [ENG31-13646496-n] (a unit of capacity equal to the volume of a cube one kilometer on each edge)
            • cran [ENG31-13637969-n] (a capacity unit used for measuring fresh herring)
            • field capacity [ENG31-13638207-n] (the maximum amount of water that a particular soil can hold)
            • homer [ENG31-13638327-n] (an ancient Hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs)
            • hin [ENG31-13638488-n] (ancient Hebrew unit of liquid measure = 1.5 gallons)
            • fathom [ENG31-13638589-n] ((mining) a unit of volume (equal to 6 cubic feet) used in measuring bodies of ore)
            • acre-foot [ENG31-13638749-n] (the volume of water that would cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot)
            • acre inch [ENG31-13638911-n] (one twelfth of an acre-foot)
            • board foot [ENG31-13639116-n] (the volume of a piece of wood 1 foot square and 1 inch thick)
            • standard [ENG31-13639233-n] (a board measure = 1980 board feet)
            • cubic yard [ENG31-13639357-n] (a unit of volume (as for sand or gravel))
            • last [ENG31-13639461-n] (a unit of capacity for grain equal to 80 bushels)
          • computer memory unit [ENG31-13622839-n] (a unit for measuring computer memory)

            • nybble [ENG31-13647355-n] (a small byte)
            • byte [ENG31-13647484-n] (a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one character of alphanumeric data) processed as a single unit of information)
            • sector [ENG31-13647711-n] (the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information)
            • block [ENG31-13647935-n] ((computer science) a sector or group of sectors that function as the smallest data unit permitted)

              • bad block [ENG31-13648260-n] ((computer science) a block (usually one sector) that cannot reliably hold data)
            • allocation unit [ENG31-13648413-n] (a group of sectors on a magnetic disk that can be reserved for the use of a particular file)
            • partition [ENG31-13648585-n] ((computer science) the part of a hard disk that is dedicated to a particular operating system or application and accessed as a single unit)
            • word [ENG31-13648798-n] (a string of bits stored in computer memory)
            • kilobyte [ENG31-13648977-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 bytes)
            • kilobyte [ENG31-13649142-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 bytes)
            • kilobit [ENG31-13649271-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 bits)
            • kibibit [ENG31-13649396-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 bits)
            • megabyte [ENG31-13649517-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibytes or 2^20 (1,048,576) bytes)
            • megabyte [ENG31-13649707-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobytes or 10^6 (1,000,000) bytes)
            • megabit [ENG31-13649880-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobits or 10^6 (1,000,000) bits)
            • mebibit [ENG31-13650053-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibits or 2^20 (1,048,576) bits)
            • gigabyte [ENG31-13650222-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibytes or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bytes)
            • gigabyte [ENG31-13650416-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 megabytes or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bytes)
            • gigabit [ENG31-13650593-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 megabits or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bits)
            • gibibit [ENG31-13650770-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibits or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bits)
            • terabyte [ENG31-13650943-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibytes or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bytes)
            • terabyte [ENG31-13651137-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabytes or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bytes)
            • terabit [ENG31-13651315-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabits or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bits)
            • tebibit [ENG31-13651497-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibits or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bits)
            • petabyte [ENG31-13651674-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 tebibytes or 2^50 bytes)
            • petabyte [ENG31-13651848-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 terabytes or 10^15 bytes)
            • petabit [ENG31-13652006-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 terabits or 10^15 bits)
            • pebibit [ENG31-13652168-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 tebibits or 2^50 bits)
            • exabyte [ENG31-13652325-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 pebibytes or 2^60 bytes)
            • exabyte [ENG31-13652498-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 petabytes or 10^18 bytes)
            • exabit [ENG31-13652655-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 petabits or 10^18 bits)
            • exbibit [ENG31-13652816-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 pebibits or 2^60 bits)
            • zettabyte [ENG31-13652973-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 exbibytes or 2^70 bytes)
            • zettabyte [ENG31-13653148-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 exabytes or 10^21 bytes)
            • zettabit [ENG31-13653306-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 exabits or 10^21 bits)
            • zebibit [ENG31-13653468-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 exbibits or 2^70 bits)
            • yottabyte [ENG31-13653625-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 zebibytes or 2^80 bytes)
            • yottabyte [ENG31-13653781-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabytes or 10^24 bytes)
            • yottabit [ENG31-13653922-n] (a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabits or 10^24 bits)
            • yobibit [ENG31-13654067-n] (a unit of information equal to 1024 zebibits or 2^80 bits)
          • electromagnetic unit [ENG31-13623769-n] (any of various systems of units for measuring electricity and magnetism)

            • capacitance unit [ENG31-13654205-n] (a measure of the capacity of a circuit component to store charge)

              • picofarad [ENG31-13657333-n] (a unit of capacitance equal to one trillionth of a farad)
              • microfarad [ENG31-13657464-n] (a unit of capacitance equal to one millionth of a farad)
              • millifarad [ENG31-13657614-n] (a unit of capacitance equal to one thousandth of a farad)
              • farad [ENG31-13657765-n] (the capacitance of a capacitor that has an equal and opposite charge of 1 coulomb on each plate and a voltage difference of 1 volt between the plates)
              • abfarad [ENG31-13658008-n] (a capacitance unit equal to one billion farads)
            • charge unit [ENG31-13654422-n] (a measure of the quantity of electricity (determined by the amount of an electric current and the time for which it flows))

              • coulomb [ENG31-13658127-n] (a unit of electrical charge equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second)
              • abcoulomb [ENG31-13658345-n] (a unit of electrical charge equal to 10 coulombs)
              • ampere-minute [ENG31-13658468-n] (a unit of charge equal to 60 coulombs)
              • ampere-hour [ENG31-13658603-n] (a unit of charge equal to 3600 coulombs)
            • conductance unit [ENG31-13654690-n] (a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electrical charge)

              • mho [ENG31-13658719-n] (a unit of conductance equal to the reciprocal of an ohm)
            • current unit [ENG31-13654836-n] (a measure of the amount of electric charge flowing past a circuit point at a specific time)

              • ampere [ENG31-13658855-n] (the basic unit of electric current adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites)
              • milliampere [ENG31-13659092-n] (one thousandth of an ampere)
              • abampere [ENG31-13659201-n] (a unit of current equal to 10 amperes)
              • ampere [ENG31-13659320-n] (a former unit of electric current (slightly smaller than the SI ampere))
            • elastance unit [ENG31-13655057-n] (the reciprocal of capacitance)

              • daraf [ENG31-13659467-n] (a unit of elastance equal to the reciprocal of a farad)
            • field strength unit [ENG31-13655165-n] (an electromagnetic unit of magnetic intensity)

              • gamma [ENG31-13659573-n] (a unit of magnetic field strength equal to one-hundred-thousandth of an oersted)
              • oersted [ENG31-13659723-n] (the magnetic field strength 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole)
            • flux density unit [ENG31-13655312-n] (a measure of the amount of flux per unit of cross sectional area)

              • microgauss [ENG31-13660185-n] (a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one millionth of a gauss)
              • gauss [ENG31-13660326-n] (a unit of magnetic flux density equal to 1 maxwell per square centimeter)
              • tesla [ENG31-13660488-n] (a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one weber per square meter)
            • inductance unit [ENG31-13655666-n] (a measure of the property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it)

              • abhenry [ENG31-13660626-n] (a unit of inductance equal to one billionth of a henry)
              • millihenry [ENG31-13660753-n] (a unit of inductance equal to one thousandth of a henry)
              • henry [ENG31-13660884-n] (a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second)
            • light unit [ENG31-13655879-n] (a measure of the visible electromagnetic radiation)

              • illumination unit [ENG31-13661126-n] (a measure of illumination)

                • footcandle [ENG31-13661850-n] (a unit of illuminance on a surface that is everywhere 1 foot from a point source of 1 candle)
                • lambert [ENG31-13661999-n] (a cgs unit of illumination equal to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface that emits or reflects one lumen per square centimeter)
                • lux [ENG31-13662195-n] (a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter)
                • phot [ENG31-13662345-n] (a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square centimeter)
              • luminance unit [ENG31-13661287-n] (a measure of luminance)

                • nit [ENG31-13662502-n] (a luminance unit equal to 1 candle per square meter measured perpendicular to the rays from the source)
                • foot-lambert [ENG31-13662654-n] (a former luminance unit equal to one lumen per square foot)
              • luminous flux unit [ENG31-13661406-n] (a measure of luminous flux per unit area)

                • lumen [ENG31-13662778-n] (a unit of luminous flux equal to the amount of light given out through a solid angle of 1 steradian by a point source of 1 candela intensity radiating uniformly in all directions)
              • luminous intensity unit [ENG31-13661529-n] (a measure of luminous intensity)

                • candle [ENG31-13663013-n] (the basic unit of luminous intensity adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites)
                • international candle [ENG31-13663334-n] (a former international unit of luminous intensity)
              • exposure [ENG31-13661685-n] (the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate)
            • magnetomotive force unit [ENG31-13656076-n] (a unit of measurement of magnetomotive force)

              • gilbert [ENG31-13663479-n] (a unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns)
              • ampere-turn [ENG31-13663601-n] (a unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force produced by the passage of 1 ampere through 1 complete turn of a coil)
              • magneton [ENG31-13663816-n] (a unit of magnetic moment of a molecular or atomic or subatomic particle)
            • potential unit [ENG31-13656245-n] (a measure of the potential energy of a unit charge at a given point in a circuit relative to a reference point (ground))

              • abvolt [ENG31-13663943-n] (a unit of potential equal to one-hundred-millionth of a volt)
              • millivolt [ENG31-13664075-n] (a unit of potential equal to one thousandth of a volt)
              • microvolt [ENG31-13664208-n] (a unit of potential equal to one millionth of a volt)
              • nanovolt [ENG31-13664335-n] (a unit of potential equal to one billionth of a volt)
              • picovolt [ENG31-13664461-n] (a unit of potential equal to one trillionth of a volt)
              • femtovolt [ENG31-13664588-n] (a unit of potential equal to one quadrillionth of a volt (or one thousandth of a nanosecond))
              • volt [ENG31-13664755-n] (a unit of potential equal to the potential difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is 1 watt)
              • kilovolt [ENG31-13665249-n] (a unit of potential equal to a thousand volts)
            • power unit [ENG31-13656569-n] (a measure of electric power)

              • abwatt [ENG31-13665644-n] (a power unit equal to the power dissipated when 1 abampere flows across a potential difference of 1 abvolt (one ten-thousandth of a milliwatt))
              • milliwatt [ENG31-13665858-n] (a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt)
              • watt [ENG31-13666001-n] (a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second)
              • kilowatt [ENG31-13666240-n] (a unit of power equal to 1000 watts)
              • megawatt [ENG31-13666373-n] (a unit of power equal to one million watts)
              • horsepower [ENG31-13666489-n] (a unit of power equal to 746 watts)
              • volt-ampere [ENG31-13666611-n] (a unit of electrical power in an AC circuit equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere)
              • kilovolt-ampere [ENG31-13666810-n] (a unit of electrical power equal to 1000 volt-amperes)
            • radioactivity unit [ENG31-13656797-n] (a measure of radioactivity)

              • millicurie [ENG31-13666944-n] (a unit of radioactivity equal to one thousandth of a curie)
              • curie [ENG31-13667078-n] (a unit of radioactivity equal to the amount of a radioactive isotope that decays at the rate of 37,000,000,000 disintegrations per second)
              • gray [ENG31-13667291-n] (the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation)
              • roentgen [ENG31-13667510-n] (a unit of radiation exposure)
              • rutherford [ENG31-13667702-n] (a unit strength of a radioactive source equal to one million disintegrations per second)
              • rem [ENG31-13667846-n] ((roentgen equivalent man) the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays)
              • mrem [ENG31-13668036-n] (a dosage of ionizing radiation equivalent to one thousandth (1/1000) of a rem)
              • rad [ENG31-13668175-n] (a unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material)
            • resistance unit [ENG31-13657032-n] (the reciprocal of conductance)

              • abohm [ENG31-13668312-n] (a unit of resistance equal to a billionth of an ohm)
              • ohm [ENG31-13668434-n] (a unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance between two points on a conductor when a potential difference of one volt between them produces a current of one ampere)
              • megohm [ENG31-13668715-n] (a unit of resistance equal to one million ohms)
          • explosive unit [ENG31-13624165-n] (any unit for measuring the force of explosions)

            • kiloton [ENG31-13668833-n] (a measure of explosive power (of an atomic weapon) equal to that of 1000 tons of TNT)
            • megaton [ENG31-13668971-n] (a measure of explosive power (of an atomic weapon) equal to that of one million tons of TNT)
          • force unit [ENG31-13624308-n] (a unit of measurement of physical force)

            • dyne [ENG31-13669116-n] (a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 cm/sec/sec to a mass of 1 gram)
            • newton [ENG31-13669285-n] (a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to a mass of 1 kilogram)
            • sthene [ENG31-13669506-n] (a unit of force equal to 1000 newtons)
            • poundal [ENG31-13669615-n] (a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 foot/sec/sec to a mass of 1 pound)
            • pound [ENG31-13669802-n] (a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec)
            • pounder [ENG31-13669996-n] ((used only in combination) something weighing a given number of pounds)
            • g [ENG31-13670214-n] (a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity)
            • pound [ENG31-13742407-n] (a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy)
          • linear unit [ENG31-13624548-n] (a unit of measurement of length)

            • long measure [ENG31-13620712-n] (a measure of length)
            • astronomy unit [ENG31-13670672-n] (a linear unit used for astronomical distances)

              • light year [ENG31-13678138-n] (the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year)
              • light hour [ENG31-13678367-n] (the distance light travels in a vacuum in one hour)
              • light minute [ENG31-13678531-n] (the distance light travels in a vacuum in one minute)
              • light second [ENG31-13678698-n] (the distance light travels in a vacuum in one second)
              • Astronomical Unit [ENG31-13678862-n] (a unit of length used for distances within the solar system)
              • parsec [ENG31-13679107-n] (a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc)
            • metric linear unit [ENG31-13670886-n] (a linear unit of distance in metric terms)

              • femtometer [ENG31-13679309-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one quadrillionth of a meter)
              • picometer [ENG31-13679505-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one trillionth of a meter)
              • angstrom [ENG31-13679721-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one ten billionth of a meter (or 0.0001 micron))
              • nanometer [ENG31-13679972-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter)
              • micron [ENG31-13680266-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter)
              • millimeter [ENG31-13680427-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter)
              • centimeter [ENG31-13680636-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter)
              • decimeter [ENG31-13680844-n] (a metric unit of length equal to one tenth of a meter)
              • meter [ENG31-13681046-n] (the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards))
              • decameter [ENG31-13681341-n] (a metric unit of length equal to ten meters)
              • hectometer [ENG31-13681602-n] (a metric unit of length equal to 100 meters)
              • kilometer [ENG31-13681796-n] (a metric unit of length equal to 1000 meters (or 0.621371 miles))
              • myriameter [ENG31-13682017-n] (a metric unit of length equal to 10,000 meters)
            • nautical linear unit [ENG31-13671244-n] (a linear unit of distance used in navigation)

              • nautical mile [ENG31-13682449-n] (a unit of length used in navigation)
              • nautical mile [ENG31-13682724-n] (a former British unit of length equivalent to 6,080 feet (1,853.184 meters))
              • sea mile [ENG31-13682973-n] (a former British unit of length once used in navigation)
            • inch [ENG31-13671409-n] (a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot)
            • foot [ENG31-13671663-n] (a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard)
            • footer [ENG31-13671843-n] ((used only in combinations) the height or length of something in feet)
            • yard [ENG31-13672065-n] (a unit of length equal to 3 feet)
            • yarder [ENG31-13672353-n] ((used only in combinations) the height or length of something in yards)
            • perch [ENG31-13672539-n] (a linear measure of 16.5 feet)
            • furlong [ENG31-13672690-n] (a unit of length equal to 220 yards)
            • mile [ENG31-13672836-n] (a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet)
            • miler [ENG31-13673138-n] ((used only in combinations) the length of something in miles)
            • half mile [ENG31-13673422-n] (a unit of length equal to half of 1 mile)
            • quarter mile [ENG31-13673549-n] (a unit of length equal to a quarter of 1 mile)
            • league [ENG31-13673684-n] (an obsolete unit of distance of variable length (usually 3 miles))
            • ligne [ENG31-13673821-n] (a linear unit (1/40 inch) used to measure diameter of buttons)
            • nail [ENG31-13673953-n] (a former unit of length for cloth equal to 1/16 of a yard)
            • archine [ENG31-13674061-n] (a Russian unit of length (71 cm))
            • kos [ENG31-13674147-n] ((in India) a unit of length having different values in different localities)
            • vara [ENG31-13674279-n] (a Spanish unit of length (about a yard) having different values in different localities)
            • verst [ENG31-13674417-n] (a Russian unit of length (1.067 km))
            • cable [ENG31-13674504-n] (a nautical unit of depth)
            • chain [ENG31-13674612-n] (a unit of length)

              • Gunter's chain [ENG31-13674772-n] (a unit of length (22 yards))
              • engineer's chain [ENG31-13674879-n] (a unit of length (100 ft))
              • nautical chain [ENG31-13682196-n] (a nautical unit of length (15 ft))
            • cubit [ENG31-13674967-n] (an ancient unit of length based on the length of the forearm)
            • finger [ENG31-13675079-n] (the length of breadth of a finger used as a linear measure)
            • fistmele [ENG31-13675233-n] (about seven inches)
            • body length [ENG31-13675439-n] (the length of your body)
            • handbreadth [ENG31-13675850-n] (any unit of length based on the breadth of the human hand)

              • hand [ENG31-13675711-n] (a unit of length equal to 4 inches)
            • head [ENG31-13675998-n] (the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head)
            • lea [ENG31-13676189-n] (a unit of length of thread or yarn)
            • li [ENG31-13676292-n] (Chinese distance measure)
            • link [ENG31-13676395-n] (a unit of length equal to 1/100 of a chain)
            • mesh [ENG31-13676507-n] (the number of openings per linear inch of a screen)
            • mil [ENG31-13676707-n] (a unit of length equal to one thousandth of an inch)
            • mile [ENG31-13676880-n] (a Swedish unit of length equivalent to 10 km)
            • mile [ENG31-13677032-n] (an ancient Roman unit of length equivalent to 1620 yards)
            • Roman pace [ENG31-13677188-n] (an ancient Roman unit of length (4.85 English feet) measured as the distance from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when next it touches the ground)
            • geometric pace [ENG31-13677408-n] (a modern version of the Roman pace now taken to be 5 feet)
            • military pace [ENG31-13677526-n] (the length of a single step in marching (taken to be 30 inches for quick time or 36 inches for double time))
            • palm [ENG31-13677693-n] (a linear unit based on the length or width of the human hand)
            • span [ENG31-13677822-n] (a unit of length based on the width of the expanded human hand (usually taken as 9 inches))
            • survey mile [ENG31-13677963-n] (a U.S. unit of measure equal to 1609.347 meters)
            • fathom [ENG31-13682290-n] (a linear unit of measurement (equal to 6 feet) for water depth)
            • point [ENG31-13734391-n] (a linear unit used to measure the size of type)
            • em [ENG31-13734533-n] (a linear unit (1/6 inch) used in printing)
            • en [ENG31-13734697-n] (half the width of an em)
            • cicero [ENG31-13734995-n] (a linear unit of the size of type slightly larger than an em)
          • metric unit [ENG31-13625518-n] (a decimal unit of measurement of the metric system (based on meters and kilograms and seconds))

            • metric weight unit [ENG31-13739260-n] (a decimal unit of weight based on the gram)

              • microgram [ENG31-13745039-n] (one millionth (1/1,000,000) gram)
              • milligram [ENG31-13745171-n] (one thousandth (1/1,000) gram)
              • nanogram [ENG31-13745299-n] (one billionth (1/1,000,000,000) gram)
              • grain [ENG31-13745414-n] (a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 carat)
              • decigram [ENG31-13745580-n] (1/10 gram)
              • carat [ENG31-13745687-n] (a unit of weight for precious stones = 200 mg)
              • gram [ENG31-13745822-n] (a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram)
              • gram atom [ENG31-13746009-n] (the quantity of an element whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element)
              • gram molecule [ENG31-13746191-n] (the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams)
              • dekagram [ENG31-13746460-n] (10 grams)
              • hectogram [ENG31-13746584-n] (100 grams)
              • kilogram [ENG31-13746692-n] (one thousand grams)

                • key [ENG31-13746948-n] (a kilogram of a narcotic drug)
              • myriagram [ENG31-13747087-n] (one ten thousandth of a centner)
              • centner [ENG31-13747218-n] (in some European countries: a unit of weight equivalent to 50 kilograms)
              • hundredweight [ENG31-13747381-n] (a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms)
              • quintal [ENG31-13747567-n] (a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms)
              • metric ton [ENG31-13747698-n] (a unit of weight equivalent to 1000 kilograms)
          • miles per gallon [ENG31-13625815-n] (the distance traveled in a vehicle powered by one gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel)
          • monetary unit [ENG31-13625961-n] (a unit of money)

            • dollar [ENG31-13683378-n] (the basic monetary unit in many countries)

              • Australian dollar [ENG31-13694072-n] (the basic unit of money in Australia and Nauru)
              • Bahamian dollar [ENG31-13694182-n] (the basic unit of money in the Bahamas)
              • Barbados dollar [ENG31-13694282-n] (the basic unit of money in Barbados)
              • Belize dollar [ENG31-13694379-n] (the basic unit of money in Belize)
              • Bermuda dollar [ENG31-13694472-n] (the basic unit of money in Bermuda)
              • Brunei dollar [ENG31-13694567-n] (the basic unit of money in Brunei)
              • Canadian dollar [ENG31-13694899-n] (the basic unit of money in Canada)
              • Cayman Islands dollar [ENG31-13695072-n] (the basic unit of money in the Cayman Islands)
              • Dominican dollar [ENG31-13695185-n] (the basic unit of money in Dominica)
              • Fiji dollar [ENG31-13695283-n] (the basic unit of money in Fiji)
              • Grenada dollar [ENG31-13695372-n] (the basic unit of money in Grenada)
              • Guyana dollar [ENG31-13695467-n] (the basic unit of money in Guyana)
              • Hong Kong dollar [ENG31-13695560-n] (the basic unit of money in Hong Kong)
              • Jamaican dollar [ENG31-13695659-n] (the basic unit of money in Jamaica)
              • Kiribati dollar [ENG31-13695755-n] (the basic unit of money in Kiribati)
              • Liberian dollar [ENG31-13695852-n] (the basic unit of money in Liberia)
              • New Zealand dollar [ENG31-13695948-n] (the basic unit of money in New Zealand)
              • Singapore dollar [ENG31-13696051-n] (the basic unit of money in Singapore)
              • Taiwan dollar [ENG31-13696150-n] (the basic unit of money in Taiwan)
              • Trinidad and Tobago dollar [ENG31-13696243-n] (the basic unit of money in Trinidad and Tobago)
              • Tuvalu dollar [ENG31-13696362-n] (the basic unit of money in Tuvalu)
              • United States dollar [ENG31-13696455-n] (the basic unit of money in the United States)

                • Eurodollar [ENG31-13696584-n] (a United States dollar deposited in a European bank and used as an international currency to finance trade)
              • Zimbabwean dollar [ENG31-13696765-n] (the basic unit of money in Zimbabwe)
            • euro [ENG31-13683925-n] (the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999))
            • franc [ENG31-13684295-n] (the basic monetary unit in many countries)

              • Belgian franc [ENG31-13699002-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Belgium)
              • Benin franc [ENG31-13699124-n] (the basic unit of money in Benin)
              • Burundi franc [ENG31-13699214-n] (the basic unit of money in Burundi)
              • Cameroon franc [ENG31-13699327-n] (the basic unit of money in Cameroon)
              • Central African Republic franc [ENG31-13699442-n] (the basic unit of money in the Central African Republic)
              • Chadian franc [ENG31-13699574-n] (the basic unit of money in Chad)
              • Congo franc [ENG31-13699684-n] (the basic unit of money in the Congo)
              • Djibouti franc [ENG31-13699797-n] (the basic unit of money in Djibouti)
              • French franc [ENG31-13699893-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in France)
              • Gabon franc [ENG31-13699994-n] (the basic unit of money in Gabon)
              • Ivory Coast franc [ENG31-13700103-n] (the basic unit of money in the Ivory Coast)
              • Luxembourg franc [ENG31-13700250-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Luxembourg)
              • Madagascar franc [ENG31-13700378-n] (the basic unit of money in Madagascar)
              • Mali franc [ENG31-13700478-n] (the basic unit of money in Mali)
              • Niger franc [ENG31-13700585-n] (the basic unit of money in Niger)
              • Rwanda franc [ENG31-13700694-n] (the basic unit of money in Rwanda)
              • Senegalese franc [ENG31-13700805-n] (the basic unit of money in Senegal)
              • Swiss franc [ENG31-13700921-n] (the basic unit of money in Switzerland)
              • Togo franc [ENG31-13701036-n] (the basic unit of money in Togo)
              • Burkina Faso franc [ENG31-13701143-n] (the basic unit of money in Burkina Faso)
              • Guinean franc [ENG31-13729909-n] (the basic unit of money in Guinea)
            • fractional monetary unit [ENG31-13684808-n] (a monetary unit that is valued at a fraction (usually one hundredth) of the basic monetary unit)

              • cent [ENG31-13686626-n] (a fractional monetary unit of several countries)
              • centesimo [ENG31-13686913-n] (a fractional monetary unit of several countries: Panama and Italy and Uruguay and Chile)
              • centimo [ENG31-13687132-n] (a fractional monetary unit of Venezuela and Costa Rica and Equatorial Guinea and Paraguay and Spain)
              • centavo [ENG31-13687361-n] (a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal)
              • centime [ENG31-13688070-n] (a fractional monetary unit of several countries: France and Algeria and Belgium and Burkina Faso and Burundi and Cameroon and Chad and the Congo and Gabon and Haiti and the Ivory Coast and Luxembourg and Mali and Morocco and Niger and Rwanda and Senegal and Switzerland and Togo)

                • Algerian centime [ENG31-13690737-n] (100 centimes equal 1 dinar in Algeria)
                • Haitian centime [ENG31-13701482-n] (100 centimes equal 1 gourde in Haiti)
              • fils [ENG31-13691111-n] (a fractional monetary unit in Bahrain and Iraq and Jordan and Kuwait)
              • sen [ENG31-13694660-n] (a fractional monetary unit of Japan and Indonesia and Cambodia)
              • ore [ENG31-13704555-n] (a monetary subunit in Denmark and Norway and Sweden)
              • piaster [ENG31-13716265-n] (a fractional monetary unit in Egypt and Lebanon and Sudan and Syria)
              • penny [ENG31-13716472-n] (a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom)
              • paisa [ENG31-13726047-n] (a fractional monetary unit in Bangladesh and India and Nepal and Pakistan)
            • Afghan monetary unit [ENG31-13685182-n] (monetary unit in the Islamic State of Afghanistan)

              • afghani [ENG31-13685334-n] (the basic unit of money in Afghanistan)
              • pul [ENG31-13685445-n] (100 puls equal 1 afghani in Afghanistan)
            • Argentine monetary unit [ENG31-13685553-n] (monetary unit in Argentina)

              • austral [ENG31-13685667-n] (the basic unit of money in Argentina)
            • Thai monetary unit [ENG31-13685799-n] (monetary unit in Thailand)

              • baht [ENG31-13685925-n] (the basic unit of money in Thailand)
              • satang [ENG31-13686038-n] (100 satangs equal 1 baht in Thailand)
            • Panamanian monetary unit [ENG31-13686146-n] (monetary unit in Panama)

              • balboa [ENG31-13686258-n] (the basic unit of money in Panama)
            • Ethiopian monetary unit [ENG31-13686388-n] (monetary unit in Ethiopia)

              • birr [ENG31-13686501-n] (the basic unit of money in Ethiopia)
            • Venezuelan monetary unit [ENG31-13688780-n] (monetary unit of Venezuela)

              • bolivar [ENG31-13688895-n] (the basic unit of money in Venezuela)
            • Ghanian monetary unit [ENG31-13689027-n] (monetary unit of Ghana)

              • cedi [ENG31-13689153-n] (the basic unit of money in Ghana)
              • pesewa [ENG31-13689255-n] (100 pesewas equal 1 cedi in Ghana)
            • Costa Rican monetary unit [ENG31-13689360-n] (monetary unit in Costa Rica)

              • colon [ENG31-13689477-n] (the basic unit of money in Costa Rica)
            • El Salvadoran monetary unit [ENG31-13689628-n] (monetary unit in El Salvador)

              • colon [ENG31-13689748-n] (the basic unit of money in El Salvador)
            • Brazilian monetary unit [ENG31-13689902-n] (monetary unit in Brazil)

              • real [ENG31-13690013-n] (the basic unit of money in Brazil)
            • Gambian monetary unit [ENG31-13690139-n] (monetary unit in Gambia)

              • dalasi [ENG31-13690266-n] (the basic unit of money in Gambia)
              • butut [ENG31-13690371-n] (100 bututs equal 1 dalasi in Gambia)
            • Algerian monetary unit [ENG31-13690485-n] (monetary unit in Algeria)

              • Algerian dinar [ENG31-13690596-n] (the basic unit of money in Algeria)
            • Bahrainian monetary unit [ENG31-13690856-n] (monetary unit in Bahrain)

              • Bahrain dinar [ENG31-13690969-n] (the basic unit of money in Bahrain)
            • Iraqi monetary unit [ENG31-13691342-n] (monetary unit in Iraq)

              • Iraqi dinar [ENG31-13691447-n] (the basic unit of money in Iraq)
            • Jordanian monetary unit [ENG31-13691584-n] (monetary unit in Jordan)

              • Jordanian dinar [ENG31-13691695-n] (the basic unit of money in Jordan)
            • Kuwaiti monetary unit [ENG31-13691838-n] (monetary unit in Kuwait)

              • Kuwaiti dinar [ENG31-13691965-n] (the basic unit of money in Kuwait)
              • Kuwaiti dirham [ENG31-13692103-n] (worth one tenth of a Kuwaiti dinar)
            • Libyan monetary unit [ENG31-13692261-n] (monetary unit in Libya)

              • Libyan dinar [ENG31-13692386-n] (the basic unit of money in Libya)
              • Libyan dirham [ENG31-13692504-n] (100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Libya)
            • Tunisian monetary unit [ENG31-13692626-n] (monetary unit in Tunisia)

              • Tunisian dinar [ENG31-13692773-n] (the basic unit of money in Tunisia)
              • Tunisian dirham [ENG31-13692895-n] (100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Tunisia)
              • millime [ENG31-13693040-n] (1,000 millimes equal 1 dinar in Tunisia)
            • Yugoslavian monetary unit [ENG31-13693152-n] (monetary unit in Yugoslavia)

              • Yugoslavian dinar [ENG31-13693287-n] (the basic unit of money in Yugoslavia)
              • para [ENG31-13693415-n] (100 para equal 1 dinar in Yugoslavia)
            • Moroccan monetary unit [ENG31-13693521-n] (monetary unit in Morocco)

              • Moroccan dirham [ENG31-13693632-n] (the basic unit of money in Morocco)
            • United Arab Emirate monetary unit [ENG31-13693779-n] (monetary unit in the United Arab Emirates)

              • United Arab Emirate dirham [ENG31-13693918-n] (the basic unit of money in the United Arab Emirates)
            • Vietnamese monetary unit [ENG31-13696864-n] (monetary unit in Vietnam)

              • dong [ENG31-13696995-n] (the basic unit of money in Vietnam)
              • hao [ENG31-13697099-n] (10 hao equal 1 dong in Vietnam)
            • Greek monetary unit [ENG31-13697198-n] (monetary unit in Greece)

              • drachma [ENG31-13697323-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Greece)
              • lepton [ENG31-13697454-n] (100 lepta equal 1 drachma in Greece)
            • Sao Thome e Principe monetary unit [ENG31-13697561-n] (monetary unit on Sao Tome e Principe)

              • dobra [ENG31-13697696-n] (the basic unit of money on Sao Tome e Principe)
            • Cape Verde monetary unit [ENG31-13697813-n] (monetary unit on Cape Verde)

              • Cape Verde escudo [ENG31-13697929-n] (the basic unit of money on Cape Verde)
            • Portuguese monetary unit [ENG31-13698081-n] (monetary unit in Portugal)

              • Portuguese escudo [ENG31-13698213-n] (formerly the basic monetary unit of Portugal)
              • conto [ENG31-13698390-n] (1 conto equals 1,000 escudos in Portugal)
            • Hungarian monetary unit [ENG31-13698501-n] (monetary unit in Hungary)

              • forint [ENG31-13698649-n] (the basic unit of money in Hungary)
              • filler [ENG31-13698755-n] (100 filler equal 1 forint in Hungary)
              • pengo [ENG31-13698863-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Hungary until it was replaced by the forint in 1946)
            • Haitian monetary unit [ENG31-13701266-n] (the monetary unit in Haiti)

              • gourde [ENG31-13701378-n] (the basic unit of money in Haiti)
            • Paraguayan monetary unit [ENG31-13701599-n] (monetary unit in Paraguay)

              • guarani [ENG31-13701713-n] (the basic unit of money in Paraguay)
            • Dutch monetary unit [ENG31-13701844-n] (monetary unit in the Netherlands)

              • guilder [ENG31-13701960-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in the Netherlands)
            • Surinamese monetary unit [ENG31-13702137-n] (monetary unit in Suriname)

              • guilder [ENG31-13702251-n] (the basic unit of money in Suriname)
            • Peruvian monetary unit [ENG31-13702378-n] (monetary unit in Peru)

              • inti [ENG31-13702486-n] (the basic unit of money in Peru)
            • Papuan monetary unit [ENG31-13702568-n] (monetary unit in Papua New Guinea)

              • kina [ENG31-13702704-n] (the basic unit of money in Papua New Guinea)
              • toea [ENG31-13702817-n] (100 toea equal 1 kina in Papua New Guinea)
            • Laotian monetary unit [ENG31-13702928-n] (monetary unit in Laos)

              • kip [ENG31-13703053-n] (the basic unit of money in Laos)
              • at [ENG31-13703153-n] (100 at equal 1 kip in Laos)
            • Czech monetary unit [ENG31-13703247-n] (monetary unit in Czech Republic)

              • koruna [ENG31-13703380-n] (the basic unit of money in Czech Republic)
              • haler [ENG31-13703512-n] (100 halers equal 1 koruna in Czech Republic)
            • Slovakian monetary unit [ENG31-13703635-n] (monetary unit in Slovakia)

              • koruna [ENG31-13703766-n] (the basic unit of money in Slovakia)
              • haler [ENG31-13703854-n] (100 halers equal 1 koruna Slovakia)
            • Icelandic monetary unit [ENG31-13703968-n] (monetary unit in Iceland)

              • Icelandic krona [ENG31-13704098-n] (the basic unit of money in Iceland)
              • eyrir [ENG31-13704221-n] (100 aurar equal 1 krona in Iceland)
            • Swedish monetary unit [ENG31-13704326-n] (monetary unit in Sweden)

              • Swedish krona [ENG31-13704435-n] (the basic unit of money in Sweden)
            • Danish monetary unit [ENG31-13704736-n] (monetary unit in Denmark)

              • Danish krone [ENG31-13704845-n] (the basic unit of money in Denmark)
            • Norwegian monetary unit [ENG31-13704965-n] (monetary unit in Norway)

              • Norwegian krone [ENG31-13705076-n] (the basic unit of money in Norway)
            • Malawian monetary unit [ENG31-13705198-n] (monetary unit in Malawi)

              • Malawi kwacha [ENG31-13705326-n] (the basic unit of money in Malawi)
              • tambala [ENG31-13705447-n] (100 tambala equal 1 kwacha in Malawi)
            • Zambian monetary unit [ENG31-13705556-n] (monetary unit in Zambia)

              • Zambian kwacha [ENG31-13705683-n] (the basic unit of money in Zambia)
              • ngwee [ENG31-13705805-n] (100 ngwee equal 1 kwacha in Zambia)
            • Angolan monetary unit [ENG31-13705910-n] (monetary unit in Angola)

              • kwanza [ENG31-13706037-n] (the basic unit of money in Angola)
              • lwei [ENG31-13706142-n] (100 lwei equal 1 kwanza in Angola)
            • Myanmar monetary unit [ENG31-13706245-n] (monetary unit in the Union of Burma)

              • kyat [ENG31-13706403-n] (the basic unit of money in Myanmar)
              • pya [ENG31-13706507-n] (100 pyas equal 1 kyat in Myanmar)
            • Albanian monetary unit [ENG31-13706608-n] (monetary unit in Albania)

              • lek [ENG31-13706737-n] (the basic unit of money in Albania)
              • qindarka [ENG31-13706840-n] (100 qindarka equal 1 lek in Albania)
            • Honduran monetary unit [ENG31-13706958-n] (monetary unit in Honduras)

              • lempira [ENG31-13707070-n] (the basic unit of money in Honduras)
            • Sierra Leone monetary unit [ENG31-13707201-n] (monetary unit in Sierra Leone)

              • leone [ENG31-13707321-n] (the basic unit of money in Sierra Leone)
            • Romanian monetary unit [ENG31-13707451-n] (monetary unit in Romania)

              • leu [ENG31-13707580-n] (the basic unit of money in Romania)
              • ban [ENG31-13707683-n] (100 bani equal 1 leu in Romania)
            • Bulgarian monetary unit [ENG31-13707783-n] (monetary unit in Bulgaria)

              • lev [ENG31-13707914-n] (the basic unit of money in Bulgaria)
              • stotinka [ENG31-13708018-n] (100 stotinka equal 1 lev in Bulgaria)
            • Swaziland monetary unit [ENG31-13708128-n] (monetary unit in Swaziland)

              • lilangeni [ENG31-13708242-n] (the basic unit of money in Swaziland)
            • Italian monetary unit [ENG31-13708373-n] (monetary unit in Italy)

              • lira [ENG31-13708481-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Italy)
            • British monetary unit [ENG31-13708631-n] (monetary unit in Great Britain)

              • British pound [ENG31-13708765-n] (the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
              • British shilling [ENG31-13708982-n] (a former monetary unit in Great Britain)
            • Turkish monetary unit [ENG31-13709120-n] (monetary unit in Turkey)

              • lira [ENG31-13709265-n] (the basic unit of money in Turkey)
              • kurus [ENG31-13709383-n] (100 kurus equal 1 lira in Turkey)
              • asper [ENG31-13709525-n] (20 aspers equal 1 kurus in Turkey)
            • Lesotho monetary unit [ENG31-13709629-n] (monetary unit in Lesotho)

              • loti [ENG31-13709757-n] (the basic unit of money in Lesotho)
              • sente [ENG31-13709861-n] (100 lisente equal 1 loti in Lesotho)
            • German monetary unit [ENG31-13710011-n] (monetary unit in Germany)

              • mark [ENG31-13710138-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Germany)
              • pfennig [ENG31-13710295-n] (100 pfennigs formerly equaled 1 Deutsche Mark in Germany)
            • Finnish monetary unit [ENG31-13710424-n] (monetary unit in Finland)

              • markka [ENG31-13710552-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Finland)
              • penni [ENG31-13710682-n] (100 pennia formerly equaled 1 markka in Finland)
            • Mozambique monetary unit [ENG31-13710800-n] (monetary unit in Mozambique)

              • metical [ENG31-13710916-n] (the basic unit of money in Mozambique)
            • Nigerian monetary unit [ENG31-13711049-n] (monetary unit in Nigeria)

              • naira [ENG31-13711178-n] (the basic unit of money in Nigeria)
              • kobo [ENG31-13711283-n] (100 kobos equal 1 naira in Nigeria)
            • Bhutanese monetary unit [ENG31-13711387-n] (monetary unit in Bhutan)

              • ngultrum [ENG31-13711516-n] (the basic unit of money in Bhutan)
              • chetrum [ENG31-13711623-n] (100 chetrums equal 1 ngultrum in Bhutan)
            • Mauritanian monetary unit [ENG31-13711735-n] (monetary unit in Mauritania)

              • ouguiya [ENG31-13711870-n] (the basic unit of money in Mauritania)
              • khoum [ENG31-13711980-n] (5 khoums equal 1 ouguiya in Mauritania)
            • Tongan monetary unit [ENG31-13712089-n] (monetary unit in Tonga)

              • pa'anga [ENG31-13712214-n] (the basic unit of money in Tonga)
              • seniti [ENG31-13712319-n] (100 seniti equal 1 pa'anga in Tonga)
            • Macao monetary unit [ENG31-13712426-n] (monetary unit in Macao)

              • pataca [ENG31-13712550-n] (the basic unit of money in Macao)
              • avo [ENG31-13712654-n] (100 avos equal 1 pataca in Macao)
            • Spanish monetary unit [ENG31-13712755-n] (monetary unit in Spain)

              • peseta [ENG31-13712863-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Spain)
            • Bolivian monetary unit [ENG31-13713016-n] (monetary unit in Bolivia)

              • boliviano [ENG31-13713127-n] (the basic unit of money in Bolivia)
            • Nicaraguan monetary unit [ENG31-13713259-n] (monetary unit in Nicaragua)

              • cordoba [ENG31-13713374-n] (the basic unit of money in Nicaragua)
            • Chilean monetary unit [ENG31-13713506-n] (monetary unit in Chile)

              • Chilean peso [ENG31-13713614-n] (the basic unit of money in Chile)
            • Colombian monetary unit [ENG31-13713756-n] (monetary unit in Colombia)

              • Colombian peso [ENG31-13713869-n] (the basic unit of money in Colombia)
            • Cuban monetary unit [ENG31-13714014-n] (monetary unit in Cuba)

              • Cuban peso [ENG31-13714119-n] (the basic unit of money in Cuba)
            • Dominican monetary unit [ENG31-13714256-n] (monetary unit in the Dominican Republic)

              • Dominican peso [ENG31-13714383-n] (the basic unit of money in the Dominican Republic)
            • Guinea-Bissau monetary unit [ENG31-13714542-n] (monetary unit in Guinea-Bissau)

              • Guinea-Bissau peso [ENG31-13714664-n] (the basic unit of money in Guinea-Bissau)
            • Mexican monetary unit [ENG31-13714818-n] (monetary unit in Mexico)

              • Mexican peso [ENG31-13714927-n] (the basic unit of money in Mexico)
            • Philippine monetary unit [ENG31-13715068-n] (monetary unit in the Philippines)

              • Philippine peso [ENG31-13715189-n] (the basic unit of money in the Philippines)
            • Uruguayan monetary unit [ENG31-13715342-n] (monetary unit in Uruguay)

              • Uruguayan peso [ENG31-13715454-n] (the basic unit of money in Uruguay)
            • Cypriot monetary unit [ENG31-13715619-n] (monetary unit in Cyprus)

              • Cypriot pound [ENG31-13715746-n] (the basic unit of money in Cyprus)
              • mil [ENG31-13715886-n] (a Cypriot monetary unit equal to one thousandth of a pound)
            • Egyptian monetary unit [ENG31-13716013-n] (monetary unit in Egypt)

              • Egyptian pound [ENG31-13716122-n] (the basic unit of money in Egypt)
            • Irish monetary unit [ENG31-13716657-n] (monetary unit in Eire)

              • Irish pound [ENG31-13716762-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland)
            • Lebanese monetary unit [ENG31-13716930-n] (monetary unit in Lebanon)

              • Lebanese pound [ENG31-13717041-n] (the basic unit of money in Lebanon)
            • Maltese monetary unit [ENG31-13717186-n] (monetary unit on Malta)

              • lira [ENG31-13717294-n] (the basic unit of money on Malta)
            • Sudanese monetary unit [ENG31-13717412-n] (monetary unit in the Sudan)

              • Sudanese pound [ENG31-13717525-n] (the basic unit of money in the Sudan)
            • Syrian monetary unit [ENG31-13717672-n] (monetary unit in Syria)

              • Syrian pound [ENG31-13717779-n] (the basic unit of money in Syria)
            • Botswana monetary unit [ENG31-13717920-n] (monetary unit in Botswana)

              • pula [ENG31-13718050-n] (the basic unit of money in Botswana)
              • thebe [ENG31-13718155-n] (100 thebe equal 1 pula in Botswana)
            • Guatemalan monetary unit [ENG31-13718260-n] (monetary unit in Guatemala)

              • quetzal [ENG31-13718375-n] (the basic unit of money in Guatemala)
            • South African monetary unit [ENG31-13718507-n] (monetary unit in South Africa)

              • rand [ENG31-13718628-n] (the basic unit of money in South Africa)
            • Iranian monetary unit [ENG31-13718757-n] (monetary unit in Iran)

              • Iranian rial [ENG31-13718882-n] (the basic unit of money in Iran)
              • Iranian dinar [ENG31-13718998-n] (100 dinars equal 1 rial in Iran)
            • Omani monetary unit [ENG31-13719116-n] (monetary unit in Oman)

              • riyal-omani [ENG31-13719239-n] (the basic unit of money in Oman)
              • baiza [ENG31-13719367-n] (1,000 baiza equal 1 riyal-omani in Oman)
            • Yemeni monetary unit [ENG31-13719485-n] (monetary unit in Yemen)

              • Yemeni rial [ENG31-13719610-n] (the basic unit of money in Yemen)
              • Yemeni fils [ENG31-13719726-n] (100 Yemeni fils are worth one Yemeni rial)
            • Cambodian monetary unit [ENG31-13719832-n] (monetary unit in Cambodia)

              • riel [ENG31-13719945-n] (the basic unit of money in Cambodia)
            • Malaysian monetary unit [ENG31-13720068-n] (monetary unit is Malaysia)

              • ringgit [ENG31-13720181-n] (the basic unit of money in Malaysia)
            • Qatari monetary unit [ENG31-13720307-n] (monetary unit in Qatar)

              • Qatari riyal [ENG31-13720432-n] (the basic unit of money in Qatar)
              • Qatari dirham [ENG31-13720550-n] (100 dirhams equal 1 riyal in Qatar)
            • Saudi Arabian monetary unit [ENG31-13720672-n] (monetary unit in Saudi Arabia)

              • Saudi Arabian riyal [ENG31-13720811-n] (the basic unit of money in Saudi Arabia)
              • qurush [ENG31-13720943-n] (20 qurush equal 1 riyal in Saudi Arabia)
            • Russian monetary unit [ENG31-13721054-n] (monetary unit in Russia)

              • ruble [ENG31-13721181-n] (the basic unit of money in Russia)
              • kopek [ENG31-13721294-n] (100 kopecks equal 1 ruble in Russia)
            • Armenian monetary unit [ENG31-13721418-n] (monetary unit in Armenia)

              • dram [ENG31-13721547-n] (the basic unit of money in Armenia)
              • lumma [ENG31-13721632-n] (100 lumma equal 1 dram in Armenia)
            • Azerbaijani monetary unit [ENG31-13721717-n] (monetary unit in Azerbaijan)

              • manat [ENG31-13721852-n] (the basic unit of money in Azerbaijan)
              • qepiq [ENG31-13721941-n] (100 qepiq equal 1 manat in Azerbaijan)
            • Belarusian monetary unit [ENG31-13722030-n] (monetary unit in Belarus)

              • rubel [ENG31-13722161-n] (the basic unit of money in Belarus)
              • kapeika [ENG31-13722247-n] (100 kapeikas equal 1 rubel in Belarus)
            • Estonian monetary unit [ENG31-13722338-n] (monetary unit in Estonia)

              • kroon [ENG31-13722467-n] (the basic unit of money in Estonia)
              • sent [ENG31-13722553-n] (100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia)
            • Georgian monetary unit [ENG31-13722638-n] (monetary unit in Georgia)

              • lari [ENG31-13722767-n] (the basic unit of money in Georgia)
              • tetri [ENG31-13722871-n] (100 tetri equal 1 lari in Georgia)
            • Kazakhstani monetary unit [ENG31-13722975-n] (monetary unit in Kazakhstan)

              • tenge [ENG31-13723110-n] (the basic unit of money in Kazakhstan)
              • tiyin [ENG31-13723199-n] (100 tiyin equal 1 tenge in Kazakhstan)
            • Latvian monetary unit [ENG31-13723288-n] (monetary unit in Latvia)

              • lats [ENG31-13723415-n] (the basic unit of money in Latvia)
              • santims [ENG31-13723499-n] (100 santimi equal 1 lats in Latvia)
            • Lithuanian monetary unit [ENG31-13723587-n] (monetary unit in Lithuania)

              • litas [ENG31-13723720-n] (the basic unit of money in Lithuania)
              • centas [ENG31-13723808-n] (100 centas equal 1 litas in Lithuania)
            • Kyrgyzstani monetary unit [ENG31-13723898-n] (monetary unit in Kyrgyzstan)

              • som [ENG31-13724033-n] (the basic unit of money in Kyrgyzstan)
              • tyiyn [ENG31-13724120-n] (100 tyiyn equal 1 som in Kyrgyzstan)
            • Moldovan monetary unit [ENG31-13724207-n] (monetary unit in Moldova)

              • leu [ENG31-13724336-n] (the basic unit of money in Moldova)
              • ban [ENG31-13724420-n] (100 bani equal 1 leu in Moldova)
            • Tajikistani monetary unit [ENG31-13724501-n] (monetary unit in Tajikistan)

              • ruble [ENG31-13724636-n] (the basic unit of money in Tajikistan)
              • tanga [ENG31-13724725-n] (100 tanga equal 1 Tajikistani ruble)
            • Turkmen monetary unit [ENG31-13724812-n] (monetary unit in Turkmenistan)

              • manat [ENG31-13724945-n] (the basic unit of money in Turkmenistan)
              • tenge [ENG31-13725036-n] (100 tenge equal 1 manat in Turkmenistan)
            • Ukranian monetary unit [ENG31-13725127-n] (monetary unit in Ukraine)

              • hryvnia [ENG31-13725256-n] (the basic unit of money in Ukraine)
              • kopiyka [ENG31-13725363-n] (100 kopiykas equal 1 hryvnia in Ukraine)
            • Uzbekistani monetary unit [ENG31-13725475-n] (monetary unit in Uzbekistan)

              • som [ENG31-13725610-n] (the basic unit of money in Uzbekistan)
              • tiyin [ENG31-13725697-n] (100 tiyin equal 1 som in Uzbekistan)
            • Indian monetary unit [ENG31-13725784-n] (monetary unit in India)

              • Indian rupee [ENG31-13725909-n] (the basic unit of money in India)
              • anna [ENG31-13726523-n] (a former copper coin of Pakistan and India)
            • Pakistani monetary unit [ENG31-13726248-n] (monetary unit in Pakistan)

              • Pakistani rupee [ENG31-13726379-n] (the basic unit of money in Pakistan)
            • Mauritian monetary unit [ENG31-13726634-n] (monetary unit in Mauritius)

              • Mauritian rupee [ENG31-13726748-n] (the basic unit of money in Mauritius)
            • Nepalese monetary unit [ENG31-13726893-n] (monetary unit in Nepal)

              • Nepalese rupee [ENG31-13727002-n] (the basic unit of money in Nepal)
            • Seychelles monetary unit [ENG31-13727142-n] (monetary unit in Seychelles)

              • Seychelles rupee [ENG31-13727258-n] (the basic unit of money in Seychelles)
            • Sri Lankan monetary unit [ENG31-13727405-n] (monetary unit in Sri Lanka)

              • Sri Lanka rupee [ENG31-13727520-n] (the basic unit of money in Sri Lanka)
            • Indonesian monetary unit [ENG31-13727664-n] (monetary unit in Indonesia)

              • rupiah [ENG31-13727779-n] (the basic unit of money in Indonesia)
            • Austrian monetary unit [ENG31-13727905-n] (monetary unit in Austria)

              • schilling [ENG31-13728034-n] (formerly the basic unit of money in Austria)
              • groschen [ENG31-13728173-n] (100 groschen equal 1 schilling in Austria)
            • Israeli monetary unit [ENG31-13728288-n] (monetary unit in Israel)

              • shekel [ENG31-13728415-n] (the basic unit of money in Israel)
              • agora [ENG31-13728520-n] (100 agorot equal 1 shekel in Israel)
            • Kenyan monetary unit [ENG31-13728626-n] (monetary unit in Kenya)

              • Kenyan shilling [ENG31-13728733-n] (the basic unit of money in Kenya)
            • Somalian monetary unit [ENG31-13728858-n] (monetary unit in Somalia)

              • Somalian shilling [ENG31-13728969-n] (the basic unit of money in Somalia)
            • Tanzanian monetary unit [ENG31-13729098-n] (monetary unit in Tanzania)

              • Tanzanian shilling [ENG31-13729211-n] (the basic unit of money in Tanzania)
            • Ugandan monetary unit [ENG31-13729342-n] (monetary unit in Uganda)

              • Ugandan shilling [ENG31-13729451-n] (the basic unit of money in Uganda)
            • Ecuadoran monetary unit [ENG31-13729578-n] (monetary unit in Ecuador)

              • sucre [ENG31-13729690-n] (the basic unit of money in Ecuador)
            • Guinean monetary unit [ENG31-13729818-n] (monetary unit in Guinea)
            • Bangladeshi monetary unit [ENG31-13730002-n] (monetary unit in Bangladesh)

              • taka [ENG31-13730119-n] (the basic unit of money in Bangladesh)
            • Western Samoan monetary unit [ENG31-13730246-n] (monetary unit in Western Samoa)

              • tala [ENG31-13730387-n] (the basic unit of money in Western Samoa)
              • sene [ENG31-13730497-n] (100 sene equal 1 tala in Western Samoa)
            • Mongolian monetary unit [ENG31-13730605-n] (monetary unit in Mongolia)

              • tugrik [ENG31-13730736-n] (the basic unit of money in Mongolia)
              • mongo [ENG31-13730853-n] (100 mongo equal 1 tugrik in Mongolia)
            • North Korean monetary unit [ENG31-13730960-n] (monetary unit in North Korea)

              • North Korean won [ENG31-13731097-n] (the basic unit of money in North Korea)
              • chon [ENG31-13731223-n] (100 chon equal 1 won in North Korea)
            • South Korean monetary unit [ENG31-13731328-n] (monetary unit in South Korea)

              • South Korean won [ENG31-13731465-n] (the basic unit of money in South Korea)
              • chon [ENG31-13731591-n] (100 chon equal 1 won in South Korea)
            • Japanese monetary unit [ENG31-13731696-n] (monetary unit in Japan)

              • yen [ENG31-13731805-n] (the basic unit of money in Japan)
            • Chinese monetary unit [ENG31-13731924-n] (the monetary unit in the People's Republic of China)

              • yuan [ENG31-13732097-n] (the basic unit of money in China)
              • jiao [ENG31-13732206-n] (10 jiao equal 1 yuan in China)
              • fen [ENG31-13732324-n] (100 fen equal 1 yuan in China)
            • Zairese monetary unit [ENG31-13732422-n] (monetary unit in Zaire)

              • zaire [ENG31-13732548-n] (the basic unit of money in Zaire)
              • likuta [ENG31-13732651-n] (100 makuta equal 1 zaire in Zaire)
            • Polish monetary unit [ENG31-13732756-n] (monetary unit in Poland)

              • zloty [ENG31-13732882-n] (the basic unit of money in Poland)
              • grosz [ENG31-13732986-n] (100 groszy equal 1 zloty in Poland)
          • megaflop [ENG31-13628430-n] ((computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system)
          • teraflop [ENG31-13628648-n] ((computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system)
          • MIPS [ENG31-13628859-n] ((computer science) a unit for measuring the execution speed of a computer's CPU (but not the whole system))
          • pain unit [ENG31-13629116-n] (a unit measuring the intensity of pain)

            • dol [ENG31-13733091-n] (a unit of pain intensity)
          • pressure unit [ENG31-13629228-n] (a unit measuring force per unit area)

            • standard atmosphere [ENG31-13733165-n] (a unit of pressure: the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at sea level and 0 degrees centigrade)

              • STP [ENG31-13802551-n] (standard temperature and pressure)
            • pascal [ENG31-13733408-n] (a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter)
            • torr [ENG31-13733521-n] (a unit of pressure equal to 0.001316 atmosphere)
            • pounds per square inch [ENG31-13733675-n] (a unit of pressure)
            • millibar [ENG31-13733768-n] (a unit of atmospheric pressure equal to one thousandth of a bar)
            • bar [ENG31-13733960-n] ((meteorology) a unit of pressure equal to a million dynes per square centimeter)
            • barye [ENG31-13734225-n] (the absolute unit of pressure equal to one dyne per square centimeter)
          • printing unit [ENG31-13629450-n] (a unit of measurement for printing)

            • milline [ENG31-13735264-n] (an advertising measure)
          • sound unit [ENG31-13629562-n] (any acoustic unit of measurement)

            • Bel [ENG31-13735626-n] (a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels)
            • decibel [ENG31-13735738-n] (a logarithmic unit of sound intensity)
            • sone [ENG31-13735922-n] (a unit of perceived loudness equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz tone at 40 dB above threshold)
            • phon [ENG31-13736088-n] (a unit of subjective loudness)
          • telephone unit [ENG31-13629723-n] (a unit of measurement for telephone use)

            • Erlang [ENG31-13736187-n] (a unit of traffic intensity in a telephone system)
          • temperature unit [ENG31-13629841-n] (a unit of measurement for temperature)

            • degree [ENG31-13736289-n] (a unit of temperature on a specified scale)

              • degree centigrade [ENG31-13736596-n] (a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature)

                • standard temperature [ENG31-13737229-n] (exactly zero degrees centigrade)
              • degree Fahrenheit [ENG31-13736746-n] (a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature)
            • millidegree [ENG31-13736481-n] (a unit of temperature equal to one-thousandth of a degree)
            • kelvin [ENG31-13736861-n] (the basic unit of thermodynamic temperature adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites)
            • Rankine [ENG31-13737010-n] (a unit of temperature on the Rankine scale)
            • degree day [ENG31-13737106-n] (a unit used in estimating fuel requirements for heating a building)
          • weight unit [ENG31-13630031-n] (a unit used to measure weight)

            • troy unit [ENG31-13738791-n] (any of the unit of the troy system of weights)

              • grain [ENG31-13743998-n] (1/60 dram)
              • pennyweight [ENG31-13744303-n] (a unit of apothecary weight equal to 24 grains)
              • ounce [ENG31-13744627-n] (a unit of apothecary weight equal to 480 grains or one twelfth of a troy pound)
              • troy pound [ENG31-13744867-n] (an apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces or 373.242 grams)
            • apothecaries' unit [ENG31-13738983-n] (any weight unit used in pharmacy)

              • scruple [ENG31-13744165-n] (a unit of apothecary weight equal to 20 grains)
              • dram [ENG31-13744445-n] (a unit of apothecary weight equal to an eighth of an ounce or to 60 grains)
            • arroba [ENG31-13739724-n] (a unit of weight used in some Spanish speaking countries)
            • catty [ENG31-13739833-n] (any of various units of weight used in southeastern Asia (especially a Chinese measure equal to 500 grams))
            • crith [ENG31-13740019-n] (the weight of a liter of hydrogen (at 0 centigrade and 760 millimeters pressure))
            • frail [ENG31-13740151-n] (the weight of a frail (basket) full of raisins or figs)
            • last [ENG31-13740283-n] (a unit of weight equal to 4,000 pounds)
            • maund [ENG31-13740372-n] (a unit of weight used in Asia)
            • obolus [ENG31-13740556-n] (a Greek unit of weight equal to one tenth of a gram)
            • oka [ENG31-13740679-n] (a Turkish unit of weight equal to about 2.75 pounds)
            • picul [ENG31-13740780-n] (a unit of weight used in some parts of Asia)
            • pood [ENG31-13740943-n] (a Russian unit of weight equal to approximately 36 pounds)
            • rotl [ENG31-13741051-n] (a unit of weight used in some Moslem countries near the Mediterranean)
            • tael [ENG31-13741396-n] (a unit of weight used in east Asia approximately equal to 1.3 ounces)
            • tod [ENG31-13741515-n] (a unit of weight for wool equal to about 28 pounds)
            • welterweight [ENG31-13741634-n] (a weight of 28 pounds)
          • mass unit [ENG31-13630457-n] (a unit of measurement for mass)

            • atomic mass unit [ENG31-13737600-n] (unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms or molecules)
            • mass number [ENG31-13737719-n] (the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus)
            • avoirdupois unit [ENG31-13738189-n] (any of the units of the avoirdupois system of weights)

              • grain [ENG31-13741788-n] (1/7000 pound)
              • dram [ENG31-13741913-n] (1/16 ounce or 1.771 grams)
              • ounce [ENG31-13742027-n] (a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.349 grams)
              • pound [ENG31-13742201-n] (16 ounces avoirdupois)
              • half pound [ENG31-13742510-n] (8 ounces avoirdupois)
              • quarter pound [ENG31-13742606-n] (4 ounces avoirdupois)
              • stone [ENG31-13742705-n] (an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body)
              • quarter [ENG31-13742957-n] (a quarter of a hundredweight (25 pounds))
              • hundredweight [ENG31-13743108-n] (a British unit of weight equivalent to 112 pounds)
              • hundredweight [ENG31-13743282-n] (a United States unit of weight equivalent to 100 pounds)
              • long ton [ENG31-13743492-n] (a British unit of weight equivalent to 2240 pounds)
              • short ton [ENG31-13743634-n] (a United States unit of weight equivalent to 2000 pounds)
              • kiloton [ENG31-13743800-n] (one thousand tons)
              • megaton [ENG31-13743909-n] (one million tons)
            • slug [ENG31-13741207-n] (a unit of mass equal to the mass that accelerates at 1 foot/sec/sec when acted upon by a force of 1 pound)
          • unit of viscosity [ENG31-13630633-n] (a unit of measurement for viscosity)

            • poise [ENG31-13737345-n] (a cgs unit of dynamic viscosity equal to one dyne-second per square centimeter)
          • work unit [ENG31-13630750-n] (a unit of measurement for work)

            • erg [ENG31-13747836-n] (a cgs unit of work or energy)
            • electron volt [ENG31-13748012-n] (a unit of energy equal to the work done by an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt)
            • joule [ENG31-13748184-n] (a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second)
            • calorie [ENG31-13748406-n] (unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure)
            • Calorie [ENG31-13748672-n] (a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure)
            • British thermal unit [ENG31-13749057-n] (a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at one atmosphere pressure)
            • therm [ENG31-13749319-n] (a unit of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units)
            • watt-hour [ENG31-13749443-n] (a unit of energy equal to the power of one watt operating for one hour)
            • kilowatt hour [ENG31-13749588-n] (a unit of energy equal to the work done by a power of 1000 watts operating for one hour)
            • foot-pound [ENG31-13749793-n] (a unit of work equal to a force of one pound moving through a distance of one foot)
            • foot-ton [ENG31-13749951-n] (2240 foot-pounds)
            • foot-poundal [ENG31-13750041-n] (a unit of work equal to a force of one poundal moving through a distance of one foot)
            • horsepower-hour [ENG31-13750184-n] (a unit of work equal to the work done by one horsepower in one hour)
            • kilogram-meter [ENG31-13750313-n] (a unit of work equal to the work done by a one kilogram force operating through a distance of one meter)
          • langley [ENG31-13631114-n] (unit of solar radiation)
          • Brinell number [ENG31-13631191-n] (measure of the hardness of a material)
          • point [ENG31-13631405-n] (the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest)

            • advantage [ENG31-13631669-n] ((tennis) first point scored after deuce)
            • set point [ENG31-13631783-n] ((tennis) the final point needed to win a set in tennis)
            • match point [ENG31-13631912-n] ((tennis) the final point needed to win a match (especially in tennis))
          • bit [ENG31-13646708-n] (a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit))

            • parity bit [ENG31-13646953-n] ((computer science) a bit that is used in an error detection procedure in which a 0 or 1 is added to each group of bits so that it will have either an odd number of 1's or an even number of 1's)
          • electrostatic unit [ENG31-13657177-n] (any of various units of electricity based on forces of interaction between electric charges)
      • indefinite quantity [ENG31-13597558-n] (an estimated quantity)

        • addition [ENG31-13776433-n] (a quantity that is added)

          • accretion [ENG31-13776705-n] (something contributing to growth or increase)
        • bag [ENG31-13776918-n] (the quantity of game taken in a particular period (usually by one person))
        • breakage [ENG31-13777088-n] (the quantity broken)
        • capacity [ENG31-13777193-n] ((computer science) the amount of information (in bytes) that can be stored on a disk drive)

          • formatted capacity [ENG31-13777482-n] ((computer science) the usable capacity of a disk drive)
          • unformatted capacity [ENG31-13777767-n] ((computer science) the total number of bytes on a disk including the space that will be required to format it)
        • catch [ENG31-13777962-n] (the quantity that was caught)
        • correction [ENG31-13778097-n] (a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase the accuracy of a scientific measure)
        • containerful [ENG31-13778265-n] (the quantity that a container will hold)

          • armful [ENG31-13786680-n] (the quantity that can be contained in the arms)
          • bag [ENG31-13786779-n] (the quantity that a bag will hold)
          • barrel [ENG31-13786904-n] (the quantity that a barrel (of any size) will hold)
          • barrow [ENG31-13787037-n] (the quantity that a barrow will hold)
          • barnful [ENG31-13787138-n] (the quantity that a barn will hold)
          • basin [ENG31-13787226-n] (the quantity that a basin will hold)
          • basket [ENG31-13787347-n] (the quantity contained in a basket)
          • bin [ENG31-13787446-n] (the quantity contained in a bin)
          • bottle [ENG31-13787536-n] (the quantity contained in a bottle)

            • split [ENG31-13792216-n] (a bottle containing half the usual amount)
          • bowl [ENG31-13787671-n] (the quantity contained in a bowl)
          • box [ENG31-13787764-n] (the quantity contained in a box)
          • bucket [ENG31-13787889-n] (the quantity contained in a bucket)
          • can [ENG31-13788130-n] (the quantity contained in a can)
          • capful [ENG31-13788220-n] (the quantity that a cap will hold)
          • carful [ENG31-13788306-n] (the quantity that a car will hold)
          • cartload [ENG31-13788392-n] (the quantity that a cart holds)
          • carton [ENG31-13788477-n] (the quantity contained in a carton)
          • case [ENG31-13788576-n] (the quantity contained in a case)
          • cask [ENG31-13788687-n] (the quantity a cask will hold)
          • crate [ENG31-13788777-n] (the quantity contained in a crate)
          • cup [ENG31-13788873-n] (the quantity a cup will hold)
          • dish [ENG31-13789036-n] (the quantity that a dish will hold)
          • dustpan [ENG31-13789182-n] (the quantity that a dustpan will hold)
          • flask [ENG31-13789286-n] (the quantity a flask will hold)
          • glass [ENG31-13789379-n] (the quantity a glass will hold)
          • handful [ENG31-13789490-n] (the quantity that can be held in the hand)
          • hatful [ENG31-13789595-n] (as many or as much as a hat will hold)
          • headful [ENG31-13789685-n] (the quantity of information that a head will hold)
          • houseful [ENG31-13789831-n] (as many as a house will accommodate)
          • jar [ENG31-13789962-n] (the quantity contained in a jar)
          • jug [ENG31-13790096-n] (the quantity contained in a jug)
          • keg [ENG31-13790204-n] (the quantity contained in a keg)
          • kettle [ENG31-13790294-n] (the quantity a kettle will hold)
          • lapful [ENG31-13790390-n] (the quantity that can be held in the lap)
          • mouthful [ENG31-13790483-n] (the quantity that can be held in the mouth)
          • mug [ENG31-13790580-n] (the quantity that can be held in a mug)
          • pail [ENG31-13790677-n] (the quantity contained in a pail)
          • pipeful [ENG31-13790770-n] (the quantity of tobacco that can be smoked in a pipe at one time)
          • pitcher [ENG31-13790888-n] (the quantity contained in a pitcher)
          • plate [ENG31-13790990-n] (the quantity contained in a plate)
          • pocketful [ENG31-13791086-n] (the quantity a pocket will hold)
          • pot [ENG31-13791173-n] (the quantity contained in a pot)
          • roomful [ENG31-13791263-n] (the quantity a room will hold)
          • sack [ENG31-13791346-n] (the quantity contained in a sack)
          • scoop [ENG31-13791457-n] (the quantity a scoop will hold)
          • shelfful [ENG31-13791568-n] (the amount that a shelf will hold)
          • shoeful [ENG31-13791689-n] (the amount that a shoe will hold)
          • shovel [ENG31-13792010-n] (the quantity a shovel can hold)
          • skepful [ENG31-13792134-n] (the quantity a skep can hold)
          • spoon [ENG31-13792309-n] (as much as a spoon will hold)
          • tablespoon [ENG31-13792450-n] (as much as a tablespoon will hold)
          • dessertspoon [ENG31-13792556-n] (as much as a dessert spoon will hold)
          • tank [ENG31-13792669-n] (as much as a tank will hold)
          • teacup [ENG31-13792775-n] (as much as a teacup will hold)
          • teaspoon [ENG31-13792869-n] (as much as a teaspoon will hold)
          • thimble [ENG31-13792969-n] (as much as a thimble will hold)
          • tub [ENG31-13793066-n] (the amount that a tub will hold)
        • footstep [ENG31-13779389-n] (the distance covered by a step)
        • headspace [ENG31-13779722-n] (the volume left at the top of a filled container (bottle or jar or tin) before sealing)
        • large indefinite quantity [ENG31-13779864-n] (an indefinite quantity that is above the average in size or magnitude)

          • chunk [ENG31-13780337-n] (a substantial amount)
          • busload [ENG31-13788006-n] (the quantity of cargo or the number of passengers that a bus can carry)
          • barrels [ENG31-13796511-n] (the amount that many barrels might hold)
          • batch [ENG31-13796604-n] ((often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent)

            • flood [ENG31-13797906-n] (an overwhelming number or amount)
            • haymow [ENG31-13798139-n] (a mass of hay piled up in a barn for preservation)
          • battalion [ENG31-13797293-n] (a large indefinite number)
          • billyo [ENG31-13797519-n] (an unimaginably large amount)
          • boatload [ENG31-13797723-n] (the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car)
          • infinitude [ENG31-13798260-n] (an infinite quantity)
          • maximum [ENG31-13798337-n] (the largest possible quantity)
          • mile [ENG31-13798542-n] (a large distance)
          • million [ENG31-13798632-n] (a very large indefinite number (usually hyperbole))
          • much [ENG31-13798833-n] (a great amount or extent)
          • myriad [ENG31-13798938-n] (a large indefinite number)
          • ocean [ENG31-13799183-n] (anything apparently limitless in quantity or volume)
          • ream [ENG31-13799310-n] (a large quantity of written matter)
          • small fortune [ENG31-13799423-n] (a large sum of money)
          • tons [ENG31-13799721-n] (a large number or amount)
        • limit [ENG31-13780436-n] (the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed)

          • extremum [ENG31-13675520-n] (the most extreme possible amount or value)

            • minimum [ENG31-13785524-n] (the smallest possible quantity)

              • skeleton [ENG31-13785766-n] (something reduced to its minimal form)
          • cutoff [ENG31-13781154-n] (a designated limit beyond which something cannot function or must be terminated)
        • limit [ENG31-13780696-n] (the mathematical value toward which a function goes as the independent variable approaches infinity)
        • output [ENG31-13780885-n] (the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time))

          • picking [ENG31-13781698-n] (the quantity of a crop that is harvested)
        • region [ENG31-13781286-n] (the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of'))
        • outage [ENG31-13781568-n] (the amount of something (as whiskey or oil) lost in storage or transportation)
        • reserve [ENG31-13781913-n] ((medicine) potential capacity to respond in order to maintain vital functions)

          • pulmonary reserve [ENG31-13782081-n] (the additional volume of air that the lungs can inhale and exhale when breathing to the limit of capacity in times of stress)
        • run [ENG31-13782269-n] (the production achieved during a continuous period of operation (of a machine or factory etc.))
        • small indefinite quantity [ENG31-13782456-n] (an indefinite quantity that is below average size or magnitude)

          • helping [ENG31-07593928-n] (an individual quantity of food or drink taken as part of a meal)

            • drumstick [ENG31-07663479-n] (the lower joint of the leg of a fowl)

              • turkey leg [ENG31-07663645-n] (the lower joint of the leg of a turkey)
              • chicken leg [ENG31-07663759-n] (the lower joint of the leg of a chicken)
            • second joint [ENG31-07663876-n] (the upper joint of the leg of a fowl)
            • breast [ENG31-07664017-n] (meat carved from the breast of a fowl)
            • wing [ENG31-07664158-n] (the wing of a fowl)

              • turkey wing [ENG31-07664326-n] (the wing of a turkey)
              • chicken wing [ENG31-07664423-n] (the wing of a chicken)
            • medallion [ENG31-07664811-n] (a circular helping of food (especially a boneless cut of meat))
            • oyster [ENG31-07664951-n] (a small muscle on each side of the back of a fowl)
            • parson's nose [ENG31-07665072-n] (the tail of a dressed fowl)
            • piece [ENG31-07670276-n] (a serving that has been cut from a larger portion)

              • cutlet [ENG31-07670495-n] (thin slice of meat (especially veal) usually fried or broiled)
              • fillet [ENG31-07670946-n] (a longitudinal slice or boned side of a fish)
            • round [ENG31-07900241-n] (a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic))
            • drink [ENG31-07901198-n] (a single serving of a beverage)

              • chaser [ENG31-07899835-n] (a drink to follow immediately after another drink)
              • draft [ENG31-07899955-n] (a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg)

                • quaff [ENG31-07900157-n] (a hearty draft)
              • pledge [ENG31-07900388-n] (a drink in honor of or to the health of a person or event)
              • libation [ENG31-07901912-n] ((facetious) a serving of an alcoholic beverage)
              • eye opener [ENG31-07928739-n] (an alcoholic drink intended to wake one up early in the morning)
              • nightcap [ENG31-07928859-n] (an alcoholic drink taken at bedtime)
              • hair of the dog [ENG31-07928966-n] (an alcoholic drink supposed to cure a hangover)
              • shandygaff [ENG31-07929074-n] (a drink made of beer and lemonade)
              • stirrup cup [ENG31-07929173-n] (a farewell drink (especially one offered to a horseman ready to depart))
              • sundowner [ENG31-07929321-n] (a drink taken at sundown)
              • posset [ENG31-07933013-n] (sweet spiced hot milk curdled with ale or beer)
              • syllabub [ENG31-07933112-n] (spiced hot milk with rum or wine)
              • sangaree [ENG31-07933210-n] (sweetened red wine and orange or lemon juice with soda water)
              • whiskey neat [ENG31-07934694-n] (a drink consisting of whiskey without a mixer)
              • whiskey on the rocks [ENG31-07934841-n] (whiskey with ice)
              • ice-cream soda [ENG31-07939274-n] (a drink with ice cream floating in it)

                • root beer float [ENG31-07939416-n] (an ice-cream soda made with ice cream floating in root beer)
              • milkshake [ENG31-07939537-n] (frothy drink of milk and flavoring and sometimes fruit or ice cream)

                • eggshake [ENG31-07939735-n] (a milkshake with egg in it)
                • frappe [ENG31-07939816-n] (thick milkshake containing ice cream)
                • malted [ENG31-07942882-n] (a milkshake made with malt powder)
              • frappe [ENG31-07939905-n] (liqueur poured over shaved ice)
            • libation [ENG31-07901807-n] (a serving (of wine) poured out in honor of a deity)
          • taste [ENG31-07594444-n] (a small amount eaten or drunk)

            • morsel [ENG31-07594641-n] (a small amount of solid food)

              • chew [ENG31-07594964-n] (a wad of something chewable as tobacco)
              • crumb [ENG31-07637870-n] (small piece of e.g. bread or cake)

                • breadcrumb [ENG31-07638082-n] (crumb of bread)
                • cracker crumbs [ENG31-07638196-n] (crumbs of crackers used especially for coating or thickening)
              • sop [ENG31-07877397-n] (piece of solid food for dipping in a liquid)
            • swallow [ENG31-07594841-n] (a small amount of liquid food)
          • crumb [ENG31-13783120-n] (a very small quantity of something)
          • dab [ENG31-13783311-n] (a small quantity of something moist or liquid)
          • spot [ENG31-13783547-n] (a small piece or quantity of something)
          • hair's-breadth [ENG31-13783743-n] (a very small distance or space)
          • modicum [ENG31-13783941-n] (a small or moderate or token amount)
          • scattering [ENG31-13784106-n] (a small number (of something) dispersed haphazardly)
          • shoestring [ENG31-13784318-n] (a small amount of money)
          • spray [ENG31-13784445-n] (a quantity of small objects flying through the air)
          • nose [ENG31-13784598-n] (a small distance)
          • step [ENG31-13784719-n] (a short distance)
          • little [ENG31-13784857-n] (a small amount or duration)
          • shtik [ENG31-13784976-n] ((Yiddish) a little)

            • shtikl [ENG31-13785198-n] (a really little shtik)
          • tad [ENG31-13785325-n] (a slight amount or degree of difference)
          • morsel [ENG31-13793174-n] (a small quantity of anything)
          • handful [ENG31-13793294-n] (a small number or amount)
          • couple [ENG31-13793430-n] (a small indefinite number)
          • drop [ENG31-13793544-n] (a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid))

            • tear [ENG31-05412667-n] (a drop of the clear salty saline solution secreted by the lacrimal glands)
            • raindrop [ENG31-11522067-n] (a drop of rain)
            • droplet [ENG31-13793968-n] (a tiny drop)
            • eyedrop [ENG31-13794069-n] (a drop from an eye dropper)
          • dollop [ENG31-13794160-n] (a small measure (usually of food))
          • dreg [ENG31-13795111-n] (a small amount of residue)
          • jack [ENG31-13795187-n] (a small worthless amount)
          • nip [ENG31-13795390-n] (a small drink of liquor)
          • trace [ENG31-13795501-n] (a just detectable amount)

            • spark [ENG31-13795739-n] (a small but noticeable trace of some quality that might become stronger)
          • shred [ENG31-13795925-n] (a tiny or scarcely detectable amount)
          • tot [ENG31-13796106-n] (a small amount (especially of a drink))
          • touch [ENG31-13796315-n] (a slight but appreciable amount)

            • snuff [ENG31-13796210-n] (a pinch of smokeless tobacco inhaled at a single time)
        • spillage [ENG31-13785946-n] (the amount that has spilled)
        • spoilage [ENG31-13786028-n] (the amount that has spoiled)
        • tankage [ENG31-13786110-n] (the quantity contained in (or the capacity of) a tank or tanks)
        • ullage [ENG31-13786226-n] (the amount that a container (as a wine bottle or tank) lacks of being full)
        • top-up [ENG31-13786353-n] (an amount needed to restore something to its former level)
        • worth [ENG31-13786482-n] (an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value)

          • halfpennyworth [ENG31-13683150-n] (the amount that can be bought for a halfpenny)
          • pennyworth [ENG31-13683268-n] (the amount that can be bought for a penny)
        • skinful [ENG31-13791812-n] (a quantity of alcoholic drink sufficient to make you drunk)
        • dose [ENG31-13794246-n] (the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time)
        • load [ENG31-13794453-n] (an amount of alcohol sufficient to intoxicate)
        • load [ENG31-13794608-n] (a quantity that can be processed or transported at one time)

          • trainload [ENG31-13795016-n] (quantity that can be carried by a train)
        • precipitation [ENG31-13794793-n] (the quantity of water falling to earth at a specific place within a specified period of time)
        • supply [ENG31-13799556-n] (an amount of something available for use)

          • reservoir [ENG31-13799066-n] (a large or extra supply of something)
      • relative quantity [ENG31-13598185-n] (a quantity relative to some purpose)

        • enough [ENG31-13601618-n] (an adequate quantity)

          • fill [ENG31-13601926-n] (a quantity sufficient to satisfy)
        • normality [ENG31-13602112-n] ((of a solution) concentration expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter)
        • majority [ENG31-13602270-n] ((elections) more than half of the votes)
        • plurality [ENG31-13602421-n] ((in an election with more than 2 options) the number of votes for the candidate or party receiving the greatest number (but less that half of the votes))
        • nothing [ENG31-13762308-n] (a quantity of no importance)

          • nihil [ENG31-13762731-n] ((Latin) nil)
          • bugger all [ENG31-13762905-n] (little or nothing at all)
      • system of measurement [ENG31-13598374-n] (a system of related measures that facilitates the quantification of some particular characteristic)

        • standard [ENG31-07275291-n] (a basis for comparison)

          • benchmark [ENG31-07275811-n] (a standard by which something can be measured or judged)
          • earned run average [ENG31-07275968-n] ((baseball) a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness)
          • grade point average [ENG31-07276210-n] (a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university)
          • procrustean standard [ENG31-07276450-n] (a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individuality)
          • yardstick [ENG31-07276623-n] (a measure or standard used for comparison)
          • medium of exchange [ENG31-13394134-n] (anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or region)

            • tender [ENG31-13395181-n] (something that can be used as an official medium of payment)

              • food stamp [ENG31-13395334-n] (a government-issued stamp that can be used in exchange for food)
            • money [ENG31-13405730-n] (the most common medium of exchange)

              • appropriation [ENG31-13310868-n] (money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose)

                • pork barrel [ENG31-13379173-n] (a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents)
              • fund [ENG31-13379722-n] (a reserve of money set aside for some purpose)

                • mutual fund [ENG31-13380068-n] (the pooled money that is invested in assets)

                  • exchange traded fund [ENG31-13380205-n] (a mutual fund that is traded on a stock exchange)
                  • index fund [ENG31-13380326-n] (a mutual fund whose assets are stocks on a given list)
                • revolving fund [ENG31-13380436-n] (a fund which, if borrowed or used, is intended to be replenished so it may be loaned or spent repeatedly)
                • sinking fund [ENG31-13380601-n] (a fund accumulated regularly in a separate account and used to redeem debt securities)
                • savings [ENG31-13380745-n] (a fund of money put by as a reserve)
                • pension fund [ENG31-13381276-n] (a fund reserved to pay workers' pensions when they retire from service)
                • war chest [ENG31-13381427-n] (a fund accumulated to finance a war (or a political campaign))
                • slush fund [ENG31-13381563-n] (a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials)
                • trust fund [ENG31-13385066-n] (a fund held in trust)
                • deposit [ENG31-13402318-n] (money deposited in a bank or some similar institution)

                  • demand deposit [ENG31-13402476-n] (a bank deposit from which withdrawals can be made without notice)
                • budget [ENG31-13443005-n] (a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose)

                  • Civil List [ENG31-13443234-n] (a sum of money voted by British Parliament each year for the expenses of the British royal family)
                  • operating budget [ENG31-13443407-n] (a budget for current expenses as distinct from financial transactions or permanent improvements)
                • petty cash [ENG31-13443584-n] (a small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses)
              • boodle [ENG31-13406389-n] (informal terms for money)
              • shinplaster [ENG31-13406639-n] (paper money of little value issued on insufficient security)
              • subsidization [ENG31-13406756-n] (money (or other benefits) obtained as a subsidy)
              • token money [ENG31-13406951-n] (coins of regular issue whose face value is greater than their intrinsic value)
            • currency [ENG31-13407086-n] (the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used)

              • money [ENG31-13406050-n] (the official currency issued by a government or national bank)

                • sterling [ENG31-13406253-n] (British money)
              • Eurocurrency [ENG31-13407309-n] (currency of the major financial and industrial countries held in those countries for the purpose of lending and borrowing)
              • cash [ENG31-13407787-n] (money in the form of bills or coins)

                • change [ENG31-13408652-n] (money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency)
                • change [ENG31-13408862-n] (the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due)
                • small change [ENG31-13409173-n] (a trifling sum of money)
                • pocket money [ENG31-13443718-n] (cash for day-to-day spending on incidental expenses)
                • ready cash [ENG31-13443857-n] (money in the form of cash that is readily available)
              • hard currency [ENG31-13408055-n] (a currency that is not likely to depreciate suddenly in value)
              • paper money [ENG31-13408382-n] (currency issued by a government or central bank and consisting of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie)

                • fractional currency [ENG31-13407507-n] (paper currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit)
                • fiat money [ENG31-13414772-n] (money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie)
                • bill [ENG31-13414935-n] (a piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank))

                  • silver certificate [ENG31-13415352-n] (formerly a bank note issued by the United States Treasury and redeemable in silver)
                  • hundred dollar bill [ENG31-13416247-n] (a United States bill worth 100 dollars)
                  • fifty dollar bill [ENG31-13416360-n] (a United States bill worth 50 dollars)
                  • twenty dollar bill [ENG31-13416469-n] (a United States bill worth 20 dollars)
                  • tenner [ENG31-13416580-n] (a United States bill worth 10 dollars)
                  • fiver [ENG31-13416688-n] (a United States bill worth 5 dollars)

                    • nickel [ENG31-13416825-n] (five dollars worth of a drug)
                  • two dollar bill [ENG31-13416972-n] (a United States bill worth 2 dollars)
                  • dollar [ENG31-13417070-n] (a piece of paper money worth one dollar)
              • coinage [ENG31-13409050-n] (coins collectively)

                • coin [ENG31-13409418-n] (a flat metal piece (usually a disc) used as money)

                  • change [ENG31-13409284-n] (coins of small denomination regarded collectively)
                  • bawbee [ENG31-13410278-n] (an old Scottish coin of little value)
                  • bezant [ENG31-13410367-n] (a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire)
                  • denier [ENG31-13410532-n] (any of various former European coins of different denominations)
                  • ducat [ENG31-13410648-n] (formerly a gold coin of various European countries)
                  • real [ENG31-13410750-n] (an old small silver Spanish coin)
                  • piece of eight [ENG31-13410833-n] (an old silver Spanish coin)
                  • shilling [ENG31-13410936-n] (an English coin worth one twentieth of a pound)
                  • crown [ENG31-13411037-n] (an English coin worth 5 shillings)
                  • half crown [ENG31-13411122-n] (an English coin worth half a crown)
                  • dime [ENG31-13411213-n] (a United States coin worth one tenth of a dollar)
                  • nickel [ENG31-13411312-n] (a United States coin worth one twentieth of a dollar)
                  • quarter [ENG31-13411417-n] (a United States or Canadian coin worth one fourth of a dollar)
                  • half dollar [ENG31-13411578-n] (a United States coin worth half of a dollar)
                  • halfpenny [ENG31-13411698-n] (an English coin worth half a penny)
                  • penny [ENG31-13411799-n] (a coin worth one-hundredth of the value of the basic unit)

                    • copper [ENG31-13412947-n] (a copper penny)
                    • new penny [ENG31-13413014-n] (a coin used in Great Britain since 1971 worth one hundredth of a pound)
                  • slug [ENG31-13411961-n] (a counterfeit coin)
                  • tenpence [ENG31-13412030-n] (a decimal coin worth ten pennies)
                  • twopence [ENG31-13412136-n] (a former United Kingdom silver coin)
                  • threepence [ENG31-13412291-n] (former cupronickel coin of the United Kingdom equal to three pennies)
                  • fourpence [ENG31-13412435-n] (a former English silver coin worth four pennies)
                  • fivepence [ENG31-13412546-n] (a coin worth five cents)
                  • sixpence [ENG31-13412625-n] (a small coin of the United Kingdom worth six pennies)
                  • eightpence [ENG31-13412783-n] (a coin worth eight pennies)
                  • ninepence [ENG31-13412866-n] (a coin worth nine pennies)
                  • dollar [ENG31-13413140-n] (a United States coin worth one dollar)

                    • Susan B Anthony dollar [ENG31-13413329-n] (a United States coin worth one dollar)
                    • silver dollar [ENG31-13413435-n] (a dollar made of silver)
                  • double eagle [ENG31-13413530-n] (a former gold coin in the United States worth 20 dollars)
                  • eagle [ENG31-13413645-n] (a former gold coin in the United States worth 10 dollars)
                  • half eagle [ENG31-13413753-n] (a former gold coin in United States worth 5 dollars)
                  • guinea [ENG31-13413861-n] (a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings)
                  • farthing [ENG31-13413959-n] (a former British bronze coin worth a quarter of a penny)
                  • doubloon [ENG31-13414069-n] (a former Spanish gold coin)
                  • louis d'or [ENG31-13414150-n] (a former French gold coin)
                  • medallion [ENG31-13414232-n] (any of various large ancient Greek coins)
                  • stater [ENG31-13414328-n] (any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece)
                  • sou [ENG31-13414438-n] (a former French coin of low denomination)
                  • Maundy money [ENG31-13414600-n] (specially minted silver coins that are distributed by the British sovereign on Maundy Thursday)
          • scale [ENG31-13872501-n] (an ordered reference standard)

            • Beaufort scale [ENG31-13872871-n] (an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane))
            • index [ENG31-13873264-n] (a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number)
            • logarithmic scale [ENG31-13873442-n] (scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbers)
            • Mercalli scale [ENG31-13873623-n] (a scale formerly used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake)
            • Mohs scale [ENG31-13873874-n] (a scale of hardness of solids)
            • Richter scale [ENG31-13874062-n] (a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 formerly used to express the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillations)
            • moment magnitude scale [ENG31-13874280-n] (a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 (a successor to the Richter scale) that enables seismologists to compare the energy released by different earthquakes on the basis of the area of the geological fault that ruptured in the quake)
            • temperature scale [ENG31-13874592-n] (a system of measuring temperature)

              • Celsius scale [ENG31-13874797-n] (a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees)
              • Fahrenheit scale [ENG31-13875017-n] (a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees)
              • Kelvin scale [ENG31-13875199-n] (a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees)
              • Rankine scale [ENG31-13875395-n] (a scale of absolute temperature in Fahrenheit degrees)
              • Reaumur scale [ENG31-13875604-n] (a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 80 degrees)
            • wage scale [ENG31-13875743-n] (a schedule of wages paid for different jobs)

              • sliding scale [ENG31-13875877-n] (a wage scale that fluctuates in response to the cost-of-living index)
          • gauge [ENG31-13876298-n] (accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or compared)
          • baseline [ENG31-13876515-n] (an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared)
          • norm [ENG31-13876685-n] (a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical)
        • system of weights and measures [ENG31-13598747-n] (system of measurement for length and weight and duration)

          • British Imperial System [ENG31-13598934-n] (a system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint)
          • metric system [ENG31-13599137-n] (a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second)

            • cgs [ENG31-13599343-n] (system of measurement based on centimeters and grams and seconds)
            • Systeme International d'Unites [ENG31-13599470-n] (a complete metric system of units of measurement for scientists)
          • United States Customary System [ENG31-13600033-n] (the system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint that dates back to colonial America but differs in some respects from the British Imperial System)
        • point system [ENG31-13600369-n] (a system of graduating sizes of type in multiples of the point)
        • information measure [ENG31-13600490-n] (a system of measurement of information based on the probabilities of the events that convey information)

          • information [ENG31-05098731-n] ((communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome)
          • bandwidth [ENG31-13600713-n] (a data transmission rate)
          • baud [ENG31-13600882-n] ((computer science) a data transmission rate (bits/second) for modems)
        • utility [ENG31-13601261-n] ((economics) a measure that is to be maximized in any situation involving choice)

          • marginal utility [ENG31-13601431-n] ((economics) the amount that utility increases with an increase of one unit of an economic good or service)
        • Brix scale [ENG31-13631289-n] (a system for measuring the concentration of sugar solutions)
        • circular measure [ENG31-13632230-n] (measurement of angles in radians)
        • board measure [ENG31-13638994-n] (a system of units for measuring lumber based on the board foot)
        • Beaufort scale [ENG31-13670565-n] (a scale from 0 to 12 for the force of the wind)
        • system of weights [ENG31-13737860-n] (a system of units used to express the weight of something)

          • avoirdupois [ENG31-13738026-n] (a system of weights based on the 16-ounce pound (or 7,000 grains))
          • troy [ENG31-13738595-n] (a system of weights used for precious metals and gemstones)
      • cordage [ENG31-13601032-n] (the amount of wood in an area as measured in cords)
      • octane number [ENG31-13601136-n] (a measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline)
      • magnetization [ENG31-13620790-n] (the extent or degree to which something is magnetized)

        • magnetic flux [ENG31-13620973-n] (a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area)

          • flux unit [ENG31-13655494-n] (a measure of the strength of a magnetic field per unit area)

            • maxwell [ENG31-13659854-n] (a cgs unit of magnetic flux equal to the flux perpendicular to an area of 1 square centimeter in a magnetic field of 1 gauss)
            • weber [ENG31-13660056-n] (a unit of magnetic flux equal to 100,000,000 maxwells)
      • radical [ENG31-13753670-n] ((mathematics) a quantity expressed as the root of another quantity)
      • volume [ENG31-13801244-n] (the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object)

        • capacity [ENG31-13801586-n] (the amount that can be contained)
      • volume [ENG31-13801456-n] (a relative amount)
      • proof [ENG31-13802392-n] (a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume))
      • time unit [ENG31-15179734-n] (a unit for measuring time periods)

        • day [ENG31-15180180-n] (time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis)

          • tomorrow [ENG31-15180851-n] (the day after today)
          • today [ENG31-15180961-n] (the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow))
          • yesterday [ENG31-15181147-n] (the day immediately before today)
          • morrow [ENG31-15181271-n] (the next day)
          • eve [ENG31-15181384-n] (the day before)
          • date [ENG31-15184543-n] (the specified day of the month)

            • maturity [ENG31-15178185-n] (the date on which an obligation must be repaid)
            • birthday [ENG31-15277233-n] (the date on which a person was born)
          • date [ENG31-15184779-n] (a particular day specified as the time something happens)

            • future date [ENG31-15185123-n] (a particular day in the future that is specified as the time something will happen)
            • rain date [ENG31-15185263-n] (an alternative date set for some outdoor event in case it rains on the appointed date)
            • sell-by date [ENG31-15185465-n] (a date stamped on perishable produce indicating the date by which it should be sold)
        • night [ENG31-15180707-n] (the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit)
        • mean time [ENG31-15181497-n] ((astronomy) time based on the motion of the mean sun (an imaginary sun moving uniformly along the celestial equator))
        • terrestrial time [ENG31-15181706-n] ((astronomy) a measure of time defined by Earth's orbital motion)
        • month [ENG31-15231092-n] (a time unit of approximately 30 days)

          • lunar month [ENG31-15232668-n] (the period between successive new moons (29.531 days))
          • anomalistic month [ENG31-15232832-n] (period between successive perigees)
          • solar month [ENG31-15234112-n] (one-twelfth of a solar or tropical year)
        • bell [ENG31-15252389-n] ((nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell)
        • hour [ENG31-15252642-n] (a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day)

          • man hour [ENG31-15255278-n] (a time unit used in industry for measuring work)
        • half-hour [ENG31-15252958-n] (a half of an hour)
        • quarter-hour [ENG31-15253063-n] (a quarter of an hour)
        • minute [ENG31-15259561-n] (a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour)
        • quarter [ENG31-15259739-n] (a unit of time equal to 15 minutes or a quarter of an hour)
        • second [ENG31-15259923-n] (1/60 of a minute)

          • leap second [ENG31-15260131-n] (a second (as measured by an atomic clock) added to or subtracted from Greenwich Mean Time in order to compensate for slowing in the Earth's rotation)
        • attosecond [ENG31-15260337-n] (one quintillionth (10^-18) of a second)
        • femtosecond [ENG31-15260484-n] (one quadrillionth (10^-15) of a second)
        • picosecond [ENG31-15260650-n] (one trillionth (10^-12) of a second)
        • nanosecond [ENG31-15260812-n] (one billionth (10^-9) of a second)
        • microsecond [ENG31-15260973-n] (one millionth (10^-6) of a second)
        • millisecond [ENG31-15261135-n] (one thousandth (10^-3) of a second)
      • point [ENG31-15205381-n] (an instant of time)

        • distance [ENG31-15197470-n] (a remote point in time)
        • deadline [ENG31-15204935-n] (the point in time at which something must be completed)

          • curfew [ENG31-15205062-n] (the time that the curfew signal is sounded)
        • arrival time [ENG31-15205769-n] (the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to arrive at a given destination)
        • departure time [ENG31-15205929-n] (the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to depart from a given point of origin)

          • checkout [ENG31-15206117-n] (the latest time for vacating a hotel room)
        • midterm [ENG31-15250464-n] (middle of an academic term or a political term in office)
        • term [ENG31-15251247-n] (the end of gestation or point at which birth is imminent)
        • midterm [ENG31-15251421-n] (the middle of the gestation period)
        • moment [ENG31-15269461-n] (a particular point in time)

          • climax [ENG31-06385370-n] (the decisive moment in a novel or play)
          • eleventh hour [ENG31-15269753-n] (the latest possible moment)
          • moment of truth [ENG31-15269955-n] (a crucial moment on which much depends)
          • moment of truth [ENG31-15270055-n] (the moment in a bullfight when the matador kills the bull)
          • pinpoint [ENG31-15270193-n] (a very brief moment)
          • time [ENG31-15270326-n] (a suitable moment)

            • high time [ENG31-15270522-n] (the latest possible moment)
            • occasion [ENG31-15270640-n] (the time of a particular event)

              • meal [ENG31-15270801-n] (any of the occasions for eating food that occur by custom or habit at more or less fixed times)
          • psychological moment [ENG31-15270946-n] (the most appropriate time for achieving a desired effect)
        • run-time [ENG31-15287321-n] (the time at which a (software or multimedia) program is run)
        • beginning [ENG31-15290329-n] (the time at which something is supposed to begin)

          • birth [ENG31-15167127-n] (the time when something begins (especially life))

            • cradle [ENG31-15167412-n] (birth of a person)
          • incipiency [ENG31-15167972-n] (beginning to exist or to be apparent)
          • terminus a quo [ENG31-15290975-n] (earliest limiting point)
          • threshold [ENG31-15293950-n] (the starting point for a new state or experience)
        • middle [ENG31-15291496-n] (time between the beginning and the end of a temporal period)

          • deep [ENG31-15292202-n] (the central and most intense or profound part)
        • end [ENG31-15291722-n] (the point in time at which something ends)

          • death [ENG31-15168236-n] (the time at which life ends)
          • death [ENG31-15168437-n] (the time when something ends)

            • grave [ENG31-15168686-n] (death of a person)
          • period [ENG31-15169138-n] (the end or completion of something)
          • year-end [ENG31-15226829-n] (the end of a calendar year)
          • stopping point [ENG31-15292365-n] (the temporal end)
          • cease [ENG31-15293068-n] ((`cease' is a noun only in the phrase `without cease') end)
          • fag end [ENG31-15293196-n] (the time of the last part of something)
          • fin de siecle [ENG31-15293376-n] (the end of a century, especially the 19th century)
          • last gasp [ENG31-15293504-n] (the point of death or exhaustion or completion)
          • termination [ENG31-15293639-n] (a coming to an end of a contract period)
          • terminus ad quem [ENG31-15293814-n] (final or latest limiting point)
        • phase [ENG31-15315368-n] (a particular point in the time of a cycle)
        • show time [ENG31-15321127-n] (the point in time at which an entertainment (a movie or television show etc.) is scheduled to begin)
        • then [ENG31-15321597-n] (that time)
      • playing period [ENG31-15281726-n] ((in games or plays or other performances) the time during which play proceeds)

        • hole [ENG31-03531985-n] (one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course)

          • dogleg [ENG31-03222803-n] (a golf hole with a sharp angle in the fairway)
        • set [ENG31-15281228-n] (a unit of play in tennis or squash)
      • time interval [ENG31-15294470-n] (a definite length of time marked off by two instants)

        • access time [ENG31-15196904-n] ((computer science) the interval between the time data is requested by the system and the time the data is provided by the drive)
        • distance [ENG31-15197259-n] (the interval between two times)
        • embolism [ENG31-15197711-n] (an insertion into a calendar)
        • seek time [ENG31-15294085-n] ((computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to a specific data track)

          • track-to-track seek time [ENG31-15294288-n] ((computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to an adjacent data track)
        • time constant [ENG31-15294953-n] ((electronics) the time required for the current or voltage in a circuit to rise or fall exponentially through approximately 63 per cent of its amplitude)

          • relaxation time [ENG31-15300301-n] (the time constant of an exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance)
        • time slot [ENG31-15295202-n] (a time assigned on a schedule or agenda)
        • lunitidal interval [ENG31-15295683-n] (interval between the moon's transit of a particular meridian and the next high tide at that meridian)
        • absence [ENG31-15295848-n] (the time interval during which something or somebody is away)
        • pause [ENG31-15295994-n] (a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something)

          • lapse [ENG31-15296403-n] (a break or intermission in the occurrence of something)
          • blackout [ENG31-15296605-n] (a suspension of radio or tv broadcasting)
          • caesura [ENG31-15296718-n] (a pause or interruption (as in a conversation))
          • dead air [ENG31-15296887-n] (an inadvertent interruption in a broadcast during which there is no sound)
          • delay [ENG31-15297015-n] (time during which some action is awaited)

            • extension [ENG31-15297368-n] (a mutually agreed delay in the date set for the completion of a job or payment of a debt)
            • moratorium [ENG31-15300452-n] (a legally authorized postponement before some obligation must be discharged)
            • retardation [ENG31-15300584-n] (the extent to which something is delayed or held back)
          • halftime [ENG31-15297557-n] (an intermission between the first and second half of a game)
          • respite [ENG31-15299060-n] (a pause for relaxation)

            • breath [ENG31-15299681-n] (a short respite)
          • time-out [ENG31-15299291-n] (a brief suspension of play)
          • letup [ENG31-15299427-n] (a pause during which things are calm or activities are diminished)
        • interlude [ENG31-15297671-n] (an intervening period or episode)

          • entr'acte [ENG31-15297777-n] (the interlude between two acts of a play)
        • interim [ENG31-15297873-n] (the time between one event, process, or period and another)

          • interregnum [ENG31-15298508-n] (the time between two reigns, governments, etc.)
        • latent period [ENG31-15298087-n] (the time that elapses before the presence of a disease is manifested by symptoms)
        • reaction time [ENG31-15298227-n] (the time that elapses between a stimulus and the response to it)
        • eternity [ENG31-15298392-n] (a seemingly endless time interval (waiting))
        • cycle [ENG31-15313066-n] (an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs)
        • lead time [ENG31-15314760-n] (the time interval between the initiation and the completion of a production process)
        • period [ENG31-15315015-n] (the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon)

          • orbit period [ENG31-15315180-n] (the time it takes to complete one full orbit around a celestial body)
        • float [ENG31-15319328-n] (the time interval between the deposit of a check in a bank and its payment)
        • rotational latency [ENG31-15322312-n] ((computer science) the time it takes for a specific block of data on a data track to rotate around to the read/write head)
        • processing time [ENG31-15322915-n] (the time it takes to complete a prescribed procedure)

          • command processing overhead time [ENG31-15323254-n] ((computer science) the processing time required by a device prior to the execution of a command)
    • otherworld [ENG31-05818169-n] (an abstract spiritual world beyond earthly reality)
    • set [ENG31-08016141-n] ((mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols)

      • interval [ENG31-06025625-n] (a set containing all points (or all real numbers) between two given endpoints)

        • closed interval [ENG31-06025811-n] (an interval that includes its endpoints)
        • open interval [ENG31-06025949-n] (an interval that does not include its endpoints)
        • sub-interval [ENG31-06026095-n] (an interval that is included in another interval)
      • group [ENG31-06026202-n] (a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse)

        • subgroup [ENG31-06026402-n] ((mathematics) a subset (that is not empty) of a mathematical group)
        • Abelian group [ENG31-06026821-n] (a group that satisfies the commutative law)
      • domain [ENG31-08016560-n] ((mathematics) the set of values of the independent variable for which a function is defined)
      • image [ENG31-08016746-n] ((mathematics) the set of values of the dependent variable for which a function is defined)
      • universal set [ENG31-08017086-n] ((mathematics) the set that contains all the elements or objects involved in the problem under consideration)
      • locus [ENG31-08017323-n] (the set of all points or lines that satisfy or are determined by specific conditions)
      • subset [ENG31-08017651-n] (a set whose members are members of another set)
      • null set [ENG31-08017786-n] (a set that is empty)
      • Mandelbrot set [ENG31-08017883-n] (a set of complex numbers that has a highly convoluted fractal boundary when plotted)
      • field [ENG31-08021702-n] ((mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1)

        • scalar field [ENG31-08022319-n] (a field of scalars)
      • solution [ENG31-08022396-n] (the set of values that give a true statement when substituted into an equation)
      • diagonal [ENG31-08285242-n] ((mathematics) a set of entries in a square matrix running diagonally either from the upper left to lower right entry or running from the upper right to lower left entry)
      • intersection [ENG31-13895852-n] (a point or set of points common to two or more geometric configurations)

        • origin [ENG31-06018435-n] (the point of intersection of coordinate axes)
  • thing [ENG31-04431553-n] (an entity that is not named specifically)

    • change [ENG31-03009524-n] (a thing that is different)
    • freshener [ENG31-03400581-n] (anything that freshens)
    • horror [ENG31-03543047-n] (something that inspires horror)
    • jimdandy [ENG31-03604405-n] (something excellent of its kind)
    • pacifier [ENG31-03876139-n] (anything that serves to pacify)
    • security blanket [ENG31-04172872-n] (anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety)
    • stinker [ENG31-04327869-n] (anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar))
    • whacker [ENG31-04581520-n] (something especially big or impressive of its kind)